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Mad Max - Wikipedia <H1> Mad Max </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mad Max ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Mad Max </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Australian theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> George Miller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Byron Kennedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> James McCausland </Li> <Li> George Miller </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> George Miller </Li> <Li> Byron Kennedy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mel Gibson </Li> <Li> Joanne Samuel </Li> <Li> Hugh Keays - Byrne </Li> <Li> Geoff Parry </Li> <Li> Steve Bisley </Li> <Li> Tim Burns </Li> <Li> Roger Ward </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Brian May </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> David Eggby </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tony Paterson </Li> <Li> Cliff Hayes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kennedy Miller Productions </Li> <Li> Crossroads </Li> <Li> Mad Max Films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Roadshow Film Distributors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 April 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 12 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 93 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> A $ 350,000 -- 400,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> US $100 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mad Max is a 1979 Australian dystopian action film directed by George Miller , produced by Byron Kennedy , and starring Mel Gibson as `` Mad '' Max Rockatansky , Joanne Samuel , Hugh Keays - Byrne , Steve Bisley , Tim Burns , and Roger Ward . James McCausland and Miller wrote the screenplay from a story by Miller and Kennedy . The film presents a tale of societal collapse , murder , and revenge set in a future Australia , in which an unhinged policeman becomes embroiled in a violent feud with a savage motorcycle gang . Principal photography took place in and around Melbourne , Australia , and lasted six weeks . </P> <P> The film initially received a polarized reception upon its release in April 1979 , although it won three AACTA Awards and attracted a cult following , while its critical reputation has grown since . The film earned more than US $ 100 million worldwide in gross revenue . It held the Guinness record for most profitable film and has been credited for further opening up the global market to Australian New Wave films . The film became the first in the Mad Max series , giving rise to three sequels , Mad Max 2 ( 1981 ) , Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 ) , and Fury Road ( 2015 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Vehicles </Li> <Li> 3.4 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.5 Post-production </Li> <Li> 3.6 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Accolades </Li> <Li> 5.2 Legacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` A few years from now '' , when society is teetering upon the brink of collapse , berserk motorbike gang member Crawford `` Nightrider '' Montazano ( Vincent Gil ) steals a Pursuit Special , which he uses to escape from police custody after killing a rookie officer of an Australian highway patrol called the Main Force Patrol ( MFP ) . Even though he manages to elude other MFP officers , the MFP 's top pursuit man Max Rockatansky ( Mel Gibson ) then engages the less - skilled Nightrider in a high - speed chase . Crawford breaks off first , but then is unable to recover his concentration before he and his girlfriend are killed in a fiery crash . </P> <P> At the MFP garage , Max is shown what one of the MFP mechanics has been working on : a supercharged black Pursuit Special , the last of the V8 Interceptors . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Nightrider 's motorbike gang , led by Toecutter ( Hugh Keays - Byrne ) and Bubba Zanetti ( Geoff Parry ) , run roughshod over a town , vandalising property , stealing fuel , and terrorising the population . They trap a young couple in a car , destroy the car , and it is implied that they rape the couple . Max and fellow officer Jim Goose ( Steve Bisley ) arrest Toecutter 's young protégé Johnny the Boy ( Tim Burns ) at the scene . When neither the rape victims nor any of the townspeople show for Johnny 's trial , the federal courts close the case , Johnny 's attorneys releasing him into Bubba 's custody over Goose 's furious objections . </P> <P> While Goose visits a nightclub in the city the next day , Johnny sabotages his police motorbike in the parking lot . After being thrown into a field at high speed uninjured during a ride , Goose borrows a ute to haul his damaged bike back to the MFP . However , Johnny ambushes Goose off the road by throwing a brake drum through his windshield , and , at Toecutter 's insistence , throws a match into the wreck of the ute , igniting the gasoline and burning Goose alive . After seeing Goose 's charred body in a hospital intensive - care unit , Max becomes disillusioned with the MFP , and informs his superior Fifi Macaffee ( Roger Ward ) that he will resign . Fifi convinces Max to take a vacation first before he submits his final letter of resignation . </P> <P> Max takes his wife Jessie ( Joanne Samuel ) and their infant son Sprog ( Brendan Heath ) on vacation in a panel van . When they stop to fix the spare tyre , Jessie takes Sprog to buy ice cream . They encounter Toecutter and his gang , who attempt to molest Jessie , but Jessie kicks Toecutter in the crotch , picks up Sprog and escapes with him in the car . They flee to a remote farm owned by an elderly friend named May Swaisey ( Sheila Florance ) . Toecutter 's gang follows them there and ambushes Jessie in the woods . With May 's help , Jessie and Sprog escape , but when they try to drive away , the van overheats and they are run over by the gang while trying to escape on foot . Sprog is killed and Jessie is badly injured . Max arrives too late to do anything . </P> <P> Jessie is near death in a hospital ICU , and the loss of his family ultimately drives Max into a mad rage . He dons his police uniform and takes the black Pursuit Special from the MFP garage to pursue and eliminate the gang . He rams several gang members off a bridge at high speed , kills Bubba during an ambush , and forces Toecutter into the path of a speeding semi-trailer truck . Finally , Max locates Johnny at a car wreck stealing the boots of its dead driver . Max handcuffs Johnny 's ankle to the wrecked vehicle , and sets a crude time - delay fuse involving a slow petrol leak and Johnny 's lighter . Max throws Johnny a hacksaw , leaving him the choice of sawing through either the handcuffs or his ankle in order to escape within the given time limit . As Max drives away from the bridge , the vehicle explodes . Now a shell of his former self , Max drives on to points unknown . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mel Gibson as Max Rockatansky </Li> <Li> Joanne Samuel as Jessie Rockatansky </Li> <Li> Hugh Keays - Byrne as Toecutter </Li> <Li> Steve Bisley as Jim `` Goose '' Rains </Li> <Li> Tim Burns as Johnny the Boy </Li> <Li> Roger Ward as Fred `` Fifi '' Macaffee </Li> <Li> Geoff Parry as Bubba Zanetti </Li> <Li> Jonathan Hardy as Police Commissioner Labatouche </Li> <Li> Brendan Heath as Sprog Rockatansky </Li> <Li> Sheila Florence as May Swaisey </Li> <Li> Vincent Gil as Crawford `` The Nightrider '' Montazano </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> George Miller was a medical doctor in Sydney , working in a hospital emergency room where he saw many injuries and deaths of the types depicted in the film . He also witnessed many car accidents growing up in rural Queensland and lost at least three friends to accidents as a teenager . </P> <P> While in residency at a Sydney hospital , Miller met amateur filmmaker Byron Kennedy at a summer film school in 1971 . The duo produced a short film , Violence in the Cinema , Part 1 , which was screened at a number of film festivals and won several awards . Eight years later , the duo produced Mad Max , working with first - time screenwriter James McCausland ( who appears in the film as the bearded man in an apron in front of the diner ) . </P> <P> According to Miller , his interest while writing Mad Max was `` a silent movie with sound '' , employing highly kinetic images reminiscent of Buster Keaton and Harold Lloyd while the narrative itself was basic and simple . Miller believed that audiences would find his violent story more believable if set in a bleak dystopian future . Screenwriter McCausland drew heavily from his observations of the 1973 oil crisis ' effects on Australian motorists : </P> <P> Yet there were further signs of the desperate measures individuals would take to ensure mobility . A couple of oil strikes that hit many pumps revealed the ferocity with which Australians would defend their right to fill a tank . Long queues formed at the stations with petrol -- and anyone who tried to sneak ahead in the queue met raw violence ... George and I wrote the ( Mad Max ) script based on the thesis that people would do almost anything to keep vehicles moving and the assumption that nations would not consider the huge costs of providing infrastructure for alternative energy until it was too late . </P> -- James McCausland , writing on peak oil in The Courier - Mail , 2006 <P> Kennedy and Miller first took the film to Graham Burke of Roadshow , who was enthusiastic . The producers felt they would be unable to raise money from the government bodies `` because Australian producers were making art films , and the corporations and commissions seemed to endorse them whole - heartedly '' , according to Kennedy . </P> <P> They designed a 40 - page presentation , circulated it widely , and eventually raised the money . Kennedy and Miller also contributed funds themselves by doing three months of emergency medical calls , with Kennedy driving the car while Miller did the doctoring . Miller claimed the final budget was between $350,000 and $400,000 . His brother Bill Miller was an associate producer on the film . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> George Miller had considered an American actor to `` get the film seen as widely as possible '' and even travelled to Los Angeles , but eventually opted to not do so as `` the whole budget would be taken up by a so - called American name . '' So instead the cast would deliberately feature lesser known actors so they did not carry past associations with them . Miller 's first choice for

The first Mad Max movie was released in

When was the first mad max movie release?

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7 , 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 102 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $10 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $25,196,249 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead is a 1991 American comedy film directed by Stephen Herek and starring Christina Applegate , Joanna Cassidy , Josh Charles , and David Duchovny . </P> <P> The plot focuses on seventeen - year - old Sue Ellen Crandell , whose mother leaves for a two - month summer vacation in Australia , putting all five siblings in the care of an evil tyrannical elderly babysitter . When the babysitter suddenly dies in her sleep , Sue Ellen assumes the role as head of the household to prevent her mother from returning home early . She fakes a resume to get a job in the fashion industry , but proves capable and lucky enough to succeed . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Filming </Li> <Li> 3 Cast </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 Remake </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sue Ellen Crandell ( Christina Applegate ) is a 17 - year - old high school graduate who , due to a lack of funds , can not go to Europe for the summer with her friends . She is about to head to college in the fall . However , when her mother goes on a vacation to Australia with her boyfriend , Sue Ellen looks forward to an entire summer of freedom with her siblings : slacker / drug addict Kenny ( Keith Coogan ) , 14 - year - old ladies ' man Zach ( Christopher Pettiet ) , 13 - year - old tomboy Melissa ( Danielle Harris ) , and 11 - year - old TV fanatic Walter ( Robert Hy Gorman ) . Much to Sue Ellen 's dismay , her mother hires a live - in babysitter , Mrs. Sturak , a seemingly sweet , humble old woman who assures Mrs. Crandell that she can take care of all five children . As soon as Mrs. Crandell leaves , Mrs. Sturak shows her true colors as an evil tyrant , quickly drawing the ire of the children . However , she later dies of a heart attack . When her body is discovered by Sue Ellen , the children agree to stuff the babysitter in a trunk and drop her off at a local funeral home and keep her car . They discover that the envelope given to Mrs. Sturak by their mother with their summer money is empty ; she had it on her when they delivered her body to the funeral home . </P> <P> With no money to pay the family 's bills , Sue Ellen finds work at a fast food restaurant called Clown Dog . Despite a budding relationship with her co-worker named Bryan , she quits because of the obnoxious manager . Sue Ellen then forges a résumé under the guise of a young fashion designer and applies at General Apparel West ( GAW ) , hoping to secure a job as a receptionist . However , Rose Lindsey ( Joanna Cassidy ) , a company executive , finds her résumé so impressive that she offers Sue Ellen a job as an administrative assistant , much to the chagrin of Carolyn , a receptionist on Rose 's floor who was initially in line for the job . While having dinner at a restaurant that night , Mrs. Sturak 's car is stolen by drag queens , forcing Sue Ellen to call in a favor from Bryan to bring them home . Sue Ellen then obtains the keys to her mother 's Volvo , and begins stealing from petty cash at GAW to support the family , intending to return it when she receives her paycheck . </P> <P> At work , Sue Ellen has to balance the adult responsibilities thrust upon her while still trying to enjoy herself as a teenager . The double life strains her relationship with Bryan when she discovers that he and Carolyn are brother and sister . Sue Ellen then finds herself tested when she learns that GAW is in danger of going out of business . She takes it upon herself to create a new clothing line and Rose suggests holding a fashion show to exhibit their new designs . Sue Ellen offers to host the party , convincing her siblings to help clean up the house , beautify the yard , and act as caterers . Although she manages to pull off the party , it comes to an end when Mrs. Crandell comes home early and catches Sue Ellen in the act , forcing her to confess her lie in front of everyone . While apologizing to Rose after the party , Sue Ellen learns that her unique designs had saved GAW . Rose then offers the real Sue Ellen the job as her personal assistant , which she respectfully declines in favor of going to college first . Rose tells Sue Ellen that she can `` pull some strings '' to get her in to Vassar and they make plans to get together for dinner . </P> <P> In the end , Sue Ellen and Bryan make up , but are soon interrupted by Mrs. Crandell , who inquires about Mrs. Sturak 's whereabouts . As the credits roll , the scene cuts away to the cemetery , where two morticians look over a gravestone that reads `` Nice Old Lady Inside , Died of Natural Causes . '' </P> <H2> Filming ( edit ) </H2> <P> The house that was used in this movie is located in Canyon Country , California . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Christina Applegate as Sue Ellen `` Swell '' Crandell </Li> <Li> Joanna Cassidy as Rose Lindsey </Li> <Li> John Getz as Gus Brandon </Li> <Li> Keith Coogan as Kenneth `` Kenny '' Crandell </Li> <Li> Josh Charles as Bryan </Li> <Li> Concetta Tomei as Mrs. Crandell </Li> <Li> David Duchovny as Bruce </Li> <Li> Kimmy Robertson as Cathy Henderson </Li> <Li> Jayne Brook as Carolyn </Li> <Li> Eda Reiss Merin as Mrs. Sturak </Li> <Li> Robert Hy Gorman as Walter Crandell </Li> <Li> Danielle Harris as Melissa Crandell </Li> <Li> Christopher Pettiet as Zach Crandell </Li> <Li> Jeff Bollow as Mole </Li> <Li> Michael Kopelow as Hellhound </Li> <Li> Dan Castellaneta ( voice ) as Animated Mrs. Sturak </Li> </Ul> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Draggin ' the Line '' , performed by Beat Goes Bang </Li> <Li> `` Perfect World '' , performed by Alias </Li> <Li> `` What She Do n't Know '' , performed by Flame </Li> <Li> `` Keep the Faith '' , performed by Valentine </Li> <Li> `` Chains '' , performed by Lorraine Lewis </Li> <Li> `` I Only Have Eyes For You '' , performed by Timothy B. Schmit </Li> <Li> `` The Best Thing '' , performed by Boom Crash Opera </Li> <Li> `` Viva La Vogue '' , performed by Army of Lovers </Li> <Li> `` Stampede '' , performed by Brad Gillis </Li> <Li> `` Bitter '' , performed by Terrell </Li> <Li> `` Life 's Rich Tapestry '' , performed by Modern English </Li> <Li> `` Children of the Fire '' , performed by Mike Reeves </Li> <Li> `` Runnin ' on Luck Again '' , performed by Valentine </Li> <Li> `` Gimme Some Money '' , performed by Spinal Tap </Li> <Li> `` As Time Goes By '' , written by Herman Hupfield </Li> <Li> `` ( Love Is ) The Tender Trap '' , lyrics and music Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heussen </Li> <Li> `` Twilight Zone Theme '' , written by Marius Constant </Li> </Ul> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 31 % based on reviews from 26 critics , with an average score of 4 / 10 . The New York Post called Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead the best teen hit of 1991 . </P> <H2> Remake ( edit ) </H2> <P> In June 2010 , reports surfaced that a remake of the film , produced by The Mark Gordon Company , is currently in the works . As of December 2017 , further details are unknown . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How `` Do n't Tell Mom The Babysitter 's Dead '' Went from D.O.A. to Beloved Cult Classic `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 4 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead '' Remake is Coming `` . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead on IMDb </Li> <Li> Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead at Box Office Mojo </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Stephen Herek </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Critters ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Bill & Ted 's Excellent Adventure ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Mighty Ducks ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Mr. Holland 's Opus ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Holy Man ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Rock Star ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Life or Something Like It ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Man of the House ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Picture This ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Dead like Me : Life After Death ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Into the Blue 2 : The Reef ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Cutting Edge : Fire and Ice ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Chaperone ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jinxed ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Gilly Hopkins ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Tell_Mom_the_Babysitter%27s_Dead&oldid=814771639 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1991 films </Li> <Li> 1990s comedy films </Li> <Li> American black comedy films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American teen comedy films </Li> <Li> Films directed by Stephen Herek </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. films </Li> <Li> Films produced by Julia Phillips </Li> <Li> Films scored by David Newman </Li> <Li> Films with live action and animation </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li>

The main cast of the 1991 comedy film "Don't Tell Mom the Babysitter's Dead" features

The cast of don't tell mom the babysitter's dead?

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List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members - wikipedia <H1> List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The following is a list of cast members who have portrayed characters appearing in The Chronicles of Narnia film series , based upon the novels of the same name by C.S. Lewis . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Characters </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> Key <Ul> <Li> ( voice ) indicates a vocal / voice performance . </Li> <Li> A dark grey cell indicates the character is not in the film . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th colspan="4"> Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe </Th> <Th> Prince Caspian </Th> <Th> The Voyage of the Dawn Treader </Th> <Th> The Silver Chair </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2005 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> TBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lucy Pevensie </Th> <Td> Georgie Henley Rachel Henley ( older ) </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Georgie Henley </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edmund Pevensie </Th> <Td> Skandar Keynes Mark Wells ( older ) </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Skandar Keynes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peter Pevensie </Th> <Td> William Moseley Noah Huntley ( older ) </Td> <Td colspan="2"> William Moseley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Susan Pevensie </Th> <Td> Anna Popplewell Sophie Winkleman ( older ) </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Anna Popplewell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aslan </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Liam Neeson ( voice ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jadis the White Witch </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Tilda Swinton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mr. Tumnus </Th> <Td> James McAvoy </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mr. Beaver </Th> <Td> Ray Winstone ( voice ) </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mrs. Beaver </Th> <Td> Dawn French ( voice ) </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Digory Kirke </Th> <Td> Jim Broadbent </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ginarrbrik </Th> <Td> Kiran Shah </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Father Christmas </Th> <Td> James Cosmo </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oreius </Th> <Td> Patrick Kake </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maugrim </Th> <Td> Michael Madsen ( voice ) </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General Otmin </Th> <Td> Shane Rangi </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> King Caspian X </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Ben Barnes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reepicheep </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eddie Izzard ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Simon Pegg ( voice ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trumpkin </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Dinklage </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trufflehunter </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ken Stott ( voice ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glenstorm </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cornell S John </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bulgy Bear </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Walliams ( voice ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nikabrik </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Warwick Davis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miraz </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sergio Castellitto </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Doctor Cornelius </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vincent Grass </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glozelle </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pierfrancesco Favino </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prunaprismia </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Alicia Borrachero </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sopespian </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Damián Alcázar </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scythley </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Simon Andreu </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Donnon </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Predrag Bjelac </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eustace Scrubb </Th> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Will Poulter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tavros </Th> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Shane Rangi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jemain </Th> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Tamati </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caprius </Th> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Ryan Ettridge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Randy </Th> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Morgan Evans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nausus </Th> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Steven Rooke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drinian </Th> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Gary Sweet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Queen Lilliandil </Th> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Laura Brent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lady of the Green Kirtle </Th> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of actors who have played Narnia characters </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , The Witch and The Wardrobe cast '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian cast '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Cast Listing '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cast and crew at NarniaWeb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Film </Li> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> <Li> Game </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Prince Caspian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Film </Li> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> <Li> Game </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Voyage of the Dawn Treader </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Film </Li> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> <Li> Game </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Silver Chair </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Film </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Horse and His Boy </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Magician 's Nephew </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Last Battle </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters and creatures </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aravis </Li> <Li> Aslan </Li> <Li> Mr. and Mrs. Beaver </Li> <Li> Bree </Li> <Li> Caspian </Li> <Li> Centaurs </Li> <Li> Coriakin </Li> <Li> Digory </Li> <Li> Drinian </Li> <Li> Edmund </Li> <Li> Emeth </Li> <Li> Eustace </Li> <Li> The Cabby and Nellie </Li> <Li> Hwin </Li> <Li> Jill </Li> <Li> Lady of the Green Kirtle </Li> <Li> Lucy </Li> <Li> Maugrim </Li> <Li> Miraz </Li> <Li> Peter </Li> <Li> Polly </Li> <Li> Puddleglum </Li> <Li> Rabadash </Li> <Li> Ramandu </Li> <Li> Ramandu 's daughter </Li> <Li> Reepicheep </Li> <Li> Rilian </Li> <Li> Seven Great Lords of Narnia </Li> <Li> Shasta / Cor </Li> <Li> Shift </Li> <Li> Susan </Li> <Li> Tash </Li> <Li> Telmarines </Li> <Li> Tirian </Li> <Li> Trumpkin </Li> <Li> Mr. Tumnus </Li> <Li> White Witch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Universe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Narnia ( world ) </Li> <Li> Anvard </Li> <Li> Archenland </Li> <Li> Aslan 's Country </Li> <Li> Aslan 's How </Li> <Li> Cair Paravel </Li> <Li> Calormen </Li> <Li> Charn </Li> <Li> Lantern Waste </Li> <Li> Miraz 's Castle </Li> <Li> Narnia ( country ) </Li> <Li> Underland </Li> <Li> Wood between the Worlds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ITV TV serial </Li> <Li> Animated TV film </Li> <Li> BBC TV serial ( Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 3 ) </Li> <Li> Film series <Ul> <Li> Cast list </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> List of actors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Battles <Ul> <Li> First Battle of Beruna </Li> <Li> Second Battle of Beruna </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dawn Treader </Li> <Li> Deplorable Word </Li> <Li> Hundred - Year Winter </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Tisroc </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chronicles_of_Narnia_cast_members&oldid=817148422 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) </Li> <Li> Lists of actors by film series </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 13 : 39 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

In the Chronicles of Narnia, the role of the Ice Queen was played by

Who played ice queen in chronicles of narnia?

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Cell theory - wikipedia <H1> Cell theory </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Human cancer cells with nuclei ( specifically the DNA ) stained blue . The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , so the entire nuclei are labeled . The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed . <P> In biology , cell theory is the historic scientific theory , now universally accepted , that living organisms are made up of cells . Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction . With continual improvements made to microscopes over time , magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century . This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke , and began the scientific study of cells , also known as cell biology . Over a century later , many debates about cells began amongst scientists . Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration , and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life . Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839 . This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann . However , many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory . </P> <P> The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below : </P> <Ol> <Li> All living organisms are composed of one or more cells . </Li> <Li> The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms . </Li> <Li> Cells arise from pre-existing cells . </Li> </Ol> <P> The first of these tenets is disputed , as non-cellular entities such as viruses are sometimes considered life - forms . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Microscopes </Li> <Li> 2 Discovery of cells </Li> <Li> 3 Cell theory </Li> <Li> 4 Modern interpretation </Li> <Li> 5 The modern version of the cell theory </Li> <Li> 6 Opposing concepts in cell theory : history and background <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories </Li> <Li> 6.2 The emergence of the steady - state membrane pump concept </Li> <Li> 6.3 The reemergence of the bulk phase theories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Types of cells </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Microscopes </H2> Anton van Leeuwenhoek 's microscope from the 17th century with a magnification of 270x . Robert Hooke 's microscope <P> The discovery of the cell was made possible through the invention of the microscope . In the first century BC , Romans were able to make glass , discovering that objects appeared to be larger under the glass . In Italy during the 12th century , Salvino D'Armate made a piece of glass fit over one eye , allowing for a magnification effect to that eye . The expanded use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century probably led to wider spread use of simple microscopes ( magnifying glasses ) with limited magnification . Compound microscope , which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image achieving much higher magnification , first appeared in Europe around 1620 In 1665 , Robert Hooke used a microscope about six inches long with two convex lenses inside and examined specimens under reflected light for the observations in his book Micrographia . Hooke also used a simpler microscope with a single lens for examining specimens with directly transmitted light , because this allowed for a clearer image . </P> <P> Extensive microscopic study was done by Anton van Leeuwenhoek , a draper who took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648 . At some point in his life before 1668 , he was able to learn how to grind lenses . This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope . His were a single lens simple microscope , rather than a compound microscope . This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x . This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x . After Leeuwenhoek , there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s , two hundred years later . Carl Zeiss , a German engineer who manufactured microscopes , began to make changes to the lenses used . But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired Otto Schott and eventually Ernst Abbe . </P> <P> Optical microscopes can focus on objects the size of a wavelength or larger , giving restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than the wavelengths of visible light . Later in the 1920s , the electron microscope was developed , making it possible to view objects that are smaller than optical wavelengths , once again , changing the possibilities in science . </P> <H2> Discovery of cells </H2> Drawing of the structure of cork by Robert Hooke that appeared in Micrographia . <P> The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 , which can be found to be described in his book Micrographia . In this book , he gave 60 ' observations ' in detail of various objects under a coarse , compound microscope . One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork . Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named `` cells '' . This came from the Latin word Cella , meaning ' a small room ' like monks lived in and also Cellulae , which meant the six sided cell of a honeycomb . However , Hooke did not know their real structure or function . What Hooke had thought were cells , were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues . With microscopes during this time having a low magnification , Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the cells he was observing . Therefore , he did not think the `` cellulae '' were alive . His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells . In Micrographia , Hooke also observed mould , bluish in color , found on leather . After studying it under his microscope , he was unable to observe `` seeds '' that would have indicated how the mould was multiplying in quantity . This led to Hooke suggesting that spontaneous generation , from either natural or artificial heat , was the cause . Since this was an old Aristotelian theory still accepted at the time , others did not reject it and was not disproved until Leeuwenhoek later discovers generation is achieved otherwise . </P> <P> Anton van Leeuwenhoek is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did . He made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold , or 270x . Under these microscopes , Leeuwenhoek found motile objects . In a letter to The Royal Society on October 9 , 1676 , he states that motility is a quality of life therefore these were living organisms . Over time , he wrote many more papers in which described many specific forms of microorganisms . Leeuwenhoek named these `` animalcules , '' which included protozoa and other unicellular organisms , like bacteria . Though he did not have much formal education , he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox , then leading him to study `` pepper water '' in 1676 . He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and humans . Once discovering these types of cells , Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter the egg cell . This put an end to the previous theory of spontaneous generation . After reading letters by Leeuwenhoek , Hooke was the first to confirm his observations that were thought to be unlikely by other contemporaries . </P> <P> The cells in animal tissues were observed after plants were because the tissues were so fragile and susceptible to tearing , it was difficult for such thin slices to be prepared for studying . Biologists believed that there was a fundamental unit to life , but were unsure what this was . It would not be until over a hundred years later that this fundamental unit was connected to cellular structure and existence of cells in animals or plants . This conclusion was not made until Henri Dutrochet . Besides stating `` the cell is the fundamental element of organization '' , Dutrochet also claimed that cells were not just a structural unit , but also a physiological unit . </P> <P> In 1804 , Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link were awarded the prize for `` solving the problem of the nature of cells '' , meaning they were the first to prove that cells had independent cell walls by the Königliche Societät der Wissenschaft ( Royal Society of Science ) , Göttingen . Before , it had been thought that cells shared walls and the fluid passed between them this way . </P> <H2> Cell theory </H2> Matthias Jakob Schleiden ( 1804 -- 1881 ) Theodor Schwann ( 1810 -- 1882 ) <P> Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists : Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden . While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory , he is not as credited for his attributions toward it . In 1839 , Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells . He also suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process either within other cells or from the outside . However , this was not an original idea of Schleiden . He claimed this theory as his own , though Barthelemy Dumortier had stated it years before him . This crystallization process is no longer accepted with modern cell theory . In 1839 , Theodor Schwann states that along with plants , animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures . This was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point compared to plants . From these conclusions about plants and animals , two of the three tenets of cell theory were postulated . </P> <P> 1 . All living organisms are composed of one or more cells </P> <P> 2 . The cell is the most basic unit of life </P> <P> Schleiden 's theory of free cell formation through crystallization was refuted in the 1850s by Robert Remak , Rudolf Virchow , and Albert Kolliker . In 1855 , Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet to cell theory . In Latin , this tenet states Omnis cellula e cellula . This translated to : </P> <P> 3 . All cells arise only from pre-existing cells </P> <P> However , the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak ; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit . Remak published observations in 1852 on cell division , claiming Schleiden and Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes . He instead said that binary fission , which was first introduced by Dumortier , was how reproduction of new animal cells were made . Once this tenet was added , the classical cell theory was complete . </P> <H2> Modern interpretation </H2> <P> The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include : </P> <Ol> <Li> All known living things are made up of one or more cells </Li> <Li> All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division . </Li> <Li> The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms

According to the cell theory, the most fundamental unit of life is

What is the most fundamental unit of life according to the cell theory?

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People Are Crazy - wikipedia <H1> People Are Crazy </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` People Are Crazy '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Billy Currington </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Little Bit of Everything </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> March 2 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD </Li> <Li> digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Mercury Nashville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bobby Braddock </Li> <Li> Troy Jones </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carson Chamberlain </Li> <Li> Billy Currington </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Billy Currington singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Do n't '' ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> `` People Are Crazy '' ( 2009 ) </Td> <Td> `` That 's How Country Boys Roll '' ( 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Do n't '' ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> `` People Are Crazy '' ( 2009 ) </Td> <Td> `` That 's How Country Boys Roll '' ( 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` People Are Crazy '' at CMT.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` People Are Crazy '' is a song written by Bobby Braddock and Troy Jones , recorded by American country music singer Billy Currington . It was released in March 2009 as the second single from his album Little Bit of Everything . The song is Currington 's ninth single on the Billboard country singles charts , and has become his third number - one single . On December 2 , 2009 , `` People Are Crazy '' was Grammy - nominated for Best Male Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Song . The song has also received a `` Song of the Year '' nomination on the 2010 Academy of Country Music Awards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Content </Li> <Li> 2 Music video </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 4.1 End of year charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Content ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` People Are Crazy '' centralizes on the male narrator and an old man whom he meets in a bar . In the first verse , the two of them converse , which leads to the old man saying , `` God is great , beer is good / And people are crazy . '' They continue to converse throughout the second verse as well before parting ways . In the third verse , some time has passed , and the narrator reads the old man 's obituary in the paper . He discovers that the now dead old man was a millionaire and `` left his fortune to / Some guy he barely knew '' ( i.e. , the narrator ) . After this discovery , the narrator also declares that `` people are crazy . '' The song is in a 4 / 4 time signature and a moderate tempo , in the key of F major , using a main chord pattern of F -- C -- Dm -- B ♭ . Currington 's vocals range from B ♭ 3 to D5 . </P> <P> According to the blog maintained by the television network CMT , Currington said of the song , `` It 's one of those that lifts your spirits and make you laugh . I knew the first time I heard it , I wanted to lay it down and record it for the album . '' </P> <P> Bobby Braddock and Troy Jones wrote the song after Jones gave Braddock the idea for the line `` God is great , beer is good / And people are crazy . '' Jones was in Alabama and decided to take a drive through the country . He was trying to think of three things you ca n't argue with and came up with the three things . When the two were writing the song , Braddock then suggested the twist ending . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music video was shot by the Brads , a directing duo consisting of Potsy Ponciroli and Blake McClure . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> In his review of the album , Billboard critic Mikael Wood said that the song was a `` briskly strummed country - rock number '' that `` handily reduces ( Currington ) 's worldview to a memorable one - liner '' , and added that the rest of the album `` does n't do much to complicate that philosophy '' . Matt Bjorke of Roughstock gave the song a positive review , saying that `` It goes a long way into proving just what is great about country music : the stories and simple , effective melodies . '' Juli Thanki of Engine 145 gave the song a thumbs - down rating , saying that it was `` feel - good like a Reader 's Digest story '' and did not have a country music sound other than `` an occasionally audible steel guitar lick . '' </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2009 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> End of year charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Charts ( 2009 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` I Run to You '' by Lady Antebellum </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single August 1 -- August 8 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Alright '' by Darius Rucker </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 52nd Annual Grammy Awards Nominees List '' , Grammy.com , December 2 , 2009 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thanki , Juli ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Billy Currington - `` People Are Crazy '' `` . Engine 145 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtdFPE.asp?ppn=MN0076183& </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shelburne , Craig ( 2008 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Billy Currington will convince you that `` People Are Crazy '' `` . CMT . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horner , Marianne ( 2009 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Story Behind the Song : Two Guys Having Fun Equals a Hit '' . Country Weekly . 16 ( 29 ) : 23 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( 2008 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Little Bit of Everything review '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.roughstock.com/blog/billy-curringtonpeple-are-crazy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billy Currington Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billy Currington Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Billy Currington Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts - Year - end songs - The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2009 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Billy Currington </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Billy Currington ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Doin ' Somethin ' Right ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Little Bit of Everything ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Enjoy Yourself ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> We Are Tonight ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Summer Forever ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Icon ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Walk a Little Straighter '' </Li> <Li> `` I Got a Feelin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Must Be Doin ' Somethin ' Right '' </Li> <Li> `` Why , Why , Why '' </Li> <Li> `` Good Directions '' </Li> <Li> `` Tangled Up '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't '' </Li> <Li> `` People Are Crazy '' </Li> <Li> `` That 's How Country Boys Roll '' </Li> <Li> `` Pretty Good at Drinkin ' Beer '' </Li> <Li> `` Let Me Down Easy '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Done Gone '' </Li> <Li> `` Like My Dog '' </Li> <Li> `` Hey Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` We Are Tonight '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't It '' </Li> <Li> `` Drinkin ' Town with a Football Problem '' </Li> <Li> `` It Do n't Hurt Like It Used To '' </Li> <Li> `` Do I Make You Wanna '' </Li> <Li> `` Wake Me Up '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guest singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Party for Two '' ( with Shania Twain ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People_Are_Crazy&oldid=820137890 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2009 singles </Li> <Li> Billy Currington songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Bobby Braddock </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Carson Chamberlain </Li> <Li> Mercury Nashville singles </Li> <Li> 2008 songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 07 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li>

The song "God Is Great, Beer Is Good" is sung by Billy

Who sings god is great beer is good?

7536400679989549629

has been publicly traded in Japan since 1949 and internationally since 1999 . </P> <P> As reported on its consolidated financial statements , Toyota has 540 consolidated subsidiaries and 226 affiliates . </P> <Ul> <Li> Toyota Motor North America ( 100 % -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Toyota Canada Inc. ( 51 % -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Toyota Tsusho -- Trading company for the Toyota Group </Li> <Li> Daihatsu Motor Company ( 100 % ) </Li> <Li> Hino Motors ( 50.1 % -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Lexus 100 % ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Scion 100 % ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> DENSO ( 24.74 % -- September 30 , 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Toyota Industries ( 23.51 % -- March 31 , 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Aisin Seiki Co . ( 23.0 % -- September 30 , 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Subaru Corporation ( 16.66 % -- June 28 , 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Isuzu Motors ( 5.9 % -- November 10 , 2006 ) </Li> <Li> PT Toyota Astra Motor ( 49 % -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Noble Automotive ( 23 % -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> PT Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia ( 95 % -- 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Global ranking ( edit ) </H3> <P> Toyota , which earlier was the world 's third largest automotive manufacturer behind American General Motors and Ford , produced for first time in history more vehicles than Ford in 2005 , and in 2006 even more than General Motors and has been the world 's largest automotive manufacturer since then , except in 2011 when it , triggered by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , fell to the # 3 position behind General Motors and German Volkswagen Group . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of Toyota <H3> 1930s ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1924 , Sakichi Toyoda invented the Toyoda Model G Automatic Loom . The principle of jidoka , which means the machine stops itself when a problem occurs , became later a part of the Toyota Production System . Looms were built on a small production line . In 1929 , the patent for the automatic loom was sold to the British company Platt Brothers , generating the starting capital for the automobile development . </P> Mass production of Toyoda automated loom , displayed at the Toyota Museum in Nagakute - cho , Aichi - gun , Aichi Pref . Japan <P> The production of Toyota automobiles was started in 1933 as a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works devoted to the production of automobiles under the direction of the founder 's son , Kiichiro Toyoda . Its first vehicles were the A1 passenger car and the G1 in 1935 . The Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent company in 1937 </P> Toyoda Standard Sedan AA 1936 <P> Vehicles were originally sold under the name `` Toyoda '' ( トヨダ ) , from the family name of the company 's founder , Kiichirō Toyoda . In April 1936 , Toyoda 's first passenger car , the Model AA , was completed . The sales price was 3,350 yen , 400 yen cheaper than Ford or GM cars . </P> House of Toyota founder Kiichiro Toyoda , near Toyota City <P> In September 1936 , the company ran a public competition to design a new logo . Of 27,000 entries , the winning entry was the three Japanese katakana letters for `` Toyoda '' in a circle . But Rizaburo Toyoda , who had married into the family and was not born with that name , preferred `` Toyota '' ( トヨタ ) because it took eight brush strokes ( a lucky number ) to write in Japanese , was visually simpler ( leaving off the diacritic at the end ) , and with a voiceless consonant instead of a voiced one ( voiced consonants are considered to have a `` murky '' or `` muddy '' sound compared to voiceless consonants , which are `` clear '' ) . </P> Inside the house of Toyota founder Kiichiro Toyoda , near Toyota City <P> Since toyoda literally means `` fertile rice paddies '' , changing the name also prevented the company from being associated with old - fashioned farming . The newly formed word was trademarked and the company was registered in August 1937 as the Toyota Motor Company . </P> The Supra JZA80 has now become an automobile icon the world over . Rivaling Nissan 's GTR . The MR2 SW20 , a mid-engine sports car from the 1990s . First - generation Toyopet Crown Model RSD ( 1955 / 1 -- 1958 / 10 ) Toyota at the Rally Dakar , 1992 <H3> 1940s -- 1950s ( edit ) </H3> <P> From September 1947 , Toyota 's small - sized vehicles were sold under the name `` Toyopet '' ( トヨペット ) . The first vehicle sold under this name was the Toyopet SA , but it also included vehicles such as the Toyopet SB light truck , Toyopet Stout light truck , Toyopet Crown , Toyopet Master , and the Toyopet Corona . The word `` Toyopet ( Japanese article ) '' was a nickname given to the Toyota SA due to its small size , as the result of a naming contest the Toyota Company organized in 1947 . However , when Toyota eventually entered the American market in 1957 with the Crown , the name was not well received due to connotations of toys and pets . The name was soon dropped for the American market , but continued in other markets until the mid-1960s . </P> <H3> 1960s -- 1970s ( edit ) </H3> <P> By the early 1960s , the US had begun placing stiff import tariffs on certain vehicles . The so - called `` chicken tax '' of 1964 placed a 25 % tax on imported light trucks . In response to the tariff , Toyota , Nissan Motor Co. and Honda Motor Co. began building plants in the US by the early 1980s . </P> <H3> 1980s ( edit ) </H3> With over 40 million sold , the Corolla is one of the most popular and best selling cars in the world . <P> Toyota received its first Japanese Quality Control Award at the start of the 1980s and began participating in a wide variety of motorsports . Due to the 1973 oil crisis , consumers in the lucrative US market began turning to small cars with better fuel economy . American car manufacturers had considered small economy cars to be an entry - level product , and their small vehicles employed a low level of quality to keep the price low . Conservative Toyota held on to rear - wheel - drive designs for longer than most ; while a clear first in overall production they were only third in production of front - wheel - drive cars in 1983 , behind Nissan and Honda . In part due to this , Nissan 's Sunny managed to squeeze by the Corolla in numbers built that year . </P> <P> In 1982 , the Toyota Motor Company and Toyota Motor Sales merged into one company , the Toyota Motor Corporation . Two years later , Toyota entered into a joint venture with General Motors called the New United Motor Manufacturing , Inc , NUMMI , operating an automobile - manufacturing plant in Fremont , California . The factory was an old General Motors plant that had been closed for two years . Toyota then started to establish new brands at the end of the 1980s , with the launch of their luxury division Lexus in 1989 . </P> <H3> 1990s ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 1990s , Toyota began to branch out from producing mostly compact cars by adding many larger and more luxurious vehicles to its lineup , including a full - sized pickup , the T100 ( and later the Tundra ) , several lines of SUVs , a sport version of the Camry , known as the Camry Solara , and the Scion brand . They would also launch newer and arguably more iconic iterations of their sports cars , namely the MR2 , Celica , and Supra during this era , all of which have already become icons of the 1990s . </P> <P> With a major presence in Europe , due to the success of Toyota Team Europe , the corporation decided to set up Toyota Motor Europe Marketing and Engineering , TMME , to help market vehicles in the continent . Two years later , Toyota set up a base in the United Kingdom , TMUK , as the company 's cars had become very popular among British drivers . Bases in Indiana , Virginia , and Tianjin were also set up . In 1999 , the company decided to list itself on the New York and London Stock Exchanges . </P> <H3> 2000s ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2001 , Toyota 's Toyo Trust and Banking merged with two other banks to form UFJ Bank , which was accused of corruption by Japan 's government for making bad loans to alleged Yakuza crime syndicates with executives accused of blocking Financial Service Agency inspections . The UFJ was listed among Fortune Magazine 's largest money - losing corporations in the world , with Toyota 's chairman serving as a director . At the time , the UFJ was one of the largest shareholders of Toyota . As a result of Japan 's banking crisis , UFJ merged with the Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi to become the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group . </P> <P> In 2002 , Toyota managed to enter a Formula One works team and establish joint ventures with French motoring companies Citroën and Peugeot a year after Toyota started producing cars in France . </P> <P> Toyota ranked eighth on Forbes 2000 list of the world 's leading companies for the year 2005 but slid to 55 for 2011 . The company was number one in global automobile sales for the first quarter of 2008 . </P> <P> In 2007 , Toyota released an update of its full - sized truck , the Tundra , produced in two American factories , one in Texas and one in Indiana . Motor Trend named the Tundra `` Truck of the Year '' , and the 2007 Toyota Camry `` Car of the Year '' for 2007 . It also began the construction of two new factories , one to build the RAV4 in Woodstock , Ontario , Canada , and the other to build the Toyota Prius in Blue Springs , Mississippi , USA . This plant was originally intended to build the Toyota Highlander , but Toyota decided to use the plant in Princeton , Indiana , USA , instead . The company has also found recent success with its smaller models -- the Corolla and Yaris . </P> <H3> 2010s ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2011 , Toyota , along with large parts of the Japanese automotive industry , suffered from a series of natural disasters . The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami led to a severe disruption of the supplier base and a drop in production and exports . Severe flooding during the 2011 monsoon season in Thailand affected Japanese automakers that had chosen Thailand as a production base . Toyota is estimated to have lost production of 150,000 units to the tsunami and production of 240,000 units to the floods . </P> <P> On February 10 , 2014 , it was announced that Toyota would cease manufacturing vehicles and engines in Australia by the end of 2017 . The decision was based on the unfavourable Australian dollar making exports not viable , the high cost of local manufacture and the high amount of competition in a relatively small local market . The company plans to consolidate its corporate functions in Melbourne by the end of 2017 . The head office will remain in Port Melbourne and the Altona plant will be retained for other functions . The workforce

Toyota started making cars in the US

When did toyota start making cars in the us?

6051795036343880000

Ceramic art - wikipedia <H1> Ceramic art </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Etruscan : Diomedes and Polyxena , from the Etruscan amphora of the Pontic group , c. 540 -- 530 BCE -- From Vulci Venus of Dolní Věstonice , before 25,000 BCE <P> Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials , including clay . It may take forms including art ware , tile , figurines , sculpture , and tableware . Ceramic art is one of the arts , particularly the visual arts . Of these , it is one of the plastic arts . While some ceramics are considered fine art , as pottery or sculpture , some are considered to be decorative , industrial or applied art objects . Ceramics may also be considered artefacts in archaeology . Ceramic art can be made by one person or by a group of people . In a pottery or ceramic factory , a group of people design , manufacture and decorate the art ware . Products from a pottery are sometimes referred to as `` art pottery '' . In a one - person pottery studio , ceramists or potters produce studio pottery . </P> <P> The word `` ceramics '' comes from the Greek keramikos ( κεραμικος ) , meaning `` pottery '' , which in turn comes from keramos ( κεραμος ) meaning `` potter 's clay '' . Most traditional ceramic products were made from clay ( or clay mixed with other materials ) , shaped and subjected to heat , and tableware and decorative ceramics are generally still made this way . In modern ceramic engineering usage , ceramics is the art and science of making objects from inorganic , non-metallic materials by the action of heat . It excludes glass and mosaic made from glass tesserae . </P> <P> There is a long history of ceramic art in almost all developed cultures , and often ceramic objects are all the artistic evidence left from vanished cultures , like that of the Nok in Africa over 2,000 years ago . Cultures especially noted for ceramics include the Chinese , Cretan , Greek , Persian , Mayan , Japanese , and Korean cultures , as well as the modern Western cultures . </P> <P> Elements of ceramic art , upon which different degrees of emphasis have been placed at different times , are the shape of the object , its decoration by painting , carving and other methods , and the glazing found on most ceramics . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Materials </Li> <Li> 2 Surface treatments <Ul> <Li> 2.1 China painting </Li> <Li> 2.2 Slipware </Li> <Li> 2.3 Terra sigillata </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Forms <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Studio pottery </Li> <Li> 3.2 Tile </Li> <Li> 3.3 Figurines </Li> <Li> 3.4 Tableware </Li> <Li> 3.5 Terracotta ( artworks ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 History <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Prehistoric pottery <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Ceramics as wall decoration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 East Asia <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Cambodia </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 China </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Japan </Li> <Li> 4.2. 4 Korea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Western Asia and the Middle East <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Islamic pottery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.4 Europe <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1 Early figurines </Li> <Li> 4.4. 2 The ancient Mediterranean </Li> <Li> 4.4. 3 Tin - glazed pottery </Li> <Li> 4.4. 4 Porcelain </Li> <Li> 4.4. 5 Wedgwood and the North Staffordshire Potteries </Li> <Li> 4.4. 6 Studio pottery in Britain </Li> <Li> 4.4. 7 Pottery in Germany </Li> <Li> 4.4. 8 Pottery in Austria </Li> <Li> 4.4. 9 Pottery in Russia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.5 The Americas <Ul> <Li> 4.5. 1 Native American pottery </Li> <Li> 4.5. 2 Mexican ceramics </Li> <Li> 4.5. 3 Studio pottery in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.6 Sub-Saharan Africa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Ceramics museums and museum collections </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Citations </Li> <Li> 7.2 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Materials ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Earthenware , Stoneware , Porcelain , and Bone china <P> Different types of clay , when used with different minerals and firing conditions , are used to produce earthenware , stoneware , porcelain , and bone china ( fine china ) . </P> <Ul> <Li> Earthenware is pottery that has not been fired to vitrification and is thus permeable to water . Many types of pottery have been made from it from the earliest times , and until the 18th century it was the most common type of pottery outside the far East . Earthenware is often made from clay , quartz and feldspar . Terracotta , a type of earthenware , is a clay - based unglazed or glazed ceramic , where the fired body is porous . Its uses include vessels ( notably flower pots ) , water and waste water pipes , bricks , and surface embellishment in building construction . Terracotta has been a common medium for ceramic art ( see below ) . </Li> <Li> Stoneware is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic made primarily from stoneware clay or non-refractory fire clay . Stoneware is fired at high temperatures . Vitrified or not , it is nonporous ; it may or may not be glazed . One widely recognised definition is from the Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities , a European industry standard states `` Stoneware , which , though dense , impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point , differs from porcelain because it is more opaque , and normally only partially vitrified . It may be vitreous or semi-vitreous . It is usually coloured grey or brownish because of impurities in the clay used for its manufacture , and is normally glazed . '' </Li> <Li> Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating materials , generally including kaolin , in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 ° C ( 2,200 and 2,600 ° F ) . The toughness , strength and translucence of porcelain , relative to other types of pottery , arises mainly from vitrification and the formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these high temperatures . Properties associated with porcelain include low permeability and elasticity ; considerable strength , hardness , toughness , whiteness , translucency and resonance ; and a high resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock . Porcelain has been described as being `` completely vitrified , hard , impermeable ( even before glazing ) , white or artificially coloured , translucent ( except when of considerable thickness ) , and resonant '' . However , the term porcelain lacks a universal definition and has `` been applied in a very unsystematic fashion to substances of diverse kinds which have only certain surface - qualities in common '' . </Li> <Li> Bone china ( fine china ) is a type of soft - paste porcelain that is composed of bone ash , feldspathic material , and kaolin . It has been defined as ware with a translucent body containing a minimum of 30 % of phosphate derived from animal bone and calculated calcium phosphate . Developed by English potter Josiah Spode , bone china is known for its high levels of whiteness and translucency , and very high mechanical strength and chip resistance . Its high strength allows it to be produced in thinner cross-sections than other types of porcelain . Like stoneware it is vitrified , but is translucent due to differing mineral properties . From its initial development and up to the later part of the twentieth century , bone china was almost exclusively an English product , with production being effectively localised in Stoke - on - Trent . Most major English firms made or still make it , including Mintons , Coalport , Spode , Royal Crown Derby , Royal Doulton , Wedgwood and Worcester . In the UK , references to `` china '' or `` porcelain '' can refer to bone china , and `` English porcelain '' has been used as a term for it , both in the UK and around the world . Fine china is not necessarily bone china , and is a term used to refer to ware which does not contain bone ash . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Surface treatments ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Pottery § Decoration <H3> China painting ( edit ) </H3> Main article : China painting <P> China painting , or porcelain painting is the decoration of glazed porcelain objects such as plates , bowls , vases or statues . The body of the object may be hard - paste porcelain , developed in China in the 7th or 8th century , or soft - paste porcelain ( often bone china ) , developed in 18th - century Europe . The broader term ceramic painting includes painted decoration on lead - glazed earthenware such as creamware or tin - glazed pottery such as maiolica or faience . Typically the body is first fired in a kiln to convert it into a hard porous bisque . Underglaze decoration may then be applied , followed by glaze , which is fired so it bonds to the body . The glazed porcelain may then be decorated with overglaze painting and fired again to bond the paint with the glaze . Decorations may be applied by brush or by stenciling , transfer printing , lithography and screen printing . </P> <H3> Slipware ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Slipware <P> Slipware is a type of pottery identified by its primary decorating process where slip is placed onto the leather - hard clay body surface before firing by dipping , painting or splashing . Slip is an aqueous suspension of a clay body , which is a mixture of clays and other minerals such as quartz , feldspar and mica . A coating of white or coloured slip , known as an engobe , can be applied to the article to improve its appearance , to give a smoother surface to a rough body , mask an inferior colour or for decorative effect . Slips or engobes can also be applied by painting techniques , in isolation or in several layers and colours . Sgraffito involves scratching through a layer of coloured slip to reveal a different colour or the base body underneath . Several layers of slip and / or sgraffito can be done while the pot is still in an unfired state . One colour of slip can be fired , before a second is applied , and prior to the scratching or incising decoration . This is particularly useful if the base body is not of the desired colour or texture . </P> <H3> Terra sigillata ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Terra sigillata <P> In sharp contrast to the archaeological usage , in which the term terra sigillata refers to a whole class of pottery , in contemporary ceramic art , ' terra sigillata ' describes only a watery refined slip used to facilitate the burnishing of raw clay surfaces and used to promote carbon smoke effects , in both primitive low temperature firing techniques and unglazed alternative western - style Raku firing techniques . Terra sigillata is also used as a brushable decorative colourant medium in higher temperature glazed ceramic techniques . </P> <H2> Forms ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Studio pottery ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Studio pottery <P> Studio pottery is pottery made by amateur or professional artists or artisans working alone or in small groups , making unique items or short runs . Typically , all stages of manufacture are carried out by the artists themselves . Studio pottery includes functional wares such as tableware , cookware and non-functional wares such as sculpture . Studio potters can be referred to as ceramic artists , ceramists , ceramicists or as an artist who uses clay as a medium . Much studio pottery is tableware or cookware but an increasing number of studio potters

The art and science of making objects from clay is called

The art and science of making objects from clay is called?

3129545687702582462

-- Daniel Horton </Li> </Ul> <P> Big Ten Tournament MVP </P> <Ul> <Li> 1998 -- Robert Traylor * </Li> <Li> 2017 -- Derrick Walton </Li> <Li> 2018 -- Moe Wagner </Li> </Ul> <P> Chicago Tribune Silver Basketball </P> <Ul> <Li> 1965 -- Cazzie Russell </Li> <Li> 1966 -- Cazzie Russell </Li> <Li> 1974 -- Campy Russell </Li> <Li> 1985 -- Roy Tarpley </Li> <Li> 1988 -- Gary Grant </Li> <Li> 1989 -- Glen Rice </Li> </Ul> <P> Big Ten Player of the Year </P> <Ul> <Li> 1985 -- Roy Tarpley </Li> <Li> 1988 -- Gary Grant </Li> <Li> 1989 -- Glen Rice </Li> <Li> 2013 -- Trey Burke </Li> <Li> 2014 -- Nik Stauskas </Li> </Ul> <P> Big Ten Freshman of the Year </P> <Ul> <Li> 1985 -- Gary Grant </Li> <Li> 1992 -- Chris Webber </Li> <Li> 1995 -- Maurice Taylor </Li> <Li> 2000 -- LaVell Blanchard </Li> <Li> 2003 -- Daniel Horton </Li> <Li> 2012 -- Trey Burke </Li> </Ul> <P> Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year </P> <Ul> <Li> 1987 -- Gary Grant </Li> <Li> 1988 -- Gary Grant </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <P> All - Americans </P> <Ul> <Li> 1924 -- Harry Kipke ( c 1924 ) </Li> <Li> 1926 -- Richard Doyle ( c 1926 ) </Li> <Li> 1927 -- 28 -- Bennie Oosterbaan ( c 1927 , 1928 ) </Li> <Li> 1929 -- Ernie McCoy </Li> <Li> 1929 -- Joseph Truskowski </Li> <Li> 1937 -- 38 -- John Townsend </Li> <Li> 1948 -- Pete Elliott </Li> <Li> 1957 -- Ron Kramer </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 65 -- Bill Buntin </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 66 -- Cazzie Russell ( c 1965 , 1966 ) </Li> <Li> 1970 -- Rudy Tomjanovich </Li> <Li> 1971 -- 72 -- Henry Wilmore </Li> <Li> 1974 -- Campy Russell </Li> <Li> 1975 -- C.J. Kupec </Li> <Li> 1976 -- 77 -- Rickey Green ( c 1977 ) </Li> <Li> 1977 -- Phil Hubbard </Li> <Li> 1981 -- Mike McGee </Li> <Li> 1981 -- Eric Turner </Li> <Li> 1985 -- 86 -- Roy Tarpley </Li> <Li> 1987 -- 88 -- Gary Grant ( c 1988 ) </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 89 -- Glen Rice </Li> <Li> 1990 -- Terry Mills </Li> <Li> 1990 -- Rumeal Robinson </Li> <Li> 1990 -- Loy Vaught </Li> <Li> 1992 -- Jalen Rose </Li> <Li> 1992 -- 93 -- Chris Webber ( c 1993 ) </Li> <Li> 1994 -- Juwan Howard </Li> <Li> 1994 -- Jalen Rose </Li> <Li> 1998 -- Louis Bullock </Li> <Li> 1998 -- Robert Traylor </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 -- Trey Burke ( c 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 2014 -- Nik Stauskas </Li> </Ul> <P> National Coach of the Year </P> <Ul> <Li> 1965 -- Dave Strack ( UPI ) </Li> <Li> 1976 -- Johnny Orr ( NABC , USBWA ) </Li> <Li> 1977 -- Johnny Orr ( Basketball Weekly ) </Li> <Li> 1985 -- Bill Frieder ( AP , Basketball Weekly ) </Li> <Li> 1992 -- Steve Fisher ( Basketball Times ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Big Ten Coach of the Year </P> <Ul> <Li> 1974 -- Johnny Orr </Li> <Li> 1977 -- Johnny Orr </Li> <Li> 1985 -- Bill Frieder </Li> <Li> 2014 -- John Beilein </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Post-season ( edit ) </H2> <H3> NCAA Tournament results ( edit ) </H3> <P> The University of Michigan has an all - time 59 -- 27 * ( 52 -- 23 ) record overall and 1 -- 6 * ( 1 -- 4 ) championship game record in the NCAA Tournaments in 28 * ( 24 ) appearances . Glen Rice holds the NCAA single - tournament scoring record with 184 points in 1989 . The 1992 Final Four and all 1993 , 1996 , & 1998 games have been forfeited due to NCAA sanctions . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Elite Eight Regional Third Place </Td> <Td> Holy Cross Columbia </Td> <Td> L 43 -- 63 W 66 -- 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Third Place </Td> <Td> Loyola Chicago Ohio Duke Kansas State </Td> <Td> W 84 -- 80 W 69 -- 57 L 80 -- 91 W 100 -- 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship </Td> <Td> Dayton Vanderbilt Princeton UCLA </Td> <Td> W 98 -- 71 W 87 -- 85 W 93 -- 76 L 80 -- 91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight </Td> <Td> Western Kentucky Kentucky </Td> <Td> W 80 -- 79 L 77 -- 84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight </Td> <Td> Notre Dame Marquette </Td> <Td> W 77 -- 68 L 70 -- 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> First Round </Td> <Td> UCLA </Td> <Td> L 91 -- 103 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship </Td> <Td> Wichita State Notre Dame Missouri Rutgers Indiana </Td> <Td> W 74 -- 73 W 80 -- 76 W 95 -- 88 W 86 -- 70 L 68 -- 86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> First Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight </Td> <Td> Holy Cross Detroit Charlotte </Td> <Td> W 92 -- 81 W 86 -- 81 L 68 -- 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round </Td> <Td> Fairleigh Dickinson Villanova </Td> <Td> W 59 -- 55 L 55 -- 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round </Td> <Td> Akron Iowa State </Td> <Td> W 70 -- 64 L 69 -- 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round </Td> <Td> Navy North Carolina </Td> <Td> W 97 -- 82 L 97 -- 109 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen </Td> <Td> Boise State Florida North Carolina </Td> <Td> W 63 -- 58 W 108 -- 85 L 69 -- 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship </Td> <Td> Xavier South Alabama North Carolina Virginia Illinois Seton Hall </Td> <Td> W 92 -- 87 W 91 -- 82 W 92 -- 87 W 102 -- 65 W 83 -- 81 W 80 -- 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round </Td> <Td> Illinois State Loyola Marymount </Td> <Td> W 76 -- 70 L 115 -- 149 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship </Td> <Td> Temple East Tennessee State Oklahoma State Ohio State Cincinnati Duke </Td> <Td> W 73 -- 66 W 102 -- 90 W 75 -- 72 W 75 -- 71 W 76 -- 72 L 51 -- 71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship </Td> <Td> Coastal Carolina UCLA George Washington Temple Kentucky North Carolina </Td> <Td> W 84 -- 53 W 86 -- 84 W 72 -- 64 W 77 -- 72 W 81 -- 78 L 71 -- 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight </Td> <Td> Pepperdine Texas Maryland Arkansas </Td> <Td> W 78 -- 74 W 84 -- 79 W 78 -- 71 L 68 -- 76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> First Round </Td> <Td> Western Kentucky </Td> <Td> L 76 -- 82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> First Round </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> L 76 -- 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round </Td> <Td> Davidson UCLA </Td> <Td> W 80 -- 61 L 82 -- 85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round </Td> <Td> Clemson Oklahoma </Td> <Td> W 62 -- 59 L 63 -- 73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Second Round Third Round </Td> <Td> Tennessee Duke </Td> <Td> W 75 -- 45 L 71 -- 73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Second Round </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> L 60 -- 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship </Td> <Td> South Dakota State VCU Kansas Florida Syracuse Louisville </Td> <Td> W 71 -- 56 W 78 -- 53 W 87 -- 85 W 79 -- 59 W 61 -- 56 L 76 -- 82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Second Round Third Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight </Td> <Td> Wofford Texas Tennessee Kentucky </Td> <Td> W 57 -- 40 W 79 -- 65 W 73 -- 71 L 72 -- 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> First Four First Round </Td> <Td> Tulsa Notre Dame </Td> <Td> W 67 -- 62 L 63 -- 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen </Td> <Td> Oklahoma State Louisville Oregon </Td> <Td> W 92 -- 91 W 73 -- 69 L 68 -- 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> First Round Second Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four National Championship </Td> <Td> Montana Houston Texas A&M Florida State Loyola -- Chicago Villanova </Td> <Td> W 61 -- 47 W 64 -- 63 W 99 -- 72 W 58 -- 54 W 69 -- 57 L 62 -- 79 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> 1989 NCAA Tournament Results <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round # 1 </Td> <Td> # 14 Xavier </Td> <Td> 92 -- 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round # 2 </Td> <Td> # 11 South Alabama </Td> <Td> 91 -- 82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweet 16 </Td> <Td> # 2 North Carolina </Td> <Td> 92 -- 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elite 8 </Td> <Td> # 5 Virginia </Td> <Td> 102 -- 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final 4 </Td> <Td> # 1 Illinois </Td> <Td> 83 -- 81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Championship </Td> <Td> # 3 Seton Hall </Td> <Td> 80 -- 79 ( OT ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> NCAA Tournament seeding history ( edit ) </H3> <P> The NCAA began seeding the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament with the 1979 edition . The 64 - team field started in 1985 , which guaranteed that a championship team had to win six games . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Years → </Th> <Th> ' 85 </Th> <Th> ' 86 </Th> <Th> ' 87 </Th> <Th> ' 88 </Th> <Th> ' 89 </Th> <Th> ' 90 </Th> <Th> ' 92 </Th> <Th> ' 93 </Th> <Th> ' 94 </Th> <Th> ' 95 </Th> <Th> ' 96 </Th> <Th> ' 98 </Th> <Th> ' 09 </Th> <Th> ' 11 </Th> <Th> ' 12 </Th> <Th> ' 13 </Th> <Th> ' 14 </Th> <Th> ' 16 </Th> <Th> ' 17 </Th> <Th> ' 18 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seeds → </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> NCAA Tournament round history ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Record </Th> <Th> Most Recent Appearance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Championship </Td> <Td> 1 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Third Place </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final Four </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elite Eight </Td> <Td> 8 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Regional Third Place </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweet Sixteen </Td> <Td> 13 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round of 32 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round of 64 </Td> <Td> 17 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> First

Michigan basketball last won the championship in

When was the last time michigan basketball won the championship?

-7483795661822231594

List of presidents of the United States by age - wikipedia <H1> List of presidents of the United States by age </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This is a list of presidents of the United States by age . The first table charts the age of each United States president at the time of presidential inauguration ( first inauguration if elected to multiple and consecutive terms ) , upon leaving office , and at the time of death . Each president 's lifespan ( age at death ) is measured in two ways , to allow for the differing number of leap days that each experienced . The first figure is the number of days between the president 's date of birth and date of death , allowing for leap days ; in parentheses , the same period is given in years and days , with the years being the number of whole years that the president lived , and the days being the number of days since the last birthday . Where the president is still living , their lifespan is calculated up to April 26 , 2018 . The second table includes those presidents who had the distinction among their peers of being the oldest living president , and charts both when they became and ceased to be oldest living . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Age of U.S. presidents <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Oldest living U.S. presidents </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 Sources </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Age of U.S. presidents ( edit ) </H2> See also : Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States Age of presidents when assuming office approximately follows a bell curve ( mean age marked by red line , c. 55.5 years ) <P> The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months . This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration . The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt , who became president at the age of 42 years , 322 days , following William McKinley 's assassination ; the oldest was Donald Trump , who was 70 years , 220 days old at his inauguration . The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy , at 43 years , 163 days of age on election day ; the oldest was Ronald Reagan , who was 73 years , 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term . </P> <P> Assassinated three years into his term , John F. Kennedy was the youngest at the time of leaving office ( 46 years , 177 days ) ; the youngest president to leave office at the conclusion of a normal transition was Theodore Roosevelt ( 50 years , 128 days ) . The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan ( 77 years , 349 days ) . </P> <P> Born on May 29 , 1917 , John F. Kennedy was younger than four of his successors , the greatest number to date : Lyndon Johnson ( 8 years , 9 months , and 2 days ) ; Ronald Reagan ( 6 years , 3 months , and 23 days ) ; Richard Nixon ( 4 years , 4 months , and 16 days ) ; and Gerald Ford ( 3 years , 10 months , and 15 days ) . </P> <P> Born on February 6 , 1911 , Ronald Reagan was older than four of his predecessors , the greatest number to date : Richard Nixon ( 1 year , 11 months , and 7 days ) ; Gerald Ford ( 2 years , 5 months , and 8 days ) ; John F. Kennedy ( 6 years , 3 months , and 23 days ) ; and Jimmy Carter ( 13 years , 7 months , and 25 days ) . </P> <P> Three presidents -- Donald Trump , George W. Bush , and Bill Clinton -- were born in 1946 ( all within the span of 9 weeks ) . This is the only calendar year in which three presidents have been born . Two presidents -- James K. Polk and Warren G. Harding -- were born on November 2 ( 70 years apart ) . This is the only day of the year having the birthday of multiple presidents . </P> <P> The oldest living U.S. president is George H.W. Bush , born June 12 , 1924 ( age 93 years , 318 days ) . On November 25 , 2017 , he also became the longest - lived president , surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford , who died at the age of 93 years , 165 days . The second oldest living president , Jimmy Carter , has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history , currently at 37 years , 96 days . He surpassed the previous record , held by Herbert Hoover ( 31 years , 230 days ) on September 7 , 2012 . The youngest living president is Barack Obama , born August 4 , 1961 ( age 56 years , 265 days ) . </P> <P> The shortest - lived president to have died by natural causes ( thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield , who were both assassinated ) was James K. Polk , who died of cholera at the age of 53 years , 225 days ; only 103 days after leaving office . </P> <P> Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s . They are ( in order of birth ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Adams ( 1735 -- 1826 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herbert Hoover ( 1874 -- 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ronald Reagan ( 1911 -- 2004 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gerald Ford ( 1913 -- 2006 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George H.W. Bush ( born 1924 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jimmy Carter ( born 1924 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> President </Th> <Th> Birth date </Th> <Th> Presidency start date </Th> <Th> Age at start date </Th> <Th> Presidency end date </Th> <Th> Age at end date </Th> <Th> Post-presidency timespan </Th> <Th> Death date </Th> <Th> Lifespan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Washington , George George Washington </Td> <Td> 000000001732 - 02 - 22 - 0000 Feb 22 , 1732 </Td> <Td> 000000001789 - 04 - 30 - 0000 Apr 30 , 1789 </Td> <Td> 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days </Td> <Td> 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 </Td> <Td> 7004237520000000000 ♠ 65 years , 10 days </Td> <Td> 01,015 1,015 days ( 7003101500000000000 ♠ 2 years , 285 days ) </Td> <Td> 000000001799 - 12 - 14 - 0000 Dec 14 , 1799 </Td> <Td> 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days ( 24,767 days ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Adams , John A. John Adams </Td> <Td> 000000001735 - 10 - 30 - 0000 Oct 30 , 1735 </Td> <Td> 000000001797 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1797 </Td> <Td> 7004224060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 125 days </Td> <Td> 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 </Td> <Td> 7004238660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 125 days </Td> <Td> 09,253 9,253 days ( 7003925300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 122 days ) </Td> <Td> 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1826 </Td> <Td> 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days ( 33,119 days ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jefferson , Thomas Thomas Jefferson </Td> <Td> 000000001743 - 04 - 13 - 0000 Apr 13 , 1743 </Td> <Td> 000000001801 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1801 </Td> <Td> 7004211440000000000 ♠ 57 years , 325 days </Td> <Td> 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1809 </Td> <Td> 7004240660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 325 days </Td> <Td> 06,331 6,331 days ( 7003633100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 122 days ) </Td> <Td> 000000001826 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1826 </Td> <Td> 7004303970000000000 ♠ 83 years , 82 days ( 30,397 days ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Madison , James James Madison </Td> <Td> 000000001751 - 03 - 16 - 0000 Mar 16 , 1751 </Td> <Td> 000000001809 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1809 </Td> <Td> 7004211720000000000 ♠ 57 years , 353 days </Td> <Td> 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 </Td> <Td> 7004240940000000000 ♠ 65 years , 353 days </Td> <Td> 07,056 7,056 days ( 7003705600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 116 days ) </Td> <Td> 000000001836 - 06 - 28 - 0000 Jun 28 , 1836 </Td> <Td> 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days ( 31,150 days ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Monroe , James James Monroe </Td> <Td> 000000001758 - 04 - 28 - 0000 Apr 28 , 1758 </Td> <Td> 000000001817 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1817 </Td> <Td> 7004214940000000000 ♠ 58 years , 310 days </Td> <Td> 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 </Td> <Td> 7004244160000000000 ♠ 66 years , 310 days </Td> <Td> 02,313 2,313 days ( 7003231300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 122 days ) </Td> <Td> 000000001831 - 07 - 04 - 0000 Jul 4 , 1831 </Td> <Td> 7004267290000000000 ♠ 73 years , 67 days ( 26,729 days ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Adams , John Q. John Q. Adams </Td> <Td> 000000001767 - 07 - 11 - 0000 Jul 11 , 1767 </Td> <Td> 000000001825 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1825 </Td> <Td> 7004210550000000000 ♠ 57 years , 236 days </Td> <Td> 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1829 </Td> <Td> 7004225160000000000 ♠ 61 years , 236 days </Td> <Td> 06,930 6,930 days ( 7003693000000000000 ♠ 18 years , 356 days ) </Td> <Td> 000000001848 - 02 - 23 - 0000 Feb 23 , 1848 </Td> <Td> 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days ( 29,446 days ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Jackson , Andrew Andrew Jackson </Td> <Td> 000000001767 - 03 - 15 - 0000 Mar 15 , 1767 </Td> <Td> 000000001829 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1829 </Td> <Td> 7004226340000000000 ♠ 61 years , 354 days </Td> <Td> 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 </Td> <Td> 7004255560000000000 ♠ 69 years , 354 days </Td> <Td> 03,018 3,018 days ( 7003301800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 96 days ) </Td> <Td> 000000001845 - 06 - 08 - 0000 Jun 8 , 1845 </Td> <Td> 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days ( 28,574 days ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Van Buren , Martin Martin Van Buren </Td> <Td> 000000001782 - 12 - 05 - 0000 Dec 5 , 1782 </Td> <Td> 000000001837 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1837 </Td> <Td> 7004198120000000000 ♠ 54 years , 89 days </Td> <Td> 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 </Td> <Td> 7004212730000000000 ♠ 58 years , 89 days </Td> <Td> 07,812 7,812 days ( 7003781200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 142 days ) </Td> <Td> 000000001862 - 07 - 24 - 0000 Jul 24 , 1862 </Td> <Td> 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days ( 29,085 days ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Harrison , William H. William H. Harrison </Td> <Td> 000000001773 - 02 - 09 - 0000 Feb 9 , 1773 </Td> <Td> 000000001841 - 03 - 04 - 0000 Mar 4 , 1841 </Td> <Td> 7004248590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 23 days </Td> <Td> 000000001841 - 04 - 04 - 0000

The oldest man elected President of the USA was

Who was the oldest man elected president of usa?

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Islam and clothing - wikipedia <H1> Islam and clothing </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This date015 uncritically uses texts from within a religion or faith system without referring to secondary sources that critically analyze them . Please help improve this article by adding references to reliable secondary sources , with multiple points of view . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints . Please improve the article by adding information on neglected viewpoints , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( December 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ritual ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Shahada </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Salat </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Raka'ah </Li> <Li> Qibla </Li> <Li> Turbah </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Sunnah salat <Ul> <Li> ( Tahajjud </Li> <Li> Tarawih ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nafl salat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sawm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zakat </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hajj </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ihram ( clothing </Li> <Li> Mut'ah ) </Li> <Li> Tawaf </Li> <Li> Umrah ( and Hajj ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Political ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Islamic leadership </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Caliphate </Li> <Li> Imamah </Li> <Li> Wilayat al - faqih </Li> <Li> Bay'ah </Li> <Li> Dhimmi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marital ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Marriage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Contract </Li> <Li> Mahr </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Misyar </Li> <Li> Halala </Li> <Li> Urfi </Li> <Li> Mut'ah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Polygyny </Li> <Li> Divorce <Ul> <Li> Khula </Li> <Li> Zihar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Iddah </Li> <Li> Kafa'ah </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Adoption </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sexual ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Masturbation </Li> <Li> Hygiene </Li> <Li> Sexual violation </Li> <Li> Zina </Li> <Li> Awrah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Criminal ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Hudud </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blasphemy </Li> <Li> Maisir ( gambling ) </Li> <Li> Zina ( illicit sex ) </Li> <Li> Hirabah ( unlawful warfare ) </Li> <Li> Fasad ( `` mischief '' ) </Li> <Li> Rajm ( stoning ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tazir ( discretionary ) </Li> <Li> Qisas ( retaliation ) </Li> <Li> Diya ( compensation ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Etiquette ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> Adab </Li> <Li> Gender segregation </Li> <Li> Mahram </Li> <Li> Honorifics </Li> <Li> Rada </Li> <Li> Toilet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Economic ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> History </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zakat </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jizya </Li> <Li> Nisab </Li> <Li> Khums </Li> <Li> Sadaqah ( Waqf ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bayt al - mal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Banking </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Riba </Li> <Li> Murabaha </Li> <Li> Takaful </Li> <Li> Sukuk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inheritance </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hygiene ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sexual </Li> <Li> Toilet </Li> <Li> Taharah </Li> <Li> Ihram </Li> <Li> Wudu </Li> <Li> Masah </Li> <Li> Ghusl </Li> <Li> Tayammum </Li> <Li> Miswak </Li> <Li> Najis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dietary </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dhabihah </Li> <Li> Alcohol </Li> <Li> Pork </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Comparison with kashrut </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Military ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Jihad </Li> <Li> Hudna </Li> <Li> Istijarah ( asylum ) </Li> <Li> Prisoners of war </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Islamic studies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Islam says that the believing women should lower their gaze , guard their modesty , not display their beauty and ornaments except what ( must ordinarily ) appear thereof ; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands , their fathers , their husband 's fathers , their sons , their husbands ' sons , their brothers or their brothers ' sons , or their sisters ' sons , or their women , or the slaves whom their right hands possess , or male servants free of physical needs , or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex ; and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments . ' And O ye Believers ! turn ye all together towards God , that ye may attain Bliss . ' Sura 24 ( An - Nur ) , ayat 30 - 31 Qur'an ) ) </P> <P> O Prophet ! Tell thy wives and thy daughters and the women of the believers to draw their cloaks close round them . That will be better , so that they may be recognized and not harassed . God is ever Forgiving , Merciful . </P> -- Sura 33 ( Al - Ahzab ) , ayah 59 , Qur'an <P> The Qur'an admonishes Muslim women to dress modestly and cover their breasts and genitals but it does n't require covering the head . The Qur'an explicitly states that `` O wives of the Prophet , you are not like anyone among women '' and as such has separate rules specifically for the wives of the Prophet . Wearing hijab , or al - khimar , is considered by some to be obligatory in Islam , as the quote states `` Tell the believing women to put their khimar over their bosoms '' , all the major Arab translations and dictionaries agree that `` al - khimar '' means a veil or scarf that a woman uses to cover her head , and `` over their bosoms '' implies women should cover their breasts , necks etc . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Islamic dress in Europe </Li> <Li> 2 Hijab <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Hijab by country <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Austria </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Belgium </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Bulgaria </Li> <Li> 2.1. 4 France </Li> <Li> 2.1. 5 Latvia </Li> <Li> 2.1. 6 Netherlands </Li> <Li> 2.1. 7 Turkey </Li> <Li> 2.1. 8 Syria </Li> <Li> 2.1. 9 Pakistan </Li> <Li> 2.1. 10 Egypt </Li> <Li> 2.1. 11 Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> 2.1. 12 Somalia </Li> <Li> 2.1. 13 Hijab in the Americas <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 13.1 United States </Li> <Li> 2.1. 13.2 Canada </Li> <Li> 2.1. 13.3 South America <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 13.3. 1 Argentina </Li> <Li> 2.1. 13.3. 2 Chile </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Muslim women 's views on hijab </Li> <Li> 2.3 Pro-hijab </Li> <Li> 2.4 Anti-hijab </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Further reading </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Islamic dress in Europe ( edit ) </H2> Muslim women by Islamic dress code , wearing hijab and niqab . Main article : Islamic dress in Europe <P> Islamic dress in Europe , notably the variety of headdresses worn by Muslim women , has become a prominent symbol of the presence of Islam in western Europe . In several countries the adherence to hijab ( an Arabic noun meaning `` to cover '' ) has led to political controversies and proposals for a legal ban . The Netherlands government has decided to introduce a ban on face - covering clothing , popularly described as the `` burqa ban '' , although it does not only apply to the Afghan - model burqa . Other countries , such as France and Australia are debating similar legislation , or have more limited prohibitions . Some of them apply only to face - covering clothing such as the burqa , chador , boushiya , or niqab ; some apply to any clothing with an Islamic religious symbolism such as the khimar , a type of headscarf ( some countries already have laws banning the wearing of masks in public , which can be applied to veils that conceal the face ) . The issue has different names in different countries , and `` the veil '' or `` hijab '' may be used as general terms for the debate , representing more than just the veil itself , or the concept of modesty embodied in hijab . </P> <P> Although the Balkans and Eastern Europe have indigenous Muslim populations , most Muslims in western Europe are members of immigrant communities . The issue of Islamic dress is linked with issues of immigration and the position of Islam in western society . European Commissioner Franco Frattini said in November 2006 , that he did not favour a ban on the burqa . This is apparently the first official statement on the issue of prohibition of Islamic dress from the European Commission , the executive of the European Union . The reasons given for prohibition vary . Legal bans on face - covering clothing are often justified on security grounds , as an anti-terrorism measure . </P> <P> Ayaan Hirsi Ali sees Islam as incompatible with Western values , at least in its present form . She advocates the values of ' Enlightenment liberalism ' , including secularism and equality of women . For her , the burqa or chador are both a symbol of religious obscurantism and the oppression of women . Western Enlightenment values , in her view , require prohibition , regardless of whether a woman has freely chosen Islamic dress . Islamic dress is also seen as a symbol of the existence of parallel societies , and the failure of integration : in 2006 British Prime Minister Tony Blair described it as a `` mark of separation '' . Visible symbols of a non-Christian culture conflict with the national identity in European states , which assumes a shared ( non-religious ) culture . Proposals for a ban may be linked to other related cultural prohibitions : the Dutch politician Geert Wilders proposed a ban on hijabs , in Islamic schools , in new mosques , and in non-western immigration . </P> <P> In France and Turkey , the emphasis is on the secular nature of the state , and the symbolic nature of the Islamic dress . In Turkey , bans apply at state institutions ( courts , civil service ) and in state - funded education . In 2004 , France passed a law banning `` symbols or clothes through which students conspicuously display their religious affiliation '' ( including hijab ) in public primary schools , middle schools , and secondary schools , but this law does not concern universities ( in French universities , applicable legislation grants students freedom of expression as long as public order is preserved ) . These bans also cover Islamic headscarves , which in some other countries are seen as less controversial , although law court staff in the Netherlands are also forbidden to wear Islamic headscarves on grounds of ' state neutrality ' . An apparently less politicised argument is that in specific professions ( teaching ) , a ban on `` veils '' ( niqab ) is justified , since face - to - face communication and eye contact is required . This argument has featured prominently in judgements in Britain and the Netherlands , after students or teachers were banned from wearing face - covering clothing . Public and political response to such prohibition proposals is complex , since by definition they mean that the

The name of the traditional Muslim dress is the

What is the name of the muslim dress?

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Ursula ( the Little Mermaid ) - wikipedia <H1> Ursula ( the Little Mermaid ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Ursula </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Ron Clements John Musker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voiced by </Th> <Td> Pat Carroll Jodi Benson ( Vanessa ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> Vanessa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Female </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Sorceress / witch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <P> Morgana ( younger sister ) </P> Uma ( Daughter in Descendants Only ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ursula is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 28th animated feature film The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) . Voiced by American actress Pat Carroll , Ursula is a villainous sea witch who tricks a mermaid princess named Ariel into trading her voice for a pair of human legs , at first appearing to be providing the character with an opportunity to become human by temporarily transforming her into one so that she may earn the love of Prince Eric within three days . However , Ursula is , in fact , determined to sabotage Ariel 's chances at any expense so that she can ultimately replace the mermaid 's father King Triton as ruler over Atlantica . </P> <P> Created by directors and screenwriters Ron Clements and John Musker , Ursula is based on the sea witch character who appears in the fairy tale `` The Little Mermaid '' by Hans Christian Andersen . However , her minor role was greatly expanded into that of a much more prominent villain for the film . Disney had struggled to cast Ursula for a year , during which the role was well sought after by several coveted television actresses at the time . Clements and Musker disagreed with lyricist Howard Ashman about who should voice the character . While the directors had written the role with Bea Arthur in mind , Ashman intended to offer it to soap opera star Joan Collins ; both actresses rejected the part . When Ashman cast his second choice , Broadway actress Elaine Stritch , as Ursula , both stage veterans disagreed about the manner in which Ursula 's song `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' would be performed , and Pat Carroll was finally hired to replace Stritch after Ashman fired her . Deepening her own voice for the role , Carroll based her performance on a combination of Shakespearean actresses and car salespeople . </P> <P> Animated by Ruben A. Aquino , Ursula 's original design was inspired by several different sea creatures , including manta rays and scorpion fish , before Clements finally decided to base the character on an octopus ; her number of tentacles was reduced from eight to six for financial reasons . Ursula 's appearance was also inspired by American actor and drag queen Divine . When The Little Mermaid was first released in 1989 , Ursula was immediately embraced as one of Disney 's best villains , and continues to be ranked highly among the studio 's greatest by the media . Praised for being humorous and frightening , the character has garnered positive reviews from film critics , some of whom dubbed her Disney 's strongest villain in decades . Meanwhile , Carroll 's performance has garnered similar acclaim to the point that the role has eclipsed her previous body of work , ultimately becoming virtually synonymous with the character . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Development <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Conception and writing </Li> <Li> 1.2 Voice and music </Li> <Li> 1.3 Design </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Characterization and themes </Li> <Li> 3 Appearances <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Film </Li> <Li> 3.2 Television series </Li> <Li> 3.3 The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 In other media <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Books </Li> <Li> 4.2 Broadway musical </Li> <Li> 4.3 Once Upon a Time </Li> <Li> 4.4 Descendants 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.2 Accolades and legacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Conception and writing ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the behest of Disney executives Michael Eisner and Jeffrey Katzenberg , director and screenwriter Ron Clements was among several filmmakers instructed to research new story ideas that could potentially be adapted into the studio 's next major animated film release . Clements first discovered Hans Christian Andersen 's classic fairy tale `` The Little Mermaid '' at a local bookstore , and began deliberating why Disney had never attempted to adapt the story before . Clements eventually learned that Walt Disney himself had actually attempted to adapt the fairy tale into a feature - length animated film as early as the 1930s , but the project was ultimately shelved due in part to its sad ending . Clements suggested `` The Little Mermaid '' to Katzenberg , who finally green - lit it after having first rejected it . </P> <P> Hardly present in Andersen 's original story , the sea witch is not a prominent character and lacks a proper name . Among Clements ' ideas to alter the story , the filmmaker decided to `` make the witch more of a villain '' , describing Ursula as `` a fun character to develop '' into such . In Andersen 's tale , the sea witch is not a villain as much as she is `` a disreputable mermaid . '' JR Thorpe of Bustle agreed that , in Andersen 's story , `` The sea witch is n't the enemy '' . Instead , `` human ... nature is . '' While the original sea witch is willing to help the little mermaid despite the fact that she openly disagrees with her motives , Ursula is only interested in helping Ariel in the hopes of ultimately overthrowing her father . Emma James of Teen Ink observed that in addition to giving the character the name `` Ursula '' , the studio `` changed her role as a catalyst in the tale , and morphed her actions into those of an antagonist . '' Unlike the sea witch , Ursula deliberately intervenes in an attempt to keep the mermaid from success . </P> <P> Lyricist , producer and writer Howard Ashman had originally envisioned Ursula 's relationship with King Triton as a soap opera , and thus drew inspiration from soap opera actress Joan Collins . Ursula was originally conceived as Triton 's sister , which would have naturally made the character Ariel 's aunt , but the idea was ultimately abandoned . However , their blood relationship is still vaguely alluded to when the character mentions a time during which she actually lived in Triton 's palace . Clements and Musker had originally intended for Ursula to remain her original size at the end of the film . However , Katzenberg had just recently seen the film Die Hard ( 1988 ) , which inspired him to request a `` bigger '' ending for The Little Mermaid , and thus he instructed the writers to have Ursula grow much larger in size during her climactic fight with Ariel and Eric . </P> <H3> Voice and music ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ursula is voiced by American actress and comedian Pat Carroll . Carroll was not the filmmakers ' first choice for the role ; Clements , Musker and Ashman had long debated who should voice the villainness , the casting of whom was long and tedious , spanning an entire year . In his book Makin ' Toons : Inside the Most Popular Animated TV Shows and Movies , author Allan Neuwirth documented that the filmmakers searched `` for just the right performer who could put across the deep - voiced , world - weary , deadpan villainness they had in mind -- but never quite snaring their catch '' . While Ashman was interested in actress Joan Collins because he was a fan of her performance as Alexis Colby in the soap opera Dynasty , Clements and Musker favored actress Bea Arthur , for whom they had actually written the role , describing Ursula as `` having a Bea Arthur - type basso voice '' in early drafts of their screenplay . Clements and Musker expected Arthur to accept the role because she had already been working for Disney 's Touchstone Television on the sitcom The Golden Girls . However , Arthur 's agent resented the directors - writers for insinuating that her client voice a witch , refusing to even present the script to the actress . </P> <P> With Arthur eliminated , Clements and Musker were forced to audition several other popular television actresses of the decade , including Nancy Marchand , Charlotte Rae and Roseanne Barr , the last of whom had originally auditioned for the supporting role of chambermaid Carlotta . Amused by her nasal voice , Howard invited the comedian to read for Ursula , but concluded that her approach was ultimately not suitable for the character . Jazz singer Nancy Wilson also auditioned . Meanwhile , Ashman himself had been similarly unsuccessful in recruiting Collins because Dynasty producer Aaron Spelling feared that the actress ' reputation would be jeopardized should she voice an animated character . Thus , Ashman pursued Broadway veteran Elaine Stritch , of whom he had been a long - time fan . The audition process for Ursula required each hopeful to both recite a scene from the film and perform a Broadway - style song of their choice . The finalists became Clements and Musker 's Rae versus Ashman 's Stritch , the latter of whom ultimately won the role over Rae with her preferred rendition of Ursula 's song `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' . Musker described Stritch 's approach to Ursula as `` an eccentric , loopy reading '' . However , Stritch and Ashman soon began to experience creative differences over `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' because the actress refused to follow the lyricist 's `` very specific directions '' . After refusing to perform the song at Ashman 's preferred tempo ( combined with her alcoholism ) , the songwriter fired Stritch from the project , thus forcing Clements and Musker to find a replacement with yet another round of auditions . </P> <P> Carroll first learned of The Little Mermaid from her agent , and immediately agreed to audition for Ursula because she had always wanted to voice a Disney character . However , the actress felt that her chances were slim to none upon realizing that her competition largely consisted of famous film and television actresses . Musker described Carroll 's audition approach as a hybrid of actors Maurice Evans and Tallulah Bankhead . Although confident in both her acting and singing auditions , Carroll did not hear back from her agent about the role until a year afterward , by which time she had already forgotten she had ever auditioned . Upon being cast , Carroll was entirely committed to the role , giving it complete precedence over all other jobs and projects at the time . Carroll 's first task was to record `` Poor Unfortunate Souls '' , her approach to which was remarkably different than Stritch 's , first asking Howard to demonstrate exactly how he would like her to perform the song before attempting it . Carroll completely credits Ashman with her delivery , explaining , `` I got the whole attitude from him ... and his shoulders would twitch a certain way , and his eyes would go a certain way ... I got more about that character from Howard singing that song than from anything else . '' Carroll also borrowed Ursula 's habit of saying `` innit '' instead of `` is n't it '' from Ashman . Despite their strong working

Ursula the sea witch was

Who was ursula the sea witch based on?

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Politics of the United States - Wikipedia <H1> Politics of the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search See also : Elections in the United States <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Constitution of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> United States Congress </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> United States Senate </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Executive ( show ) <Ul> <Li> President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Donald Trump ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Vice President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Federal agencies </Li> <Li> Executive Office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chief Justice John Roberts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kennedy </Li> <Li> Thomas </Li> <Li> Ginsburg </Li> <Li> Breyer </Li> <Li> Alito </Li> <Li> Sotomayor </Li> <Li> Kagan </Li> <Li> Gorsuch </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Courts of Appeals </Li> <Li> District Courts ( list ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other tribunals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Presidential elections </Li> <Li> Midterm elections </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Off - year elections </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Political parties ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Democratic </Li> <Li> Republican </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Third parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federalism ( show ) <Ul> <Li> State Government </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Governors </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Legislatures ( List ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> State courts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Local government </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Political system of the United States <P> The United States is a federal republic in which the president , Congress , and federal courts share powers reserved to the national government according to its Constitution . The federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments . </P> <P> The executive branch is headed by the President and is formally independent of both the legislature and the judiciary . The cabinet serves as a set of advisers to the President . They include the Vice President and heads of the executive departments . Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of Congress , the Senate and the House of Representatives . The judicial branch ( or judiciary ) , composed of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts , exercises judicial power . The judiciary 's function is to interpret the United States Constitution and federal laws and regulations . This includes resolving disputes between the executive and legislative branches . The federal government 's structure is codified in the Constitution . </P> <P> Two political parties , the Democratic Party and the Republican Party , have dominated American politics since the American Civil War , although smaller parties exist such as the Libertarian Party , the Green Party , and the Constitution Party . Generally , the Democratic Party is commonly known as the left - wing party within the United States , while the Republican Party is commonly known as the United States ' right - wing party . </P> <P> There are a few major differences between the political system of the United States and that of most other developed democracies . These include greater power in the upper house of the legislature , a wider scope of power held by the Supreme Court , the separation of powers between the legislature and the executive , and the dominance of only two main parties . Third parties have less political influence in the United States than in other democratically run developed countries ; this is because of a combination of stringent historic controls . These controls take shape in the form of state and federal laws , informal media prohibitions , and winner - take - all elections , and include ballot access issues and exclusive debate rules . There have been five United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Political culture <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Colonial origins </Li> <Li> 1.2 American ideology </Li> <Li> 1.3 Usage of `` left -- right '' politics </Li> <Li> 1.4 Suffrage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 State government </Li> <Li> 3 Local government <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Mayor - council </Li> <Li> 3.2 Commission </Li> <Li> 3.3 Council - manager </Li> <Li> 3.4 County government </Li> <Li> 3.5 Municipal government </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Campaign finance </Li> <Li> 5 Political parties and elections <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Political parties </Li> <Li> 5.2 Elections </Li> <Li> 5.3 Organization of American political parties </Li> <Li> 5.4 General developments </Li> <Li> 5.5 Development of the two - party system in the United States </Li> <Li> 5.6 Gerrymandering </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Political pressure groups </Li> <Li> 7 Concerns about oligarchy and a diminishing democracy </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Further reading </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Political culture ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Political culture of the United States <P> Scholars from Alexis de Tocqueville to the present have found a strong continuity in core American political values since the time of the American Revolution in the late 18th century . </P> <H3> Colonial origins ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Colonial history of the United States <P> Some of Britain 's North American colonies became exceptional in the European world for their vibrant political culture , which attracted the most talented and ambitious young men into politics . Reasons for this American exceptionalism included : </P> <Ol> <Li> Suffrage was the most widespread in the world , with every man who owned a certain amount of property allowed to vote . While fewer than 20 % of British men could vote , a majority of white American men were eligible . While the roots of democracy were apparent , nevertheless deference was typically shown to social elites in colonial elections . That deference declined sharply with the American Revolution . </Li> <Li> In each colony , elected bodies , especially the assemblies and county governments , decided a wide range of public and private business . Topics of public concern and debate included land grants , commercial subsidies , and taxation , as well as oversight of roads , poor relief , taverns , and schools . Americans spent a great deal of time in court , as private lawsuits were very common . Legal affairs were overseen by local judges and juries , with a central role for trained lawyers . This promoted the rapid expansion of the legal profession , and the dominant role of lawyers in politics was apparent by the 1770s , as attested by the careers of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson , among many others . </Li> <Li> The North American colonies were exceptional in the world context because of the growth of representation of different interest groups . Unlike in Europe , where royal courts , aristocratic families and established churches exercised control , the American political culture was open to merchants , landlords , petty farmers , artisans , Anglicans , Presbyterians , Quakers , Germans , Scotch Irish , Yankees , Yorkers , and many other identifiable groups . Over 90 % of the representatives elected to the legislature lived in their districts , unlike in the United Kingdom where it was common to have an absentee member of Parliament . </Li> <Li> Americans became fascinated by and increasingly adopted the political values of republicanism , which stressed equal rights , the need for virtuous citizens , and the evils of corruption , luxury , and aristocracy . </Li> </Ol> <P> None of the colonies had political parties of the sort that formed in the 1790s , but each had shifting factions that vied for power . </P> <H3> American ideology ( edit ) </H3> <P> Republicanism , along with a form of classical liberalism , remains the dominant ideology . Central documents include the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) , Constitution ( 1787 ) , The Federalist Papers ( 1788 ) , Bill of Rights ( 1791 ) , and Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address ( 1863 ) , among others . The political scientist Louis Hartz articulated this theme in American political culture in The Liberal Tradition in America ( 1955 ) . Hartz saw the antebellum South as breaking away from this central ideology in the 1820s as it constructed a fantasy to support hierarchical , feudal society . Others , such as David Gordon of the libertarian , Alabama - based Mises Institute argue that the secessionists who formed the Confederacy in 1861 retained the values of classical liberalism . Among the core tenets of this ideology are the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Civic duty : Citizens have the responsibility to understand and support the government , participate in elections , pay taxes , and perform military service . </Li> <Li> Opposition to Political corruption </Li> <Li> Democracy : The government is answerable to citizens , who may change the representatives through elections . </Li> <Li> Equality before the law : The laws should attach no special privilege to any citizen . Government officials are subject to the law just as others are </Li> <Li> Freedom of religion : The government can neither support nor suppress religion </Li> <Li> Freedom of speech : The government can not restrict through law or action the personal speech of a citizen ; a marketplace of ideas </Li> </Ul> <P> In response to Hartz and others , political scientist Rogers M. Smith argued in Civic Ideals ( 1999 ) that in addition to liberalism and republicanism , United States political culture has historically served to exclude various populations from access to full citizenship . Terming this ideological tradition `` ascriptive inegalitarianism , '' Smith traces its relevance in nativist , sexist , and racist beliefs and practices alongside struggles over citizenship laws from the early colonial period to the Progressive Era , and further political debates in the following century . </P> <P> At the time of the United States ' founding , agriculture and small private businesses dominated the economy , and state governments left welfare issues to private or local initiative . Laissez - faire ideology was largely abandoned in the 1930s during the Great Depression . Between the 1930s and 1970s , fiscal policy was characterized by the Keynesian consensus , a time during which modern American liberalism dominated economic policy virtually unchallenged . Since the late 1970s and early 1980s , however , laissez - faire ideology , as explained especially by Milton Friedman , has once more become a powerful force in American politics . While the American welfare state expanded more than threefold after World War II , it has been at 20 % of GDP since the late 1970s . As of 2014 modern American liberalism , and modern American conservatism are engaged in a continuous political

The democracy of the United States is a

What is the democracy of the united states?

-6057127102520256843

, winning in the presidential elections of 1976 ( with 39th President Jimmy Carter of Georgia , 1977 -- 1981 ) , 1992 and 1996 ( with 42nd President Bill Clinton of Arkansas , 1993 -- 2001 ) and 2008 and 2012 ( with 44th President Barack Obama of Illinois , 2009 -- 2017 ) . </P> <P> Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue that `` the Democratic party , nationally , moved from left - center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved further toward the right - center in the 1970s and 1980s '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Democratic Party </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founder </Th> <Td> Andrew Jackson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1820s ( 1820s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> Blue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Politics of United States </Li> <Li> Political parties </Li> <Li> Elections </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Presidency of John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) </Li> <Li> 2 Presidency of Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Jacksonian democracy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Presidency of Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) </Li> <Li> 4 Presidency of John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) </Li> <Li> 5 Presidency of James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) </Li> <Li> 6 Presidency of Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) </Li> <Li> 7 Presidency of Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) </Li> <Li> 8 Presidency of Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) </Li> <Li> 9 Presidency of James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Young America </Li> <Li> 9.2 Breakdown of the Second Party System ( 1854 -- 1859 ) </Li> <Li> 9.3 North and South pull apart </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Presidency of Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Civil War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Presidency of Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) </Li> <Li> 12 Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) </Li> <Li> 13 Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) </Li> <Li> 14 Presidency of James A. Garfield ( 1881 -- 1881 ) </Li> <Li> 15 Presidency of Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) </Li> <Li> 16 Presidency of Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) </Li> <Li> 17 Presidency of Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) </Li> <Li> 18 Presidency of Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) </Li> <Li> 19 Presidency of William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) <Ul> <Li> 19.1 The Free Silver Movement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 20 Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) </Li> <Li> 21 Presidency of William Howard Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) </Li> <Li> 22 Presidency of Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) </Li> <Li> 23 Presidency of Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) </Li> <Li> 24 Presidency of Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) </Li> <Li> 25 Presidency of Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) </Li> <Li> 26 Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) </Li> <Li> 27 Presidency of Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) <Ul> <Li> 27.1 Coalition </Li> <Li> 27.2 Foreign policy </Li> <Li> 27.3 Domestic policy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 28 Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) </Li> <Li> 29 Presidency of John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) </Li> <Li> 30 Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) </Li> <Li> 31 Presidency of Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) </Li> <Li> 32 Presidency of Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) </Li> <Li> 33 Presidency of Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) </Li> <Li> 34 Presidency of Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) <Ul> <Li> 34.1 1980s : battling Reaganism </Li> <Li> 34.2 The South becomes Republican </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 35 Presidency of George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) <Ul> <Li> 35.1 Opposition to Gulf War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 36 Presidency of Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) <Ul> <Li> 36.1 Free markets </Li> <Li> 36.2 Election of 2000 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 37 Presidency of George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) <Ul> <Li> 37.1 Election of 2004 </Li> <Li> 37.2 Howard Dean and the fifty - state strategy ( 2005 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 37.3 2008 presidential election </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 38 Presidency of Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) <Ul> <Li> 38.1 2016 United States elections <Ul> <Li> 38.1. 1 2016 United States presidential election <Ul> <Li> 38.1. 1.1 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries <Ul> <Li> 38.1. 1.1. 1 Ideological differences </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 39 Presidency of Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> 39.1 115th United States Congress <Ul> <Li> 39.1. 1 National Democratic Redistricting Committee </Li> <Li> 39.1. 2 Protests against Donald Trump <Ul> <Li> 39.1. 2.1 Inauguration of Donald Trump </Li> <Li> 39.1. 2.2 2017 Donald Trump speech to joint session of Congress </Li> <Li> 39.1. 2.3 2018 State of the Union Address </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 39.1. 3 Democratic Party PACs <Ul> <Li> 39.1. 3.1 Justice Democrats </Li> <Li> 39.1. 3.2 New Blue </Li> <Li> 39.1. 3.3 Onward Together </Li> <Li> 39.1. 3.4 2017 United States elections <Ul> <Li> 39.1. 3.4. 1 2017 Democratic National Committee elections </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 40 See also </Li> <Li> 41 Notes </Li> <Li> 42 References <Ul> <Li> 42.1 Secondary sources <Ul> <Li> 42.1. 1 Before 1932 </Li> <Li> 42.1. 2 Since 1932 </Li> <Li> 42.1. 3 Popular histories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 42.2 Primary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 43 Further reading </Li> <Li> 44 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Presidency of John quincy adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The modern Democratic Party emerged in the 1830s from former factions of the Democratic - Republican Party , which had largely collapsed by 1824 . It was built by Martin Van Buren who assembled a cadre of politicians in every state behind war hero Andrew Jackson of Tennessee . </P> <H2> Presidency of Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Jacksonian Democracy ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Jacksonian democracy 1837 cartoon shows the Democratic Party as donkey <P> The spirit of Jacksonian democracy animated the party from the early 1830s to the 1850s , shaping the Second Party System , with the Whig Party the main opposition . After the disappearance of the Federalists after 1815 and the Era of Good Feelings ( 1816 -- 1824 ) , there was a hiatus of weakly organized personal factions until about 1828 -- 1832 , when the modern Democratic Party emerged along with its rival the Whigs . The new Democratic Party became a coalition of farmers , city - dwelling laborers and Irish Catholics . </P> <P> Behind the party platforms , acceptance speeches of candidates , editorials , pamphlets and stump speeches , there was a widespread consensus of political values among Democrats . As Norton explains : </P> <P> The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society . They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty . The 1824 `` corrupt bargain '' had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power . They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special - interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich . They sought to restore the independence of the individual -- the artisan and the ordinary farmer -- by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency , which they distrusted . Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative , and Jackson 's political power was largely expressed in negative acts . He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined . Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement . Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government . But Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform mid the establishment of a public education system . They believed , for instance , that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools . Nor did Jackson share reformers ' humanitarian concerns . He had no sympathy for American Indians , initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears . </P> <P> The Party was weakest in New England , but strong everywhere else and won most national elections thanks to strength in New York , Pennsylvania , Virginia ( by far the most populous states at the time ) and the American frontier . Democrats opposed elites and aristocrats , the Bank of the United States and the whiggish modernizing programs that would build up industry at the expense of the yeoman or independent small farmer . </P> <P> Historian Frank Towers has specified an important ideological divide : </P> <P> Democrats stood for the ' sovereignty of the people ' as expressed in popular demonstrations , constitutional conventions , and majority rule as a general principle of governing , whereas Whigs advocated the rule of law , written and unchanging constitutions , and protections for minority interests against majority tyranny . </P> <P> From 1828 to 1848 , banking and tariffs were the central domestic policy issues . Democrats strongly favored -- and Whigs opposed -- expansion to new farm lands , as typified by their expulsion of eastern American Indians and acquisition of vast amounts of new land in the West after 1846 . The party favored the war with Mexico and opposed anti-immigrant nativism . Both Democrats and Whigs were divided on the issue of slavery . In the 1830s , the Locofocos in New York City were radically democratic , anti-monopoly and were proponents of hard money and free trade . Their chief spokesman was William Leggett . At this time , labor unions were few and some were loosely affiliated with the party . </P> <H2> Presidency of Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Presidency of John tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Foreign policy was a major issue in the 1840s , as war threatened with Mexico over Texas and with Britain over Oregon . Democrats strongly supported Manifest Destiny and most Whigs strongly opposed it . The 1844 election was a showdown , with the Democrat James K. Polk narrowly defeating Whig Henry Clay on the Texas issue . </P> <P> John Mack Faragher 's analysis of the political polarization between the parties is : </P> <P> Most Democrats were wholehearted supporters of expansion , whereas many Whigs ( especially in the North ) were opposed . Whigs welcomed most of the changes wrought by industrialization but advocated strong government policies that would guide growth and development within the country 's existing boundaries ; they feared ( correctly ) that expansion raised a contentious issue the extension of slavery to the territories . On the other hand , many Democrats feared industrialization the Whigs welcomed ... For many Democrats , the answer to the nation 's social ills was to continue to follow Thomas Jefferson 's vision of establishing agriculture in the new territories in order to counterbalance industrialization . </P> <H2> Presidency of James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Presidency of Zachary

The Democratic Party changed its name in

When did the democratic party change its name?

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Royal Mint - wikipedia <H1> Royal Mint </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Royal Mint in the United Kingdom . For other uses , see Royal Mint ( disambiguation ) . <Table> The Royal Mint <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Government - owned company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Coin and medal production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> AD 886 ; 1132 years ago ( 886 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Llantrisant , Wales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Td> United Kingdom & British Overseas Territories </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> Anne Jessopp ( Chief Executive ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> Coins Medals Bullion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revenue </Th> <Td> £ 506 million ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating income </Th> <Td> £ 14.5 million ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total assets </Th> <Td> £ 71.9 million ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total equity </Th> <Td> £ 90.9 million ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> HM Treasury </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of employees </Th> <Td> 900 + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.royalmint.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Royal Mint is a government - owned mint that produces coins for the United Kingdom . Operating under the name Royal Mint Ltd , the mint is a limited company that is wholly owned by Her Majesty 's Treasury and is under an exclusive contract to supply all the nation 's coinage . As well as minting circulating coins for use domestically and internationally , the mint also produces planchets , commemorative coins , various types of medals and precious metal bullion . The mint exports to an average of 60 countries a year , making up 70 % of its total sales . Formed over 1,100 years ago , the mint was historically part of a series of mints that became centralised to produce coins for the Kingdom of England , all of Great Britain and eventually most of the British Empire . The original London mint from which the Royal Mint is the successor , was established in 886 AD and operated within the Tower of London for approximately 800 years before moving to what is now called Royal Mint Court where it remained until the 1960s . As Britain followed the rest of the world in decimalising its currency , the Mint moved from London to a new 38 acres ( 15 ha ) plant in Llantrisant , Wales where it has remained since . </P> <P> In 2009 after recommendations for the mint to be privatised the Royal Mint ceased being an executive government agency and became a state - owned company wholly owned by HM Treasury . Since then the mint has expanded its business interests by reviving its bullion trade and developing a £ 9 million visitor centre . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Origin </Li> <Li> 1.2 886 to 1805 <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Civil War mints </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 1805 to 1967 <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Tower Hill </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 Royal Mint Refinery </Li> <Li> 1.3. 3 Colonial Expansion </Li> <Li> 1.3. 4 1914 to 1967 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 1967 to present <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Move to Wales </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Financial Difficulties </Li> <Li> 1.4. 3 Revival </Li> <Li> 1.4. 4 2012 London Olympics </Li> <Li> 1.4. 5 The Royal Mint Experience </Li> <Li> 1.4. 6 Recent Events </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Operations <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Coin production </Li> <Li> 2.2 Bullion </Li> <Li> 2.3 Medals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Trial of the Pyx </Li> <Li> 4 Awards </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Origin ( edit ) </H3> Coin of Alfred the Great <P> The history of coins in Great Britain can be traced back to the second century BC when they were introduced by Celtic tribes from across the English Channel . The first record of coins being minted in Britain is attributed to Kentish tribes such as the Cantii who around 80 -- 60 B.C. imitated those of Marseille through casting instead of hammering . After the Romans began their invasion of Britain in AD 43 , they set up mints across the land , including in London which produced Roman coins for some 40 years before closing . A mint in London reopened briefly in 383 AD until closing swiftly as Roman rule in Britain came to an end . For the next 200 years no coins appear to have been minted in Britain until the emergence of English kingdoms in 650 AD when as many as 30 mints are recorded across Britain with one being established in London . Control of Britain 's mints alternated as different tribes battled over territory . In 886 AD Alfred the Great recaptured London from the Danelaw and began issuing silver pennies bearing his portrait ; this is regarded as the start of the continuous history of the Royal Mint . </P> <H3> 886 to 1805 ( edit ) </H3> The Tower of London 1647 <P> In 1279 , the country 's numerous mints were unified under a single system whereby control was centralised to the mint within the Tower of London , mints outside of London were reduced with only a few local and episcopals continuing to operate . Pipe rolls detailing the financial records of the London mint show an expenditure of £ 729 17s 81⁄2d and records of timber bought for workshops . </P> <P> Individual roles at the mint were well established by 1464 . The master - worker was charged with hiring engravers and the management of moneyers , while the mint warden was responsible for witnessing the delivery of dies . A specialist mint board was set up in 1472 to enact a 23 February indenture which vested the mint 's responsibilities into three main roles ; a warden , a master and a comptroller . </P> <P> In the 16th century having suffering from the effects of the Black Death , mainland Europe was in the middle of a economic expansion , England however was suffering with financial difficulty brought on by excessive government spending . By the 1540s wars with France and Scotland led Henry VIII to enact The Great Debasement which saw the amount of precious metal in coin significantly reduced . In order to further gather control of the country 's currency , monasteries were dissolved which effectively ended major coin production outside of London . </P> <P> In 1603 , the union of Scotland and England under King James VI led to a partial union of both countries ' currencies , the pound Scots and the pound sterling . Due to Scotland heavily debasing its silver coins , a Scots mark was worth just 13.5 d compared to an English mark which was worth 6s 8d . To bridge the difference between the values , unofficial supplementary token coins , often made from lead were made by unauthorised minters across the country . By 1612 there were 3,000 such unlicensed mints producing these tokens , none of whom paying anything towards the crown . The Royal Mint , not wanting to divert manpower away from minting more profitable gold and silver , hired outside agent Lord Harington who under licence started issuing copper farthings in 1613 . Private licenses to mint these coins were revoked in 1644 which led traders to resume minting their own supplementary tokens . In 1672 the Royal Mint finally took over the production of copper coinage . </P> Civil war mints ( edit ) Charles I Civil War half - crown <P> Prior to the outbreak of the English Civil War , England signed a treaty in 1630 with Spain which ensured a steady supply of silver bullion to the Tower mint . Additional branch mints to aid the one in London were set up including one at Aberystwyth Castle , in Wales . In 1642 parliament seized control of the Tower mint and after Charles I tried to arrest the Five Members he was forced to flee London , establishing at least 16 emergency mints across the British Isles in Colchester , Chester , Cork , Edinburgh , Dublin , Exeter , Salisbury , parts of Cornwall including Truro , Weymouth , Worcester , York , Carlisle , Newark , Pontefract and Scarborough ( see also siege money ) . </P> <P> After raising the royal standard in Nottingham marking the beginning of the war , Charles called upon loyalist mining engineer Thomas Bushell , the owner of a mint and silver mine in Aberystwyth , to move his operations to the royalist - held Shrewsbury , possibly within in the grounds of Shrewsbury Castle . The mint there was however short - lived , operating for no more than three months before Charles ordered Bushell to relocate the mint to his headquarters in the royal capital of Oxford . The new Oxford mint was established on 15 December 1642 in New Inn Hall at Oxford University , the present site of St. Peter 's College . There , silver plates and foreign coins were melted down and in some cases just hammered into shape to produce coins quickly . Bushell was appointed the mint 's warden and master - worker , where he laboured alongside notable engravers Nicholas Briot , Thomas Rawlins and Nicholas Burghers , the later of whom being appointed Graver of Seals , Stamps and Medals in 1643 . When Prince Rupert took control of Oxford that same year , Bushnell was ordered to move to Bristol Castle where he continued minting coins until it fell to parliamentary control on 11 September 1645 , effectively ending Bushnell 's involvement in the civil war mints . </P> <P> In Southern England in November 1642 the king ordered royalist MP Richard Vyvyan to build one or more mints in Cornwall where he was instructed to mint coins from whatever bullion that could be obtained and deliver it to Ralph Hopton , a commander of royalist troops in the region . Vyvyan built a mint in Truro and became its Master until 1646 when it was captured by parliamentarians . In nearby Exeter which had been under control of Westminster since the beginning of the war , a mint was ordered to be set up after parliament debated the proposal on 8 December 1642 . After approval was granted , a mint and moneyers were dispatched on 8 December 1642 to the town which was under constant threat of attack by loyalist troops . In September 1643 the town was captured by the Cornish Royalist Army led by Prince Maurice leading to Vyvyan moving his nearby mint in Truro to the now recaptured town . The exact location of the mint in Exeter is unknown , however maps from the time show a street named Old Mint Lane near Friernhay which was to be the site of a 1696 Recoinage mint . Much less is known about the mint 's employees with only Richard Vyvyan and clerk Thomas Hawkes recorded . </P> Commonwealth Unite 1653 1658 Cromwell Crown <P> Following Charles I 's execution in 1649 , the newly formed Commonwealth of England established its own set of coins which for the first time used English rather than Latin and were plainly designed compared to those previously issued under the monarchy . The government invited French engineer Peter Blondeau who worked at the Paris mint to come to London in 1649 in hope of modernising the country 's minting process . In France hammer stuck coins had been banned from the Paris Mint since 1639 and replaced with milled coinage . After arriving , it was n't until 9 May 1651 that his testing began in Drury House , having first required permission from parliament . He

The Royal Mint moved to Wales in

When did the royal mint move to wales?

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Snickers - wikipedia <H1> Snickers </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the candy bar . For other uses , see Snickers ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Snickers <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Product type </Th> <Td> Confectionery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Mars , Incorporated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Introduced </Th> <Td> 1930 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Markets </Th> <Td> Worldwide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.snickers.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Snickers is a brand name chocolate bar made by the American company Mars , Incorporated . Consisting of nougat topped with caramel and peanuts , enrobed in milk chocolate , Snickers has annual global sales of $2 billion . </P> <P> In the United Kingdom , the Isle of Man , and Ireland , Snickers was sold under the brand name Marathon until 19 July 1990 . Snickers brand Marathon energy bars have since been sold in some markets . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Snickers Duo </Li> <Li> 1.2 Australian recall </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Caloric value </Li> <Li> 3 Bar weight </Li> <Li> 4 Products containing Snickers </Li> <Li> 5 Advertising <Ul> <Li> 5.1 It 's So Satisfying </Li> <Li> 5.2 1984 Olympics </Li> <Li> 5.3 Not Going Anywhere For a While ? ( Hungry ? Grab a Snickers ! / Why Wait ? ) </Li> <Li> 5.4 Snickers Feast </Li> <Li> 5.5 Super Bowl XLI commercial </Li> <Li> 5.6 Mr. T </Li> <Li> 5.7 NASCAR </Li> <Li> 5.8 FIFA World Cup & UEFA Euro Sponsorship </Li> <Li> 5.9 You 're Not You When You 're Hungry </Li> <Li> 5.10 WrestleMania </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1930 , Mars introduced Snickers , named after the favorite horse of the Mars family . The Snickers chocolate bar consists of nougat , peanuts , and caramel with a chocolate coating . The bar was marketed under the name `` Marathon '' in the UK and Ireland until July 19 , 1990 , when Mars decided to align the UK product with the global Snickers name ( Mars had marketed and discontinued an unrelated bar named Marathon in the United States during the 1970s ) . There are also several other Snickers products such as Snickers mini , dark chocolate , ice cream bars , Snickers with almonds , Snickers with hazelnuts , Snickers peanut butter bars , Snickers protein and Snickers with Extra Caramel . </P> <H3> Snickers Duo ( edit ) </H3> <P> A replacement for the king size Snickers bar was launched in the UK in 2004 and designed to conform to the September 2004 Food and Drink Federation ( FDF ) `` Manifesto for Food and Health '' . Part of the FDF manifesto was seven pledges of action to encourage the food and drink industry to be more health conscious . Reducing portion size , clearer food labels , and reduction of the levels of fat , sugar , and salt were among the FDF pledges . Mars Incorporated pledged to phase out their king - size bars in 2005 and replace them with shareable bars . A Mars spokesman said : `` Our king - size bars that come in one portion will be changed so they are shareable or can be consumed on more than one occasion . The name king - size will be phased out . '' </P> <P> These were eventually replaced by the ' Duo ' , a double bar pack . Though this change to Duos reduced the weight from 3.5 to 3.29 ounces ( 99 to 93 g ) , the price remained the same . The packaging has step - by - step picture instructions of how to open a Duo into two bars , in four simple actions . As Mars stated fulfillment of their promise , the Duo format was met with criticism by the National Obesity Forum and National Consumer Council . </P> <H3> Australian recall ( edit ) </H3> <P> In December 2000 , tens of thousands of Snickers and Mars Bars were removed from New South Wales store shelves due to a series of threatening letters which resulted in fears that the chocolate bars had been poisoned . Mars received letters from an unidentified individual indicating that they planned to plant poisoned chocolate bars on store shelves . The last letter sent included a Snickers bar contaminated with a substance which was later identified as rat poison . The letters claimed that there were seven additional chocolate bars which had been tampered with and which were for sale to the public . As a precautionary measure , Mars issued a massive recall . Mars said that there had been no demand for money and complaints directed to an unidentified third party . </P> <H2> Caloric value ( edit ) </H2> <P> The USDA lists the caloric value of a 2 - ounce ( 57 gram ) Snickers bar as 280 kilocalories ( 1,200 kJ ) . As of 2016 , the United Kingdom bar has a weight of 48g , with 245 kcal , and the Canadian bar 52g with 250 kcal . The four - pack bar in the United Kingdom has a weight of 41.7 g , with 213kcal . </P> <H2> Bar weight ( edit ) </H2> <P> Over the years , the bar weight has decreased : Before 2009 , in the UK a single Snickers bar had a weight of 62.5 g . This weight was subsequently reduced to 58g in 2009 , and to 48g in 2013 . </P> <H2> Products containing Snickers ( edit ) </H2> <P> Containing approximately 450 calories ( 1,900 J ) per bar , deep fried chocolate bars ( including Snickers and Mars bars ) became a specialty in fish and chips shops in Scotland in 1995 , and in the early 2000s , became popular at American state fairs . </P> <P> In 2012 , the British Food Commission highlighted celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson 's `` Snickers pie '' , which contained five Snickers bars among other ingredients , suggesting it was one of the unhealthiest desserts ever ; one slice providing `` over 1,250 calories ( 5,200 kJ ) from sugar and fat alone '' , more than half a day 's requirement for an average adult . The pie had featured on his BBC Saturday programme some two years earlier and the chef described it as an occasional treat only . </P> <H2> Advertising ( edit ) </H2> <H3> It 's so satisfying ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1980 , Snickers ran ads which featured a variety of everyday people discussing why they like Snickers . The ads featured a jingle that said `` It 's so satisfying '' and had the classic hand that would open and close showing a handful of peanuts converting to a Snickers bar . `` Packed with peanuts , Snickers really satisfies '' was shown in the commercials . </P> <H3> 1984 Olympics ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mars paid $5 million to have Snickers and M&M 's named the `` official snack '' of the 1984 Summer Olympics , outraging nutritionists . Sports promotions in international games continued to be a prominent marketing tool for Mars , that would keep Snickers as an international brand while also selling local bars in some markets . </P> <H3> Not going anywhere for a while ? ( Hungry ? Grab a Snickers ! / why Wait ? ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Beginning in 1995 , Snickers ran ads which featured someone making a self - inflicted mistake , with the voice - over saying `` Not going anywhere for a while ? Grab a Snickers ! '' The tag line at the end of each ad proclaimed , `` Hungry ? Why Wait ? '' </P> <P> One such ad had a player for a fictional American football team showing off his new tattoo of the team 's logo on his back to his teammates . He then shows it to his head coach who , after complimenting the tattoo , immediately tells him that he 's been traded to Miami . The player then goes to have his old team 's logo replaced with the new team 's logo . </P> <P> Some of the ads were done in conjunction with the National Football League , with whom Snickers had a sponsorship deal at the time . One ad featured a member of the grounds crew at Arrowhead Stadium painting the field for an upcoming Kansas City Chiefs game in hot , late - summer weather . After finishing one of the end zones , and visibly exhausted , one of the Chiefs players walks up to him and says the field looks great , `` but who are the Chefs ? '' , showing that despite all the hard work the painter accidentally omitted the `` i '' in Chiefs . Another had Marv Levy in the Buffalo Bills locker room lecturing his team that `` no one 's going anywhere '' until the Bills figure out how to actually win a Super Bowl . </P> <H3> Snickers feast ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2007 , Snickers launched a campaign which featured Henry the VIII and a Viking among others who attend the `` Snickers Feast '' . It consisted of various commercials of the gang and their adventures on the feast . </P> <H3> Super Bowl XLI commercial ( edit ) </H3> <P> On February 4 , 2007 , during Super Bowl XLI , Snickers commercials aired which resulted in complaints by gay and lesbian groups against the maker of the candy bar , Masterfoods USA of Hackettstown , New Jersey , a division of Mars , Incorporated . The commercial showed a pair of auto mechanics accidentally touching lips while sharing a Snickers bar . After quickly pulling away , one mechanic says , `` I think we just accidentally kissed . '' , and another mechanic exclaims , `` Quick ! Do something manly ! '' and in three of the four versions , they do so mostly in the form of injury , including tearing out chest hair , striking each other with a very large pipe wrench , and drinking motor oil and windshield washer fluid . In the fourth version , however , a third mechanic shows up and asks `` Is there room for three in this Love Boat ? '' </P> <P> Complaints were lodged against Masterfoods that the ads were homophobic . Human Rights Campaign president Joe Solmonese is quoted as saying </P> <P> `` This type of jeering from professional sports figures at the sight of two men kissing fuels the kind of anti-gay bullying that haunts countless gay and lesbian school children on playgrounds all across the country . '' </P> <P> Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) president Neil Giuliano said `` That Snickers , Mars and the NFL would promote and endorse this kind of prejudice is simply inexcusable . '' Masterfoods has since pulled the ads and the website . </P> <H3> Mr. T ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2006 , Mr. T starred in a Snickers advert in the UK where he rides up in an army tank and shouts abuse at a football player who appears to be faking an injury , threatening to introduce him to his friend Pain . Another advert featured Mr. T launching bars at a swimmer who appeared to refuse to get in a swimming pool because of the cold temperature of the water . In 2008 , a European Snickers commercial in which Mr. T uses a Jeep - mounted Minigun to fire Snickers bars at a speedwalker for being a `` disgrace to the man race '' was pulled after complaints from a US pressure group that the advertisement was homophobic . These adverts usually ended with Mr.

Marathon changed its name to Snickers on

When did marathon change its name to snickers?

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has been adapted to film and other media on many occasions . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Main characters </Li> <Li> 3 Historical context </Li> <Li> 4 Adaptations </Li> <Li> 5 Inspirations and popular culture <Ul> <Li> 5.1 In literature </Li> <Li> 5.2 In comics </Li> <Li> 5.3 In music </Li> <Li> 5.4 In television </Li> <Li> 5.5 In gaming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Scientific plausibility </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Island of Doctor Moreau is the account of Edward Prendick , an Englishman with a scientific education who survives a shipwreck in the southern Pacific Ocean . A passing ship takes him aboard , and a man named Montgomery revives him . Prendick also meets a grotesque bestial native named M'ling , who appears to be Montgomery 's manservant . The ship is transporting a number of animals which belong to Montgomery . As they approach the island , Montgomery 's destination , the captain demands Prendick leave the ship with Montgomery . Montgomery explains that he will not be able to host Prendick on the island . Despite this , the captain leaves Prendick in a dinghy and sails away . Seeing that the captain has abandoned Prendick , Montgomery takes pity and rescues him . As ships rarely pass the island , Prendick will be housed in an outer room of an enclosed compound . </P> <P> The island belongs to Dr. Moreau . Prendick remembers that he has heard of Moreau , formerly an eminent physiologist in London whose gruesome experiments in vivisection had been publicly exposed and has fled England as a result of his exposure . </P> <P> The next day , Moreau begins working on a puma . Prendick gathers that Moreau is performing a painful experiment on the animal , and its anguished cries drive Prendick out into the jungle . While he wanders , he comes upon a group of people who seem human but have an unmistakable resemblance to swine . As he walks back to the enclosure , he suddenly realises he is being followed by a figure in the jungle . He panics and flees , and the figure gives chase . As his pursuer bears down on him , Prendick manages to stun him with a stone and observes the pursuer is a monstrous hybrid of animal and man . When Prendrick returns to the enclosure and questions Montgomery , Montgomery refuses to be open with him . After failing to get an explanation , Prendick finally gives in and takes a sleeping draught . </P> <P> Prendick awakes the next morning with the previous night 's activities fresh in his mind . Seeing that the door to Moreau 's operating room has been left unlocked , he walks in to find a humanoid form lying in bandages on the table before he is ejected by a shocked and angry Moreau . He believes that Moreau has been vivisecting humans and that he is the next test subject . He flees into the jungle where he meets an Ape - Man who takes him to a colony of similarly half - human / half - animal creatures . Their leader is a large grey thing named the Sayer of the Law who has him recite a strange litany called the Law that involves prohibitions against bestial behavior and praise for Moreau . </P> <P> Suddenly , Dr. Moreau bursts into the colony looking for Prendick , but Prendick escapes to the jungle . He makes for the ocean , where he plans to drown himself rather than allow Moreau to experiment on him . Moreau explains that the creatures called the Beast Folk were not formerly men , but rather animals . Prendick returns to the enclosure , where Moreau explains that he has been on the island for eleven years and has been striving to make a complete transformation of an animal to a human . He explains that while he is getting closer to perfection , his subjects have a habit of reverting to their animal form and behaviour . Moreau regards the pain he inflicts as insignificant and an unavoidable side effect in the name of his scientific experiments . </P> <P> One day , Prendick and Montgomery encounter a half - eaten rabbit . Since eating flesh and tasting blood are strong prohibitions , Dr. Moreau calls an assembly of the Beast Folk and identifies the Leopard - Man ( the same one that chased Prendick the first time he wandered into the jungle ) as the transgressor . Knowing that he will be sent back to Dr. Moreau 's compound for more painful sessions of vivisection , the Leopard - Man flees . Eventually , the group corners him in some undergrowth , but Prendick takes pity and shoots him to spare him from further suffering . Prendick also believes that although the Leopard - Man was seen breaking several laws , such as drinking water bent down like an animal , chasing men ( Prendick ) , and running on all fours , the Leopard - Man was not solely responsible for the deaths of the rabbits . It was also the Hyena - Swine , the next most dangerous Beast Man on the island . Dr. Moreau is furious that Prendick killed the Leopard - Man but can do nothing about the situation . </P> <P> As time passes , Prendick becomes inured to the grotesqueness of the Beast Folk . However one day , the half - finished puma woman rips free of her restraints and escapes from the lab . Dr. Moreau pursues her , but the two end up fighting each other which ends in a mutual kill . Montgomery breaks down and decides to share his alcohol with the Beast Folk . Prendick resolves to leave the island , but later hears a commotion outside in which Montgomery , his servant M'ling , and the Sayer of the Law die after a scuffle with the Beast Folk . At the same time , the compound burns down because Prendick has knocked over a lamp . With no chance of saving any of the provisions stored in the enclosure , Prendick realizes that during the night Montgomery has also destroyed the only boats on the island . </P> <P> Prendick lives with the Beast Folk on the island for months after the deaths of Moreau and Montgomery . As the time goes by , the Beast Folk increasingly revert to their original animal instincts , beginning to hunt the island 's rabbits , returning to walking on all fours , and leaving their shared living areas for the wild . They cease to follow Prendick 's instructions and eventually the Hyena - Swine kills his faithful companion , a Dog - Man created from a St. Bernard . Prendick then shoots the Hyena - Swine in self - defence with the help of the Sloth Creature . Luckily for Prendick ever since his efforts to build a raft have been unsuccessful , a boat that carries two corpses drifts onto the beach ( perhaps the captain of the ship that picked Prendick up and a sailor ) . Prendick uses the boat to leave the island and is picked up three days later . But when he tells his story he is thought to be mad , so he feigns amnesia . </P> <P> Back in England , Prendick is no longer comfortable in the presence of humans who seem to him to be about to revert to the animal state . He leaves London and lives in near - solitude in the countryside , devoting himself to chemistry as well as astronomy in the studies of which he finds some peace . </P> <H2> Main characters ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Edward Prendick -- The narrator and protagonist . </Li> <Li> Dr. Moreau -- A vivisectionist who has fled upon his experiments being exposed and has moved to a remote island in the Pacific to pursue his research of perfecting his Beast Folk . </Li> <Li> Montgomery -- Dr. Moreau 's assistant and Prendick 's rescuer . A medical doctor who enjoyed a measure of happiness in England . An alcoholic who feels some sympathy for the Beast Folk . </Li> <Li> Beast Folk -- Animals which Moreau has experimented upon , giving them human traits via vivisection for which the surgery is extremely painful . They include : <Ul> <Li> M'ling -- Montgomery 's servant who does the cooking and cleaning . Moreau combined a bear , a dog , and an ox to create him . As Prendick describes M'ling , he states that M'ling is a `` complex trophy of Moreau 's skill , a bear , tainted with dog and ox , and one of the most elaborately made of all the creatures '' . He also sports glow - in - the - dark eyes and furry ears . M'ling later dies protecting Montgomery from the other Beast Folk on the beach . </Li> <Li> Sayer of the Law -- A large , grey animal of unspecified combinations that recites Dr. Moreau 's teachings about being men to the other Beast Folk . The Sayer of the Law serves as a governor and a priest to the Beast Folk . He is later killed in an unseen scuffle between Montgomery , M'ling , and the Beast Folk . </Li> <Li> Hyena - Swine -- A carnivorous hybrid of hyena and pig who becomes Prendick 's enemy in the wake of Dr. Moreau 's death . He is later killed by Prendick in self - defence . </Li> <Li> Leopard - Man -- A leopard - based rebel who breaks the Law by running on all fours , drinking from the stream , and chasing Prendick . The Leopard - Man is later killed by Prendick to spare him further pain , much to the dismay of Dr. Moreau . </Li> <Li> Dog - Man -- A Beast Man created from a St. Bernard who , near the end of the book , becomes Prendick 's faithful companion . He is so like a domestic dog in character that Prendick is barely surprised when he reverts to a more animalistic form . Dog - Man is later killed by the Hyena - Swine . </Li> <Li> Satyr - Man -- A goat creature . Prendrick describes him as unsettling and `` Satanic '' in form . </Li> <Li> Fox - Bear Witch -- A female hybrid of a fox and a bear who passionately supports the Law . Prendick quickly takes a dislike to her . </Li> <Li> Sloth Creature -- A small , pink sloth - based creation described by Prendick as resembling a flayed child . He helped Prendick kill the Hyena - Swine before fully regressing . </Li> <Li> Ape - Man -- A monkey or ape creature that considers himself equal to Prendick and refers to himself and Prendick as `` Five Men '' , because they both have five fingers on each hand , which is uncommon among the Beast Folk . He is the first Beast Man other than M'ling whom Prendick speaks to . He has what he refers to as `` Big Thinks '' which on his return to England , Prendick likens to a priest 's sermon at the pulpit . </Li> <Li> Half - Finished Puma - Woman -- The last beast - person created by Moreau . She is halfway through her process of being turned into one of the Beast Folk , but is in so much pain from the surgery that she uses her strength to break free of his restraints and escape . Moreau then chases after her with a revolver . He and the creature fight each other which ends in a mutual kill . </Li> <Li> Mare - Rhinoceros Man -- A hybrid between a horse and a Javan rhinoceros

Montgomery, along with his servant M'ling and the Sayer of the Law, meets his demise on the Island of Dr. Moreau after

How does montgomery died in the island of dr moreau?

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Content ( media ) - wikipedia <H1> Content ( media ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> It has been suggested that digital content be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since February 2017 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In publishing , art , and communication , content is the information and experiences that are directed towards an end - user or audience . Content is `` something that is to be expressed through some medium , as speech , writing or any of various arts '' . Content can be delivered via many different media including the Internet , cinema , television , smartphones , audio CDs , books , e-books , magazines , and live events , such as speech , conferences and stage performances . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Content value </Li> <Li> 2 Technological effects on content </Li> <Li> 3 Criticism </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Content value ( edit ) </H2> <P> Content itself is what the end - user derives value from . Thus , `` content '' can refer to the information provided through the medium , the way in which the information was presented , as well as the added features included in the medium in which that information was delivered . The medium , however , provides little to no value to the end - user without the information and experiences that make up the content . Communication theory philosopher Marshall McLuhan famously coined the phrase , `` The medium is the message . '' In the case of content , the channel through which information is delivered , the `` medium '' , affects how the end user perceives content , the `` message '' . </P> <P> The author , producer , or publisher of an original source of information or experiences may or may not be directly responsible for the entire value that they attain as content in a specific context . For example , part of an original article ( such as a headline from a news story ) may be rendered on another web page displaying the results of a user 's search engine query grouped with headlines from other news publications and related advertisements . The value that the original headline has in this group of query results from the search engine as a medium may be very different from the value that it had as message content in its original article . </P> <P> Content also leads to influencing other people in creating their own content , sometimes in a way that the original author did not or could not plan or imagine . This feature , adding the option of user innovation in a medium , means that users can develop their own content from existing content . </P> <H2> Technological effects on content ( edit ) </H2> <P> Traditionally , content was edited and tailored for the public through news editors , authors , and other kinds of content creators . However , not all information content requires creative authoring or editing . Through recent technological developments , truth is found in philosopher Marshall McLuhan 's idea of a global village ; new technologies allow for instantaneous movement of information from every corner to every point at the same time has caused the globe to be contracted into a village by electric technology , such as smartphones and automated sensors . These new technologies can record events anywhere for publishing and converting in order to potentially reach a global audience through various internet channels such as YouTube . Such recorded or transmitted information and visuals can be referred to as content . Content is no longer a product of only reputable sources ; new technology has made primary sources of content more readily available to all . For example , a video of a politician giving a speech compared to an article written by a reporter who witnessed the speech . </P> <P> Media production and delivery technology may potentially enhance the value of content by formatting , filtering , and combining original sources of content for new audiences with new contexts . The greatest value for a given source of content for a specific audience is often found through such electronic reworking of content as dynamic and real - time as the trends that fuel its interest . Less emphasis on value from content stored for possible use in its original form , and more emphasis on rapid re-purposing , reuse , and redeployment has led many publishers and media producers to view their primary function less as originators and more as transformers of content . Thus , one finds out that institutions , that used to focus on publishing printed materials , are now publishing both databases and software to combine content from various sources for a wider variety of audiences . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> While marketing and media interests have broadly adopted the term `` content '' , some writers complain about the term 's inherent ambiguity . Others assert that the term devalues the work of authors or sets up a false analogy of information as material objects which biases any discussion using the word , and still others argue that it overemphasizes the work of authors . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Advertising </Li> <Li> Authoring </Li> <Li> Content farm </Li> <Li> Content management </Li> <Li> Content management system </Li> <Li> Content writing services </Li> <Li> Enterprise content management </Li> <Li> Geotargeting </Li> <Li> Media transparency </Li> <Li> Web content </Li> <Li> Web content management system </Li> <Li> Open content </Li> <Li> Free content </Li> <Li> User - generated content </Li> <Li> Content format </Li> <Li> Content adaptation </Li> <Li> Content designer </Li> <Li> Marshall McLuhan <Ul> <Li> The medium is the message </Li> <Li> Global village </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Odden , Lee ( 2013 ) , `` What is Content ? Learn from 40 + Definitions '' , TopRank Online Marketing Blog , Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/content </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McLuhan , Understanding Media : The Extensions of Man ( MIT Press , 1964 , 1994 ) p. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McLuhan , Marshall . Letters of Marshall McLuhan . ( Oxford University Press , 1987 ) p254 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McLuhan , Marshall . Understanding Media . ( Gingko Press , 1964 , 2003 ) p6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowie , Adam ( 2009 - 11 - 22 ) . `` You See - This Is Why I Hate The Word `` Content '' `` . adambowie.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Words to Avoid ( or Use with Care ) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) '' . Gnu.org. 2012 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Salem Baskin 's Dim Bulb : I Hate the Word `` Content '' `` . Dimbulb.net. 2010 - 05 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why I hate the word Content - Because you meant to say product . - the little bits of BIG pictures - Site Home - MSDN Blogs '' . Blogs.msdn.com. 2007 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Library resources about Content media </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Content_(media)&oldid=831463381 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Publishing </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles to be merged from February 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles to be merged </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 4 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 18 : 45 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

A synonym for the content component of communication is

A synonym for the content component of communication is?

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Upper and Lower Egypt - wikipedia <H1> Upper and Lower Egypt </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Map of Lower and Upper Egypt <P> In Egyptian history , the Upper and Lower Egypt period ( also known as The Two Lands , a name for Ancient Egypt during this time ) was the final stage of its prehistory and directly preceded the nation 's unification . The conception of Egypt as the Two Lands was an example of the dualism in ancient Egyptian culture and appeared frequently in texts and imagery , including in the titles of Egyptian kings and queens . </P> <P> The Egyptian expression sema - tawy is usually translated as `` The Uniter of the Two Lands '' and was depicted as a human trachea entwined with the papyrus and lily plant . The trachea stood for unification , while the papyrus and lily plant represent Lower and Upper Egypt . </P> <P> Standard titles of a King of Egypt was King of Upper and Lower Egypt ( written as nsw-bi.tj ) and Lord of the Two Lands ( written as nb - tꜣwy ) . Similarly a Queen might use titles such as Lady of The Two Lands ( nbt - tꜣwy ) , Mistress of the Entire Two Lands ( hnwt - tꜣwy - tm ) , and Mistress of the Two Lands ( hnwt - tꜣwy ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure </Li> <Li> 2 Sema Tawy and symbolism </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> Pschent , the double crown of Egypt <P> Ancient Egypt was divided into two regions , namely Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt . To the north was Lower Egypt , where the Nile stretched out with its several branches to form the Nile Delta . To the south was Upper Egypt , stretching to Syene . The terminology `` Upper '' and `` Lower '' derives from the flow of the Nile from the highlands of East Africa northwards to the Mediterranean Sea . </P> <P> The two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were united c. 3000 BC , but each maintained its own regalia : the hedjet or White Crown for Upper Egypt and the deshret or Red Crown for Lower Egypt . Thus , the pharaohs were known as the rulers of the Two Lands , and wore the pschent , a double crown , each half representing sovereignty of one of the kingdoms . Ancient Egyptian tradition credited Menes , now believed to be the same as Narmer , as the king who united Upper and Lower Egypt . On the Narmer Palette the king is depicted wearing the Red Crown in one scene and the White crown in another , and thereby showing his rule over both Lands . </P> <H2> Sema tawy and symbolism ( edit ) </H2> Hapi tying the papyrus and reed plants in the sema tawy symbol for the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt <P> The union of Upper and Lower Egypt is depicted by knotted papyrus and reed plants . The binding motif represents both harmony through linkage and domination through containment . The duality is an important part of royal iconography . Sometimes the duality is further extended by having the knotted plants extend and bind foreign foes ( both from the North and the South ) as well . </P> <P> During the first dynasty dualistic royal titles emerge , including the King of Upper and Lower Egypt ( nsw-bi.tj ) title which combines the plant representing Upper Egypt and a bee representing Lower Egypt . The other dualistic title is the Two Ladies name or Nebty name . The two ladies as Nekhbet , the vulture goddess associated with Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt , and Wadjet , the cobra goddess associated with Buto in Lower Egypt . </P> <P> There are many depictions of the ritual unifications of the Two Lands . It is not known if this was perhaps a rite that would have been enacted at the beginning of a reign , or merely a symbolic representation . Many of the depictions of the unification show two gods binding the plants . Often the gods are Horus and Set , or on occasion Horus and Thoth . There are several examples of Barque stands from the reigns of Amenhotep III ( Hermopolis ) , Taharqa ( Gebel Barkal ) , and Atlanersa ( Gebel Barkal ) that show two river gods performing the rite . This matches a scene from the Temple at Abu Simbel from the time of Ramesses II . </P> <P> There are only a handful of scenes that show the King himself performing the ritual . All of these are from barque stands and date to the reigns of Amenhotep III , Sety I and Ramesses III . The latter two may be copies of the first one . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> The river god Hapi uniting Upper and Lower Egypt . Colossi of Memnon . Reign of Amenhotep III . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Temple scene at Luxor , Thebes </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Alabaster Jar depicting the sema tawy symbol with Hapy . From the tomb of Tutankhamen . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Ramesses III at the temple of Khonsu . A rare scene showing the King performing the ritual . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sema tawy ( without deities ) on the side of the throne of Khephren </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category : Sematawy . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Category : Union symbol ( hieroglyph ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Upper Egypt </Li> <Li> Lower Egypt </Li> <Li> Narmer </Li> <Li> History of ancient Egypt </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ronald J. Leprohon , The Great Name : Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary , Society of Biblical Lit , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abeer El - Shahawy , Farid S. Atiya , The Egyptian Museum in Cairo , American Univ in Cairo Press , 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grajetzki , Ancient Egyptian Queens : A Hieroglyphic Dictionary , Golden House Publications , London , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0954721893 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wengrow , David , The Archaeology of Early Egypt : Social transformations in North - East Africa , 10,000 to 2650 B.C. , Cambridge University Press , 2006 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rania Y . Merzeban , Unusual sm3 t3wy Scenes in Egyptian Temples , Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt , Vol. 44 ( 2008 ) , pp. 41 - 71 </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ancient Egypt topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> Index </Li> <Li> Major topics </Li> <Li> Glossary of artifacts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) </Li> <Li> Art </Li> <Li> Astronomy </Li> <Li> Burial customs </Li> <Li> Chronology </Li> <Li> Cities ( list ) </Li> <Li> Clothing </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Dynasties </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Great Royal Wives </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Language </Li> <Li> Literature </Li> <Li> Mathematics </Li> <Li> Medicine </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Mythology </Li> <Li> People </Li> <Li> Pharaohs ( list ) </Li> <Li> Philosophy </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> Sites </Li> <Li> Technology </Li> <Li> Trade </Li> <Li> Writing </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Egyptology </Li> <Li> Egyptologists </Li> <Li> Museums </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Ancient Egypt portal </Li> <Li> WikiProject </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_and_Lower_Egypt&oldid=817874166 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Geography of ancient Egypt </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Commons category without a link on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 02 : 19 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The initial unification of upper and lower Egypt took place around

The initial unification of upper and lower egypt took place during which period?

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San Jose Sharks - Wikipedia <H1> San Jose Sharks </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> San Jose Sharks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 2017 -- 18 San Jose Sharks season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Td> Western </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division </Th> <Td> Pacific </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> San Jose Sharks 1991 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Home arena </Th> <Td> SAP Center </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Td> San Jose , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> Deep Pacific teal , burnt orange , black </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> NBC Sports California K - FOX ( 98.5 FM ) La Raza ( 93.3 FM ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> San Jose Sports & Entertainment Enterprises ( Hasso Plattner , governor ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General manager </Th> <Td> Doug Wilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Peter DeBoer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain </Th> <Td> Joe Pavelski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minor league affiliates </Th> <Td> San Jose Barracuda ( AHL ) Allen Americans ( ECHL ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stanley Cups </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference championships </Th> <Td> 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidents ' Trophy </Th> <Td> 1 ( 2008 -- 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division championships </Th> <Td> 6 ( 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official website </Th> <Td> www.nhl.com/sharks </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The San Jose Sharks are a professional ice hockey team based in San Jose , California . They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The franchise is owned by San Jose Sports & Entertainment Enterprises . Beginning play in the 1991 -- 92 season , the Sharks initially played their home games at the Cow Palace , before they moved to their present home , the SAP Center at San Jose in 1993 . The SAP Center is known locally as the Shark Tank . </P> <P> The Sharks were founded in 1991 and were the first NHL franchise based in the San Francisco Bay Area since the California Golden Seals relocated to Cleveland in 1976 . The Sharks have advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals once , losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2016 . They have won the Presidents ' Trophy once , as the team with the league 's best regular season record in the 2008 -- 09 . They have also won six division titles as a member of the Pacific Division since 1993 . </P> <P> The club is affiliated with two minor league teams , the San Jose Barracuda of the American Hockey League , and the Allen Americans of the ECHL . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Formation </Li> <Li> 1.2 Cow Palace years ( 1991 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Early success and rebuilding ( 1993 -- 1997 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Darryl Sutter years ( 1997 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Ron Wilson years ( 2003 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Todd McLellan years ( 2008 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 1.7 Peter DeBoer years and first Stanley Cup Final ( 2015 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Traditions </Li> <Li> 3 Season - by - season record </Li> <Li> 4 Players <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Current roster </Li> <Li> 4.2 Hall of Famers </Li> <Li> 4.3 Team captains </Li> <Li> 4.4 First - round draft picks </Li> <Li> 4.5 Franchise regular season scoring leaders </Li> <Li> 4.6 Franchise playoff scoring leaders </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 NHL awards and trophies <Ul> <Li> 5.1 All - Star Game selections </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Broadcasters </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Formation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Oakland Coliseum Arena was home to the California Golden Seals of the NHL from 1967 to 1976 . Gordon and George Gund III became minority owners of the Seals in 1974 , and were instrumental in their move to Cleveland in 1976 and a 1978 merger with the Minnesota North Stars , which they purchased that year . They had long wanted to bring hockey back to the Bay Area , and asked the NHL for permission to move the North Stars there in the late 1980s , but the League vetoed the proposed move . Meanwhile , a group led by former Hartford Whalers owner Howard Baldwin was pushing the NHL to bring a team to San Jose , where a new arena was being built . Eventually , the League struck a compromise : the Gunds would sell their share of the North Stars to Baldwin 's group , with the Gunds receiving an expansion team in the Bay Area to begin play in the 1991 -- 92 season and being allowed to take a certain number of players from the North Stars to their new club . In return , the North Stars would be allowed to participate as an equal partner in an expansion draft with the new Bay Area team . </P> <P> On May 5 , 1990 , the Gunds officially sold their share of the North Stars to Baldwin and were awarded a new team for the Bay Area , based in San Jose . Over 5,000 potential names were submitted by mail for the new team . While the first - place finisher was `` Blades , '' the Gunds were concerned about the name 's potentially negative association with weapons , and went with the runner - up , `` Sharks . '' The name was said to have been inspired by the large number of sharks living in the Pacific Ocean . Seven varieties live there , and one area of water near the Bay Area is known as the `` red triangle '' because of its shark population . </P> <P> The team 's first marketing head , Matt Levine , said of the new name , `` Sharks are relentless , determined , swift , agile , bright and fearless . We plan to build an organization that has all those qualities . '' </P> <H3> Cow Palace years ( 1991 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) </H3> S.J. Sharkie , the Sharks ' mascot , made his debut during the 1991 -- 92 season . <P> For their first two seasons , the Sharks played at the Cow Palace in Daly City , just outside San Francisco , a facility that the NHL and the Seals had rejected in 1967 . Pat Falloon was their first draft choice , and led the team in points during their first season . George Kingston was their first coach during their first two seasons . Though the 1991 -- 92 roster consisted primarily of NHL journeymen , minor leaguers and rookies , the Sharks had at least one notable player when they acquired 14 - year veteran and former Norris Trophy - winning defenseman Doug Wilson from the Chicago Blackhawks on September 6 , 1991 . Wilson was named the team 's first captain and All - Star representative in the inaugural season . However , the Sharks ' first two seasons saw the typical struggles for an expansion team . The 71 losses in 1992 -- 93 is an NHL record , and they also suffered a 17 - game losing streak , while winning just 11 games and earning a mere 24 points in the standings . Kingston was fired following the end of the 1992 -- 93 season . </P> <P> Despite the Sharks ' futility in the standings , the team led the NHL 's merchandise sales with $150 million , accounting for 27 % of the League 's total and behind only National Basketball Association champions Chicago Bulls among all North American leagues . Several team `` firsts '' happened in the 1992 -- 93 season . On November 17 , 1992 , San Jose goaltender Arturs Irbe recorded the first shutout in team history , defeating the Los Angeles Kings 6 -- 0 . On December 3 , against the Hartford Whalers at the Cow Palace , right winger Rob Gaudreau scored the first hat - trick in franchise history ; he also scored the team 's second ever hat - trick nine days later against the Quebec Nordiques . </P> <P> The early era also saw the birth of the San Jose Sharks long - time mascot , S.J. Sharkie . On January 28 , 1992 , at a game vs. the New York Rangers , the then - unnamed mascot emerged from a Zamboni during an intermission . A `` Name the Mascot '' contest began that night , with the winning name of `` S.J. Sharkie '' being announced on April 15 , 1992 . </P> <H3> Early success and rebuilding ( 1993 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) </H3> The Sharks moved into their new home , the San Jose Arena ( now the SAP Center at San Jose ) in 1993 . <P> For their third season , 1993 -- 94 , the Sharks moved to their current home , the San Jose Arena ( now the SAP Center at San Jose ) . Under Head Coach Kevin Constantine , the Sharks pulled off the biggest turnaround in NHL history , finishing with a 33 -- 35 -- 16 record , making the playoffs with 82 points -- an NHL record 58 - point jump from the previous season . They were seeded eighth in the Western Conference playoffs and faced the Detroit Red Wings , the top - seeded Western Conference team and a favorite to win the Stanley Cup . In one of the biggest upsets in Stanley Cup playoff history , the underdog Sharks shocked the Red Wings in seven games . In Game 7 at Joe Louis Arena , Jamie Baker scored the game - winning goal in the third period after goaltender Chris Osgood was out of position and the Sharks won 3 -- 2 . In the second round , the Sharks had a 3 -- 2 series lead over the Toronto Maple Leafs , but lost the final two games in Toronto , including an overtime loss in Game 6 . </P> <P> In 1994 -- 95 , the Sharks earned their second - straight playoff berth and again reached the second round . Ray Whitney scored a goal in double overtime of Game 7 of the Conference Quarter - finals against the Calgary Flames . Key Sharks players included goaltender Arturs Irbe , defenseman Sandis Ozolinsh and forwards Igor Larionov and Sergei Makarov . Despite their success against Calgary , round two would prove to be a disaster for the Sharks , when they lost in a four - game sweep to Detroit ( in a rematch of the previous year ) without even holding a single lead in all four games . However , the 1995 season also saw the only rainout in the history of the NHL , when the Guadalupe River flooded its banks in March 1995 , making it impossible for anyone to get into the San Jose Arena for a game between the Sharks and the Red Wings . </P> <P> In 1995 -- 96 , the Sharks finished last in the Pacific Division and failed to make the playoffs . The team also underwent major changes : during the season they traded Ozolinsh and Larionov ; Irbe , who had suffered an off - ice injury , was released at the end of the season . The team began rebuilding , acquiring forward Owen Nolan from the Colorado Avalanche , as well as several other players

The San Jose Sharks play their home games at the

Where do the sharks play in san jose?

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life of the Bennetts , a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers , their rancher father , and his divorced wife and local bar owner . While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray , Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties , The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank , California . Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts , each containing 10 episodes . </P> <P> All episodes are named after American country music songs , predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one , George Strait in part two , Tim McGraw in part three , and Garth Brooks in part four : the first ten episodes premiered on April 1 , 2016 , the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7 , 2016 . In April 2016 , Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes , the first half of which premiered on June 16 , 2017 , and the second half was released on December 15 , 2017 . </P> <P> On July 4 , 2017 , Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes to air in 2018 . In December 2017 , a week before the release of the second - half of the second season , it was announced Masterson had been written out of the show following multiple sexual assault allegations made against him , and will appear in only the first 10 episodes of the third season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main </Li> <Li> 1.2 Recurring </Li> <Li> 1.3 Special Guests </Li> <Li> 1.4 Cameos </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ashton Kutcher as Colt Bennett , a former high school and college football star who returns to his hometown after a fifteen - year absence for a tryout , but ultimately helps his father and older brother on their family ranch . Colt is frequently the butt of jokes from his father and brother , particularly when it comes to his ranching skills ( or lack thereof ) and his disappointing pro football career . He is a heavy drinker and has a penchant for not using common sense , but he seems to have a heart of gold and tries to do right by others . Based on his various T - shirts and dialogue throughout the first season , it 's implied that Colt has played for the Barcelona Dragons , San Jose SaberCats , Spokane Shock , Orlando Predators , Nebraska Danger , Iowa Barnstormers , Green Bay Blizzard , Minnesota Axemen and Philadelphia Soul . Dialogue also states that he was a member of teams in Canada , notably the fictional Saskatoon Cold ( `` Like the Miami Heat ... only cold '' ) and Alaska , as well as that he was in the practice squad of the Buffalo Bills . He also states in the first episode he was the back up of the back up of the back up for Florida State and won the championship in 1999 . </Li> <Li> Danny Masterson as Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett , Colt 's older brother . He has lived and worked on the ranch since Colt left to follow his football career , at times showing a bitter attitude for the burden of responsibility this caused him . Despite living in Colt 's shadow he is far more competent on the ranch as well as a more level headed thinker . He has , however , been just as irresponsible as Colt , drinking too much and sleeping around . ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Debra Winger as Margaret `` Maggie '' Bennett , owner of Maggie 's , and Colt and Rooster 's mother . Maggie is divorced from Beau and lives in a trailer behind the bar she owns . Much more lighthearted and caring than Beau , her company and advice is often sought out by the boys on how to deal with problems , especially those concerning their father . Maggie is something of a hippie and is an avid marijuana smoker . </Li> <Li> Elisha Cuthbert as Abigail `` Abby '' Phillips , a Garrison High School history teacher and Colt 's high school and current girlfriend . Abby was in a five - year relationship with Kenny and was briefly engaged to him , but ultimately she broke it off and hooked back up with Colt . ( recurring , season 1 ; main cast , season 2 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Sam Elliott as Beau Bennett , Maggie 's ex-husband , and Colt and Rooster 's father . A Vietnam War veteran , he has worked the ranch since returning from the war and taking it over after his father died . Beau is a conservative republican . Beau is difficult to get along with , perpetually annoyed with everyone and everything . He has an estrange relationship with Rooster and Colt . He detests many modern amenities and is easily angered by his sons ' antics . Beau appears to be a Republican with a special affinity for Ronald Reagan but at times seems to despise all politicians regardless of affiliation . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers , a hearing - impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau 's </Li> <Li> Grady Lee Richmond as Hank , a regular Maggie 's patron </Li> <Li> Bret Harrison as Kenneth `` Kenny '' Ballard , a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby 's ex-fiancé </Li> <Li> Megyn Price as Mary Roth , a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster 's older girlfriend </Li> <Li> Kelli Goss as Heather Roth , Mary 's younger daughter and Colt 's ex-girlfriend , was pregnant with their child . </Li> <Li> Molly McCook as Darlene Roth , Mary 's older daughter </Li> <Li> Kathy Baker as Joanne , a Cracker Barrel waitress , Mary 's friend , and potential new love interest for Beau </Li> <Li> Ethan Suplee as `` Beer Pong Billy '' Tompkins , a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster 's </Li> <Li> Aimee Teegarden as Nikki , Heather 's friend and Billy 's fiancée </Li> <Li> Chasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers , a sexy weather reporter and Kenny 's current girlfriend </Li> <Li> Laura Vallejo as Maria , a Maggie 's waitress </Li> <Li> Sharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders , a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated </Li> <Li> Maggie Lawson as Jen the engineer , who wants to build a pipeline underneath the Bennett Ranch and Rooster love interest . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Special guests ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jon Cryer as Bill Jensen , a loan officer and former high school football referee </Li> <Li> Wilmer Valderrama as Umberto , a former Iron River ranch hand , former employee of Neumann 's Hill at the My Little Pony Ranch . He is Rooster and Colt 's friend . Currently deported . </Li> <Li> Martin Mull as Jerry , Maggie 's sometimes acid - tripping attorney </Li> <Li> John Amos as Ed Bishop , a longtime family friend of the Bennetts and a Neumann 's Hill employee </Li> <Li> Thomas F. Wilson as Coach Fitzgerald , the Garrison High School head football coach </Li> <Li> Debra Jo Rupp as Janice Phillips , Abby 's mother ( Season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jim Beaver as Chuck Phillips , Abby 's father , who like Janice is disdainful of Abby 's relationship with Colt ( Season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Conchata Ferrell as Shirley ( Season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Lou Diamond Phillips as Clint , a traveling musician attracted to Maggie ( Season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Kurtwood Smith as Sam Peterson , neighbor of the Iron River Ranch ( Season 2 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Cameos ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Joe Firstman </Li> <Li> Pearl Charles </Li> <Li> Kurt Neumann </Li> <Li> Bukka Allen </Li> <Li> Sam Hawksley </Li> <Li> Thomas Rhett </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Series overview ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally released </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 20 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 20 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="13"> Part 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Back Where I Come From '' </Td> <Td> David Trainer </Td> <Td> Don Reo & Jim Patterson </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> When Colt Bennett returns home from Canada to try out for a semipro Denver team , he learns that his family 's ranch has fallen on hard times . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Some People Change '' </Td> <Td> David Trainer </Td> <Td> Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Colt runs into an ex at Maggie 's bar and reminisces with Rooster over a bottle of whiskey . Getting back in Beau 's good graces is a losing battle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Boys of Fall '' </Td> <Td> David Trainer </Td> <Td> Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> When his inflated ego lands him in hot water , Colt realizes he 's not the big man on campus anymore . Beau 's doctor makes him trade in steak for salad . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Got a Little Crazy '' </Td> <Td> David Trainer </Td> <Td> Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Colt smooths things over with Abby . When Maggie drags Beau to the Marriott for a romantic evening , the guys have some fun back at the house . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` American Kids '' </Td> <Td> David Trainer </Td> <Td> Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Rooster and Colt 's long - simmering rivalry comes to a head on the first day of hunting season . But their bickering has an upside for Beau and Maggie . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Better as a Memory '' </Td> <Td> David Trainer </Td> <Td> Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty </Td> <Td> April

On the TV show "The Ranch", Rooster's girlfriend is played by

Who plays rooster's girlfriend on the ranch?

4064534769148169274

Gunsmoke : to the last Man - Wikipedia <H1> Gunsmoke : to the last Man </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Gunsmoke : To the Last Man </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Western </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Earl W. Wallace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Jerry Jameson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> James Arness Pat Hingle Amy Stoch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> Artie Kane </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Larry Rapaport ( coordinating producer ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Tucson , Arizona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> Scott Powell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 91 min . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> CBS Entertainment Production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> CBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> CBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> January 10 , 1992 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Gunsmoke : To the Last Man is a 1992 American TV - movie starring James Arness as retired Marshal Matt Dillon and featuring Pat Hingle . Hapless rustlers make the fatal mistake of stealing Matt Dillon 's cattle and Dillon blunders into the gory Pleasant Valley War during the process of hunting them down and killing two of them . The film , set in the 1880s , was directed by Jerry Jameson and based upon the long - running American television series Gunsmoke ( 1955 to 1975 ) . The supporting cast features Matt Mulhern as Will McCall , Joseph Bottoms as villainous Tommy Graham , and Morgan Woodward as Sheriff Abel Rose . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> James Arness ... Matt Dillon </Li> <Li> Pat Hingle ... Col. Tucker </Li> <Li> Amy Stock - Poynton ... Beth Dillon </Li> <Li> Matt Mulhern ... Will McCall </Li> <Li> Jason Lively ... Rusty Dover </Li> <Li> Joseph Bottoms ... Tommy Graham </Li> <Li> Morgan Woodward ... Sheriff Abel Rose </Li> <Li> Mills Watson ... Horse Trader </Li> <Li> James Booth ... Zack the Preacher </Li> <Li> Amanda Wyss ... Lizzie Tewksbury </Li> <Li> Jim Beaver ... Deputy Willie Rudd </Li> <Li> Herman Poppe ... John Tewksbury </Li> <Li> Ken Swofford ... Charlie Tewksbury </Li> <Li> Don Collier ... Sheriff Tom , Tombstone </Li> <Li> Ed Adams ... Billy Wilson </Li> <Li> Kathleen Erickson ... Mrs. Claire Oliver ( billed as Kathleen Todd Erickson ) </Li> <Li> Loy Burns ... Kirby Tewksbury ( billed as Loy W. Burns ) </Li> <Li> Andy Sherman ... Virgil Tucker </Li> <Li> Clark A. Ray ... Rowe Blevin </Li> <Li> Michael F. Woodson ... Bartender at Payson House </Li> <Li> Erol Landis ... Cole Tucker </Li> <Li> William J. Fisher ... Undertaker </Li> <Li> Stephen C. Foster ... Luther </Li> <Li> Ric San Nicholas ... Tink </Li> <Li> Jimmy Don Cox ... Onlooker </Li> <Li> Richard Glover ... David Henry </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gunsmoke : To the Last Man in the Internet Movie Database </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Jerry Jameson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Bat People ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Elevator ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Deadly Tower ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Airport ' 77 ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Superdome ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> L'arma ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> A Fire in the Sky ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> High Noon , Part II : The Return of Will Kane ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Hotline ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Starflight : The Plane That Could n't Land ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Fire and Rain ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Gunsmoke : To the Last Man ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Gunsmoke IV : The Long Ride ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Bonanza : The Return ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Land of the Free ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Safe Harbor ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Captive ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This 1990s Western film -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunsmoke:_To_the_Last_Man&oldid=748740599 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1992 television films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1990s Western ( genre ) films </Li> <Li> American Western ( genre ) films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> Films directed by Jerry Jameson </Li> <Li> Western ( genre ) film stubs </Li> <Li> 1990s film stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox television with editor parameter </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 November 2016 , at 02 : 36 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The TV movie "Gunsmoke: To the Last Man" was filmed in

Where was gunsmoke to the last man filmed?

-5540073670385654363

List of bones of the human skeleton - wikipedia <H1> List of bones of the human skeleton </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series of lists about </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human anatomy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General ( show ) <Ul> <Li> features </Li> <Li> regions </Li> <Li> Variations </Li> <Li> Movements </Li> <Li> Systems </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Structures ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Arteries </Li> <Li> Bones </Li> <Li> Eponymous </Li> <Li> Foramina </Li> <Li> Glands <Ul> <Li> endocrine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lymphatic vessels </Li> <Li> Nerves </Li> <Li> Organs </Li> <Li> Systems </Li> <Li> Veins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Muscles ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Abductors </Li> <Li> Adductors </Li> <Li> Depressors </Li> <Li> Elevators </Li> <Li> Extensors </Li> <Li> Flexors </Li> <Li> External rotators </Li> <Li> Internal rotators </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> See also ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Epithelia </Li> <Li> Anatomical terminology </Li> <Li> Index of anatomy articles </Li> <Li> Outline of anatomy </Li> <Li> Cell types </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The skeleton of an adult human consists of 206 bones . It is composed of 301 bones at birth , which decreases to 94 bones in the axial skeleton ( 28 in the skull and 52 in the torso ) and 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton ( 32 × 2 in the upper extremities including both arms and 31 × 2 in the lower extremities including both legs ) . Many small and variable supernumerary bones , such as some sesamoid bones , are not included in this count . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Introduction </Li> <Li> 2 Bones <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Spine ( vertebral column ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Chest ( thorax ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Skull ( cranium and mandible ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Arm </Li> <Li> 2.5 Pelvis ( pelvic girdle ) </Li> <Li> 2.6 Leg </Li> <Li> 2.7 Sesamoid bones </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Introduction ( edit ) </H2> <P> The bones in a human skeleton will be more as the age will be more , as multiple bones fuse , a process which typically reaches completion in the third decade of life . In addition , the bones of the skull and face are counted as separate bones , despite being fused naturally . Some reliable sesamoid bones such as the pisiform are counted , while others , such as the hallux sesamoids , are not . </P> <P> Individuals may have more or fewer bones than this owing to anatomical variations . The most common variations include sutural ( wormian ) bones , which are located along the sutural lines on the back of the skull , and sesamoid bones which develop within some tendons , mainly in the hands and feet . Some individuals may also have additional ( i.e. supernumerary ) cervical ribs or lumbar vertebrae . </P> <H2> Bones ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Spine ( vertebral column ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> A fully grown adult features 30 bones in the spine , whereas a child can have 33 . </P> <Ul> <Li> The cervical vertebrae ( 7 ) </Li> <Li> The thoracic vertebrae ( 12 ) </Li> <Li> The lumbar vertebrae ( 5 ) </Li> <Li> The sacral vertebrae ( 5 at birth , later fused into one ) </Li> <Li> The coccygeal vertebrae ( 5 at birth , some or all of the bones fuse together but there seems to be a disagreement between researchers as to what the most common number should be . Some say the most common is 1 , others say 2 or 3 , with 4 being the least likely . It is counted as 1 in this article. ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Chest ( thorax ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are usually 25 bones in the chest but sometimes there can be additional cervical ribs in humans . Cervical ribs occur naturally in other animals such as reptiles . </P> <Ul> <Li> The sternum ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> The ribs ( 24 , in 12 pairs ) <Ul> <Li> It is important to note that three pairs ( the 8th , 9th and 10th ) , also known as false ribs , are attached to each other . They are also attached to the 7th rib by cartilage and synovial joints . Also two pairs of floating ribs ( the 11th and 12th ) , have no anterior attachment . </Li> <Li> Cervical ribs are extra ribs that occur in some humans . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Skull ( cranium and mandible ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are 22 bones in the skull . Including the hyoid and the bones of the middle ear , the head contains 29 bones . </P> <Ul> <Li> The cranial bones ( 8 ) <Ul> <Li> The occipital bone </Li> <Li> The parietal bones ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> The frontal bone </Li> <Li> The temporal bones ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> The sphenoid bone ( sometimes counted as facial ) </Li> <Li> The ethmoid bone ( sometimes counted as facial ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The facial bones ( 14 ) <Ul> <Li> The nasal bones ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> The maxillae ( upper jaw ) ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> The lacrimal bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> The zygomatic bone or cheekbone ( 2 ) ; </Li> <Li> The palatine bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> The inferior nasal concha ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> The vomer </Li> <Li> The mandible ( lower jaw ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The hyoid bone ( not connected to any other bone ) </Li> <Li> In the middle ears ( 6 ) <Ul> <Li> malleus ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> incus ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> stapes ( 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Arm ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are a total of 64 bones in the arm . </P> <Ul> <Li> The upper arm bones ( 6 bones , 3 on each side ) <Ul> <Li> The humerus </Li> <Li> The shoulder ( pectoral girdle ) <Ul> <Li> The scapula </Li> <Li> The clavicles </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The lower arm bones ( 4 bones , 2 on each side ) <Ul> <Li> The ulna </Li> <Li> The radius </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The hand ( 54 bones , 27 in each hand ) <Ul> <Li> The carpals <Ul> <Li> scaphoid bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> lunate bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> triquetral bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> pisiform bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> trapezium ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> trapezoid bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> capitate bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> hamate bone ( 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The metacarpals ( 5 × 2 = 10 ) </Li> <Li> The phalanges of the hand <Ul> <Li> proximal phalanges ( 5 × 2 = 10 ) </Li> <Li> intermediate phalanges ( 4 × 2 = 8 ) </Li> <Li> distal phalanges ( 5 × 2 = 10 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Pelvis ( pelvic girdle ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The hip bone has three regions : ilium , ischium , and pubis ( 2 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> The sacrum and the coccyx attach to the two hip bones to form the pelvis , but are more important to the spinal column . For this reason it is omitted from the pelvic girdle . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Leg ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The femur ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> The patella or kneecap ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> The tibia ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> The fibula ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> The foot ( 52 bones in total , 26 per foot ) <Ul> <Li> The tarsus <Ul> <Li> calcaneus or heel bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> talus ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> navicular bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> medial cuneiform bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> intermediate cuneiform bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> lateral cuneiform bone ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> cuboid bone ( 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The metatarsals ( 10 ) </Li> <Li> The phalanges of the foot <Ul> <Li> proximal phalanges ( 5 × 2 = 10 ) </Li> <Li> intermediate phalanges ( 4 x 2 = 8 ) </Li> <Li> distal phalanges ( 5 x 2 = 10 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Sesamoid bones ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Patella </Li> <Li> Pisiform bone </Li> <Li> Fabella </Li> <Li> Sesamoids in the first and second metacarpal bones </Li> <Li> Sesamoids in the first metatarsal bone </Li> <Li> Lenticular process of the incus </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> For inconsistent bones , see Accessory bone . <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The 206 Bones of the Human Body </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bones in the human skeleton </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Axial skeleton </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Skull </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Neurocranium </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> occipital </Li> <Li> parietal </Li> <Li> frontal </Li> <Li> temporal </Li> <Li> sphenoid </Li> <Li> ethmoid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Face </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> nasal </Li> <Li> maxilla </Li> <Li> lacrimal </Li> <Li> zygomatic </Li> <Li> palatine </Li> <Li> inferior nasal conchae </Li> <Li> vomer </Li> <Li> mandible </Li> <Li> hyoid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ear </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ossicles <Ul> <Li> malleus </Li> <Li> incus </Li> <Li> stapes </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thorax </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> sternum </Li> <Li> rib cage <Ul> <Li> rib </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vertebral column </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> vertebrae <Ul> <Li> cervical </Li> <Li> thoracic </Li> <Li> lumbar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> sacrum </Li> <Li> coccyx </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appendicular </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Shoulder </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> clavicle </Li> <Li> scapula </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arm </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> humerus </Li> <Li> ulna </Li> <Li> radius </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hand </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> carpals ( scaphoid , lunate bone , triquetral , pisiform , trapezium , trapezoid , capitate , hamate ) </Li> <Li> metacarpals </Li> <Li> phalanges ( prox , int , dist ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pelvis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ilium </Li> <Li> ischium </Li> <Li> pubis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leg </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> femur </Li> <Li> patella </Li> <Li> fibula </Li> <Li> tibia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foot </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> tarsals <Ul> <Li> heelbone </Li> <Li> anklebone </Li> <Li> navicular </Li> <Li> cuneiform </Li> <Li> cuboid </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> metatarsals </Li> <Li> phalanges <Ul> <Li> proximal </Li> <Li> intermediate </Li> <Li> distal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> accessory <Ul> <Li> accessory navicular </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_bones_of_the_human_skeleton&oldid=818782589 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Skeletal system </Li> <Li> Lists of human anatomical features </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3>

More than half of your bones are located in

Where are more than half your bones located?

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2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase - wikipedia <H1> 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase began on 13 February and will end on 26 May 2018 with the final at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev , Ukraine , to decide the champions of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League . A total of 16 teams compete in the knockout phase . </P> <P> Times up to 24 March 2018 ( round of 16 ) are CET ( UTC + 1 ) , thereafter ( quarter - finals and beyond ) times are CEST ( UTC + 2 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Round and draw dates </Li> <Li> 2 Format </Li> <Li> 3 Qualified teams </Li> <Li> 4 Bracket </Li> <Li> 5 Round of 16 <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Summary </Li> <Li> 5.2 Matches </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Quarter - finals <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Summary </Li> <Li> 6.2 Matches </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Semi-finals <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Summary </Li> <Li> 7.2 Matches </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Final </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Round and draw dates ( edit ) </H2> <P> The schedule of the knockout phase is as follows ( all draws are held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon , Switzerland ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Draw </Th> <Th> First leg </Th> <Th> Second leg </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round of 16 </Td> <Td> 11 December 2017 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 14 & 20 -- 21 February 2018 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 7 & 13 -- 14 March 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quarter - finals </Td> <Td> 16 March 2018 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 April 2018 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 11 April 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Semi-finals </Td> <Td> 13 April 2018 </Td> <Td> 24 -- 25 April 2018 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 May 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 26 May 2018 at NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Format ( edit ) </H2> <P> The knockout phase involves the 16 teams which qualify as winners and runners - up of each of the eight groups in the group stage . </P> <P> Each tie in the knockout phase , apart from the final , is played over two legs , with each team playing one leg at home . The team that scores more goals on aggregate over the two legs advance to the next round . If the aggregate score is level , the away goals rule is applied , i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs advances . If away goals are also equal , then thirty minutes of extra time is played . The away goals rule is again applied after extra time , i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level , the visiting team advances by virtue of more away goals scored . If no goals are scored during extra time , the tie is decided by penalty shoot - out . In the final , which is played as a single match , if scores are level at the end of normal time , extra time is played , followed by penalty shoot - out if scores remain tied . </P> <P> The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> In the draw for the round of 16 , the eight group winners are seeded , and the eight group runners - up are unseeded . The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams , with the seeded teams hosting the second leg . Teams from the same group or the same association can not be drawn against each other . </Li> <Li> In the draws for the quarter - finals onwards , there are no seedings , and teams from the same group or the same association can be drawn against each other . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Qualified teams ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Group </Th> <Th> Winners ( seeded in round of 16 draw ) </Th> <Th> Runners - up ( unseeded in round of 16 draw ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Manchester United </Td> <Td> Basel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Paris Saint - Germain </Td> <Td> Bayern Munich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Roma </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> Juventus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> Sevilla </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> Shakhtar Donetsk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Beşiktaş </Td> <Td> Porto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Tottenham Hotspur </Td> <Td> Real Madrid </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Bracket ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Round of 16 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Quarter - finals </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Semi-finals </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sevilla </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Manchester United </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sevilla </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bayern Munich </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bayern Munich </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> 8 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beşiktaş </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bayern Munich </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Real Madrid </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Juventus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tottenham Hotspur </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Juventus </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Real Madrid </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Real Madrid </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> 5 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Paris Saint - Germain </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="11"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winners of semi-final 1 </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="16"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winners of semi-final 2 </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Porto </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Th> 0 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> 5 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Basel </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roma </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roma ( a ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shakhtar Donetsk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roma ( a ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Round of 16 ( edit ) </H2> <P> The draw for the round of 16 was held on 11 December 2017 , 12 : 00 CET . </P> <P> With five English teams in the round of 16 , this was the first time five teams from one association qualified for the Champions League knockout phase . </P> <H3> Summary ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first legs were played on 13 , 14 , 20 and 21 February , and the second legs were played on 6 , 7 , 13 and 14 March 2018 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team 1 </Th> <Th> Agg . </Th> <Th> Team 2 </Th> <Th> 1st leg </Th> <Th> 2nd leg </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Juventus </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Tottenham Hotspur </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basel </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> 0 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Porto </Td> <Td> 0 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 0 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sevilla </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Manchester United </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Real Madrid </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Paris Saint - Germain </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shakhtar Donetsk </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 ( a ) </Td> <Td> Roma </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 1 -- 4 </Td> <Td> Barcelona </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bayern Munich </Td> <Td> 8 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Beşiktaş </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Matches ( edit ) </H3> 13 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 20 : 45 <Table> <Tr> <Th> Juventus </Th> <Th> 2 -- 2 </Th> <Th> Tottenham Hotspur </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Higuaín 2 ' , 9 ' ( pen . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Report </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kane 35 ' </Li> <Li> Eriksen 71 ' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Juventus Stadium , Turin Attendance : 41,232 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 7 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 20 : 45 <Table> <Tr> <Th> Tottenham Hotspur </Th> <Th> 1 -- 2 </Th> <Th> Juventus </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Son Heung - min 39 ' </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Report </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Higuaín 64 ' </Li> <Li> Dybala 67 ' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 84,010 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) <P> Juventus won 4 -- 3 on aggregate . </P> 13 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 20 : 45 <Table> <Tr> <Th> Basel </Th> <Th> 0 -- 4 </Th> <Th> Manchester City </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Report </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gündoğan 14 ' , 53 ' </Li> <Li> B. Silva 18 ' </Li> <Li> Agüero 23 ' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> St. Jakob - Park , Basel Attendance : 36,000 Referee

The Champions League Round of 16 starts on

When does the champions league round of 16 start?

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Love Me , I 'm a Liberal - wikipedia <H1> Love Me , I 'm a Liberal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Love Me , I 'm a Liberal '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Song by Phil Ochs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Phil Ochs in Concert </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 1965 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Topical song , folk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Elektra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Phil Ochs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jac Holzman and Mark Abramson </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Love Me , I 'm a Liberal '' is a satirical song by Phil Ochs , a U.S. protest singer . Originally released on his 1966 live album , Phil Ochs in Concert , `` Love Me , I 'm a Liberal '' was soon one of Ochs 's most popular concert staples . The song mocks the differences between what liberals say and what they do . </P> <P> Introducing the song on the live album , Ochs said : </P> <P> In every American community there are varying shades of political opinion . One of the shadiest of these is the liberals . An outspoken group on many subjects , ten degrees to the left of center in good times , ten degrees to the right of center if it affects them personally . Here , then , is a lesson in safe logic . </P> <P> `` Love Me , I 'm a Liberal '' is sung from the perspective of a liberal . In the first verse , the singer laments the assassinations of Medgar Evers and President John F. Kennedy , but says Malcolm X got what he deserved . Each verse ends with the refrain , `` So love me , love me , love me , I 'm a liberal . '' In the song 's other verses , the singer says he supports the Civil Rights Movement and `` love ( s ) Puerto Ricans and Negros as long as they do n't move next door '' , but adds that if somebody suggests busing the singer 's children to integrate their schools , he `` hope ( s ) the cops take down ( their ) name '' . In the final verse , the narrator reveals that he used to be like the listener : </P> <P> Sure , once I was young and impulsive ; I wore every conceivable pin , Even went to Socialist meetings , learned all the old Union hymns . Ah , but I 've grown older and wiser , and that 's why I 'm turning you in . So love me , love me , love me , I 'm a liberal . </P> <P> According to Ochs ' biographer Michael Schumacher , `` Love Me , I 'm a Liberal '' would evoke `` a strange mixture of laughter , from nervous tittering from those who recognized themselves in Phil 's indictment , to open roars of approval from the radical factions in the audience . '' Eric Alterman describes `` Love Me , I 'm a Liberal '' as `` a scorching indictment of liberal cowardice by a bitter adversary , not the good - natured ribbing one might expect from an affectionate ally '' . </P> <P> In 2018 , Billy Bragg wrote of `` Love Me , I 'm a Liberal '' : `` As with all such finely honed topical songs , the cultural references have dated somewhat . However , Ochs 's description of a liberal as someone whose politics are ' 10 degrees to the left of centre in good times , 10 degrees to the right of centre if it affects them personally ' still resonates today . '' </P> <H2> Cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Several cover versions of `` Love Me , I 'm a Liberal '' have been recorded , almost always with updated lyrics . Performers include Jello Biafra and Mojo Nixon , Kevin Devine , Gerd Schinkel , Evan Greer , John Yannis , Nacho Vegas ( es ) , Oscar Brand , and Chris T-T . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Schumacher , Michael ( 1996 ) . There But for Fortune : The Life of Phil Ochs . New York : Hyperion . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6084 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2004 ) . 1968 : The Year that Rocked the World . New York : Ballantine . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 45582 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mershon , Phil ( September 2001 ) . `` Phil Ochs '' . Perfect Sound Forever . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ochs , Phil ( 1978 ) . The Complete Phil Ochs . Hollywood , Calif. : Almo Publications . pp. 84 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89705 - 010 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marqusee , Mike ( 2005 ) ( 2003 ) . Wicked Messenger : Bob Dylan and the 1960s . New York : Seven Stories Press . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58322 - 686 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rossinow , Doug ( 2008 ) . Visions of Progress : The Left - Liberal Tradition in America . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4049 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schumacher , p. 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alterman , Eric ( 2008 ) . Why We 're Liberals : A Political Handbook for Post-Bush America . New York : Viking . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20290 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bragg , Billy ( February 2018 ) . `` Free Radicals : 5 Crucial Phil Ochs Cuts '' . Mojo . p. 60 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , David ( 1999 ) . Phil Ochs : A Bio-Bibliography . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . p. 274 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31029 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gaston , Peter ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Exclusive : Download Two Kevin Devine Songs '' . Spin . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , p. 288 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greer , Evan . `` Love Me , I 'm a Liberal ( 2003 ) '' . Riot - Folk . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , p. 293 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herrero , Javier ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Nacho Vegas reivindica el populismo en la música en su nuevo disco '' . EFE . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chris T-T New Album ' 9 Green Songs ' Out 3 June 2016 '' . Xtra Mile Recordings. April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Phil Ochs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Discography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All the News That 's Fit to Sing </Li> <Li> I Ai n't Marching Anymore </Li> <Li> Pleasures of the Harbor </Li> <Li> Tape from California </Li> <Li> Rehearsals for Retirement </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Phil Ochs in Concert </Li> <Li> Gunfight at Carnegie Hall </Li> <Li> There and Now : Live in Vancouver 1968 </Li> <Li> Live at Newport </Li> <Li> Amchitka , The 1970 Concert That Launched Greenpeace </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posthumous releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sings for Broadside </Li> <Li> A Toast to Those Who Are Gone </Li> <Li> The Broadside Tapes 1 </Li> <Li> The Early Years </Li> <Li> On My Way </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posthumous compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chords of Fame </Li> <Li> The War Is Over : The Best of Phil Ochs </Li> <Li> There but for Fortune </Li> <Li> Farewells & Fantasies </Li> <Li> American Troubadour </Li> <Li> 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Phil Ochs </Li> <Li> Cross My Heart : An Introduction to Phil Ochs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Campers : Camp Favorites </Li> <Li> Interviews with Phil Ochs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Ai n't Marching Anymore '' </Li> <Li> `` Cross My Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Outside of a Small Circle of Friends '' </Li> <Li> `` The War Is Over '' </Li> <Li> `` My Life '' </Li> <Li> `` One Way Ticket Home '' </Li> <Li> `` Kansas City Bomber '' </Li> <Li> `` Bwatue '' </Li> <Li> `` Power and the Glory '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Crucifixion '' </Li> <Li> `` Draft Dodger Rag '' </Li> <Li> `` Here 's to the State of Mississippi '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Me , I 'm a Liberal '' </Li> <Li> `` There but for Fortune '' </Li> <Li> List of songs recorded by Phil Ochs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Documentaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chords of Fame ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Phil Ochs : There but for Fortune ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tributes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Get Your Phil </Li> <Li> Learn : The Songs of Phil Ochs </Li> <Li> Poison Ochs : A Tribute to Phil Ochs </Li> <Li> This Is Absolutely Real : Visions and Versions of Phil Ochs </Li> <Li> What 's That I Hear ? : The Songs of Phil Ochs </Li> <Li> List of cover versions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Archives </Li> <Li> Jim Glover </Li> <Li> Michael Ochs ( brother ) </Li> <Li> Robyn Ochs ( niece ) </Li> <Li> Sonny Ochs ( sister ) </Li> <Li> Pigasus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Me,_I%27m_a_Liberal&oldid=834356033 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1965 songs </Li> <Li> Phil Ochs songs </Li> <Li> Political songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Phil Ochs </Li> <Li> Satirical songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Interlanguage link template link number </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 08 : 39 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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The song "Love Me, I'm a Liberal"

Love me i'm a liberal song meaning?

-1569810426787618729

The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) - wikipedia <H1> The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` The Phantom of the Opera ( musical ) '' redirects here . For other musicals based on the Gaston Leroux novel , see The Phantom of the Opera ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Phantom of the Opera </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> Andrew Lloyd Webber </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charles Hart <Ul> <Li> Richard Stilgoe ( additional ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Book </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andrew Lloyd Webber </Li> <Li> Richard Stilgoe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basis </Th> <Td> Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Premiere </Th> <Td> 9 October 1986 : Her Majesty 's Theatre , London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Productions </Th> <Td> See list <Ul> <Li> 1986 West End </Li> <Li> 1988 Broadway </Li> <Li> 1988 Vienna </Li> <Li> 1988 Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1989 Toronto </Li> <Li> 1989 Stockholm </Li> <Li> 1989 Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1990 Hamburg </Li> <Li> 1990 Melbourne </Li> <Li> 1991 First US Tour </Li> <Li> 1992 Second US Tour </Li> <Li> 1993 San Francisco </Li> <Li> 1993 Scheveningen </Li> <Li> 1996 Basel </Li> <Li> 1997 Auckland </Li> <Li> 1999 Mexico City </Li> <Li> 2000 Copenhagen </Li> <Li> 2001 South Korea </Li> <Li> 2002 Madrid </Li> <Li> 2003 Budapest </Li> <Li> 2004 Film </Li> <Li> 2005 São Paulo </Li> <Li> 2006 Las Vegas Spectacular </Li> <Li> 2007 Melbourne </Li> <Li> 2008 Third US Tour </Li> <Li> 2008 Warsaw </Li> <Li> 2009 Buenos Aires </Li> <Li> 2009 South Korea </Li> <Li> 2011 25th Anniversary </Li> <Li> 2012 UK Tour </Li> <Li> 2013 North American Tour </Li> <Li> 2013 Hamburg </Li> <Li> 2014 Moscow </Li> <Li> 2014 Tartu </Li> <Li> 2014 Prague </Li> <Li> 2015 Helsinki </Li> <Li> 2015 New Zealand Tour </Li> <Li> 2015 Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> 2016 Stockholm </Li> <Li> 2017 Belgrade </Li> <Li> Various international and amateur productions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical </Li> <Li> Tony Award for Best Musical </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe . Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe also wrote the musical 's book together . Based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux , its central plot revolves around a beautiful soprano , Christine Daaé , who becomes the obsession of a mysterious , disfigured musical genius living in the subterranean labyrinth beneath the Opera Populaire . </P> <P> The musical opened in London 's West End in 1986 , and on Broadway in 1988 . It won the 1986 Olivier Award and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical , and Michael Crawford ( in the title role ) won the Olivier and Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Musical . It is the longest running show in Broadway history by a wide margin , and celebrated its 10,000 th Broadway performance on 11 February 2012 , the first production ever to do so . It is the second longest - running West End musical , after Les Misérables , and the third longest - running West End show overall , after The Mousetrap . </P> <P> With total estimated worldwide gross receipts of over $ 5.6 billion and total Broadway gross of $845 million , Phantom was the most financially successful entertainment event until The Lion King surpassed it in 2014 . By 2011 , it had been seen by over 130 million people in 145 cities across 27 countries , and continues to play in London and New York . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Development <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Idea </Li> <Li> 1.2 Lyricists </Li> <Li> 1.3 Score </Li> <Li> 1.4 Design , direction , and choreography </Li> <Li> 1.5 First preview at Sydmonton </Li> <Li> 1.6 West End </Li> <Li> 1.7 Broadway </Li> <Li> 1.8 Amateur productions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Synopsis <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Prologue </Li> <Li> 2.2 Act I </Li> <Li> 2.3 Act II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Casting <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Original casts </Li> <Li> 3.2 West End replacements </Li> <Li> 3.3 Broadway replacements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Musical numbers </Li> <Li> 5 Orchestra </Li> <Li> 6 Recordings <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Sales and certifications <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Original 1986 London production </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 Local productions </Li> <Li> 6.1. 3 Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Allegations of plagiarism </Li> <Li> 8 Other productions <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Film version </Li> <Li> 8.2 Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Copyright release </Li> <Li> 10 Awards and nominations <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Original London production </Li> <Li> 10.2 Original Broadway production </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Sequel </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 Notes </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Idea ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1984 , Lloyd Webber contacted Cameron Mackintosh , the co-producer of Cats and Song and Dance , to propose a new musical . He was aiming for a romantic piece , and suggested Gaston Leroux 's book The Phantom of the Opera as a basis . They screened both the 1925 Lon Chaney and the 1943 Claude Rains motion picture versions , but neither saw an effective way to make the leap from film to stage . Later , in New York , Lloyd Webber found a second - hand copy of the original , long - out - of - print Leroux novel , which supplied the necessary inspiration to develop a musical : `` I was actually writing something else at the time , and I realised that the reason I was hung up was because I was trying to write a major romantic story , and I had been trying to do that ever since I started my career . Then with the Phantom , it was there ! '' </P> <H3> Lyricists ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lloyd Webber first approached Jim Steinman to write the lyrics because of his `` dark obsessive side '' , but he declined in order to fulfill his commitments on a Bonnie Tyler album . Alan Jay Lerner was then recruited , but he became seriously ill after joining the project and was forced to withdraw ; none of his contributions ( mostly involving the song `` Masquerade '' ) are credited in the show . Richard Stilgoe , the lyricist for Starlight Express , wrote most of the original lyrics for the production . Charles Hart , a young and then - relatively unknown lyricist , later rewrote many of the lyrics , along with original lyrics for `` Think of Me '' . Some of Stilgoe 's original contributions are still present in the final version , however . </P> <H3> Score ( edit ) </H3> <P> Inspired in part by an earlier musical version of the same story by Ken Hill , Lloyd Webber 's score is sometimes operatic in style but maintains the form and structure of a musical throughout . The full - fledged operatic passages are reserved principally for subsidiary characters such as Andre and Firmin , Carlotta , and Piangi . They are also used to provide the content of the fictional `` operas '' that are taking place within the show itself , viz. , Hannibal , Il Muto , and the Phantom 's masterwork , Don Juan Triumphant . `` Here , Lloyd Webber pastiched various styles from the grand operas of Meyerbeer through to Mozart and even Gilbert and Sullivan . '' These pieces are often presented as musical fragments , interrupted by dialogue or action sequences in order to clearly define the musical 's `` show within a show '' format . The musical extracts from the Phantom 's opera , `` Don Juan Triumphant '' , during the latter stages of the show , are dissonant and modern -- `` suggesting , perhaps , that the Phantom is ahead of his time artistically '' . </P> <H3> Design , direction , and choreography ( edit ) </H3> <P> Maria Björnson designed the sets and over 200 costumes , including the elaborate gowns in the `` Masquerade '' sequence . Her set designs , including the chandelier , subterranean gondola , and sweeping staircase , earned her multiple awards . Hal Prince , director of Cabaret , Candide , Follies , and Lloyd Webber 's Evita , directed the production , while Gillian Lynne , associate director and choreographer of Cats , provided the integral musical staging and choreography . </P> <H3> First preview at Sydmonton ( edit ) </H3> <P> A preview of the first act was staged at Sydmonton ( Lloyd Webber 's home ) in 1985 , starring Colm Wilkinson ( later the star of the Toronto production ) as the Phantom , Sarah Brightman as Kristin ( later Christine ) , and Clive Carter ( later a member of the London cast ) as Raoul . This very preliminary production used Richard Stilgoe 's original unaltered lyrics , and many songs sported names that were later changed , such as `` What Has Time Done to Me '' ( `` Think of Me '' ) , and `` Papers '' ( `` Notes '' ) . The Phantom 's original mask covered the entire face and remained in place throughout the performance , obscuring the actor 's vision and muffling his voice . Björnson designed the now - iconic half - mask to replace it , and the unmasking sequence was added . Clips of this preview performance were included on the DVD of the 2004 film production . </P> <H3> West End ( edit ) </H3> <P> Phantom began previews at Her Majesty 's Theatre in London 's West End on 27 September 1986 under the direction of Hal Prince , then opened on 9 October . It was choreographed by Gillian Lynne and the sets were designed by Maria Björnson , with lighting by Andrew Bridge . Michael Crawford starred in the title role with Sarah Brightman as Christine and Steve Barton as Raoul . The production , still playing at Her Majesty 's , celebrated its 10,000 th performance on 23 October 2010 , with Lloyd Webber and the original Phantom , Michael Crawford , in attendance . It is the second longest - running musical in West End ( and world ) history behind Les Misérables , and third overall behind The Mousetrap . </P> <P> A 25th - anniversary stage performance was held in London on 1 and 2 October 2011 at the Royal Albert Hall and was screened live in cinemas worldwide . The production was produced by Cameron Mackintosh , directed by Laurence Connor , musical staging & choreography by Gillian Lynne , set design by Matt Kinley , costume design by Maria Björnson , lighting design by Patrick Woodroffe , and sound design by Mick Potter . The cast included Ramin Karimloo as the Phantom , Sierra Boggess as Christine , Hadley Fraser as Raoul , Wynne Evans as Piangi , Wendy Ferguson as Carlotta , Barry James as Monsieur Firmin , Gareth Snook as Monsieur Andre , Liz Robertson as Madame Giry , and Daisy Maywood as Meg Giry . Lloyd Webber and several original cast members , including Crawford and Brightman , were in attendance . A DVD and Blu - ray of the performance was released in February 2012 , and it began airing in March 2012 on PBS 's `` Great Performances '' television series . </P> <P> In March 2012 , a new production directed by Laurence Connor began a UK and Ireland tour to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the show , beginning at the Theatre Royal Plymouth and travelled to Manchester , Bristol ,

The music for Phantom of the Opera was written by

Who wrote the music phantom of the opera?

1925389754206914779

<Td> . 01 </Td> <Td> Dropped back by Congress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July 1 , 1928 </Td> <Td> . 02 </Td> <Td> . 02 </Td> <Td> . 02 </Td> <Td> . 01 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July 6 , 1932 </Td> <Td> . 03 </Td> <Td> . 03 </Td> <Td> . 03 </Td> <Td> . 01 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1952 </Td> <Td> . 03 </Td> <Td> . 03 </Td> <Td> . 03 </Td> <Td> . 02 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 1 , 1958 </Td> <Td> . 04 </Td> <Td> . 04 </Td> <Td> . 04 </Td> <Td> . 03 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 7 , 1963 </Td> <Td> . 05 </Td> <Td> . 05 </Td> <Td> . 05 </Td> <Td> . 04 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 7 , 1968 </Td> <Td> . 06 </Td> <Td> . 06 </Td> <Td> . 06 </Td> <Td> . 05 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 16 , 1971 </Td> <Td> . 08 </Td> <Td> . 08 </Td> <Td> . 08 </Td> <Td> . 06 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 2 , 1974 </Td> <Td> . 10 </Td> <Td> . 10 </Td> <Td> . 10 </Td> <Td> . 08 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 14 , 1975 </Td> <Td> . 10 </Td> <Td> . 10 </Td> <Td> . 09 </Td> <Td> . 07 </Td> <Td> Last surface mail rate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 1975 </Td> <Td> . 13 </Td> <Td> . 13 </Td> <Td> . 11 </Td> <Td> . 09 </Td> <Td> All domestic first class & postcards by airmail </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 29 , 1978 </Td> <Td> . 15 </Td> <Td> . 15 </Td> <Td> . 13 </Td> <Td> . 10 </Td> <Td> A Stamp Used </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 22 , 1981 </Td> <Td> . 18 </Td> <Td> . 18 </Td> <Td> . 17 </Td> <Td> . 12 </Td> <Td> B Stamp Used </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 1 , 1981 </Td> <Td> . 20 </Td> <Td> . 20 </Td> <Td> . 17 </Td> <Td> . 13 </Td> <Td> C Stamp Used </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 17 , 1985 </Td> <Td> . 22 </Td> <Td> . 22 </Td> <Td> . 17 </Td> <Td> . 14 </Td> <Td> D Stamp Used </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 3 , 1988 </Td> <Td> . 25 </Td> <Td> . 25 </Td> <Td> . 20 </Td> <Td> . 15 </Td> <Td> E Stamp Used </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 3 , 1991 </Td> <Td> . 29 </Td> <Td> . 29 </Td> <Td> . 23 </Td> <Td> . 19 </Td> <Td> F Stamp Used ( also 4 cent F makeup rate stamp ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1995 </Td> <Td> . 32 </Td> <Td> . 32 </Td> <Td> . 23 </Td> <Td> . 20 </Td> <Td> G Stamp Used ( also 3 cent G makeup rate stamp ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 10 , 1999 </Td> <Td> . 33 </Td> <Td> . 33 </Td> <Td> . 22 </Td> <Td> . 20 </Td> <Td> H Stamp Used ( also 1 cent H makeup rate stamp ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 7 , 2001 </Td> <Td> . 34 </Td> <Td> . 34 </Td> <Td> . 21 </Td> <Td> . 20 </Td> <Td> Nondenominated Stamps Used </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July 1 , 2001 </Td> <Td> . 34 </Td> <Td> . 34 </Td> <Td> . 23 </Td> <Td> . 21 </Td> <Td> Nondenominated Stamps Used </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 30 , 2002 </Td> <Td> . 37 </Td> <Td> . 37 </Td> <Td> . 23 </Td> <Td> . 23 </Td> <Td> Flag and Antique Toy Stamps Used </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 8 , 2006 </Td> <Td> . 39 </Td> <Td> . 39 </Td> <Td> . 24 </Td> <Td> . 24 </Td> <Td> Lady Liberty Flag Stamp Used </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 14 , 2007 </Td> <Td> . 41 </Td> <Td> 1.13 </Td> <Td> . 17 </Td> <Td> . 26 </Td> <Td> Shape - based postage pricing introduced ; Forever stamps introduced ; different prices for letters and packages for the first time </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 12 , 2008 </Td> <Td> . 42 </Td> <Td> 1.17 </Td> <Td> . 17 </Td> <Td> . 27 </Td> <Td> Price change announced February 11 , 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 11 , 2009 </Td> <Td> . 44 </Td> <Td> 1.22 </Td> <Td> . 17 </Td> <Td> . 28 </Td> <Td> Price change announced February 10 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 17 , 2011 </Td> <Td> . 44 </Td> <Td> 1.71 ( 3 oz ) </Td> <Td> . 20 ( letters ) . 17 ( packages ) </Td> <Td> . 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 22 , 2012 </Td> <Td> . 45 </Td> <Td> 1.95 ( 3 oz ) </Td> <Td> . 20 ( letters ) . 17 ( packages ) </Td> <Td> . 32 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 27 , 2013 </Td> <Td> . 46 </Td> <Td> 2.07 ( 3 oz ) </Td> <Td> . 20 ( letters ) . 17 ( packages ) </Td> <Td> . 33 </Td> <Td> Price change announced October 11 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 26 , 2014 </Td> <Td> . 49 </Td> <Td> 2.32 ( 3 oz ) </Td> <Td> . 21 ( letters ) . 17 ( packages ) </Td> <Td> . 34 </Td> <Td> Price change announced September 25 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 31 , 2015 </Td> <Td> . 49 </Td> <Td> 2.54 ( 3 oz ) </Td> <Td> . 22 ( letters ) . 20 ( packages ) </Td> <Td> . 35 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 10 , 2016 </Td> <Td> . 47 </Td> <Td> 2.54 ( 3 oz ) </Td> <Td> . 21 ( letters ) . 20 ( packages ) </Td> <Td> . 34 </Td> <Td> Price change announced February 25 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 22 , 2017 </Td> <Td> . 49 </Td> <Td> 2.67 ( 3 oz ) </Td> <Td> . 21 ( letters ) . 18 ( packages ) </Td> <Td> . 34 </Td> <Td> Price change announced October 12 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Historical trend ( edit ) </H2> Nominal and inflation adjusted first - class postage rates in the US <P> Taking the above data and plotting it yields the graph shown to the right . The dark plot is the nominal issued price of the stamp and the light plot is the price adjusted for inflation and is shown in 2016 US cents . </P> <P> This plot shows that , despite the rise in the nominal cost of a first - class stamp , the adjusted cost of the stamp has stayed relatively stable . The large jumps in the early 1900s are because a change by a single penny was large compared to the cost of the stamp . For example , the price increase from $0.02 to $0.03 on July 6 , 1932 was a 50 % increase in cost . Additionally , while the cost of the stamp itself remained fixed , the adjusted price in 2016 dollars was not fixed over time which added to larger jumps in adjusted prices . </P> <H2> Historical notes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Domestic parcel post service was adopted in 1913 , 25 years after the Post Office had agreed to deliver international parcel post packages pursuant to the Universal Postal Union treaty and various bilateral agreements with other nations . Initially , there were no or few postal regulations governing packages mailed by parcel post . E.g. , to construct a bank in Vernal , Utah , in 1916 , a Salt Lake City company ascertained that the cheapest way to send 40 tons of bricks to the building was by parcel post . </P> <P> Bulk postal rates were restructured in 1996 : </P> <Ul> <Li> Second Class became Periodicals </Li> <Li> Third and Fourth Class Mail became Standard Mail ( A ) and ( B ) </Li> <Li> Special Fourth Class Mail was renamed Special Standard Mail </Li> </Ul> <P> In 2007 , First Class Mail was restructured to include variable pricing based on size , not just on weight . Shape - based postage pricing is a form of dimensional weight . Also at that time , International Parcel Post air service was re-branded as Priority Mail International , and Parcel Post surface service was discontinued for international destinations . </P> <P> Regular Air Mail service began in 1918 and over the years rates varied considerably depending on distance and technology . Domestic Air Mail , as a class of service , officially ended May 1 , 1977 . By that time all domestic First Class Mail was being dispatched by the most expeditious means , surface or air , whether or not the Air Mail postage had been paid . </P> <P> Additional charges for Special delivery existed from 1885 to 2001 . Today , Express Mail Overnight is the most similar service level . </P> <P> During the summer of 2010 the USPS requested the Postal Regulatory Commission to raise the price of a first class stamp by 2 cents , from 44 cents to 46 cents , to take effect January 2 , 2011 . On September 30 , 2010 , the PRC formally denied the request , but the USPS filed an appeal with the Federal Court of Appeals in Washington DC . </P> <P> On September 25 , 2013 , the USPS announced a 3 cent increase in the First Class postal rate , to be effective January 26 , 2014 , increasing the price of a stamp to 49 cents . Bulk mail , periodicals , and package service rates were also increased by 6 percent . A loss of US $5 billion during the 2013 fiscal year was the reason given for the increase . </P> <P> The legislation which set the price to 49 cents was enacted as a temporary measure and as an `` exigent surcharge for mailing products and services '' . However , this legislation was set to expire in April 2016 . As a result , the Post Office retained one cent of the price change as a previously allotted adjustment for inflation , but the price of a first class stamp became 47 cents : for the first time in 97 years ( and for the third time in the agency 's history ) , the price of a stamp decreased . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Government of the United States portal </Li> <Li> Philately portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> United States postal abbreviations </Li> <Li> United States Postal Service creed </Li> </Ul> <P> Unions of the U.S. Postal Service : </P> <Ul> <Li> American Postal Workers Union </Li> <Li> National Association of Letter Carriers </Li> <Li> National Postal Mail Handlers Union </Li> <Li> National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association </Li> </Ul> <P> History : </P> <Ul> <Li> Post Office Murals </Li> <Li> American Letter Mail Company </Li> <Li> Postage stamps and postal history of the United States of America </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Smoot , Frederick . `` Early United States Domestic Postal Rates '' . TNGenWeb . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Postcards ( privately printed cards ) did not qualify for a special postage rate until July 1 , 1898 . Since then , the rates for postcards have been the same as for stamped cards ( produced by the Postal Service ) except for the period from April 15 , 1925 , to July 1 , 1928 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , 9th ed. , Postal Service </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/postcard-rates-since-1873.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/postcard-rates-since-1873.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/postcard-rates-since-1873.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://postalmuseum.si.edu/about/frequently-asked-questions/us-domestic-postcard-rates.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Postal rates go up today '' . The Galveston Daily News .

The cost of a first-class mail stamp is $0

What is cost of first class mail stamp?

-271857377729162108

( as of April 22 , 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Yoon Hyun - joon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> South Korea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 100 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> S.M. C&C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> JTBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) -- ( ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Hyori 's Homestay ( Hangul : 효리 네 민박 ; RR : Hyorine Minbak ; lit . Hyori 's Bed and Breakfast ) is a South Korean television program starring celebrity couple Lee Hyori and Lee Sang - soon ( ko ) . It airs on JTBC on Sundays at 20 : 50 ( KST ) with the first episode aired on June 25 , 2017 . The show is set at the residence of Hyo - ri and Sang - soon ( ko ) in Jeju Island , where they opened a B&B . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main </Li> <Li> 1.2 Employees <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Season 1 </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Season 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Guests </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Ratings <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Season 1 </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Lee Hyori </Li> <Li> Lee Sang - soon ( ko ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Employees ( edit ) </H3> Season 1 ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> IU </Li> </Ul> Season 2 ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Im Yoon - ah </Li> <Li> Park Bo - gum ( Part - time ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guests ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Season 1 <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Guests </Th> <Th> Episode # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gimhae Girls </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Explorers </Td> <Td> 2 -- 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seoul Siblings </Td> <Td> 4 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haman Elder Couple </Td> <Td> 3 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wangsimni Flower Boys </Td> <Td> 5 -- 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seoul Sisters </Td> <Td> 6 -- 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seongnam Couple </Td> <Td> 8 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jung Dami </Td> <Td> 9 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daegu Coworkers </Td> <Td> 10 -- 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Police Women </Td> <Td> 11 -- 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Music Major Students </Td> <Td> 12 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Incheon Twins </Td> <Td> 12 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Long Distance Couple </Td> <Td> 12 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Season 2 <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Guests </Th> <Th> Episode # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Judo Quintet </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yeon Sisters </Td> <Td> 3 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Surfer Team </Td> <Td> 3 -- 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Backpacker Team </Td> <Td> 5 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daejeon Fin. K.L </Td> <Td> 6 -- 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Surgery Team </Td> <Td> 6 -- 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Father and Son </Td> <Td> 8 -- 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wedding Photography Couple </Td> <Td> 8 -- 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Highschool - friend Soldiers </Td> <Td> 10 -- 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> First Foreigner </Td> <Td> 12 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Motorbike Duo </Td> <Td> 12 -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the ratings below , the highest rating for the show will be in red , and the lowest rating for the show will be in blue . </P> <H3> Season 1 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episode # </Th> <Th> Broadcast Date </Th> <Th colspan="2"> AGB Nielsen Korea </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationwide </Th> <Th> Seoul Capital Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> June 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 5.842 % </Td> <Td> 6.391 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> July 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 6.186 % </Td> <Td> 7.250 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> July 9 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 6.984 % </Td> <Td> 8.109 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> July 16 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 6.745 % </Td> <Td> 7.581 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> July 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 7.211 % </Td> <Td> 8.035 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> July 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 6.172 % </Td> <Td> 6.439 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> August 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 7.508 % </Td> <Td> 8.641 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> August 13 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 7.496 % </Td> <Td> 8.134 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> August 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 9.995 % </Td> <Td> 11.055 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> August 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 7.820 % </Td> <Td> 8.192 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> September 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 8.155 % </Td> <Td> 8.893 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> September 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 8.448 % </Td> <Td> 9.798 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> September 17 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 8.147 % </Td> <Td> 9.178 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 ( Special ) </Th> <Td> September 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 8.080 % </Td> <Td> 9.523 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episode # </Th> <Th> Broadcast Date </Th> <Th colspan="2"> AGB Nielsen Korea </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationwide </Th> <Th> Seoul Capital Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> February 4 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 8.016 % </Td> <Td> 9.116 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> February 11 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 7.726 % </Td> <Td> 8.988 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> February 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 4.669 % </Td> <Td> 5.195 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> February 25 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 6.718 % </Td> <Td> 7.570 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> March 4 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 7.142 % </Td> <Td> 8.129 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> March 11 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 9.157 % </Td> <Td> 11.156 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> March 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 10.750 % </Td> <Td> 12.162 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> March 25 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 8.329 % </Td> <Td> 10.173 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> April 1 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 7.178 % </Td> <Td> 8.674 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> April 8 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 7.395 % </Td> <Td> 8.940 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> April 15 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 6.543 % </Td> <Td> 7.341 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> April 22 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 6.929 % </Td> <Td> 7.625 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> April 29 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 ( Special ) </Th> <Td> May 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Episode 6 marks Park Bo - gum 's arrival as part - time worker . At the time , it is the highest - rated variety show episode of its network JTBC . </Li> <Li> Episode 7 overtook episode 6 's record and received double - digit ratings . It registered the highest audience share for both seasons of the show . Chief Producer Yoon Hyun - joon stated , `` I can not deny that there is a `` Park Bo - gum effect '' on the ratings . '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipient </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 54th Baeksang Arts Awards </Td> <Td> Best Entertainment Program </Td> <Td> Hyori 's Homestay </Td> <Td> Pending </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Hyori 's Homestay '' Current Production Team `` . JTBC ( in Korean ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kim , Eun - ae ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) . 이효리 , JTBC ' 효리 네 민박'으로 전격 컴백 ... 5 월 촬영 ( in Korean ) . OSEN . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kim , Eun - ae ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) . ' 효리 네 ' 이효리 ♥ 이상순 , 결혼 도 민박집 오픈 도 참 잘했다 ( ft. 아이유 ) ( in Korean ) . OSEN . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yang , Ji - yeon ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) . ( 공식 입장 ) JTBC 측 `` 윤아 , ' 효리 네 민박 2 ' 알바생 확정 ... 오늘 첫 녹화 '' ( in Korean ) . Sedaily . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( 공식 입장 ) ' 효리 네 민박 2 ' 측 `` 박 보검 , 오늘 부터 3 일 단기 알바 투입 '' `` . XSportsNews . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Korea '' . Nielsen Korea . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JTBC ' 효리 네 민박 2 ' 역대 예능 최고 시청률 11.2 % 기록 ... '' 분당 최고 14 % `` '' . JTBC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' 효리 네 민박 2 ' 10 % 돌파 , 박 보검 만능 알바 효과 톡톡 '' . TV Daily . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( 직격 인터뷰 ) ' 효리 네 2 ' CP `` 10 % 돌파 , 박 보검 - 윤아 최상의 조합 덕분 '' `` . Newsen . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 제 54 회 백상 예술 대상 , TV 영화 각 부문 별 수상 후보자 공개 '' . JTBC ( in Korean ) . April 6 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hyori 's Homestay season 1 ( in Korean ) </Li> <Li> Hyori 's Homestay season 2 ( in Korean ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> JTBC </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current programs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> News </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> JTBC Newsroom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ssulzun </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drama </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Welcome to Waikiki </Li> <Li> Something in the Rain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Variety / Reality </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Please Take Care of My Refrigerator <Ul> <Li> list of episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Carefree Travellers </Li> <Li> Let 's Eat Dinner Together <Ul> <Li> list of episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Begin Again </Li> <Li> Knowing Bros <Ul> <Li> list of episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hyori 's Homestay </Li> <Li> Two Yoo Project Sugar Man </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Golden Disc Awards </Li> <Li> Baeksang Arts Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyori%27s_Homestay&oldid=837899037 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> South Korean reality television series </Li> <Li> Television shows set in Jeju Province </Li> <Li> 2010s South Korean television series </Li> <Li> Korean - language television programs </Li> <Li> 2017 South Korean television series debuts </Li> <Li> Joongang Tongyang Broadcasting Company television programmes </Li> <Li> Television series by SM C&C </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul>

The air date for Season 2 of Hyori's Bed and Breakfast is

Hyori bed and breakfast season 2 air date?

-6431712433808550828

Form 990 - wikipedia <H1> Form 990 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Form 990 , 2015 <P> Form 990 ( officially , the `` Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax '' ) is a United States Internal Revenue Service form that provides the public with financial information about a nonprofit organization . It is often the only source of such information . It is also used by government agencies to prevent organizations from abusing their tax - exempt status . Certain nonprofits have more comprehensive reporting requirements , such as hospitals and other health care organizations ( Schedule H ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Variants <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Form 990 - EZ </Li> <Li> 1.2 Form 990 - N </Li> <Li> 1.3 Form 990 - PF </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Schedules </Li> <Li> 3 Filing requirements <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Fiduciary reporting </Li> <Li> 3.2 Who must file ? </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filing modalities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Penalties </Li> <Li> 5 Public inspection regulations <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Form 990 data published by IRS </Li> <Li> 5.2 Third - party sources of Form 990 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 History </Li> <Li> 7 Use for charity evaluation research </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Variants ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Form 990 - EZ ( edit ) </H3> <P> There is a variant of Form 990 called Form 990 - EZ ( `` Short Form Return of Organization Exempt From Income Tax '' ) . This form can be used instead of Form 990 for organizations with gross receipts less than $200,000 and total assets less than $500,000 ( there are some exceptions ) . </P> <H3> Form 990 - N ( edit ) </H3> <P> Small organizations whose annual gross receipts are `` normally $50,000 or less '' must file the electronic Form 990 - N ( officially , `` Electronic Notice ( e-Postcard ) for Tax - Exempt Organizations Not Required to File Form 990 or Form 990EZ '' ) . There is no paper form for 990 - N , but it is possible to file instead Form 990 or Form 990 - EZ . </P> <H3> Form 990 - PF ( edit ) </H3> <P> Form 990 - PF is filed by private foundations in the US . It includes fiscal information and a complete list of grants , among other information . The form is due to the IRS 4.5 months after the end of the foundation 's fiscal year . </P> <H2> Schedules ( edit ) </H2> <P> In addition to Form 990 , tax - exempt organizations are also subject to a variety of disclosure and compliance requirements through various schedules which are attached to Form 990 ( and , in some cases , 990 - EZ or 990 - PF ) . Filing of schedules by organizations supplements , enhances , and further clarifies disclosures and compliance reporting made in Form 990 . Often , filing of schedules is mandatory , but there are situations where organizations not otherwise subject to filing requirements may consider completing certain schedules despite not being technically obligated to . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Number of pages </Th> <Th> Can be filed with Form 990 - EZ ? </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule A </Td> <Td> Public Charity Status and Public Support </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule B </Td> <Td> Schedule of Contributors </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule C </Td> <Td> Political Campaign and Lobbying Activities </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule D </Td> <Td> Supplemental Financial Statements </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule E </Td> <Td> Schools </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule F </Td> <Td> Statement of Activities Outside the United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule G </Td> <Td> Supplemental Information Regarding Fundraising or Gaming Activities </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule H </Td> <Td> Hospitals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule I </Td> <Td> Grants and Other Assistance to Organizations , Governments , and Individuals in the United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule J </Td> <Td> Compensation Information </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule K </Td> <Td> Supplemental Information on Tax - Exempt Bonds </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule L </Td> <Td> Transactions With Interested Persons </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule M </Td> <Td> Noncash Contributions </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule N </Td> <Td> Liquidation , Termination , Dissolution , or Significant Disposition of Assets </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule O </Td> <Td> Supplemental Information to Form 990 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedule R </Td> <Td> Related Organizations and Unrelated Partnerships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Filing requirements ( edit ) </H2> <P> Form 990 is due on the 15th of the 5th month after the fiscal year , with up to 6 months of extensions . </P> <P> The Form 990 disclosures do not require but strongly encourage nonprofit boards to adopt a variety of board policies regarding governance practices . These suggestions go beyond Sarbanes - Oxley requirements for nonprofits to adopt whistleblower and document retention policies . The IRS has indicated they will use the Form 990 as an enforcement tool , particularly regarding executive compensation . For example , nonprofits that adopt specific procedures regarding executive compensation are offered safe harbor from excessive compensation rules under section 4958 of the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury Regulation section 53.4958 - 6 . </P> <H3> Fiduciary reporting ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to section 1223 ( b ) of the Pension Protection Act of 2006 , a nonprofit organization that does not file annual returns or notices for three consecutive years will have its tax - exempt status revoked as of the due date of the third return or notice . An organization 's tax - exempt status may be reinstated if it can show reasonable cause for the years of nonfiling . </P> <H3> Who must file ? ( edit ) </H3> <P> Form 990 is to be filed by tax - exempt organizations under section 501 ( a ) . This includes organizations in section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( excluding private foundations ) and most organizations in other subsections of 501 ( c ) . Tax - exempt organizations with annual gross receipts of $200,000 or more or assets of $500,000 or more must file Form 990 . Churches ( including houses of worship such as synagogues and mosques ) and their integrated auxiliaries , associations of churches , and any religious order that engages exclusively in religious activity are not required to file . </P> <H3> Filing modalities ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Form 990 may be filed with the IRS by mail or electronically with an Authorized IRS e-file Provider . </P> <H2> Penalties ( edit ) </H2> <P> There is a penalty of $20 per day that the organization fails to make its Forms 990 publicly available , which is capped at a maximum of $10,000 for any single failure . Any person who willfully fails to comply will be subject to an additional penalty of $5,000 . There are other penalties for e.g. omitting information . </P> <P> In 1998 , over $10 million was collected by the IRS for penalties on over 9000 forms . </P> <H2> Public Inspection regulations ( edit ) </H2> <P> Public Inspection IRC 6104 ( d ) regulations state that an organization must provide copies of its three most recent Forms 990 to anyone who requests them , whether in person , by mail , fax , or e-mail . </P> <H3> Form 990 data published by IRS ( edit ) </H3> <P> The IRS publishes Form 990 data in two main forms , as part of the Statistics of Income program : </P> <Ul> <Li> An annual extract of tax - exempt organizational data , which covers selected financial data from filters of Form 990 , 990 - EZ , and 990 - PF , with data available from calendar year 2012 to the most recent year for which filing and statistics compilation is complete . This is also available as a public dataset on Google BigQuery . </Li> <Li> As a public dataset on Amazon S3 , hosted in the US East region . The dataset includes index files for each year that list nonprofits that filed Form 990 in that year ( possibly for a previous year ) along with the identifier for their filing . This identifier can be used to fetch their filed Form 990 as a XML file . Data covers returns filed from 2011 to the present and is regularly updated . This dataset is used by Charity Navigator . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Third - party sources of Form 990 ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Google BigQuery , which has IRS Form 990 data as a public dataset . This is based on statistics published by the IRS from 2012 to the most recent completed year . </Li> <Li> Charity Navigator , which maintains a `` 990 Decoder '' website with over 2.5 million tax returns . This is based on forms filed from 2011 to the present , and uploaded by the IRS to Amazon S3 . </Li> <Li> Citizen Audit provides PDF copies of annual returns , signatures not blacked out . </Li> <Li> Economic Research Institute provides PDF copies of annual returns , signatures not blacked out . </Li> <Li> Foundation Center IRS Form 990 lookup tool ; provides PDF copies of annual returns , signatures blacked out . </Li> <Li> Guidestar IRS Form 990 's and other information for selection of nonprofits , free and fee based </Li> <Li> NCCS IRS Form 990 search tool and nonprofit organization profiles , signatures blacked out . </Li> <Li> BoardSource Governance requirements in 990 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Form 990 was first used for the tax year ending in 1941 . It was as a two - page form . Organizations were also required to include a schedule with the names and addresses of payees who had given the organization at least $4,000 during the year . </P> <P> The form reached four pages ( including instructions ) in 1947 . In 1976 this was increased to 5.5 pages ( including instructions ) , with 8 pages for Schedule A. By 2000 this was 6 pages for Form 990 , 42 pages for instructions , 6 pages for Schedule A , and at least 2 pages for Schedule B . This increase is due to use of a larger font and inclusion of sections that are only required for some organizations . </P> <P> Starting in 2000 , political organizations were required to file Form 990 . </P> <P> In June 2007 , the IRS released a new Form 990 that requires significant disclosures on corporate governance and boards of directors . These new disclosures are required for all nonprofit filers for the 2009 tax year , with more significant reporting requirements for nonprofits with over $1 million in revenues or $2.5 million in assets . </P> <P> In 2010 , the minimum threshold of when an organization is required to file Form 990 was increased : the minimum annual gross receipts was increased from $100,000 to $200,000 and the minimum assets was increased from $250,000 to $500,000 . </P> <P> With the availability of the internet , access to the Form 990 of an organization has also become easier . Originally Form 990 had to be requested through the IRS . This was changed to allow access to the form directly through the organization , although in some cases organizations refused to

The IRS Form 990 is used

What is the irs form 990 used for?

8371386055730091060

Land Rover Defender - wikipedia <H1> Land Rover Defender </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Land Rover Defender </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 2015 Land Rover Defender 90 ( Australia ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Land Rover ( 1983 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jaguar Land Rover ( 2013 -- 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also called </Th> <Td> Land Rover 90 , Ninety , 110 , One Ten , 127 ( 1983 -- 90 ) & 130 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> 1983 -- 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Assembly </Th> <Td> Solihull plant , Solihull , United Kingdom Kulim , Kedah , Malaysia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Body and chassis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Class </Th> <Td> Off - road vehicle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Layout </Th> <Td> Front engine , four - wheel drive </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessor </Th> <Td> Land Rover Series III </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Successor </Th> <Td> Defender ( L663 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Land Rover Defender ( initially called the Land Rover Ninety and Land Rover One Ten ) is a British four - wheel drive off - road vehicle developed in the 1980s from the original Land Rover Series which was launched at the Amsterdam Motor Show in April 1948 . After a continuous run of 67 years production finally ended on 29 January 2016 when the last Land Rover Defender , H166 HUE , rolled off the production line at 09 : 22hrs GMT . A special edition Defender Works V8 , with 400bhp , was announced in January 2018 . Jaguar Land Rover announced their intention to launch a completely new Defender . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Name and badge distinctions </Li> <Li> 2 Land Rover 90 and 110 <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The 127 ( and 130 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Engine development </Li> <Li> 2.3 Sales turnaround </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Defender <Ul> <Li> 3.1 BMW M52 engine </Li> <Li> 3.2 Td5 engine </Li> <Li> 3.3 2007 model </Li> <Li> 3.4 2012 updates </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Export and foreign - built versions <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Defender in the US </Li> <Li> 4.2 Land Rover 110 in Australia </Li> <Li> 4.3 Defender licensees and clones </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Special editions <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Land Rover 90SV </Li> <Li> 5.2 Limited Edition ( LE ) </Li> <Li> 5.3 Defender 50th </Li> <Li> 5.4 Heritage </Li> <Li> 5.5 Tomb Raider </Li> <Li> 5.6 G4 Edition </Li> <Li> 5.7 Defender Black </Li> <Li> 5.8 Defender Silver </Li> <Li> 5.9 X-Tech </Li> <Li> 5.10 Defender SVX </Li> <Li> 5.11 Bespoke Paul Smith Defender </Li> <Li> 5.12 2018 Defender Works V8 70th Anniversary Edition </Li> <Li> 5.13 Other special editions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Military Defenders <Ul> <Li> 6.1 British and other armies </Li> <Li> 6.2 Australian Army </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Police and government vehicles </Li> <Li> 8 Replacement </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Name and badge distinctions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The coil sprung Land Rover was introduced in 1983 as `` Land Rover One Ten '' , and in 1984 the `` Land Rover Ninety '' was added -- the numbers representing the respective wheelbases in inches . ( In fact the Ninety was nearer 93 inches at 92.9 `` . ) The number was spelled in full in advertising and in handbooks and manuals , and the vehicles also carried badges above the radiator grille which read `` Land Rover 90 '' or `` Land Rover 110 '' , with the number rendered numerically . The Ninety and One Ten replaced the earlier Land Rover Series , and at the time of launch , the only other Land Rover model in production was the Range Rover . </P> <P> In 1989 , a third model was brought out by Land Rover to be produced in parallel with the other two : the Land Rover Discovery . To avoid possible confusion , the 1991 model year Ninety and the One Ten were renamed the `` Defender 90 '' and `` Defender 110 '' . These carried front badges that said `` Defender '' , with a badge on the rear of the vehicle saying `` Defender 90 '' or `` Defender 110 '' . The most recent model , from 2007 -- 2016 , still featured the space above the radiator for the badge but was blank . Instead it had `` Land Rover '' spelled across the leading edge of the bonnet in raised individual letters , in keeping with the Discovery and Freelander . At the rear was a new style of ' `` Defender '' badge with an underlining `` swoosh '' . On these last models there are no badges defining the wheelbase model of the vehicle . </P> <P> The 127 - inch ( 3,226 mm ) wheelbase Land Rover 127 , available from 1985 , was always marketed with the name rendered numerically . Following the adoption of the Defender name , it became the `` Defender 130 '' , although the wheelbase remained unchanged . </P> <P> The North American Specification ( NAS ) Defender 110 sold for the 1993 model year carried a badge above the radiator grille which read `` Defender , '' whereas the NAS Defender 90 sold for the 1994 to 1997 model years had `` Land Rover '' spelled across the top of the radiator grille in individual letter decals . NAS Defenders also carried a cast plaque on the rear tub in the original style of the Series Station wagons with `` Defender 110 '' or `` Defender 90 '' below the Land Rover lozenge and the vehicle 's unique limited edition production run number . </P> <H2> Land Rover 90 and 110 ( edit ) </H2> Land Rover 90 Turbo Diesel <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Ninety ( 90 ) , One - Ten ( 110 ) and 127 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> 1983 -- 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Body and chassis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Body style </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3 - door 4x4 </Li> <Li> 5 - door 4x4 </Li> <Li> 2 - door pickup </Li> <Li> 3 - door van </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Land Rover Wolf </Li> <Li> Santana PS - 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Powertrain </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engine </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2.25 L 11H petrol I4 ( 1983 -- 1985 ) </Li> <Li> 2.25 L 10J diesel I4 ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 L 11J / 12J diesel I4 ( 1984 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 L 17H petrol I4 ( 1985 -- 1993 ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 L Diesel Turbo turbodiesel I4 ( 1986 -- 1990 ) </Li> <Li> 3.5 L Rover V8 petrol V8 ( 1983 -- 1986 ) </Li> <Li> 3.5 L Rover V8 petrol V8 ( 1986 -- 1993 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transmission </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 4 - speed LT95 manual </Li> <Li> 5 - speed LT77 manual </Li> <Li> 5 - speed LT85 manual </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Dimensions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wheelbase </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 92.9 in ( 2,360 mm ) ( 90 ) </Li> <Li> 110 in ( 2,794 mm ) ( 110 ) </Li> <Li> 127 in ( 3,226 mm ) ( 127 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 160.5 in ( 4,077 mm ) ( 90 ) </Li> <Li> 181.1 in ( 4,600 mm ) ( 110 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> 70.5 in ( 1,791 mm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 80.2 in ( 2,037 mm ) ( 90 ) </Li> <Li> 84 in ( 2,134 mm ) ( 110 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Production of the model now known as the Defender began in 1983 as the Land Rover 110 , a name which reflected the 110 - inch ( 2,800 mm ) length of the wheelbase . The Land Rover 90 , with 93 - inch ( 2,362 mm ) wheelbase , and Land Rover 127 , with 127 - inch ( 3,226 mm ) wheelbase , soon followed . </P> <P> Superficially there is little to distinguish the post-1983 vehicles from the Series III Land Rover . A full - length bonnet , revised grille , plus the fitting of wheel arch extensions to cover wider - track axles are the most noticeable changes . Initially the conservative engineering department insisted that the Land Rover was also available with a part - time 4WD system familiar to derivatives produced since 1949 . However the part - time system failed to sell and was quickly dropped from the options list by 1984 . While the engine and other body panels carried over from the Series III , mechanically the 90 and 110 were modernized , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Coil springs , offering a more comfortable ride and improved axle articulation </Li> <Li> A permanent four - wheel - drive system derived from the Range Rover , featuring a two - speed transfer gearbox with a lockable centre differential </Li> <Li> A modernised interior </Li> <Li> A taller one - piece windscreen </Li> <Li> A new series of progressively more powerful and modern engines </Li> </Ul> <P> The 110 was launched in 1983 , and the 90 followed in 1984 . From 1984 , wind - up windows were fitted ( Series models and very early 110s had sliding panels ) , and a 2.5 - litre ( 153 cu in ) , 68 horsepower ( 51 kW ) diesel engine was introduced . This was based on the earlier 2.3 - litre ( 140 cu in ) engine , but had a more modern fuel - injection system as well as increased capacity . A low compression version of the 3.5 - litre ( 214 cu in ) V8 Range Rover engine transformed performance . It was initially available in the 110 with a Range Rover LT95 four - speed transmission with integral transfer case and vacuum operated differential lock , then later in conjunction with a high strength `` Santana '' five - speed transmission . </P> <P> This period saw Land Rover market the utility Land Rover as a private recreational vehicle . While the basic pick - up , 4x4 and van versions were still working vehicles , the County 4x4s were sold as multi-purpose family vehicles , featuring improved interior trim and more comfortable seats . This change was reflected in Land Rover starting what had long been common practice in the car industry -- detail changes and improvements to the County model from year to year in order to attract new buyers and to encourage existing owners to trade in for a new vehicle . These changes included different exterior styling graphics and colour options , and the introduction of new options , such as radio - cassette players , Rostyle wheels , headlamp wash and wipe systems , as well as accessories such as surfboard carriers and bike racks . The switch from leaf spring to coil spring suspension was a key part of the new model 's success . It offered improved off - road ability , load capacity , handling , and ride comfort . </P> <H3> The 127 ( and 130 ) ( edit ) </H3> Fully equipped Land Rover Defender 130 Td4 127 '' chassis with double cab and bimobil camper module <P> From

The Land Rover Defender was first built

When was the land rover defender first built?

-311518210106653803

30 pm ( results ) </Td> <Td> 19.63 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 28.96 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 25 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 25.13 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) </Td> <Td> 25.73 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 26 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 28.84 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 30 pm ( results ) </Td> <Td> 24.31 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> January 18 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 33.58 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 24 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 28.05 </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) </Td> <Td> 27.32 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 25 , 2005 </Td> <Td> 30.27 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) </Td> <Td> 26.07 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 35.53 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 23 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 31.78 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) </Td> <Td> 31.17 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 24 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 36.38 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) </Td> <Td> 30.16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> January 16 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 37.44 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 22 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 25.33 </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) </Td> <Td> 30.11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 23 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 30.76 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) </Td> <Td> 30.58 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> January 15 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 33.48 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 20 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 27.06 </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) </Td> <Td> 28.80 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 21 , 2008 </Td> <Td> 31.66 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) </Td> <Td> 27.81 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 30.45 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 19 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 23.82 </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) </Td> <Td> 26.25 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 20 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 28.84 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) </Td> <Td> 26.77 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 29.95 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 25 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 20.07 </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) </Td> <Td> 22.97 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 26 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 24.22 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) </Td> <Td> 21.95 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 26.23 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 24 , 2011 ( Tues ) </Td> <Td> 20.57 </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) </Td> <Td> 25.97 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 25 , 2011 ( Wed ) </Td> <Td> 29.29 </Td> <Td> Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) </Td> <Td> 23.87 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> January 18 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 21.93 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 22 , 2012 ( Tues ) </Td> <Td> 14.85 </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) </Td> <Td> 19.81 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 23 , 2012 ( Wed ) </Td> <Td> 21.49 </Td> <Td> Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) </Td> <Td> 18.33 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> January 16 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 17.93 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 15 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 12.11 </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) </Td> <Td> 15.04 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 16 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 14.31 </Td> <Td> Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) </Td> <Td> 14.65 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> January 15 , 2014 </Td> <Td> 15.19 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 20 , 2014 ( Tues ) </Td> <Td> 6.76 </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( performance ) </Td> <Td> 11.94 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 21 , 2014 ( Wed ) </Td> <Td> 10.53 </Td> <Td> Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( results ) </Td> <Td> 11.43 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> January 7 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 11.20 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 12 , 2015 ( Tues ) </Td> <Td> 5.55 </Td> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 10.31 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 13 , 2015 ( Wed ) </Td> <Td> 8.03 </Td> <Td> Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( until March 12 ) </Td> <Td> 11.55 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 10.96 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : April 6 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 9.70 </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( until February 24 ) </Td> <Td> 11.52 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : April 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 13.30 </Td> <Td> Thursday 8 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> 11.13 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ABC </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 10.48 </Td> <Td> Final Performances : May 20 , 2018 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> <Td> Sunday 8 : 00 pm </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season Finale : May 21 , 2018 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Monday 8 : 00 pm ( until April 23 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> American Idol premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002 . The first show drew 9.9 million viewers , giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year . The audience steadily grew , and by finale night , the audience had averaged 23 million , with more than 40 million watching some part of that show . That episode was placed third amongst all age groups , but more importantly it led in the in 18 -- 49 demographic , the age group most valued by advertisers . </P> <P> The growth continued into the next season , starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million . The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers , and was placed second overall amongst the 18 -- 49 age group . The finale night when Ruben Studdard won over Clay Aiken was also the highest - rated ever American Idol episode at 38.1 million for the final hour . By season three , the show had become the top show in the 18 -- 49 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten , and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings . By season four , American Idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time , with an average viewership of 26.8 million . The show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30.6 million per episode , and season five remains the highest - rated season of the series . </P> <P> Season six premiered with the series ' highest - rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of American Idol . During this time , many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before , as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60 - minute reach of previous hits such as NBC 's The Cosby Show . The show was dubbed `` the Death Star '' , and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses . However , season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season . The season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16 % from the previous year . Season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages ( unlike in the previous seasons ) , and became the second - highest - rated of the series after the preceding season . </P> <P> The loss of viewers continued into season seven . The premiere was down 11 % among total viewers , and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest - rated Wednesday show among the 18 -- 34 demo since the first season in 2002 . However , the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids , and improved over season six as the series ' third most watched finale . The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception , a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network . Overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six , which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . </P> <P> The declining trend however continued into season eight , as total viewers numbers fell by 5 -- 10 % for early episodes compared to season seven , and by 9 % for the finale . In season nine , Idol 's six - year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken , when NBC 's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol 's 18.4 million . Nevertheless , American Idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running , breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS ' All in the Family and NBC 's The Cosby Show . </P> <P> In season ten , the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12 -- 13 % , and by up to 23 % in the 18 -- 49 demo compared to season nine . Later episodes , however , retained viewers better , and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale -- up 12 % for the adults 18 -- 49 demo and a 21 % increase in total viewers from the season nine finale . While the overall viewer number has increased this season , its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year -- the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season . The demographics also became `` whiter '' over time and less diverse . Nevertheless , in the 2010 -- 11 television season , Fox maintained its lead on over other networks with its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18 -- 49 demographic ratings in the United States . </P> <P> Season eleven , however , suffered a steep drop in ratings , a drop

This season of American Idol started on

When did this season of american idol start?

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Kalinga under the Mauryan - Wikipedia <H1> Kalinga under the Mauryan </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( February 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Pre-conquest </Li> <Li> 2 Conquest </Li> <Li> 3 Administration of Kalinga under Ashoka </Li> <Li> 4 Independence </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Pre-conquest ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the era of Chandragupta and Vindusara , Kalinga enjoyed its freedom as a separate and independent state , although it is not sure whether it was ruled by one king or as a group of kingdoms or any democratic form of government . </P> <H2> Conquest ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ashoka and Kalinga Ashoka ( son of Bindusara ) wanted to annex Kalinga with Magadha for commercial reasons , although some folktales indicates that he invaded for personal reason . Because Kalinga has many sea ports which Magadha lacks and Kalinga is between north and south part of India and main trade routes goes through it , Ashoka attacked Kalinga in 261 B.C. and a battle occurred between two armies near the river Daya . This site is now identified near Bhubaneswar , the capital city of Orissa . Although Ashoka was winner at the end of the day , the bloodshed and human suffering changed his mind forever . </P> <P> Ashoka destroyed the old ruling structure of Kalinga and reorganized the territory . </P> <H2> Administration of Kalinga under Ashoka ( edit ) </H2> <P> After the war Kalinga become fifth province of Magadha empire . It seems Ashoka divided Kalinga into three sections each having its own headquarter . </P> <Ol> <Li> Gangetic portion of Kalinga with the province of Prachi under his direct control . </Li> <Li> Central Part of Kalinga empire ( Macco Calingae ) or Utkal , Odra ( Western and central part of present Orissa ) and Tosala region formed a new province with its headquarters located at Tosali near modern Dhauli . </Li> <Li> Kalinga ( Southern part ) formed another administrative unit with headquarters at Samapa near Jaugada </Li> </Ol> <P> Rock edits of Ashok are found in this administrative capital . Administration of Kalinga is almost similar to other Province of Magadha except that more humanitarian value is added to the same . </P> <H2> Independence ( edit ) </H2> <P> Almost immediately after the death of Ashoka , Kalinga broke away from the Mauryan Empire and claimed independence . As Mauryan rule ended , with it Buddhism also ended in Kalinga and most people reverted to the traditional practice of Jainism . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalinga_under_the_Mauryan&oldid=801167318 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Maurya Empire </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from July 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> Orphaned articles from February 2013 </Li> <Li> All orphaned articles </Li> <Li> Articles needing cleanup from March 2008 </Li> <Li> All pages needing cleanup </Li> <Li> Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from March 2008 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2008 </Li> <Li> Articles lacking sources from January 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 02 : 05 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The king of Kalinga in the Mauryan period was

The king of kalinga in the mauryan period was?

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Red River of the south - wikipedia <H1> Red River of the south </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Red River . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Red River </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Red River looking east , north of Bonham , Texas : Texas is to the right , Oklahoma is on the left , and the border between the two states runs along the south ( right ) bank of the river . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Map of the Red River watershed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Native name </Th> <Td> Bah'hatteno </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other name ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rivière Rouge ( former French name ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> Texas , Oklahoma , Arkansas and Louisiana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Physical characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main source </Th> <Td> Harmon County , Oklahoma 1,535 ft ( 468 m ) 34 ° 34 ′ 35 '' N 99 ° 57 ′ 54 '' W  /  34.57639 ° N 99.96500 ° W  / 34.57639 ; - 99.96500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> River mouth </Th> <Td> Atchafalaya River 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) 31 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 91 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  31.01944 ° N 91.74778 ° W  / 31.01944 ; - 91.74778 Coordinates : 31 ° 01 ′ 10 '' N 91 ° 44 ′ 52 '' W  /  31.01944 ° N 91.74778 ° W  / 31.01944 ; - 91.74778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 1,360 mi ( 2,190 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discharge </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Location : mouth ; max and min at Alexandria , LA </Li> <Li> Minimum rate : 1,472 cu ft / s ( 41.7 m / s ) </Li> <Li> Average rate : 57,000 cu ft / s ( 1,600 m / s ) </Li> <Li> Maximum rate : 233,000 cu ft / s ( 6,600 m / s ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Basin features </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basin size </Th> <Td> 65,595 sq mi ( 169,890 km ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Red River , or sometimes the Red River of the South , is a major river in the southern United States of America . The river was named for the red - bed country of its watershed . It is one of several rivers with that name . Although it was once a tributary of the Mississippi River , the Red River is now a tributary of the Atchafalaya River , a distributary of the Mississippi that flows separately into the Gulf of Mexico . It is connected to the Mississippi River by the Old River Control Structure . </P> <P> The south bank of the Red River formed part of the US -- Mexico border from the Adams -- Onís Treaty ( in force 1821 ) until the Texas Annexation and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . </P> <P> The Red River is the second - largest river basin in the southern Great Plains . It rises in two branches in the Texas Panhandle and flows east , where it acts as the border between the states of Texas and Oklahoma . It forms a short border between Texas and Arkansas before entering Arkansas , turning south near Fulton , Arkansas , and flowing into Louisiana , where it flows into the Atchafalaya River . The total length of the river is 1,360 miles ( 2,190 km ) , with a mean flow of over 57,000 cubic feet per second ( 1,600 m / s ) at the mouth . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Geography <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Course </Li> <Li> 1.2 Tributaries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Watershed </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Native Americans </Li> <Li> 3.2 European - American exploration and settlement </Li> <Li> 3.3 Great Raft </Li> <Li> 3.4 Greer County debate </Li> <Li> 3.5 2015 Louisiana flood </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Recreation </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Course ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Red River rises near the edge of the northwestern dip slope of the Llano Estacado mesa in two forks in northern Texas and southwestern Oklahoma . The North Fork Red River meets the southern and largest fork near the Texas -- Oklahoma border . The southern fork , which is about 120 miles ( 190 km ) long , is generally called the Prairie Dog Town Fork . It is formed in Randall County , Texas , near the county seat of Canyon , by the confluence of intermittent Palo Duro Creek and Tierra Blanca Creek . </P> State Highway No. 78 Bridge at the Red River between Oklahoma and Texas , photographed on the Oklahoma side Crossing the Red River at the Texas -- Oklahoma border from I - 35 The Red River took a new channel near Natchitoches , Louisiana , and left behind Cane River Lake . <P> The Red River turns and flows southeast through Palo Duro Canyon in Palo Duro Canyon State Park at an elevation of 3,440 feet ( 1,050 m ) , then past Newlin , Texas , to meet the Oklahoma state line . Past that point , it is generally considered the main stem of the Red River . Near Elmer , Oklahoma , the North Fork finally joins , and the river proceeds to follow a winding course east through one of the most arid parts of the Great Plains , receiving the Wichita River as it passes the city of Wichita Falls . Near Denison , the river exits the eastern end of Lake Texoma , a reservoir formed by the Denison Dam . The lake is also fed by the Washita River from the north . </P> Point bars , abandoned meander loops , oxbow lakes in Lafayette and Miller counties , Arkansas <P> After the river flows out of the southeastern end of the lake , it runs generally east towards Arkansas and receives Muddy Boggy Creek before turning southward near Texarkana . </P> <P> Soon after , the river crosses south into Louisiana . The sister cities of Shreveport and Bossier City were developed on either bank of the river , as were the downriver cities of Alexandria and Pineville . Where it is joined by the Ouachita River , its largest tributary , the river later broadens into a complex network of marshlands surrounding the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers . Its waters eventually discharge into the Atchafalaya River and flow eastward or southward into the Gulf of Mexico . </P> <P> In 1946 , the Red River flood spilled over into Pineville because of insufficient levee height and strength . However , the taller and stronger levee held in Alexandria . Willie E. Kees Jr. , the newly elected mayor of Pineville , worked to gain support for the Corps of Engineers to increase the height of the levee on the eastern side of the river to equal that in Alexandria . </P> <H3> Tributaries ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tributaries include the Little Red River , Prairie Dog Town Fork Red River , Salt Fork Red River , North Fork Red River , Pease River , Washita River , Kiamichi River , Little Wichita River , Little River , Sulphur River , Loggy Bayou ( through Lake Bistineau and Dorcheat Bayou ) as well as the Ouachita River ( also known as the Black River at that point ) not far ( at Acme , Louisiana ) from the mouth . </P> <H2> Watershed ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Red River 's watershed covers 65,590 square miles ( 169,900 km ) and is the southernmost major river system in the Great Plains . Its drainage basin is mostly in the states of Texas and Oklahoma , but also covers parts of Arkansas and Louisiana . Its basin is characterized by flat , fertile agricultural land , with only a few major cities . The drainage basin of the Red River is very arid and receives little precipitation . As a result , much of the river above the Texas -- Oklahoma border is intermittent , and until the river is past its great bend south in Arkansas , the flow varies widely . Most of the agriculture in the basin is sustained by groundwater , which is recharged with rainfall and riverflow . The lower course of the river flows through a series of marshes and swamps , where its flow is dramatically moderated . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Native Americans ( edit ) </H3> <P> Native American cultures along the river were diverse , developing specialized adaptations to the many different environments . By the time of European contact , the eastern Piney Woods were dominated by the numerous historic tribes of the Caddoan Confederacy . They found plentiful game and fish , and also had good land for cultivating staple crops . The middle part of the Red River was dominated by Wichita and Tonkawa . This area was prairie , where Native Americans constructed portable and temporary tepees for housing . They practiced limited farming and followed game in seasonal , nomadic hunting cycles . The Plains division of the Lipan Apache dominated the western Red River area until the 18th century , when they were displaced by invading Comanche from the north . </P> <H3> European - American Exploration and settlement ( edit ) </H3> Crossing the Red River near Granite , Oklahoma , 1921 . <P> In 1806 , President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Red River Expedition to explore parts of the new lands of the Louisiana Purchase by traveling up the Red River . He said it was `` in truth , next to the Missouri , the most interesting water of the Mississippi '' , in a letter to William Dunbar . Having threaded the maze of bayous at the river 's confluence , and the `` Great Raft '' of lodged driftwood , the expedition , was stopped by the Spanish near what is now New Boston , Texas . </P> <P> In 1806 , Lieutenant Zebulon Pike , under orders to ascertain the source of the Red River , ascended the Arkansas River , made his way downstream on what turned out to be the Rio Grande , and was sent home by the Spanish authorities . A more successful exploration of the river 's upper reaches to both its sources was the 1852 expedition under Capt . Randolph Barnes Marcy , assisted by Brevet Capt . George B. McClellan . The latter was important as a general in the American Civil War . </P> <P> In April 1815 , Captain Henry Miller Shreve was the first person to bring a steamboat , the Enterprise , up the Red River . Fulton and Livingston , who claimed the exclusive right to navigate Louisiana waters by steamboat , sued Shreve in the District Court of New Orleans . The judge ruled that the monopoly claimed by the plaintiffs was illegal . That decision , along with a similar outcome in Gibbons v. Ogden freed navigation on every river , lake or harbor in the United States from interference by monopolies . </P> <P> When John Quincy Adams became Secretary of State in 1817 , one of his highest priorities was to negotiate the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase with Spain . He negotiated with the Spanish Minister to the United States , Luis de Onis , and finally concluded Adams -- Onis Treaty , also known as the Treaty of 1819 . The treaty defined the south bank of the river as the boundary between the United States and Spain . That boundary continued to be recognized when Mexico gained its independence from Spain , then again when Texas became independent from Mexico . It remained so until the United States

The Red River is named the Red River because it is

Why is the red river named the red river?

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First winner in Spain in almost twelve years . </Td> <Td> € 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi ( Sinhalese ) </Td> <Td> Apeksha Kumari </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2013 </Td> <Td> First winner </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi ( Sinhalese ) </Td> <Td> Moksha Madusanka </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Second and last winner after 4 years . </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Per Hörberg </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2006 </Td> <Td> First winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Torgny Segerstedt </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Second winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Olle Laurell </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Third winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Jan Sundström </Td> <Td> 000000002010 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Fourth winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Mattias Östermann </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Fitfh winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Lena Angviken </Td> <Td> 000000002012 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Sixth winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Birgitta Hedström </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Seventh winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Alexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag </Td> <Td> 000000002014 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Celebrity Special # 1 . And also Eighth winners . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postkodmiljonären </Td> <Td> Ylva Orrmell </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Ninth winner . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Swedish Krona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khto khoche staty milyonerom ? -- Pershyi milyon </Td> <Td> Sergey Karabinsky </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2003 </Td> <Td> First winner of the Ukrainian version . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khto khoche staty milyonerom ? -- Pershyi milyon </Td> <Td> Svyatoslav Vakarchuk </Td> <Td> 000000002005 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2005 </Td> <Td> First celebrity contestant . Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine . Second winner after 1.5 years </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Hryvnia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milyoner - Garyache Krislo </Td> <Td> Nadezhda Beldiy </Td> <Td> 000000002011 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Second top winner in the hot seat format . First and also last winner after 6 years . </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 Hryvnia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Judith Keppel </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2000 </Td> <Td> First winner in the original UK version . </Td> <Td> £ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> David Edwards </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2001 </Td> <Td> First male winner in the UK . </Td> <Td> £ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Robert Brydges </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2001 </Td> <Td> First contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair . He had one lifeline at the Million pound question . </Td> <Td> £ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Pat Gibson </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2004 </Td> <Td> Had two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question . </Td> <Td> £ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Td> <Td> Ingram Wilcox </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Last winner in the original UK version . Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15 - question format in the UK , and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010 . </Td> <Td> £ 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> John Carpenter </Td> <Td> 000000001999 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1999 </Td> <Td> First ever top - prize winner in the Millionaire franchise . He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question , when he called his father to tell him he would win the million . </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Dan Blonsky </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Joe Trela </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Bob House </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Kim Hunt </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> David Goodman </Td> <Td> 000000002000 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2000 </Td> <Td> First Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline . He used all three on the last question , just to be sure to win a million . </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Kevin Olmstead </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Biggest winner on the U.S. version , with a $2.18 million jackpot . He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19 , 2013 . Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far . </Td> <Td> US $2,180,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Bernie Cullen </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Ed Toutant </Td> <Td> 000000002001 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Originally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000 . It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for . </Td> <Td> US $1,860,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Kevin Smith </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2003 </Td> <Td> First male winner of the syndicated series . </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Nancy Christy </Td> <Td> 000000002003 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2003 </Td> <Td> First and so far only female top - prize winner in the United States . </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire </Td> <Td> Sam Murray </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Murray did not go all the way to a million the first time , winning $50,000 ; then returned to win the question in the `` Million Dollar Tournament of Ten . '' He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning . First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise . </Td> <Td> US $1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Giovanni Grosso </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2002 </Td> <Td> First ever top - prize winner in South America . </Td> <Td> 100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Antonio Ríos </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Eugenio Vargas </Td> <Td> 000000002004 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2004 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Zulay Marcano </Td> <Td> 000000002006 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Luis Olavarrieta </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Celebrity edition </Td> <Td> 200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> María Alejandra Requena </Td> <Td> 000000002008 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Celebrity edition </Td> <Td> 200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Hildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Celebrity edition </Td> <Td> weekend trip to Margarita </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? </Td> <Td> Carlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona </Td> <Td> 000000002009 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Celebrity edition </Td> <Td> weekend trip to Margarita </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng </Td> <Td> Unknown </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Second top winner in the hot seat format . </Td> <Td> ₫ 120,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ai là triệu phú </Td> <Td> Phương Thanh </Td> <Td> 000000002013 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2013 </Td> <Td> VTV 's 43rd anniversary special . Rather than a monetary prize , Thanh was offered the opportunity to `` work as an editor of Ai là triệu phú for one day '' . </Td> <Td> `` work as an editor of Ai là triệu phú for one day '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Stripped winnings </H2> <P> Some players had answered the top prize question correctly , but did not actually win the prize because of ineligibility , legal issues , or elimination from a contest . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Edition </Th> <Th> Name of player </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Koi iska da stane bogat </Td> <Td> Asen Kisimov </Td> <Td> 000000002002 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2002 </Td> <Td> His daughter , Iskra Angelova , worked for Nova TV , which airs the show , a violation of the eligibility requirements , and was forced to return the prize money . Employees of the local broadcaster , production company or distributor , sponsors , and Sony ( which owns the franchise ) are not eligible to participate in the show . As Angelov is the only Bulgarian to answer the final question correctly , no one in this version actually won the top prize . </Td> </Tr> <Tr>

The contestant who won the most on "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire" is

Who won the most on who wants to be a millionaire?

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strategic misjudgement . The shift of targets from air bases to industry and communications was taken because it was assumed that Fighter Command was virtually eliminated . </P> <P> Between 24 August and 4 September , German serviceability rates , which were acceptable at Stuka units , were running at 75 % with Bf 109s , 70 % with bombers and 65 % with Bf 110s , indicating a shortage of spare parts . All units were well below established strength . The attrition was beginning to affect the fighters in particular . '' By 14 September , the Luftwaffe 's Bf 109 Geschwader possessed only 67 % of their operational crews against authorised aircraft . For Bf 110 units it was 46 per cent ; and for bombers it was 59 per cent . A week later the figures had dropped to 64 per cent , 52 % and 52 per cent . Serviceability rates in Fighter Command 's fighter squadrons , between 24 August and 7 September , were listed as : 64.8 % on 24 August ; 64.7 % on 31 August and 64.25 % on 7 September 1940 . </P> <P> Due to the failure of the Luftwaffe to establish air supremacy , a conference assembled on 14 September at Hitler 's headquarters . Hitler concluded that air superiority had not yet been established and `` promised to review the situation on 17 September for possible landings on 27 September or 8 October . Three days later , when the evidence was clear that the German Air Force had greatly exaggerated the extent of their successes against the RAF , Hitler postponed Sea Lion indefinitely . '' </P> <H2> Propaganda ( edit ) </H2> <P> Propaganda was an important element of the air war which began to develop over Britain from 18 June 1940 onwards , when the Luftwaffe began small , probing daylight raids to test RAF defences . One of many examples of these small - scale raids was the destruction of a school at Polruan in Cornwall , by a single raider . Into early July , the British media 's focus on the air battles increased steadily , the press , magazines , BBC radio and newsreels daily conveying the contents of Air Ministry communiques . The German OKW communiques matched Britain 's efforts in claiming for the upper hand . </P> <P> Central to the propaganda war on both sides of the Channel were aircraft claims , this discussed under ' Attrition statistics ' . These daily claims were important both for sustaining British home front morale and persuading America to support Britain , and were produced by the Air Ministry 's Air Intelligence branch . Under pressure from American journalists and broadcasters to prove that the RAF 's claims were genuine , RAF intelligence compared pilots ' claims with actual aircraft wrecks and those seen to crash into the sea . It was soon realised that there was a discrepancy between the two , but the Air Ministry decided not to reveal this . In fact , it was not until May 1947 that the actual figures were released to the public , by which time it was of far less importance . Many though refused to believe the revised figures , including Douglas Bader . </P> <P> The place of the Battle of Britain in British popular memory is due in no small part to the successful propaganda campaign waged by the Air Ministry , between July -- October 1940 , but also in valorising the Few from March 1941 onwards . The publication of the immensely successful 3d pamphlet , The Battle of Britain , saw huge international sales , leading even Goebbels to admire its propaganda value . Focusing only upon the Few , with no mention of RAF bomber attacks against invasion barges , the Battle of Britain was soon established as a major victory for Fighter Command . This in turn inspired a wide range of feature films , books , magazines , works of art , poetry , radio plays and MOI short films . </P> <P> It is notable that this most impressive of British victories had , in essence , been proclaimed within only five months of the cessation of large - scale daylight air battles , and without reference to Hitler and the OKW 's reasoning for not proceeding with Operation Sea Lion . The continuing post-war popularity of the Battle of Britain is in fact directly attributable to the Air Ministry 's latter - 1940 air communiques , the media in turn broadcasting or publishing RAF aircraft claims . Noted above , this in turn led to the March 1941 pamphlet , which inspired a wide range of cultural responses to the Few , and the Battle of Britain . The Air Ministry built upon this with the development of the Battle of Britain Sunday commemoration , also supported the Battle of Britain clasp for issue to the Few in 1945 , and from 1945 Battle of Britain Week . The Battle of Britain window in Westminster Abbey was also encouraged by the Air Ministry , Lords Trenchard and Dowding on its committee . By July 1947 when the window was unveiled , the Battle of Britain had already attained central prominence as Fighter Command 's most notable victory , the Few alone credited with preventing invasion in 1940 . Although given widespread media coverage in September and October 1940 , RAF Bomber and Coastal Command raids against invasion barge concentrations had already been forgotten by war 's end . </P> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Battle of Britain marked the first major defeat of Hitler 's military forces , with air superiority seen as the key to victory . Pre-war theories had led to exaggerated fears of strategic bombing , and UK public opinion was buoyed by coming through the ordeal . For the RAF , Fighter Command had achieved a great victory in successfully carrying out Sir Thomas Inskip 's 1937 air policy of preventing the Germans from knocking Britain out of the war . Churchill concluded his famous 18 June ' Battle of Britain ' speech in the House of Commons by referring to pilots and aircrew who fought the Battle : `` ... if the British Empire and its Commonwealth lasts for a thousand years , men will still say , ' This was their finest hour . ' '' </P> <P> The battle also significantly shifted American opinion . During the battle , many Americans accepted the view promoted by Joseph Kennedy , the American ambassador in London , who believed that the United Kingdom could not survive . Roosevelt wanted a second opinion , and sent `` Wild Bill '' Donovan on a brief visit to the UK ; he became convinced the UK would survive and should be supported in every possible way . Before the end of the year American journalist Ralph Ingersoll , after returning from Britain , published a book concluding that `` Adolf Hitler met his first defeat in eight years '' in what might `` go down in history as a battle as important as Waterloo or Gettysburg '' . The turning point was when the Germans reduced the intensity of the Blitz after 15 September . According to Ingersoll , `` ( a ) majority of responsible British officers who fought through this battle believe that if Hitler and Göring had had the courage and the resources to lose 200 planes a day for the next five days , nothing could have saved London '' ; instead , `` ( the Luftwaffe 's ) morale in combat is definitely broken , and the RAF has been gaining in strength each week . '' </P> <P> Both sides in the battle made exaggerated claims of numbers of enemy aircraft shot down . In general , claims were two to three times the actual numbers , because of the confusion of fighting in dynamic three - dimensional air battles . Postwar analysis of records has shown that between July and September , the RAF claimed 2,698 kills , while the Luftwaffe fighters claimed 3,198 RAF aircraft downed . Total losses , and start and end dates for recorded losses , vary for both sides . Luftwaffe losses from 10 July to 30 October 1940 total 1,977 aircraft , including 243 twin - and 569 single - engined fighters , 822 bombers and 343 non combat types . In the same period , RAF Fighter Command aircraft losses number 1,087 , including 53 twin - engined fighters . To the RAF figure should be added 376 Bomber Command and 148 Coastal Command aircraft lost conducting bombing , mining , and reconnaissance operations in defence of the country . </P> <P> There is a consensus among historians that the Luftwaffe were unable to crush the RAF . Stephen Bungay described Dowding and Park 's strategy of choosing when to engage the enemy whilst maintaining a coherent force as vindicated ; their leadership , and the subsequent debates about strategy and tactics , however , had created enmity among RAF senior commanders and both were sacked from their posts in the immediate aftermath of the battle . All things considered , the RAF proved to be a robust and capable organisation which was to use all the modern resources available to it to the maximum advantage . Richard Evans wrote : </P> <P> Irrespective of whether Hitler was really set on this course , he simply lacked the resources to establish the air superiority that was the sine qua non-of a successful crossing of the English Channel . A third of the initial strength of the German air force , the Luftwaffe , had been lost in the western campaign in the spring . The Germans lacked the trained pilots , the effective fighter aircraft , and the heavy bombers that would have been needed . </P> <P> The Germans launched some spectacular attacks against important British industries , but they could not destroy the British industrial potential , and made little systematic effort to do so . Hindsight does not disguise the fact the threat to Fighter Command was very real , and for the participants it seemed as if there was a narrow margin between victory and defeat . Nevertheless , even if the German attacks on the 11 Group airfields which guarded southeast England and the approaches to London had continued , the RAF could have withdrawn to the Midlands out of German fighter range and continued the battle from there . The victory was as much psychological as physical . Writes Alfred Price : </P> <P> The truth of the matter , borne out by the events of 18 August is more prosaic : neither by attacking the airfields , nor by attacking London , was the Luftwaffe likely to destroy Fighter Command . Given the size of the British fighter force and the general high quality of its equipment , training and morale , the Luftwaffe could have achieved no more than a Pyrrhic victory . During the action on 18 August it had cost the Luftwaffe five trained aircrew killed , wounded or taken prisoner , for each British fighter pilot killed or wounded ; the ratio was similar on other days in the battle . And this ratio of 5 : 1 was very close to that between the number of German aircrew involved in the battle and those in Fighter Command . In other words the two sides were suffering almost the same losses in trained aircrew , in proportion to their overall strengths . In the Battle of Britain , for the first time during the Second World War , the German war machine had set itself a major task which it patently failed to achieve , and so demonstrated that it was not invincible . In stiffening the resolve of those determined to resist Hitler the battle was an important turning point in the conflict . </P> <P> The British victory in the Battle of Britain was achieved at a heavy cost . Total British civilian losses

The victor of the Battle of

Who won the battle of britain in ww2?

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Michigan Wolverines Men 's Basketball - wikipedia <H1> Michigan Wolverines Men 's Basketball </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2018 -- 19 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> University </Th> <Td> University of Michigan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First season </Th> <Td> 1909 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - time record </Th> <Td> 1,474 -- 1,034 (. 588 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> John Beilein ( 12th season ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Td> Big Ten </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Ann Arbor , Michigan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arena </Th> <Td> Crisler Center ( Capacity : 12,707 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname </Th> <Td> Wolverines </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Student section </Th> <Td> Maize Rage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> Maize and Blue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Uniforms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Home </Td> <Td> Away </Td> <Td> Alternate </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> NCAA Tournament champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> NCAA Tournament runner - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 1965 , 1976 , 1992 * , 1993 * , 2013 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> NCAA Tournament Final Four </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 1964 , 1965 , 1976 , 1989 , 1992 * , 1993 * , 2013 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> NCAA Tournament Elite Eight </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 1948 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 * , 1994 , 2013 , 2014 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 * , 1994 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> NCAA Tournament appearances </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 1948 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 * , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 * , 1998 * , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Conference tournament champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 1998 * , 2017 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Conference regular season champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 1921 , 1926 , 1927 , 1929 , 1948 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 , 1977 , 1985 , 1986 , 2012 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> * vacated by NCAA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team is the intercollegiate men 's basketball program representing the University of Michigan . The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . The Wolverines play home basketball games at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor , Michigan on the university campus . Michigan has won one NCAA Championship as well as two National Invitation Tournaments ( NIT ) , 14 Big Ten Conference championships and two Big Ten Tournament titles . In addition , it has won an NIT title and a Big Ten Tournament that were vacated due to NCAA sanctions . The team is currently coached by John Beilein . </P> <P> Michigan has had 31 All - Americans , selected 44 times . Eight of these have been consensus All - Americans , which are Cazzie Russell ( two times ) , Rickey Green , Gary Grant , Chris Webber , Trey Burke , as well as Harry Kipke , Richard Doyle and Bennie Oosterbaan ( two - times ) who were retroactively selected by the Helms Foundation . Twelve All - Americans have been at least two - time honorees . Russell was the only three - time All - American . </P> <P> Michigan basketball players have been successful in professional basketball . Fifty - eight have been drafted into the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ; twenty - six of those were first round draft picks , including both Cazzie Russell and Chris Webber who were drafted first overall . The 1990 NBA draft in which Rumeal Robinson was selected 10th , Loy Vaught was selected 13th , and Terry Mills was selected 16th made Michigan the third of only ten schools that have ever had three or more players selected in the first round of the same draft . Five players have gone on to become NBA champions for a total of nine times and eight players have become NBA All - Stars a total of 17 times . Rudy Tomjanovich coached both the 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals Champions . Not only has Glen Rice won both an NBA and NCAA championship , he is also one of only nine basketball players to have won a state high school championship , NCAA title and NBA championship . </P> <P> During the 1990s Michigan endured an NCAA violations scandal , described as involving one of the largest amounts of illicit money in NCAA history , when Ed Martin loaned four players a reported total of $ 616,000 . Due to NCAA sanctions , records from the 1992 Final Four , the 1992 -- 93 season , and 1995 -- 99 seasons have been vacated . Throughout this article asterisks denote awards , records and honors that have been vacated . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Michigan 's history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early years ( 1908 -- 19 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Mather era ( 1919 -- 28 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Veenker era ( 1928 -- 31 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Cappon era ( 1931 -- 38 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Oosterbaan era ( 1938 -- 46 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Cowles era ( 1946 -- 48 ) </Li> <Li> 1.7 McCoy era ( 1948 -- 52 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8 Perigo era ( 1952 -- 60 ) </Li> <Li> 1.9 Strack era ( 1960 -- 68 ) </Li> <Li> 1.10 Orr era ( 1968 -- 80 ) </Li> <Li> 1.11 Frieder era ( 1980 -- 89 ) </Li> <Li> 1.12 Fisher era ( 1989 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> 1.13 Ellerbe era ( 1997 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> 1.14 Amaker era ( 2001 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> 1.15 Beilein era ( 2007 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Coaching Staff </Li> <Li> 3 Championships <Ul> <Li> 3.1 NCAA National Championships </Li> <Li> 3.2 Big Ten Regular Season Championships </Li> <Li> 3.3 Big Ten Tournament Championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Rivalries <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Record against Big Ten opponents </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Fab Five </Li> <Li> 6 Ed Martin scandal </Li> <Li> 7 Coaching records </Li> <Li> 8 Honored players and coaches <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Retired numbers </Li> <Li> 8.2 Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Postseason <Ul> <Li> 9.1 NCAA Tournament results </Li> <Li> 9.2 NCAA Tournament seeding history </Li> <Li> 9.3 NCAA Tournament round history </Li> <Li> 9.4 NIT results </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Statistics </Li> <Li> 11 Rankings </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Michigan 's history ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball seasons <H3> Early years ( 1908 -- 19 ) ( edit ) </H3> 1909 Michigan basketball team Richard Doyle , Michigan 's First All - American basketball player <P> As a result of public and alumni demand for a basketball team , Michigan fielded a team of members of the then - current student body and achieved a 1 -- 4 record for the 1908 -- 09 season . However , after three years of demanding a basketball program , the student body did not attend the games and the program was terminated due to low attendance . Basketball returned in 1917 in what was considered the inaugural season of varsity basketball . The team was coached by Elmer Mitchell who instituted the intramural sports program at Michigan . The team finished 6 -- 12 overall ( 0 -- 10 , Big Ten ) . The following year Mitchell led the team to a 16 -- 8 ( 5 -- 5 ) record . </P> <H3> Mather era ( 1919 -- 28 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> E.J. Mather coached the team to three Big Ten titles in his nine seasons as coach . After inheriting Mitchell 's team , which he led to a 10 -- 13 overall ( 3 -- 9 , Big Ten ) record during the 1919 -- 20 season , he led the team to an 18 -- 4 overall ( 8 -- 4 , Big Ten ) record during the 1920 -- 21 season . This 1921 team won its first eight and last eight games to tie the Wisconsin Badgers and Purdue Boilermakers for the Big Ten title . The team won back - to - back championships in 1925 -- 26 and 1926 -- 27 . The 1926 squad , which was captained by Richard Doyle who became the team 's first All - American , tied with Purdue , the Iowa Hawkeyes and Indiana Hoosiers for the conference championship . The 1927 team had a new All - American , Bennie Oosterbaan , and won the school 's first back - to - back championships and first outright championship with a 14 -- 3 overall ( 10 -- 2 , Big Ten ) record . Mather died after a lengthy battle with cancer in August 1928 . </P> <H3> Veenker era ( 1928 -- 31 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> George F. Veenker compiled the highest overall and highest Big Ten winning percentages of any coach in school history during his three years as coach . He earned 1st ( tied ) , 3rd and 2nd ( tied ) finishes during his three seasons , which included the 1928 -- 29 conference championship . During Veenker 's first season his team compiled a 13 -- 3 overall ( 10 -- 2 , Big Ten ) record to win the conference , and Veenker continues to be the only coach in school history to win a conference championship in his first season . The championship team , which finished tied with Wisconsin , was captained by the school 's third All - American Ernie McCoy . Veenker resigned to become the Iowa State Cyclones football head coach . </P> <H3> Cappon era ( 1931 -- 38 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Franklin Cappon had a long history of association with Michigan athletics starting with his service as a four - time letterman in football and basketball from 1919 to 1923 . In 1928 , he became assistant football and basketball coach and in 1929 he served as Fielding H. Yost 's assistant Athletic Director . Although the highlight of Cappon 's tenure as coach was a 16 -- 4 ( 9 -- 3 ) third place 1936 -- 37 Big Ten finish , he coached John Townsend who in his 1937 -- 38 senior season became last All - American for at least 10 years . The team finished third in two other seasons with less impressive records of 10 -- 8 overall ( 8 -- 4 , Big Ten ) in 1932 -- 33 and 15 -- 5 overall ( 7 -- 5 , Big Ten ) 1935 -- 36 , and Cappon 's overall record was 78 -- 57 overall ( 44 -- 40 , Big Ten ) . A notable captain during the Cappon era was 1933 -- 34 captain Ted Petoskey , a two - time football All - American end and eventual Major League Baseball player . </P> <H3> Oosterbaan era ( 1938 -- 46 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1938 Michigan coaching duties were

Michigan last won the championship in

When was the last time michigan won the championship?

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Political action committee - Wikipedia <H1> Political action committee </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> This article is about political organizations . For other uses , see PAC . <P> In the United States and Canada , a political action committee ( PAC ) is a type of organization that pools campaign contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates , ballot initiatives , or legislation . The legal term PAC has been created in pursuit of campaign finance reform in the United States . This term is quite specific to all activities of campaign finance in the United States . Democracies of other countries use different terms for the units of campaign spending or spending on political competition ( see political finance ) . At the U.S. federal level , an organization becomes a PAC when it receives or spends more than $1,000 for the purpose of influencing a federal election , and registers with the Federal Election Commission , according to the Federal Election Campaign Act as amended by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( also known as the McCain - Feingold Act ) . At the state level , an organization becomes a PAC according to the state 's election laws . </P> <Ul> <Li> Contributions from corporate or labor union treasuries are illegal , though they may sponsor a PAC and provide financial support for its administration and fundraising ; </Li> <Li> Union - affiliated PACs may only solicit contributions from members ; </Li> <Li> Independent PACs may solicit contributions from the general public and must pay their own costs from those funds . </Li> </Ul> <P> Federal multi-candidate PACs may contribute to candidates as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> $5,000 to a candidate or candidate committee for each election ( primary and general elections count as separate elections ) ; </Li> <Li> $15,000 to a political party per year ; and </Li> <Li> $5,000 to another PAC per year . </Li> <Li> PACs may make unlimited expenditures independently of a candidate or political party </Li> </Ul> <P> In its 2010 case Citizens United v. FEC , the Supreme Court of the United States overturned sections of the Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ( also known as the McCain - Feingold Act ) that had prohibited corporate and union political independent expenditures in political campaigns . Citizens United made it legal for corporations and unions to spend from their general treasuries to finance independent expenditures related to campaigns , but did not alter the prohibition on direct corporate or union contributions to federal campaigns . Organizations seeking to contribute directly to federal candidate campaigns must still rely on traditional PACs for that purpose . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Categorization <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Connected PACs </Li> <Li> 2.2 Non-connected PACs <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Leadership PACs </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Controversial use of leadership PACs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Super PACs <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 2012 presidential election </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 Disclosure rules </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 2008 election </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first PAC was the CIO - PAC , formed in July 1943 under CIO president Philip Murray and headed by Sidney Hillman . </P> <H2> Categorization ( edit ) </H2> Further information : List of political action committees <P> Federal law formally allows for two types of PACs : connected and non-connected . Judicial decisions added a third classification , independent - expenditure only committees , which are colloquially known as `` Super PACs '' . </P> <H3> Connected PACs ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most of the 4,600 active , registered PACs are `` connected PACs '' established by businesses , labor unions , trade groups , or health organizations . These PACs receive and raise money from a `` restricted class '' , generally consisting of managers and shareholders in the case of a corporation and members in the case of a union or other interest group . As of January 2009 , there were 1,598 registered corporate PACs , 272 related to labor unions and 995 to trade organizations . </P> <H3> Non-connected PACs ( edit ) </H3> <P> Groups with an ideological mission , single - issue groups , and members of Congress and other political leaders may form `` non-connected PACs '' . These organizations may accept funds from any individual , connected PAC , or organization . As of January 2009 , there were 1,594 non-connected PACs , the fastest - growing category . </P> Leadership PACs ( edit ) <P> Elected officials and political parties can not give more than the federal limit directly to candidates . However , they can set up a Leadership PAC that makes independent expenditures . Provided the expenditure is not coordinated with the other candidate , this type of spending is not limited . </P> <P> Under the FEC ( Federal Election Commission ) rules , leadership PACs are non-connected PACs , and can accept donations from individuals and other PACs . Since current officeholders have an easier time attracting contributions , Leadership PACs are a way dominant parties can capture seats from other parties . A leadership PAC sponsored by an elected official can not use funds to support that official 's own campaign . However , it may fund travel , administrative expenses , consultants , polling , and other non-campaign expenses . </P> <P> Between 2008 and 2009 , leadership PACs raised and spent more than $47 million . </P> Controversial use of leadership PACs ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Former Rep. John Doolittle 's ( R ) leadership PAC paid 15 % to a firm that only employed his wife . Payouts to his wife 's firm were $68,630 in 2003 and 2004 , and $224,000 in 2005 and 2006 . The Doolittle home was raided in 2007 . After years of investigation , the Justice Department dropped the case with no charges in June 2010 . </Li> <Li> One Leadership PAC purchased $2,139 in gifts from Bose Corporation . </Li> <Li> Former Rep. Richard Pombo ( R ) used his leadership PAC to pay hotel bills ( $22,896 ) and buy baseball tickets ( $320 ) for donors . </Li> <Li> Former Speaker Nancy Pelosi 's ( D ) leadership PAC , Team Majority , was fined $21,000 by federal election officials `` for improperly accepting donations over federal limits . '' </Li> </Ul> <H3> Super PACs ( edit ) </H3> <P> Super PACs , officially known as `` independent - expenditure only committees '' , may not make contributions to candidate campaigns or parties , but may engage in unlimited political spending independently of the campaigns . Unlike traditional PACs , they can raise funds from individuals , corporations , unions , and other groups without any legal limit on donation size . </P> <P> Super PACs were made possible by two judicial decisions : the aforementioned Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and , two months later , Speechnow.org v. FEC . In Speechnow.org , the federal Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit held that PACs that did not make contributions to candidates , parties , or other PACs could accept unlimited contributions from individuals , unions , and corporations ( both for profit and not - for - profit ) for the purpose of making independent expenditures . </P> <P> The result of the Citizens United and SpeechNow.org decisions was the rise of a new type of political action committee in 2010 , popularly dubbed the `` super PAC '' . In an open meeting on July 22 , 2010 , the FEC approved two Advisory Opinions to modify FEC policy in accordance with the legal decisions . These Advisory Opinions were issued in response to requests from two existing PACs , Club for Growth , and Commonsense Ten , which later became Senate Majority PAC . The opinions gave a sample wording letter which all Super PACs must submit to qualify for the deregulated status , and such letters continue to be used by Super PACs up to the present date . FEC Chairman Steven T. Walther dissented on both opinions and issued a statement giving his thoughts . In the statement , Walther stated `` There are provisions of the Act and Commission regulations not addressed by the court in SpeechNow that continue to prohibit Commonsense Ten from soliciting or accepting contributions from political committees in excess of $5,000 annually or any contributions from corporations or labor organizations . '' ( emphasis in original ) </P> <P> The term `` Super PAC '' was coined by reporter Eliza Newlin Carney . According to Politico , Carney , a staff writer covering lobbying and influence for CQ Roll Call , `` made the first identifiable , published reference to ' super PAC ' as it 's known today while working at National Journal , writing on June 26 , 2010 , of a group called Workers ' Voices , that it was a kind of ' '' super PAC '' that could become increasingly popular in the post-Citizens United world . ' '' </P> <P> According to FEC advisories , Super PACs are not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates or political parties . This restriction is intended to prevent them from operating campaigns that complement or parallel those of the candidates they support or engaging in negotiations that could result in quid pro quo bargaining between donors to the PAC and the candidate or officeholder . However , it is legal for candidates and Super PAC managers to discuss campaign strategy and tactics through the media . </P> 2012 presidential election ( edit ) <P> Super PACs may support particular candidacies . In the 2012 presidential election , Super PACs played a major role , spending more than the candidates ' election campaigns in the Republican primaries . As of early April 2012 , Restore Our Future -- a Super PAC usually described as having been created to help Mitt Romney 's presidential campaign -- had spent $40 million . Winning Our Future ( a pro -- Newt Gingrich group ) spent $16 million . Some Super PACs are run or advised by a candidate 's former staff or associates . </P> <P> In the 2012 election campaign , most of the money given to super PACs came from wealthy individuals , not corporations . According to data from the Center for Responsive Politics , the top 100 individual super PAC donors in 2011 -- 2012 made up just 3.7 % of contributors , but accounted for more than 80 % of the total money raised , while less than 0.5 % of the money given to `` the most active Super PACs '' was donated by publicly traded corporations . Super PACs have been criticized for relying heavily on negative ads . </P> <P> As of February 2012 , according to Center for Responsive Politics , 313 groups organized as Super PACs had received $98,650,993 and spent $46,191,479 . This means early in the 2012 election cycle , PACs had already greatly exceeded total receipts of 2008 . The leading Super PAC on its own raised more money than the combined total spent by the top 9 PACS in the 2008 cycle . </P> <P> The 2012 figures do not include funds raised by state level PACs . </P> Disclosure rules ( edit ) <P> By January 2010 , at least 38 states and the federal government required disclosure for all or some independent expenditures or electioneering communications . These disclosures were intended to deter potentially or seemingly corrupting donations . </P> <P> Yet despite disclosure rules , it is possible to spend money without voters knowing the identities of donors before the election . In federal elections

A political action committee (PAC)

What is the function of a political action committee (pac)?

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Mount Whitney - wikipedia <H1> Mount Whitney </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mountain . For the former town with this name , see Lone Pine Station , California . For the ship , see USS Mount Whitney ( LCC - 20 ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Mount Whitney </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Fisherman 's Peak , Tumanguya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> East Face close - up seen from the Whitney Portal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Highest point </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 14,505 ft ( 4,421 m ) NAVD88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prominence </Th> <Td> 10,075 ft ( 3,071 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Isolation </Th> <Td> 1,647 mi ( 2,651 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent peak </Th> <Td> Pico de Orizaba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Listing </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> World most prominent peaks 81st </Li> <Li> World most isolated peaks 18th </Li> <Li> North America highest peaks 24th </Li> <Li> North America prominent peak 16th </Li> <Li> North America isolated peaks 4th </Li> <Li> U.S. state high point 2nd </Li> <Li> US highest major peaks 11th </Li> <Li> California highest major peaks 1st </Li> <Li> California fourteeners 1st </Li> <Li> California county high points 1st </Li> <Li> SPS Emblem peak </Li> <Li> WSC Star peak </Li> <Li> Ultra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 36 ° 34 ′ 43 '' N 118 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W  /  36.578580925 ° N 118.29199495 ° W  / 36.578580925 ; - 118.29199495 Coordinates : 36 ° 34 ′ 43 '' N 118 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W  /  36.578580925 ° N 118.29199495 ° W  / 36.578580925 ; - 118.29199495 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Geography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Mount Whitney Location in California , U.S. Mount Whitney Mount Whitney ( the US ) Show map of California Show map of the US Show all </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Sequoia National Park / Inyo National Forest , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent range </Th> <Td> Sierra Nevada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topo map </Th> <Td> USGS Mount Whitney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Geology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Age of rock </Th> <Td> Cretaceous </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mountain type </Th> <Td> Granite </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Climbing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First ascent </Th> <Td> August 18 , 1873 by Charles Begole , Albert Johnson , and John Lucas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Easiest route </Th> <Td> Mount Whitney Trail ( class 1 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mount Whitney is the tallest mountain in California , as well as the highest summit in the contiguous United States and the Sierra Nevada -- with an elevation of 14,505 feet ( 4,421 m ) . It is located on the boundary between California 's Inyo and Tulare counties , 84.6 miles ( 136.2 km ) west - northwest of the lowest point in North America at Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park at 282 ft ( 86 m ) below sea level . The west slope of the mountain is in Sequoia National Park and the summit is the southern terminus of the John Muir Trail which runs 211.9 mi ( 341.0 km ) from Happy Isles in Yosemite Valley . The east slope is in the Inyo National Forest in Inyo County . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Geography <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Hydrology </Li> <Li> 1.2 Elevation measurements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Geology </Li> <Li> 3 Exploration history </Li> <Li> 4 Climbing routes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Trails </Li> <Li> 4.2 Scrambles </Li> <Li> 4.3 Technical climbs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> Sky pilot blooming on ridge just below summit . <P> The summit of Mount Whitney is on the Sierra Crest and the Great Basin Divide . It lies near many of the highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada . The peak rises dramatically above the Owens Valley , sitting 10,778 feet ( 3,285 m ) or just over two miles above the town of Lone Pine 15 miles to the east , in the Owens Valley . It rises more gradually on the west side , lying only about 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) above the John Muir Trail at Guitar Lake . </P> <P> The mountain is partially dome - shaped , with its famously jagged ridges extending to the sides . Mount Whitney is above the tree line and has an alpine climate and ecology . Very few plants grow near the summit : one example is the Skypilot , a cushion plant that grows low to the ground . The only animals are transient , such as the butterfly Parnassius phoebus and the gray - crowned rosy finch . </P> <H3> Hydrology ( edit ) </H3> <P> The mountain is the highest point on the Great Basin Divide . Waterways on the west side of the peak flow into Whitney Creek , which flows into the Kern River . The Kern River terminates in the Tulare Basin . During very wet years , water overflows from the Tulare Basin into the San Joaquin River which flows to the Pacific Ocean . From the east , water from Mount Whitney flows to Lone Pine Creek , which joins the Owens River , which in turn terminates at Owens Lake , an endorheic lake of the Great Basin . </P> <H3> Elevation measurements ( edit ) </H3> <P> The estimated elevation of the summit of Mount Whitney has changed over the years . The technology of elevation measurement has become more refined and , more importantly , the vertical coordinate system has changed . The peak was commonly said to be at 14,494 ft ( 4,418 m ) and this is the elevation stamped on the USGS brass benchmark disk on the summit . An older plaque on the summit ( sheet metal with black lettering on white enamel ) reads `` elevation 14,496.811 feet '' but this was estimated using the older vertical datum ( NGVD29 ) from 1929 . Since then the shape of the Earth ( the geoid ) has been estimated more accurately . Using a new vertical datum established in 1988 ( NAVD88 ) the benchmark is now estimated to be at 14,505 ft ( 4,421 m ) . </P> <H2> Geology ( edit ) </H2> Schematic of Sierra Nevada fault - block . <P> The eastern slope of Whitney is far steeper than its western slope because the entire Sierra Nevada is the result of a fault - block that is analogous to a cellar door : the door is hinged on the west and is slowly rising on the east . </P> <P> The rise is caused by a normal fault system that runs along the eastern base of the Sierra , below Mount Whitney . Thus , the granite that forms Mount Whitney is the same as the granite that forms the Alabama Hills , thousands of feet lower down . The raising of Whitney ( and the downdrop of the Owens Valley ) is due to the same geological forces that cause the Basin and Range Province : the crust of much of the intermontane west is slowly being stretched . </P> <P> The granite that forms Mount Whitney is part of the Sierra Nevada batholith . In Cretaceous time , masses of molten rock that originated from subduction rose underneath what is now Whitney and solidified underground to form large expanses of granite . In the last 2 to 10 million years , the Sierra was pushed up which enabled glacial and river erosion to strip the upper layers of rock to reveal the resistant granite that makes up Mount Whitney today . </P> <H2> Exploration History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In July 1864 , the members of the California Geological Survey named the peak after Josiah Whitney , the State Geologist of California and benefactor of the survey . During the same expedition , geologist Clarence King attempted to climb Whitney from its west side , but stopped just short . In 1871 , King returned to climb what he believed to be Whitney , but having taken a different approach , he actually summited nearby Mount Langley . Upon learning of his mistake in 1873 , King finally completed his own first ascent of Whitney , but did so a month too late to claim the first recorded ascent . Just a month earlier , on August 18 , 1873 , Charles Begole , A.H. Johnson , and John Lucas , all of nearby Lone Pine , had become the first to reach the highest summit in the contiguous United States . As they climbed the mountain during a fishing trip to nearby Kern Canyon , they called the mountain Fisherman 's Peak . </P> Mount Whitney as seen from Mount Langley <P> In 1881 Samuel Pierpont Langley , founder of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory remained for some time on the summit , making daily observations on the solar heat . Accompanying Langley in 1881 was another party consisting of Judge William B. Wallace of Visalia , W.A. Wright and Reverend Frederick Wales . Wallace later wrote in his memoirs that `` The Pi Ute ( Paiute ) Indians called Mt . Whitney `` Too - man - i - goo - yah , '' which means `` the very old man . '' They believe that the Great Spirit who presides over the destiny of their people once had his home in that mountain . '' The spelling Too - man - i - goo - yah is a transliteration from the indigenous Paiute Mono language . Other variations are Too - man - go - yah and Tumanguya . </P> <P> In 1891 , the United States Geological Survey 's Board on Geographic Names decided to recognize the earlier name Mount Whitney . Despite losing out on their preferred name , residents of Lone Pine financed the first trail to the summit , engineered by Gustave Marsh , and completed on July 22 , 1904 . Just four days later , the new trail enabled the first recorded death on Whitney . Having hiked the trail , U.S. Bureau of Fisheries employee Byrd Surby was struck and killed by lightning while eating lunch on the exposed summit . In response to this event , Marsh began work on the stone hut that would become the Smithsonian Institution Shelter , and completed it in 1909 . </P> <P> A movement after World War II began to rename the mountain for Winston Churchill . However , the name Mount Whitney has persisted . </P> <H2> Climbing routes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Trails ( edit ) </H3> The Smithsonian Institution Shelter on Whitney 's summit . <P> The most popular route to the summit is by way of the Mount Whitney Trail which starts at Whitney Portal , at an elevation of 8,360 ft ( 2,550 m ) , 13 mi ( 21 km ) west of the town of Lone Pine . The hike is about 22 mi ( 35 km ) round trip with an elevation gain of over 6,100 ft ( 1,900 m ) . Permits are required year round , and to prevent overuse a limited number of permits are issued by the Forest Service between May 1 and November 1 . The Forest Service holds an annual lottery for hiking and backpacking permits on the Mount Whitney Trail . Applications are accepted from February 1 through March 15 . Any permits left over after the lottery is completed typically go on sale April 1 . Most hikers do the trip in two days which is still considered a strenuous endeavor . Those in good physical condition sometimes attempt to reach the summit and return to Whitney Portal in one day , thus requiring only a somewhat easier - to - obtain `` day

The highest point in the US is

What's the highest point in the us?

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Guide <P> On December 3 , 2010 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , executive producer Gale Anne Hurd commented : `` It 's completely inaccurate . ( In ) the writers ' room , there are people that have set up other projects that will be their first priority if their own series is picked up as a pilot or if it 's a series . I think ( Eglee ) just decided that he wants to run his own show . '' She revealed that it would be likely for the show to return in October 2011 , as Darabont and Kirkman planned on mapping out the next season early in 2011 . She also confirmed that , `` every one of the principal cast is signed up for multiple seasons . '' In July 2011 , series developer and showrunner Frank Darabont stepped down from his position as showrunner for the series , over unclear circumstances ( see Lawsuit below ) . </P> <P> Executive producer Glen Mazzara was appointed the new showrunner in Darabont 's place . New writers joined the writing staff in the second season , including co-executive producer Evan Reilly , producer Scott M. Gimple , story editor Angela Kang , and David Leslie Johnson . New writers in the third season included producers Nichole Beattie and Sang Kyu Kim , with Frank Renzulli contributing a freelance script . </P> <P> After the conclusion of the third season , Glen Mazzara stepped down from his position as showrunner and executive producer for the series , per a mutual agreement between Mazzara and AMC . The press release read , `` Both parties acknowledge that there is a difference of opinion about where the show should go moving forward , and conclude that it is best to part ways . '' Scott M. Gimple succeeded Mazzara as showrunner for season four , with new writers joining the writing staff , such as Curtis Gwinn , Channing Powell , and Matt Negrete . In January 2018 , it was announced that , upon Gimple 's promotion to the newly - created position of Chief Content Officer of the entire Walking Dead franchise , that Angela Kang would replace him as showrunner beginning with the forthcoming ninth season . </P> <H3> Writing </H3> <P> The television series generally tends to follow Kirkman 's comic series across major characters and plots ; for instance , events of the premiere episode of season 7 correlate to events in issue # 100 of the comics . The show does not attempt to go step - by - step with the comics , and has leeway in the narrative . In particular , the show 's writers , along with Kirkman , often `` transfer '' how a character has died in the comics to a different character in the show . For example , in season 4 , where Hershel Greene is beheaded by The Governor in the standoff with Rick 's group at the prison ; in the comic , Tyreese is the one who receives this fate . Some of the television characters , like Carol , have far outlived their comic counterpart , while others that have already been killed off , like Sophia and Andrea , remained alive for some time in the ongoing comic series . In addition , the writers have included characters wholly novel to the series such as Daryl Dixon , which producer Gale Anne Hurd says helps to create a new dynamic for the show , and keeps the audience guessing from what had already been established in the comic series . </P> <H3> Music </H3> Bear McCreary composes The Walking Dead score <P> Bear McCreary was hired to compose the score for the series . McCreary stated that the main theme was based on his viewing of production designs for the opening title sequence . Instead of doing a full theme song as with his earlier works , McCreary chose to use a simple , repeating motif from the strings section . </P> <P> It repeats over and over , and in fact in the pilot episode , you start hearing it before the main title begins , and this is something that continues episode to episode . You hear the main title music before the main title begins , so you know it 's coming . That , to me , was the little hook -- that little thing that , whenever you hear it , it takes you to the series . </P> -- Bear McCreary Soundtracks <P> Four soundtracks for The Walking Dead have been released to date . The Walking Dead : AMC Original Soundtrack , Vol. 1 was released on March 17 , 2013 . The second volume was released on March 25 , 2014 . Songs of Survival is a soundtrack for the third season and it was released on August 27 , 2013 , by Republic Records as a Walmart exclusive for the special edition release of the third season . Songs of Survival , Vol. 2 is a soundtrack for the fourth season and it was released on August 26 , 2014 , by Republic Records as a Walmart exclusive of the fourth season release . </P> <H3> Makeup </H3> <P> Greg Nicotero is an executive producer and the key special effects makeup artist on the series . Each walker is put through `` zombie school '' and is taught how to move like zombies . There are three levels of zombie makeup : Hero , Midground , and Deep Background . Hero zombies are featured walkers and are completely made over from head to toe . Midground zombies get highlights and shadows on the face , but do not get close enough to the camera to require full makeup . Deep background zombies often wear masks and are only meant to be used as a backdrop . </P> <H3> Filming </H3> Downtown Senoia , Georgia was used as the setting for Woodbury during season 3 <P> The Walking Dead is mostly filmed in Georgia . Since 2002 , the state has offered a tax incentive for large film productions to drive producers to the state and bolster its economy . </P> <P> The first season was filmed primary in Atlanta , though required a great deal of coordination with the city to shut down streets and parks for film . Production for subsequent seasons moved mainly to Riverwood Studios ( doing business as Raleigh Studios Atlanta ) , a plot of land approximately 120 acres ( 0.49 km ) outside of Senoia , Georgia . Some existing buildings were used here , such as a subdivision that is used by several families that serves as the Alexandria Safe - Zone , while other buildings are constructed as sets , such as the exterior shots of the main Hilltop mansion , the trash heaps used by the Scavengers , or Father Gabriel 's church . Sets are torn down when no longer needed ; the church , after its use in Season 5 , was removed and its spot used for the iconic setting for the first meeting between Rick 's group and Negan in Season 7 . The property includes sound stages constructed for interior shots , which then may be reused ; the interior sets for the prison during Season 3 were reused to serve as the buildings and sets for the Savior 's Sanctuary in Season 7 . In July 2017 , AMC purchased the studio lot from Riverwood for $8.25 million . </P> <P> Some scenes are shot outside of the studio . Woodbury , during Season 3 , was filmed in downtown Senoia . Other exceptions include the Kingdom , which is filmed at the former military base Fort McPherson , now converted to studios for Tyler Perry . </P> <P> The series is completely shot on 16 mm film . David Tattersall was the director of photography for the pilot episode with David Boyd as the director of photography on the remainder of the episodes . Production design is done by Greg Melton and Alex Hajdu . The effects team includes veteran special effects makeup designers Greg Nicotero and Toby Sells , special effects coordinator Darrell Pritchett , and visual effects supervisors Sam Nicholson and Jason Sperling . </P> <H3> Marketing </H3> A booth at the San Diego Comic - Con with a scene from the pilot for the promotion of the series in 2010 <P> The Walking Dead debuted during the same week in 120 countries . As part of an expansive campaign to advertise and heighten anticipation for the premiere , AMC and Fox International Channels coordinated a worldwide zombie invasion event on October 26 , 2010 . The stunt involved invading 26 major cities within a 24 - hour period , starting with Taipei and Hong Kong , and ending in Los Angeles for the U.S. premiere . </P> <P> The show 's official website released , just prior to the San Diego Comic - Con in 2010 , a motion comic based on Issue No. 1 of the original comic and voiced by Phil LaMarr . The site also posted a making - of documentary primarily about the first episode , as well as a number of other behind - the - scenes videos and interviews . In the documentary , comic series creator and show executive producer Robert Kirkman as well as artist Charlie Adlard say they are pleased with how faithful the show is to the comic and remark on the similarities between the actors and the comic 's original character drawings . </P> <P> Action figures of characters from the series were created for release in November 2011 and have continued throughout the years with eight line - ups . The figures , which are manufactured by McFarlane Toys , are designed to resemble the actors on the series . Figures created to resemble the characters as drawn in the comic book were released in September 2011 . </P> <H3> Green initiatives </H3> <P> With a primary objective of reducing the environmental impacts of film and television productions , including The Walking Dead , producer Gale Anne Hurd has directed the cast , crew , production team , suppliers , and bloggers about her shows to adopt the Doddle app to make the production almost paper - free ; this works by digitally transmitting interactive call sheets and other intra-team and team - supplier communications ( such as directions , images , menus , and updates ) to people 's cell phones and tablets . Hurd said of using Doddle : in addition to conserving paper , `` It 's also easier , and it 's better for security . People are less likely to leave their smartphone or tablet lying around for someone else to pick up . '' </P> <P> Hurd describes additional steps taken to increase efficiency and cut production costs : `` If you use vehicles that get better gas mileage , that are electric or hybrids , you 're going to pay a lot less in fuel . If you use compact fluorescent bulbs , you 're going to save a lot of money in utilities . If you recycle even your own sets , and use them again , that 's going to save money . You do n't have to buy new lumber . So there are cost savings , absolutely . '' Additionally , the production team aims to reduce vehicle idling , which decreases carbon dioxide emissions . </P> <P> Hurd also cuts down on plastic waste by personally using a refillable , stainless steel EcoUsable water bottle and promoting its use among her colleagues . She shared : `` on a lot of my projects I give them as crew gifts before we start production , and have water stations available , but you ca n't force people to use them . '' </P> <H3> Franchise and spin - offs </H3> Webisodes <P> To date , three web series based on The Walking Dead have been released via AMC 's website -- Torn Apart (

Season 8 of The Walking Dead was filmed in

Where did they film season 8 of the walking dead?

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) , the story is transferred from early 20th century Vienna to 1990s New York City . The film follows the sexually charged adventures of Dr. Bill Harford , who is shocked when his wife , Alice , reveals that she had contemplated having an affair a year earlier . He embarks on a night - long adventure , during which he infiltrates a massive masked orgy of an unnamed secret society . </P> <P> Kubrick obtained the filming rights for Dream Story in the 1960s , considering it a perfect text for a film adaptation about sexual relations . The project was only revived in the 1990s , when the director hired writer Frederic Raphael to help him with the adaptation . The film , which was mostly shot in the United Kingdom , apart from some exterior establishing shots , includes a detailed recreation of exterior Greenwich Village street scenes made at Pinewood Studios . Production took a long time and , at 400 days , holds the Guinness World Records longest continuous film shoot . </P> <P> Kubrick died six days after showing his final cut to Warner Bros. To ensure a theatrical R rating in the United States , Warner Bros. digitally altered several sexually explicit scenes during post-production . This version was released on July 16 , 1999 to moderately positive reactions from critics ; worldwide takings at the box office amounted to $162 million . The uncut version has since been released in DVD , HD DVD , and Blu - ray Disc formats . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Adaptation </Li> <Li> 3.3 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.4 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Music </Li> <Li> 5 Themes and interpretation <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Genre </Li> <Li> 5.2 Christmas setting </Li> <Li> 5.3 Use of Venetian masks </Li> <Li> 5.4 Film crossovers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Release <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Marketing </Li> <Li> 6.2 Box office </Li> <Li> 6.3 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 6.4 Awards and honors </Li> <Li> 6.5 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Controversies <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Debate over the film 's state of completion </Li> <Li> 7.2 Kubrick 's opinion </Li> <Li> 7.3 Studio censorship and classification </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Dr. Bill Harford and Alice are a young married couple living in New York . They attend a Christmas party hosted by a wealthy patient , Victor Ziegler , where Bill is reunited with Nick Nightingale , a medical school drop - out who now plays piano professionally . While a Hungarian man named Sandor Szavost attempts to seduce Alice , two young models attempt to do so with Bill . He is interrupted by his host who had been having sex with Mandy , a young woman who has overdosed on a speedball . Mandy recovers with Bill 's aid . </P> <P> The following evening at home , while smoking marijuana , when Alice asks him if he had sex with the two girls , Bill reassures her that he had not . She inquires if he is jealous of men who are attracted to her . He thinks women are more faithful than men . She tells him of a recent fantasy she had about a naval officer they had met on vacation . Disturbed by Alice 's revelation , Bill is called by the daughter of a patient who has just died . After visiting the home , he goes to a prostitute named Domino but Alice phones as Domino begins to kiss Bill . Meeting Nick at the jazz club Bill learns that Nick has an engagement where he must play piano blindfolded . Bill learns that to gain admittance , one needs a costume , a mask , and the password , which Nick had written down . Bill goes to a costume shop and offers the owner , Mr. Milich , a generous amount of money to rent a costume . In the shop , Milich catches his teenage daughter with two Japanese men and expresses outrage at their lack of a sense of decency . </P> <P> Bill takes a taxi to the country mansion mentioned by Nick . He gives the password and discovers a sexual ritual is taking place . A woman warns him he is in terrible danger . A porter then takes him to the ritual room , where a disguised red - cloaked Master of ceremonies confronts Bill with a question about a second password . Bill says he has forgotten it . The masked woman who had tried to warn Bill intervenes and insists that she will redeem him . Bill is ushered from the mansion and warned not to tell anyone about what happened there . </P> <P> Just before dawn , Bill arrives home guilty and confused . He finds Alice laughing loudly in her sleep and awakens her . While crying , she tells him of a troubling dream in which she was having sex with the naval officer and many other men , and laughing at the idea of Bill seeing her with them . The next morning , Bill goes to Nick 's hotel , where the desk clerk tells Bill that a bruised and frightened Nick checked out a few hours earlier after returning with two large , dangerous - looking men . Bill goes to return the costume , but not the mask , which he has misplaced , and learns Milich has sold his daughter into prostitution . </P> <P> Bill returns to the country mansion in his own car and is met at the gate by a man with a note warning him to cease and desist his inquiries . After reading a newspaper story about a beauty queen who died of a drug overdose , Bill views the body at the morgue and identifies it as Mandy . Bill is summoned to Ziegler 's house , where he is confronted with the events of the past night and day . Ziegler was one of those involved with the ritual orgy , and identified Bill and his connection with Nick . Ziegler claims that he had Bill followed for his own protection , and that the warnings made against Bill by the society are only intended to scare him from speaking about the orgy . However , he implies the society is capable of acting on their threats . Bill asks about the death of Mandy , whom Ziegler has identified as the masked woman at the party who 'd `` sacrificed '' herself to prevent Bill 's punishment , and about the disappearance of Nick , the piano player . Ziegler insists that Nick is safely back at his home in Seattle . Ziegler also says the `` punishment '' was a charade by the secret society to further frighten Bill , and it had nothing to do with Mandy 's death ; she was a hooker and addict and had died from another accidental drug overdose . Bill does not know if Ziegler is telling him the truth about Nick 's disappearance or Mandy 's death , but he says nothing further . When he returns home , Bill finds the rented mask on his pillow next to his sleeping wife . He breaks down in tears and decides to tell Alice the whole truth of the past two days . The next morning , they go Christmas shopping with their daughter . Alice muses that they should be grateful that they have survived , that she loves him and there is something they must do as soon as possible . When Bill asks what it is , she replies , `` Fuck '' . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tom Cruise as Dr. William `` Bill '' Harford </Li> <Li> Nicole Kidman as Alice Harford </Li> <Li> Sydney Pollack as Victor Ziegler </Li> <Li> Marie Richardson as Marion Nathanson </Li> <Li> Todd Field as Nick Nightingale </Li> <Li> Sky du Mont as Sandor Szavost </Li> <Li> Rade Šerbedžija as Mr. Milich </Li> <Li> Vinessa Shaw as Domino </Li> <Li> Fay Masterson as Sally </Li> <Li> Leelee Sobieski as Milich 's daughter </Li> <Li> Leon Vitali as Red Cloak </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> While Stanley Kubrick was interested in making a film about sexual relations as early as 1962 , during production of Dr. Strangelove , the project only took off after he read Arthur Schnitzler 's Dream Story in 1968 , when he was seeking a work to follow on 2001 : A Space Odyssey . Kubrick got interested in adapting the story , and with the help of then - journalist Jay Cocks , bought the filming rights to the novel . In the 1970s , Kubrick had thought of Woody Allen as the Jewish protagonist . For the following decade , Kubrick even considered making his Dream Story adaptation a sex comedy `` with a wild and somber streak running through it '' , starring Steve Martin in the main role . The project was only revived in 1994 , when Kubrick hired Frederic Raphael to work on the script , updating the setting from early 20th century Vienna to late 20th century New York City . Kubrick invited Michael Herr , a personal friend who helped write Full Metal Jacket , for revisions , but Herr declined for fear that he would both be underpaid and would commit to an overlong production . </P> <H3> Adaptation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Arthur Schnitzler 's 1926 novella Dream Story is set around Vienna shortly after the turn of the century . The main characters are a couple named Fridolin and Albertina ; their home is a typical suburban middle - class home , not the film 's posh urban apartment . Schnitzler himself , like the protagonist of this novel , lived in Vienna , was Jewish , and a medical doctor , though Schnitzler eventually abandoned medicine for writing . </P> <P> While Fridolin and Albertina , the protagonist couple of Dream Story , are sometimes implied to be Jewish , there is nothing in the novella which justifies this assumption , and neither Fridolin nor Albertina are typical Jewish names ; whereas Nachtigall ( Nightingale ) is overtly identified as Jewish . Kubrick ( himself of Jewish descent ) frequently removed references to the Jewishness of characters in the novels he adapted . In the case of Eyes Wide Shut , Frederic Raphael ( who is also Jewish ) wanted to keep the Jewish background of the protagonists , but Kubrick insisted that they should be `` vanilla '' Americans , without any details that would arouse any presumptions . The director added that Bill should be a `` Harrison Ford - ish goy '' ( though Ford 's mother was Jewish ) , and created the surname of Harford as an allusion to the actor . This is reflected in the way the film 's Bill Harford is taunted by college students when going home in the morning . In the film , Bill is taunted with homophobic slurs . In the novella , these boys are recognized to be members of an anti-Semitic college fraternity . Kubrick 's co-screenwriter , Frederic Raphael , in an introduction to a Penguin Classics edition of Dream Story , writes `` Fridolin is not declared to be a Jew , but his feelings of cowardice , for failing to challenge his aggressor , echo the uneasiness of Austrian Jews in the face of Gentile provocation . '' </P> <P> The novella is set during the Carnival , when people often wear masks to parties . The party that both husband and wife attend at the opening of the story is a Carnival Masquerade ball , whereas the film 's story begins at Christmas time . </P> <P> Critic Randy Rasmussen suggests

The girl who died in the movie Eyes Wide Shut is

Who is the girl that died in eyes wide shut?

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False Claims Act - wikipedia <H1> False Claims Act </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The False Claims Act , also called the `` Lincoln Law '' ) is an American federal law that imposes liability on persons and companies ( typically federal contractors ) who defraud governmental programs . It is the federal Government 's primary litigation tool in combating fraud against the Government . The law includes a qui tam provision that allows people who are not affiliated with the government , called `` relators '' under the law , to file actions on behalf of the government ( informally called `` whistleblowing '' especially when the relator is employed by the organization accused in the suit ) . Persons filing under the Act stand to receive a portion ( usually about 15 -- 25 percent ) of any recovered damages . As of 2012 , over 70 percent of all federal Government FCA actions were initiated by whistleblowers . Claims under the law have typically involved health care , military , or other government spending programs , and dominate the list of largest pharmaceutical settlements . The government recovered $38.9 billion under the False Claims Act between 1987 and 2013 and of this amount , $27.2 billion or 70 % was from qui tam cases brought by relators . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Provisions </Li> <Li> 3 1986 changes </Li> <Li> 4 2009 changes </Li> <Li> 5 2010 changes under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act </Li> <Li> 6 Practical application of the law <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Federal income taxation of awards under FCA in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Relevant decisions by the United States Supreme Court </Li> <Li> 8 State False Claims Acts and application in other jurisdictions </Li> <Li> 9 Rule 9 ( b ) circuit split </Li> <Li> 10 ACLU et al. v. Holder </Li> <Li> 11 Examples </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Qui tam laws have history dating back to the Middle Ages in England . In 1318 , King Edward II offered one third of the penalty to the relator when the relator successfully sued government officials who moonlighted as wine merchants . The Maintenance and Embracery Act 1540 of Henry VIII provided that common informers could sue for certain forms of interference with the course of justice in legal proceedings that were concerned with the title to land . This act is still in force today in the Republic of Ireland , although in 1967 it was extinguished in England . The idea of a common informer bringing suit for damages to the Commonwealth was later brought to Massachusetts , where `` penalties for fraud in the sale of bread ( are ) to be distributed one third to inspector who discovered the fraud and the remainder for the benefit of the town where the offense occurred . '' Other statutes can be found on the colonial law books of Connecticut , New York , Virginia and South Carolina . </P> <P> The American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) was marked by fraud on all levels , both in the Union north and the Confederate south . During the war , unscrupulous contractors sold the Union Army decrepit horses and mules in ill health , faulty rifles and ammunition , and rancid rations and provisions , among other unscrupulous actions . In response , Congress passed the False Claims Act on March 2 , 1863 , 12 Stat. 696 . Because it was passed under the administration of President Abraham Lincoln , the False Claims Act is often referred to as the `` Lincoln Law '' . </P> <P> Importantly , a reward was offered in what is called the qui tam provision , which permits citizens to sue on behalf of the government and be paid a percentage of the recovery . Qui tam is an abbreviated form of the Latin legal phrase qui tam pro domino rege quam pro se ipso in hac parte sequitur ( `` he who brings a case on behalf of our lord the King , as well as for himself '' ) In a qui tam action , the citizen filing suit is called a `` relator '' . As an exception to the general legal rule of standing , courts have held that qui tam relators are `` partially assigned '' a portion of the government 's legal injury , thereby allowing relators to proceed with their suits . </P> <P> U.S. Senator Jacob M. Howard , who sponsored the legislation , justified giving rewards to whistle blowers , many of whom had engaged in unethical activities themselves . He said , `` I have based the ( qui tam provision ) upon the old - fashioned idea of holding out a temptation , and ' setting a rogue to catch a rogue , ' which is the safest and most expeditious way I have ever discovered of bringing rogues to justice . '' </P> <P> In the massive military spending leading up to and during World War II , the US Attorney General relied on criminal provisions of the law to deal with fraud , rather than using the FCA . As a result , attorneys would wait for the Department of Justice to file criminal cases and then immediately file civil suits under the FCA , a practice decried as `` parasitic '' at the time . Congress moved to abolish the FCA but at the last minute decided instead to reduce the relator 's share of the recovered proceeds . </P> <P> The law was again amended in 1986 , again due to issues with military spending . Under President Ronald Reagan 's military buildup , reports of massive fraud among military contractors had become major news , and Congress acted to strengthen the FCA . </P> <P> The law has always primarily been used against defense contractors but by the late 1990s , health care fraud began to receive more focus , accounting for approximately 40 % of recoveries by 2008 Franklin v. Parke - Davis , filed in 1996 , was the first case to apply the FCA to fraud committed against the government , due to bills submitted for payment by Medicaid / Medicare for treatments that those programs do not pay for as they are not FDA - approved or otherwise listed on a government formulary . FCA cases in the field of health care are often related to off - label marketing of drugs by drug companies , which is illegal under a different law , the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act ; the intersection occurs when off - label marketing leads to prescriptions being filled and bills for those prescriptions being submitted to Medicare / Medicaid . </P> <P> As of 2012 , over 70 percent of all federal FCA actions were initiated by whistleblowers . The government recovered $38.9 billion under the False Claims Act between 1987 and 2013 and of this amount , $27.2 billion or 70 % was from qui tam cases brought by relators . In 2014 , whistleblowers filed over 700 False Claims Act lawsuits . In 2016 , the Department of Justice had its third highest annual recovery in False Claims Act history , obtaining more than $4.7 billion in settlements and judgments from civil cases involving fraud and false claims against the government . Since 2009 alone , the federal government has recovered $31.3 billion in False Claims Act settlements and judgments . </P> <H2> Provisions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Act establishes liability when any person or entity improperly receives from or avoids payment to the Federal government ( tax fraud is excepted ) . The Act prohibits : </P> <Ol> <Li> Knowingly presenting , or causing to be presented a false claim for payment or approval ; </Li> <Li> Knowingly making , using , or causing to be made or used , a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim ; </Li> <Li> Conspiring to commit any violation of the False Claims Act ; </Li> <Li> Falsely certifying the type or amount of property to be used by the Government ; </Li> <Li> Certifying receipt of property on a document without completely knowing that the information is true ; </Li> <Li> Knowingly buying Government property from an unauthorized officer of the Government , and ; </Li> <Li> Knowingly making , using , or causing to be made or used a false record to avoid , or decrease an obligation to pay or transmit property to the Government . </Li> </Ol> <P> Certain claims are not actionable , including : </P> <Ol> <Li> certain actions against armed forces members , members of the United States Congress , members of the judiciary , or senior executive branch officials ; </Li> <Li> claims , records , or statements made under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which would include tax fraud ; </Li> </Ol> <P> There are unique procedural requirements in False Claims Act cases . For example : </P> <Ol> <Li> a complaint under the False Claims Act must be filed under seal ; </Li> <Li> the complaint must be served on the government but must not be served on the defendant ; </Li> <Li> the complaint must be buttressed by a comprehensive memorandum , not filed in court , but served on the government detailing the factual underpinnings of the complaint . </Li> </Ol> <P> In addition , the FCA contains an anti-retaliation provision , which allows a relator to recover , in addition to his award for reporting fraud , double damages plus attorney fees for any acts of retaliation for reporting fraud against the Government . This provision specifically provides relators with a personal claim of double damages for harm suffered and reinstatement . </P> <P> Under the False Claims Act , the Department of Justice is authorized to pay rewards to those who report fraud against the federal government and are not convicted of a crime related to the fraud , in an amount of between 15 and 25 ( but up to 30 percent in some cases ) of what it recovers based upon the whistleblower 's report . The relator 's share is determined based on the FCA itself , legislative history , Department of Justice guidelines released in 1997 , and court decisions . </P> <H2> 1986 changes ( edit ) </H2> <P> ( False Claims Act Amendments ( Pub. L. 99 -- 562 , 100 Stat. 3153 , enacted October 27 , 1986 ) </P> <Ol> <Li> The elimination of the `` government possession of information '' bar against qui tam lawsuits ; </Li> <Li> The establishment of defendant liability for `` deliberate ignorance '' and `` reckless disregard '' of the truth ; </Li> <Li> Restoration of the `` preponderance of the evidence '' standard for all elements of the claim including damages ; </Li> <Li> Imposition of treble damages and civil fines of $5,000 to $10,000 per false claim ; </Li> <Li> Increased rewards for qui tam plaintiffs of between 15 -- 30 percent of the funds recovered from the defendant ; </Li> <Li> Defendant payment of the successful plaintiff 's expenses and attorney 's fees , and ; </Li> <Li> Employment protection for whistleblowers including reinstatement with seniority status , special damages , and double back pay . </Li> </Ol> <H2> 2009 changes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 <P> On May 20 , 2009 , the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009 ( FERA ) was signed into law . It includes the most significant amendments to the FCA since the 1986 amendments . FERA enacted the following changes : </P> <Ol> <Li> Expanded the scope of potential FCA liability by eliminating the `` presentment '' requirement ( effectively overruling the Supreme Court 's opinion in Allison Engine Co. v. United States ex rel .

A whistleblower suit under the False Claims Act is known as a

What is a whistle blower suit under the false claims act?

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St. Albans Raid - wikipedia <H1> St. Albans Raid </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> St. Albans Raid </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of the American Civil War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> St. Albans bank tellers being forced to pledge allegiance to the Confederacy , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> October 19 , 1864 ( 1864 - 10 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> St. Albans , Vermont 44 ° 48 ′ 37 '' N 73 ° 09 ′ 08 '' W  /  44.81028 ° N 73.15222 ° W  / 44.81028 ; - 73.15222 Coordinates : 44 ° 48 ′ 37 '' N 73 ° 09 ′ 08 '' W  /  44.81028 ° N 73.15222 ° W  / 44.81028 ; - 73.15222 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> Confederate victory </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States ( Union ) </Td> <Td> <P> Confederate States Supported by : </P> Canadian sympathizers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bennett H. Young </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> local police and militia </Td> <Td> 21 cavalry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 killed 2 wounded </Td> <Td> 1 wounded </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Northern Theater of the American Civil War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Detroit Race Riot </Li> <Li> Battle of Portland Harbor </Li> <Li> New York City draft riots </Li> <Li> Philo Parsons Affair </Li> <Li> St. Albans Raid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The St. Albans Raid was the northernmost land action of the American Civil War . It was a controversial raid from Canada by Confederate soldiers meant to rob banks to raise money and to trick the Union Army into diverting troops to defend their northern border against further raids . It took place in St. Albans , Vermont , on October 19 , 1864 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Raid </Li> <Li> 3 Battle or raid ? </Li> <Li> 4 Film </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> In this wartime incident , Kentuckian Bennett H. Young led the Confederate army forces . Young had been captured after the Battle of Salineville in Ohio ended Morgan 's Raid the year before . He managed to escape to Canada , then part of the British Empire . After meeting with Confederate agents there , he returned to the Confederacy , where he proposed raids on the Union from the Canada -- US border to build the Confederate treasury and force the Union Army to divert troops from the South . Young was commissioned as a lieutenant and returned to Canada , where he recruited other escaped Confederates for a raid on St. Albans , Vermont , a quiet city just 15 miles ( 24 km ) from the Canada -- U.S. border . </P> <H2> Raid ( edit ) </H2> <P> Young and two others checked into a local hotel on October 10 , saying they had come from St. John 's , Canada East , for a `` sporting vacation '' . Two or three more men arrived daily , until by October 19 , 21 Confederate cavalrymen had assembled . Shortly before 3 p.m. the men staged simultaneous robberies of the city 's three banks . They identified themselves as Confederate soldiers and took a total of $208,000 ( US $ 3,250,000 in 2018 ) . During the robberies , eight or nine Confederates held the villagers at gunpoint on the village green , taking their horses to prevent pursuit . Several armed villagers tried to resist , and one was killed and another wounded . Young ordered his men to burn the city , but the 4 - US - fluid - ounce ( 120 ml ) bottles of Greek fire they used failed to ignite , and only one shed was destroyed by fire . </P> <P> The raiders escaped to Canada , despite a delayed pursuit . In response to US demands , the Canadian authorities arrested the raiders , recovering $88,000 . However , a Canadian court ruled that because they were soldiers under military orders , officially neutral Canada could not extradite them . Canada freed the raiders , but returned to St. Albans the money they had found . </P> <P> As an unintended consequence , the raid served to turn many Canadians against the Confederacy , since they felt that Canada was being drawn into the conflict without its consent . The Confederate agents in Canada realized this and no further raids were made . </P> <P> Only one of the three banks still stands , the Franklin County Bank , which became the Franklin Lamoille Bank and is now a TD Bank branch . Other sites surviving are Taylor Park and the American House , where some of the raiders stayed . </P> <H2> Battle or Raid ? ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Confederate raid by Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan into Ohio and Indiana in July 1863 , and culminating in the Battle of Salineville is considered by many historians to be the northernmost land battle of the Civil War . The dispute arises over meaning of the word battle . The St. Albans raiders were not an official command of the Confederate army but connected to the Confederate Secret Service to conduct the St. Albans Raid . General Morgan 's place of surrender at West Point , Ohio is considered to be the northernmost point reached by an officially organized Confederate military body during the Civil War . The northernmost battle of the war came at sea at the Battle of Cherbourg ( 1864 ) at 49 degrees north latitude . </P> <H2> Film ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 1954 film The Raid was loosely based on this incident . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> American Civil War portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Canada in the American Civil War </Li> <Li> Military history of Vermont </Li> <Li> Ann Eliza Smith </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , Dennis K. ( 1992 ) , Justice under Pressure : The Saint Albans Raid and Its Aftermath , University Press of America , p. 203 , ISBN 0819185094 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Saint Albans Raid '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campi , James ( 2007 ) . Civil War Sites , 2nd : The Official Guide to the Civil War Discovery Trail . Globe Pequot . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 4435 - 9 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt Cahill , Lora ; Mowery , David L ( 2014 ) . Morgan 's Raid Across Ohio : The Civil War Guidebook of the John Hunt Morgan Heritage Trail . Lulu.com . p. 235 . ISBN 9780989805438 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Raid ( 1954 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kazar , John D. ( 1964 ) . `` The Canadian View of the Confederate Raid on Saint Albans '' . Vermont History ( 1 ) : 255 -- 273 . </Li> <Li> Stouffer , Allen P. ( 1977 ) . `` Canadian - American Relations in the Shadow of the Civil War '' . Dalhousie Review . 57 ( 2 ) : 332 -- 346 . </Li> <Li> Rush , Daniel S. ; Pewitt , E. Gale ( 2008 ) . Riedel , Leonard W. , ed . The St. Albans Raiders . Saline , Michigan : McNaughton and Gunn . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Albans Raid . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The St. Albans raid , virtualvermont.com </Li> <Li> History of the raid and surrounding events , stalbansraid.com </Li> <Li> St. Albans Raid : Spies , Raiders and Partisans , wtv-zone.com </Li> <Li> Newspaper article providing an eyewitness account of the St. Albans Raid at newsinhistory.com </Li> <Li> Raise The Flag & Sound The Cannon , a historical novel based on the St. Albans Raid by Donald Davison <Ul> <Li> Waiting on a Dream , a musical comedy about the St. Albans Raid , based on Raise the Flag & Sound The Cannon </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> American Civil War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Origins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> Origins </Li> <Li> Issues </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline leading to the War </Li> <Li> Antebellum era </Li> <Li> Bleeding Kansas </Li> <Li> Border states </Li> <Li> Compromise of 1850 </Li> <Li> Dred Scott v. Sandford </Li> <Li> Lincoln - Douglas debates </Li> <Li> Missouri Compromise </Li> <Li> Popular sovereignty </Li> <Li> Secession </Li> <Li> States ' rights </Li> <Li> President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slavery </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African Americans </Li> <Li> Cornerstone Speech </Li> <Li> Emancipation Proclamation </Li> <Li> Fugitive slave laws </Li> <Li> Plantations in the American South </Li> <Li> Slave Power </Li> <Li> Slavery in the United States </Li> <Li> Treatment of slaves in the United States </Li> <Li> Uncle Tom 's Cabin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abolitionism </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Susan B. Anthony </Li> <Li> John Brown </Li> <Li> Frederick Douglass </Li> <Li> William Lloyd Garrison </Li> <Li> Elijah Parish Lovejoy </Li> <Li> J. Sella Martin </Li> <Li> Lysander Spooner </Li> <Li> George Luther Stearns </Li> <Li> Thaddeus Stevens </Li> <Li> Charles Sumner </Li> <Li> Harriet Tubman </Li> <Li> Underground Railroad </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Combatants </Li> <Li> Theaters </Li> <Li> Campaigns </Li> <Li> Battles </Li> <Li> States </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Combatants </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Union ( USA ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Army </Li> <Li> Navy </Li> <Li> Marine Corps </Li> <Li> Revenue Cutter Service </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Confederacy ( CSA ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Army </Li> <Li> Navy </Li> <Li> Marine Corps </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theaters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eastern </Li> <Li> Western </Li> <Li> Lower Seaboard </Li> <Li> Trans - Mississippi </Li> <Li> Pacific Coast </Li> <Li> Union naval blockade </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major Campaigns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anaconda Plan </Li> <Li> Blockade runners </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> Jackson 's Valley </Li> <Li> Peninsula </Li> <Li> Northern Virginia </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Stones River </Li> <Li> Vicksburg </Li> <Li> Tullahoma </Li> <Li> Gettysburg </Li> <Li> Morgan 's Raid </Li> <Li> Bristoe </Li> <Li> Knoxville </Li> <Li> Red River </Li> <Li> Overland </Li> <Li> Atlanta </Li> <Li> Valley 1864 </Li> <Li> Bermuda Hundred </Li> <Li> Richmond - Petersburg </Li> <Li> Franklin -- Nashville </Li> <Li> Price 's Raid </Li> <Li> Sherman 's March </Li> <Li> Carolinas </Li> <Li> Appomattox </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major battles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fort Sumter </Li> <Li> 1st Bull Run </Li> <Li> Wilson 's Creek </Li> <Li> Fort Donelson </Li> <Li> Pea Ridge </Li> <Li> Hampton Roads

The northernmost land action of the American Civil War occurred in

Where did the northernmost land action of the american civil war occur?

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Indian classical dance - Wikipedia <H1> Indian classical dance </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Languages ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Assamese </Li> <Li> Bengali </Li> <Li> Bodo </Li> <Li> Dogri </Li> <Li> Gujarati </Li> <Li> Kannada </Li> <Li> Kashmiri </Li> <Li> Konkani </Li> <Li> Maithili </Li> <Li> Malayalam </Li> <Li> Manipuri </Li> <Li> Marathi </Li> <Li> Nepali </Li> <Li> Odia </Li> <Li> Punjabi </Li> <Li> Sanskrit </Li> <Li> Santali </Li> <Li> Sindhi </Li> <Li> Tamil </Li> <Li> Telugu </Li> <Li> Urdu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mythology and folklore ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Mythology </Li> <Li> folklore </Li> <Li> Indian epic poetry </Li> <Li> Vedic mythology </Li> <Li> Buddhist mythology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cuisine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Religion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Art ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Architecture </Li> <Li> Sculpture </Li> <Li> Painting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Literature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Indian poetry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Music and performing arts ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Performing arts </Li> <Li> Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Media ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Television </Li> <Li> Cinema </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sport </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monuments ( show ) <Ul> <Li> World Heritage Sites </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Symbols ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Flag </Li> <Li> Coat of arms </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> India portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Indian classical dance , or Shastriya Nritya , is an umbrella term for various performance arts rooted in religious Hindu musical theatre styles , whose theory and practice can be traced to the Sanskrit text Natya Shastra . </P> <P> The number of recognized classical dances range from eight to more , depending on the source and scholar . The Sangeet Natak Akademi recognizes eight -- Bharatanatyam , Kathak , Kuchipudi , Odissi , Kathakali , Sattriya , Manipuri and Mohiniyattam . Scholars such as Drid Williams add Chhau , Yakshagana and Bhagavata Mela to the list . The Culture Ministry of the Government of India includes Chhau in its classical list . These dances are traditionally regional , all of them include music and recitation in local language or Sanskrit , and they represent a unity of core ideas in a diversity of styles , costumes and expression . Indian classical dance is made from India and classical dance is played by various actors . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Texts and roots </Li> <Li> 2 Dance forms </Li> <Li> 3 Shared aspects </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Texts and roots ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Natya Shastra is the foundational treatise for classical dances of India , and this text is attributed to the ancient scholar Bharata Muni . Its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE , but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE . The most studied version of the Natya Shastra text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters . The text , states Natalia Lidova , describes the theory of Tāṇḍava dance ( Shiva ) , the theory of rasa , of bhāva , expression , gestures , acting techniques , basic steps , standing postures -- all of which are part of Indian classical dances . Dance and performance arts , states this ancient text , are a form of expression of spiritual ideas , virtues and the essence of scriptures . </P> Performance arts and culture <P> Let Nātya ( drama and dance ) be the fifth vedic scripture . Combined with an epic story , tending to virtue , wealth , joy and spiritual freedom , it must contain the significance of every scripture , and forward every art . </P> <P> -- Nātyaśāstra 1.14 -- 15 </P> <P> While the Natya Shastra is the revered ancient text in the Hindu tradition , there are numerous other ancient and medieval Sanskrit dance - drama related texts that further discuss and expand on the classical repertoire of performance arts , such as the Abhinaya Darpana , Abhinaba Bharati , Natya Darpana , Bhava Prakasa and many others . The term `` classical '' ( Sanskrit : `` Shastriya '' ) denotes the Natya Shastra - based performing arts . </P> <P> The text Natya Shastra describes religious arts as a form as margi , or a `` spiritual traditional path '' that liberates the soul , while the folk entertainment is called desi , or a `` regional popular practice '' . </P> <P> Indian classical dances are traditionally performed as an expressive drama - dance form of religious performance art , related to Vaishnavism , Shaivism , Shaktism , pan-Hindu Epics and the Vedic literature , or a folksy entertainment that includes story - telling from Sanskrit or regional language plays . As a religious art , they are either performed inside the sanctum of a Hindu temple , or near it . Folksy entertainment may also be performed in temple grounds or any fairground , typically in a rural setting by traveling troupes of artists ; alternatively , they have been performed inside the halls of royal courts or public squares during festivals . </P> <H2> Dance forms ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Natya Shastra mentions four Pravrittis ( traditions , genres ) of ancient dance - drama in vogue when it was composed -- Avanti ( Ujjain , central ) , Dakshinatya ( south ) , Panchali ( north , west ) and Odra - Magadhi ( Odisha - Bihar - Bengal , east ) . </P> <P> Sources differ in their list of Indian classical dance forms . Encyclopædia Britannica mentions six dances . The Sangeet Natak Akademi has given recognition to eight Indian dances . The Indian government 's Ministry of Culture includes eleven dance forms . Scholars such as Drid Williams and others include Chhau , Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela to the eight classical Indian dances in the Sangeet Natak Akademi list . </P> <P> The classical dance forms recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi and the Ministry of Culture are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bharatanatyam , from Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> Kathak , from Northern and Western India </Li> <Li> Kathakali , from Kerala </Li> <Li> Kuchipudi , from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana </Li> <Li> Odissi , from Odisha </Li> <Li> Sattriya , from Assam </Li> <Li> Manipuri , from Manipur </Li> <Li> Mohiniyattam , from Kerala </Li> <Li> Yakshagana , from Karnataka </Li> <Li> Dolu Kunita , from Karnataka </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bharatanatyam </Li> <Li> Kathak </Li> <Li> Kathakali </Li> <Li> Kuchipudi </Li> <Li> Odissi </Li> <Li> Sattriya </Li> <Li> Manipuri </Li> <Li> Mohiniyattam </Li> </Ul> <H2> Shared aspects ( edit ) </H2> <P> All major classical Indian dance forms include in repertoire , three categories of performance in the Natya Shastra . These are Nritta , Nritya and Natya : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Nritta performance is abstract , fast and rhythmic aspect of the dance . The viewer is presented with pure movement , wherein the emphasis is the beauty in motion , form , speed , range and pattern . This part of the repertoire has no interpretative aspect , no telling of story . It is a technical performance , and aims to engage the senses ( prakriti ) of the audience . </Li> <Li> The Nritya is slower and expressive aspect of the dance that attempts to communicate feelings , storyline particularly with spiritual themes in Hindu dance traditions . In a nritya , the dance - acting expands to include silent expression of words through gestures and body motion set to musical notes . The actor articulates a legend or a spiritual message . This part of the repertoire is more than sensory enjoyment , it aims to engage the emotions and mind of the viewer . </Li> <Li> The Natyam is a play , typically a team performance , but can be acted out by a solo performer where the dancer uses certain standardized body movements to indicate a new character in the underlying story . A Natya incorporates the elements of a Nritya . </Li> </Ul> <P> All classical dances of India used similar symbolism and rules of gestures in abhinaya ( acting ) . The roots of abhinaya are found in the Natyashastra text which defines drama in verse 6.10 as that which aesthetically arouses joy in the spectator , through the medium of actor 's art of communication , that helps connect and transport the individual into a super sensual inner state of being . A performance art , asserts Natyashastra , connects the artists and the audience through abhinaya ( literally , `` carrying to the spectators '' ) , that is applying body - speech - mind and scene , wherein the actors communicate to the audience , through song and music . Drama in this ancient Sanskrit text , thus is an art to engage every aspect of life , in order to glorify and gift a state of joyful consciousness . </P> <P> The communication through symbols is in the form of expressive gestures ( mudras or hastas ) and pantomime set to music . The gestures and facial expressions convey the ras ( sentiment , emotional taste ) and bhava ( mood ) of the underlying story . In Hindu classical dances , the artist successfully expresses the spiritual ideas by paying attention to four aspects of a performance : </P> <Ul> <Li> Angika ( gestures and body language ) , </Li> <Li> Vachika ( song , recitation , music and rhythm ) , </Li> <Li> Aharya ( stage setting , costume , make up , jewelry ) , </Li> <Li> Sattvika ( artist 's mental disposition and emotional connection with the story and audience , wherein the artist 's inner and outer state resonates ) . </Li> <Li> Abhinaya draws out the bhava ( mood , psychological states ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Performing arts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acrobatics </Li> <Li> Ballet </Li> <Li> Circus skills </Li> <Li> Clown </Li> <Li> Dance </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> General Gymnastics </Li> <Li> Magic </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mime </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Opera </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Professional wrestling </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Puppetry </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Speech </Li> <Li> Theatre </Li> <Li> Ventriloquism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Culture of India </Li> <Li> Hindu texts </Li> <Li> Languages of India </Li> <Li> Puranas </Li> <Li> Vedas </Li> <Li> Yajna </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Julius Lipner ( 2012 ) . Hindus : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices . Routledge . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 24061 - 5 . , Quote : `` It would be appropriate here to comment on Hindu classical dance . This developed in a religious context and was given high profile as part of temple worship . There are a number of regional and other styles as well as source texts , but the point we wish to stress is the participative nature of such dance . In form and content , the heart of dance as worship in Hinduism has always been ' expression ' ( abhinaya ) , i.e. the enacting of various themes '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jean Holm ; John Bowker ( 1994 ) . Worship . Bloomsbury Academic . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85567 - 111 - 9 . ,

The origin of most classical dances of India can be traced back to

What has been the origin of most classical dances of india?

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Rudolph ( name ) - wikipedia <H1> Rudolph ( name ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Rudolph . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Rudolph </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Rudolf the First of the German Habsburg Dynasty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pronunciation </Th> <Td> / ruːdɒlf / German : ( ˈʁuːdɔlf ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Origin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Word / name </Th> <Td> German </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Meaning </Th> <Td> Famous wolf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Other names </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related names </Th> <Td> Rodolfo , Rolf </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Rudolph or Rudolf ( French : Rodolphe , Italian , Portuguese and Spanish : Rodolfo ) or Rodolphe is a male first name , and , less commonly , a surname . It is a Germanic name deriving from two stems : Rod or Hrōð , meaning `` fame '' , and olf meaning `` wolf '' ( see also Hroðulf ; cf . Adolf ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 In other languages </Li> <Li> 2 Surname <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Athletes </Li> <Li> 2.2 In film and television </Li> <Li> 2.3 In science and technology </Li> <Li> 2.4 In music </Li> <Li> 2.5 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Given name <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Royalty </Li> <Li> 3.2 Religious figures </Li> <Li> 3.3 Dancers </Li> <Li> 3.4 In film and television </Li> <Li> 3.5 In science and technology </Li> <Li> 3.6 In music </Li> <Li> 3.7 Political figures </Li> <Li> 3.8 Other </Li> <Li> 3.9 Fictional </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> In other languages ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans : Rudolf </Li> <Li> Albanian : Rudolf </Li> <Li> Armenian : Ռուդոլֆ ( Rudolf ) </Li> <Li> Catalan : Rodolf </Li> <Li> Croatian : Rudolf </Li> <Li> Czech : Rudolf </Li> <Li> Danish : Rudolf </Li> <Li> Dutch : Roelof , Rudolf , Ruud </Li> <Li> English : Rudolf , Rudolph </Li> <Li> French : Rodolphe , Raoul </Li> <Li> Georgian : რუდოლფ ( Rudolp ) </Li> <Li> German : Rudolf , diminutive : Rudi </Li> <Li> Greek : Ροδόλφος ( Rhodólphos ) , Ράλλης ( Rhálles ) </Li> <Li> Hebrew רודולף ( Rudolf ) </Li> <Li> Hungarian : Rudolf </Li> <Li> Italian : Rodolfo </Li> <Li> Latin : Rudolphus </Li> <Li> Latvian : Rūdolfs </Li> <Li> Norwegian : Rudolf </Li> <Li> Polish : Rudolf </Li> <Li> Portuguese : Rodolfo </Li> <Li> Russian : Рудольф ( Rudolf ) </Li> <Li> Serbian : Rudolf ( Рудолф ) </Li> <Li> Slovak : Rudolf </Li> <Li> Slovene : Rudolf </Li> <Li> Spanish : Rodolfo </Li> <Li> Swedish : Rudolf </Li> </Ul> <H2> Surname ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Athletes ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ernie Rudolph ( 1909 -- 2003 ) , Major League Baseball pitcher </Li> <Li> Gergely Rudolf ( born 1985 ) , Hungarian soccer player </Li> <Li> Jacques Rudolph ( born 1981 ) , South African cricketer who plays for Surrey CCC </Li> <Li> Kyle Rudolph ( born 1989 ) , National Football League player </Li> <Li> Mason Rudolph ( born 1995 ) , American football player </Li> <Li> Nils Rudolph ( born 1965 ) , German freestyle swimmer </Li> <Li> Wilma Rudolph ( 1940 -- 1994 ) , American Olympic athlete </Li> </Ul> <H3> In film and television ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Alan Rudolph ( born 1943 ) , film director and screenwriter </Li> <Li> Maya Rudolph ( born 1972 ) , actress and comedian </Li> <Li> William Rudolph ( died 1975 ) , American film technician </Li> </Ul> <H3> In science and technology ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Arthur Rudolph ( 1906 -- 1996 ) , rocket scientist who helped develop the V - 2 and the Saturn V , Operation Paperclip </Li> </Ul> <H3> In music ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jean - Joseph Rodolphe ( 1730 -- 1812 ) , composer </Li> <Li> Max Rudolf ( conductor ) ( 1902 -- 1995 ) , German conductor who spent most of his career in the United States </Li> <Li> Kevin Rudolf ( born 1983 ) , American musician , singer - songwriter and music producer . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Albert Rudolph , birth name of Swami Rudrananda , American entrepreneur and spiritual teacher </Li> <Li> Eric Rudolph ( born 1966 ) , serial murderer and terrorist </Li> <Li> Julia Ann Rudolph ( c. 1820 -- c. 1890 ) , American photographer </Li> <Li> Paul Rudolph ( architect ) ( 1918 -- 1997 ) , American architect </Li> <Li> Vernon Rudolph ( 1915 -- 1973 ) , founder of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts , Inc </Li> </Ul> <H2> Given name ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Royalty ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rudolph of France ( r . 923 -- 936 ) </Li> <Li> Rudolf I of Germany ( 1218 -- 1291 ) </Li> <Li> Rudolf II , Holy Roman Emperor ( 1552 -- 1612 ) </Li> <Li> Rudolf , Crown Prince of Austria ( 1858 -- 1889 ) , son and heir of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and Empress Elisabeth of Austria ( died at Mayerling ) </Li> <Li> Rudolph I of Bohemia ( 1281 -- 1307 ) </Li> <Li> Rudolf II , Duke of Austria ( 1270 -- 1290 ) </Li> <Li> Rudolf IV , Duke of Austria ( 1339 -- 1365 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Religious figures ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rudolf of Fulda , 9th century monk , writer and theologian </Li> <Li> Rudolf von Habsburg - Lothringen ( 1788 -- 1831 ) , Archbishop of Olomouc and member of the House of Habsburg - Lorraine </Li> </Ul> <H3> Dancers ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rudolf Laban ( 1879 -- 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Rudolf Nureyev ( 1938 -- 1993 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> In film and television ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rudolph Valentino ( 1895 -- 1926 ) , legendary silent film actor </Li> <Li> Rudolph Walker ( born 1939 ) , British actor </Li> <Li> Rudy Wurlitzer ( born 1937 ) , American novelist and screenwriter . </Li> <Li> Rudolf Bernhard ( 1901 -- 1962 ) , Swiss actor and theater director </Li> <Li> Rudolf Hrušínský ( born 1920 ) , Czech actor </Li> <Li> Ruedi Walter , ( 1916 -- 1990 ) Swiss comedian and actor </Li> </Ul> <H3> In science and technology ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ralph H. Baer ( Rudolf Heinrich Baer ) ( 1922 -- 2014 ) , German - American video game pioneer , inventor , engineer . </Li> <Li> Rudolph Boysen ( 1895 -- 1950 ) , creator of the boysenberry </Li> <Li> Rudolf Diesel ( 1858 -- 1913 ) , inventor of the diesel engine </Li> <Li> Rudolph A. Marcus ( born 1923 ) , Canadian Nobel Prize - winning chemist </Li> <Li> Rudolf Simek ( born 1954 ) , Germanist and Philologian </Li> <Li> Rudolf Virchow ( 1821 - 1902 ) , German physician and biologist </Li> <Li> Rudolf Wolf ( 1816 -- 1893 ) , Swiss astronomer and mathematician </Li> </Ul> <H3> In music ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Sir Rudolf Bing ( 1902 -- 1997 ) , opera impresario </Li> <Li> Rudolf Friml ( 1879 -- 1972 ) , composer of operettas , musicals , songs and piano pieces , and a pianist </Li> <Li> Rodolfo `` Fito '' Páez ( born 1963 ) , Argentine singer - songwriter </Li> <Li> Rudolph Isley ( born 1939 ) , American singer - songwriter and is one of the founding members of The Isley Brothers . </Li> <Li> Rudolf Schenker ( born 1948 ) , German guitarist and founding member of heavy metal band Scorpions . </Li> <Li> Wage Rudolf Supratman ( born 1903 ) , Indonesian songwriter and the composer both the music and lyrics for the song Indonesia Raya . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Political figures ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rudolph William Louis Giuliani ( born 1944 ) , American lawyer , businessman , former politician , and public speaker . He served as Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001 . </Li> <Li> Rudolph ( Rudy ) Perpich , former governor of Minnesota . </Li> <Li> Rudolf Maister ( 1874 - 1934 ) Slovene military officer , poet and political activist . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rudolf Abel , the alias of Vilyam Genrikhovich Fisher ( 1903 -- 1971 ) , a Russian spy </Li> <Li> Rudolf Anderson ( 1927 -- 1962 ) , U.S. Air Force pilot and first recipient of the Air Force Cross </Li> <Li> Rudolf Brandt ( 1909 -- 1948 ) , German Nazi SS officer , executed for war crimes </Li> <Li> Rudolf Dassler ( 1898 -- 1974 ) , German businessman </Li> <Li> Rudolf Hess ( 1894 -- 1987 ) , Deputy Führer in Nazi Germany </Li> <Li> Rudolf Höss ( 1900 -- 1947 ) , German Nazi first commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp </Li> <Li> Rudolf Spielmann ( 1883 -- 1942 ) , Austrian - Jewish chess player </Li> <Li> Rudolf Straeuli ( born 1963 ) , South African rugby player and coach </Li> <Li> Rudolf Völler ( born 1960 ) , German football player </Li> <Li> Rudolf Vrba ( 1924 -- 2006 ) , Slovak - Canadian professor of pharmacology and Jewish escapee of the Auschwitz concentration camp </Li> <Li> Rudolph Berthold ( 1891 -- 1920 ) , German World War I air ace </Li> <Li> Rudolph `` Rudy '' LaRusso ( 1927 -- 2004 ) , American basketball player </Li> <Li> Rudolph Arvid Peterson ( 1904 -- 2003 ) , former president and CEO of Bank of America . </Li> <Li> Rudolph Wurlitzer ( 1831 -- 1914 ) German American businessman , founder of The Rudolph Wurlitzer Company </Li> </Ul> <H3> Fictional ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1939 ) , fictional character </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/voornamen/VNB/index.php?act=zoeken&id=16253 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_(name)&oldid=838516012 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Given names </Li> <Li> German masculine given names </Li> <Li> Dutch masculine given names </Li> <Li> Norwegian masculine given names </Li> <Li> Swedish masculine given names </Li> <Li> Danish masculine given names </Li> <Li> Finnish masculine given names </Li> <Li> Icelandic masculine given names </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing French - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Spanish - language text </Li> <Li> All set index articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 14 : 27 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The last name Rudolph originates from

Where does the last name rudolph come from?

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Flag of the Netherlands - wikipedia <H1> Flag of the Netherlands </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Dutch flag '' redirects here . For the computer science problem , see Dutch national flag problem . `` Flag of Holland '' redirects here . For the flags of the provinces called Holland , see Flag of North Holland and Flag of South Holland . <Table> Netherlands <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Td> Flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Use </Th> <Td> National flag and ensign </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proportion </Th> <Td> 2 : 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adopted </Th> <Td> Officially adopted on 19 February 1937 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> A horizontal triband of red ( Bright Vermilion ) , white , and Cobalt blue . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Variant flag of Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Td> The `` Prinsengeus '' , the naval jack of the Netherlands . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Use </Th> <Td> Naval jack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proportion </Th> <Td> 2 : 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Variant flag of Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Td> Royal Standard of the Netherlands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proportion </Th> <Td> 1 : 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adopted </Th> <Td> 27 August 1908 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> A square orange flag , divided in four quarters by a nassau - blue cross with the small coat of arms of the Kingdom , surmounted by a royal crown and surrounded by the insignia of the Grand Cross of the Order of Willem . Each quarter shows a bugle - horn which originates in arms of the Principality of Orange . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The flag of the Netherlands ( Dutch : Vlag van Nederland ) is a horizontal tricolor of red , white , and blue . The tricolor flag is almost identical to that of Luxembourg , except that it is shorter and its blue stripe is a darker shade . </P> <P> It originates as a variant of the older orange - white - blue Prinsenvlag ( `` Prince 's Flag '' ) , introduced in the 17th century as the Statenvlag ( `` States Flag '' ) , the naval flag of the States - General of the Dutch Republic . </P> <P> Its official status as the national flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands was formalized in 1937 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Description </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cross of Burgundy Flag </Li> <Li> 2.2 Prince 's Flag </Li> <Li> 2.3 Statenvlag </Li> <Li> 2.4 Flag of the Batavian Republic </Li> <Li> 2.5 Modern national flag </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Display and use </Li> <Li> 4 Flags of current countries in the Kingdom of the Netherlands <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Flag of Aruba </Li> <Li> 4.2 Flag of Curaçao </Li> <Li> 4.3 Flag of Sint Maarten </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Flags of former countries in the Kingdom of the Netherlands <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Suriname </Li> <Li> 5.2 Netherlands Antilles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Flags of former colonies of the Kingdom of the Netherlands <Ul> <Li> 6.1 New Holland ( Brazil ) </Li> <Li> 6.2 Netherlands East Indies </Li> <Li> 6.3 Netherlands New Guinea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Related flags <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Flags influenced by the flag of the Netherlands </Li> <Li> 7.2 Pan-Slavic colors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Description ( edit ) </H2> <P> The national flag of the Netherlands is a tricolor flag . The horizontal fesses are bands of equal size in the colors from top to bottom , red ( officially described as a `` bright vermilion '' ) , white ( silver ) , and blue ( `` cobalt blue '' ) . The flag proportions ( width : length ) are 2 : 3 . The first stadtholder of the Dutch Republic was William I of Orange , who joined with Dutch nationalists and led the struggle for independence from Spain . Partly out of respect for him , the first flag adopted by the Dutch was a horizontal tricolor of orange , white , and blue . It became known as the Prinsenvlag ( `` Prince 's flag '' ) and was based on the livery of William of Orange . The orange dye was particularly unstable and tended to turn red after a while , so in the mid-17th century , red was made the official color . The flag has flown since then , but was confirmed by Royal Decree only in 1937 , at the same time the color parameters were exactly defined . As the first revolutionary flag , it has had a seminal influence throughout the world , particularly on the Pan-Slavic colors of Russia . Until about 1800 , in the case of both the orange - and the red - striped versions , the number of stripes and their order frequently varied . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Scheme </Th> <Th> Bright Vermilion </Th> <Th> White </Th> <Th> Cobalt Blue </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chromatic </Td> <Td> X = 17.2 Y = 9.0 Z = 2.6 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> X = 7.8 Y = 6.8 Z = 26.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CMYK </Td> <Td> 0.84. 77.32 </Td> <Td> 0.0. 0.0 </Td> <Td> 76.50. 0.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RGB </Td> <Td> ( 174 , 28 , 40 ) </Td> <Td> ( 255,255,255 ) </Td> <Td> ( 33 , 70,139 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hexadecimal </Td> <Td> # AE1C28 </Td> <Td> # FFFFFF </Td> <Td> # 21468B </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Cross of Burgundy flag ( edit ) </H3> The Cross of Burgundy Flag . <P> At the end of the 15th century , when the majority of the Netherlands provinces were united under the Duke of Burgundy , the Cross of Burgundy Flag of the Duke of Burgundy was used for joint expeditions , which consisted of a red saltire resembling two crossed , roughly - pruned ( knotted ) branches , on a white field . Under the later House of Habsburg this flag remained in use . </P> <H3> Prince 's flag ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Prince 's Flag The Prince 's Flag . Dutch ships ramming Spanish galleys off the English coast , 3 October 1602 ( Hendrick Cornelisz Vroom 1617 ) <P> In 1572 provinces of the Low Countries rose in revolt against King Philip II of Spain , and William Prince of Orange ( 1533 -- 1584 ) placed himself at the head of the rebels . </P> <P> The colour `` orange '' is apparently in reference to the name of the House of Orange ; but it should be noted that `` orange '' is not a heraldic tincture , and the name of `` Orange '' is derived from Aurasio , unrelated to the name of the fruit or the color . The use of orange as a color adjective itself is an innovation of the 16th century . </P> <P> Usage of the color orange by William himself is recorded for 1577 , when in a reception at Ghent he was dressed as Judas Maccabeus and accompanied by a number of allegories , among these Paix de Gand , represented by a young girl wearing an orange , blue and white belt , and `` Faith '' , `` Truth '' and `` Perseverance '' dressed in white , blue and orange , respectively , besides 84 young girls representing the `` 84 industries of Ghent '' , dressed in white with orange and blue ornaments . Jacob Duym also reports that in the siege of Leiden in 1574 , the Dutch officers wore orange - white - blue brassards . From this , Rey ( 1837 ) concludes that the combination of orange - white - blue was certainly used by the Prince of Orange from the 1570s . </P> <P> The Watergeuzen ( Gueux de mer , `` Sea Beggars '' ) , the pro-Dutch privateers , flew an orange - white - blue ( Dutch : Oranje , Wit , Blauw or Oranje , Blanje , Bleu , from French Orange , Blanc , Bleu ) . tricolor ; the first explicit reference to naval flags in these colors is found in the ordonnances of the Admiralty of Zeeland , dated 1587 , i.e. shortly after William 's death . </P> <P> The orange - white - blue flag continued to be flown as well and in later times would serve as the basis for the former South African flag . It is also the basis for the flags of New York City and Albany , New York . The 400th anniversary of the introduction of the Prince 's Flag was commemorated in the Netherlands by the issue of a post stamp in 1972 . </P> <H3> Statenvlag ( edit ) </H3> The Statenvlag . Further information : Statenvlag <P> After about 1630 , the orange band tended to be replaced by a red one , as indicated by paintings of that time . The CIA Factbook suggests that this was merely due to the orange dye used tending to fade to red over time . </P> <P> Alternatively , it has been suggested that there is an older association of the colours red , white and blue with the Low Countries , going back even to the late medieval period . During the 15th century , the three colours were mentioned as the coastal signals for this area , with the 3 bands straight or diagonal , single or doubled . Muller ( 1862 ) suggested that the colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Bavarian house , the rulers of the county of Holland during 1354 -- 1433 , who used the Bavarian coat of arms quartered with the arms of the counts of Holland . </P> <P> It appears that prior to 1664 , the red - white - blue tricolor was commonly known as the `` Flag of Holland '' ( Hollandsche Vlag ) ; in 1664 , the States of Zeeland complained about this , and a resolution of the States - General introduced the name `` States Flag '' ( Statenvlag ) . According to de Waard ( 1900 ) , the Dutch navy between 1588 and 1630 always displayed the Prince 's Flag , and after 1663 always the States Flag , with both flag variants being in use during the period of 1630 -- 1662 . </P> <P> The red - white - blue triband flag of the Netherlands as used in the 17th century is said to have influenced the Russian flag . </P> <H3> Flag of the Batavian Republic ( edit ) </H3> Flag of the Batavian Republic . Flag and pennants of the Batavian Republic . <P> With the revolution in the Netherlands in the last decade of the 18th century , and the conquest by the French , the name `` Prince 's Flag '' was forbidden . The orange - white - blue was changed into red - white - blue ( colours to which the French `` liberators '' were kindly disposed , analogous as they were to their own tricolour , chosen just a few months earlier ) and in 1796 the red division of the flag was embellished with the figure of a Netherlands maiden , with a lion at her feet , in the upper left corner . In one hand she bore a shield with the Roman fasces and in the other a lance crowned with the cap of liberty . This flag had a life as short as that of the Batavian Republic for which it was created .

The colors of the Netherlands flag are

What are the colors of the netherlands flag?

1760961066899651429

chest pain that can be reproduced with palpation . However , both atypical and typical symptoms of acute coronary syndrome can occur , and in general a history can not be enough to rule out the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome . In some cases , chest pain may not even be a symptom of an acute cardiac event . An estimated 33 % of persons with myocardial infarction in the United States do not present with chest pain , and carry a significantly higher mortality as a result of delayed treatment . </P> <H3> Physical examination ( edit ) </H3> <P> Careful medical history and physical examination is essential in separating dangerous from trivial causes of disease , and the management of chest pain may be done on specialized units ( termed medical assessment units ) to concentrate the investigations . Occasionally , invisible medical signs will direct the diagnosis towards particular causes , such as Levine 's sign in cardiac ischemia . However , in the case of acute coronary syndrome , a third heart sound , diaphoresis , and hypotension are the most strongly associated physical exam findings . However these signs are limited in their prognostic and diagnostic value . Other physical exam findings suggestive of cardiac chest pain may include hypertension , tachycardia , bradycardia , and new heart murmurs . Chest pain that is reproducible during the physical exam with contact of the chest wall is more indicative of non-cardiac chest pain , but still can not completely rule out acute coronary syndrome . For this reason , in general , additional tests are required to establish the diagnosis . </P> <P> In the emergency department the typical approach to chest pain involves ruling out the most dangerous causes : heart attack , pulmonary embolism , thoracic aortic dissection , esophageal rupture , tension pneumothorax , and cardiac tamponade . By elimination or confirmation of the most serious causes , a diagnosis of the origin of the pain may be made . Often , no definite cause will be found and reassurance is then provided . </P> <H3> Clinical risk scores ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events score ( GRACE score ) and the Thrombosis in Myocardial Infarction score ( TIMI score ) performed at time of admission may help stratify persons into low , intermediate and high risk groups for acute coronary syndrome . However the GRACE and TIMI scores do not provide management guidelines for risk - stratified persons . The HEART score , stratifies persons into low - risk and high - risk groups , and recommends either discharge or admission based upon the score . </P> <Table> HEART Score <Tr> <Th> Criteria </Th> <Th> Point Value </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Highly suspicious </Td> <Td> + 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moderately suspicious </Td> <Td> + 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slightly suspicious </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ECG </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Significant ST - depression </Td> <Td> + 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nonspecific repolarization disturbance </Td> <Td> + 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Normal </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ≥ 65 </Td> <Td> + 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 - 65 </Td> <Td> + 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ≤ 45 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Risk factors * </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ≥ 3 risk factors or history of atherosclerotic disease </Td> <Td> + 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 - 2 risk factors </Td> <Td> + 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No risk factors known </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Troponin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ≥ 3 × normal limit </Td> <Td> + 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 - 3 × normal limit </Td> <Td> + 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ≤ normal limit </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * Risk factors include hypercholesterolemia , hypertension , diabetes mellitus , smoking , and obesity </P> <P> Cumulative score : </P> <Ul> <Li> 0 - 3 : 2.5 % risk of adverse cardiac event . Patient 's can be discharged with follow - up . </Li> <Li> 4 - 6 : 20.3 % risk of adverse cardiac event . Patients should be admitted to the hospital for trending of troponin and provocative testing . </Li> <Li> ≥ 7 : 72.7 % risk of adverse cardiac event , suggesting early invasive measures with these patients and close coordination with inpatient cardiology . </Li> </Ul> <P> If acute coronary syndrome ( `` heart attack '' ) is suspected , many people are admitted briefly for observation , sequential ECGs , and measurement of cardiac enzymes in the blood over time . On occasion , further tests on follow up may determine the cause . </P> <H3> Medical tests ( edit ) </H3> <P> On the basis of the above , a number of tests may be ordered : </P> <Ul> <Li> An electrocardiogram ( ECG ) </Li> <Li> Chest radiograph or chest x rays are frequently performed </Li> <Li> Echocardiography can be useful in patients with known cardiac disease or aortic dissection </Li> <Li> CT scanning is used in the diagnosis of aortic dissection </Li> <Li> V / Q scintigraphy or CT pulmonary angiogram ( when a pulmonary embolism is suspected ) </Li> <Li> Blood tests : <Ul> <Li> Troponin I or T ( to indicate myocardial damage ) </Li> <Li> Complete blood count </Li> <Li> Electrolytes and renal function ( creatinine ) </Li> <Li> Liver enzymes </Li> <Li> Creatine kinase ( and CK - MB fraction in many hospitals ) </Li> <Li> D - dimer ( when suspicion for pulmonary embolism is present but low ) </Li> <Li> serum lipase to exclude acute pancreatitis </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Management ( edit ) </H2> <P> Management of chest pain varies with the underlying cause of the pain and the stage of care . </P> <H3> Prehospital care ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chest pain is a common symptom encountered by emergency medical services . Aspirin increases survival in people with acute coronary syndrome and it is reasonable for EMS dispatchers to recommend it in people with no recent serious bleeding . Supplemental oxygen was used in the past for most people with chest pain but is not needed unless the oxygen saturations are less than 94 % or there are signs of respiratory distress . Entonox is frequently used by EMS personnel in the prehospital environment . However , there is little evidence about its effectiveness . </P> <H3> Hospital care ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hospital care of chest pain begins with initial survey of a person 's vital signs , airway and breathing , and level of consciousness . This may also include attachment of ECG leads , cardiac monitors , intravenous lines and other medical devices depending on initial evaluation . After evaluation of a person 's history , risk factors , physical examination , laboratory testing and imaging , management begins depending on suspected diagnoses . Depending upon the diagnosis , a person may be placed in the intensive care unit , admitted to the hospital , or be treated outpatient . For persons with suspected cardiac chest pain or acute coronary syndrome , or other emergent diagnoses such as pneumothorax , pulmonary embolism , or aortic dissection , admission to the hospital is most often recommended for further treatment . </P> <H3> Outpatient care ( edit ) </H3> <P> For people with non-cardiac chest pain , cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) might be helpful on an outpatient basis . A 2015 Cochrane review found that CBT might reduce the frequency of chest pain episodes the first three months after treatment . For persons with chest pain due to gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) , a proton - pump inhibitor ( PPI ) has been shown to be the most effective treatment . However , PPI treatment has been shown to be no better than placebo in persons with noncardiac chest pain not caused by GERD . For musculoskeletal causes of chest pain , manipulation therapy or chiropractic therapy , acupuncture , or a recommendation for increased exercise are often used as treatment . Studies have shown conflicting results on the efficacy of these treatments . A combination therapy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) and manipulation therapy with at - home exercises has been shown to be most effective in treatment of musculoskeletal chest pain . </P> <H2> Epidemiology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Chest pain is a common presenting problem . Overall chest pain is responsible for an estimated 6 % of all emergency department in the United States and is the most common reason for hospital admission . Chest pain is also very prevalent in primary care clinics , representing 1 - 3 % of all visits with primary care physicians . The rate of emergency department visits in the US for chest pain decreased 10 % from 1999 to 2008 . but a subsequent increase of 13 % was seen from 2006 - 2011 . Less than 20 % of all cases of chest pain admissions are found to be due to coronary artery disease . The rate of chest pain as a symptom of acute coronary syndrome varies among populations based upon age , sex , and previous medical conditions . In general , women are more likely than men to present without chest pain ( 49 % vs. 38 % ) in cases of myocardial infarction . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tintinalli JE , Stapczynski JS , Ma OJ , Yealy DM , Meckler GD , Cline D ( 2016 ) . Tintinalli 's emergency medicine : a comprehensive study guide ( Eighth ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 179476 - 3 . OCLC 915775025 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schey R , Villarreal A , Fass R ( April 2007 ) . `` Noncardiac chest pain : current treatment '' . Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 3 ( 4 ) : 255 -- 62 . PMC 3099272 . PMID 21960837 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wertli MM , Ruchti KB , Steurer J , Held U ( November 2013 ) . `` Diagnostic indicators of non-cardiovascular chest pain : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . BMC Medicine . 11 : 239 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7015 - 11 - 239 . PMC 4226211 . PMID 24207111 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Marx JA , Hockberger RS , Walls RM , Biros MH , Danzl DF , Gausche - Hill M , Jagoda A , Ling L , Newton E , Zink BJ , Rosen P ( 2014 ) . Rosen 's Emergency Medicine : Concepts and Clinical Practice ( Eighth ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Elsevier / Saunders . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4557 - 0605 - 1 . OCLC 853286850 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kahn , S.E. ( October 2000 ) . `` The challenge of evaluating the patient with chest pain '' . Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine . 124 ( 10 ) : 1418 -- 1419 . doi : 10.1043 / 0003 - 9985 ( 2000 ) 1242.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0003 - 9985 . PMID 11035567 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thull - Freedman J ( March 2010 ) . `` Evaluation of chest pain in the pediatric patient '' . The Medical Clinics of North America . 94 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 47 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mcna. 2010.01. 004 . PMID 20380959 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ayloo A , Cvengros T , Marella S ( December 2013 ) . `` Evaluation and treatment of musculoskeletal chest pain '' . Primary Care . 40 ( 4 ) : 863 -- 87 , viii . doi : 10.1016 / j. pop. 2013.08. 007 . PMID 24209723 . </Li> <Li>

For complaints of sudden chest pain, patients should take an

For complaints of sudden chest pain patients should take a?

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Phosphorus cycle - wikipedia <H1> Phosphorus cycle </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Phosphorus Cycle on land <P> The phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere , hydrosphere , and biosphere . Unlike many other biogeochemical cycles , the atmosphere does not play a significant role in the movement of phosphorus , because phosphorus and phosphorus - based compounds are usually solids at the typical ranges of temperature and pressure found on Earth . The production of phosphine gas occurs in only specialized , local conditions . </P> <P> On the land , phosphorus gradually becomes less available to plants over thousands of years , because it is slowly lost in runoff . Low concentration of phosphorus in soils reduces plant growth , and slows soil microbial growth - as shown in studies of soil microbial biomass . Soil microorganisms act as both sinks and sources of available phosphorus in the biogeochemical cycle . Locally , transformations of phosphorus are chemical , biological and microbiological : the major long - term transfers in the global cycle , however , are driven by tectonic movements in geologic time . </P> <P> Humans have caused major changes to the global phosphorus cycle through shipping of phosphorus minerals , and use of phosphorus fertilizer , and also the shipping of food from farms to cities , where it is lost as effluent . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Phosphorus in the environment <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Ecological function </Li> <Li> 1.2 Biological function </Li> <Li> 1.3 Process of the cycle </Li> <Li> 1.4 Phosphatic minerals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Human influences </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Phosphorus in the environment ( edit ) </H2> The aquatic phosphorus cycle <H3> Ecological function ( edit ) </H3> <P> Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants and animals . Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient for aquatic organisms . Phosphorus forms parts of important life - sustaining molecules that are very common in the biosphere . Phosphorus does not enter the atmosphere , remaining mostly on land and in rock and soil minerals . Eighty percent of the mined phosphorus is used to make fertilizers . Phosphates from fertilizers , sewage and detergents can cause pollution in lakes and streams . Overenrichment of phosphate in both fresh and inshore marine waters can lead to massive algae blooms which , when they die and decay , leads to eutrophication of fresh waters only . An example of this is the Canadian Experimental Lakes Area . These freshwater algal blooms should not be confused with those in saltwater environments . Recent research suggests that the predominant pollutant responsible for algal blooms in salt water estuaries and coastal marine habitats is Nitrogen . </P> <P> Phosphorus occurs most abundantly in nature as part of the orthophosphate ion ( PO ) , consisting of a P atom and 4 oxygen atoms . On land most phosphorus is found in rocks and minerals . Phosphorus rich deposits have generally formed in the ocean or from guano , and over time , geologic processes bring ocean sediments to land . Weathering of rocks and minerals release phosphorus in a soluble form where it is taken up by plants , and it is transformed into organic compounds . The plants may then be consumed by herbivores and the phosphorus is either incorporated into their tissues or excreted . After death , the animal or plant decays , and phosphorus is returned to the soil where a large part of the phosphorus is transformed into insoluble compounds . Runoff may carry a small part of the phosphorus back to the ocean . Generally with time ( thousands of years ) soils become deficient in phosphorus leading to ecosystem retrogression . </P> <H3> Biological function ( edit ) </H3> <P> The primary biological importance of phosphates is as a component of nucleotides , which serve as energy storage within cells ( ATP ) or when linked together , form the nucleic acids DNA and RNA . The double helix of our DNA is only possible because of the phosphate ester bridge that binds the helix . Besides making biomolecules , phosphorus is also found in bone and the enamel of mammalian teeth , whose strength is derived from calcium phosphate in the form of Hydroxylapatite . It is also found in the exoskeleton of insects , and phospholipids ( found in all biological membranes ) . It also functions as a buffering agent in maintaining acid base homeostasis in the human body . </P> <H3> Process of the cycle ( edit ) </H3> <P> Phosphates move quickly through plants and animals ; however , the processes that move them through the soil or ocean are very slow , making the phosphorus cycle overall one of the slowest biogeochemical cycles . </P> <P> Initially , phosphate weathers from rocks and minerals , the most common mineral being apatite . Overall small losses occur in terrestrial environments by leaching and erosion , through the action of rain . In soil , phosphate is adsorbed on iron oxides , aluminium hydroxides , clay surfaces , and organic matter particles , and becomes incorporated ( immobilized or fixed ) . Plants and fungi can also be active in making P soluble . </P> <P> Unlike other cycles , P is not normally found in the air as a gas ; it only occurs under highly reducing conditions as the gas phosphine PH . </P> <H3> Phosphatic minerals ( edit ) </H3> <P> The availability of phosphorus in an ecosystem is restricted by the rate of release of this element during weathering . The release of phosphorus from apatite dissolution is a key control on ecosystem productivity . The primary mineral with significant phosphorus content , apatite ( Ca ( PO ) OH ) undergoes carbonation . </P> <P> Little of this released phosphorus is taken up by biota ( organic form ) , whereas a larger proportion reacts with other soil minerals . This leads to precipitation into unavailable forms in the later stage of weathering and soil development . Available phosphorus is found in a biogeochemical cycle in the upper soil profile , while phosphorus found at lower depths is primarily involved in geochemical reactions with secondary minerals . Plant growth depends on the rapid root uptake of phosphorus released from dead organic matter in the biochemical cycle . Phosphorus is limited in supply for plant growth . Phosphates move quickly through plants and animals ; however , the processes that move them through the soil or ocean are very slow , making the phosphorus cycle overall one of the slowest biogeochemical cycles . </P> <P> Low - molecular - weight ( LMW ) organic acids are found in soils . They originate from the activities of various microorganisms in soils or may be exuded from the roots of living plants . Several of those organic acids are capable of forming stable organo - metal complexes with various metal ions found in soil solutions . As a result , these processes may lead to the release of inorganic phosphorus associated with aluminium , iron , and calcium in soil minerals . The production and release of oxalic acid by mycorrhizal fungi explain their importance in maintaining and supplying phosphorus to plants . </P> <P> The availability of organic phosphorus to support microbial , plant and animal growth depends on the rate of their degradation to generate free phosphate . There are various enzymes such as phosphatases , nucleases and phytase involved for the degradation . Some of the abiotic pathways in the environment studied are hydrolytic reactions and photolytic reactions . Enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus is an essential step in the biogeochemical phosphorus cycle , including the phosphorus nutrition of plants and microorganisms and the transfer of organic phosphorus from soil to bodies of water . Many organisms rely on the soil derived phosphorus for their phosphorus nutrition . </P> <H2> Human influences ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nutrients are important to the growth and survival of living organisms , and hence , are essential for development and maintenance of healthy ecosystems . Humans have greatly influenced the phosphorus cycle by mining phosphorus , converting it to fertilizer , and by shipping fertilizer and products around the globe . Transporting phosphorus in food from farms to cities has made a major change in the global Phosphorus cycle . However , excessive amounts of nutrients , particularly phosphorus and nitrogen , are detrimental to aquatic ecosystems . Waters are enriched in phosphorus from farms ' run - off , and from effluent that is inadequately treated before it is discharged to waters . Natural eutrophication is a process by which lakes gradually age and become more productive and may take thousands of years to progress . Cultural or anthropogenic eutrophication , however , is water pollution caused by excessive plant nutrients ; this results in excessive growth in the algal population ; when this algae dies its putrefaction depletes the water of oxygen. Such eutrophication may also give rise to toxic algal bloom. Both these effects cause animal and plant death rates to increase as the plants take in poisonous water while the animals drink the poisoned water . Surface and subsurface runoff and erosion from high - phosphorus soils may be major contributing factors to this fresh water eutrophication . The processes controlling soil Phosphorus release to surface runoff and to subsurface flow are a complex interaction between the type of phosphorus input , soil type and management , and transport processes depending on hydrological conditions . </P> <P> Repeated application of liquid hog manure in excess to crop needs can have detrimental effects on soil phosphorus status . Also , application of biosolids may increase available phosphorus in soil . In poorly drained soils or in areas where snowmelt can cause periodic waterlogging , dereducing conditions can be attained in 7 -- 10 days . This causes a sharp increase in phosphorus concentration in solution and phosphorus can be leached . In addition , reduction of the soil causes a shift in phosphorus from resilient to more labile forms . This could eventually increase the potential for phosphorus loss . This is of particular concern for the environmentally sound management of such areas , where disposal of agricultural wastes has already become a problem . It is suggested that the water regime of soils that are to be used for organic wastes disposal is taken into account in the preparation of waste management regulations . </P> <P> Human interference in the phosphorus cycle occurs by overuse or careless use of phosphorus fertilizers . This results in increased amounts of phosphorus as pollutants in bodies of water resulting in eutrophication . Eutrophication devastates water ecosystems by inducing anoxic conditions . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Peak phosphorus </Li> <Li> Planetary boundaries </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Turner B.L et al. ( 2003 ) Organic phosphorus in the environment . CABI publishing </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger W.H. Biogeochemistry : An analysis of global change . ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.soils.org/discover-soils/soils-in-the-city/green-infrastructure/important-terms/eutrophication </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peltzer , D.A. et al. 2010 . Understanding ecosystem retrogression . Ecological Monographs 80 ; 509 - 529 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/480.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Voet D and Voet J.G. ( 2003 ) Biochemistry pg 607 - 608 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Oelkers E.H ( 2008 ) Phosphate mineral reactivity : from global cycles to sustainable development Mineralogical Magazine 72 : 337 - 340 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Filippelli G.M ( 2002 ) The Global Phosphorus Cycle . Reviews in Mineralogy and geochemistry 48 : 391 -- 425 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrold S.A. and Tabatabai M.A ( 2006 ) Release of Inorganic Phosphorus from Soils by Low - Molecular - Weight Organic Acids . Communications in

The majority of phosphorous is stored in the environment

Where is the majority of phosphorous stored in the environment?

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. Danny 's pride and lack of experience lead to him picking fights with the jocks when he tries to play basketball , wrestling or baseball , so Calhoun suggests cross-country running , in which Danny excels . Danny 's running proves to impress Sandy , prompting the two to reconcile for a date at the Frosty Palace ; when the other greasers arrive , Danny and Sandy promptly leave in discomfort . Kenickie and a noticeably distressed Rizzo get into an argument and break up , while Putzie and Jan arrange to go to the dance . Left alone , Frenchy -- who dropped out of Rydell to enroll in beauty school , only to quit when she turned her own hair bright pink -- is visited by a guardian angel who advises her to return to Rydell ( `` Beauty School Dropout '' ) . </P> <P> The school dance arrives , broadcast live on television and hosted by DJ Vince Fontaine , who flirts with Marty . Rizzo and Kenickie attempt to spite one another by bringing Leo and Cha - Cha as their dates , while Danny and Sandy arrive together . Danny and Sandy dance well and appear to be on their way to winning the competition , but a drunken Sonny pulls Sandy off the floor partway through . Cha - Cha joins Danny for the rest of the dance , and the two win ( `` Born to Hand Jive '' ) . During the last dance ( `` Blue Moon '' ) , Putzie leads Sonny and Doody in a mooning of the national TV audience , which Principal McGee vows to put on their permanent records . </P> <P> Danny apologizes to Sandy and tries to make it up to her by taking her to a drive - in theater . She 's unmoved by his pleas for forgiveness until he gives Sandy his ring , which she gleefully accepts . Moments later , Danny tries to aggressively make out with her , causing Sandy to angrily throw his ring at him and depart , leaving Danny distraught ( `` Sandy '' ) . Meanwhile , because she skipped a period , Rizzo quietly admits she may be pregnant to Marty , who in turn tells Sonny , and the rumor spreads like wildfire through the drive - in , reaching Kenickie just as Rizzo is walking past . He attempts to talk to Rizzo about it , telling her he does n't run away from his mistakes . Rizzo tells him it was someone else 's mistake , a response that angers Kenickie . At school the next day , word of Rizzo 's pregnancy fears reaches Patty Simcox , who has spread the gossip to her clique and sneers at Rizzo as they walk by . A visibly hurt Rizzo , who thanks Sandy for her offer of help , sings to herself about how her sins are not as bad as they could be ( `` There Are Worse Things I Could Do '' ) . </P> <P> On the day of the race , Kenickie asks Danny to be on standby in case he decides to back out . Moments before the race is set to begin , Kenickie suffers a concussion when he bends over to pick up a penny for good luck and Putzie opens the car door on Kenickie 's head , and Danny takes the helm of the car . Leo and Danny run a tight race , with Leo attempting to shred Danny 's tires with bladed hubcaps ( in a sequence paying homage to Ben - Hur ) ; Danny eventually wins when Leo skids out . Sandy watches from afar and concludes that she still loves Danny . She decides to change her attitude and image to impress him and asks Frenchy for help ( `` Look At Me , I 'm Sandra Dee ( Reprise ) '' ) . </P> <P> On the last day of school , a sobbing Principal McGee and her equally nostalgic assistant Blanche , in a speech over the intercom , tell the students that they could be future leaders . The school hosts a carnival where Sonny and Putzie learn that , because they either never took or failed physical education , they have to take summer school with Coach Calhoun in order to get their diplomas . </P> <P> Kenickie approaches Rizzo and demands to talk to her , only to have her reveal she is not pregnant after all . Overjoyed , they reunite . Danny shows up wearing a Letterman 's sweater and reveals he is now a letterman for the cross-country team , to the T - Birds ' dismay . Danny confesses it is a decision he has made in an effort to clean up his image so that he can be together with Sandy , telling the T - Birds that they too will have to grow up and stop following people all the time . The group is subsequently stunned when Sandy appears seconds later sporting a new hairstyle , dressed in black leather , and smoking a cigarette . In song , the two admit they love each other and reunite ( `` You 're the One That I Want '' ) and Sandy also tells Danny that if she was willing to change for him then it is only fair that he do the same for her by being faithful and more mature . </P> <P> The gang realizes that high school is now over , and worries that they 'll never see each other again . Danny insists , `` Nah , that 'll never happen , '' and everyone celebrates their friendship ( `` We Go Together '' ) . As the song nears its conclusion , Danny and Sandy depart in a red hot rod , which takes flight , and the pair wave goodbye to their friends . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Principal cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> John Travolta as Danny Zuko , who lives a double life as leader of the greaser gang the T - Birds and as Sandy 's boyfriend </Li> <Li> Olivia Newton - John as Sandy Olsson , Danny 's girlfriend and an Australian expatriate and ingénue , who transforms from square to greaser </Li> <Li> Stockard Channing as Betty Rizzo , Danny 's former fling and the cynical leader of the Pink Ladies clique </Li> <Li> Jeff Conaway as Kenickie , Danny 's best friend , Rizzo 's love interest and the owner of Greased Lightnin ' </Li> <Li> Barry Pearl as Doody , a member of the T - Birds ; he pairs with Frenchy at the school dance </Li> <Li> Michael Tucci as Sonny LaTierri , a trouble - making wannabe womanizer and T - Bird who courts Marty with little success over the course of the film </Li> <Li> Kelly Ward as Putzie , a member of the T - Birds whose relationship with Jan builds over the course of the film </Li> <Li> Didi Conn as Frenchy , Sandy 's closest friend in the Pink Ladies and an aspiring beautician </Li> <Li> Jamie Donnelly as Jan , a quirky member of the Pink Ladies with a liking for Ipana toothpaste </Li> <Li> Dinah Manoff as Marty Maraschino , a member of the Pink Ladies whose attractiveness regularly draws the attention of men , including Sonny and Vince Fontaine </Li> </Ul> <H3> School staff / others ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Eve Arden as Principal McGee , who shows discomfort at the goings - on at Rydell High . </Li> <Li> Dody Goodman as Secretary Blanche Hodel , who enjoys even the wilder antics at the school . </Li> <Li> Sid Caesar as Coach Vince Calhoun , the tough - talking gym teacher and coach of all the school 's perennially losing sports teams </Li> <Li> Eddie Deezen as Eugene Felsnick , the class nerd </Li> <Li> Susan Buckner as Patty Simcox , the head cheerleader and a rival for Danny 's affections </Li> <Li> Lorenzo Lamas as Tom Chisum , a popular jock who competes for Sandy 's affections </Li> <Li> Dennis C. Stewart as Leo `` Craterface '' Balmudo , head of the Scorpions , a rival greaser gang </Li> <Li> Annette Charles as Charlene `` Cha - Cha '' DiGregorio , Leo 's girlfriend </Li> <Li> Joan Blondell as Vi , a waitress at the Frosty Palace </Li> <Li> Ellen Travolta as Waitress </Li> <Li> Frankie Avalon as Teen Angel </Li> <Li> Edd Byrnes as Vince Fontaine , on - air personality at KZAZ radio and television </Li> <Li> Sha - Na - Na as Johnny Casino and the Gamblers , a rock and roll band </Li> <Li> Alice Ghostley as Mrs. Murdock , a rogue auto shop teacher who helps build Greased Lightnin ' for the T - Birds </Li> <Li> Darrell Zwerling as Mr. Lynch </Li> <Li> Molly Brady ( uncredited ) as unnamed baby </Li> <Li> Dick Patterson as Mr. Rudie </Li> <Li> Fannie Flagg as Nurse Wilkins </Li> <Li> Michael Biehn ( uncredited ) as Mike , a jock at Rydell high </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> John Travolta had previously worked with producer Robert Stigwood on Saturday Night Fever , had a nascent singing career at the time ( including the top - 10 hit `` Let Her In '' in 1976 ) , and had previously appeared as Doody in a touring production of the stage version of Grease . He made a number of casting recommendations that Stigwood ultimately accepted , including suggesting Randal Kleiser ( who had never directed a theatrical feature before this but had directed Travolta in the 1976 telefilm The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ) as director , and Olivia Newton - John , then known almost exclusively as a country music singer , as Sandy . Newton - John had done little acting before this film , with only one film credit ( the unreleased 1970 film Toomorrow , which predated her singing breakthrough ) to her name up to that time . Before accepting the role , Newton - John requested a screen test for Grease to avoid another career setback . The screen test was done with the drive - in movie scene . Newton - John , who is native to England and lived most of her life in Australia , was unable to perform with a convincing American accent , and thus her character was rewritten to be Australian . Before Newton - John was hired , Allan Carr was considering numerous names such as Ann - Margret , Susan Dey and Marie Osmond for the lead role ; Newton - John agreed to a reduced asking price in exchange for star billing . In a case of life imitating art , Newton - John 's own musical career would undergo a transformation similar to that of the Sandy Olsson character ; her next album after Grease , the provocatively titled Totally Hot , featured a much more sexual and pop - oriented approach , with Newton - John appearing on the album cover in similar all - leather attire and teased hair . </P> <P> Jeff Conaway , like Travolta , had previously appeared in the stage version of Grease ; he had played Danny Zuko during the show 's run on Broadway . Jamie Donnelly reprised her role as Jan from the Broadway show , the only cast member to do so ; as her hair had begun to gray by this point , she had to dye her hair to resemble her stage character . Kelly Ward had previously appeared as a similar sarcastic supporting character in The Boy in the Plastic Bubble with Travolta under Kleiser ; the role was substantially rewritten from the musical . Whereas `` Rump '' in the musical sang lead on two songs and was particularly known for his mooning , the renamed `` Putzie '' did not sing and shares the

In the movie Grease, the role of Sandy's jock boyfriend was played by

Who played sandy's jock boyfriend in grease?

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Earthquake warning system - wikipedia <H1> Earthquake warning system </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Earthquake Early Warning '' redirects here . For the system in Japan , see Earthquake Early Warning ( Japan ) . Example of early warning issued by ShakeAlert <P> An earthquake warning system is a system of accelerometers , seismometers , communication , computers , and alarms that is devised for regional notification of a substantial earthquake while it is in progress . This is not the same as earthquake prediction , which is currently incapable of producing decisive event warnings . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Time lag and wave projection </Li> <Li> 2 Transit safety </Li> <Li> 3 Deployment </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Time lag and wave projection ( edit ) </H2> <P> An earthquake is caused by the release of stored elastic strain energy during rapid sliding along a fault . The sliding will start at some location and progress away from this hypocenter in each direction along the fault surface . The speed of the progression of this fault tear is slower than and distinct from the speed of the resultant pressure and shear waves , with the pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave . The pressure wave will generate an abrupt shock while the shear waves can generate a periodic motion ( at about 1 Hz ) that is the most destructive in its effect upon structures , particularly buildings that have a similar resonant period , typically buildings around eight floors in height . These waves will be strongest at the ends of the slippage , and may project destructive waves well beyond the fault failure . The intensity of such remote effects are highly dependent upon local soils conditions within the region and these effects are considered in constructing a computer model of the region that determines appropriate responses to specific events . </P> <H2> Transit safety ( edit ) </H2> <P> Such systems are currently implemented to determine appropriate real - time response to an event in determining train operator response for urban rail systems such as BART ( Bay Area Rapid Transit ) . The appropriate response will be highly dependent upon the warning time , the local right -- of -- way conditions , and the current speed of the train . </P> Warning time given by the earthquake warning system of the Earthquake Network project during the May 2015 Nepal earthquake . The cross marker depicts the earthquake epicenter while the dot marker shows the detection location . <H2> Deployment ( edit ) </H2> The Earthquake Early Warning in Japan : When P - waves are detected , the readings are analyzed immediately and the warning information is distributed to advanced users such as ; broadcasting stations and mobile phone companies , before the arrival of S - waves ( lower ) . <P> As of 2016 , Japan and Taiwan are two countries with comprehensive nationwide earthquake early warning systems . Other countries and regions have limited deployment of earthquake warning systems , including Mexico ( the Mexican Seismic Alert System covers areas of central and southern Mexico including Mexico City and Oaxaca ) , limited regions of Romania ( the Basarab bridge in Bucharest ) and parts of the United States . The earliest automated earthquake pre-detection systems were installed in the 1990s ; for instance , in California , the Calistoga fire station 's system which can automatically trigger a citywide siren to alert the entire area 's residents . Some California fire departments use their warning systems to automatically open overhead doors of fire stations before the earthquake can disable them . While many of these efforts are governmental , several private companies also manufacture earthquake early warning systems to protect infrastructure such as elevators , gas lines and fire stations . </P> <P> The Mexican Seismic Alert System began operations in 1991 and began publicly issuing alerts in 1993 . Initially serving Mexico City with twelve sensors , the system now has 97 and is designed to protect life and property in several central and southern Mexican states . </P> <P> Japan 's Earthquake Early Warning system was put to practical use in 2006 . Its scheme to warn the general public was installed on October 1 , 2007 . It was modeled partly on the Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System ( UrEDAS ) of Japan Railways , which was designed to enable automatic braking of bullet trains . </P> <P> In 2009 , an early warning system called ShakeAlarm was installed and commissioned in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . It was placed to protect a piece of critical transportation infrastructure called the George Massey Tunnel , which connects the north and south banks of the Fraser River . In this application the system automatically closes the gates at the tunnel entrances if there is a dangerous seismic event inbound . The success and the reliability of the system was such that as of 2015 there have been several additional installations on the west coast of Canada and the United States , and there are more being planned . </P> <P> In January 2013 , Francesco Finazzi of the University of Bergamo started the Earthquake Network research project which aims at developing and maintaining a crowdsourced earthquake warning system based on smartphone networks . Smartphones are used to detect the ground shaking induced by an earthquake and a warning is issued as soon as an earthquake is detected . People living at a higher distance from the epicenter and the detection point may be alerted before they are reached by the damaging waves of the earthquake . People can take part in the project installing the Android application `` Earthquake Network '' which is also required to receive the alerts . </P> <P> In December 2014 , the United States Congress approved a $5 million allocation as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2014 in order to expand funding for development of the system . </P> <P> The USGS has investigated collaboration with the social networking site Twitter to allow for more rapid construction of ShakeMaps . As of May 2015 , USGS began testing an earthquake early warning app . QuakeAlert was developed by Early Warning Labs in partnership USGS . </P> <P> In July 2015 , the USGS awarded $4 million in funding to the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory , the California Institute of Technology and the University of Washington , to turn the current ShakeAlert early warning prototype into a more robust system that could be used by `` cities , industries , utilities and transportation networks in California , Oregon and Washington '' . </P> <P> Gravimetric data from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake has been used to create a model for increased warning time compared to seismic models , as gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Earthquake engineering </Li> <Li> Earthquake preparedness </Li> <Li> P - wave </Li> <Li> Seismic retrofit </Li> <Li> Earthquake Early Warning ( Japan ) </Li> <Li> Mexican Seismic Alert System </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Burkett , Erin R. ; Given , Douglas D. ; Jones , Lucile M. ; Jones , Erin R. Burkett , Douglas D. Given , and Lucile M. ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` ShakeAlert : an earthquake early warning system for the United States West Coast '' . U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014 -- 3083 . doi : 10.3133 / fs20143083 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Finazzi , Francesco ; Fassò , Alessandro ( 2016 ) . `` A statistical approach to crowdsourced smartphone - based earthquake early warning systems '' . Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment . doi : 10.1007 / s00477 - 016 - 1240 - 8 . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Podger , Pamela ( July 2001 ) . `` Calistoga to get an earful of nation 's first quake siren '' . napanet . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is an Earthquake Early Warning ? '' . Japan Meteorological Agency . Retrieved on 2008 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Overview of the Earthquake Early Warning System '' ( in Japanese ) . Japan Meteorological Agency . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kumagai , Jean ( June 2007 ) . `` A BriefHistory of Earthquake Warnings '' . IEEE Spectrum . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zaicenco , Anton ; Weir - Jones , Iain ( September 2012 ) . `` Lessons Learned from Operating an On - site Earthquake Early Warning System '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings , World Conference on Earthquake Engineering . 15th ( 2012 ) : 10 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Finazzi , Francesco ( 2016 ) . `` The Earthquake Network Project : Toward a Crowdsourced Smartphone ‐ Based Earthquake Early Warning System '' . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . doi : 10.1785 / 0120150354 . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lin II , Rong - Gong ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` California receives U.S. funding for earthquake early - warning system '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mahalia Miller , Lynne Burks , and Reza Bosagh Zadeh Rapid Estimate of Ground Shaking Intensity by Combining Simple Earthquake Characteristics with Tweets , Tenth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zadeh , Reza ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Using Twitter to measure earthquake impact in almost real time '' . Twitter Engineering . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` USGS Tests QuakeAlert App with 60 - Second Warning '' . Geospatial Solutions . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Earthquake early warning system moves closer to reality '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prompt gravity signal induced by the 2011 Tohoku - Oki earthquake '' . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms13349 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earthquake warning system . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Earthquake Early Warning -- United States Geological Survey </Li> <Li> Earthquake Early Warning -- California Institute of Technology </Li> <Li> Bayesian Networks for Earthquake Magnitude Classification in a Early Warning System </Li> <Li> Earthquake Network - The Earthquake Network project website </Li> <Li> Earthquake Early Warning for Developing Countries - Grillo website </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earthquake_warning_system&oldid=803143072 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page

The first earthquake early warning system was developed in

What is the name of the first earthquake early warning system?

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The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show : both main and recurring members , as well as those who are debuting , departing or returning from the series . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main cast </Li> <Li> 1.2 Recurring cast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Previous cast members </Li> <Li> 3 References and notes </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast </H2> <H3> Main cast </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peter Bergman </Th> <Td> Jack Abbott </Td> <Td> 1989 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marco Annicelli </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eric Braeden </Th> <Td> Victor Newman </Td> <Td> 1980 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sharon Case </Th> <Td> Sharon Newman </Td> <Td> 1994 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Doug Davidson </Th> <Td> Paul Williams </Td> <Td> 1978 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eileen Davidson </Th> <Td> Ashley Abbott </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 88 , 1999 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Melissa Claire Egan </Th> <Td> Chelsea Newman </Td> <Td> 2011 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cait Fairbanks </Th> <Td> Tessa Porter </Td> <Td> 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Noah Alexander Gerry </Th> <Td> Charlie Ashby </Td> <Td> 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daniel Goddard </Th> <Td> Cane Ashby </Td> <Td> 2007 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caleb Atkinson </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camryn Grimes </Th> <Td> Cassie Newman </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 10 , 2013 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mariah Copeland </Td> <Td> 2014 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daniel Hall </Th> <Td> Scott Grainger </Td> <Td> 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amelia Heinle </Th> <Td> Victoria Newman </Td> <Td> 2005 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bryton James </Th> <Td> Devon Hamilton </Td> <Td> 2004 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christel Khalil </Th> <Td> Lily Ashby </Td> <Td> 2002 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tristan Lake Leabu </Th> <Td> Reed Hellstrom </Td> <Td> 2016 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christian LeBlanc </Th> <Td> Michael Baldwin </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 93 , 1997 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kate Linder </Th> <Td> Esther Valentine </Td> <Td> 1982 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thad Luckinbill </Th> <Td> J.T. Hellstrom </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2010 , 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mishael Morgan </Th> <Td> Hilary Hamilton </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joshua Morrow </Th> <Td> Nicholas Newman </Td> <Td> 1994 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Melissa Ordway </Th> <Td> Abby Newman </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Melody Thomas Scott </Th> <Td> Nikki Newman </Td> <Td> 1979 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kristoff St. John </Th> <Td> Neil Winters </Td> <Td> 1991 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lexie Stevenson </Th> <Td> Mattie Ashby </Td> <Td> 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jason Thompson </Th> <Td> Billy Abbott </Td> <Td> 2016 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gina Tognoni </Th> <Td> Phyllis Summers </Td> <Td> 2014 -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Recurring cast </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marla Adams </Th> <Td> Dina Abbott Mergeron </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 86 , 1991 , 1996 , 2008 , 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Robert Adamson </Th> <Td> Noah Newman </Td> <Td> 2012 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Catherine Bach </Th> <Td> Anita Lawson </Td> <Td> 2012 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lauralee Bell </Th> <Td> Christine Blair Williams </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 2006 , 2010 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Corbin Bernsen </Th> <Td> Todd Williams </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 , 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 14 , 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tracey E. Bregman </Th> <Td> Lauren Fenmore Baldwin </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 95 , 2000 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarah Smythe </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sean Carrigan </Th> <Td> Stitch Rayburn </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judith Chapman </Th> <Td> Jill Foster Abbott </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gloria Abbott Bardwell </Td> <Td> 2005 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tamara Clatterbuck </Th> <Td> Alice Johnson </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2000 , 2005 , 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annalisa Cochrane </Th> <Td> Zoey </Td> <Td> 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Angell Conwell </Th> <Td> Leslie Michaelson </Td> <Td> 2010 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jerry Douglas </Th> <Td> John Abbott </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 2013 , 2015 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alistair Wallingford </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Max Ehrich </Th> <Td> Fenmore Baldwin </Td> <Td> 2012 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Margarita Franco </Th> <Td> Mrs. Martinez </Td> <Td> 2016 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kelly Frye </Th> <Td> Michelle Hazelton </Td> <Td> 2016 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> David Faustino </Th> <Td> Howard Green </Td> <Td> 2016 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Robert Gant </Th> <Td> David Sherman </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stacy Haiduk </Th> <Td> Patty Williams </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 12 , 2015 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emily Peterson </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hunter King </Th> <Td> Summer Newman </Td> <Td> 2012 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alyvia Alyn Lind </Th> <Td> Faith Newman </Td> <Td> 2011 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Beth Maitland </Th> <Td> Traci Abbott </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 96 , 1999 , 2001 , 2006 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Morgan Obenreder </Th> <Td> Crystal </Td> <Td> 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dax Randall </Th> <Td> Moses Winters </Td> <Td> 2016 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marcia Rodd </Th> <Td> Myrna Bloodworth </Td> <Td> 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tristan Rogers </Th> <Td> Colin Atkinson </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 12 , 2014 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ted Shackelford </Th> <Td> William Bardwell </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeffrey Bardwell </Td> <Td> 2007 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abhi Sinha </Th> <Td> Ravi Shapur </Td> <Td> 2016 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Max Shippee </Th> <Td> Graham Bloodworth </Td> <Td> 2017 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Terrell Tilford </Th> <Td> Barton Shelby </Td> <Td> 2014 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jess Walton </Th> <Td> Jill Atkinson </Td> <Td> 1987 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ray Wise </Th> <Td> Ian Ward </Td> <Td> 2014 -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Previous cast members </H2> Main article : List of previous The Young and the Restless cast members <H2> References and notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Young and the Restless Weekdays . `` The Young and the Restless Cast : Doug Davidson '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless Weekdays . `` The Young and the Restless Cast : Jeanne Cooper '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless Weekdays ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Cast : Eric Braeden '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Show Guide : Cast Bio : Kate Linder '' . Sony . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Soaps.com -- Young and Restless </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Young and the Restless </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Present cast members </Li> <Li> Past cast members </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crew </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William J. Bell </Li> <Li> Lee Phillip Bell </Li> <Li> Mal Young </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Families </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Newman </Li> <Li> Abbott </Li> <Li> Chancellor </Li> <Li> Barber / Winters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Genoa City </Li> <Li> Storylines </Li> <Li> The Bold and the Beautiful </Li> <Li> Victor and Nikki </Li> <Li> Nick and Sharon </Li> <Li> J.T. and Colleen </Li> <Li> Daniel and Lily </Li> <Li> Devon and Hilary </Li> <Li> `` Nadia 's Theme '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Young and the Restless characters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Present and future characters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Ashley Abbott </Li> <Li> Billy Abbott </Li> <Li> Jack Abbott </Li> <Li> Jill Abbott </Li> <Li> John Abbott </Li> <Li> Johnny Abbott </Li> <Li> Traci Abbott </Li> <Li> Cane Ashby </Li> <Li> Charlie Ashby </Li> <Li> Mattie Ashby </Li> <Li> Sam Ashby </Li> <Li> Lily Winters </Li> <Li> Colin Atkinson </Li> <Li> Fenmore Baldwin </Li> <Li> Michael Baldwin </Li> <Li> Gloria Abbott Bardwell </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Bardwell </Li> <Li> Christine Blair </Li> <Li> Mariah Copeland </Li> <Li> Hilary Curtis </Li> <Li> Lauren Fenmore </Li> <Li> Kevin Fisher </Li> <Li> Scotty Grainger </Li> <Li> Devon Hamilton </Li> <Li> Reed Hellstrom </Li> <Li> Anita Lawson </Li> <Li> Dina Mergeron </Li> <Li> Chloe Mitchell </Li> <Li> Leslie Michaelson </Li> <Li> Abby Newman </Li> <Li> Chelsea Lawson </Li> <Li> Christian Newman </Li> <Li> Connor Newman </Li> <Li> Faith Newman </Li> <Li> Katie Newman </Li> <Li> Nicholas Newman </Li> <Li> Nikki Newman </Li> <Li> Noah Newman </Li> <Li> Sharon Newman </Li> <Li> Summer Newman </Li> <Li> Victor Newman </Li> <Li> Victoria Newman </Li> <Li> Stitch Rayburn </Li> <Li> Barton Shelby </Li> <Li> Phyllis Summers </Li> <Li> Esther Valentine </Li> <Li> Paul Williams </Li> <Li> Neil Winters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Past characters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Kyle Abbott </Li> <Li> Kelly Andrews </Li> <Li> Genevieve Atkinson </Li> <Li> Avery Bailey Clark </Li> <Li> Eden Baldwin </Li> <Li> Isabella Braña </Li> <Li> Mackenzie Browning </Li> <Li> Brad Carlton </Li> <Li> Colleen Carlton </Li> <Li> Daisy Carter </Li> <Li> Sheila Carter </Li> <Li> Chance Chancellor </Li> <Li> Katherine Chancellor </Li> <Li> Joe Clark </Li> <Li> Matt Clark </Li> <Li> Greg Foster </Li> <Li> Dr. Snapper Foster </Li> <Li> Sam Gibson </Li> <Li> Diego Guittierez </Li> <Li> Nathan Hastings </Li> <Li> Jana Hawkes </Li> <Li> J.T. Hellstrom </Li> <Li> Juliet Helton </Li> <Li> Brittany Hodges </Li> <Li> Cole Howard </Li> <Li> Diane Jenkins </Li> <Li> Mamie Johnson </Li> <Li> Leanna Love </Li> <Li> Ronan Malloy </Li> <Li> Dylan McAvoy </Li> <Li> Tucker McCall </Li> <Li> Ryan McNeil </Li> <Li> Tyler Michaelson </Li> <Li> Amber Moore </Li> <Li> Adam Newman </Li> <Li> Cassie Newman </Li> <Li> Cassandra Rawlins </Li> <Li> Gina Roma </Li> <Li> Daniel Romalotti </Li> <Li> Danny Romalotti </Li> <Li> Luca Santori </Li> <Li> Deacon Sharpe </Li> <Li> Marisa Sierras </Li> <Li> Rex Sterling </Li> <Li> Heather Stevens </Li> <Li> Grace Turner </Li> <Li> Angelina Veneziano </Li> <Li> Ian Ward </Li> <Li> Sage Warner </Li> <Li> Nina Webster </Li> <Li> Patty Williams </Li> <Li> Ricky Williams </Li> <Li> Hope Wilson </Li> <Li> Drucilla Winters </Li> <Li> Malcolm Winters </Li> <Li> Olivia Winters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Character lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1970s </Li> <Li> 1980s </Li> <Li> 1990s </Li> <Li> 2000s </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> <Li> Newman family </Li> <Li> Abbott family </Li> <Li> Chancellor family </Li> <Li> Barber / Winters family </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Young_and_the_Restless_cast_members&oldid=818651259 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of actors by soap opera television series </Li> <Li> The Young and the Restless </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles in need of updating </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li>

The role of Gram on the Young and the Restless is played by

Who plays gram on the young and the restless?

-5777361948264487802

, Marian . Robin returns to England with Azeem , who has vowed to accompany him until Azeem 's life - debt to Robin is repaid . </P> <P> In England , with King Richard away in France , the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham rules over the land , aided by his cousin Guy of Gisbourne , the witch Mortianna , and the corrupt Bishop of Hereford . At Locksley Castle , Robin 's father , who is loyal to King Richard , is killed by the Sheriff 's men after refusing to join them . </P> <P> Robin returns to England to find his father dead , his home in ruins , and the Sheriff and his men oppressing the people . After telling Marian of Peter 's demise , and while fleeing the Sheriff 's forces afterwards , Robin and Azeem encounter a band of outlaws hiding in Sherwood Forest , led by Little John . Among the band is Will Scarlet , who holds a belligerent grudge against Robin . Robin assumes command of the group , training them to defend themselves and fight against Nottingham . They rob soldiers and convoys that pass through the forest , then distribute the stolen wealth among the poor . One of their early targets is Friar Tuck , who subsequently joins these Merry Men . Marian begins to sympathize with the band and renders Robin any aid she can muster . Robin 's successes infuriate the Sheriff , who increases the mistreatment of the people , resulting in greater local support for Robin Hood . </P> <P> The Sheriff kills Gisbourne for his failure to prevent the looting of several convoys , and hires Celtic warriors from Scotland to assist his forces in assaulting the hideout . The Sheriff manages to locate the outlaws ' hideout and launches an attack , destroying the refuge and capturing most of the outlaws . With the Bishop 's help , the Sherrif has Marian confined when she tries to summon help from France . To consolidate his claim to the throne , the Sheriff proposes to Marian ( who is Richard 's cousin ) , claiming that if she accepts , he will spare the lives of the captured outlaws . Nevertheless , several of the rebels are due to be executed by hanging as part of the wedding celebration . Among the captured is Will Scarlet , who makes a deal with the Sheriff to find and kill Robin in exchange for his freedom . </P> <P> Will meets up with Robin and a handful of his aides who survived the Celt 's assault . Will informs Robin of the Sheriff 's plans to marry Marian and execute Robin 's men . Will continues to display anger against Robin , which motivates Robin to question why Will hates him so much . Will then reveals himself to be Robin 's younger illegitimate half - brother ; Will 's mother was a peasant woman with whom Robin 's father took comfort after Robin 's mother died . Robin 's anger toward his father caused him to separate from her and leave Will fatherless . Despite his anger , Robin is overjoyed to learn that he has a brother , and reconciles with Will . </P> <P> On the day of the wedding and hangings , Robin and his men infiltrate Nottingham Castle , freeing the prisoners . Although Robin 's band originally planned to free their friends and retreat , Azeem reveals himself and his willingness to fight the Sheriff , inciting the peasants to revolt . After a fierce fight , Robin kills the Sheriff , but is attacked by Mortianna with a spear . Azeem slays Mortianna , fulfilling his life - debt to Robin . Tuck kills the Bishop by burdening him with treasure and throwing him out a window . </P> <P> Robin and Marian profess their love for each other and are married in the forest . Their wedding is briefly interrupted by King Richard , who blesses the marriage and thanks Robin for his deeds . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kevin Costner as Robin Hood ( Robin of Locksley ) </Li> <Li> Morgan Freeman as Azeem </Li> <Li> Christian Slater as Will Scarlet </Li> <Li> Alan Rickman as George , Sheriff of Nottingham </Li> <Li> Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marian Dubois </Li> <Li> Geraldine McEwan as Mortianna </Li> <Li> Mike McShane as Friar Tuck </Li> <Li> Brian Blessed as Lord Locksley </Li> <Li> Michael Wincott as Guy of Gisborne </Li> <Li> Nick Brimble as Little John </Li> <Li> Harold Innocent as the Bishop of Hereford </Li> <Li> Walter Sparrow as Duncan </Li> <Li> Daniel Newman as Wulf </Li> <Li> Sean Connery ( uncredited ) as King Richard </Li> <Li> Jack Wild as Much the miller 's son </Li> <Li> Daniel Peacock as Bull </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> Sycamore Gap at Hadrian 's Wall , today known as the `` Robin Hood Tree '' <P> Rickman turned down the role of the sheriff twice before he was told he could have carte blanche with his interpretation of the character . </P> <P> On the DVD commentary for ITV 's Robin of Sherwood television series , which ran from 1983 to 1986 , writer and creator Richard Carpenter explains that the stunt coordinator from the Robin of Sherwood series , Terry Walsh , was hired to do stunt work for Prince of Thieves . While on set , Walsh noticed a Saracen assassin character named Nasir was in the film . That character was a creation of Carpenter and is exclusive to the Robin of Sherwood series . Once the creators of Prince of Thieves realized a potential for copyright infringement , they changed the character 's name from Nasir to Azeem . Carpenter also explains that Costner and others involved in Prince of Thieves have admitted to watching Robin of Sherwood as inspiration for their film . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Principal exteriors were shot on location in the United Kingdom . A second unit filmed the medieval walls and towers of the Cité de Carcassonne in the town of Carcassonne in Aude , France , for the portrayal of Nottingham and its castle . Locksley Castle was Wardour Castle in Wiltshire -- restored in an early shot using a matte painting . Marian 's manor was filmed at Hulne Priory in Northumberland . Scenes set in Sherwood Forest were filmed throughout England : Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire was used for the outlaws ' encampment , Aysgarth Falls in Yorkshire for the fight scene between Robin and Little John , and Hardraw Force in North Yorkshire was the location where Marian sees Robin bathing . Sycamore Gap on Hadrian 's Wall was used for the scene when Robin first confronts the sheriff 's men . Chalk cliffs at Seven Sisters , Sussex were used as the locale for Robin 's return to England from the Crusades . </P> <P> Interior scenes were completed at Shepperton Studios in Surrey . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <P> The original music score was composed , orchestrated and conducted by Michael Kamen . An excerpt from the main title music was subsequently used as the logo music for Morgan Creek , and has been used by Walt Disney Home Video in intros for trailers on DVD / Blu - ray . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( Original Soundtrack ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Film score by Michael Kamen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> July 2 , 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 60 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Morgan Creek Productions </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> `` Overture / A Prisoner of the Crusades '' ( 8 : 27 ) </Li> <Li> `` Sir Guy of Gisborne / The Escape to Sherwood '' ( 7 : 27 ) </Li> <Li> `` Little John / The Band in the Forest '' ( 4 : 52 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Sheriff and His Witch '' ( 6 : 03 ) </Li> <Li> `` Maid Marian '' ( 2 : 57 ) </Li> <Li> `` Training / Robin Hood , Prince of Thieves '' ( 5 : 15 ) </Li> <Li> `` Marian at the Waterfall '' ( 5 : 34 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Abduction / The Final Battle at the Gallows '' ( 9 : 53 ) </Li> <Li> `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams ( 6 : 33 ) </Li> <Li> `` Wild Times '' -- Jeff Lynne ( 3 : 12 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves was submitted for classification from the British Board of Film Classification and required 14 seconds to be cut from the film to obtain a PG rating . </P> <H3> Reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert praised Freeman 's performance as well as Rickman 's , but ultimately decried the film as a whole , giving it two stars and stating , `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves is a murky , unfocused , violent , and depressing version of the classic story ... The most depressing thing about the movie is that children will attend it expecting to have a good time . '' The New York Times gave the film a negative review , with Vincent Canby writing that the movie is `` a mess , a big , long , joyless reconstruction of the Robin Hood legend that comes out firmly for civil rights , feminism , religious freedom , and economic opportunity for all . '' The Los Angeles Times found the movie unsatisfactory , as well . Costner was criticised for not attempting an English accent . </P> <P> Lanre Bakare , writing in The Guardian , calls Rickman 's Sheriff , for which he won a BAFTA , a `` genuinely great performance '' . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 53 critics to give the film a score of 49 % . </P> <P> Prince of Thieves was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards : Kevin Costner won the Worst Actor award for his performance as Robin Hood , while Christian Slater received a nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performances in this film and Mobsters , but lost to Dan Aykroyd for Nothing but Trouble . </P> <P> In 2005 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores . </P> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film grossed $25 million in its opening weekend and $18.3 million in its second . The film eventually made $390,493,908 at the global box office , making it the second - highest grossing film of 1991 , immediately behind Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . It enjoyed the second - best opening for a nonsequel , at the time . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <P> A tie - in video game of the same name was released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy . Developed by Sculptured Software Inc. and Bits Studios , respectively , and published by Virgin Games , Inc. , it was featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of Nintendo Power magazine . </P> <P> A toy line was released by Kenner , consisting of action figures and playsets . Notably , all but one of the figures were slightly modified from Kenner 's well known Super Powers line , while Friar Tuck , as well as the vehicles and playset , were modified from Star Wars : Return of the Jedi toys . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> 1990s portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Princess of Thieves -- 2001 television movie </Li> <Li> Robin Hood -- English folk tale </Li> <Li> Robin Hood : Men in Tights

The 1991 film "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves" was made in

Where was robin hood prince of thieves made?

2215178120143119386

Executive order ( United States ) - wikipedia <H1> Executive order ( United States ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Executive order '' redirects here . For other uses , see Executive order ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Presidential proclamation or Presidential memorandum . Executive Order 9981 of July 26 , 1948 by President Harry S. Truman banning segregation of the Armed Forces . Executive orders are published in the Federal Register . Here , Executive Order 13799 of Donald Trump is reproduced . <P> Executive Orders are presidential directives issued by United States Presidents and are generally directed towards officers and agencies of the U.S. federal government . Executive orders may have the force of law , if based on the authority derived from statute or the Constitution itself . The ability to make such orders is also based on express or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the President some degree of discretionary power ( delegated legislation ) . </P> <P> Like both legislative statutes and regulations promulgated by government agencies , executive orders are subject to judicial review and may be overturned if the orders lack support by statute or the Constitution . Major policy initiatives require approval by the legislative branch , but executive orders have significant influence over the internal affairs of government , deciding how and to what degree legislation will be enforced , dealing with emergencies , waging wars , and in general fine - tuning policy choices in the implementation of broad statutes . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Basis in the United States Constitution </Li> <Li> 2 History and use <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Franklin Roosevelt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Table of Presidents using Executive Orders </Li> <Li> 4 Reaction <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Legal conflicts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 State governors ' executive orders </Li> <Li> 6 Presidential proclamation </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Basis in the United States Constitution </H2> <P> The United States Constitution does not have a provision that explicitly permits the use of executive orders . The term executive power in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 1 of the Constitution is not entirely clear . The term is mentioned as direction to `` take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed '' and is part of Article II , Section 3 . The consequence of failing to comply could possibly be removal from office . </P> <P> The U.S. Supreme Court has held that all executive orders from the President of the United States must be supported by the Constitution , whether from a clause granting specific power , or by Congress delegating such to the executive branch . Specifically , such orders must be rooted in Article II of the US Constitution or enacted by the congress in statutes . Attempts to block such orders have been successful at times when such orders exceeded the authority of the president or could be better handled through legislation . </P> <P> The Office of the Federal Register is responsible for assigning the executive order a sequential number after receipt of the signed original from the White House and printing the text of the executive order in the daily Federal Register and Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations . </P> <H2> History and use </H2> President Nixon signing an executive order , 1969 <P> With the exception of William Henry Harrison , all presidents beginning with George Washington in 1789 have issued orders that in general terms can be described as executive orders . Initially they took no set form . Consequently , such orders varied as to form and substance . </P> <P> The first executive order was issued by George Washington on June 8 , 1789 , addressed to the heads of the federal departments , instructing them `` to impress me with a full , precise , and distinct general idea of the affairs of the United States '' in their fields . </P> <P> The most famous executive order was by President Abraham Lincoln when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 , 1863 . Political scientist Brian R. Dirck states : </P> <P> The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order , itself a rather unusual thing in those days . Executive orders are simply presidential directives issued to agents of the executive department by its boss . </P> <P> Until the early 1900s , executive orders went mostly unannounced and undocumented , seen only by the agencies to which they were directed . This changed when the Department of State instituted a numbering scheme in 1907 , starting retroactively with United States Executive Order 1 issued on October 20 , 1862 , by President Abraham Lincoln . The documents that later came to be known as `` executive orders '' apparently gained their name from this order issued by Lincoln , which was captioned `` Executive Order Establishing a Provisional Court in Louisiana '' . This court functioned during the military occupation of Louisiana during the American Civil War , and Lincoln also used Executive Order 1 to appoint Charles A. Peabody as judge , and to designate the salaries of the court 's officers . </P> <P> President Truman 's Executive Order 10340 in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , 343 US 579 ( 1952 ) placed all steel mills in the country under federal control . This was found invalid because it attempted to make law , rather than clarify or act to further a law put forth by the Congress or the Constitution . Presidents since this decision have generally been careful to cite which specific laws they are acting under when issuing new executive orders . Likewise , when presidents believe their authority for issuing an executive order stems from within the powers outlined in the Constitution , the order will simply proclaim `` under the authority vested in me by the Constitution '' instead . </P> <P> Wars have been fought upon executive order , including the 1999 Kosovo War during Bill Clinton 's second term in office . However , all such wars have had authorizing resolutions from Congress . The extent to which the president may exercise military power independently of Congress and the scope of the War Powers Resolution remain unresolved constitutional issues , although all presidents since its passage have complied with the terms of the resolution while maintaining that they are not constitutionally required to do so . </P> <P> President Truman issued 907 executive orders , with 1,081 orders by Theodore Roosevelt , 1,203 orders by Calvin Coolidge , and 1,803 orders by Woodrow Wilson . Franklin D. Roosevelt has the distinction of making a record 3,522 executive orders . </P> <H3> Franklin Roosevelt </H3> <P> Prior to 1932 , uncontested executive orders had determined such issues as national mourning on the death of a president , and the lowering of flags to half - staff . President Franklin Roosevelt issued the first of his 3,522 executive orders on March 6 , 1933 , declaring a bank holiday , forbidding banks to release gold coin or bullion . Executive Order 6102 forbade the hoarding of gold coin , bullion and gold certificates . A further executive order required all newly mined domestic gold be delivered to the Treasury . </P> <P> By Executive Order 6581 , the president created the Export - Import Bank of the United States . On March 7 , 1934 , he created the National Industrial Recovery Act ( Executive Order 6632 ) . On June 29 , the president issued Executive Order 6763 `` under the authority vested in me by the Constitution '' , thereby creating the National Labor Relations Board . </P> <P> In 1934 , while Charles Evans Hughes was Chief Justice of the United States ( in the time period known as the Hughes Court ) , the Court found that the National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) was unconstitutional . The president then issued Executive Order 7073 `` by virtue of the authority vested in me under the said Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 '' , reestablishing the National Emergency Council to administer the functions of the NIRA in carrying out the provisions of the Emergency Relief Appropriations Act . On June 15 , he issued Executive Order 7075 , which terminated NIRA and replaced it with the Office of Administration of the National Recovery Administration . </P> <P> In the years that followed , President Roosevelt replaced the outgoing judges with those more in line with his views , ultimately appointing Hugo Black , Stanley Reed , Felix Frankfurter , William O. Douglas , Frank Murphy , Robert H. Jackson and James F. Byrnes to the Court . Historically , only George Washington had equal or greater influence over Supreme Court appointments , choosing all of its original members . Justices Frankfurter , Douglas , Black , and Jackson dramatically checked presidential power by invalidating the executive order at issue in The Steel Seizure Case ( i.e. , Executive Order 10340 ) . In that case Roosevelt 's successor , President Truman , had ordered private steel production facilities seized in support of the Korean War effort , but the Court held the executive order was not within the power granted to the President by the Constitution . </P> <H2> Table of Presidents using Executive Orders </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Th> Number issued </Th> <Th> Starting with E.O. number </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Washington </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Adams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thomas Jefferson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Madison </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Monroe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Quincy Adams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew Jackson </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin van Buren </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Henry Harrison </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Tyler </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James K. Polk </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zachary Taylor </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Millard Fillmore </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Franklin Pierce </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Buchanan </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abraham Lincoln </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew Johnson </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ulysses S. Grant </Td> <Td> 217 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rutherford B. Hayes </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Garfield </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chester Arthur </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grover Cleveland ( first term ) </Td> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benjamin Harrison </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grover Cleveland ( second term ) </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William McKinley </Td> <Td> 185 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theodore Roosevelt </Td> <Td> 1,081 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Howard Taft </Td> <Td> 724 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Woodrow Wilson </Td> <Td> 1,803 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warren G. Harding </Td> <Td> 522 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Calvin Coolidge </Td> <Td> 1,203 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herbert Hoover </Td> <Td> 968 </Td> <Td> 5075 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Franklin D. Roosevelt ( ~ 3.05 terms ) </Td> <Td> 3,522 </Td> <Td> 6071 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harry S. Truman </Td> <Td>

The President gets the authority to issue executive orders from the

Where does the president get authority to issue executive orders?

4768125604454612756

United States presidential line of succession - wikipedia <H1> United States presidential line of succession </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which officials of the United States federal government discharge the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) . The order of succession to the presidency is referred to three times in the U.S. Constitution -- in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 ; the 20th Amendment ; and the 25th Amendment . Since the federal government was established in 1789 , Congress has adopted three presidential succession acts . The current presidential line of succession was adopted in 1947 ( and last revised in 2006 ) . </P> <P> The succession follows the order of vice president , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States . The Cabinet currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State , and followed by the rest in the order of their positions ' creation . Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as president are also ineligible to succeed the president by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . </P> <P> Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Current order </Li> <Li> 2 Eligibility <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Eligibility requirements </Li> <Li> 2.2 Acting officers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 </Li> <Li> 4 Constitutional provisions </Li> <Li> 5 Acting President of the United States </Li> <Li> 6 History of succession law set by Congress <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 </Li> <Li> 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 </Li> <Li> 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 </Li> <Li> 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 </Li> <Li> 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Successions beyond Vice President of the United States </Li> <Li> 8 Constitutional concerns </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Current order ( edit ) </H2> <P> The current presidential order of succession is as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Key </Th> <Td> Eligible Democrat ( D ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eligible Republican ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eligible Independent ( I ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eligible unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Not eligible </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Office </Th> <Th> Current officer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Vice President </Td> <Td> Mike Pence ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Speaker of the House of Representatives </Td> <Td> Paul Ryan ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> President pro tempore of the Senate </Td> <Td> Orrin Hatch ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Secretary of State </Td> <Td> Mike Pompeo ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Secretary of the Treasury </Td> <Td> Steven Mnuchin ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Defense </Td> <Td> Jim Mattis ( I ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Attorney General </Td> <Td> Jeff Sessions ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Secretary of the Interior </Td> <Td> Ryan Zinke ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Agriculture </Td> <Td> Sonny Perdue ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Commerce </Td> <Td> Wilbur Ross ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Labor </Td> <Td> Alex Acosta ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Health and Human Services </Td> <Td> Alex Azar ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Housing and Urban Development </Td> <Td> Ben Carson ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> -- </Th> <Td> Secretary of Transportation </Td> <Td> Elaine Chao ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Energy </Td> <Td> Rick Perry ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Education </Td> <Td> Betsy DeVos ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Veterans Affairs </Td> <Td> Robert Wilkie ( R ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> Secretary of Homeland Security </Td> <Td> Kirstjen Nielsen ( I ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( Chao acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and consequently is ineligible for the presidency . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession . See Acting officers below . </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . </P> <H2> Eligibility ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Eligibility requirements ( edit ) </H3> <P> To be eligible to serve as president , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . </P> <H3> Acting officers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , </P> <P> The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) </P> <H2> Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) </H2> <P> Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the president would not be able to appoint his successor to the presidency . </P> <P> The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the president , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . </P> <P> In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the president and vice president than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , the changes to the succession , when signed into law , placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the vice president . </P> <P> Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . </P> <H2> Constitutional provisions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : </P> <Ul> <Li> Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . </Li> <Li> Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the president - elect dies before his term begins , the vice president - elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the president - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the vice president - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect is eligible or available to serve . </Li> <Li> The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the vice president is the direct successor of the president . He or she becomes president if the president dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the president is temporarily disabled , such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . The amendment also provides for vice presidential succession , by requiring vice presidential vacancies to be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Acting president of the United States ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Acting President of the United States New president Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John

The third in command of the United States is the

Who is third in command of the united states?

-381301893645124054

Delano Las Vegas - Wikipedia <H1> Delano Las Vegas </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Delano Las Vegas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former names </Th> <Td> THEhotel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> General information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Operating </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Paradise , Nevada , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Address </Th> <Td> 3940 South Las Vegas Boulevard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 36 ° 05 ′ 35 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 40 '' W  /  36.0930 ° N 115.1777 ° W  / 36.0930 ; - 115.1777 Coordinates : 36 ° 05 ′ 35 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 40 '' W  /  36.0930 ° N 115.1777 ° W  / 36.0930 ; - 115.1777 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening </Th> <Td> December 17 , 2003 ; 14 years ago ( 2003 - 12 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> MGM Resorts International </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Management </Th> <Td> MGM Resorts International under license from Morgans Hotel Group </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Technical details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Floor count </Th> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Floor area </Th> <Td> 420 m ( 4,500 sq ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Other information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of suites </Th> <Td> 1,117 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of restaurants </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parking </Th> <Td> 669 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> www.delanolasvegas.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Delano Las Vegas ( formerly known as THEhotel ) is a 45 - story 1,117 room luxury suite hotel . It is owned and operated by MGM Resorts International . It is located within the Mandalay Bay complex on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . It was renovated and rebranded as the Delano Las Vegas on September 2 , 2014 , under a partnership between MGM and Morgans Hotel Group . </P> <P> Historically all rooms in the hotel were suites of at least 750 square feet ( 70 m ) . Each suite comprises two rooms . Floors 39 - 41 ( marked 60 - 62 in elevators ) house Penthouses , which range from 1,500 to 2,500 square feet ( 140 to 230 m ) . There is also a single Presidential Suite , named `` HP '' , that is over 4,500 sq ft ( 420 m ) . There are also `` deluxe '' suites available . While similar in style to traditional hotel rooms ( single room ) , they are located on the Penthouse level and feature upgraded sheets , bath products , and other amenities not found in the standard suites below . </P> <P> The hotel is home to a Alain Ducasse restaurant called `` Rivea '' and a lounge called `` Skyfall '' at the top of the hotel . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> When the tower opened on December 17 , 2003 , it offered the largest standard suites in Las Vegas . </P> <P> In 2006 , the lettering at the top of the tower changed to `` THEhotel '' to distinguish the property . Formerly , the lettering was identical to the `` Mandalay Bay '' letters at the top of the original tower . </P> <P> On August 6 , 2012 , MGM Resorts International announced the rebranding of THEhotel into the Delano Las Vegas . All of the 1,100 suites at the hotel were redesigned , along with new bars , lounges , restaurants and nightclubs . </P> <P> The Delano opened on September 2 , 2014 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hotel to be rebranded as Delano Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Luxury Travel : Weekend in Vegas '' . 5 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MultiVu - THEhotel at Mandalay Bay </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mandalay Bay plans to announce changes , Delano work Oct. 15 ; ' Iron Chef ' '' . 25 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 28 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Las Vegas area casinos </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Las Vegas Strip </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aria </Li> <Li> Bally 's </Li> <Li> Bellagio </Li> <Li> Caesars Palace </Li> <Li> Casino Royale </Li> <Li> Circus Circus </Li> <Li> Cosmopolitan </Li> <Li> Cromwell </Li> <Li> Encore </Li> <Li> Excalibur </Li> <Li> Flamingo </Li> <Li> Harrah 's </Li> <Li> The Linq </Li> <Li> Luxor </Li> <Li> Mandalay Bay </Li> <Li> MGM Grand </Li> <Li> Mirage </Li> <Li> Monte Carlo </Li> <Li> New York - New York </Li> <Li> O'Sheas </Li> <Li> Palazzo </Li> <Li> Paris </Li> <Li> Planet Hollywood </Li> <Li> Slots - A-Fun </Li> <Li> SLS </Li> <Li> Treasure Island </Li> <Li> Tropicana </Li> <Li> Venetian </Li> <Li> Wynn </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Boulder Strip </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona Charlie 's Boulder </Li> <Li> Boulder Station </Li> <Li> Eastside Cannery </Li> <Li> Railroad Pass </Li> <Li> Sam 's Town </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Downtown Las Vegas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Binion 's </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Downtown Grand </Li> <Li> El Cortez </Li> <Li> Four Queens </Li> <Li> Fremont </Li> <Li> Golden Gate </Li> <Li> Golden Nugget </Li> <Li> Main Street Station </Li> <Li> Plaza </Li> <Li> The D </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aztec Inn </Li> <Li> Ellis Island </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Hard Rock </Li> <Li> Hooters </Li> <Li> Lucky Dragon </Li> <Li> Orleans </Li> <Li> Palace Station </Li> <Li> Palms </Li> <Li> Rio </Li> <Li> Silver Sevens </Li> <Li> Stratosphere </Li> <Li> Tuscany </Li> <Li> Westgate </Li> <Li> Wild Wild West </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Airport Slots </Li> <Li> Aliante </Li> <Li> Arizona Charlie 's Decatur </Li> <Li> Cannery </Li> <Li> Eldorado </Li> <Li> Fiesta Henderson </Li> <Li> Fiesta Rancho </Li> <Li> Green Valley Ranch </Li> <Li> Jerry 's Nugget </Li> <Li> Jokers Wild </Li> <Li> Klondike Sunset </Li> <Li> Lucky Club </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> MonteLago </Li> <Li> Opera House </Li> <Li> Poker Palace </Li> <Li> Rampart </Li> <Li> Red Rock </Li> <Li> Santa Fe Station </Li> <Li> Silver Nugget </Li> <Li> Silverton </Li> <Li> Skyline </Li> <Li> South Point </Li> <Li> Suncoast </Li> <Li> Sunset Station </Li> <Li> Texas Station </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proposed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Casinos never opened </Li> <Li> The Drew </Li> <Li> Las Vegas Plaza </Li> <Li> Resorts World Las Vegas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aladdin </Li> <Li> Bill 's </Li> <Li> Boardwalk </Li> <Li> Bourbon Street </Li> <Li> California Club </Li> <Li> Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) </Li> <Li> Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) </Li> <Li> Clarion </Li> <Li> Desert Inn </Li> <Li> Dunes </Li> <Li> El Rancho Casino </Li> <Li> El Rancho Vegas </Li> <Li> Gold Spike </Li> <Li> Frontier </Li> <Li> Hacienda </Li> <Li> Holy Cow </Li> <Li> Imperial Palace </Li> <Li> Key Largo </Li> <Li> Klondike </Li> <Li> La Bayou </Li> <Li> Landmark </Li> <Li> Las Vegas Club </Li> <Li> Marina Hotel </Li> <Li> Mermaids </Li> <Li> Mint </Li> <Li> Moulin Rouge </Li> <Li> Northern Club </Li> <Li> Pioneer Club </Li> <Li> Riviera </Li> <Li> Sands </Li> <Li> Sahara </Li> <Li> Silver City </Li> <Li> Silver Slipper </Li> <Li> Stardust </Li> <Li> Vacation Village </Li> <Li> Vegas World </Li> <Li> The Western </Li> <Li> Westin </Li> <Li> Westward Ho </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Las Vegas area hotels </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Las Vegas Strip </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aria </Li> <Li> Bally 's </Li> <Li> Bellagio </Li> <Li> Caesars Palace </Li> <Li> Casino Royale </Li> <Li> Circus Circus </Li> <Li> Cosmopolitan </Li> <Li> Cromwell </Li> <Li> Delano </Li> <Li> Encore </Li> <Li> Excalibur </Li> <Li> Flamingo </Li> <Li> Four Seasons </Li> <Li> Harrah 's </Li> <Li> The Linq </Li> <Li> Luxor </Li> <Li> Mandalay Bay </Li> <Li> Mandarin Oriental </Li> <Li> MGM Grand </Li> <Li> Mirage </Li> <Li> Monte Carlo </Li> <Li> New York - New York </Li> <Li> Palazzo </Li> <Li> Paris </Li> <Li> Planet Hollywood </Li> <Li> SLS </Li> <Li> Signature </Li> <Li> Treasure Island </Li> <Li> Tropicana </Li> <Li> Trump </Li> <Li> Vdara </Li> <Li> Venetian </Li> <Li> Wynn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Boulder Strip </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona Charlie 's Boulder </Li> <Li> Boulder Station </Li> <Li> Eastside Cannery </Li> <Li> Railroad Pass </Li> <Li> Sam 's Town </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Downtown Las Vegas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Binion 's </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Downtown Grand </Li> <Li> El Cortez </Li> <Li> Four Queens </Li> <Li> Fremont </Li> <Li> Golden Gate </Li> <Li> Golden Nugget </Li> <Li> Main Street Station </Li> <Li> Plaza </Li> <Li> The D </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Artisan </Li> <Li> Aztec Inn </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Grand Chateau </Li> <Li> Hard Rock </Li> <Li> Hooters </Li> <Li> Lucky Dragon </Li> <Li> Orleans </Li> <Li> Palace Station </Li> <Li> Palms </Li> <Li> Platinum </Li> <Li> Rio </Li> <Li> Rumor </Li> <Li> Silver Sevens </Li> <Li> Stratosphere </Li> <Li> Tuscany </Li> <Li> Westgate </Li> <Li> Westin </Li> <Li> Wild Wild West </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aliante </Li> <Li> Arizona Charlie 's Decatur </Li> <Li> Cannery </Li> <Li> Fiesta Henderson </Li> <Li> Fiesta Rancho </Li> <Li> Grandview </Li> <Li> Green Valley Ranch </Li> <Li> JW Marriott </Li> <Li> Lucky Club </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Red Rock </Li> <Li> Santa Fe Station </Li> <Li> Silverton </Li> <Li> Skyline </Li> <Li> South Point </Li> <Li> Suncoast </Li> <Li> Sunset Station </Li> <Li> Tahiti Village </Li> <Li> Texas Station </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proposed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlie Palmer Hotel </Li> <Li> Crown Las Vegas </Li> <Li> Resorts World Las Vegas </Li> <Li> The Drew </Li> <Li> Grand Central Hotel </Li> <Li> Las Vegas Plaza </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aladdin </Li> <Li> Algiers </Li> <Li> Boardwalk </Li> <Li> Bourbon Street </Li> <Li> Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) </Li> <Li> Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) </Li> <Li> Clarion </Li> <Li> Desert Inn </Li> <Li> Dunes </Li> <Li> El Rancho Casino </Li> <Li> El Rancho Vegas </Li> <Li> Gold Spike </Li> <Li> Frontier </Li> <Li> Hacienda </Li> <Li> Harmon </Li> <Li> Key Largo </Li> <Li> Klondike </Li> <Li> La Concha </Li> <Li> Las Vegas Club </Li> <Li> Landmark </Li> <Li> Marina Hotel </Li> <Li> Mint </Li> <Li> Moulin Rouge </Li> <Li> Riviera </Li> <Li> Sands </Li> <Li> Silver Slipper </Li> <Li> Stardust </Li> <Li> Vacation Village </Li> <Li> Vegas World </Li> <Li> The Western </Li> <Li> Westward Ho </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Las Vegas area skyscrapers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Las Vegas Strip </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aria </Li> <Li> Bally 's </Li> <Li> Bellagio </Li> <Li> Caesars Palace </Li> <Li> Circus Circus </Li> <Li> Cosmopolitan </Li> <Li> Delano </Li> <Li> Elara </Li> <Li> Encore </Li> <Li> Excalibur </Li> <Li> Flamingo </Li> <Li> Harrah 's </Li> <Li> Hilton </Li> <Li> Linq </Li> <Li>

The Delano hotel in Las Vegas is owned by

Who owns the delano hotel in las vegas?

-8936544552400860961

was not repealed . The end of the gold standard was successfully effected by the Bank of England through appeals to patriotism urging citizens not to redeem paper money for gold specie . It was only in 1925 , when Britain returned to the gold standard in conjunction with Australia and South Africa that the gold specie standard was officially ended . </P> <P> The British Gold Standard Act 1925 both introduced the gold bullion standard and simultaneously repealed the gold specie standard . The new standard ended the circulation of gold specie coins . Instead , the law compelled the authorities to sell gold bullion on demand at a fixed price , but `` only in the form of bars containing approximately four hundred ounces troy ( 12 kg ) of fine gold '' . John Maynard Keynes , citing deflationary dangers , argued against resumption of the gold standard . By fixing the price at the pre-war rate of $4.86 , Churchill is argued to have made an error that led to depression , unemployment and the 1926 general strike . The decision was described by Andrew Turnbull as a `` historic mistake '' . </P> <P> Many other countries followed Britain in returning to the gold standard , this was followed by a period of relative stability but also deflation . This state of affairs lasted until the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1939 ) forced countries off the gold standard . In September 19 , 1931 , speculative attacks on the pound forced Britain to abandon the gold standard . Loans from American and French Central Banks of £ 50,000,000 were insufficient and exhausted in a matter of weeks , due to large gold outflows across the Atlantic . The British benefited from this departure . They could now use monetary policy to stimulate the economy . Australia and New Zealand had already left the standard and Canada quickly followed suit . </P> <P> The interwar partially backed gold standard was inherently unstable , because of the conflict between the expansion of liabilities to foreign central banks and the resulting deterioration in the Bank of England 's reserve ratio . France was then attempting to make Paris a world class financial center , and it received large gold flows as well . </P> <P> In May 1931 a run on Austria 's largest commercial bank caused it to fail . The run spread to Germany , where the central bank also collapsed . International financial assistance was too late and in July 1931 Germany adopted exchange controls , followed by Austria in October . The Austrian and German experiences , as well as British budgetary and political difficulties , were among the factors that destroyed confidence in sterling , which occurred in mid-July 1931 . Runs ensued and the Bank of England lost much of its reserves . </P> <H3> Depression and World War ii </H3> Ending the gold standard and economic recovery during the Great Depression . Great Depression <P> Some economic historians , such as Barry Eichengreen , blame the gold standard of the 1920s for prolonging the economic depression which started in 1929 and lasted for about a decade . In the United States , adherence to the gold standard prevented the Federal Reserve from expanding the money supply to stimulate the economy , fund insolvent banks and fund government deficits that could `` prime the pump '' for an expansion . Once off the gold standard , it became free to engage in such money creation . The gold standard limited the flexibility of the central banks ' monetary policy by limiting their ability to expand the money supply . In the US , the central bank was required by the Federal Reserve Act ( 1913 ) to have gold backing 40 % of its demand notes . Others including former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke and Nobel Prize - winner Milton Friedman place the blame for the severity and length of the Great Depression at the feet of the Federal Reserve , mostly due to the deliberate tightening of monetary policy even after the gold standard . They blamed the US major economic contraction in 1937 on tightening of monetary policy resulting in higher cost of capital , weaker securities markets , reduced net government contribution to income , the undistributed profits tax and higher labor costs . The money supply peaked in March 1937 , with a trough in May 1938 . </P> <P> Higher interest rates intensified the deflationary pressure on the dollar and reduced investment in U.S. banks . Commercial banks converted Federal Reserve Notes to gold in 1931 , reducing its gold reserves and forcing a corresponding reduction in the amount of currency in circulation . This speculative attack created a panic in the U.S. banking system . Fearing imminent devaluation many depositors withdrew funds from U.S. banks . As bank runs grew , a reverse multiplier effect caused a contraction in the money supply . Additionally the New York Fed had loaned over $150 million in gold ( over 240 tons ) to European Central Banks . This transfer contracted the US money supply . The foreign loans became questionable once Britain , Germany , Austria and other European countries went off the gold standard in 1931 and weakened confidence in the dollar . </P> <P> The forced contraction of the money supply resulted in deflation . Even as nominal interest rates dropped , inflation - adjusted real interest rates remained high , rewarding those who held onto money instead of spending it , further slowing the economy . Recovery in the United States was slower than in Britain , in part due to Congressional reluctance to abandon the gold standard and float the U.S. currency as Britain had done . </P> <P> In the early 1930s , the Federal Reserve defended the dollar by raising interest rates , trying to increase the demand for dollars . This helped attract international investors who bought foreign assets with gold . </P> <P> Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act on 30 January 1934 ; the measure nationalized all gold by ordering Federal Reserve banks to turn over their supply to the U.S. Treasury . In return the banks received gold certificates to be used as reserves against deposits and Federal Reserve notes . The act also authorized the president to devalue the gold dollar . Under this authority the president , on 31 January 1934 , changed the value of the dollar from $20.67 to the troy ounce to $35 to the troy ounce , a devaluation of over 40 % . </P> <P> Other factors in the prolongation of the Great Depression include trade wars and the reduction in international trade caused by barriers such as Smoot -- Hawley Tariff in the US and the Imperial Preference policies of Great Britain , the failure of central banks to act responsibly , government policies designed to prevent wages from falling , such as the Davis -- Bacon Act of 1931 , during the deflationary period resulting in production costs dropping slower than sales prices , thereby injuring business profits and increases in taxes to reduce budget deficits and to support new programs such as Social Security . The US top marginal income tax rate went from 25 % to 63 % in 1932 and to 79 % in 1936 , while the bottom rate increased over tenfold , from . 375 % in 1929 to 4 % in 1932 . The concurrent massive drought resulted in the US Dust Bowl . </P> <P> The Austrian School asserted that the Great Depression was the result of a credit bust . Alan Greenspan wrote that the bank failures of the 1930s were sparked by Great Britain dropping the gold standard in 1931 . This act `` tore asunder '' any remaining confidence in the banking system . Financial historian Niall Ferguson wrote that what made the Great Depression truly ' great ' was the European banking crisis of 1931 . According to Fed Chairman Marriner Eccles , the root cause was the concentration of wealth resulting in a stagnating or decreasing standard of living for the poor and middle class . These classes went into debt , producing the credit explosion of the 1920s . Eventually the debt load grew too heavy , resulting in the massive defaults and financial panics of the 1930s . </P> World War ii <P> Under the Bretton Woods international monetary agreement of 1944 , the gold standard was kept without domestic convertibility . The role of gold was severely constrained , as other countries ' currencies were fixed in terms of the dollar . Many countries kept reserves in gold and settled accounts in gold . Still they preferred to settle balances with other currencies , with the American dollar becoming the favorite . The International Monetary Fund was established to help with the exchange process and assist nations in maintaining fixed rates . Within Bretton Woods adjustment was cushioned through credits that helped countries avoid deflation . Under the old standard , a country with an overvalued currency would lose gold and experience deflation until the currency was again valued correctly . Most countries defined their currencies in terms of dollars , but some countries imposed trading restrictions to protect reserves and exchange rates . Therefore , most countries ' currencies were still basically inconvertible . In the late 1950s , the exchange restrictions were dropped and gold became an important element in international financial settlements . </P> <H3> Bretton Woods </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : Bretton Woods system <P> After the Second World War , a system similar to a gold standard and sometimes described as a `` gold exchange standard '' was established by the Bretton Woods Agreements . Under this system , many countries fixed their exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar and central banks could exchange dollar holdings into gold at the official exchange rate of $35 per ounce ; this option was not available to firms or individuals . All currencies pegged to the dollar thereby had a fixed value in terms of gold . </P> <P> Starting in the 1959 -- 1969 administration of President Charles de Gaulle and continuing until 1970 , France reduced its dollar reserves , exchanging them for gold at the official exchange rate , reducing US economic influence . This , along with the fiscal strain of federal expenditures for the Vietnam War and persistent balance of payments deficits , led U.S. President Richard Nixon to end international convertibility of the U.S. dollar to gold on August 15 , 1971 ( the `` Nixon Shock '' ) . </P> <P> This was meant to be a temporary measure , with the gold price of the dollar and the official rate of exchanges remaining constant . Revaluing currencies was the main purpose of this plan . No official revaluation or redemption occurred . The dollar subsequently floated . In December 1971 , the `` Smithsonian Agreement '' was reached . In this agreement , the dollar was devalued from $35 per troy ounce of gold to $38 . Other countries ' currencies appreciated . However , gold convertibility did not resume . In October 1973 , the price was raised to $42.22 . Once again , the devaluation was insufficient . Within two weeks of the second devaluation the dollar was left to float . The $42.22 par value was made official in September 1973 , long after it had been abandoned in practice . In October 1976 , the government officially changed the definition of the dollar ; references to gold were removed from statutes . From this point , the international monetary system was made of pure fiat money . </P> <H2> Production of gold </H2> <P> An estimated total of 174,100 tonnes of gold have been mined

The US dollar left the gold standard in

When did the us dollar leave the gold standard?

-1446394904764739888

Jenna Boyd - wikipedia <H1> Jenna Boyd </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This biographical article needs additional citations for verification , as its only attribution is to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Jenna Boyd </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Jenna Michelle Boyd ( 1993 - 03 - 04 ) March 4 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Bedford , Texas , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2001 -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jenna Michelle Boyd ( born March 4 , 1993 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her roles in the feature films The Missing and The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants and the Netflix Original Series Atypical . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Life and career </Li> <Li> 2 Filmography </Li> <Li> 3 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Life and career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jenna Boyd was born in Bedford , Texas and moved with her parents and younger brother Cayden ( also an actor ) to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career . After a few small roles on television and film , Boyd 's big break came when she was cast in The Missing , alongside Cate Blanchett and Evan Rachel Wood . Boyd 's performance was praised in critical reviews of this film , although the film itself was not particularly well received . Previously she had been in Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star playing the daughter of a family hired by the title character ( David Spade ) to help him recapture his childhood . In 2005 Boyd played the Leukemia - suffering Bailey Graffman in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants . Her recent roles include the Lifetime miniseries The Gathering in which she played the daughter of a doctor ( Peter Gallagher ) searching for his wife and in the Ghost Whisperer episode `` Children of Ghosts '' she played a troubled teenager living in a foster home . In 2017 , she played Paige Hardaway , the `` practice girlfriend '' of the autistic main character , Sam Gardener , in the Netflix Original Series Atypical . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Film <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Hunted , The The Hunted </Td> <Td> Loretta Kravitz </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star </Td> <Td> Sally Finley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Missing , The The Missing </Td> <Td> Dot Gilkeson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> In an Instant </Td> <Td> The Girl </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants , The The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants </Td> <Td> Bailey </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Complicity </Td> <Td> Rachel </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Last Ounce of Courage </Td> <Td> Maddie Rogers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Runaway </Td> <Td> Abby </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Television <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Geena Davis Show , The The Geena Davis Show </Td> <Td> Kid </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Car Wash '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Titus </Td> <Td> 5 - Year - Old Shannon </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Shannon 's Song '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Just Shoot Me ! </Td> <Td> Hannah Gallo </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Christmas ? Christmas ! '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Special Unit 2 </Td> <Td> ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Piper '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Six Feet Under </Td> <Td> 7 - Year - Old Girl </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Secret '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> CSI : Crime Scene Investigation </Td> <Td> Sasha Rittle </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Cross Jurisdictions '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Mary Christmas </Td> <Td> Felice Wallace </Td> <Td> TV movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Carnivàle </Td> <Td> Maddy Crane </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Milfay '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Ghost Whisperer </Td> <Td> Julie Parker </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Children of Ghosts '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Gathering , The The Gathering </Td> <Td> Elizabeth ' Zee ' Foster </Td> <Td> TV miniseries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Criminal Minds </Td> <Td> Jessica Evanson </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Minimal Loss '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Atypical </Td> <Td> Paige Hardaway </Td> <Td> Recurring role </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Role </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Young Artist Award </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Best Performance in a TV Movie , Mini-Series or Special - Supporting Young Actress </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Felice Wallace in Mary Christmas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Sally Finney in Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Dot Gilkeson in The Missing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards </Td> <Td> Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role - Female </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards </Td> <Td> Youth in Film </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saturn Award </Td> <Td> Best Performance by a Younger Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teen Choice Award </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Choice Movie Breakout Performance - Female </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Bailey Graffman in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Young Artist Award </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Best Performance in a TV Series - Guest Starring Young Actress </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Julie Parker in Ghost Whisperer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jenna Boyd on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jenna Boyd at AllMovie </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 71106742 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2004077159 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenna_Boyd&oldid=804988430 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1993 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Actresses from Texas </Li> <Li> American child actresses </Li> <Li> American film actresses </Li> <Li> American television actresses </Li> <Li> People from Dallas </Li> <Li> Pepperdine University alumni </Li> <Li> 21st - century American actresses </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from July 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> BLP articles lacking sources from July 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles sourced by IMDb </Li> <Li> Articles sourced only by IMDb from July 2009 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 10 : 30 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The role of Bailey in the movie "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants" was played by

Who played bailey in the sisterhood of the traveling pants?

8937378309480282220

Knowledge base - wikipedia <H1> Knowledge base </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A knowledge base ( KB ) is a technology used to store complex structured and unstructured information used by a computer system . The initial use of the term was in connection with expert systems which were the first knowledge - based systems . </P> <P> The original use of the term knowledge - base was to describe one of the two sub-systems of a knowledge - based system . A knowledge - based system consists of a knowledge - base that represents facts about the world and an inference engine that can reason about those facts and use rules and other forms of logic to deduce new facts or highlight inconsistencies . </P> <P> The term `` knowledge - base '' was coined to distinguish this form of knowledge store from the more common and widely used term database . At the time ( the 1970s ) virtually all large Management Information Systems stored their data in some type of hierarchical or relational database . At this point in the history of Information Technology the distinction between a database and a knowledge base was clear and unambiguous . A database had these properties : </P> <Ul> <Li> Flat data . Data was usually represented in a tabular format with strings or numbers in each field . </Li> <Li> Multiple users . A conventional database needed to support more than one user or system logged into the same data at the same time . </Li> <Li> Transactions . An essential requirement for a database was to maintain integrity and consistency among data accessed by concurrent users . These are the so - called ACID properties : Atomicity , Consistency , Isolation , and Durability . </Li> <Li> Large , long - lived data . A corporate database needed to support not just thousands but hundreds of thousands or more rows of data . Such a database usually needed to persist past the specific uses of any individual program ; it needed to store data for years and decades rather than for the life of a program . </Li> </Ul> <P> The first knowledge - based systems had data needs that were the opposite of these database requirements . An expert system requires structured data . Not just tables with numbers and strings , but pointers to other objects that in turn have additional pointers . The ideal representation for a knowledge base is an object model ( often called an ontology in artificial intelligence literature ) with classes , subclasses and instances . </P> <P> Early expert systems also had little need for multiple users or the complexity that comes with requiring transactional properties on data . The data for the early expert systems was used to arrive at a specific answer , such as a medical diagnosis , the design of a molecule , or a response to an emergency . Once the solution to the problem was known there was not a critical demand to store large amounts of data back to a permanent memory store . A more precise statement would be that given the technologies available researchers compromised and did without these capabilities because they realized they were beyond what could be expected and they could develop useful solutions to non-trivial problems without them . Even from the beginning the more astute researchers realized the potential benefits of being able to store , analyze , and reuse knowledge . For example , see the discussion of Corporate Memory in the earliest work of the Knowledge - Based Software Assistant program by Cordell Green et al . </P> <P> The volume requirements were also different for a knowledge - base compared to a conventional database . The knowledge - base needed to know facts about the world . For example , to represent the statement that `` All humans are mortal '' . A database typically could not represent this general knowledge but instead would need to store information about thousands of tables that represented information about specific humans . Representing that all humans are mortal and being able to reason about any given human that they are mortal is the work of a knowledge - base . Representing that George , Mary , Sam , Jenna , Mike , ... and hundreds of thousands of other customers are all humans with specific ages , sex , address , etc. is the work for a database . </P> <P> As expert systems moved from being prototypes to systems deployed in corporate environments the requirements for their data storage rapidly started to overlap with the standard database requirements for multiple , distributed users with support for transactions . Initially , the demand could be seen in two different but competitive markets . From the AI and Object - Oriented communities object - oriented databases such as Versant emerged . These were systems designed from the ground up to have support for object - oriented capabilities but also to support standard database services as well . On the other hand , the large database vendors such as Oracle added capabilities to their products that provided support for knowledge - base requirements such as class - subclass relations and rules . </P> <P> The next evolution for the term knowledge - base was the Internet . With the rise of the Internet , documents , hypertext , and multimedia support were now critical for any corporate database . It was no longer enough to support large tables of data or relatively small objects that lived primarily in computer memory . Support for corporate web sites required persistence and transactions for documents . This created a whole new discipline known as Web Content Management . The other driver for document support was the rise of knowledge management vendors such as Lotus Notes . Knowledge Management actually predated the Internet but with the Internet there was great synergy between the two areas . Knowledge management products adopted the term `` knowledge - base '' to describe their repositories but the meaning had a subtle difference . In the case of previous knowledge - based systems the knowledge was primarily for the use of an automated system , to reason about and draw conclusions about the world . With knowledge management products the knowledge was primarily meant for humans , for example to serve as a repository of manuals , procedures , policies , best practices , reusable designs and code , etc . In both cases the distinctions between the uses and kinds of systems were ill - defined . As the technology scaled up it was rare to find a system that could really be cleanly classified as knowledge - based in the sense of an expert system that performed automated reasoning and knowledge - based in the sense of knowledge management that provided knowledge in the form of documents and media that could be leveraged by us humans . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Knowledge - based system </Li> <Li> Knowledge management </Li> <Li> Information repository </Li> <Li> Content management </Li> <Li> Enterprise bookmarking </Li> <Li> Text mining </Li> <Li> Wikidata </Li> <Li> YAGO </Li> <Li> Semantic network </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hayes - Roth , Frederick ; Donald Waterman ; Douglas Lenat ( 1983 ) . Building Expert Systems . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 10686 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green , Cordell ; D. Luckham ; R. Balzer ; T. Cheatham ; C. Rich ( 1986 ) . `` Report on a knowledge - based software assistant '' . Readings in artificial intelligence and software engineering . Morgan Kaufmann : 377 -- 428 . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feigenbaum , Edward ( 1983 ) . The Fifth Generation : Artificial Intelligence and Japan 's Computer Challenge to the World . Reading , MA : Addison - Wesley . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 11519 - 0 . Your data base is that patient 's record , including history ... vital signs , drugs given , ... The knowledge base ... is what you learned in medical school ... it consists of facts , predicates , and beliefs ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jarke , Mathias ( 1978 ) . `` KBMS Requirements for Knowledge - Based Systems '' . Logic , Databases , and Artificial Intelligence ( PDF ) . Berlin : Springer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krishna , S ( 1992 ) . Introduction to Database and Knowledge - base Systems . Singapore : World Scientific Publishing . ISBN 981 - 02 - 0619 - 4 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Computable knowledge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics and concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alphabet of human thought </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Automated reasoning </Li> <Li> Commonsense knowledge </Li> <Li> Commonsense reasoning </Li> <Li> Computability </Li> <Li> Formal system </Li> <Li> Inference engine </Li> <Li> Knowledge base </Li> <Li> Knowledge - based systems </Li> <Li> Knowledge engineering </Li> <Li> Knowledge extraction </Li> <Li> Knowledge representation </Li> <Li> Knowledge retrieval </Li> <Li> Library classification </Li> <Li> Logic programming </Li> <Li> Ontology </Li> <Li> Personal knowledge base </Li> <Li> Question answering </Li> <Li> Semantic reasoner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proposals and implementations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Zairja </Li> <Li> Ars Magna ( 1300 ) </Li> <Li> An Essay towards a Real Character , and a Philosophical Language ( 1688 ) </Li> <Li> Calculus ratiocinator and characteristica universalis ( 1700 ) </Li> <Li> Dewey Decimal Classification ( 1876 ) </Li> <Li> Begriffsschrift ( 1879 ) </Li> <Li> Mundaneum ( 1910 ) </Li> <Li> Logical atomism ( 1918 ) </Li> <Li> Tractatus Logico - Philosophicus ( 1921 ) </Li> <Li> Hilbert 's program ( 1920s ) </Li> <Li> Incompleteness theorem ( 1931 ) </Li> <Li> World Brain ( 1938 ) </Li> <Li> Memex ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> General Problem Solver ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Prolog ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Cyc ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Semantic Web ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Evi ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Wolfram Alpha ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Watson ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Siri ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Knowledge Graph ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Wikidata ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Cortana ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Viv ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Engine ( Gulliver 's Travels , 1726 ) </Li> <Li> Joe ( `` A Logic Named Joe '' , 1946 ) </Li> <Li> The Librarian ( Snow Crash , 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Know ( A.I. Artificial Intelligence , 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Waterhouse ( The Baroque Cycle , 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> See also : Logic machines in fiction and List of fictional computers </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Semantic Web </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Background </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Databases </Li> <Li> Hypertext </Li> <Li> Internet </Li> <Li> Ontologies </Li> <Li> Semantic networks </Li> <Li> World Wide Web </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sub-topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Data Web </Li> <Li> Dataspaces </Li> <Li> Hyperdata </Li> <Li> Linked data </Li> <Li> Rule - based systems </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Applications </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Semantic analytics </Li> <Li> Semantic broker </Li> <Li> Semantic computing </Li> <Li> Semantic mapper </Li> <Li> Semantic matching </Li> <Li> Semantic publishing </Li> <Li> Semantic reasoner </Li> <Li> Semantic search </Li> <Li> Semantic service - oriented architecture </Li> <Li> Semantic wiki </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Collective intelligence </Li> <Li> Description

A knowledge base provides

What type of data is provided in a knowledge base?

-3477735079009921203

Three - point field goal - wikipedia <H1> Three - point field goal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Field goal ( American and Canadian football ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Sara Giauro shoots a three - point shot at the 2005 FIBA Europe Cup Women 's Finals Stephen Curry currently holds the record for most three - point field goals in an NBA regular season with 402 . <P> A three - point field goal ( also 3 - pointer or informally , trey ) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three - point line , a designated arc surrounding the basket . A successful attempt is worth three points , in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three - point line and the one point for each made free throw . </P> <P> The distance from the basket to the three - point line varies by competition level : in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) from the basket ; in FIBA and the WNBA ( the latter uses FIBA 's three - point line standard ) the arc is 6.75 metres or 22 feet 1 ⁄ inches from the basket ; and in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) the arc is 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) from the basket . In the NBA and FIBA / WNBA , the three - point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) from each sideline ; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet ( 6.71 m ) . In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180 ° around the basket . There are more variations ( see main article ) . </P> <P> In 3x3 , a FIBA - sanctioned variant of the half - court 3 - on - 3 game , the `` three - point '' line exists , but shots from behind the line are only worth 2 points . All other shots are worth 1 point . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Rule specifications </Li> <Li> 3 Related concepts </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The three - point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule . At the direction of Abe Saperstein , the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961 . Its three - point line was a radius of 25 feet ( 7.62 m ) from the baskets , except along the sides . The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963 -- 64 season . </P> <P> The three - point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967 -- 68 season . ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three - pointer `` would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans . '' During the 1970s , the ABA used the three - point shot , along with the slam dunk , as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . </P> The official scorer 's report showing the first made three - point field goal in NBA history . <P> In the 1979 -- 80 season , after having tested it in the previous pre-season , the NBA adopted the three - point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick . Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three - point shot in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 . Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day . </P> <P> The sport 's international governing body , FIBA , introduced the three - point line in 1984 , at a distance of 6.25 m ( 20 ft 6 in ) . </P> <P> The NCAA 's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three - point rule , adopting a 22 - foot ( 6.71 m ) line for the 1980 -- 81 season . Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three - point field goal in college basketball history on November 29 , 1980 . Over the following five years , NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three - pointer . The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in ( 5.41 m ) in the Atlantic Coast Conference , and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference . Used in conference play , it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986 -- 87 men 's season at 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) , and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987 . In the same 1986 -- 87 season , the NCAA adopted the three - pointer in women 's basketball on an experimental basis , using the same 19 ft 9 in distance , and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987 -- 88 . In 2007 , the NCAA lengthened the men 's three - point distance to 20 ft 9 in ( 6.32 m ) , with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008 -- 09 season . The NCAA women 's three - point distance was moved to match the men 's distance in 2011 -- 12 . American high schools , along with elementary and middle schools , adopted a 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) line nationally in 1987 , a year after the NCAA . The NCAA used the FIBA three - point line ( see below ) in the 2018 National Invitation Tournament . </P> <P> During the 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , and 1996 -- 97 seasons , the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ( 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) at the corners ) to a uniform 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) around the basket . From the 1997 -- 98 season on , the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in ( 22 ft at the corners , with a 3 inch differential ) . Ray Allen is currently the NBA all - time leader in career made three - pointers with 2,973 . </P> <P> In 2008 , FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm ( 19.69 in ) to 6.75 m ( 22 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010 . In December 2012 , the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA 's distance , too , as of the 2013 season . The NBA has discussed adding a four - point line , according to president Rod Thorn . </P> <P> In the NBA , three - point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years , with effectiveness increasing slightly . The 1979 - 80 season had an average 2.2 three - point goals per game and 6.6 attempts ( 28 % effectiveness ) . The 1989 - 90 season had an average 4.8 three - point goals per game and 13.7 attempts ( 35 % effectiveness ) . The 2009 - 10 season had an average 6.4 three - point goals per game and 18.1 attempts ( 36 % effectiveness ) . The 2016 - 17 season had an average 9.7 three - point goals per game and 27.0 attempts ( 36 % effectiveness ) . </P> <H2> Rule specifications ( edit ) </H2> <P> A three - point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket , and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc . In the NBA and FIBA standard , the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline . The three - point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline . The unusual formation of the three - point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three - point shot at the corners of the court ; the arc would be less than 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc . In the NCAA and American high school standards , the arc spans 180 ° around the basket , then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline ( 5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres ) . The distance of the three - point line to the center of the hoop varies by level : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> Arc radius </Th> <Th> Minimum distance from sidelines </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Basketball Association </Td> <Td> 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) </Td> <Td> 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FIBA ( also used by WNBA ) </Td> <Td> 6.75 meters ( 22 ft 2 in ) </Td> <Td> 0.90 meters ( 2 ft 11 in ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Collegiate Athletic Association </Td> <Td> 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) </Td> <Td> 4 feet 3 inches ( 1.30 m ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American high school basketball </Td> <Td> 19 feet 9 inches ( 6.02 m ) </Td> <Td> 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A player 's feet must be completely behind the three - point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three - point attempt ; if the player 's feet are on or in front of the line , it is a two - point attempt . A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three - point attempt , as long as the ball is released in mid-air . </P> <P> An official raises his / her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt . If the attempt is successful , he / she raises his / her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three - point goal . The official must recognize it for it to count as three points . Instant replay has sometimes been used , depending on league rules . The NBA , WNBA , FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose . In NBA , FIBA , and WNBA games , video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot ; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game , after reviewing the video . However , in late game situations , play may be paused pending a review . </P> <P> If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three - pointer and

They started shooting 3-pointers in basketball in

When did they start 3 pointers in basketball?

5332616086855442086

skin membrane similar to an eardrum ) is visible just behind the eye . The limbs are short and robust , and large adhesive discs are at the end of the digits which provide grip while climbing . The fingers are about one - third webbed , and the toes nearly three - quarters webbed . The dorsal color depends on the temperature and nature of the environment , ranging from brownish - or greyish - green to bright emerald green . The frog occasionally has small , irregularly shaped white spots on its back . Males have a greyish , wrinkled vocal sac under the throat , while the throat of females is white . The ventral surface in both sexes is creamy - white and rough in texture . </P> <P> This frog is similar in appearance to the magnificent tree frog ( L. splendida ) , which inhabits only north - western Australia . Older members of that species have very large parotoid glands , which cover the entire top of their heads and droop over their tympana . The parotoid gland of the green tree frog is much smaller , and it also lacks the yellow speckling on the back and the yellow markings on the hand , groin , and thigh . It can be distinguished from the white - lipped tree frog ( giant tree frog L. infrafrenata ) by the distinct white stripe that species has along the edge of the lower jaw and extending to the shoulder , which is not present in the green tree frog . </P> Tadpole <P> The tadpoles ' appearance changes throughout their development . When newly hatched , they are 8 mm ( 0.3 in ) long and when fully developed , 44 mm ( 1.7 in ) . They are initially mottled with brown , and increase in pigmentation ( to either green or brown ) during development . Their undersides are initially dark , but later become lighter in hue . The eggs are brown and are wrapped in a clear jelly ; they are 1.1 to 1.4 mm ( 0.043 to 0.055 in ) in diameter . </P> <P> The call is a low , slow brawk - brawk - brawk , repeated many times . For most of the year , the frogs call from high positions , such as trees and gutters , but during the breeding season , they descend to near the ponds and pools , where they breed . Like many frogs , green tree frogs call not only to attract a mate , but also to advertise their location outside the mating season . They are particularly vocal after rain , but the reasons for this are unclear . They emit a stress call when they are in danger , such as when being attacked by a predator or when a person steps on the log in which one is concealed . </P> <H2> Distribution and habitat ( edit ) </H2> Specimen climbing a tree <P> The green tree frog is native to northern and eastern regions of Australia and to the lowlands of New Guinea . Distribution is limited mostly to areas with warm , wet tropical climates . Its range spans from Irian Jaya to Port Moresby , and is most abundant on Daru Island . The IUCN suggests `` scattered locations '' in both New Guinea and Indonesia . In Australia , its range extends from the Kimberley region of Western Australia through the Northern Territory and Queensland to north and central New South Wales and the extreme northeasterly part of South Australia . Its total extent of land occupancy is around 4,078,600 square kilometres ( 1,574,800 sq mi ) . </P> <P> The species has been introduced to both the United States and New Zealand . In the United States , it is restricted to two regions within Florida , where it was possibly introduced through the pet trade . Only small populations have been found there , and whether they have caused any ecological damage as an invasive species is unknown . In New Zealand , a several individuals were liberated in various locations in 1897 and 1899 , and a further accidental introduction was made in the 1940s . No sightings have been reported of this species since the 1950s . </P> <P> Depending on their location , green tree frogs occupy various habitats , but are not usually found in tropical rainforests . They are often found in the canopy of trees near water bodies , but also occupy terrestrial habitats well away from water . They favor old stands of Eucalyptus , where the trees have hollows in which water collects . They are common along inland waterways and can survive in swamps ( among the reeds ) or in grasslands in cooler climates . </P> <P> Green tree frogs are little troubled by the presence of humans and often live in close association with them . They sometimes stray inside houses and are found in such places as sinks and toilets . They can also be found on outside windowsills at night , eating insects attracted to the light , and they may gather under outdoor lighting for the same reason . They sometimes occupy tanks ( cisterns ) , downpipes ( downspouts ) , and gutters , as these have high humidity and are usually cooler than the external environment . They may be drawn to the downpipes and tanks during the mating season because the fixtures amplify their calls . Green tree frogs seem to have homing abilities , being able to return to locations from which they were caught from a considerable distance after being displaced . </P> <H2> Ecology. and behavior ( edit ) </H2> A green tree frog in a spider 's web after eating the spider <P> Green tree frogs are very docile and unafraid of humans . They are nocturnal and come out in early evenings to call ( in spring and summer ) and hunt for food . During the day , they find cool , dark , and moist areas , such as tree holes or rock crevices , in which to sleep . They are not a rainforest species , but make use of the rain that falls almost daily and collects on leaves and in crevices , to keep themselves moist . Their skin exudes a waxy coating that helps prevent evaporation . In dry periods , they avoid desiccation by concealing themselves in a cool spot , perhaps by burrowing , and enveloping themselves in a cocoon made of shed skin and mucus . </P> <P> The diet of the green tree frog consists mainly of insects such as moths , cockroaches , and locusts . They also eat spiders and can include smaller frogs and even small mammals ( including bats ) among their prey . Frog teeth are not suited to cutting up prey , so the food item must be small enough to fit inside its mouth . Many frogs flick out their sticky tongues at prey and the victim sticks to the tip and is drawn back into the mouth and consumed . A green tree frog uses this technique for smaller prey ; for larger items , however , it pounces , then pushes the prey into its mouth with its hands . </P> <P> The frog has a few native predators , among them snakes and birds . Since the European settlement of Australia , non-native predators have been introduced , primarily dogs and cats . The species has an average life expectancy in captivity of 16 years , but some have been known to live over 20 years . </P> <H2> Reproduction ( edit ) </H2> <P> Breeding occurs between November and February . During the mating season , the males call from slightly elevated positions close to the still - water sources in which they choose to breed . Clumps of between 200 and 2000 eggs are laid which initially float , but sink within 24 hours . The development of the tadpoles takes about six weeks , after which they undergo metamorphosis and leave the water as juvenile frogs . </P> <H2> As pets ( edit ) </H2> <P> The green tree frog is one of the most popular pet frogs throughout the world . Its docile nature and long life expectancy make it an attractive choice for exotic pet owners . It is also one of the easier frogs to maintain ; its diet is broad and it has a strong resistance to disease . One problem commonly associated with keeping this species as a pet is overfeeding ; green tree frogs tend to become obese if overfed . In the wild , exertion of energy is required for a frog to capture its prey . However , in captivity , they are usually given live feed in a confined space . This lessens the activity needed for feeding , resulting in weight gain . An overweight member of the species deposits fat layers over the top of the head and body , giving it a `` dumpy '' appearance , thus the name `` dumpy tree frog '' . </P> <P> The rover fireflies of the genus Photinus are poisonous , and an incident has been reported in which a firefly was fed to a green tree frog , which subsequently died . </P> <H2> Conservation ( edit ) </H2> Dark specimen in Köln Zoo <P> Australian law gives protected status to the green tree frog -- along with all Australian fauna -- under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 . The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists the green tree frog 's conservation status as being of `` least concern '' , given its broad range , its large total population , and its tolerance of a variety of habitat types . The population trend seems to be stable , and any decline in numbers is not likely to be at a fast enough rate to justify listing it in a more threatened category . </P> <P> In suburban areas , this frog is threatened by pollution and by predation by domestic animals . Also , some of the frogs have been found to be infected with the chytrid fungus which causes the fatal amphibian disease chytridiomycosis . The frog 's status in New Guinea is poorly studied , but in 2002 , some 75,000 individuals were exported from Indonesia as part of the pet trade , and this may impact populations in some locations . The frog is present in a number of protected areas in New Guinea , and it has been successfully bred in some Australian zoos . Overall , the main threat to this species is the potential for a widespread disease epidemic . </P> <H2> Use in Research ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although frogs have lungs , they absorb oxygen through their skin ; for this to occur efficiently , the skin must be moist . A disadvantage of moist skin is that pathogens such as molds and bacteria can thrive on it , increasing the chance of infection . To counteract this , frogs secrete peptides that destroy these pathogens . The secretion from the paratoid gland of the green tree frog contains 25 caerins , a group of peptides with antibacterial and antiviral properties . The caerins produced by frogs of this species from different geographical localities have subtle but reproducible differences . The secretions also contain caeruleins , which have the same physiological effects as CCK - 8 , a digestive hormone and hunger suppressant . These caeruleins now have a number of clinical applications . Several peptides from the skin secretions of the green tree frog have been found to destroy HIV without harming healthy T cells . </P> <P> The fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , the causal agent of chytridiomycosis , is causing declines in many species of amphibians , but the secretions produced by the green tree frog and certain other Australian species of frog ( Litoria chloris and Litoria genimaculata ) are protective against this fungus

During the day, green tree frogs typically retreat to

Where do green tree frogs go during the day?

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, Ladybug forgets to purify the akuma after the fight ; it flies off , duplicating itself and infecting many people , turning them into immobilised Stonehearts . The episode ends as Marinette learns of her mistake , and in her despair , thinking that she can not do her job as Ladybug , removes her earrings and puts them away under her dressing table , causing Tikki to disappear . </P> <Ul> <Li> This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 March 2016 as episode 14 . </Li> <Li> The French version of this episode was first shown in Quebec , Canada on 4 March 2016 as episode 21 . </Li> <Li> The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> `` Stoneheart - Origins , Part 2 '' `` Cœur de pierre ( Origines - Partie 2 ) '' </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Quentin Sébastien Thibaudeau </Td> <Td> 30 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 6 August 2016 </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> 0.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="9"> <P> The next morning , Marinette brings her earrings to school , though still upset for forgetting to purify the akuma . Adrien sneaks to school . Questioned by his classmates , nobody believes Ivan when he claims not to remember anything ; he storms off in anger when Chloé mocks him . Marinette comforts Ivan ; encouraged by her , Ivan sings Mylène a love song , but accidentally scares her off . Ivan turns into Stoneheart again with Hawk Moth 's akuma , and takes control of his duplicates around Paris , which come to life . Adrien rushes to stop Stoneheart as Alya takes chase to film the battle ; Marinette runs after her , wanting to pass her the earrings . Seeing the danger , Marinette has no choice but to transform ; breaking Cat Noir out , they rush to Trocadéro . Ladybug catches Chloé when Stoneheart throws her towards Pont d'Iéna from the Eiffel Tower 's lower deck . A swarm of akumas fly out of Stoneheart 's mouth , forming Hawk Moth 's face , who declares to all Paris they will be spared if Ladybug and Cat Noir 's Miraculouses are surrendered . Ladybug refuses , stating that Hawk Moth is the one at wrong , and cleanses the akuma cloud . Ladybug climbs to the top of the tower , using her yo - yo to make Mylène kiss Stoneheart 's chest ; surprised , he drops the paper ball the akuma is in . Ladybug crushes it and cleanses the akuma . After her magic cleans up the collateral damage , Ladybug passes Mylène Ivan 's song lyrics . Later , Adrien 's father allows him to go to school while Marinette stands up to Chloé , retaking her seat . That evening after school , it 's raining outside ; Adrien hands Marinette his umbrella , and the two share an intimate moment before parting ways . Master Fu and Wayzz watch from afar , satisfied with their decision to give them the Miraculouses . </P> <Ul> <Li> This episode was first shown in Quebec , Canada on 5 March 2016 as episode 22 . </Li> <Li> The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 7 April 2016 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> English Title French Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date ( France ) </Th> <Th> Netflix release date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Collector '' `` Le Collectionneur '' </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Wilfried Pain </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau </Td> <Td> 26 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 30 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 201 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Master Fu explains to Marinette his role as a Guardian of the Miraculouses ; due to a mistake he made in the past , their temple was wiped out , and the Butterfly and Peacock Miraculouses were lost . He suspects that whoever owned the Miraculous book must be Hawk Moth , sending Marinette into a panic at the thought that it could be Adrien . Meanwhile , Gabriel grounds Adrien for stealing and losing the book . When Marinette learns the book was Gabriel 's , she suspects he may be Hawk Moth instead . Hawk Moth unleashes an akuma , but then de-transforms and Gabriel then akumatizes himself into `` The Collector '' , a supervillain who throws a book around to capture anything it touches into his book . After Ladybug and Cat Noir eventually defeat him and transform him back to Gabriel , Master Fu is not so sure he is cleared of being Hawk Moth . Master Fu captures the contents of the book onto a smartphone , and Marinette returns the book to Gabriel , who reveals that he obtained the book during an overseas trip with his wife and that it is his last memento of her . He rescinds Adrien 's grounding and shares a hug with him and Adrien returns to school to the joy of his classmates . Gabriel returns to his secret lair and transforms into Hawk Moth , having fooled the heroes and vowing to get their Miraculouses . </P> <Ul> <Li> The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 4 November 2017 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Despair Bear '' `` Doudou Vilain '' </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Jun Violet </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Nolwenn Pierre Sébastien Thibaudeau </Td> <Td> 27 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 30 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> After Chloé sets off a false fire alarm forcing the entire student body to do chores as punishment , Adrien scolds Chloé telling her that she must be ' nice ' to people if she wants them to remain friends . Chloé 's butler Jean has her host a party for everyone and encouraging her to what her old teddy bear would do . Confident , Hawk Moth sends an akuma beforehand . During the party , Chloé tries her best , but when seeing Adrien dancing with Marinette , Chloé loses her temper and Jean accidentally reveals her teddy bear , leading Chloé to embarrassment and to fire him . Feeling vengeful , the akuma then targets Jean , and turns into `` Despair Bear '' , a doll - sized villain who has the ability to manipulate anyone he touches . </P> <Ul> <Li> The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 11 November 2017 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Prime Queen '' `` Audimatrix '' </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Christelle Abgrall </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau </Td> <Td> 29 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 30 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Marinette has to babysit Manon , but realizes Ladybug has to interview for a television show , so she invites Alya over and excuses herself to help her parents downstairs . Realizing she needs higher television ratings , host Nadja Chamack resorts to asking about Ladybug and Cat Noir 's supposed romantic relationship , which causes Ladybug to depart , dragging Cat Noir in tow . Laid off , Nadja is akumatized by Hawk Moth , and turns into `` Prime Queen '' , a naughty reporter whose ability to teleport through television screens and posters ; she creates a show in order to capture the two heroes . </P> <Ul> <Li> The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 18 November 2017 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Befana '' `` La Béfana '' </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Benoît Boucher </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Mélanie Duval Sébastien Thibaudeau </Td> <Td> 30 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 30 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Marinette is excited today is her birthday . Not only that , but her grandmother Gina Dupain is also visiting . Despite being excited to visit Marinette , Gina is surprised to see how much Marinette has grown up , but is saddened when Marinette does mostly new things . While hanging out , Marinette heads to where her friends planned her surprise party and ditches Gina . Feeling rejected , Gina becomes influenced by Hawk Moth , and turns into `` Befana '' , a mean - spirited baddie with the ability to turn people who do bad things into coal and those who do good into angels , who become her servants , with a gun filled with candy she wanted to give Marinette . </P> <Ul> <Li> The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 25 November 2017 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Riposte '' </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Jun Violet </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau </Td> <Td> 1 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 30 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> On the fencing court , Marinette has hopes of joining to impress Adrien . Armand assigns the new recruits to pair with the experience ones . A new student , Kagami Tsurugi , the daughter of a famous fencer , moved in Paris and challenges Adrien to show everyone she 's the best fencer . After a duel , Marinette , not wanting Adrien to be second best and not sure how the battle ended , due to Kagami chasing Adrien around and battling fiercely and roughly , declares Adrien the winner , much to Kagami 's dismay and humiliation , causing her to depart from the school . Disappointed , Kagami becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth , and turns into `` Riposte '' , a silver armor samurai villain with the power to slice and cut anything in half with one armed sword . </P> <Ul> <Li> The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 2 December 2017 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Robostus '' </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Wilfried Pain </Td> <Td> Thomas Astruc Matthieu Choquet Fred Lenoir Sébastien Thibaudeau </Td> <Td> 3 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 30 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> When Max builds Markov , a miniature robot capable of real human emotions , he is hesitant to even reveal him . After helping prevent a computer virus from wiping the school 's servers , Principal Damocles instead confiscates Markov thinking that he 's a toy . Markov even becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth , and turns into `` Robostus '' , a techno - threat capable of giving life to mechanical devices . When Hawk Moth tells Robostus to bring him the Miraculous , he mistakenly informs him of their power to grant wishes . Robostus takes Max with him in his new megasized body to the Paris Stadium , where he ambushes

Miraculous Season 2 Episode 11 is scheduled to be released on

When will miraculous season 2 episode 11 be released?

-6522981514285898713

The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) - wikipedia <H1> The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` The Phantom of the Opera ( musical ) '' redirects here . For other musicals based on the Gaston Leroux novel , see The Phantom of the Opera ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Phantom of the Opera </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> Andrew Lloyd Webber </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charles Hart <Ul> <Li> Richard Stilgoe ( additional ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Book </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andrew Lloyd Webber </Li> <Li> Richard Stilgoe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basis </Th> <Td> Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Premiere </Th> <Td> 9 October 1986 : Her Majesty 's Theatre , London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Productions </Th> <Td> See list ( show ) <Ul> <Li> 1986 West End </Li> <Li> 1988 Broadway </Li> <Li> 1988 Vienna </Li> <Li> 1988 Tokyo </Li> <Li> 1989 Toronto </Li> <Li> 1989 Stockholm </Li> <Li> 1989 Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1990 Hamburg </Li> <Li> 1990 Melbourne </Li> <Li> 1991 First US Tour </Li> <Li> 1992 Second US Tour </Li> <Li> 1993 San Francisco </Li> <Li> 1993 Scheveningen </Li> <Li> 1996 Basel </Li> <Li> 1997 Auckland </Li> <Li> 1999 Mexico City </Li> <Li> 2000 Copenhagen </Li> <Li> 2001 South Korea </Li> <Li> 2002 Madrid </Li> <Li> 2003 Budapest </Li> <Li> 2004 Film adaptation </Li> <Li> 2005 São Paulo </Li> <Li> 2006 Las Vegas Spectacular </Li> <Li> 2007 Melbourne </Li> <Li> 2008 Third US Tour </Li> <Li> 2008 Warsaw </Li> <Li> 2009 Buenos Aires </Li> <Li> 2009 South Korea </Li> <Li> 2011 25th Anniversary </Li> <Li> 2012 UK Tour </Li> <Li> 2013 North American Tour </Li> <Li> 2013 Hamburg </Li> <Li> 2014 Moscow </Li> <Li> 2014 Tartu </Li> <Li> 2014 Prague </Li> <Li> 2015 Helsinki </Li> <Li> 2015 New Zealand Tour </Li> <Li> 2015 Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> 2016 Stockholm </Li> <Li> 2017 Belgrade </Li> <Li> Various international and amateur productions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical </Li> <Li> Tony Award for Best Musical </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Phantom of the Opera is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe . Lloyd Webber and Stilgoe also wrote the musical 's book together . Based on the French novel Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux , its central plot revolves around a beautiful soprano , Christine Daaé , who becomes the obsession of a mysterious , disfigured musical genius living in the subterranean labyrinth beneath the Opera Populaire . </P> <P> The musical opened in London 's West End in 1986 , and on Broadway in 1988 . It won the 1986 Olivier Award and the 1988 Tony Award for Best Musical , and Michael Crawford ( in the title role ) won the Olivier and Tony Awards for Best Actor in a Musical . It is the longest running show in Broadway history by a wide margin , and celebrated its 10,000 th Broadway performance on 11 February 2012 , the first production ever to do so . It is the second longest - running West End musical , after Les Misérables , and the third longest - running West End show overall , after The Mousetrap . </P> <P> With total estimated worldwide gross receipts of over $ 5.6 billion and total Broadway gross of $845 million , Phantom was the most financially successful entertainment event until The Lion King surpassed it in 2014 . By 2011 , it had been seen by over 130 million people in 145 cities across 27 countries , and continues to play in London and New York . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Development <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Idea </Li> <Li> 1.2 Lyricists </Li> <Li> 1.3 Score </Li> <Li> 1.4 Design , direction , and choreography </Li> <Li> 1.5 First preview at Sydmonton </Li> <Li> 1.6 West End </Li> <Li> 1.7 Broadway </Li> <Li> 1.8 Amateur productions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Synopsis <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Prologue </Li> <Li> 2.2 Act I </Li> <Li> 2.3 Act II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Casting <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Original casts </Li> <Li> 3.2 West End replacements </Li> <Li> 3.3 Broadway replacements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Musical numbers </Li> <Li> 5 Orchestra </Li> <Li> 6 Recordings <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Sales and certifications <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Original 1986 London production </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 Local productions </Li> <Li> 6.1. 3 Highlights From The Phantom of the Opera </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Allegations of plagiarism </Li> <Li> 8 Other productions <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Film version </Li> <Li> 8.2 Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Copyright release </Li> <Li> 10 Awards and nominations <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Original London production </Li> <Li> 10.2 Original Broadway production </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Sequel </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 Notes </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Idea ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1984 , Lloyd Webber contacted Cameron Mackintosh , the co-producer of Cats and Song and Dance , to propose a new musical . He was aiming for a romantic piece , and suggested Gaston Leroux 's book The Phantom of the Opera as a basis . They screened both the 1925 Lon Chaney and the 1943 Claude Rains motion picture versions , but neither saw an effective way to make the leap from film to stage . Later , in New York , Lloyd Webber found a second - hand copy of the original , long - out - of - print Leroux novel , which supplied the necessary inspiration to develop a musical : `` I was actually writing something else at the time , and I realised that the reason I was hung up was because I was trying to write a major romantic story , and I had been trying to do that ever since I started my career . Then with the Phantom , it was there ! '' </P> <H3> Lyricists ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lloyd Webber first approached Jim Steinman to write the lyrics because of his `` dark obsessive side '' , but he declined in order to fulfill his commitments on a Bonnie Tyler album . Alan Jay Lerner was then recruited , but he became seriously ill after joining the project and was forced to withdraw ; none of his contributions ( mostly involving the song `` Masquerade '' ) are credited in the show . Richard Stilgoe , the lyricist for Starlight Express , wrote most of the original lyrics for the production . Charles Hart , a young and then - relatively unknown lyricist , later rewrote many of the lyrics , along with original lyrics for `` Think of Me '' . Some of Stilgoe 's original contributions are still present in the final version , however . </P> <H3> Score ( edit ) </H3> <P> Inspired in part by an earlier musical version of the same story by Ken Hill , Lloyd Webber 's score is sometimes operatic in style but maintains the form and structure of a musical throughout . The full - fledged operatic passages are reserved principally for subsidiary characters such as Andre and Firmin , Carlotta , and Piangi . They are also used to provide the content of the fictional `` operas '' that are taking place within the show itself , viz. , Hannibal , Il Muto , and the Phantom 's masterwork , Don Juan Triumphant . `` Here , Lloyd Webber pastiched various styles from the grand operas of Meyerbeer through to Mozart and even Gilbert and Sullivan . '' These pieces are often presented as musical fragments , interrupted by dialogue or action sequences in order to clearly define the musical 's `` show within a show '' format . The musical extracts from the Phantom 's opera , `` Don Juan Triumphant '' , during the latter stages of the show , are dissonant and modern -- `` suggesting , perhaps , that the Phantom is ahead of his time artistically '' . </P> <H3> Design , direction , and choreography ( edit ) </H3> <P> Maria Björnson designed the sets and over 200 costumes , including the elaborate gowns in the `` Masquerade '' sequence . Her set designs , including the chandelier , subterranean gondola , and sweeping staircase , earned her multiple awards . Hal Prince , director of Cabaret , Candide , Follies , and Lloyd Webber 's Evita , directed the production , while Gillian Lynne , associate director and choreographer of Cats , provided the integral musical staging and choreography . </P> <H3> First preview at Sydmonton ( edit ) </H3> <P> A preview of the first act was staged at Sydmonton ( Lloyd Webber 's home ) in 1985 , starring Colm Wilkinson ( later the star of the Toronto production ) as the Phantom , Sarah Brightman as Kristin ( later Christine ) , and Clive Carter ( later a member of the London cast ) as Raoul . This very preliminary production used Richard Stilgoe 's original unaltered lyrics , and many songs sported names that were later changed , such as `` What Has Time Done to Me '' ( `` Think of Me '' ) , and `` Papers '' ( `` Notes '' ) . The Phantom 's original mask covered the entire face and remained in place throughout the performance , obscuring the actor 's vision and muffling his voice . Björnson designed the now - iconic half - mask to replace it , and the unmasking sequence was added . Clips of this preview performance were included on the DVD of the 2004 film production . </P> <H3> West End ( edit ) </H3> <P> Phantom began previews at Her Majesty 's Theatre in London 's West End on 27 September 1986 under the direction of Hal Prince , then opened on 9 October . It was choreographed by Gillian Lynne and the sets were designed by Maria Björnson , with lighting by Andrew Bridge . Michael Crawford starred in the title role with Sarah Brightman as Christine and Steve Barton as Raoul . The production , still playing at Her Majesty 's , celebrated its 10,000 th performance on 23 October 2010 , with Lloyd Webber and the original Phantom , Michael Crawford , in attendance . It is the second longest - running musical in West End ( and world ) history behind Les Misérables , and third overall behind The Mousetrap . </P> <P> A 25th - anniversary stage performance was held in London on 1 and 2 October 2011 at the Royal Albert Hall and was screened live in cinemas worldwide . The production was produced by Cameron Mackintosh , directed by Laurence Connor , musical staging & choreography by Gillian Lynne , set design by Matt Kinley , costume design by Maria Björnson , lighting design by Patrick Woodroffe , and sound design by Mick Potter . The cast included Ramin Karimloo as the Phantom , Sierra Boggess as Christine , Hadley Fraser as Raoul , Wynne Evans as Piangi , Wendy Ferguson as Carlotta , Barry James as Monsieur Firmin , Gareth Snook as Monsieur Andre , Liz Robertson as Madame Giry , and Daisy Maywood as Meg Giry . Lloyd Webber and several original cast members , including Crawford and Brightman , were in attendance . A DVD and Blu - ray of the performance was released in February 2012 , and it began airing in March 2012 on PBS 's `` Great Performances '' television series . </P> <P> In March 2012 , a new production directed by Laurence Connor began a UK and Ireland tour to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the show , beginning at the Theatre Royal Plymouth and travelled to

The Phantom of the Opera opened on

When did the phantom of the opera open?

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California aqueduct - wikipedia <H1> California aqueduct </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> California Aqueduct <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Delta -- Mendota Canal ( left ) and the California Aqueduct ( right ) near Tracy , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official name </Th> <Td> Governor Edmund G. Brown California Aqueduct </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Begins </Th> <Td> Clifton Court Forebay , Contra Costa County 37 ° 49 ′ 48 '' N 121 ° 33 ′ 25 '' W  /  37.829927 ° N 121.556894 ° W  / 37.829927 ; - 121.556894 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ends </Th> <Td> West Branch Castaic Lake , Los Angeles County 34 ° 35 ′ 15 '' N 118 ° 39 ′ 25 '' W  /  34.587379 ° N 118.656893 ° W  / 34.587379 ; - 118.656893 East Branch Silverwood Lake , San Bernardino County 34 ° 18 ′ 12 '' N 117 ° 19 ′ 12 '' W  /  34.303457 ° N 117.319908 ° W  / 34.303457 ; - 117.319908 Coastal Branch Lake Cachuma , Santa Barbara County 34 ° 35 ′ 12 '' N 119 ° 58 ′ 52 '' W  /  34.586656 ° N 119.980975 ° W  / 34.586656 ; - 119.980975 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maintained by </Th> <Td> California Department of Water Resources </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 701.5 mi ( 1,129.0 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conduit height </Th> <Td> 33 m ( 108 ft ) max . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conduit width </Th> <Td> 10 m ( 33 ft ) max . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capacity </Th> <Td> 370 m / s ( 13,000 cu ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Construction began </Th> <Td> 1963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening date </Th> <Td> Coastal Branch 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> References : </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Governor Edmund G. Brown California Aqueduct is a system of canals , tunnels , and pipelines that conveys water collected from the Sierra Nevada Mountains and valleys of Northern and Central California to Southern California . Named after California Governor Edmund Gerald `` Pat '' Brown Sr. , the over 400 - mile ( 640 km ) aqueduct is the principal feature of the California State Water Project . </P> <P> The aqueduct begins at the Clifton Court Forebay at the southwestern corner of the Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta . The aqueduct then heads south , eventually splitting into three branches : the Coastal Branch , ending at Lake Cachuma in Santa Barbara County ; the West Branch , conveying water to Castaic Lake in Los Angeles County ; and the East Branch , connecting Silverwood Lake in San Bernardino County . </P> <P> The Department of Water Resources ( DWR ) operates and maintains the California Aqueduct , including one pumped - storage hydroelectric plant , Gianelli Power Plant . Gianelli is located at the base of San Luis Dam , which forms San Luis Reservoir , the largest offstream reservoir in the United States . </P> <P> The Castaic Power Plant , while similar and which is owned and operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power , is located on the northern end of Castaic Lake , while Castaic Dam is located at the southern end . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Geological context </Li> <Li> 2 The aqueduct system </Li> <Li> 3 Branches <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Coastal Branch </Li> <Li> 3.2 East Branch </Li> <Li> 3.3 West Branch <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Bikeway </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 Pumping stations </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Hydrography </Li> <Li> 5 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Geological context ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Central Valley of California is surrounded by high mountains that are eroding into the valley itself . The valley is somewhat rebounding from recent ice age interglacial glaciations . The region is prone to significant earthquakes due to the many faults and fault lines that pass through . </P> <P> The flatness of the valley bottom contrasts with the rugged hills or gentle mountains that are typical of most of California 's terrain . The valley is thought to have originated below sea level as an offshore area depressed by subduction of the Farallon Plate into a trench further offshore . The San Joaquin Fault is a notable seismic feature of the Central Valley . </P> An example of the extreme differences between the geology of the valley floor and that of the rugged hills of the Coast Ranges ( Between Tracy and Patterson , CA : Interstate 5 ) <P> The valley was later enclosed by the uplift of the Coast Ranges , with its original outlet into Monterey Bay . Faulting moved the Coast Ranges , and a new outlet developed near what is now San Francisco Bay . </P> <P> Over the millennia , the valley was filled by the sediments of these same ranges , as well as the rising Sierra Nevada to the east ; that filling eventually created an extraordinary flatness just barely above sea level ; before California 's massive flood control and aqueduct system was built , the annual snow melt turned much of the valley into an inland sea . </P> <H2> The aqueduct system ( edit ) </H2> <P> The aqueduct begins at the San Joaquin - Sacramento River Delta at the Banks Pumping Plant , which pumps from the Clifton Court Forebay . Water is pumped by the Banks Pumping Plant to the Bethany Reservoir . The reservoir serves as a forebay for the South Bay Aqueduct via the South Bay Pumping Plant . From the Bethany Reservoir , the aqueduct flows by gravity approximately 60 mi ( 97 km ) to the O'Neill Forebay at the San Luis Reservoir . From the O'Neill Forebay , it flows approximately 16 mi ( 26 km ) to the Dos Amigos Pumping Plant . After Dos Amigos , the aqueduct flows about 95 mi ( 153 km ) to where the Coastal Branch splits from the `` main line '' . The split is approximately 16 mi ( 26 km ) south - southeast of Kettleman City . After the coastal branch , the line continues by gravity another 66 mi ( 106 km ) to the Buena Vista Pumping Plant . From the Buena Vista , it flows approximately 27 mi ( 43 km ) to the Teerink Pumping Plant . After Teerink it flows about 2.5 mi ( 4.0 km ) to the Chrisman Pumping Plant . Chrisman is the last pumping plant before Edmonston Pumping Plant , which is 13 mi ( 21 km ) from Chrisman . South of the plant the west branch splits off in a southwesterly direction to serve the Los Angeles Basin . At Edmonston Pumping Plant it is pumped 1,926 ft ( 587 m ) over the Tehachapi Mountains . </P> <P> Water flows through the aqueduct in a series of abrupt rises and gradual falls . The water flows down a long segment , built at a slight grade , and arrives at a pumping station powered by Path 66 or Path 15 . The pumping station raises the water , where it again gradually flows downhill to the next station . However , where there are substantial drops , the water 's potential energy is recaptured by hydroelectric plants . The initial pumping station fed by the Sacramento River Delta raises the water 240 ft ( 73 m ) , while a series of pumps culminating at the Edmonston Pumping Plant raises the water 1,926 ft ( 587 m ) over the Tehachapi Mountains . The Edmonston Pumping station requires so much power that several power lines off of Path 15 and Path 26 are needed to ensure proper operation of the pumps . </P> <P> A typical section has a concrete - lined channel 40 feet ( 12 m ) at the base and an average water depth of about 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) . The widest section of the aqueduct is 110 feet ( 34 m ) and the deepest is 32 feet ( 9.8 m ) . Channel capacity is 13,100 cubic feet per second ( 370 m / s ) and the largest pumping plant capacity at Dos Amigos is 15,450 cubic feet per second ( 437 m / s ) . </P> <H2> Branches ( edit ) </H2> <P> From its beginning until its first branch , the aqueduct passes through parts of Contra Costa , Alameda , San Joaquin , Stanislaus , Merced , Fresno , and Kings counties . The aqueduct then divides into three branches : the Coastal Branch in the Central Valley , and the East and West Branches after passing over the Tehachapi Mountains . </P> Aqueduct and surrounding farms in Kern County <H3> Coastal Branch ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Coastal Branch splits from the main line 11.3 mi ( 18.2 km ) south - southeast of Kettleman City transiting Kings County , Kern County , San Luis Obispo County , and Santa Barbara County to deliver water to the coastal cities of San Luis Obispo , Santa Maria , and Santa Barbara . Coastal Branch is 116 mi ( 187 km ) and five pump stations . Phase I , an above ground aqueduct totals 15 mi ( 24 km ) from where it branches from the California Aqueduct , was completed in 1968 . With construction beginning in 1994 , Phase II consists of 101 mi ( 163 km ) of a 42 -- 57 - inch ( 1.07 -- 1.45 m ) diameter buried pipeline extending from the Devils Den Pump Plant , and terminates at Tank 5 on Vandenberg Air Force Base in Santa Barbara County . The Central Coast Water Authority ( CCWA ) extension , completed in 1997 , is a ( 30 -- 39 in ) ( 76 -- 99 cm ) diameter pipeline that travels 42 mi ( 68 km ) from Vandenberg through Vandenberg Village , Lompoc , Buellton , and Solvang where it terminates at Lake Cachuma in Los Padres National Forest . </P> <H3> East Branch ( edit ) </H3> <P> The aqueduct splits off into the East Branch and West Branch in extreme southern Kern County , north of the Los Angeles County line . The East Branch supplies Lake Palmdale and terminates at Lake Perris , in the area of the San Gorgonio Pass . It passes through parts of Kern , Los Angeles , San Bernardino , and Riverside counties . </P> <H3> West Branch ( edit ) </H3> <P> The West Branch continues to head towards its terminus at Pyramid Lake and Castaic Lake in the Angeles National Forest to supply the western Los Angeles basin . It passes through parts of Kern and Los Angeles counties . </P> Bikeway ( edit ) <P> When it was open , the California Aqueduct Bikeway was the longest of the paved paths in the Los Angeles area , at 107 miles ( 172 km ) long from Quail Lake near Gorman through the desert to Silverwood Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains . This path was closed in 1988 due to bicyclist safety and liability issues . It is expected to remain closed indefinitely due to the continued liability issues and an increased focus on security , especially after the September 11 , 2001 attacks . </P> Pumping stations ( edit ) <Dl> <Dt> Phase I , Canal </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Las Perillas Pumping Plant 35 ° 50 ′ 35 '' N 119 ° 54 ′ 33 '' W  /  35.843143 ° N 119.909055 ° W  / 35.843143 ; - 119.909055 , Kings County </Li> <Li> Badger Hill Pumping Plant 35 ° 50 ′ 05 '' N 119 ° 56 ′ 34 '' W  /  35.834680 ° N 119.942658 ° W  / 35.834680 ; - 119.942658 , Kings County

The water from the California Aqueduct is collected from the Sierra Nevada Mountains and

Where does the water from the california aqueduct come from?

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Drop It Like It 's Hot - wikipedia <H1> Drop It Like It 's Hot </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Snoop Dogg featuring Pharrell </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album R&G ( Rhythm & Gangsta ) : The Masterpiece </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Get 2 Know U '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 12 , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 '' single </Li> <Li> CD single </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hip hop </Li> <Li> gangsta rap </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Doggystyle </Li> <Li> Star Trak </Li> <Li> Geffen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chad Hugo </Li> <Li> Calvin Broadus </Li> <Li> Pharrell Williams </Li> <Li> Tim Stahl </Li> <Li> John Guldberg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> The Neptunes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Snoop Dogg singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Beautiful '' ( 2003 ) </Td> <Td> `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' ( 2004 ) </Td> <Td> `` Let 's Get Blown '' ( 2004 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Beautiful '' ( 2003 ) </Td> <Td> `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' ( 2004 ) </Td> <Td> `` Let 's Get Blown '' ( 2004 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Pharrell Williams singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Change Clothes '' ( 2003 ) Change Clothes 2003 </Td> <Td> `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' ( 2004 ) Drop It Like It 's Hot2004 </Td> <Td> `` Tit 4 Tat '' ( 2004 ) Tit 4 Tat2004 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` Drop It Like It 's Hot on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Audio sample </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> file </Li> <Li> help </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' is a hit single by American rapper Snoop Dogg featuring American singer and producer Pharrell . Snoop Dogg performs the chorus and the second and third verses , while Pharrell performs the first verse . Pharrell 's verse includes a line from `` Raspy Shit '' ( a song from his debut album In My Mind ) , which was produced by The Neptunes and contains vocal samples from Laid Back 's `` White Horse '' . Part of `` White Horse '' 's production is sampled in `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' as well . </P> <P> The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks from December 10 , 2004 , making it Snoop Dogg 's first number one on the chart . It was also his third Top 10 as a solo artist since 2003 's `` Beautiful '' ( 1994 's `` Gin and Juice '' was the other ) . The song also gave him his first number one on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . It also peaked at number one for four consecutive weeks in New Zealand , and number ten in the UK Singles Chart . It gained some critical attention for its minimal , extremely sparse production , consisting of tongue clicks , keyboards , a drum machine beat and white noise . It was nominated at the Grammy Awards of 2005 for Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group , though it lost both awards to the songs `` Jesus Walks '' and `` Let 's Get It Started '' , respectively . The single was Pharrell 's biggest hit worldwide , until 2013 's `` Get Lucky '' and `` Blurred Lines '' ( his highest peaking single as lead artist is `` Happy '' ) . </P> <P> On December 10 , 2009 , `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' was named the most popular `` Rap Song '' of the decade by Billboard . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin of title </Li> <Li> 2 Music video </Li> <Li> 3 Radio edits </Li> <Li> 4 Commercial performance <Ul> <Li> 4.1 North America </Li> <Li> 4.2 Europe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Track listing </Li> <Li> 6 Remixes </Li> <Li> 7 Mashups </Li> <Li> 8 Samples </Li> <Li> 9 Parodies </Li> <Li> 10 Covers </Li> <Li> 11 Soundtrack appearances </Li> <Li> 12 Trivia </Li> <Li> 13 Charts <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 13.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 13.3 Decade - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 Certifications </Li> <Li> 15 See also </Li> <Li> 16 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin of title ( edit ) </H2> <P> The phrase `` drop it like it 's hot '' was already in common use before the song was released , and had been used in various songs since the 1990s . It is a metaphorical description of a dance move commonly performed by women , and is performed by various women throughout the music video . It was used in Positive K 's 1992 album The Skills Dat Pay Da Bills , in the song `` Ai n't No Crime . '' It was also used by Lil Wayne as a guest rapper on Juvenile 's 1999 hit single `` Back That Azz Up '' from his album 400 Degreez , and in his own song called `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' from his 1999 debut album Tha Block is Hot featuring B.G. and Mannie Fresh . Clark Kent said `` drop it like it 's hot '' in the song `` Cashmere Thoughts '' from Jay - Z 's 1996 debut album , Reasonable Doubt . DJ Quik used the phrase in the song `` Sexuality '' from his album Balance & Options . Another song with the same name is `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' , but it 's sung by the Big Tymers , and featuring Chilli , Juvenile , & Lac . This version of the song was featured in the Big Tymers predecessor of their debut , How You Luv That Vol. 2 . </P> <P> Outside of hip - hop , it was also the title of a song on indie rock band Minus the Bear 's 2002 EP Bands Like It When You Yell `` Yar ! '' at Them . </P> <P> The line was also spoken in the 2000 film Big Momma 's House . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music video of the single was shot in black - and - white . It was directed by Paul Hunter . It shows Snoop Dogg doing the dance step known as the Crip Walk in the very beginning and end . The video included both of Snoop Dogg 's sons , Corde and Cordell . Other appearances in the video include Terry Kennedy , Lauren London , Pharrell Williams ' fellow Neptunes member Chad Hugo , and Pusha T . </P> <P> The video won the award for the best hip hop video at the 2006 MTV Australia Video Music Awards and a MOBO Award for Best Video in 2005 . </P> <H2> Radio edits ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are two radio edits for the song : one is a standard radio edit that removes profanities and drug references while the other is an `` Extra Clean '' edit that removes phrases with gun and gang references ( and the word `` roll '' from the chorus ) as well . </P> <H2> Commercial Performance ( edit ) </H2> <H3> North america ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' was the highest - ranking debut for the Billboard Hot 100 chart dated October 2 , 2004 , entering the chart at number 51 . The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks from December 10 , 2004 . The song topped at number one in Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs , R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay , Rap Songs , Rhythmic Songs , Digital Songs and Hot 100 Airplay </P> <P> Since its release the song has been certified Gold by the RIAA . The Mastertone version received certification of double platinum by the RIAA . </P> <H3> Europe ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song topped the Recorded Music NZ for four weeks , making it Snoop Dogg 's first number one on the chart . The single ten on the UK Singles Chart , and reached on the top ten in several countries . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> CD Single </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Drop It Like It 's Hot ( featuring Pharrell ) -- 4 : 32 </Li> <Li> Get 2 Know U ( featuring Jelly Roll ) -- 3 : 36 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Remixes ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The official remix features new verses from Snoop Dogg , Pharrell Williams , and a verse from Jay - Z dissing R. Kelly for suing him , which appeared on the bonus CD of the Boss'n Up DVD . MTV </Li> <Li> DJ and Drum and Bass producer Roni Size performed a remix with Dynamite MC on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge on the 10th of January , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Glitch - hop producer Edit also created an unofficial , unreleased remix , which can be found on various mixtapes. ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Lil Wayne released a remix of the song , titled `` Nah This Ai n't the Remix '' , on his mixtape The Dedication . He takes shots at Snoop Dogg for using his line , with lines like `` do n't touch my shit nigga '' and `` I rock a red flag ... '' . However , he claimed that he was n't mad , saying in the song , `` When I first heard this I got a little upset but then I thought to myself , what have n't I done yet ? '' and later , `` Nah , I ai n't hatin ' , do n't get me wrong , I made it a hot line , you made it a hot song . Peace . '' It can be taken as a reference to Jay - Z 's song dissing Nas `` Takeover '' in which Jay - Z says : `` I sampled your voice , you was usin ' it wrong , you made it a hot line , I made it a hot song . '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Mashups ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mashup artist Party Ben mashed `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' with the Led Zeppelin song `` Whole Lotta Love '' . </Li> <Li> dj BC mashed up the song with Nu Shooz 's I Ca n't Wait . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Samples ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jamie Foxx 's hit `` Blame It '' ( featuring T - Pain ) sampled the song with cameo appearance by Snoop Dogg at the 2009 BET Awards . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Parodies ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> MADtv did a parody music video of `` Drop It Like It 's Hot '' called `` Smokin ' Too Much Pot . '' ( The real song also contains references to marijuana . ) </Li> <Li> A remix of the song uses a new sample of the Gap Band song `` Outstanding '' . The remix features E-40 , Killer Mike , Warren G and

The song "Drop It Like It's Hot" was released on

When did drop it like it's hot release?

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Boroughs of New York City - wikipedia <H1> Boroughs of New York City </H1> Jump to : navigation , search 1 . Manhattan 2 . Brooklyn 3 . Queens 4 . The Bronx 5 . Staten Island <P> New York City encompasses five county - level administrative divisions called boroughs : Manhattan , the Bronx , Queens , Brooklyn , and Staten Island . All boroughs are part of New York City , and each of the boroughs is coextensive with a respective county , the primary administrative subdivision within New York State . The Bronx and Queens are concurrent with the counties of the same name , while Manhattan , Brooklyn , and Staten Island correspond to New York , Kings , and Richmond Counties respectively . </P> <P> Boroughs have existed since the consolidation of the city in 1898 , when the city and each borough assumed their current boundaries . However , the boroughs have not always been coextensive with their respective counties . Before 1914 , the borough of The Bronx had been earlier in the southern part of Westchester County which had then been annexed to New York County in two stages in 1874 and 1895 -- finally , in 1914 the county was created to match the borough . Before 1899 , the County of Queens included an eastern part , which was split - off during the consolidation to become Nassau County . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Terminology </Li> <Li> 2 Background <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Changes after 1898 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Description of the boroughs </Li> <Li> 4 Governance </Li> <Li> 5 Sixth borough </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Terminology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term borough was adopted to describe a form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898 . Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature , a `` borough '' is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it . The limited powers of the borough governments are inferior to the authority of the Government of New York City , contrasting significantly with other borough administrations of government used in Connecticut , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania , where a borough is an independent level of government , as well as borough forms used in other states and in Greater London . </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> New York City 's five boroughs <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Jurisdiction </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Land area </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Density </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Borough </Th> <Th> County </Th> <Th> Estimate ( 2016 ) </Th> <Th> square miles </Th> <Th> square km </Th> <Th> persons / sq. mi </Th> <Th> persons / sq. km </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manhattan </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 1,643,734 </Td> <Td> 22.83 </Td> <Td> 59.1 </Td> <Td> 72,033 </Td> <Td> 27,826 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Bronx </Td> <Td> Bronx </Td> <Td> 1,455,720 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> 34,653 </Td> <Td> 13,231 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brooklyn </Td> <Td> Kings </Td> <Td> 2,629,150 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 180 </Td> <Td> 37,137 </Td> <Td> 14,649 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Queens </Td> <Td> Queens </Td> <Td> 2,333,054 </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> <Td> 21,460 </Td> <Td> 8,354 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Staten Island </Td> <Td> Richmond </Td> <Td> 476,015 </Td> <Td> 58.5 </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> 8,112 </Td> <Td> 3,132 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> City of New York </Td> <Td> 8,537,673 </Td> <Td> 303.33 </Td> <Td> 781.1 </Td> <Td> 28,188 </Td> <Td> 10,947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> State of New York </Td> <Td> 19,745,289 </Td> <Td> 47,214 </Td> <Td> 122,284 </Td> <Td> 416.4 </Td> <Td> 159 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Sources : see individual borough articles </Td> </Tr> </Table> The borough of Manhattan is the economic , cultural , and administrative center of New York City . <P> New York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs ; the term is used to refer to New York City as a whole unambiguously , avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New York metropolitan area . The term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing . In the same vein , the term outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan , even though the geographic center of the city is along the Brooklyn -- Queens border . All five boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation , when the city 's current boundaries were established . </P> <H3> Changes after 1898 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Bronx originally included parts of New York County outside of Manhattan that had previously been ceded by neighboring Westchester County in two stages ; in 1874 and then following a referendum in 1894 . Ultimately in 1914 , the present - day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York . </P> <P> The borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then - larger Queens County . In 1899 , the three eastern towns of Queens County that had not joined the city the year before -- the towns of Hempstead , North Hempstead , and Oyster Bay -- formally seceded from Queens County to form the new Nassau County . </P> <P> The borough of Staten Island , concurrent with Richmond County , was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation , while leaving the name of the county unchanged . </P> <H2> Description of the boroughs ( edit ) </H2> Chinatown in Manhattan , the most densely populated borough of New York City , with a higher density than any individual American city . Landmark 19th - century brownstones in the Greenpoint Historic District of Brooklyn , New York City 's most populous borough . The Unisphere in Queens , the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . Borough Hall in the St. George neighborhood of Staten Island , the most suburban borough of New York City . The Bronx , the northernmost borough of New York City and the only borough situated on the United States mainland . Further information : Neighborhoods in New York City and List of parks in New York City <P> There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City , many with a definable history and character to call their own . </P> <Ul> <Li> Manhattan ( New York County ) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough ; is the symbol of New York City , as home to most of the city 's skyscrapers and prominent landmarks , including Times Square and Central Park ; and may be locally known simply as The City . Manhattan 's ( New York County 's ) population density of 72,033 people per square mile ( 27,812 / km ) in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual U.S. city . Manhattan is the cultural , administrative , and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations , the United Nations Headquarters , Wall Street , and a number of important universities . Manhattan is often described as the cultural , financial , media , and entertainment capital of the world . Most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island , at the mouth of the Hudson River . Several small islands are also part of the borough of Manhattan , including Randall 's Island , Wards Island , and Roosevelt Island in the East River , and Governors Island to the south in New York Harbor ; Liberty Island , on which the Statue of Liberty stands , is a Manhattan exclave . Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower , Midtown , and Uptown regions . Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side , and above the park is Harlem . The borough also includes a small neighborhood on the United States mainland , called Marble Hill . Marble Hill was originally part of Manhattan Island , but is now contiguous with the Bronx after having been severed from Manhattan Island by the construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal south of the neighborhood , and having been connected to the mainland by the subsequent filling in of the Harlem River 's original path to the neighborhood 's north . New York City 's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Brooklyn ( Kings County ) , on the western tip of Long Island , is the city 's most populous borough . Brooklyn is known for its cultural , social , and ethnic diversity , an independent art scene , distinct neighborhoods , and a distinctive architectural heritage . Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs . The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island , established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country . Marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn . Since 2010 , Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms , and of postmodern art and design . </Li> <Li> Queens ( Queens County ) , on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn , is geographically the largest borough , the most ethnically diverse county in the United States , as well as the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch , the borough has since developed both commercial and residential prominence . Downtown Flushing has become one of the busiest central core neighborhoods in the outer boroughs . Queens is the site of Citi Field , the baseball stadium of the New York Mets , and hosts the annual U.S. Open tennis tournament at Flushing Meadows - Corona Park . Additionally , two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area , John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport , are located in Queens . ( The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark , New Jersey . ) </Li> <Li> The Bronx ( Bronx County ) is New York City 's northernmost borough and the only New York City borough that is part of the United States mainland . It is the location of Yankee Stadium , the baseball stadium of the New York Yankees , and home to the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States , Co-op City . It is also home to the Bronx Zoo , the world 's largest metropolitan zoo , which covers 265 acres ( 107 ha ) and houses over 6,000 animals . Directly to the zoo 's north is the New York Botanical Garden , a botanical garden and National Historic Landmark . Pelham Bay Park is the largest park in New York City , at 2,772 acres ( 1,122 ha ) . </Li> <Li> Staten Island ( Richmond County ) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs . Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan by way of the Staten Island Ferry , a free commuter ferry and popular tourist attraction which provides unobstructed views of the Statue of Liberty , Ellis Island , and Lower Manhattan . In central Staten Island , the Staten Island Greenbelt spans approximately 2,500 acres ( 10 km ) , including 28 miles ( 45 km ) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the

The 5 boroughs of New York City are Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx, and

What are the 5 boroughs of new york city?

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Canadian Shield - wikipedia <H1> Canadian Shield </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Canadian Shield Stratigraphic range : Precambrian Had'n Archean Proterozoic Pha . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Shield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unit of </Th> <Td> North American craton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sub-units </Th> <Td> Laurentian Upland Kazan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area </Th> <Td> 8 000 000 km </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Td> North America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Canada United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Canadian Shield is a broad region of Precambrian rock ( pictured in shades of red ) that encircles Hudson Bay . It spans Eastern , Northeastern , and East - central Canada and the northern part of the upper Midwestern United States . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Canadian Shield , also called the Laurentian Plateau , or Bouclier canadien ( French ) , is a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high - grade metamorphic rocks ( geological shield ) that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent ( the North American Craton or Laurentia ) . Composed of igneous rock resulting from its long volcanic history , the area is covered by a thin layer of soil . With a deep , common , joined bedrock region in eastern and central Canada , it stretches north from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean , covering over half of Canada ; it also extends south into the northern reaches of the United States . Human population is sparse , and industrial development is minimal , while mining is prevalent . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Geographical extent </Li> <Li> 2 Geology </Li> <Li> 3 Ecology </Li> <Li> 4 Mining and economics </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Geographical extent ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Canadian Shield is a physiographic division , consisting of five smaller , physiographic provinces : the Laurentian Upland , Kazan Region , Davis , Hudson and James . The shield extends into the United States as the Adirondack Mountains ( connected by the Frontenac Axis ) and the Superior Upland . The Canadian Shield is U-shaped and is a subsection of the Laurentia craton signifying the area of greatest glacial impact ( scraping down to bare rock ) creating the thin soils . The Canadian Shield is more than 3.96 billion years old . The Canadian Shield once had jagged peaks , higher than any of today 's mountains , but millions of years of erosion have changed these mountains to rolling hills . </P> <P> The Canadian Shield is a collage of Archean plates and accreted juvenile arc terranes and sedimentary basins of the Proterozoic Eon that were progressively amalgamated during the interval 2.45 to 1.24 Ga , with the most substantial growth period occurring during the Trans - Hudson orogeny , between ca . 1.90 to 1.80 Ga . The Canadian Shield was the first part of North America to be permanently elevated above sea level and has remained almost wholly untouched by successive encroachments of the sea upon the continent . It is the Earth 's greatest area of exposed Archean rock . The metamorphic base rocks are mostly from the Precambrian Supereon ( between 4.5 billion and 540 million years ago ) , and have been repeatedly uplifted and eroded . Today it consists largely of an area of low relief 300 to 610 m ( 980 to 2,000 ft ) above sea level with a few monadnocks and low mountain ranges ( including the Torngat and Laurentian Mountains ) probably eroded from the plateau during the Cenozoic Era . During the Pleistocene Epoch , continental ice sheets depressed the land surface ( see Hudson Bay ) , scooped out thousands of lake basins , and carried away much of the region 's soil . </P> <P> When the Greenland section is included , the Shield is approximately circular , bounded on the northeast by the northeast edge of Greenland , with Hudson Bay in the middle . It covers much of Greenland , Labrador , most of Quebec north of the St. Lawrence River , much of Ontario including northern sections of the southern peninsula between the Great Lakes , the Adirondack Mountains of New York , the northernmost part of Lower Michigan and all of Upper Michigan , northern Wisconsin , northeastern Minnesota , the central / northern portions of Manitoba away from Hudson Bay , northern Saskatchewan , a small portion of northeastern Alberta , and the mainland northern Canadian territories to the east of a line extended north from the Saskatchewan / Alberta border ( Northwest Territories and Nunavut ) . In total , the exposed area of the Shield covers approximately 8,000,000 km ( 3,088,817 sq mi ) . The true extent of the Shield is greater still and stretches from the Western Cordillera in the west to the Appalachians in the east and as far south as Texas , but these regions are overlaid with much younger rocks and sediment . The underlying rock structure also includes Hudson Bay . </P> Canadian Shield geography in the Flin Flon , Manitoba region . The lake in the background is Big Island Lake . <H2> Geology ( edit ) </H2> Weathered Precambrian pillow lava in the Temagami Greenstone Belt <P> The Canadian Shield is among the oldest on earth , with regions dating from 2.5 to 4.2 billion years . The multitude of rivers and lakes in the entire region is caused by the watersheds of the area being so young and in a state of sorting themselves out with the added effect of post-glacial rebound . The Shield was originally an area of very large , very tall mountains ( about 12,000 metres or 39,000 feet ) with much volcanic activity , but over hundreds of millions of years , the area has been eroded to its current topographic appearance of relatively low relief . It has some of the oldest ( extinct ) volcanoes on the planet . It has over 150 volcanic belts ( now deformed and eroded down to nearly flat plains ) whose bedrock ranges from 600 to 1200 million years old . </P> <P> Each belt probably grew by the coalescence of accumulations erupted from numerous vents , making the tally of volcanoes reach the hundreds . Many of Canada 's major ore deposits are associated with Precambrian volcanoes . </P> <P> The Sturgeon Lake Caldera in Kenora District , Ontario , is one of the world 's best preserved mineralized Neoarchean caldera complexes , which is 2.7 billion years old . The Canadian Shield also contains the Mackenzie dike swarm , which is the largest dike swarm known on Earth . </P> Typical Canadian Shield : spruce , lakes , bogs , and rock . <P> Mountains have deep roots and float on the denser mantle much like an iceberg at sea . As mountains erode , their roots rise and are eroded in turn . The rocks that now form the surface of the Shield were once far below the Earth 's surface . </P> <P> The high pressures and temperatures at those depths provided ideal conditions for mineralization . Although these mountains are now heavily eroded , many large mountains still exist in Canada 's far north called the Arctic Cordillera . This is a vast deeply dissected mountain range , stretching from northernmost Ellesmere Island to the northernmost tip of Labrador . The range 's highest peak is Nunavut 's Barbeau Peak at 2,616 metres ( 8,583 ft ) above sea level . Precambrian rock is the major component of the bedrock . </P> <P> The North American craton is the bedrock forming the heart of the North American continent and the Canadian Shield is the largest exposed part of the craton 's bedrock . </P> <P> The Canadian Shield is part of an ancient continent called Arctica , which was formed about 2.5 billion years ago during the Neoarchean era . It was split into Greenland , Laurentia , Scotland and Siberia and is now roughly situated in the Arctic around the current North Pole . </P> <H2> Ecology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The current surface expression of the Shield is one of very thin soil lying on top of the bedrock , with many bare outcrops . This arrangement was caused by severe glaciation during the ice age , which covered the Shield and scraped the rock clean . </P> <P> The lowlands of the Canadian Shield have a very dense soil that is not suitable for forestation ; it also contains many marshes and bogs ( muskegs ) . The rest of the region has coarse soil that does not retain moisture well and is frozen with permafrost throughout the year . Forests are not as dense in the north . </P> Typical landscape in a southern Ontario region with very few old growth trees , due to a history of logging and fires . Black River , Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park . <P> The Shield is covered in parts by vast boreal forests in the south that support natural ecosystems as well as a major logging industry . This boreal forest area includes ecoregions such as the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga that covers northern Quebec and most of Labrador , and the Midwestern Canadian Shield forests that run westwards from Northwestern Ontario . Hydrographical drainage is generally poor , the soil compacting effects of glaciation being one of the many causes . Tundra typically prevails in the northern regions . Many mammals such as caribou , white - tailed deer , moose , wolves , wolverines , weasels , mink , otters , grizzly bear , polar bears and black bears are present . In the case of polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) the Shield area contains many of the denning locations such as the Wapusk National Park . </P> <H2> Mining and economics ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Canadian Shield is one of the world 's richest areas in terms of mineral ores . It is filled with substantial deposits of nickel , gold , silver , and copper . Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals . The largest , and one of the best known , is Sudbury , Ontario . Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater . Ejecta from the meteorite impact was found in the Rove Formation in May 2007 . The nearby , but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly , has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin . This suggests it could be a second metal - rich impact crater . </P> <P> In northeastern Quebec , the giant Manicouagan Reservoir is the site of an extensive hydroelectric project ( Manic - cinq , or Manic - 5 ) . This is one of the largest - known meteorite impact craters on Earth . </P> <P> The Flin Flon greenstone belt in central Manitoba and east - central Saskatchewan is one of the largest Paleoproterozoic volcanic - hosted massive sulfide ( VMS ) districts in the world , containing 27 copper - zinc - ( gold ) deposits from which more than 183 million tons of sulfide have been mined . </P> <P> The Shield , particularly the portion in the Northwest Territories , has recently been the site of several major diamond discoveries . The kimberlite pipes in which the diamonds are found are closely associated with cratons , which provide the deep lithospheric mantle required to stabilize diamond as a mineral . The kimberlite eruptions then bring the diamonds from over 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) depth to the surface . Currently the Ekati and Diavik mines are actively mining kimberlite diamonds . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Geography of Canada portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Athabasca

The main industry in the Canadian Shield is

What is the main industry in the canadian shield?

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, as one society , instead of governing only the states as political units . The Court has also understood this language to mean that the sovereignty of the government under the U.S. Constitution is superior to that of the States . Stated in negative terms , the Preamble has been interpreted as meaning that the Constitution was not the act of sovereign and independent states . </P> The popular nature of the Constitution <P> The Constitution claims to be an act of `` We the People . '' However , because it represents a general social contract , there are limits on the ability of individual citizens to pursue legal claims allegedly arising out of the Constitution . For example , if a law was enacted which violated the Constitution , not just anybody could challenge the statute 's constitutionality in court ; instead , only an individual who was negatively affected by the unconstitutional statute could bring such a challenge . For example , a person claiming certain benefits that are created by a statute can not then challenge , on constitutional grounds , the administrative mechanism that awards them . These same principles apply to corporate entities , and can implicate the doctrine of exhaustion of remedies . </P> <P> In this same vein , courts will not answer hypothetical questions about the constitutionality of a statute . The judiciary does not have the authority to invalidate unconstitutional laws solely because they are unconstitutional , but may declare a law unconstitutional if its operation would injure a person 's interests . For example , creditors who lose some measure of what they are owed when a bankrupt 's debts are discharged can not claim injury , because Congress ' power to enact bankruptcy laws is also in the Constitution and inherent in it is the ability to declare certain debts valueless . Similarly , while a person may not generally challenge as unconstitutional a law that they are not accused of violating , once charged , a person may challenge the law 's validity , even if the challenge is unrelated to the circumstances of the crime . </P> Where the Constitution is legally effective <P> The Preamble has been used to confirm that the Constitution was made for , and is binding only in , the United States of America . For example , in Casement v. Squier , a serviceman in China during World War II was convicted of murder in the United States Court for China . After being sent to prison in the State of Washington , he filed a writ of habeas corpus with the local federal court , claiming he had been unconstitutionally put on trial without a jury . The court held that , since his trial was conducted by an American court and was , by American standards , basically fair , he was not entitled to the specific constitutional right of trial by jury while overseas . </P> <P> Since the Preamble declares the Constitution to have been created by the `` People of the United States '' , `` there may be places within the jurisdiction of the United States that are no part of the Union . '' The following examples help demonstrate the meaning of this distinction : </P> <Ul> <Li> Geofroy v. Riggs , 133 U.S. 258 ( 1890 ) : the Supreme Court held that a certain treaty between the United States and France which was applicable in `` the States of the Union '' was also applicable in Washington , D.C. , even though it is not a state or a part of a state . </Li> <Li> De Lima v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 1 ( 1901 ) : the Supreme Court ruled that a customs collector could not , under a statute providing for taxes on imported goods , collect taxes on goods coming from Puerto Rico after it had been ceded to the United States from Spain , reasoning that although it was not a State , it was under the jurisdiction of U.S. sovereignty , and thus the goods were not being imported from a foreign country . However , in Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 ( 1901 ) , the Court held that the Congress could constitutionally enact a statute taxing goods sent from Puerto Rico to ports in the United States differently from other commerce , in spite of the constitutional requirement that `` all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States , '' on the theory that although Puerto Rico could not be treated as a foreign country , it did not count as part of the `` United States '' and thus was not guaranteed `` uniform '' tax treatment by that clause of the Constitution . This was not the only constitutional clause held not to apply in Puerto Rico : later , a lower court went on to hold that goods brought from Puerto Rico into New York before the enactment of the tax statute held constitutional in Downes , could retroactively have the taxes applied to them notwithstanding the Constitution 's ban on ex post facto laws , even if at the time they were brought into the United States no tax could be applied to the goods because Puerto Rico was not a foreign country . </Li> <Li> Ochoa v. Hernandez y Morales , 230 U.S. 139 ( 1913 ) : the Fifth Amendment 's requirement that `` no person shall ... be deprived of ... property , without due process of law '' was held , by the Supreme Court , to apply in Puerto Rico , even though it was not a State and thus not `` part '' of the United States . </Li> </Ul> To form a more perfect Union <P> The phrase `` to form a more perfect Union '' has been construed as referring to the shift to the Constitution from the Articles of Confederation . In this transition , the `` Union '' was made `` more perfect '' by the creation of a federal government with enough power to act directly upon citizens , rather than a government with narrowly limited power that could act on citizens ( e.g. , by imposing taxes ) only indirectly through the states . Although the Preamble speaks of perfecting the `` Union , '' and the country is called the `` United States of America , '' the Supreme Court has interpreted the institution created as a government over the people , not an agreement between the States . The phrase has also been interpreted to confirm that state nullification of any federal law , dissolution of the Union , or secession from it , are not contemplated by the Constitution . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Preamble </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ In the handwritten engrossed copy of the Constitution maintained in the National Archives , the spelling `` defence , '' now considered British , is used in the preamble ; in addition the `` d '' is lower case , unlike the other use of `` defence '' in the Constitution ( Article I , Section 8 ) and unlike most of the other nouns in the Preamble . ( See the National Archives transcription and the Archives ' image of the engrossed document . Retrieved both web pages on April 17 , 2016 . ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest . `` Essay on the Preamble '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schütze , Robert . European Constitutional Law , p. 50 ( Cambridge University Press 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Jacobson v. Massachusetts , 197 U.S. 11 , 22 ( 1905 ) ( `` Although th ( e ) preamble indicates the general purposes for which the people ordained and established the Constitution , it has never been regarded as the source of any substantive power conferred on the government of the United States , or on any of its departments . '' ) ; see also United States v. Boyer , 85 F. 425 , 430 -- 31 ( W.D. Mo . 1898 ) ( `` The preamble never can be resorted to , to enlarge the powers confided to the general government , or any of its departments . It can not confer any power per se . It can never amount , by implication , to an enlargement of any power expressly given . It can never be the legitimate source of any implied power , when otherwise withdrawn from the constitution . Its true office is to expound the nature and extent and application of the powers actually conferred by the constitution , and not substantively to create them . '' ( quoting 1 JOSEPH STORY , COMMENTARIES ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES § 462 ( 1833 ) ) ( internal quotation marks omitted ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It is difficult to prove a negative , but courts have at times acknowledged this apparent truism . See , e.g. , Boyer , 85 F. at 430 ( `` I venture the opinion that no adjudicated case can be cited which traces to the preamble the power to enact any statute . '' ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In Jacobs v. Pataki , 68 F. App'x 222 , 224 ( 2d Cir. 2003 ) , the plaintiff made the bizarre argument that `` the ' United States of America ' that was granted Article III power in the Constitution is distinct from the ' United States ' that currently exercises that power '' ; the court dismissed this contention with 3 words ( `` it is not '' ) and cited a comparison of the Preamble 's reference to the `` United States of America '' with Article III 's vesting of the `` judicial Power of the United States . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Legal Tender Cases , 79 U.S. ( 12 Wall . ) 457 , 531 -- 32 ( 1871 ) ( `` ( I ) t ( can not ) be questioned that , when investigating the nature and extent of the powers , conferred by the Constitution upon Congress , it is indispensable to keep in view the objects for which those powers were granted . This is a universal rule of construction applied alike to statutes , wills , contracts , and constitutions . If the general purpose of the instrument is ascertained , the language of its provisions must be construed with reference to that purpose and so as to subserve it . In no other way can the intent of the framers of the instrument be discovered . And there are more urgent reasons for looking to the ultimate purpose in examining the powers conferred by a constitution than there are in construing a statute , a will , or a contract . We do not expect to find in a constitution minute details . It is necessarily brief and comprehensive . It prescribes outlines , leaving the filling up to be deduced from the outlines . '' ) , abrogated on other grounds by Pa . Coal Co. v. Mahon , 260 U.S. 393 ( 1922 ) , as recognized in Lucas v. S.C. Coastal Council , 505 U.S. 1003 ( 1992 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cf . Badger v. Hoidale , 88 F. 2d 208 , 211 ( 8th Cir. 1937 ) ( `` Rules applicable to the construction of a statute are equally applicable to the construction of a Constitution . '' ( citing Taylor v. Taylor , 10 Minn . 107 ( 1865 ) ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Examples include the `` plain meaning rule , '' Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , 158 U.S. 601 , 619 ( 1895 ) ( `` The words of the Constitution are to be taken in

The US government forms a more perfect union through

How does the us government form a more perfect union?

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Minibike - wikipedia <H1> Minibike </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> A pocket bike ( or rather mini-race bike ) next to a slightly bigger pitbike , both much smaller than a full size motorcycle A miniature dirt - bike ( type of minimoto ) . <P> A minibike , sometimes called a minimoto or pocketbike , is a miniature motorcycle . Most minibikes use two - stroke engines and chain drive . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Types </Li> <Li> 3 Legal status <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Canada </Li> <Li> 3.2 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 3.3 USA </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Safety </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> An old style minibike . <P> The Doodle Bug scooter was a very compact , small - wheeled motorscooter built from 1946 - ' 48 in Webster City , Iowa by the Beam Manufacturing Company . Sold by the Gambles store chain , a total of 40,000 of these were built -- a small number with single - cylinder Clinton engines , and most with 1.5 hp Briggs & Stratton air - cooled , single - cylinder engines . They were marketed under the `` Hiawatha '' brand name . Complete Doodle Bugs were to be found here and there for decades thereafter and , as well , their frames and other parts were not uncommon . </P> <P> However in the 1950s , like go - karts , minibikes were made by enthusiasts from spare parts found in their garages . These were first popularly used as `` pit bikes '' , for drag racers to travel in the pits during races in the late 1950s . They were very useful for this purpose , as they could maneuver very well in the tight pit roads , fit in about the same space as a small bicycle in a trailer or pickup . As racers brought them home and used them around their neighborhoods , many children liked the idea of having a mini motorcycle and started building their own . The June 1967 Popular Mechanics magazine had an article with plans . All you needed was an engine from a lawnmower and a neighbor with a welding torch . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Commercial manufacture </Dt> </Dl> <P> A market for minibikes developed , and from the early 1960s many cottage and major industries developed to meet the demand . Most lawnmower shops began carrying a line of mini-bikes . Minibike companies include Arctic - Cat , Rupp , Taco , Heath , Gilson , and Fox , many of which also made other power toys such as go - karts , trikes and choppers . Traditional motorcycle manufacturers also began coming out with models like the Honda Z50A , inspired by aspects of minibikes . In America the peak of the minibike / go - kart era was from the late 1960s to the early 1970s . Many of the brands , foremost Rupp , have gained a cult - following of enthusiasts and owners . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Early minibike power train </Dt> </Dl> <P> These early minibikes usually had a power train with a small four - stroke , horizontal crankshaft , flathead engine . The transmission usually was of a crank - mounted centrifugal clutch and chain drive to a rear sprocket . As the minibike and the mini-powersports field grew , Comet introduced a continuously variable transmission , much like a snowmobile 's , called the Torque - a-Verter , which automatically adjusts gear ratios , resulting in better top speed and acceleration . </P> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> <P> Today minibikes have evolved into several specialized types . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Pocketbike / minimoto </Dt> </Dl> <P> These look like sport bikes and are used in pocketbike racing on kart racing tracks . The usual height is less than 50 cm ( 20 in ) , and up to 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) length . Power usually comes from a 39 -- 50 cc ( 2.4 -- 3.1 cu in ) two - stroke engine with a maximum of 4.5 -- 6 horsepower ( 3.4 -- 4.5 kW ) . Maximum speed varies between 30 to 64 km / h ( 19 to 40 mph ) . Pocketbikes are also made in both four - stroke gasoline and electric versions . The four - stroke models are usually 110cc automatic or manual engines , and are referred to as Super Pocket Bikes . Common Super Pocket Bike models include the X7 , X15 , X18 , X19 , and X22 . The popularity of these types of minibikes grew due to the influx of cheap pocket bikes imported from China . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Pitbikes </Dt> </Dl> <P> Pit bikes are true to the original concept of a small scooter used to quickly move around the pit areas of motor racing tracks and events . Modern versions look like motocross motorcycles and are also used in some motocross competitions . Recently the sport of pitbike racing ( racing pit bikes on motocross and supercross tracks ) has taken off . There are numerous series in the United States and there are also full - fledged pitbike pros . The Las Vegas Mini Supercross is the biggest pitbike event of the year . </P> <P> The sport of mini-motard consists of pitbikes racing with slick tires on go - cart tracks , much like super-motard or super-moto . The bikes are prepared for racing with precautions such as catch tanks to collect fluid spills on the track , causing skidding hazards . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Mini choppers </Dt> </Dl> <P> Mini choppers are mini bikes that look like choppers , but still have the general look of a pocket or mini bike . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Midi motos / Super pocket bikes </Dt> </Dl> <P> Midi motos , also called super pocket bikes , are similar to pocket bikes , but slightly larger . They are still smaller than the street bikes they mimic , but the seat height is about a foot to two feet higher than a mini moto 's seat height . They started off with 47cc 2 stroke engines ( capable of around 48 -- 64 km / h / 30 - 40 mph ) in the midi motos and then included 110cc 4 stroke engines ( capable of around 86 -- 105 km / h / 55 - 65 mph ) . Most midi bikes are made in China and usually equipped with a Honda engine or copy of a Honda engine . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Quad bikes </Dt> <Dd> Mini bikes that look like all terrain vehicles or quad bikes , which are four - wheeled off - road motorcycles . </Dd> </Dl> A rider wearing kneepads and a helmet <H2> Legal status ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Canada mini motorcycles , commonly referred to as `` pocket bikes '' or `` mini choppers , '' do not meet federal safety standards for use on public roads . These vehicles do not meet minimum height specifications for headlamps , tail lamps , stop lamps , and turn signals . They are also difficult for other motorists to see . </P> <P> Transport Canada classifies mini motorcycles as restricted use motorcycles that are permitted to be imported as competition vehicles for closed - course racing only . </P> <P> In Ontario , pocket bikes may not be operated on public roads , sidewalks , or parks . It is recommended riders be twelve years of age or older to ride pocket bikes . Although many people unknowingly disobey the law by riding these bikes on sidewalks and in parks , police officers do not fine riders without a complaint from other people . Pocket bikes may not be driven on highways under any circumstances . </P> <P> In Alberta , pocket bikes are considered miniature vehicles , which may only be operated on private property . Miniature vehicles include : personal transporters , pocket bikes , go - carts , electric scooters , and golf carts . </P> <P> In British Columbia , a $900 fine may be applied along with seizure of the vehicle . It is not recommended that children under 6 years of age be permitted to ride . </P> <H3> United kingdom ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the UK , it is illegal for minibikes to be ridden on public roads or off - road on public land . The only places these types of vehicle may be ridden are purpose - built race tracks and privately owned land with the owner 's permission ( and where they do not cause harassment , alarm or distress ) . All of these minibikes are regarded as `` motor vehicles '' as defined by section 185 of the Road Traffic Act 1988 and so to be ridden on the public road , a motor vehicle must comply with all aspects of road traffic law and meet the mandatory European construction requirements by having a `` Certificate of Conformity '' indicating that they have European Community Whole Vehicle Type Approval ( ECWVTA ) . </P> <P> Minibikes are not manufactured to meet these requirements , and would need to be modified significantly to do so . Reported instances of this occurring are incredibly rare , meaning that it is very unlikely that minibikes can actually be registered for road use . However , where a minibike or other vehicle does not have ECWVTA , it might conceivably pass a Motorcycle Single Vehicle Approval ( MSVA ) inspection which would result in a Ministerial Certificate of Approval , permitting it to be road - registered . </P> <P> In addition to the Vehicle Type Approval , to be ridden on the road the minibike must be registered with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency , display a valid road tax disc ( vehicle excise duty ) , and the driver or rider must be aged 17 or over ( or 16 if the vehicle meets the definition of a moped ) , have an appropriate driving license , and insurance . The only exceptions relate to electrically - assisted pedal cycles and mobility aids for disabled people . In the UK there are in most areas mini bike tracks for the public . </P> <P> During August 2006 the UK Government ran a campaign to highlight the dangers of minibike misuse on roads and their anti-social use . A guidance document was produced to provide police and other agencies with practical information to deal with the issues and prevent misuse . The guidance outlined the legal status of

A mini bike is defined as

What makes a mini bike a mini bike?

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List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration - wikipedia <H1> List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This list contains the top 500 cities by PM2. 5 annual mean concentration measurement whose measurement is greater than or equal to the air quality guideline ( AQG ) of 10 as documented by the World Health Organization covering the period from 2008 to 2015 , with the majority of values being more recent than 2013 . The 2016 version of the WHO database contains results of ambient ( outdoor ) air pollution monitoring from almost 3000 towns and cities in 103 countries . Air quality in the database is represented by the annual mean concentration of particulate matter ( PM10 and PM2. 5 , i.e. particles smaller than 10 or 2.5 micrometres , respectively ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Town / City </Th> <Th> PM2. 5 </Th> <Th> PM2. 5 Year </Th> <Th> PM10 </Th> <Th> PM10 Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Zabol </Td> <Td> 217 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 527 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Gwalior </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 329 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Allahabad </Td> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 317 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> Riyadh </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 368 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> Al Jubail </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 359 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Patna </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Raipur </Td> <Td> 144 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 268 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> Bamenda </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Xingtai </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 193 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Baoding </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Delhi </Td> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 229 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Ludhiana </Td> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 228 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Shijiazhuang </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 305 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> Dammam </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 286 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Kanpur </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 215 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Khanna </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 213 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Firozabad </Td> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 212 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Lucknow </Td> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 211 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Handan </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Lahore </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 540 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Amritsar </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 202 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Gobindgarh </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 201 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Rawalpindi </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 448 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Hengshui </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Narayangonj </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 191 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Bushehr </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 255 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Agra </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 196 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> Kampala </Td> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Tangshan </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 153 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Jodhpur </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Dehradun </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 188 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Jaipur </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 187 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Howrah </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Ahmedabad </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Faridabad </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 184 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> Yanbu </Td> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 230 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Langfang </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 144 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Ahvaz </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 231 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Dhanbad </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 178 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Chittagong </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Bhopal </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 173 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> Doha </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> Kaduna </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 423 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Khurja </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Dhaka </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Gazipur </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Karachi </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 290 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> Al Shuwaikh </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 212 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> Baghdad </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 208 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Cangzhou </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Raebareli </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Tianjin </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> Kabul </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 260 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Zhengzhou </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> Al Wakrah </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Barisal </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Beijing </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Kota </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Udaipur </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Alwar </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Republic of Macedonia </Td> <Td> Tetovo </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Wuhan </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Chandrapur </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Anyang </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Hefei </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> Pyin Oo Lwin </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Shouguang </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> Greater Cairo </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 179 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Indore </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> Taungoo </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> Kyaukphyu </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> Ulaanbaatar </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 165 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Jalandhar </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> Ali Subah Al - Salem </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 179 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> Makkah </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Akola </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 139 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Varanasi </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Jingzhou </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Changsha </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Noida </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Nanjing </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> China

According to the World Health Organization, the most polluted city in the world is

Most polluted city in the world according to world health organization?

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2006 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia <H1> 2006 FIFA World Cup </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` 2006 World Cup '' redirects here . For other competitions of that name , see 2006 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . `` FIFA 2006 '' redirects here . For the video game , see FIFA 06 . This article is about the 2006 FIFA World Cup . For the video game , see 2006 FIFA World Cup ( video game ) . <Table> 2006 FIFA World Cup <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> FIFA Fußball - Weltmeisterschaft Deutschland 2006 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 2006 FIFA World Cup official logo Eine zeit , um freunde zu finden ( A time to make friends ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tournament details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Host country </Th> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dates </Th> <Td> 9 June -- 9 July </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Teams </Th> <Td> 32 ( from 6 confederations ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue ( s ) </Th> <Td> 12 ( in 12 host cities ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Final positions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Champions </Th> <Td> Italy ( 4th title ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runners - up </Th> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Third place </Th> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fourth place </Th> <Td> Portugal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tournament statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Matches played </Th> <Td> 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Goals scored </Th> <Td> 147 ( 2.3 per match ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attendance </Th> <Td> 3,359,439 ( 52,491 per match ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Top scorer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Miroslav Klose ( 5 goals ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best player </Th> <Td> Zinedine Zidane </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best young player </Th> <Td> Lukas Podolski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best goalkeeper </Th> <Td> Gianluigi Buffon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ← 2002 2010 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international football world championship tournament . It was held from 9 June to 9 July 2006 in Germany , which won the right to host the event in July 2000 . Teams representing 198 national football associations from all six populated continents participated in the qualification process which began in September 2003 . Thirty - one teams qualified from this process , along with the host nation , Germany , for the finals tournament . It was the second time that Germany staged the competition ( the first was in 1974 as West Germany and also a re-FIFA World Cup ) , and the tenth time that it was held in Europe . </P> <P> Italy won the tournament , claiming their fourth World Cup title . They defeated France 5 -- 3 in a penalty shoot - out in the final , after extra time had finished in a 1 -- 1 draw . Germany defeated Portugal 3 -- 1 to finish in third place . Angola , Ghana , Ivory Coast , Serbia and Montenegro , Trinidad and Tobago , and Togo made their first appearances in the finals . </P> <P> The 2006 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in television history , garnering an estimated 26.29 billion non-unique viewers , compiled over the course of the tournament . The final attracted an estimated audience of 715.1 million people . The 2006 World Cup ranks fourth in non-unique viewers , behind the World Cup in 1994 , 2002 , and 1990 . As the winner , Italy represented the World in the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Host selection <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Bribery and corruption allegations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Qualification <Ul> <Li> 2.1 List of qualified teams </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Venues </Li> <Li> 4 Match officials </Li> <Li> 5 Squads </Li> <Li> 6 Groups <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Seeds </Li> <Li> 6.2 Group system <Ul> <Li> 6.2. 1 Ranking criteria </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Finals tournament <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Hosting </Li> <Li> 7.2 Traditional powers dominate </Li> <Li> 7.3 Scoring </Li> <Li> 7.4 Unprecedented number of cards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Results <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Group stage <Ul> <Li> 8.1. 1 Group A </Li> <Li> 8.1. 2 Group B </Li> <Li> 8.1. 3 Group C </Li> <Li> 8.1. 4 Group D </Li> <Li> 8.1. 5 Group E </Li> <Li> 8.1. 6 Group F </Li> <Li> 8.1. 7 Group G </Li> <Li> 8.1. 8 Group H </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.2 Knockout stage <Ul> <Li> 8.2. 1 Round of 16 </Li> <Li> 8.2. 2 Quarter - finals </Li> <Li> 8.2. 3 Semi-finals </Li> <Li> 8.2. 4 Third place play - off </Li> <Li> 8.2. 5 Final </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Statistics <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Goalscorers </Li> <Li> 9.2 Awards </Li> <Li> 9.3 All - star team </Li> <Li> 9.4 Prize money </Li> <Li> 9.5 Final standings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References and footnotes </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Host selection </H2> Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts <P> The vote to choose the hosts of the 2006 tournament was held in July 2000 in Zürich , Switzerland . It involved four bidding nations after Brazil had withdrawn three days earlier : Germany , South Africa , England and Morocco . Three rounds of voting were required , each round eliminating the nation with the least votes . The first two rounds were held on 6 July 2000 , and the final round was held on 7 July 2000 , which Germany won over South Africa . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> Voting results </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Round 1 </Th> <Th> Round 2 </Th> <Th> Round 3 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Bribery and corruption allegations </H3> <P> Accusations of bribery and corruption have marred the success of Germany 's bid from the very beginning . On the very day of the vote , a hoax bribery affair was made public , leading to calls for a re-vote . On the night before the vote , German satirical magazine Titanic sent letters to FIFA representatives , offering joke gifts like cuckoo clocks and Black Forest ham in exchange for their vote for Germany . Oceania delegate Charlie Dempsey , who had initially backed England , had then been instructed to support South Africa following England 's elimination . He abstained , citing `` intolerable pressure '' on the eve of the vote . Had Dempsey voted as originally instructed , the vote would have resulted with a 12 -- 12 tie , and FIFA president Sepp Blatter , who favoured the South African bid , would have had to cast the deciding vote . </P> <P> More irregularities surfaced soon after , including , in the months leading up to the decision , the sudden interest of German politicians and major businesses in the four Asian countries whose delegates were decisive for the vote . Just a week before the vote , the German government under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder lifted their arms embargo on Saudi Arabia and agreed to send grenade launchers to the country . DaimlerChrysler invested several hundred million Euro in Hyundai , while one of the sons of the company 's founders was a member of FIFA 's executive committee . Both Volkswagen and Bayer announced investments in Thailand and South Korea , whose respective delegates Worawi Makudi and Chung Jong - Moon were possible votes for Germany . Makudi additionally received a payment by a company of German media mogul Leo Kirch , who also paid millions for usually worthless TV rights for friendly matches of the German team and FC Bayern Munich . </P> <P> On 16 October 2015 , the German news magazine Der Spiegel alleged that a slush fund with money from then - Adidas CEO Robert Louis - Dreyfus was used to influence the vote of four Asian members of the FIFA executive committee . The sum of 6.7 million Euro was later demanded back by Dreyfus . In order to retrieve the money , the Organizing Committee paid an aquivalent sum to the FIFA , allegedly as a German share for the cost of a closing ceremony , which never materialized . Wolfgang Niersbach , president of the German Football Association ( DFB ) , denied the allegations on 17 October 2015 , saying that `` the World Cup was not bought '' and that he could `` absolutely and categorically rule out the existence of a slush fund '' . The DFB announced they would consider seeking legal action against Der Spiegel . During a press conference on 22 October 2015 , Nierbach repeated his stance , emphasizing that the 6 , 7 million were used in 2002 to secure a subsidy by FIFA . According to Niersbach , the payment had been agreed upon during a meeting between Franz Beckenbauer and FIFA president Blatter , with the money being provided by Dreyfus . On the same day , FIFA contradicted Niersbach 's statement , saying : `` By our current state of knowledge , no such payment of 10 million Franks was registered by FIFA in 2002 . '' The following day , former DFB president Theo Zwanziger publicly accused Niersbach of lying , saying : `` It is evident that there was a slush fund for the German World Cup application '' . According to Zwanziger , the 6.7 million Euros went to Mohamed Bin Hammam , who at the time was supporting Blatter 's campaign for president against Issa Hayatou . </P> <P> On 22 March 2016 it was announced that the FIFA Ethics Committee was opening proceedings into the bid . </P> <H2> Qualification </H2> Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification <P> 198 teams attempted to qualify for the 2006 World Cup . Germany , the host nation , was granted automatic qualification , with the remaining 31 finals places divided among the continental confederations . Thirteen places were contested by UEFA teams ( Europe ) , five by CAF teams ( Africa ) , four by CONMEBOL teams ( South America ) , four by AFC teams ( Asia ) , and three by CONCACAF teams ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) . The remaining two places were decided by playoffs between AFC and CONCACAF and between CONMEBOL and OFC ( Oceania ) . </P> <P> Eight nations qualified for the finals for the first time : Angola , Czech Republic , Ghana , Ivory Coast , Togo , Trinidad and Tobago , Ukraine , and Serbia and Montenegro . Czech Republic and Ukraine were making their first appearance as independent nations , but had previously been represented as part of Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union respectively ; Serbia and Montenegro had competed as Yugoslavia in 1998 , as well as making up part of Yugoslav teams from 1930 to 1990 . As of 2018 , this was the last time Togo , Angola , Czech Republic , Ukraine and Trinidad and Tobago qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals . </P> <P> Australia qualified for the first time since 1974 . Among the teams who failed to qualify were 2002 third - placed team Turkey and Euro 2004 winners Greece . Additionally , Belgium failed to qualify for the first time since 1978 , and Cameroon failed to qualify for the first time since 1986 . France had their first successful qualifying campaign since 1986 , as they did not qualify for the 1990 and 1994 World Cups , in 1998 they were automatically qualified as hosts and in 2002 as defending champions . </P> <P> For the first time since the 1982 World

The award for best goalkeeper in the 2006 Football World Cup was won by

Who won the award for best goalkeeper in football world cup 2006?

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2002 Melbourne Cup - wikipedia <H1> 2002 Melbourne Cup </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This is a list of horses which ran in the 2002 Melbourne Cup . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Place </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Jockey </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Media Puzzle </Td> <Td> Damien Oliver </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mr. Prudent </Td> <Td> C. Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Beekeeper </Td> <Td> Kerrin McEvoy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vinnie Roe </Td> <Td> Pat Smullen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pentastic </Td> <Td> G. Boss </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Distinctly Secret </Td> <Td> S. King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Jardines Lookout </Td> <Td> P. Payne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Rain Gauge </Td> <Td> G. Childs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Freemason </Td> <Td> D. Gauci </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Miss Meliss </Td> <Td> C. Newitt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> County Tyrone </Td> <Td> J. Cassidy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Hail </Td> <Td> N. Harris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Thong Classic </Td> <Td> B. Prebble </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Prized Gem </Td> <Td> M. Rodd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Grey Song </Td> <Td> C. Munce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Daliapour </Td> <Td> Mick Kinane </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Cyclades </Td> <Td> S. Seamer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Pugin </Td> <Td> Frankie Dettori </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Victory Smile </Td> <Td> D. Beasley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Hatha Anna </Td> <Td> Richard Hills </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Helene Vitality </Td> <Td> Gerald Mosse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Requiem </Td> <Td> C. Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Sandmason </Td> <Td> S. Arnokld </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ 2002 Melbourne Cup result </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Kavanagh 's Shocking wins Melbourne Cup , The Australian , November 03 , 2009 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> O'Keefe , Eric ( 2008 ) . The Cup : The remarkable story of the 2002 Melbourne Cup , and Damien Oliver 's triumph on Media Puzzle . Docklands , Vic. : Slattery Media Group . ISBN 9780980442014 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Melbourne Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1861 </Li> <Li> 1862 </Li> <Li> 1863 </Li> <Li> 1864 </Li> <Li> 1865 </Li> <Li> 1866 </Li> <Li> 1867 </Li> <Li> 1868 </Li> <Li> 1869 </Li> <Li> 1870 </Li> <Li> 1871 </Li> <Li> 1872 </Li> <Li> 1873 </Li> <Li> 1874 </Li> <Li> 1875 </Li> <Li> 1876 </Li> <Li> 1877 </Li> <Li> 1878 </Li> <Li> 1879 </Li> <Li> 1880 </Li> <Li> 1881 </Li> <Li> 1882 </Li> <Li> 1883 </Li> <Li> 1884 </Li> <Li> 1885 </Li> <Li> 1886 </Li> <Li> 1887 </Li> <Li> 1888 </Li> <Li> 1889 </Li> <Li> 1890 </Li> <Li> 1891 </Li> <Li> 1892 </Li> <Li> 1893 </Li> <Li> 1894 </Li> <Li> 1895 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1897 </Li> <Li> 1898 </Li> <Li> 1899 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1901 </Li> <Li> 1902 </Li> <Li> 1903 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1905 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1909 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1911 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1919 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1923 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1925 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1927 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1939 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1943 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1947 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of winners </Li> <Li> Detailed list of placings ( since 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2002_Melbourne_Cup&oldid=809130698 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Melbourne Cup </Li> <Li> 2002 in Australian sport </Li> <Li> 2002 in horse racing </Li> <Li> 2000s in Melbourne </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 08 : 42 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The winner of the Melbourne Cup in 2002 was

Which horse and jockey won the melbourne cup in 2002?

5964804974616776960

Chief Justice of India - wikipedia <H1> Chief Justice of India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chief Justice of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Emblem of the Supreme Court of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Incumbent Justice Dipak Misra since 28 August 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Supreme Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abbreviation </Th> <Td> CJI </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seat </Th> <Td> New Delhi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nominator </Th> <Td> Collegium of the Supreme Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointer </Th> <Td> President of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Term length </Th> <Td> till the age of 65 yrs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constituting instrument </Th> <Td> Constitution of India ( under Article 124 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 1950 ; 68 years ago ( 1950 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First holder </Th> <Td> Justice H.J. Kania ( 26 January 1950 -- 6 November 1951 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Salary </Th> <Td> ₹ 280,000 ( US $4,300 ) ( per month ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> Supreme Court of India </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judiciary of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Law of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Administration ( show ) <Dl> <Dd> Ministry of Law and Justice <Dl> <Dd> Department of Legal Affairs </Dd> <Dd> Legislative Department </Dd> <Dd> Department of Justice </Dd> <Dd> Law Commission of India </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Civil courts ( show ) <Dl> <Dd> Supreme Court of India <Dl> <Dd> Chief Justice of India </Dd> <Dd> Judges of the supreme court </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> High courts in India <Dl> <Dd> Chief justices of high courts in India </Dd> <Dd> Judges of high courts </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> District courts / additional district judge 's courts </Dd> <Dd> Civil judge ( sr . division ) 's courts </Dd> <Dd> Civil judge ( jr . division ) 's courts </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Criminal courts ( show ) <Dl> <Dd> Supreme Court of India <Dl> <Dd> Chief Justice of India </Dd> <Dd> Judges of the supreme court </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> High courts in India <Dl> <Dd> Chief justices of high courts in India </Dd> <Dd> Judges of high courts </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Session courts / courts of additional sessions judge </Dd> <Dd> Courts of assistant sessions judges </Dd> <Dd> Chief judicial magistrates <Dl> <Dd> Additional chief judicial magistrates </Dd> <Dd> Chief metropolitan magistrates </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Judicial magistrate of first classs / metropolitan magistrates <Dl> <Dd> Special judicial magistrates </Dd> <Dd> Judicial magistrate of second classs </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Courts of executive magistrates ( show ) <Dl> <Dd> Divisional commissioners </Dd> <Dd> District magistrates </Dd> <Dd> Additional district magistrates </Dd> <Dd> Sub-divisional magistrates </Dd> <Dd> Special executive magistrates </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legal profession ( show ) <Dl> <Dd> Bar Council </Dd> <Dd> Attorney General of India </Dd> <Dd> Solicitor General of India </Dd> <Dd> Additional solicitors general </Dd> <Dd> Advocates in India </Dd> <Dd> All India Bar Examination </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legal education ( show ) <Dl> <Dd> Legal education in India <Dl> <Dd> Autonomous law schools in India </Dd> <Dd> List of law schools in India </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Chief Justice of India ( CJI ) is the head of the judiciary of India and the Supreme Court of India . The CJI also heads their administrative functions . </P> <P> As head of the supreme court , the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law . In accordance with Article 145 of the Constitution of India and the Supreme Court Rules of Procedure of 1966 , the Chief Justice allocates all work to the other judges who are bound to refer the matter back to him or her ( for re-allocation ) in any case where they require it to be looked into by a larger bench of more judges . </P> <P> On the administrative side , the Chief Justice carries out the following functions : maintenance of the roster ; appointment of court officials and general and miscellaneous matters relating to the supervision and functioning of the Supreme Court . </P> <P> It has been an unbroken convention for decades now , to appoint the senior-most judge of the supreme court as the CJI . </P> <P> The present CJI is Justice Dipak Misra and is the 45th CJI since January 1950 , the year the Constitution came into effect and the supreme court came into being . He succeeded Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar on 28 August 2017 and will remain in office till 2 October 2018 , the day he retires on turning 65 years in age . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Appointment </Li> <Li> 2 Removal </Li> <Li> 3 Acting President </Li> <Li> 4 List of Chief Justices of India </Li> <Li> 5 Remuneration </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Appointment ( edit ) </H2> <P> Article 124 of the Constitution of India provides for the manner of appointing judges to the Supreme Court . Though no specific provision exists in the Constitution for appointing the Chief Justice , who , as a result , is appointed like the other judges conventionally , the outgoing CJI recommends the name of the senior-most judge ( i.e. by date of appointment to the Supreme Court ) for appointment by the President of India , as his successor . </P> <H2> Removal ( edit ) </H2> <P> Article 124 ( 4 ) of Constitution of India lays down the procedure for removal of a Judge of Supreme Court which is applicable to Chief Justice as well . Once appointed , the Chief Justice remains in the office until the age of 65 years . He can be removed only through a process of impeachment by Parliament as follows : </P> <P> A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two - thirds of the members of that House present and voting has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity . </P> -- Article 124 ( 4 ) , Constitution of India , <H2> Acting President ( edit ) </H2> <P> The President ( Discharge of Functions ) Act , 1969 of India provides that the Chief Justice of India ( CJI ) shall act as the President of India in the event of the offices of both the President and the Vice President being vacant . When President Zakir Hussain died in office , the Vice President V.V. Giri , acted as the President . Later , Mr. Giri resigned as the Vice President . The CJI , Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah then became the acting President of India . The senior-most judge of the Supreme Court became the acting CJI . When the newly elected President took office a month later , Justice Hidayatullah reverted as the Chief Justice of India . </P> <H2> List of Chief Justices of India ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Chief Justices of India <H2> Remuneration ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Constitution of India gives the power of deciding remuneration as well as other conditions of service of the Chief Justice to the Parliament of India . Accordingly , such provisions have been laid down in The Supreme Court Judges ( Salaries and Conditions of Service ) Act , 1958 . This remuneration was revised in 2006 - 2008 , after the sixth central pay commission 's recommendation . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of India - CJI & Sitting Judges '' . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of India Retired Hon'ble the Chief Justices ' of India '' . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court , High Court judges get nearly 200 % salary hike '' . The Hindustan Times . 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Narasimham , RL , Justice ( CJ , Orissa H.C. ) . `` Chief Justice Sinha - A Review of Some of His Decisions ( page 5 of 8 ) '' ( PDF ) . Indian Law Institute . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saxena , Namit ( 23 December 2016 ) . `` New Captain Of The Ship , Change In Sailing Rules Soon ? '' . Live Law . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alok ( 26 November 2010 ) . `` How India missed getting its first woman Chief Justice India '' . Critical Twenties . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Article 124 , Constitution of India '' . Vakilno1.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Venkatesan , J. ( 4 November 2015 ) . `` TS Thakur to succeed HL Dattu as new Chief Justice of India '' . Asian Age . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seniority as the Norm to Appoint India 's Chief Justice is a Dubious Convention '' . The WIre . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 '' ( PDF ) . PRS India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Judges ( Salaries and Conditions of Service ) Act 1958 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/vikas_doc/docs/1241592662~~1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website of Supreme Court of India </Li> <Li> Photo Gallery of Former Chief Justices of India </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Judiciary of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supreme Court </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court of India </Li> <Li> Chief Justice of India </Li> <Li> List of Chief Justices of India </Li> <Li> List of sitting judges </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High Courts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> High Courts of India </Li> <Li> Chief Justices of High Courts of India </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> District Courts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> District Courts of India </Li> <Li> List of district courts of India </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judicial Magistrate of First Class </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class </Li> <Li> Gram Nyayalayas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judicial Magistrate of Second Class </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Constitution of India </Li> <Li> Law of India </Li> <Li> Indian Penal Code </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointment of Judges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National Judicial Appointments Commission </Li> <Li> Collegium System </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_India&oldid=838017198 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of judges </Li> <Li> Supreme Court of India </Li> <Li> Indian judges </Li> <Li> Chief Justices of India </Li> <Li> Lists of Indian people </Li> <Li> Law lists by country </Li> <Li> Judiciary of India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3>

The Chief Justice of India is usually appointed from

Who is usually appointed as the chief justice of india?

-266038724951254114

Make You Feel My Love - wikipedia <H1> Make You Feel My Love </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Make You Feel My Love '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Bob Dylan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Time Out of Mind </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 30 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> January 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Blues rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Daniel Lanois </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Make You Feel My Love '' is a song written by Bob Dylan from his album Time Out of Mind ( 1997 ) . It was first released commercially by Billy Joel , under the title `` To Make You Feel My Love '' , before Dylan 's version appeared later that same year . It has since been covered by numerous performers and has proved to be a commercial success for recording artists such as Adele , Garth Brooks , Bryan Ferry , Kelly Clarkson and Ane Brun . Two covers of the song ( one by Garth Brooks and one by Trisha Yearwood ) were featured on the soundtrack of the 1998 film Hope Floats . Dylan eventually released the song as a single . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Personnel </Li> <Li> 2 Billy Joel version <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Chart history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Garth Brooks version <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Charts <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Adele version <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Arrangement </Li> <Li> 4.2 Music video </Li> <Li> 4.3 Television and film </Li> <Li> 4.4 List of recordings </Li> <Li> 4.5 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 4.5. 1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 4.5. 2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 4.5. 3 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Other versions </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bob Dylan -- guitar , harmonica , piano , vocals </Li> </Ul> <P> Additional musicians </P> <Ul> <Li> Bucky Baxter -- acoustic guitar </Li> <Li> Tony Garnier -- bass guitar , bass , upright bass </Li> <Li> Daniel Lanois -- guitar , mando - guitar , Firebird , Martin 0018 , Gretsch gold top , rhythm guitar , lead guitar </Li> <Li> Augie Meyers -- Vox organ combo , Hammond B3 organ , accordion </Li> <Li> Duke Robillard -- guitar </Li> </Ul> <H2> Billy Joel version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` To Make You Feel My Love '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Billy Joel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Greatest Hits , Volume III </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Intro / Summer , Highland Falls '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1996 -- 97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Billy Joel </Li> <Li> Joe Nicolo - Peter Asher </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Billy Joel singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1997 ) </Td> <Td> `` Hey Girl '' ( 1997 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1997 ) </Td> <Td> `` Hey Girl '' ( 1997 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Billy Joel covered the song as `` To Make You Feel My Love '' for his compilation album Greatest Hits Volume III ( 1997 ) . It was released as the first single from the album and reached number 50 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Joel 's single pre-dated Dylan 's release of the song by one month . </P> <H3> Chart history ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1997 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot Singles Sales </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Garth Brooks version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` To Make You Feel My Love '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Garth Brooks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Hope Floats : Music from the Motion Picture </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> May 18 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Capitol Nashville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Garth Brooks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Garth Brooks singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Two Piña Coladas '' ( 1998 ) </Td> <Td> `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1998 ) </Td> <Td> `` Burnin ' the Roadhouse Down '' ( 1998 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Two Piña Coladas '' ( 1998 ) </Td> <Td> `` To Make You Feel My Love '' ( 1998 ) </Td> <Td> `` Burnin ' the Roadhouse Down '' ( 1998 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Garth Brooks covered the song as `` To Make You Feel My Love '' in 1998 . It appeared on the soundtrack of the 1998 film Hope Floats , along with a cover version by Trisha Yearwood as the first and last tracks . It was included first as the bonus track on Fresh Horses for Garth 's first Limited Series box set and then included on all later pressings of that album . Brooks ' version resulted in a nomination at 41st Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance and a nomination for Bob Dylan for Best Country Song . </P> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1998 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Year - end charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1998 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` I Can Still Feel You '' by Collin Raye </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single August 1 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` There 's Your Trouble '' by Dixie Chicks </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Adele version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Make You Feel My Love '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Adele </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album 19 and Songs for the Philippines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> October 27 , 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD </Li> <Li> 7 '' </Li> <Li> digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> October 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soul </Li> <Li> pop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> XL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jim Abbiss </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Adele singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Hometown Glory '' ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> `` Water and a Flame '' ( 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Hometown Glory '' ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( 2008 ) </Td> <Td> `` Water and a Flame '' ( 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 2008 , British singer Adele recorded `` Make You Feel My Love '' for her debut studio album 19 ( 2008 ) . It was released as the album 's fourth and final single on October 27 , 2008 , both on CD and vinyl , originally peaking at number 26 . The largest sales of her recording , however , came during 2010 -- 11 when it peaked at number 4 . </P> <P> After the song was performed on the seventh series of The X Factor , it re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 24 . The song then surged to number four after a second performance . Following a third X Factor performance and heavy use in the Comic Relief 2010 television , it spent three more non-consecutive weeks in the top 10 . In early 2011 the song returned to the top 40 again , at number 34 , after it appeared in the 2011 series of Britain 's Got Talent . </P> <P> Adele 's version features in the soundtrack of the 2010 romantic comedy film When in Rome . Her cover version was also featured in the compilation album for the benefit of those affected by Supertyphoon Haiyan in the Philippines entitled Songs for the Philippines . In October 2013 the song was used in the third week of Strictly Come Dancing as part of the `` Love Week '' theme . In January 2013 , Heart Radio listed Adele 's recording as the UK 's number one song of all time in its Hall of Fame Top 500 . </P> <P> At a concert at London 's O2 Arena on March 22 , 2016 , the day of the Brussels bombings , Adele dedicated a performance of the song to the victims of the attacks . </P> <H3> Arrangement ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Alex Fletcher of Digital Spy , the version expresses Adele 's affection for the song , `` with just piano as backing , her dreamy , passionate vocals are allowed to shine '' . According to The Guardian 's Dave Simpson , with her `` hushed delivery '' , Adele makes the song `` her own '' . </P> <H3> Music video ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song 's music video features Adele singing the song in her apartment . </P> <H3> Television and film ( edit ) </H3> <P> In other television appearances in the UK and US , the song was used in : </P> <Ul> <Li> Waterloo Road </Li> <Li> One Tree Hill </Li> <Li> Ghost Whisperer </Li> <Li> Parenthood </Li> <Li> The Bold and the Beautiful </Li> <Li> General Hospital </Li> <Li> Bones </Li> <Li> Hollyoaks </Li> <Li> EastEnders </Li> <Li> Glee </Li> <Li> Nashville </Li> <Li> Against the Wall ( pilot

The song "To Make You Feel My Love" was written by

Who wrote the song to make you feel my love?

-7708021254791334132

Marvin ( name ) - wikipedia <H1> Marvin ( name ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Marvin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Origin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Word / name </Th> <Td> Welsh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Other names </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related names </Th> <Td> Mervin , Mervyn , Merwin </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Marvin is a male given name , derived from the Welsh name Mervyn . It is also found as a surname . Marven is a variant form . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 People with the given name Marvin <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Fictional characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 People with the surname Marvin </Li> <Li> 3 People with the name Marven </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> People with the given name marvin ( edit ) </H2> <P> Notable people with this name include : </P> <P> In music : </P> <Ul> <Li> Marvin Hamlisch , successful composer of film scores </Li> <Li> Marvin Gaye , popular soul and R&B singer , arranger , multi-instrumentalist , songwriter and record producer </Li> <Li> Marvin Watson , rapper better known by his stage name Messy Marv </Li> </Ul> <P> In sports : </P> <Ul> <Li> Marvin Andrews , Trinidad and Tobago footballer </Li> <Li> Marvin Crenshaw , America football player </Li> <Li> Marvin Eastman , American mixed martial artist and kickboxer </Li> <Li> Marvin Hagler , American former boxer </Li> <Li> Marvin LaRose , American football player </Li> <Li> Marvin Gaye Williams Jr , American basketball player </Li> </Ul> <P> In other fields : </P> <Ul> <Li> Marvin T. Culpepper , Louisiana politician </Li> <Li> Marvin Hoffenberg ( 1914 - 2013 ) , American economist and political scientist . </Li> <Li> Marvin Miller , an American baseball player 's union organizer </Li> <Li> Marvin Minsky , American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence </Li> <Li> Marvin Zindler , American news reporter </Li> <Li> Marvin Kaplan , American actor </Li> </Ul> <H3> Fictional characters ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Marvin ( horror host ) , 1950s Chicago area horror host </Li> <Li> Marvin the Martian , a fictional character appearing in the Looney Tunes cartoons </Li> <Li> Marvin , the Paranoid Android , a fictional character in The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy series </Li> <Li> Marvin White ( Super Friends ) , a supporting character of the Super Friends cartoon </Li> <Li> Marvin Redpost , the main character in the Marvin Redpost series by Louis Sachar </Li> <Li> Marvin Monroe , a fictional Simpsons character who died during the 6th season </Li> <Li> Marvin Suggs , a character from The Muppet Show </Li> <Li> Mouth McFadden , real name Marvin , a main character in One Tree Hill ( TV series ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> People with the surname Marvin ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Charles A. Marvin ( 1929 - 2003 ) , Louisiana district attorney and circuit judge </Li> <Li> Hank Marvin ( born 1941 ) , member of British band The Shadows </Li> <Li> Heidi Jo Marvin , astrophysicist </Li> <Li> James Marvin ( academic ) , Chancellor of the University of Kansas from 1874 to 1883 </Li> <Li> James M. Marvin ( 1809 -- 1901 ) , US Representative from New York </Li> <Li> Junior Marvin ( Donald Hanson Marvin Kerr Richards Jr , born 1949 ) , Jamaican guitarist </Li> <Li> Lee Marvin ( 1924 -- 1987 ) , Academy Award - winning American film actor </Li> <Li> Nathaniel C. Marvin ( 1826 -- 1895 ) , New York politician </Li> <Li> Matthew Marvin , Sr. ( 1600 -- 1678 ) , founding settler of Norwalk , Connecticut </Li> <Li> Matthew Marvin , Jr. ( 1626 -- 1712 ) , founding settler of Norwalk , Connecticut </Li> <Li> Samuel Marvin ( 1664 -- 1754 ) , member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from Norwalk </Li> </Ul> <H2> People with the name Marven ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> William Lawrence Marven Creaghan ( 1922 -- 2008 ) , a Canadian politician </Li> <Li> Nigel Marven ( born 1960 ) , a British wildlife presenter , television producer , author and ornithologist </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Marvin ( disambiguation ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Marvin at Behind The Name </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marvin_(name)&oldid=816684462 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Given names </Li> <Li> Surnames </Li> <Li> English masculine given names </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All set index articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 00 : 06 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The origin of the name Marvin is

What is the origin of the name marvin?

-5663213976858775002

<Td> Tina Dixon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Men 's ice hockey </Td> <Td> Mike Emrick Kenny Albert </Td> <Td> Eddie Olczyk Joe Micheletti Pierre McGuire </Td> <Td> Mike Milbury Cammi Granato Jeremy Roenick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Women 's ice hockey </Td> <Td> Mike Emrick Kenny Albert </Td> <Td> A.J. Mleczko Joe Micheletti </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Short track </Td> <Td> Ted Robinson </Td> <Td> Andy Gabel </Td> <Td> Andrea Joyce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ski jumping </Td> <Td> Matt Vasgersian </Td> <Td> Jeff Hastings </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Snowboarding </Td> <Td> Pat Parnell </Td> <Td> Todd Richards </Td> <Td> Tina Dixon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Speed skating </Td> <Td> Dan Hicks </Td> <Td> Dan Jansen </Td> <Td> Andrea Kremer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Opening Ceremony tease narrator : Andre Braugher </Li> </Ul> 2010 Sportsdesk reporters ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Lester Holt </Li> <Li> Jimmy Roberts </Li> <Li> Alex Flanagan </Li> <Li> Dwight Stones </Li> <Li> Peter Alexander </Li> </Ul> 2010 Olympic correspondents ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Dick Button </Li> <Li> Cris Collinsworth </Li> <Li> Dan Patrick </Li> </Ul> 2014 ( edit ) <P> Source for all other commentators without individual sources : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sport </Th> <Th> Play - by - play announcer </Th> <Th> Color commentator </Th> <Th> Reporter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opening Ceremony </Td> <Td> Matt Lauer Meredith Vieira </Td> <Td> David Remnick </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alpine skiing </Td> <Td> Dan Hicks </Td> <Td> Todd Brooker Christin Cooper </Td> <Td> Steve Porino </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Biathlon </Td> <Td> Steve Schlanger </Td> <Td> Chad Salmela Stacey Wooley </Td> <Td> Alex Flanagan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bobsleigh / Luge / <P> Skeleton </P> </Td> <Td> Leigh Diffey </Td> <Td> Duncan Kennedy ( Luge ) John Morgan ( Bobsled ) Bree Schaaf ( Skeleton ) </Td> <Td> Lewis Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cross-country skiing </Td> <Td> Al Trautwig </Td> <Td> Chad Salmela </Td> <Td> Alex Flanagan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Curling </Td> <Td> Andrew Catalon Jason Knapp </Td> <Td> John Benton Pete Fenson Kevin Martin </Td> <Td> Trenni Kusnierek </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Figure skating </Td> <Td> Terry Gannon ( NBCSN ) Tom Hammond ( NBC Primetime ) </Td> <Td> Scott Hamilton ( NBC Primetime ) Sandra Bezic ( NBC Primetime ) Tracy Wilson ( NBC Primetime ) Johnny Weir ( NBCSN ) Tara Lipinski ( NBCSN ) Nancy Kerrigan </Td> <Td> Andrea Joyce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Freestyle skiing </Td> <Td> Matt Vasgersian Todd Harris ( ski cross ) </Td> <Td> Jonny Moseley Luke Van Valin </Td> <Td> Carolyn Manno </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Men 's Ice Hockey </Td> <Td> Mike Emrick Dave Strader Kenny Albert </Td> <Td> Eddie Olczyk Pierre McGuire Brian Engblom </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Women 's Ice Hockey </Td> <Td> Mike Emrick Dave Strader Kenny Albert </Td> <Td> A.J. Mleczko Natalie Darwitz Pierre McGuire </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nordic combined </Td> <Td> Bob Papa ( ski jumping ) Al Trautwig ( cross-country ) </Td> <Td> Jeff Hastings ( ski jumping ) Chad Salmela ( cross-country ) </Td> <Td> Randy Moss </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Short track </Td> <Td> Terry Gannon </Td> <Td> Apolo Ohno </Td> <Td> Andrea Joyce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ski jumping </Td> <Td> Bob Papa </Td> <Td> Jeff Hastings </Td> <Td> Randy Moss </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Snowboarding </Td> <Td> Todd Harris </Td> <Td> Todd Richards </Td> <Td> Tina Dixon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Speed skating </Td> <Td> Ted Robinson </Td> <Td> Dan Jansen </Td> <Td> Steve Sands </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Opening Ceremony tease narrator : Peter Dinklage </Li> <Li> For the very first time , NBCSN will air complete coverage of figure skating live , with expanded coverage and features aired as a part of NBC 's Primetime coverage . </Li> <Li> Mike Milbury , Keith Jones , and Jeremy Roenick will serve as studio analysts for ice hockey coverage . </Li> </Ul> 2014 Olympic studio hosts ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Lester Holt -- ( Daytime coverage ) </Li> <Li> Bob Costas -- ( Primetime and Late - Night coverage ) </Li> <Li> Al Michaels -- ( Weekend daytime coverage ) </Li> <Li> Rebecca Lowe -- ( Weekday and weekend coverage on NBCSN ) </Li> </Ul> Substitutes for Bob Costas ( edit ) <P> Bob Costas had health problems with his eyes so , the following substituted for him : </P> <Ul> <Li> Matt Lauer </Li> <Li> Meredith Vieira </Li> </Ul> 2014 Sportsdesk reporters ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Sal Masekela </Li> <Li> Nastia Liukin </Li> <Li> Tanith Belbin </Li> <Li> Richard Engel </Li> <Li> Willie Geist </Li> <Li> Stephanie Gosk </Li> <Li> Nancy Snyderman </Li> <Li> Brian Shactman </Li> <Li> Jimmy Roberts ( features reporter ) </Li> </Ul> 2014 Olympic correspondents ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Maria Sharapova </Li> <Li> Mary Carillo </Li> <Li> Cris Collinsworth </Li> <Li> Ato Boldon </Li> <Li> Vladimir Posner </Li> <Li> Apolo Ohno </Li> <Li> Lindsey Vonn </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Tom Davis Jr </Li> <Li> Jason Lee Scott </Li> </Ul> 2018 ( edit ) <P> Source : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sport </Th> <Th> Play - by - play announcer </Th> <Th> Color commentator </Th> <Th> Reporter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Opening Ceremony </Td> <Td> Mike Tirico </Td> <Td> Katie Couric </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alpine skiing </Td> <Td> Dan Hicks </Td> <Td> Bode Miller </Td> <Td> Steve Porino Heather Cox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Biathlon </Td> <Td> Steve Schlanger * Bill Seward * </Td> <Td> Chad Salmela * </Td> <Td> Damon Hack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bobsleigh / Luge / <P> Skeleton </P> </Td> <Td> Leigh Diffey </Td> <Td> Duncan Kennedy ( Luge ) John Morgan ( Bobsled ) Bree Schaaf ( Skeleton ) </Td> <Td> Lewis Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cross-country skiing </Td> <Td> Al Trautwig * Steve Schlanger * </Td> <Td> Chad Salmela * </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Curling </Td> <Td> Jason Knapp Bill Doleman * Jim Kozimor * </Td> <Td> Kevin Martin Pete Fenson * </Td> <Td> Trenni Kusnierek </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Figure skating </Td> <Td> Terry Gannon Chris Vosters ( 4K telecast ) * </Td> <Td> Tara Lipinski Johnny Weir Tanith White Charlie White ( 4K telecast ) * </Td> <Td> Andrea Joyce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Freestyle skiing </Td> <Td> Trace Worthington Todd Harris </Td> <Td> Jonny Moseley Luke Van Valin </Td> <Td> Kelli Stavast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Men 's Ice Hockey </Td> <Td> Kenny Albert Gord Miller </Td> <Td> Mike Milbury Pierre McGuire Brian Boucher </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Women 's Ice Hockey </Td> <Td> Kenny Albert John Walton </Td> <Td> A.J. Mleczko Pierre McGuire </Td> <Td> Leila Rahimi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Short track </Td> <Td> Ted Robinson Bill Spaulding ( 4K telecast ) * </Td> <Td> Apolo Ohno Dan Weinstein ( 4K telecast ) * </Td> <Td> Andrea Joyce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ski jumping </Td> <Td> Paul Burmeister Bill Spaulding ( 4K telecast ) * </Td> <Td> Johnny Spillane Jessica Jerome ( 4K telecast ) * </Td> <Td> Abby Chin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Snowboarding </Td> <Td> Todd Harris Trace Worthington Bill Spaulding ( 4K telecast ) * </Td> <Td> Todd Richards Tina Dixon Kaitlyn Farrington ( 4K telecast ) * </Td> <Td> Tina Dixon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Speed skating </Td> <Td> Tom Hammond </Td> <Td> Joey Cheek </Td> <Td> Steve Sands </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Opening Ceremony tease narrator : Sterling K. Brown </Li> <Li> Keith Jones , Jeremy Roenick , Anson Carter , and Erika Lawler will serve as studio analysts for ice hockey coverage . Jones and Roenick will work with Kathryn Tappen in Pyeongchang , while Carter and Lawler will work with Tessa Bonhomme in Stamford . </Li> <Li> Jon Rosen and Mike Johnson will work both the men 's and women 's hockey tournaments for the 4K telecast ; like the other 4K commentators , they will work from Stamford . </Li> <Li> During the Games , a live , nightly figure skating preview show called Olympic Ice Presented by Toyota will air two editions : a televised edition , and a digital - exclusive edition . Liam McHugh will anchor the televised version on NBCSN , with analysis from Tanith White and Scott Hamilton . Krista Voda will host the digital - exclusive edition , which will be produced in Stamford ; joining Voda will be Kristi Yamaguchi , Charlie White , and Ben Agosto . </Li> </Ul> 2018 Sportsdesk reporters ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Dylan Dreyer </Li> <Li> Willie Geist </Li> <Li> Rich Lerner </Li> <Li> Julia Mancuso </Li> <Li> Natalie Morales </Li> <Li> Gadi Schwartz </Li> <Li> Anne Thompson </Li> <Li> Rutledge Wood </Li> </Ul> 2018 Olympic correspondents ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Ato Boldon </Li> <Li> Mary Carillo </Li> <Li> David Chang </Li> <Li> Dale Earnhardt Jr . </Li> <Li> David Feherty </Li> <Li> Scott Hamilton </Li> <Li> Jimmy Roberts </Li> <Li> J.C. Ramo </Li> </Ul> <H3> Summer Olympics ( edit ) </H3> 1988 ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( February 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sport </Th> <Th> Play - by - play announcer </Th> <Th> Color commentator </Th> <Th> Reporter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baseball ( demonstration sport ) </Td> <Td> Jay Randolph </Td> <Td> Jim Kaat </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basketball </Td> <Td> Dick Enberg Tom Hammond </Td> <Td> Al McGuire ( men ) and Nancy Lieberman - Cline ( women ) </Td> <Td> Jim Gray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boxing </Td> <Td> Marv Albert </Td> <Td> Ferdie Pacheco </Td> <Td> Wallace Matthews </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canoeing </Td> <Td> Joel Meyers </Td> <Td> Steve Gladstone </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cycling </Td> <Td> Gary Gerould </Td> <Td> Brian Drebber and Davis Phinney </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diving </Td> <Td> Tom Hammond Charlie Jones </Td> <Td> Steve McFarland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Equestrian </Td> <Td> Jim Simpson </Td> <Td> Bill Steinkraus </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Football </Td> <Td> Seamus Malin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gymnastics </Td> <Td> Dick Enberg </Td> <Td> Mary Lou Retton and Bart Conner </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Handball </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Greg Lewis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kayaking </Td> <Td> Bucky Waters </Td> <Td> Eric Evans </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rowing </Td> <Td> Joel Meyers </Td> <Td> Steve Gladstone </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marathon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Larry Rawson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swimming </Td> <Td> Don Criqui </Td> <Td> Candy Costie - Burke ( synchronized ) and John Naber </Td> <Td> Armen Keteyian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Table Tennis </Td> <Td> Spensor Ross </Td> <Td> Bud Collins & Sean O'Neill </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennis </Td> <Td> Bud Collins </Td> <Td> JoAnne Russell </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Track and field </Td> <Td> Charlie Jones Greg Foster </Td> <Td> Frank Shorter Dwight Stones </Td> <Td> Jim Gray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Volleyball </Td> <Td> Bob Trumpy </Td> <Td> Chris Marlowe </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Water polo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jim Kruse </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wrestling </Td> <Td> Russ Hellickson </Td> <Td> Jeff Blatnick </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Closing Ceremony </Td> <Td> Bryant Gumbel </Td> <Td> Dick Enberg </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> 1992 ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sport </Th> <Th> Play - by - play announcer </Th> <Th> Color commentator </Th> <Th> Reporter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baseball </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basketball </Td> <Td> Marv Albert </Td> <Td> Mike Fratello </Td> <Td> Jim Gray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boxing </Td> <Td> Bob Trumpy </Td> <Td> Al Bernstein </Td> <Td> Beasley Reece </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canoeing </Td> <Td> Joel Meyers </Td> <Td> Eric Evans </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cycling </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diving </Td> <Td> Tom Hammond Charlie Jones </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Equestrian </Td> <Td> Tom

The NBC Olympic ice skating commentators are

Who are the nbc olympic ice skating commentators?

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Angel Island Immigration Station - wikipedia <H1> Angel Island Immigration Station </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Angel Island </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> U.S. National Historic Landmark District </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Angel Island Dormitory </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Show map of California Show map of the US Show all </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nearest city </Th> <Td> Tiburon , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 37 ° 52 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 34 '' W  /  37.869712 ° N 122.426006 ° W  / 37.869712 ; - 122.426006 Coordinates : 37 ° 52 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 34 '' W  /  37.869712 ° N 122.426006 ° W  / 37.869712 ; - 122.426006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area </Th> <Td> 731.8 acres ( 296.1 ha ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Built </Th> <Td> 1775 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architect </Th> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architectural style </Th> <Td> Mission / Spanish Revival </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NRHP reference # </Th> <Td> 71000164 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Significant dates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Added to NRHP </Th> <Td> October 14 , 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated NHLD </Th> <Td> December 9 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Angel Island Immigration Station was an immigration station located in San Francisco Bay which operated from January 21 , 1910 to November 5 , 1940 , where immigrants entering the United States were detained and interrogated . Angel Island ( California ) is an island in San Francisco Bay . It is currently a State Park administered by California State Parks and a California Historical Landmark . The island was originally a fishing and hunting site for Coastal Miwok Indians , then it was a haven for Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala . Later , it was developed as a cattle ranch , then , starting with the Civil War , the island served as a U.S. Army post . During the island 's Immigration Station period , the island held hundreds of thousands of immigrants , the majority from China , Japan , India , Mexico and the Philippines . The detention facility was considered ideal because of its isolated location , making it very easy to control immigrants , contain outbreaks of disease , and enforce the new immigration laws . The station is listed on the National Register of Historic Places under the title Angel Island , U.S. Immigration Station , and is a National Historic Landmark . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Process </Li> <Li> 3 Outcome </Li> <Li> 4 Immigrant perspectives </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> The reconstructed detention center located at the Angel Island Immigration Station . <P> Angel Island Immigration Station , sometimes known as `` Ellis Island of the West , '' began construction in 1905 in an area known as China Cove . The main difference between Ellis Island and Angel Island was that the majority of the immigrants that traveled through Angel Island were from Asian countries , such as China , Japan , and India . The facility was created to monitor the flow of Chinese immigrants entering the country after the implementation of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 . The Act only allowed entrance to merchants , clergy , diplomats , teachers , and students , barring laborers . The Act did give the government an idea of how to begin to regulate immigration , and realize the potential effect of immigration on the economy . </P> <P> At Ellis Island , only between one and three percent of all arriving immigrants were rejected ; at Angel Island , the number was about 18 % . The Chinese were targeted due to the large influx of immigrants that were arriving in the United States . Chinese immigrants were seen as a threat because they occupied low - wage jobs , and after the economic downfall during the 1870s , Americans experienced serious unemployment problems . This resulted in increased discrimination against the Chinese , labeling them as unsuitable Americans due to their appearance and social status . After executing a series of restrictive laws prohibiting the majority of Chinese immigration , the detention center was opened in 1910 . Immigrants arrived from 84 different countries , with Chinese immigrants accounting for the largest ethnic group to enter San Francisco until 1915 when Japanese immigrants outnumbered the Chinese for the first time . </P> <H2> Process ( edit ) </H2> <P> The length of time immigrants spent detained varied depending on how long the interrogation process lasted . For some it was only a few days and for others it lasted for months , the longest recorded stay being 22 months . This was significantly different from Ellis Island which had more relaxed regulation , and allowed immigrants to enter the United States within the day they arrived at the Island . Interrogations lasted awhile because many of the immigrants held at the detention center had false paperwork . Chinese immigrants , mostly males , claimed to be sons of Chinese individuals who were American citizens . Since children of citizens are also considered U.S. citizens , regardless of where they are born , it is illegal to deny them entry if they can prove citizenship . Therefore , the concept of `` paper sons '' or less commonly `` paper daughters '' was constructed - children on paper , but without real familial ties . Chinese - American citizens agreed to this collaboration because they were provided with monetary incentives . </P> <P> As a result , the interrogation process was established to be very difficult and grueling to weed out the fraudulent individuals . The applicant would be called before a Board of Special Inquiry , composed of two immigrant inspectors , a stenographer , and a translator , if needed . Over the course of a few hours or days , the individual would be drilled with specific questions that only real applicants would know about , for instance , their family history , location of the village , their homes and so on . However , a way around these questions was preparing them months in advance with their sponsors and memorizing the answers . To ensure that the applicant was telling the truth , witnesses from the United States , who were often other family members , were called in to corroborate the applicants story . The `` family members '' sometimes lived across the country , which extended the process since their testimony had to be verified before proceeding . If there was any doubt that the applicant was lying then the questioning process was prolonged and if deviation was suspected from the testimony presented by the witnesses , then the applicant and the rest of the family would be in jeopardy of deportation . </P> <P> Some applicants appealed the decision of the Board , resulting in a prolonged stay at the detention center because the process was so long and tedious . Additionally , the length of stay varied depending on what country the individual was coming from . Japanese immigrants often held documentation from government officials that expedited the process of entering the country . This resulted in the majority of detainees being Chinese since they had no other alternatives but to endure the questioning . Since the goal of Angel Island was to deport as many Chinese immigrants as possible , the whole process was much more intrusive and demanding for the Chinese compared to other applicants . </P> <H2> Outcome ( edit ) </H2> Plaques in memory of Asian immigrants who were retained and interrogated in Angel Island . <P> The detention center was in operation for thirty years ; however , there were many concerns about the sanitation and safety of the immigrants at Angel Island , which proved to be true in 1940 when the administration building burned down . As a result , all the immigrants were relocated to another facility . Since Congress repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943 , the facility was not reopened as an immigration station . Instead , during World War II it served as a prisoner of war processing center by the U.S. military . After the war , Angel Island was abandoned and deteriorated . It was n't until 1963 that the detention facility was converted to a state park and a museum commemorating the immigrants that passed through . However , the building was set for demolition until someone discovered verses the detainees wrote on the wall . Today , more than 200 poems have been recovered and restored , and all but the detention centers are currently available to the public . It is approximated that one million immigrants were processed at Angel Island Immigration Station , roughly 175,000 were Chinese and 117,000 were Japanese . Between 75 - 82 percent entered America successfully . </P> <H2> Immigrant perspectives ( edit ) </H2> Detained Chinese immigrants carved poems into the wooden walls of the immigration station <P> The predominantly Chinese immigrants who were detained at Angel Island were not welcomed in the United States . As recounted by one detained in 1940 : `` When we arrived , they locked us up like criminals in compartments like the cages at the zoo . '' Held in these `` cages '' for weeks , often months , individuals were subjected to rounds of long and stressful interrogations to assess the legitimacy of their immigration applications . Immigrants were made to recall minute details for super heros for the proceedings may have not have spoken the particular dialect of the immigrant competently ; most Chinese immigrants were from southern China at that time , many spoke Cantonese . It was difficult to pass the interrogations , and cases were appealed many times over before one could leave the island and enter the United States . Often , successful immigrants produced elaborate instruction manuals that coached fellow detainees in passing interrogations ; if anyone was caught with these manuals , they would most likely be deported . Those that failed these tests often feared the shame of returning to China , and would commit suicide before leaving , or on the ships back to their homeland . </P> <P> Many of the detainees turned to poetry as expression , spilling their emotions onto the very walls that contained them . Many of these poems were written in pencil and ink , or in brush , and then carved into the wooden walls or floors . Some of the poems are bitter and angry , placid and contemplative , or even hopeful . </P> <P> America has power , but not justice . In prison , we were victimized as if we were guilty . Given no opportunity to explain , it was really brutal . I bow my head in reflection but there is nothing I can do . </P> <P> Another example : </P> <P> I thoroughly hate the barbarians because they do not respect justice . They continually promulgate harsh laws to show off their prowess . They oppress the overseas Chinese and also violate treaties . They examine for hookworms and practice hundreds of despotic acts . </P> <P> A more hopeful example : </P> <P> Twice I have passed through the blue ocean , experienced the wind and dust of journey . Confinement in the wooden building has pained me doubly . With a weak country , we must all join together in urgent effort . It depends on all of us together to roll back the wild wave . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> San Francisco Bay Area portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> California Alien Land Law of 1913 </Li> <Li> Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (

Immigrants entered the US on the West Coast at the

Where did immigrants enter the us on the west coast?

1993862321967366191

San Miguel de Allende - Wikipedia <H1> San Miguel de Allende </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> San Miguel de Allende </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> City & Municipality </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Panoramic view of San Miguel de Allende </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Coat of arms </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : Hic Natus Ubique Notus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> San Miguel de Allende Location in Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Coordinates : 20 ° 54 ′ 51 '' N 100 ° 44 ′ 37 '' W  /  20.91417 ° N 100.74361 ° W  / 20.91417 ; - 100.74361 Coordinates : 20 ° 54 ′ 51 '' N 100 ° 44 ′ 37 '' W  /  20.91417 ° N 100.74361 ° W  / 20.91417 ; - 100.74361 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> Guanajuato </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> Pre-1541 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Municipal Status </Th> <Td> 1811 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Municipal President </Th> <Td> Ricardo Villarreal García </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation ( of seat ) </Th> <Td> 1,900 m ( 6,200 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Population ( 2005 ) Municipality </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Municipality </Th> <Td> 139,297 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 62,034 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> Central ( US Central ) ( UTC - 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer ( DST ) </Th> <Td> Central ( UTC - 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Postal code ( of seat ) </Th> <Td> 37700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 415 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> ( in Spanish ) ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official name </Th> <Td> Protective town of San Miguel de Allende and Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Cultural </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Criteria </Th> <Td> ii , iv </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated </Th> <Td> 2008 ( 32nd session ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reference no . </Th> <Td> 1274 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State Party </Th> <Td> Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Td> Latin America and the Caribbean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> San Miguel de Allende ( Spanish pronunciation : ( san mi'ɣel de a'ʎende ) ) is a city and municipality located in the far eastern part of the state of Guanajuato in central Mexico . It is part of the macroregion of Bajío . It is 274 km ( 170 mi ) from Mexico City , 86 km ( 53 mi ) from Queretaro , and 97 km ( 60 mi ) from the state capital of Guanajuato . Historically , the town is important as being the birthplace of Mexican General Ignacio Allende , whose surname was added to the town 's name in 1826 , as well as the first municipality declared independent of Spanish rule by the nascent insurgent army during the Mexican War of Independence . San Miguel de Allende was also a critical epicenter during the historic Chichimeca War ( 1540 - 1590 ) where the Chichimeca Confederation defeated the Spanish Empire in the initial colonization war . Today , the town is a proclaimed World Heritage Site , attracting thousands of tourists and new residents from abroad every year . </P> <P> At the beginning of the 20th century , the town was in danger of becoming a ghost town after an influenza pandemic . Gradually , its Baroque / Neoclassical colonial structures were `` discovered '' by foreign artists who moved in and began art and cultural institutes such as the Instituto Allende and the Escuela de Bellas Artes . This gave the town a reputation , attracting artists such as David Alfaro Siqueiros , who taught painting . </P> <P> This attracted foreign art students , especially former U.S. soldiers studying on the G.I. Bill after the Second World War . Since then , the town has attracted a significant number of foreign retirees , artists , writers and tourists , which has shifted the area 's economy from agriculture and industry to commerce catering to outside visitors and residents . </P> <P> The main attraction of the town is its well - preserved historic center , filled with buildings from the 17th and 18th centuries . This and the nearby Sanctuary of Atotonilco have been declared World Heritage Sites in 2008 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Founding of the city </Li> <Li> 2 Colonial period </Li> <Li> 3 Independence </Li> <Li> 4 20th century to the present </Li> <Li> 5 The historic center </Li> <Li> 6 Demographics </Li> <Li> 7 Landmarks </Li> <Li> 8 Culture <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Foreign influence </Li> <Li> 8.2 Festivals </Li> <Li> 8.3 Arts and literature </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Economy <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Tourism and commerce </Li> <Li> 9.2 Agriculture </Li> <Li> 9.3 Industry </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 The municipality <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Geography , ecology and climate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Landmarks in the municipality <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Atotonilco </Li> <Li> 11.2 El Charco del Ingenio </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 International relations <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Twin towns -- Sister cities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Further reading </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Founding of the city ( edit ) </H2> <P> The city was called Izcuinapan by the indigenous people . The city has since been known by various names since the Spanish settlements . The Spanish called it San Miguel el Grande and sometimes San Miguel de los Chichimecas . A Franciscan friar , Juan de San Miguel , was a Spanish missionary who converted the natives . The name of the town was changed in 1826 to San Miguel de Allende in order to honor Ignacio Allende , a leader in the fight for independence of Mexico who was born there . The surrounding municipality was officially called Allende . The county has a coat - of - arms that was designed by the well - known cultural group called Amigos de San Miguel . </P> <P> Before the arrival of the Spanish in the early 16th century , San Miguel was an indigenous Chichimeca village called Izcuinapan . Then a small chapel was built near Izcuinapan by Juan de San Miguel . He decided to dedicate the Spanish town to the Archangel Michael . However , Spanish colonization and attempts to enslave women , men , and children to work the silver - rich mines quickly created a hostile environment with the Chichimeca Confederation natives . The Chichimecas began defending invasion into their ancestral lands against Spanish Soldiers and colonizers and in 1551 , the Guamare people of the Chichimeca Confederation attacked Spanish military posts and settlements in response to the tyrannical Spanish . This and continuous failed attempts by the Spanish to provide water to their own settlements in the area caused the original location to be pushed out . </P> <P> The village was officially re-established in 1555 by Juan de San Miguel 's successor , Bernardo Cossin and indigenous leader Fernando de Tapia . It was refounded both as a mission and as a military outpost . The new site was just northwest of the old one at a place with two fresh water springs ( called Batan and Izcuinapan ) and with terrain better suited for defense . The two springs supplied all of the town 's water until the 1970s. . </P> <H2> Colonial period ( edit ) </H2> The House of the Counts of the Canal , built in the 18th century and currently owned by Banamex . <P> By the mid 16th century , silver had been discovered not only in Guanajuato , but also in Zacatecas and a major road between this area and Mexico City passed through San Miguel . Indigenous attacks on caravans continued and San Miguel became an important military and commercial site . To quell these attacks as well as rebellions against Spanish colonization . This led to the long - running and historic Chichimeca War . The viceroy in Mexico City granted lands and cattle to a number of Spanish to have them settle the area . He also gave indigenous groups limited self rule and excused them from taxation . The location of the town would make it a melting pot as Spanish , indigenous peoples , and later Criollos exchanged cultural influences . </P> <P> Eventually , major roads would connect the town with the mining communities in San Luis Potosí as well as Zacatecas and the rest of the state of Guanajuato . Serving travelers ' needs and providing supplies to mining camps made the town rich . One particular industry was textiles . Locals claim that the serape was invented here . By the mid 18th century the city reached its height , when most of its large mansions , palaces and religious buildings were constructed . Most still remain . The town was also home to the area 's wealthy hacienda owners . At that time , it was one of the most important and prosperous settlements in New Spain with a population reaching 30,000 . In comparison , in the mid 18th century Boston had a population of only 16,000 and New York 25,000 . The town 's apogee came during the transition period between Baroque and Neoclassical architecture and many of the mansions and churches have both influences . Mansions are larger than normal for a settlement of this size . </P> <H2> Independence ( edit ) </H2> Statues of Allende and Hidalgo in the municipal palace <P> The prominence of the city declined at the beginning of the 19th century , mostly due to the Mexican War of Independence . However , it played an important early role in this conflict . It is the birthplace of two significant protagonists , Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama . Both were involved in a conspiracy against the colonial government in Mexico City , along with Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez . When this conspiracy was discovered , the warning to Hidalgo and Allende passed through this town and onto Dolores ( Hidalgo ) just to the north . This prompted Hidalgo 's `` Grito de Dolores '' assembling the insurgent army on 15 and 16 September 1810 . The new insurgent army first came to San Miguel , stopping at a religious sanctuary in Atotonilco just outside . Hidalgo took a standard bearing an image of the Virgin of Guadalupe from here to use as a symbol . This standard is now in the Museo del Ejercito in Spain . Then the army entered San Miguel proper , to name officers and to free prisoners in the local jail . San Miguel is considered to be the first municipality to be freed from Spanish rule . </P> <P> While there was no other military action in the area , economically the town waned as agriculture suffered and the population declined . This continued for most of the rest of the 19th century as the country was torn between Liberal and Conservative factions vying for power . After the war , the town was declared a city by the state congress in 1826 and its name was modified to San Miguel de Allende in honor of Ignacio Allende . </P> <P> There was some economic recovery near the end of the 19th century during the rule of Porfirio Díaz . During this time , dams , aqueducts and railroads were built . Agriculture

San Miguel de Allende is located

Where is san miguel de allende in mexico?

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Tami Roman - wikipedia <H1> Tami Roman </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tami Roman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Born </Th> <Td> Tamisha Akbar ( 1970 - 04 - 17 ) April 17 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Mount Vernon , New York , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Television personality </Li> <Li> model </Li> <Li> actress </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1992 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Known for </Th> <Td> Basketball Wives ( 2010 -- 2013 ) ; ( 2017 - present ) Basketball Wives LA ( 2015 -- 2016 ) The Real World : Los Angeles ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Marriage Boot Camp : Reality Stars ( 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Kenny Anderson ( m . 1994 ; div. 2001 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Partner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Reggie Youngblood ( 2014 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> officialtamiroman.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tamisha Akbar ( born April 17 , 1970 ) , better known as Tami Roman is an American television personality , model , businesswoman and actress . Roman first gained fame on The Real World : Los Angeles , the second season of MTV 's long - running reality television series , The Real World in 1993 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Biography </Li> <Li> 2 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Biography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Born Tamisha Akbar in Mount Vernon , New York to an African American mother and Puerto Rican father , Roman was raised as an only child in White Plains , New York Tami Roman : In 1993 , she was cast on the second season of MTV 's hit reality show The Real World , titled The Real World : Los Angeles . During the season , she was the first and most notable to have an abortion on reality television . Roman gained more fame as she appeared as the dealer on the 2001 revival of Card Sharks , and on several other shows , including an episode of One on One ( Season 3 , Episode 4 ) . She was one of the five main cast members in the VH1 reality series Basketball Wives , which premiered in 2010 . </P> <P> Also , Roman was cast on the Basketball Wives spinoff Basketball Wives LA , starting with the fourth season in 2015 . Roman appeared on two episodes of the CBS show , Extant . Roman can also be heard on Tami Roman 's Love Talk & Hot Jamz with advice columnist and rapper Willie D of the Geto Boys and Reggie Youngblood . The show airs Monday thru Friday from 8 - 10pm Central time on Houston 's KCOH Radio . Tami and her boyfriend Reggie Youngblood appeared on Marriage Boot Camp : Reality Stars for its 3rd season which premiered May 29 , 2015 . Roman is currently working on her hair and cosmetic lines . </P> <P> Roman was once married to NBA basketball player Kenny Anderson . The marriage produced 2 children . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> The Real World : Los Angeles </Td> <Td> Cast member </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Married ... with Children </Td> <Td> Meg </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Silk Stalkings </Td> <Td> Dina </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> The Real World Vacations : Behind the Scenes </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Real World Reunion </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lauren Hutton and ... </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Real World Reunion : Inside Out </Td> <Td> Video documentary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Real World You Never Saw </Td> <Td> Video documentary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> The Real World You Never Saw : Boston + Seattle </Td> <Td> Video documentary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> The Parkers </Td> <Td> Dena </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Card Sharks </Td> <Td> Dealer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 / 20 </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Steve Harvey Show </Td> <Td> Bernadette </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sacred is the Flesh </Td> <Td> May </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> The Drew Carey Show </Td> <Td> Susan </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> One on One </Td> <Td> Elizabeth </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sabrina the Teenage Witch </Td> <Td> Saleslady # 1 </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hair Show </Td> <Td> Zora </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Half & Half </Td> <Td> Spice </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> JAG </Td> <Td> Beauty Tech </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> The Last Stand </Td> <Td> DeDe Calvin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Moonlight </Td> <Td> Maureen `` Mo '' Williams </Td> <Td> 8 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 2013 ; 2017 </Td> <Td> Basketball Wives </Td> <Td> Cast member </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Extant </Td> <Td> Cass Hendry </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Marriage Boot Camp : Reality Stars </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> 12 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Celebrity Wife Swap </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Td> Basketball Wives LA </Td> <Td> Cast member </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Wild ' n Out </Td> <Td> Special guest </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Tales </Td> <Td> Silk </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Puerto Ricans </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ TELEVISION : A ' Real World ' of Difference : Life has changed for seven young adults who took up residence in a $2 - million Venice house for six months in a soap - opera documentary series conceived and aired by MTV : Everyone knows their names </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tami Roman to Release Cosmetics Line </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://historylocker.com/23-nba-players-that-lost-everything/15/?a=true </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.therichest.com/celebnetworth/celeb/tv-personality/tami-roman-net-worth/ </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tami Roman on IMDb </Li> <Li> Tami Roman Twitter </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tami_Roman&oldid=817778602 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> American television personalities </Li> <Li> 1970 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Participants in American reality television series </Li> <Li> The Real World cast members </Li> <Li> People from Mount Vernon , New York </Li> <Li> People from White Plains , New York </Li> <Li> Actresses from New York ( state ) </Li> <Li> Female models from New York ( state ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters </Li> <Li> Pages to import images to Wikidata </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 14 : 43 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

Tammy Roman from Basketball Wives was married to

Who was tammy from basketball wives married to?

7300348346327235173

Staind - wikipedia <H1> Staind </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Staind </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Staind live at the LEC in Laredo , Texas , U.S. in 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Background information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> Springfield , Massachusetts , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alternative metal </Li> <Li> hard rock </Li> <Li> nu metal </Li> <Li> post-grunge </Li> <Li> alternative rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1995 -- 2012 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flip </Li> <Li> Elektra </Li> <Li> Atlantic </Li> <Li> Roadrunner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated acts </Th> <Td> Saint Asonia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> staind.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aaron Lewis </Li> <Li> Mike Mushok </Li> <Li> Johnny April </Li> <Li> Jon Wysocki </Li> <Li> Sal Giancarelli </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Staind ( / steɪnd / STAYND ) is an American rock band formed in 1995 . The original lineup consisted of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Aaron Lewis , lead guitarist Mike Mushok , bassist and backing vocalist Johnny April , and drummer Jon Wysocki . The lineup has been stable outside of Wysocki 's departure in 2011 , who was replaced by Sal Giancarelli . The band has recorded seven studio albums : Tormented ( 1996 ) , Dysfunction ( 1999 ) , Break the Cycle ( 2001 ) , 14 Shades of Grey ( 2003 ) , Chapter V ( 2005 ) , The Illusion of Progress ( 2008 ) , and Staind ( 2011 ) . The band 's activity became more sporadic after their self - titled release ; with Lewis pursuing a solo country music career and Mushok subsequently joining the band Saint Asonia , but the band continued to tour off and on in the coming years . As of 2016 , Lewis had reiterated that the band has not broken up , and will possibly create another album , but that his current focus is his solo career . The band 's most recently performed live in 2017 , and as of 2018 , is in a hiatus . The band has sold over 15 million records worldwide . Many of the band 's singles have substantially charted on US rock and all - format charts as well , including `` It 's Been Awhile '' , `` Fade '' , `` Price to Play '' , `` So Far Away '' , and `` Right Here '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early years and Tormented ( 1995 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Dysfunction ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Break the Cycle ( 2001 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 14 Shades of Grey ( 2003 -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Chapter V ( 2005 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 The Illusion of Progress ( 2008 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 1.7 Staind and departure of Jon Wysocki ( 2010 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8 Hiatus and return to touring ( 2012 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 1.9 Second hiatus and uncertain future ( 2014 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Musical style , lyrical topics , and influences </Li> <Li> 3 Band members </Li> <Li> 4 Discography </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early years and Tormented ( 1995 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1993 , vocalist Aaron Lewis and guitarist Mike Mushok met at a Christmas party in Springfield , Massachusetts . Mushok introduced drummer Jon Wysocki while Lewis brought in bassist Johnny April to form the band in 1995 . Their first public performance was in February 1995 , playing in a heavy , dark and introspective style of metal . Extensive touring in the Northeast helped Staind acquire a regional following over the next few years . </P> <P> The band started covering Korn , Rage Against the Machine , Pearl Jam , Tool , and Alice in Chains , among others , and played at local clubs ( most commonly playing at Club Infinity ) for a year and a half . Staind self - released their debut album , Tormented , in November 1996 , citing Tool , Faith No More , and Pantera as their influences . In October 1997 , Staind acquired a concert slot through Aaron 's cousin Justin Cantor with Limp Bizkit . Just prior to the performance , Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst was appalled by Staind 's grotesque album cover and unsuccessfully attempted to remove them from the bill . His perception changed , however , after being impressed with their performance . </P> <H3> Dysfunction ( 1999 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> On April 13 , 1999 , Staind released its major label debut Dysfunction on Flip Records . The album , which was co-produced by Fred Durst and Terry Date ( who also produced acts like Soundgarden , Deftones , and Pantera ) , received comparisons to alternative metal giants Tool and Korn . In particular , Aaron Lewis was lauded for his vocals , which were likened to those of Pearl Jam 's Eddie Vedder . </P> <P> The album achieved slow success , reaching the No. 1 spot on Billboard 's Heatseeker Charts almost six months after its debut . In the same week , the album jumped to No. 74 on Billboard 's Top 200 Album Charts . The nine - track LP ( with one hidden track , `` Excess Baggage '' ) produced three singles , `` Just Go '' , `` Mudshovel '' , and `` Home '' . `` Mudshovel '' and `` Home '' both received radio play , cracking the Top 20 of Billboard 's Modern Rock and Mainstream Rock charts . In promotion of Dysfunction , Staind went on several tours , including the Family Values Tour with acts like Limp Bizkit and The Crystal Method , as well as opening for Sevendust 's headlining tour . </P> <H3> Break the Cycle ( 2001 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) </H3> Lewis performing at the Rolling Rock Town Fair on August 4 , 2001 . <P> Staind toured with Limp Bizkit for the Family Values Tour during the fall of 1999 , where Aaron Lewis performed an early version of `` Outside '' with Fred Durst at the Mississippi Coast Coliseum . Staind released their third studio album Break the Cycle on May 22 , 2001 . Propelled by the success of their first single `` It 's Been Awhile '' , the album debuted at No. 1 on Billboard 's Top 200 Album charts , selling 716,000 albums in its first week . The album 's first week sales were the second highest of any album that year . </P> <P> The album saw the band retaining their previous nu metal sound from their previous album . Despite the album having a lot of nu metal sounds , the album saw the band going further into their post-grunge sound which is evident in the smash hit song `` It 's Been Awhile '' and the song led critics to compare the band to several of other post-grunge bands at the time . `` It 's Been Awhile '' ( which hit the Billboard Top 10 ) , `` Fade '' , `` Outside '' , `` For You '' , and the acoustic ballad `` Epiphany '' . `` It 's Been Awhile '' spent a total of 16 and 14 weeks on top of the modern and mainstream rock charts , respectively , making it one of the highest joint numbers of all time . In 2001 , Break the Cycle sold four million copies worldwide , making it one of the best selling albums that year . Break the Cycle would go on to sell seven million copies worldwide , making this Staind 's best selling album . </P> <H3> 14 Shades of Grey ( 2003 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In early 2003 , Staind embarked on a worldwide tour to promote the release of the follow - up to Break the Cycle , 14 Shades of Grey , which sold two million albums and debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200 . The album saw a departure from their previous nu metal sound and the album mostly contain a lighter and more melodic post-grunge sound . The album provided two mainstream hits : the lead single `` Price to Play '' and `` So Far Away '' , which spent 14 weeks on top of the rock chart . In addition , two other singles were released ; `` How About You '' and `` Zoe Jane '' . The band 's appearance at Reading Festival during the 2003 tour had another impromptu acoustic set , this time due to equipment failure . The singles `` So Far Away '' and `` Price to Play '' came with two unreleased tracks , `` Novocaine '' and `` Let It Out '' , which were released for the special edition of the group 's Chapter V , which came out in late 2005 . In 2003 , Staind unsuccessfully sued their logo designer Jon Stainbrook in New York Federal Court for attempting to re-use the logo he had sold to the band . They re-opened the case in mid-2005 . </P> <H3> Chapter V ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) </H3> Staind concert with the title Chapter V in the background <P> Staind 's fifth album , titled Chapter V , was released on August 9 , 2005 , and became their third consecutive number one . The album opened to sales of 185,000 and has since been certified platinum in the U.S. The first single `` Right Here '' was the biggest success from the album , garnering much mainstream radio play and peaking at number 1 on the mainstream rock chart . `` Falling '' ( the video of which does not feature the band members at all ) was released as the second single , followed by `` Everything Changes '' and `` King of All Excuses '' . Staind went on the road when the album came out , doing live shows and promoting it for a full year , including participating in the Fall Brawl tour with P.O.D. , Taproot and Flyleaf , a solo tour across Europe and a mini-promotional tour in Australia for the first time . Other live shows included a cover of Pantera 's `` This Love '' , a tribute to Dimebag Darrell . Staind appeared on The Howard Stern Show on August 10 , 2005 , to promote Chapter V. They performed acoustic renditions of the single `` Right Here '' and Beetlejuice 's song `` This is Beetle '' . In early November 2005 , Staind released the limited edition 2 - CD / DVD set of Chapter V. On September 6 , 2006 , Staind performed an acoustic show in the Hiro Ballroom , New York City that was recorded for their singles collection . They played sixteen songs including three covers : Tool 's `` Sober '' , Pink Floyd 's `` Comfortably Numb '' and Alice in Chains 's `` Nutshell '' . </P> <P> The collection The Singles : 1996 -- 2006 was released on November 14 , 2006 . It included all the band 's singles , the three covers performed at the New York show and a remastered version of `` Come Again '' , from Staind 's first independent release Tormented . </P> <H3> The Illusion of Progress ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> On August 19 , 2008 , Staind released their sixth album , The Illusion of Progress . Prior to the

The lead singer of the band Staind is

What is the lead singers name of staind?

-8812057354438162118

Civil Service Commission - Wikipedia <H1> Civil Service Commission </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> A civil service commission is a government agency that is constituted by legislature to regulate the employment and working conditions of civil servants , oversee hiring and promotions , and promote the values of the public service . Its role is roughly analogous to that of the human resources department in corporations . Civil service commissions are often independent from elected politicians - </P> <P> In Fiji for example , the PSC reviews government statutory powers to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in meeting public sector management objectives . It also acts as the human relations department , or central personnel authority , for the citizens interaction with the government . </P> <P> The origin of the Public Service Commission in many jurisdictions was the White Paper Colonial 197 issued in 1950 , which set out measures which were proposed to improve the quality and efficiency of the Colonial Service of the British Administration . The setting up of Public Service Commission was proposed in its paragraph 21 ( xi ) which mentioned that : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> Public Service Commissions should be established in the Colonies . Subject to the general overriding powers of the Secretary of State , the selection and appointment of candidates in the Colonies to posts in the local service will lie with the Governor of the Colony . It is desirable that the Governor should be advised in these matters by a Public Service Commission appointed by him and so composed as to command the confidence of the Service and the public ; </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> and that : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> such Commissions should be established in the Colonies to advise the Governor on the selection and appointment of candidates to posts in the local service , and should be so composed as to command the confidence of the Service and the public . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> List ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Australian Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Bangladesh Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Brunei Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Burma Union Civil Service Board </Li> <Li> Public Service Commission of Canada </Li> <Li> Examination Yuan of the Republic of China </Li> <Li> Fiji Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Hong Kong Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Kenya Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> India : <Ul> <Li> Union Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Karnataka Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Bihar Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Kerala Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ireland : Office of the Civil Service and Local Appointments Commissioners abolished 2004 ; succeeded by : <Ul> <Li> Commission for Public Service Appointments </Li> <Li> Public Appointments Service </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Malaysia Public Service Commission ( Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awam ) </Li> <Li> Mauritius Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Nigeria : <Ul> <Li> Federal Civil Service Commission </Li> <Li> Rivers State Civil Service Commission </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pakistan : Federal Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Civil Service Commission of the Philippines </Li> <Li> Samoa Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> South Africa Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> Singapore Public Service Commission </Li> <Li> United Kingdom Civil Service Commissioners </Li> <Li> United States <Ul> <Li> United States Civil Service Commission ( defunct ) </Li> <Li> Office of Personnel Management ( current ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe Public Service Commission </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Category : National civil service commissions - articles of national civil service commissions </Li> <Li> Public Utilities Commission ( some government utilities regulation agencies are called Public Service Commissions ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Public Service Commission , Nepal ; constitutional body ( according to Constitution of Nepal , Article , 242 ) </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.psc.gov.hk/english/ann_rep/files/10rep.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bangladesh Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brunei Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.ucsb.gov.mm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Public Service Commission of Canada Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fiji Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hong Kong Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenya Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karnataka Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bihar Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malaysia Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mauritius Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Civil Service Commission of the Philippines Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Samoa Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sri Lanka Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ South Africa Public Service Commission Official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Kingdom Civil Service Commissioners Official website </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Civil service </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Public sector </Li> <Li> Government agency </Li> <Li> Bureaucracy </Li> <Li> Bureaucrat </Li> <Li> Technocracy </Li> <Li> Diplomat </Li> <Li> Public administration </Li> <Li> Public policy </Li> <Li> Public service </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> European Union </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Categories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National civil service commissions </Li> <Li> Government occupations </Li> <Li> Civil service by country </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> See also : Civil service reform in developing countries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Separation of powers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Typical branches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Executive </Li> <Li> Legislature </Li> <Li> Judiciary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Atypical branches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Civil service commission </Li> <Li> Auditory </Li> <Li> Electoral </Li> <Li> Prosecutory </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fusion of powers </Li> <Li> Separation of duties </Li> <Li> Judicial independence </Li> <Li> Judicial review </Li> <Li> Dual mandate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_service_commission&oldid=809238760 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Civil servants </Li> <Li> National civil service commissions </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 22 : 52 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The role of the Civil Service Commission is

What is the role of the civil service commission?

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, 24 × CD - R , and 10 × CD - RW recording </Td> <Td colspan="3"> SuperDrive : 4 × DVD + R DL writes , 8 × DVD+ / - R read / write , 4 × DVD+ / - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 10 × CD - RW recording </Td> <Td> SuperDrive : 4 × DVD + R DL writes , 8 × DVD+ / - R read / write , 8 × DVD + RW writes , 6 × DVD - RW writes , 24 × CD - R , and 16 × CD - RW recording </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AirPort Extreme </Td> <Td> Integrated 802.11 a / b / g ( Qualcomm Atheros AR5007 chipset ) </Td> <Td> Integrated 802.11 a / b / g and draft - n ( n disabled by default ) ( Qualcomm Atheros AR5008 chipset ) </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Integrated 802.11 a / b / g and draft - n ( n enabled ) ( Qualcomm Atheros AR5008 or Broadcom BCM4322 chipset , depending on revision ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peripheral connections </Td> <Td colspan="5"> 2x USB 2.0 ( 15 `` ) or 3x USB 2.0 ( 17 '' ) </Td> <Td> 3x USB 2.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1x FireWire 400 ( 15 `` ) or 1x FireWire 400 and 1x FireWire 800 ( 17 '' ) </Td> <Td colspan="5"> 1x FireWire 400 and 1x FireWire 800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> ExpressCard / 34 , Gigabit Ethernet , DVI , Audio line in / out </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latest possible operating system </Td> <Td> OS X 10.6 `` Snow Leopard '' </Td> <Td> OS X 10.7 `` Lion '' </Td> <Td colspan="4"> OS X 10.11 `` El Capitan '' ( Unofficially , can run macOS 10.12 `` Sierra '' with Sierra Patcher . Requires additional patching or hardware for Wi - Fi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battery ( lithium - polymer , removable ) </Td> <Td colspan="5"> 60 Wh ( 15 `` ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 68 Wh ( 17 `` ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Weight </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 5.6 lb ( 2.5 kg ) ( 15 `` ) </Td> <Td colspan="3"> 5.4 lb ( 2.4 kg ) ( 15 `` ) </Td> <Td colspan="1"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 6.8 lb ( 3.1 kg ) ( 17 `` ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dimensions </Td> <Td colspan="5"> 14.1 in ( 36 cm ) wide × 9.6 in ( 24 cm ) deep × 1.0 in ( 2.5 cm ) ( 15 `` ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> 15.4 in ( 39 cm ) wide × 10.4 in ( 26 cm ) deep × 1.0 in ( 2.5 cm ) ( 17 `` ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Second generation ( unibody ) ( edit ) </H2> MacBook Pro Unibody 15 inch <P> On October 14 , 2008 , in a press event at company headquarters , Apple officials announced a new 15 - inch MacBook Pro featuring a `` precision aluminum unibody enclosure '' and tapered sides similar to those of the MacBook Air . Designers shifted the MacBook Pro 's ports to the left side of the case , and moved the optical disc drive slot from the front to the right side , similar to the MacBook . The new MacBook Pros had two video cards , which the user could switch between : the Nvidia GeForce 9600M GT with either 256 or 512 MB of dedicated memory and a GeForce 9400M with 256 MB of shared system memory . Although the FireWire 400 port was removed , the FireWire 800 port was retained . The DVI port was replaced with a Mini DisplayPort receptacle . The original unibody MacBook Pro came with a user - removable battery ; Apple claimed five hours of use , with one reviewer reporting results closer to four on a continuous video battery stress test . Apple said that the battery would hold 80 percent of its charge after 300 recharges . </P> <H3> Design ( edit ) </H3> <P> The unibody - construction MacBook Pro largely follows the styling of the original aluminum iMac and the MacBook Air and is slightly thinner than its predecessor , albeit wider and deeper due to the widescreen display . The screen is high - gloss , covered by an edge - to - edge reflective glass finish , while an anti-glare matte option is available in the 15 - and 17 - inch models in which the glass panel is removed . The entire trackpad is usable and acts as a clickable button . The trackpad is also larger than the first generation model 's , giving more room for scrolling and multi-touch gestures . When the line was updated in April 2010 , inertial scrolling was added , making the scrolling experience much like that of the iPhone and iPad . The keys , still backlit , are now that of Apple 's now - standard sunken keyboard with separated black keys . </P> <H3> Updates ( edit ) </H3> A size comparison of the unibody line of MacBook Pro laptops <P> During the MacWorld Expo keynote on January 6 , 2009 , Phil Schiller announced a 17 - inch MacBook Pro with unibody construction . This version diverged from its 15 - inch sibling with an anti-glare `` matte '' screen option ( with the glossy finish standard ) and a non user - removable lithium polymer battery . Instead of traditional round cells inside the casing , the lithium - ion polymer batteries are shaped and fitted into each laptop to maximally utilize space . Adaptive charging , which uses a chip to optimize the charge flow to reduce wear and tear , extends the battery 's overall life . Battery life for the 17 '' version is quoted at eight hours , with 80 percent of this charge remaining after 1,000 charge - discharge cycles . </P> <P> At Apple 's Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) on June 8 , 2009 , it was announced that the 13 - inch unibody MacBook would be upgraded and re-branded as a MacBook Pro , leaving only the white polycarbonate MacBook in the MacBook line . It was also announced that the entire MacBook Pro line would use the non user - removable battery first introduced in the 17 - inch MacBook Pro . The updated MacBook Pro 13 - and the 15 - inch would each have up to a claimed seven hours of battery life , while the 17 - inch would keep its eight - hour capacity . Some sources even reported up to eight hours of battery life for the 13 - and 15 - inch MacBook Pros during casual use , while others reported around six hours . Like the 17 - inch MacBook Pro , Apple claims that they will last around 1,000 charge cycles while still containing 80 percent of their capacity . Graphics card options stayed the same from the previous release , although the 13 - inch and the base model 15 - inch , came with only the GeForce 9400M GPU . The screens were also improved , gaining a claimed 60 percent greater color gamut . All of these mid 2009 models also included a FireWire 800 port and all except the 17 - inch models would receive an SD card slot . The 17 - inch model would retain its ExpressCard / 34 slot . For the 13 - inch MacBook Pro , the Kensington lock slot was moved to the right side of the chassis . In August 2009 , Apple extended the `` matte '' anti-glare display option to the 15 - inch MacBook Pro . </P> <P> On April 13 , 2010 , Intel Core i5 and Core i7 CPUs were introduced in the 15 - and 17 - inch models , while the 13 - inch retained the Core 2 Duo with a speed increase . The power brick was redesigned and a high - resolution display ( of 1,680 × 1,050 ) was announced as an option for the 15 - inch models . The 13 - inch gained an integrated Nvidia GeForce 320M graphics processing unit ( GPU ) with 256 MB of shared memory , while the 15 - and 17 - inch models were upgraded to the GeForce GT 330M , with either 256 or 512 MB of dedicated memory . The 15 - and 17 - inch models also have an integrated Intel GPU that is built into the Core i5 and i7 processors . The 15 - inch model also gained 0.1 pounds ( 0.045 kg ) . Save for a third USB 2.0 slot , all the ports on the 17 - inch MacBook Pro are the same in type and number as on the 15 - inch version . All models come with 4 GB of system memory that is upgradeable to 8 GB . Battery life was also extended further in this update , to an estimated ten hours for the 13 - inch and 8 -- 9 hours on the 15 - and 17 - inch MacBook Pros . This was achieved through both greater power efficiency and adding more battery capacity . One reviewer reported about six hours of battery life through a continuous video battery stress test in the 15 - inch and another , who called the battery life `` unbeatable '' , reported nearer to eight in the 13 - inch through their `` highly demanding battery drain test '' . </P> <P> Thunderbolt technology , Sandy Bridge dual core Intel Core i5 and i7 ( on the 13 - inch model ) or quad - core i7 ( on the 15 - and 17 - inch models ) processors , and a high definition FaceTime camera were added on February 24 , 2011 . Intel HD Graphics 3000 come integrated with the CPU , while the 15 - and 17 - inch models also utilize AMD Radeon HD 6490M and Radeon HD 6750M graphics cards . Later editions of these models , following the release of OS X Lion , replaced the dashboard ( F4 ) key with a launchpad key . The chassis bottoms are also engraved differently from the 2010 models . The Thunderbolt serial bus platform can achieve speeds of up to 10 Gbit / s , which is up to twice as fast as the USB 3.0 specification , 20 times faster than the USB 2.0 specification , and up to 12 times faster than FireWire 800 . Apple says that Thunderbolt can be used to drive displays or to transfer large quantities of data in a short amount of time . </P> <P> On June 11 , 2012 , Apple showcased its upgraded Mac notebooks , OS X Mountain Lion , and iOS 6 at the Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) in San Francisco . The new MacBook Pro models were updated with Ivy Bridge processors and USB 3.0 ports , and the default RAM on premium models was increased to 8 GB . Following this announcement , the 17 - inch model was discontinued . After a media event on October 22 , 2013 Apple discontinued all second generation MacBook Pros except for the entry - level 2.5 GHz 13 - inch model . Apple discontinued the 13 - inch 2nd generation MacBook Pro on October 27 , 2016 . Prior to its discontinuation it was Apple 's only product to still include an optical drive and a Firewire port , and only laptop with a hard disk drive and Ethernet port . </P> <H3> Reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some reviewers praised the new laptop 's performance and compact size , the quality of the screen , and sturdy unibody build , which allowed easier upgrading of internal components as compared to the original models . Some reviewers also noted that the new MacBook Pro ran more quietly and at cooler temperatures than first generation machines . Others , however , criticized the amount

The MacBook Pro 13-inch was first released on

When did macbook pro 13 inch come out?

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Electrical conduction system of the heart - wikipedia <H1> Electrical conduction system of the heart </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Electrical conduction system of the heart </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Heart ; conduction system . 1 . SA node. 2 . AV node. 3 . Bundle of His . 8 . Septum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> systema conducens cordis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D006329 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A12. 1.06. 002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 9476 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The electrical conduction system of the heart transmits signals generated usually by the sinoatrial node to cause contraction of the heart muscle . The pacemaking signal generated in the sinoatrial node travels through the right atrium to the atrioventricular node , along the Bundle of His and through bundle branches to cause contraction of the heart muscle . This signal stimulates contraction first of the right and left atrium , and then the right and left ventricles . This process allows blood to be pumped throughout the body . </P> <P> The conduction system consists of specialised heart muscle cells , and is situated within the myocardium . There is a skeleton of fibrous tissue that surrounds the conduction system which can be seen on an ECG . Dysfunction of the conduction system can cause irregular , fast , or slow heart ( cardiac ) rhythms . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Function <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Action potential generation </Li> <Li> 2.2 Requirements for effective pumping </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 ECG <Ul> <Li> 3.1 SA node : P wave </Li> <Li> 3.2 AV node and bundles : PR interval </Li> <Li> 3.3 Purkine fibers / ventricular myocardium : QRS complex </Li> <Li> 3.4 Ventricular repolarization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Clinical significance <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Arrhythmia <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Speed </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Physiological </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Pacemakers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> Overview of the system of electrical conduction which maintains the rhythmical contraction of the heart <P> Electrical signals arising in the SA node ( located in the right atrium ) stimulate the atria to contract and travel to the atrioventricular node ( AV node ) , which is located in the interatrial septum . After a delay , the stimulus diverges and is conducted through the left and right bundle of His to the respective Purkinje fibers for each side of the heart , as well as to the endocardium at the apex of the heart , then finally to the ventricular epicardium . </P> <P> On the microscopic level , the wave of depolarization propagates to adjacent cells via gap junctions located on the intercalated disc . The heart is a functional syncytium ( not to be confused with a true `` syncytium '' in which all the cells are fused together , sharing the same plasma membrane as in skeletal muscle ) . In a functional syncytium , electrical impulses propagate freely between cells in every direction , so that the myocardium functions as a single contractile unit . This property allows rapid , synchronous depolarization of the myocardium . While advantageous under normal circumstances , this property can be detrimental , as it has potential to allow the propagation of incorrect electrical signals . These gap junctions can close to isolate damaged or dying tissue , as in a myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) . </P> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> Embryologic evidence of generation of the cardiac conduction system illuminates the respective roles of this specialized set of cells . Innervation of the heart begins with a brain only centered parasympathetic cholinergic first order . It is then followed by rapid growth of a second order sympathetic adrenergic system arising from the formation of the thoracic spinal ganglia . The third order of electrical influence of the heart is derived from the vagus nerve as the other peripheral organs form . </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Action potential generation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Cardiac action potential <P> Cardiac muscle has some similarities to neurons and skeletal muscle , as well as important unique properties . Like a neuron , a given myocardial cell has a negative membrane potential when at rest . Stimulation above a threshold value induces the opening of voltage - gated ion channels and a flood of cations into the cell . The positively charged ions entering the cell cause the depolarization characteristic of an action potential . Like skeletal muscle , depolarization causes the opening of voltage - gated calcium channels and release of Ca from the t - tubules . This influx of calcium causes calcium - induced calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum , and free Ca causes muscle contraction . After a delay , potassium channels reopen , and the resulting flow of K out of the cell causes repolarization to the resting state . </P> <P> There are important physiological differences between nodal cells and ventricular cells ; the specific differences in ion channels and mechanisms of polarization give rise to unique properties of SA node cells , most important , the spontaneous depolarizations necessary for the SA node 's pacemaker activity . </P> <H3> Requirements for effective pumping ( edit ) </H3> <P> In order to maximize efficiency of contractions and cardiac output , the conduction system of the heart has : </P> <Ul> <Li> Substantial atrial to ventricular delay . This will allow the atria to completely empty their contents into the ventricles ; simultaneous contraction would cause inefficient filling and backflow . The atria are electrically isolated from the ventricles , connected only via the AV node which briefly delays the signal . </Li> <Li> Coordinated contraction of ventricular cells . The ventricles must maximize systolic pressure to force blood through the circulation , so all the ventricular cells must work together . <Ul> <Li> Ventricular contraction begins at the apex of the heart , progressing upwards to eject blood into the great arteries . Contraction that squeezes blood towards the exit is more efficient than a simple squeeze from all directions . Although the ventricular stimulus originates from the AV node in the wall separating the atria and ventricles , the Bundle of His conducts the signal to the apex . </Li> <Li> Depolarization propagates through cardiac muscle very rapidly . Cells of the ventricles contract nearly simultaneously . </Li> <Li> The action potentials of cardiac muscle are unusually sustained . This prevents premature relaxation , maintaining initial contraction until the entire myocardium has had time to depolarize and contract . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Absence of tetany . After contracting , the heart must relax to fill up again . Sustained contraction of the heart without relaxation would be fatal , and this is prevented by a temporary inactivation of certain ion channels . </Li> </Ul> <H2> ECG ( edit ) </H2> See also : Electrocardiogram The ECG complex . P =P wave , PR = PR interval , QRS = QRS complex , QT = QT interval , ST = ST segment , T = T wave Principle of ECG formation . Note that the red lines represent the depolarization wave , not bloodflow . <P> An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart . </P> <H3> SA node : P wave ( edit ) </H3> <P> Under normal conditions , electrical activity is spontaneously generated by the SA node , the cardiac pacemaker . This electrical impulse is propagated throughout the right atrium , and through Bachmann 's bundle to the left atrium , stimulating the myocardium of the atria to contract . The conduction of the electrical impulses throughout the atria is seen on the ECG as the P wave . </P> <P> As the electrical activity is spreading throughout the atria , it travels via specialized pathways , known as internodal tracts , from the SA node to the AV node . </P> <H3> AV node and bundles : PR interval ( edit ) </H3> <P> The AV node functions as a critical delay in the conduction system . Without this delay , the atria and ventricles would contract at the same time , and blood would n't flow effectively from the atria to the ventricles . The delay in the AV node forms much of the PR segment on the ECG , and part of atrial repolarization can be represented by the PR segment . </P> <P> The distal portion of the AV node is known as the bundle of His . The bundle of His splits into two branches in the interventricular septum : the left bundle branch and the right bundle branch . The left bundle branch activates the left ventricle , while the right bundle branch activates the right ventricle . </P> <P> The left bundle branch is short , splitting into the left anterior fascicle and the left posterior fascicle . The left posterior fascicle is relatively short and broad , with dual blood supply , making it particularly resistant to ischemic damage . The left posterior fascicle transmits impulses to the papillary muscles , leading to mitral valve closure . As the left posterior fascicle is shorter and broader than the right , impulses reach the papillary muscles just prior to depolarization , and therefore contraction , of the left ventricle myocardium . This allows pre-tensioning of the chordae tendinae , increasing the resistance to flow through the mitral valve during left ventricular contraction . This mechanism works in the same manner as pre-tensioning of car seatbelts . </P> <H3> Purkine fibers / ventricular myocardium : QRS complex ( edit ) </H3> <P> The two bundle branches taper out to produce numerous Purkinje fibers , which stimulate individual groups of myocardial cells to contract . </P> <P> The spread of electrical activity through the ventricular myocardium produces the QRS complex on the ECG . </P> <P> Atrial repolarization occurs and is masked during the QRS complex by ventricular depolarization on the ECG . </P> <H3> Ventricular repolarization ( edit ) </H3> <P> The last event of the cycle is the repolarization of the ventricles . It is the restoring of the resting state . In the ECG , repolarization includes the J point , ST segment , and T and U waves . </P> <P> The transthoracically measured PQRS portion of an electrocardiogram is chiefly influenced by the sympathetic nervous system . The T ( and occasionally U ) waves are chiefly influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system guided by integrated brainstem control from the vagus nerve and the thoracic spinal accessory ganglia . </P> <P> An impulse ( action potential ) that originates from the SA node at a relative rate of 60 - 100bpm is known as normal sinus rhythm . If SA nodal impulses occur at a rate less than 60bpm , the heart rhythm is known as sinus bradycardia . If SA nodal impulses occur at a rate exceeding 100bpm , the consequent rapid heart rate is sinus tachycardia . These conditions are not necessarily bad symptoms , however . Trained athletes , for example , usually show heart rates slower than 60bpm when not exercising . If the SA node fails to initialize , the AV junction can take over as the main pacemaker of the heart . The AV junction consists of the AV node , the bundle of His , and the surrounding area ; it has a regular rate of

The heart muscle is stimulated to contract by electrical impulses which are generated in

The heart muscle is stimulated to contract by electrical impulses which are generated where?

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Grayson ( Adrianne Palicki ) , has been assigned to be his First Officer . Inspired by the television series Star Trek , the series tells the story of Mercer , Grayson , and the crew of the Orville as they embark on various diplomatic and exploratory missions . On November 2 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a second season , which is expected to premiere late in the 2018 -- 19 season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> <Li> 2.3 Guest stars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Development </Li> <Li> 4.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 4.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 4.4 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.2 Audience response </Li> <Li> 5.3 Ratings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Orville is set on the titular U.S.S. Orville ( ECV - 197 ) , a mid-level exploratory space vessel in the Planetary Union , a 25th - century interstellar alliance of Earth and many other planets . </P> <H2> Cast and Characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Seth MacFarlane as Ed Mercer , the captain of the Orville . Mercer was an up - and - coming officer , believed to be on the fast track to commanding his own heavy cruiser by age 40 . However , he caught his wife Kelly in bed with an alien . Over the course of the following year , he is cited for becoming lax in his duties , including six instances of reporting to duty while hung over , but is informed that due to the size of the fleet and the retirement of the former captain , the Orville , a mid-level exploratory ship , was in need of a new commanding officer . </Li> <Li> Adrianne Palicki as Commander Kelly Grayson , the first officer of the Orville and Ed Mercer 's ex-wife . The two divorced when Mercer caught Grayson in bed with an alien . Unbeknownst to Mercer , Grayson personally went to Admiral Halsey to plead her case to give her ex-husband a command , stating that despite some personal setbacks , he deserved his own command . She asked Halsey to keep that from him when assigned the Orville . Mercer and Grayson decide to put their differences aside , to work together as a team and stay as friends . </Li> <Li> Penny Johnson Jerald as Doctor Claire Finn , the Chief Medical Officer on the Orville , holding the rank of Lieutenant Commander . A physician of exceptional credentials , she has expertise in molecular surgery , DNA engineering and psychiatry , which could have afforded her the privilege of serving on the heavy cruiser of her choice . She instead chose the mid-level exploratory vessel because , as she explains to Mercer in the pilot , she prefers to request her transfers based on where she feels she is needed , as she feels more stimulated by such assignments . When she tells Mercer she felt he could use her help on his first command , he interprets this as lack of confidence on her part in his competence , though she denies this . Having never found the ideal opportunity to marry , she chose to become a single mother , and her two sons , Marcus and Ty , travel aboard the Orville with her . She repeatedly rebuffs Lt. Yaphit 's advances , though they become physically intimate in `` Cupid 's Dagger '' after falling victim to a Retepsian sex pheromone . </Li> <Li> Scott Grimes as Lieutenant Gordon Malloy , the helmsman of the Orville and Mercer 's best friend . Considered the best helmsman in the fleet , he was relegated to desk duty after an attempt to impress a girl resulted in him shearing the door off a cargo bay during a precarious shuttle docking , losing cargo in the process . He was specifically requested by Mercer despite some hesitation by Admiral Halsey , who harbors concern over Malloy 's history of crude and juvenile pranks . </Li> <Li> Peter Macon as Lieutenant Commander Bortus , the second officer aboard the U.S.S. Orville . Bortus is from Moclus , a planet whose primary industry is weapons manufacturing , and whose inhabitants , the Moclans , are a single - gender species ( although statistically , one female Moclan is born every seventy - five years ) . Among the peculiarities of the Moclans are that they only urinate once a year . </Li> <Li> Halston Sage as Lieutenant Alara Kitan , the Orville 's young Chief of Security . She is a member of the Xelayan race , which inhabits a high - gravity planet , giving her greater - than - human strength , allowing her to knock down doors and walls by charging against them , or crush a handheld cube of solid titanium and reshape it into a sphere with her bare hands . She received the Sapphire Star for her role as acting commander after Mercer and Grayson were abducted by the Calivon while Bortus was incubating his egg . </Li> <Li> J. Lee as Lieutenant ( later Lieutenant Commander ) John LaMarr . He is navigator of the Orville for most of the first season . He and Malloy strike up an immediate friendship in the first episode . Though intellectually gifted , he learned to hide his intelligence and settle for modest ambitions growing up . When Grayson discovers his high aptitude in `` New Dimensions '' , she encourages him to fulfill his potential . As a result , he acquits himself so well during that episode 's crisis that he replaces the outgoing Lt. Commander Newton as the Orville 's Chief Engineer . </Li> <Li> Mark Jackson as Isaac , the Orville 's Science and Engineering Officer . Isaac is a member of the artificial , non-biological race from Kaylon - 1 that views biological lifeforms , including humans , as inferior . Isaac explains to Mercer in the pilot that the Union 's Admiralty offered a posting to any Kaylon willing to accept it , as an attempt to initiate relations between the two powers . Isaac accepted the offer because he saw it as a way to study human behavior . During the course of his time with the crew , he comes to observe and understand aspects of human behavior , such as sarcasm , slang , and practical jokes . Isaac perceives his surroundings with his body 's internal sensors , and not with the two glowing blue `` eyes '' on his face , which are purely aesthetic . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Victor Garber as Admiral Halsey , Mercer 's superior and an old friend of Grayson 's father </Li> <Li> Chad Coleman as Klyden , Bortus ' mate and father of their child He revealed that he was actually born a female and had the procedure to correct his gender when he was an infant , only learning about it when he was first examined by a non-Moclan doctor after joining Bortus on his first ship assignment . </Li> <Li> Norm Macdonald as the voice of Lt. Yaphit , an amorphous , gelatinous , shapeshifting engineer on the Orville , who repeatedly attempts to obtain a date with Dr. Finn , and frequently flirts with other females on the ship . Despite telling her in `` Cupid 's Dagger '' that he is in love with her , she does not reciprocate his attraction , but they become physically intimate in that episode after falling victim to a Retepsian sex pheromone . </Li> <Li> Larry Joe Campbell as Lieutenant Commander Steve Newton , Chief Engineer of the Orville until episode 1.11 , when he leaves take a new job designing space stations , and is replaced by LaMarr </Li> <Li> Gavin Lee as Nurse Park </Li> <Li> Rachael MacFarlane as the voice of the Orville computer </Li> <Li> Ron Canada as Admiral Tucker </Li> <Li> Kelly Hu as Admiral Ozawa </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest stars ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Brian George as Doctor Aronov , the leader of the Epsilon II science station </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Tambor as Ben , Captain Mercer 's father </Li> <Li> Holland Taylor as Jeannie , Captain Mercer 's mother </Li> <Li> Jonathan Adams as the Moclan Arbitrator </Li> <Li> Rena Owen as Heveena </Li> <Li> Robert Knepper as Hamelac </Li> <Li> Liam Neeson as Jahavus Dorahl , Captain of the derelict multi-generation ship </Li> <Li> Charlize Theron as Pria Lavesque </Li> <Li> James Horan as Sazeron , the Krill high priest on the Krill destroyer Yakar </Li> <Li> Michaela McManus as Teleya , a Krill teacher serving on Krill destroyer Yakar </Li> <Li> Steven Culp as Wilks </Li> <Li> Brian Thompson as Drogen , a survivalist on a planet on which Finn , Isaac and Finn 's children crash in `` Into the Fold '' </Li> <Li> Rob Lowe as Darulio , the Retepsian archeologist whose affair with Kelly ended her marriage with Mercer </Li> <Li> Ralph Garman as Kanoot , a Karaoke announcer on the Orville </Li> <Li> Mike Henry as Dann , a member of the Engineering staff </Li> <Li> Robert Picardo as Ildis Kitan , father of Alara Kitan </Li> <Li> Molly Hagan as Drenala Kitan , mother of Alara Kitan . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Old Wounds '' </Td> <Td> Jon Favreau </Td> <Td> Seth MacFarlane </Td> <Td> September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1LAB01 </Td> <Td> 8.56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> 25th - century Union command officer Ed Mercer divorces his wife , Kelly Grayson , after catching her cheating on him . A year later , he accepts a position as Captain of the U.S.S. Orville , a mid-level research vessel , and learns to his dismay that his ex-wife has been assigned as his First Officer . During the Orville 's first mission , the hostile alien Krill captain ( Joel Swetow ) attempts to steal a device that accelerates time , which has both beneficial and dangerous applications . Mercer and Grayson rig the device to destroy itself and the Krill vessel . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Command Performance '' </Td> <Td> Robert Duncan McNeill </Td> <Td> Seth MacFarlane </Td> <Td> September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 1LAB03 </Td> <Td> 6.63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> The technologically advanced Calivon imprison Mercer and Grayson in a replica of their former home as a zoo exhibit . Alara is left in command of the Orville , as Bortus has laid an egg and must incubate it . Alara is unsure of herself , but gains confidence with the help of Claire 's mentorship . Mercer and Grayson wonder if they could have made their relationship work , but finally conclude that they were never compatible for a long - term romantic relationship , despite their strong camaraderie . Admiral Tucker orders Alara to return to Earth instead of approaching the powerful Calivon ; Alara violates these orders and rescues Mercer and Grayson , along with an alien child , by trading an archive of Earth 's reality television for them . Mercer presents Alara with a medal of honor and believes he and Grayson can prevent her from being punished for insubordination . A female offspring hatches from Bortus ' egg , stunning him and Klyden , as Moclan females are extremely rare . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ``

The robot on the Orville show is played by

Who plays the robot on the orville show?

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Left Behind - wikipedia <H1> Left Behind </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Left Behind ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Left Behind <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Rising , The Regime , The Rapture , Left Behind , Tribulation Force , Nicolae , Soul Harvest , Apollyon , Assassins , The Indwelling , The Mark , Desecration , The Remnant , Armageddon , Glorious Appearing , Kingdom Come </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Tim LaHaye Jerry B. Jenkins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Christian novels </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 1995 -- 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Left Behind is a series of 16 best - selling religious novels by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins , dealing with Christian dispensationalist End Times : the pretribulation , premillennial , Christian eschatological interpretation of the Biblical apocalypse . The primary conflict of the series is the members of the Tribulation Force , an underground network of converts , against an NWO-esque organization , Global Community , and its leader Nicolae Carpathia -- the Antichrist . Left Behind is also the title of the first book in the series . The series was first published between 1995 -- 2007 by Tyndale House , a firm with a history of interest in dispensationalism . </P> <P> The series has been adapted into four films to date . The original series of three films are Left Behind : The Movie ( 2000 ) , Left Behind II : Tribulation Force ( 2002 ) , and Left Behind : World at War ( 2005 ) . A reboot starring Nicolas Cage , entitled simply Left Behind , was released in 2014 through Cloud Ten Pictures . The series also inspired the PC game Left Behind : Eternal Forces ( 2006 ) and its several sequels . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 2 Characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Tribulation Force </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Response </Li> <Li> 4 Influences on the authors </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Christian criticisms <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 From Catholics </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 From Orthodox </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 From Protestants <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 3.1 From premillennialists </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3.2 From others </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4 Violence </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Books </Li> <Li> 7 Spin - offs </Li> <Li> 8 In other media <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Movies </Li> <Li> 8.2 Video game </Li> <Li> 8.3 Albums <Ul> <Li> 8.3. 1 Track listing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.4 Books </Li> <Li> 8.5 Graphic novels </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> Based on a dispensationalist interpretation of prophecies in the Biblical books of Revelation , Daniel , Isaiah and Ezekiel , Left Behind tells the story of the end times ( set in the contemporary era ) , in which true believers in Christ have been `` raptured '' ( taken instantly to heaven ) , leaving the world shattered and chaotic . As people scramble for answers , an obscure Romanian politician named Nicolae Jetty Carpathia rises to become secretary - general of the United Nations , promising to restore peace and stability to all nations . What most of the world does not realize is that Carpathia is actually the Antichrist foretold in the Bible . Coming to grips with the truth and becoming born - again Christians , airline pilot Rayford Steele , his daughter Chloe , their pastor Bruce Barnes , and young journalist Cameron `` Buck '' Williams begin their quest as the Tribulation Force to help save the lost and prepare for the coming Tribulation , in which God will rain down judgment on the world for seven years . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Left Behind Characters <H3> Tribulation Force ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Tribulation Force are a group of underground post-Rapture Christian converts . Throughout the series , they are in conflict with the Antichrist Nicolae Carpathia during the Tribulation , each in accordance with his or her own divinely - determined destiny . </P> <P> The most well known of the Tribulation Force include Rayford Steele , Chloe Steele , Cameron `` Buck '' Williams , Tsion Ben - Judah , and Bruce Barnes ( Deceased ) </P> <H2> Response ( edit ) </H2> <P> Multiple books in the series have been on the New York Times best - seller list . Starting in 2000 , Books 7 and 8 reached number one on the list followed by book 10 , which debuted at number one . Total sales for the series have surpassed 65 million copies . Seven titles in the adult series have reached # 1 on the bestseller lists for the New York Times , USA Today , and Publishers Weekly . </P> <P> One reason often cited for the books ' popularity is the quick pacing and action , and reflects the public 's overall concern and fascination with the Apocalypse as portrayed in the Biblical Book of Revelation . Michelle Goldberg has written that , `` On one level , the attraction of the Left Behind books is n't that much different from that of , say , Tom Clancy or Stephen King . The plotting is brisk and the characterizations Manichean . People disappear and things blow up . '' The New York Times also compared the series to Clancy 's works . However , those views are not universally shared . Other reviewers have called the series `` almost laughably tedious '' and `` fatuous and boring . '' </P> <P> In 2007 , the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association ( ECPA ) recognized the Left Behind series at its CBA & ECPA Awards Celebration in Atlanta , Georgia with the ECPA Pinnacle Award . ECPA President Mark Kuyper said , `` In many ways this series established Christian fiction as a significant category in publishing in general . '' Jerry Falwell said about the first book in the series : `` In terms of its impact on Christianity , it 's probably greater than that of any other book in modern times , outside the Bible . '' </P> <P> Laurie Goodstein , writing in 1998 for The New York Times , placed what she called the `` '' Left Behind '' phenonemon '' in the calendrical context of the approaching year 2000 . Goodstein noted a ' proliferation ' of similarly apocalyptic texts appearing at that time , by authors such as Jim Bakker and John Hagee . Goodstein cited the opinion of University of Wisconsin historian Paul Boyer who described such authors as `` cashing in on the public preoccupation with the year 2000 '' . </P> <H2> Influences on the authors ( edit ) </H2> <P> LaHaye and Jenkins cite the influence of Russell Doughten , an Iowa - based filmmaker who directed the Thief in the Night series , a series of four low - budget but popular feature - length films in the 1970s and 80s about the Rapture and Second Coming , starting with 1972 's A Thief in the Night . Indeed , the title Left Behind echoes the refrain of Thief 's early Christian rock theme song by Larry Norman , `` I Wish We 'd All Been Ready , '' in which he sings , `` There 's no time to change your mind , the son has come and you 've been left behind . '' </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> While writing that the series fulfills the norms of mass - market fiction , as mentioned above , magazine writer Michelle Goldberg characterized the books as an attack on Judaism and liberal secularism , and suggested that the near - future `` end times '' in which the books are set seem to reflect the actual worldview of millions of Americans , including many prominent conservative leaders . </P> <H3> Christian criticisms ( edit ) </H3> From Catholics ( edit ) <P> The books are written from a Protestant viewpoint . As a result , some believe the books are anti-Catholic , noting that many Catholics were not raptured concluding that no religion is free of false converts and that the new pope establishes a false religion . While the fictional Pope , John XXIV , was raptured , he is described as having embraced some of the views of the `` Father of Protestantism '' Martin Luther and it is implied that he was raptured for this reason . His successor , Pope Peter II , becomes Pontifex Maximus of Enigma Babylon One World Faith , an amalgamation of all remaining world faiths and religions . Catholic Answers describes the series as anti-Catholic . </P> <P> The co-author of the book , Jerry B. Jenkins , as well as LaHaye , stated that their books are not anti-Catholic and that they have many faithful Catholic readers and friends . According to LaHaye , `` the books do n't suggest any particular theology , but try to introduce people to a more personal relationship with Jesus . '' </P> From Orthodox ( edit ) <P> David Carlson , a Professor of Religious Studies and a member of the Greek Orthodox Church , wrote that the theology underpinning the Left Behind series promotes a `` skewed view of the Christian faith that welcomes war and disaster , while dismissing peace efforts in the Middle East and elsewhere -- all in the name of Christ '' . </P> From protestants ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> From premillennialists ( edit ) <P> Some premillennialists , while accepting many of the basic beliefs behind the series , describe problems with specific prophetical teachings in the Left Behind books . For instance , in The Mark , Chang Wong receives both the mark of the beast and the sealing of the Lord and he is later accepted into heaven , despite having the mark , because he was drugged and forced to have it against his own free will . This has led some readers to wonder how a Christian can have the mark of the beast and still be saved . </P> From others ( edit ) <P> Along with some other rapture fiction novels , the Left Behind series demonstrates a specific understanding of the Gospel and the Christian life , one with which many have taken issue theologically . The books have not sold particularly well outside of the United States . Dispensationalism remains a minority view among theologians . For instance , amillennial and postmillennial Christians do not believe in the same timeline of the Second Coming as premillennialists , while preterist Christians do not interpret much of the Book of Revelation to predict future events at all . Brian McLaren of the Emergent Church compares the Left Behind series to The Da Vinci Code , and states , `` What the Left Behind novels do , the way they twist scripture toward a certain theological and political end , I think ( Dan ) Brown is twisting scripture , just to other political ends . '' John Dart , writing in Christian Century , characterized the works as `` beam me up theology . '' A very detailed analysis and critique , both theological , and the style of writing , can be found on the Slacktivist blog </P> Violence ( edit ) <P> Some practicing Christians , evangelical and otherwise , along with non-Christians have shown concern that the social perspectives promoted in the Left Behind series unduly sensationalize the death and destruction of masses of people . Harvey

The popular book series about the end of the world is

Book series about the end of the world?

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Enthalpy of fusion - wikipedia <H1> Enthalpy of fusion </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the plastic welding technique , see Heat fusion . Enthalpies of melting and boiling for pure elements versus temperatures of transition , demonstrating Trouton 's rule . <P> The enthalpy of fusion of a substance , also known as ( latent ) heat of fusion , is the change in its enthalpy resulting from providing energy , typically heat , to a specific quantity of the substance to change its state from a solid to a liquid , ( or resulting from the release of energy from a substance during transition from liquid to solid ) , at constant pressure . ( It is used to decribe the change in phase of matter of melting or freezing ) . This energy includes the contribution required to make room for any associated change in volume by displacing its environment against ambient pressure . The temperature at which the phase transition occurs is the melting point or the freezing point , according to context . By convention , the pressure is assumed to be 1 atm ( 101.325 kPa ) unless otherwise specified . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 Examples </Li> <Li> 3 Solubility prediction <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Proof </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> The ' enthalpy ' of fusion is a latent heat , because during melting the heat energy needed to change the substance from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure is latent heat of fusion , as the temperature remains constant during the process . The latent heat of fusion is the enthalpy change of any amount of substance when it melts . When the heat of fusion is referenced to a unit of mass , it is usually called the specific heat of fusion , while the molar heat of fusion refers to the enthalpy change per amount of substance in moles . </P> <P> The liquid phase has a higher internal energy than the solid phase . This means energy must be supplied to a solid in order to melt it and energy is released from a liquid when it freezes , because the molecules in the liquid experience weaker intermolecular forces and so have a higher potential energy ( a kind of bond - dissociation energy for intermolecular forces ) . </P> <P> When liquid water is cooled , its temperature falls steadily until it drops just below the line of freezing point at 0 ° C. The temperature then remains constant at the freezing point while the water crystallizes . Once the water is completely frozen , its temperature continues to fall . </P> <P> The enthalpy of fusion is almost always a positive quantity ; helium is the only known exception . Helium - 3 has a negative enthalpy of fusion at temperatures below 0.3 K. Helium - 4 also has a very slightly negative enthalpy of fusion below 0.77 K ( − 272.380 ° C ) . This means that , at appropriate constant pressures , these substances freeze with the addition of heat . In the case of He , this pressure range is between 24.992 and 25.00 atm ( 2,533 kPa ) . </P> Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period three . Standard enthalpy change of fusion of period two of the periodic table of elements . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Substance </Th> <Th> Heat of fusion ( cal / g ) </Th> <Th> Heat of fusion ( J / g ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> water </Td> <Td> 79.72 </Td> <Td> 333.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> methane </Td> <Td> 13.96 </Td> <Td> 58.99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> propane </Td> <Td> 19.11 </Td> <Td> 79.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> glycerol </Td> <Td> 47.95 </Td> <Td> 200.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> formic acid </Td> <Td> 66.05 </Td> <Td> 276.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> acetic acid </Td> <Td> 45.90 </Td> <Td> 192.09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> acetone </Td> <Td> 23.42 </Td> <Td> 97.99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> benzene </Td> <Td> 30.45 </Td> <Td> 127.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> myristic acid </Td> <Td> 47.49 </Td> <Td> 198.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> palmitic acid </Td> <Td> 39.18 </Td> <Td> 163.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> sodium acetate </Td> <Td> 63 -- 69 </Td> <Td> 264 -- 289 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> stearic acid </Td> <Td> 47.54 </Td> <Td> 198.91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> gallium </Td> <Td> 19.2 </Td> <Td> 80.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paraffin wax ( C H ) </Td> <Td> 47.8 - 52.6 </Td> <Td> 200 -- 220 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> These values are mostly from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 62nd edition . The conversion between cal / g and J / g in the above table uses the thermochemical calorie ( cal ) = 4.184 joules rather than the International Steam Table calorie ( cal ) = 4.1868 joules . </P> <H2> Examples ( edit ) </H2> <P> A ) To heat 1 kg ( 1.00 liter ) of water from 283.15 K to 303.15 K ( 10 ° C to 30 ° C ) requires 83.6 kJ . However , to melt ice also requires energy . We can treat these two processes independently ; thus , to heat 1 kg of ice from 273.15 K to water at 293.15 K ( 0 ° C to 20 ° C ) requires : </P> <Dl> <Dd> ( 1 ) 333.55 J / g ( heat of fusion of ice ) = 333.55 kJ / kg = 333.55 kJ for 1 kg of ice to melt </Dd> <Dd> PLUS </Dd> <Dd> ( 2 ) 4.18 J / ( g K ) × 20K = 4.18 kJ / ( kg K ) × 20K = 83.6 kJ for 1 kg of water to increase in temperature by 20 K <Dl> <Dd> = 417.15 kJ </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> From these figures it can be seen that one part ice at 0 ° C will cool almost exactly 4 parts water from 20 ° C to 0 ° C . </P> <P> B) Silicon has a heat of fusion of 50.21 kJ / mol. 50 kW of power can supply the energy required to melt about 100 kg of silicon in one hour , after it is brought to the melting point temperature : </P> <P> 50 kW = 50 kJ / s = 180 000 kJ / h </P> <P> 180 000 kJ / h * ( 1 mol Si ) / 50.21 kJ * 28 gSi / ( mol Si ) * 1kgSi / 1000gSi = 100.4 kg / h </P> <H2> Solubility prediction ( edit ) </H2> <P> The heat of fusion can also be used to predict solubility for solids in liquids . Provided an ideal solution is obtained the mole fraction ( x 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( x_ ( 2 ) ) ) of solute at saturation is a function of the heat of fusion , the melting point of the solid ( T f u s ) ( \ displaystyle ( T_ ( \ mathit ( fus ) ) ) ) and the temperature ( T ) of the solution : </P> <Dl> <Dd> ln ⁡ x 2 = − Δ H f u s ∘ R ( 1 T − 1 T f u s ) ( \ displaystyle \ ln x_ ( 2 ) = - ( \ frac ( \ Delta H_ ( \ mathit ( fus ) ) ^ ( \ circ ) ) ( R ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( T ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( T_ ( \ mathit ( fus ) ) ) ) \ right ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Here , R is the gas constant . For example , the solubility of paracetamol in water at 298 K is predicted to be : </P> <Dl> <Dd> x 2 = exp ⁡ ( − 28100 J mol − 1 8.314 JK − 1 mol − 1 ( 1 298 − 1 442 ) ) = 0.0248 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 2 ) = \ exp ( \ left ( - ( \ frac ( 28100 ( \ mbox ( J mol ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) ( 8.314 ( \ mbox ( JK ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) ( \ mbox ( mol ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 298 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 442 ) ) \ right ) \ right ) ) = 0.0248 ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> This equals to a solubility in grams per liter of : </P> <P> 0.0248 ∗ 1000 g 18.053 mol − 1 1 − 0.0248 ∗ 151.17 mol − 1 = 213.4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 0.0248 * ( \ frac ( 1000 ( \ mbox ( g ) ) ) ( 18.053 ( \ mbox ( mol ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) ) ) ( 1 - 0.0248 ) ) * 151.17 ( \ mbox ( mol ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) = 213.4 ) </P> <P> which is a deviation from the real solubility ( 240 g / L ) of 11 % . This error can be reduced when an additional heat capacity parameter is taken into account . </P> <H3> Proof ( edit ) </H3> <P> At equilibrium the chemical potentials for the pure solvent and pure solid are identical : </P> <Dl> <Dd> μ s o l i d ∘ = μ s o l u t i o n ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( solid ) ^ ( \ circ ) = \ mu _ ( solution ) ^ ( \ circ ) \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> or </P> <Dl> <Dd> μ s o l i d ∘ = μ l i q u i d ∘ + R T ln ⁡ X 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( solid ) ^ ( \ circ ) = \ mu _ ( liquid ) ^ ( \ circ ) + RT \ ln X_ ( 2 ) \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> with R ( \ displaystyle R \ , ) the gas constant and T ( \ displaystyle T \ , ) the temperature . </P> <P> Rearranging gives : </P> <Dl> <Dd> R T ln ⁡ X 2 = − ( μ l i q u i d ∘ − μ s o l i d ∘ ) ( \ displaystyle RT \ ln X_ ( 2 ) = - ( \ mu _ ( liquid ) ^ ( \ circ ) - \ mu _ ( solid ) ^ ( \ circ ) ) \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> and since </P> <Dl> <Dd> Δ G f u s ∘ = μ l i q u i d ∘ − μ s o l i d ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ Delta G_ ( \ mathit ( fus ) ) ^ ( \ circ ) = \ mu _ ( liquid ) ^ ( \ circ ) - \ mu _ ( solid ) ^ ( \ circ ) \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> the heat of fusion being the difference in chemical potential between the pure liquid and the pure solid , it follows that </P> <Dl> <Dd> R T ln ⁡ X 2 = − ( Δ G f u s ∘ ) ( \ displaystyle RT \ ln X_ ( 2 ) = - ( \ Delta G_ ( \ mathit ( fus ) ) ^ ( \ circ ) ) \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Application of the Gibbs -- Helmholtz equation : </P> <Dl> <Dd> ( ∂ ( Δ G f u s ∘ T ) ∂ T ) p = − Δ H

The heat required to change 1 gram of a solid at its normal melting point is

The heat required to change 1 gram of a solid at its normal melting point?

3180065416681531754

My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It - wikipedia <H1> My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with There 's a Hole in My Bucket . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Hank Williams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Honky - tonk , blues </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> MGM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Clarence Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Hank Williams singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Mind Your Own Business '' ( 1949 ) </Td> <Td> `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' ( 1949 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Just Do n't Like This Kind of Living '' ( 1949 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Mind Your Own Business '' ( 1949 ) </Td> <Td> `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' ( 1949 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Just Do n't Like This Kind of Living '' ( 1949 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' is a song widely attributed to Clarence Williams , who obtained a copyright in 1933 . The song became popular performed by Hank Williams for MGM and reached # 4 on the country chart in 1949 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origins </Li> <Li> 2 Tom Gates version </Li> <Li> 3 Washboard Sam version </Li> <Li> 4 Hank Williams version </Li> <Li> 5 Other versions </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origins ( edit ) </H2> <P> A rendering ( 1927 ) by Tom Gates and his Orchestra ( on Gennett 6184 ) as `` The Bucket 's Got A Hole In It '' gives writing credit to musicians Lee Blevins and Victor Sells . This version predates the C. Williams copyright . The original melody evolved from the second theme of `` Long Lost Blues '' published in 1914 by J. Paul Wyer and H. Alf Kelley . The `` Long Lost Blues '' theme was a variation of `` Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' , a motif that appears in several versions of `` Keep A-Knockin '' . This tune later became the basis for several versions of the song , `` You Ca n't Come In '' recorded by multiple artists . However , `` Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' has also been attributed to Buddy Bolden , which would date it before 1906 . As one critic noted , Hank Williams `` could have been given this ditty to record , ( but ) he may have been familiar with this ditty from previous recordings or had heard it while growing up in Alabama . '' </P> <H2> Tom Gates version ( edit ) </H2> <P> Tom Gates and his Orchestra performed the earliest known recording of this song on July 25 , 1927 ( Gennett 6198 - A Champion 15307 ) in St. Paul , Minnesota as `` The Bucket 's Got a Hole in It . '' Band members included the composers , Lee N. Blevins on trombone and Victor Sells on trumpet . Also playing were Earl Clark , Frank Cloustier ( Piano , Director ) , Bob Gates , Tom Gates , Tracy `` Pug '' Mama , Nevin Simmons ( Alto Sax / Vocals ) , and Harold Stoddard . Even in this early recording , the melody had already been used by the New Orleans Rhythm Kings in their `` She 's Crying For Me Blues '' ( ' 25 - Victor ) , also by Louis Dumaine 's Jazzola Eight in ' 27 as To - Wa - Bac - A-Wa - Yale Blues . </P> <H2> Washboard Sam version ( edit ) </H2> <P> Washboard Sam , aka Robert Brown , released a version of this song on Bluebird B - 7906 known as `` Bucket 's Got A Hole In It . '' This recording was made in 1937 as one of `` several historic blues recording sessions ( that ) took place on the top floor of the Leland Hotel located in downtown Aurora , Illinois . Lester Melrose , a freelance A&R man , and record producer , put together those recording sessions for the Bluebird label . Melrose brought together a small group of artists from St. Louis , and some of Chicago 's finest blues artists of the time , and over the course of the next 20 months , recorded over 300 tracks . '' Featured in this series of recordings are the performers Tampa Red , Washboard Sam , Big Bill Broonzy , Walter Davis , John Lee `` Sonny Boy '' Williamson , Big Joe Williams , Henry Townsend , Robert Lee McCoy , Speckled Red , Merlene Johnson , Addie `` Sweet Peas '' Spivey , Bill `` Jazz '' Gillum and One Arm Slim , amongst many others . </P> Hank Williams playing guitar in Montgomery , Alabama in 1938 <H2> Hank Williams version ( edit ) </H2> <P> Williams likely first heard `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' from Rufus Payne , nicknamed `` Tee Tot , '' a black street singer who taught a young Hank to play blues guitar . In the essay to the 1990 Polygram box set Hank Williams : The Original Singles Collection , Colin Escott quotes Williams in an interview with Ralph Gleason in 1952 : `` I was shinin ' shoes and sellin ' newspapers and following this old Nigrah around to get him to teach me how to play the git - tar . I 'd give him 15 cents or whatever I could get ahold of for a lesson . '' Understandably , producer Fred Rose was wary of the song 's commercial potential ; as country music historian Escott notes , `` Fred Rose 's opposition to the song had a lot to do with the fact that it mentioned beer , and probably had something to do with the fact that Acuff - Rose did n't publish it . '' In addition , Williams originally had a couplet mentioning a Ford automobile ( `` Me an ' my baby , we got a Ford / Now we change the gears from the running board '' ) and Rose demanded that , if Williams did record it , the reference be dropped because if Hank endorsed Ford , `` then deejays sponsored by GM , Chrysler , and Studebaker would n't spin his record . '' Williams recorded the song on August 30 , 1949 at Herzog Studio in Cincinnati , Ohio ( the same session that produced the B - side `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' ) . He is backed by members of the Pleasant Valley Boys - Zeke Turner ( lead guitar ) , Jerry Byrd ( steel guitar ) , and Louis Innis ( rhythm guitar ) - as well as Tommy Jackson ( fiddle ) and Ernie Newton ( bass ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' ( Hank Williams version ) Hank Williams ' 1949 recording of the song </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The song is significant for featuring the only guitar solo Williams ever recorded : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` Hank came into the studio with the guitar solo already worked out . He played it twice as he demo 'd it for the band , then reprised it on the record , and while it did n't break new ground , it was loose and swinging and wonderfully bluesy . The entire record had a compelling swing that showed just how deeply Hank was immersed in black music . '' </Dd> </Dl> <P> The blues influence is evident in other Williams songs , such as `` Move It on Over , '' `` Mind Your Own Business , '' and `` Honky Tonk Blues , '' but `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' remains the song that displays the influence most prominently . </P> <H2> Other versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Murv Shiner recorded the song for Decca . </Li> <Li> Dave Denny recorded `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' for RCA . </Li> <Li> T. Texas Tyler covered the song for 4 - Star Records in 1949 . The song reached # 4 on the country chart . </Li> <Li> Fat Man Robinson recorded an R&B version for Decca that contained the lines to a Ford that Williams had dropped from his version . </Li> <Li> Louis Armstrong recorded the song in 1950 . </Li> <Li> Sonny Burgess released a version as a single in 1957 . </Li> <Li> Ken Colyer 's Jazzmen released a version as a single in 1956 in the United Kingdom . </Li> <Li> Ricky Nelson released a version of the song in 1958 . The song reached # 6 on the R&B chart , # 10 on the country chart , and # 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Nelson substituted `` I ca n't buy no beer '' with `` It do n't work no more . '' </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Ricky Nelson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Believe What You Say '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> March 10 , 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Rock and roll </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Imperial Records 5503 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Clarence Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Ricky Nelson singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Stood Up '' ( 1957 ) </Td> <Td> `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' ( 1958 ) </Td> <Td> `` Poor Little Fool '' ( 1958 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Stood Up '' ( 1957 ) </Td> <Td> `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It '' ( 1958 ) </Td> <Td> `` Poor Little Fool '' ( 1958 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Ramsey Lewis Trio released a version on their 1962 album , Country Meets the Blues . </Li> <Li> Bob Dylan and The Band recorded the song in 1967 , released in 2014 on The Bootleg Series Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete . </Li> <Li> Chris Spedding released a version as a single in 1975 in the United Kingdom . </Li> <Li> Andy Fairweather Low recorded his own version and it appeared on his 1975 album , La Booga Rooga . </Li> <Li> Jim Goad recorded a version on his 1997 album as Big Red Goad , Truck Drivin ' Psycho . </Li> <Li> Page and Plant released a version on the 2001 compilation , Good Rockin ' Tonight - The Legacy Of Sun Records . </Li> <Li> Van Morrison released a version on his 2006 album , Pay the Devil . </Li> <Li> Willie Nelson and Wynton Marsalis released a version on their 2008 album , Two Men with the Blues . </Li> <Li> Tim Timebomb released a version on 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` My Bucket 's Got a Hole in It : Hank Williams : Chart positions '' . Musicvf.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . </Li>

The classic song "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" was sung by

Who sang my bucket got a hole in it?

-1915051281495968844

Ich bin ein Berliner - wikipedia <H1> Ich bin ein Berliner </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ich bin ein Berliner ( I am a Berliner ) speech Play media Speech from the Rathaus Schöneberg by John F. Kennedy , June 26 , 1963 . Duration 9 : 01 ; `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' first appears at 2 : 02 , then again at 8 : 43 . Ich bin ein Berliner ( `` I am a Berliner '' ) speech ( audio ) Audio - only version ( Duration 9 : 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 52 ° 29 ′ 06 '' N 13 ° 20 ′ 40 '' E  /  52.484932 ° N 13.344395 ° E  / 52.484932 ; 13.344395 </P> <P> `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' ( German pronunciation : ( ˈʔɪç ˈbɪn ʔaɪn bɛɐ̯ˈliːnɐ ) , `` I am a Berliner '' ) is a quotation from a June 26 , 1963 , speech by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in West Berlin . It is widely regarded as the best - known speech of the Cold War and the most famous anti-communist speech . Kennedy aimed to underline the support of the United States for West Germany 22 months after Soviet - supported East Germany erected the Berlin Wall to prevent mass emigration to the West . The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall . Another phrase in the speech was also spoken in German , `` Lasst sie nach Berlin kommen '' ( `` Let them come to Berlin '' ) , addressed at those who claimed `` we can work with the Communists '' , a remark at which Nikita Khrushchev scoffed only days later . </P> <P> The speech is considered one of Kennedy 's best , both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier . It was a great morale boost for West Berliners , who lived in an enclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation . Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000 , Kennedy said , </P> <P> Two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was civis romanus sum ( `` I am a Roman citizen '' ) . Today , in the world of freedom , the proudest boast is `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' ... All free men , wherever they may live , are citizens of Berlin , and therefore , as a free man , I take pride in the words `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' </P> <P> Kennedy used the phrase twice in his speech , including at the end , pronouncing the sentence with his Boston accent and reading from his note `` ish bin ein Bearleener '' , which he had written out using English orthography to approximate the German pronunciation . He also used classical Latin pronunciation of civis romanus sum , with the c pronounced / k / and the v as / w / . </P> <P> There is a widespread misconception ( outside German - speaking countries ) that the phrase is incorrect German and in fact means `` I 'm a doughnut '' . It has even been embellished into an urban legend including equally incorrect claims about the audience laughing at this phrase . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Genesis and execution of the speech <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Origins </Li> <Li> 2.2 Delivery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Consequences and legacy </Li> <Li> 4 `` I 'm a doughnut '' urban legend </Li> <Li> 5 Cultural references </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : History of Berlin The four sectors of Berlin <P> Germany 's capital , Berlin , was deep within the area controlled after World War II by the Soviet Union . Initially governed in four sectors controlled by the four Allied powers ( United States , United Kingdom , France and the Soviet Union ) , tensions of the Cold War escalated until the Soviet forces implemented the Berlin Blockade , which the Western allies relieved with the dramatic airlift . Afterward , the sectors controlled by the NATO Allies became an effective exclave of West Germany , completely surrounded by East Germany . From 1952 , the border between East and West was closed everywhere but in Berlin . Hundreds of thousands of East Germans defected to the West via West Berlin , a labour drain that threatened East Germany with economic collapse . </P> <P> In 1961 , the East German government under Walter Ulbricht erected a barbed - wire barrier around West Berlin , officially called the antifaschistischer Schutzwall ( anti-fascist protective barrier ) . The East German authorities argued that it was meant to prevent spies and agents of West Germany from crossing into the East . However , it was universally known as the Berlin Wall and its real purpose was to keep East German citizens from escaping to the West . Over a period of months the wall was rebuilt using concrete , and buildings were demolished to create a `` death zone '' in view of East German guards armed with machine guns . The Wall closed the biggest loophole in the Iron Curtain , and Berlin went from being one of the easiest places to cross from East Europe to West Europe to being one of the most difficult . </P> <P> The West , including the U.S. , was accused of failing to respond forcefully to the erection of the Wall . Officially , Berlin was under joint occupation by the four allied powers , each with primary responsibility for a certain zone . Kennedy 's speech marked the first instance where the U.S. acknowledged that East Berlin was part of the Soviet bloc along with the rest of East Germany . On July 25 , 1961 , Kennedy insisted in a presidential address that the U.S. would defend West Berlin , asserting its Four - Power rights , while making it clear that challenging the Soviet presence in Germany was not possible . </P> <H2> Genesis and execution of the speech ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Origins ( edit ) </H3> John F. Kennedy 's phonetic transcription of the German and Latin phrases in the Ich bin ein Berliner speech <P> The Ich bin ein Berliner speech is in part derived from a speech Kennedy gave at a Civic Reception on May 4 , 1962 , in New Orleans ; there also he used the phrase civis Romanus sum by saying `` Two thousand years ago the proudest boast was to say , `` I am a citizen of Rome . '' Today , I believe , in 1962 the proudest boast is to say , `` I am a citizen of the United States . '' And it is not enough to merely say it ; we must live it . Anyone can say it . But Americans who serve today in West Berlin -- your sons and brothers -- ( ... ) are the Americans who are bearing the great burden . '' The phrases `` I am a Berliner '' and `` I am proud to be in Berlin '' were typed already a week before the speech on a list of expressions to be used , including a phonetic transcription of the German translation . Such transcriptions are also found in the third draft of the speech ( in Kennedy 's own handwriting ) , from June 25 . The final typed version of the speech does not contain the transcriptions , which are added by hand by Kennedy himself . </P> <P> In practice sessions before the trip , Kennedy had run through a number of sentences , even paragraphs , to recite in German ; in these sessions , he was helped by Margaret Plischke , a translator working for the US State Department ; by Ted Sorensen , Kennedy 's counsel and habitual speechwriter ; and by an interpreter , Robert Lochner , who had grown up in Berlin . It became clear quickly that the president did not have a gift for languages and was more likely to embarrass himself if he was to cite in German for any length . </P> <P> But there are differing accounts on the origin of the phrase Ich bin ein Berliner . Plischke wrote a 1997 account of visiting Kennedy at the White House weeks before the trip to help compose the speech and teach him the proper pronunciation ; she also claims that the phrase had been translated stateside already by the translator scheduled to accompany him on the trip ( `` a rather unpleasant man who complained bitterly that he had had to interrupt his vacation just to watch the President 's mannerisms '' ) . Additionally , Ted Sorensen claimed in his memoir Counselor : A Life at the Edge of History ( 2008 ) to have had a hand in the speech , and said he had incorrectly inserted the word ein , incorrectly taking responsibility for the `` jelly doughnut misconception '' , below , a claim apparently supported by Berlin mayor Willy Brandt but dismissed by later scholars since the final typed version , which does not contain the words , is the last one Sorensen could have worked on . Robert Lochner claimed in his memoirs that Kennedy had asked him for a translation of `` I am a Berliner '' , and that they practiced the phrase in Brandt 's office . Daum credited the origin of the phrase Ich bin ein Berliner to Kennedy and his 1962 speech in New Orleans quoted above . According to Daum , Kennedy was affected by seeing the Berlin Wall , so that he `` falls back on the most memorable passage of his New Orleans speech given the year before , changing pride in being an American in being a Berliner . '' </P> <H3> Delivery ( edit ) </H3> Kennedy delivering his speech in Berlin <P> Behind the long table set up on the steps of the Rathaus Schöneberg were U.S. and German dignitaries , including Dean Rusk ( Kennedy 's Secretary of State ) , Lucius D. Clay ( the US administrator of Germany ) , Konrad Adenauer ( the German chancellor ) , Willy Brandt , and Otto Bach ( President of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin ) . The crowd was estimated at 450,000 people . Bach spoke first , of the recent developments in Berlin , especially the wall . He was followed by Konrad Adenauer , who spoke briefly and introduced the president . </P> <P> Kennedy was accompanied not by Robert Lochner , but by Heinz Weber of the Berlin mission ; Weber translated the president 's speech to the audience . Besides the typescript , Kennedy had a cue card on which he himself had written the phonetic spelling , and he surprised everyone by completely disregarding the speech , which had taken weeks to prepare . Instead , he improvised : `` He says more than he should , something different from what his advisers had recommended , and is more provocative than he had intended to be . '' </P> <P> The speech culminated with the second use in the speech of the Ich

The famous phrase "Ich bin ein Berliner" was spoken by

Who spoke the words ich bin ein berliner?

-1854212039296985802

Phosphocreatine - wikipedia <H1> Phosphocreatine </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Phosphocreatine <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Names </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> IUPAC name N - Methyl - N - ( phosphonocarbamimidoyl ) glycine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Other names Creatine phosphate ; phosphorylcreatine ; creatine - P ; phosphagen ; fosfocreatine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CAS Number </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 67 - 07 - 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3D model ( JSmol ) </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Interactive image </Li> <Li> Interactive image </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abbreviations </Td> <Td> PCr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ChemSpider </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 567 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ECHA InfoCard </Td> <Td> 100.000. 585 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> EC Number </Td> <Td> 200 - 643 - 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PubChem CID </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 587 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UNII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 020IUV4N33 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> InChI ( show ) <Ul> <Li> InChI = 1S / C4H10N3O5P / c1 - 7 ( 2 - 3 ( 8 ) 9 ) 4 ( 5 ) 6 - 13 ( 10 , 11 ) 12 / h2H2 , 1H3 , ( H , 8 , 9 ) ( H4 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 ) Key : DRBBFCLWYRJSJZ - UHFFFAOYSA - N </Li> <Li> InChI = 1 / C4H10N3O5P / c1 - 7 ( 2 - 3 ( 8 ) 9 ) 4 ( 5 ) 6 - 13 ( 10 , 11 ) 12 / h2H2 , 1H3 , ( H , 8 , 9 ) ( H4 , 5 , 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 ) Key : DRBBFCLWYRJSJZ - UHFFFAOYAF </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> SMILES ( show ) <Ul> <Li> OC ( CN ( C ) C ( N ) = NP ( O ) ( O ) = O ) = O </Li> <Li> CN ( CC ( = O ) O ) C ( = N ) NP ( = O ) ( O ) O </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chemical formula </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Molar mass </Td> <Td> 211.11 g mol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Pharmacology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ATC code </Td> <Td> C01EB06 ( WHO ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> N verify ( what is ? ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Infobox references </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Phosphocreatine , also known as creatine phosphate ( CP ) or PCr ( Pcr ) , is a phosphorylated creatine molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high - energy phosphates in skeletal muscle and the brain to recycle adenosine triphosphate , the energy currency of the cell . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Chemistry </Li> <Li> 2 Function </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Chemistry ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the kidneys , the enzyme AGAT catalyzes the conversion of two amino acids -- arginine and glycine -- into guanidinoacetate ( also called glycocyamine or GAA ) , which is then transported in the blood to the liver . A methyl group is added to GAA from the amino acid methionine by the enzyme GAMT , forming non-phosphorylated creatine . This is then dumped into the blood by the liver where it travels mainly to the muscle cells ( 95 % of the body 's creatine is in muscles ) , and to a lesser extent the brain , heart , and pancreas . Once inside the cells it is transformed into phosphocreatine by the enzyme complex creatine kinase , which makes it able to donate its phosphate group to convert adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) into adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . This process is an important component of all vertebrates ' bioenergetic systems . For instance , while the human body only produces 250g of ATP daily , it recycles its entire body weight in ATP each day through creatine phosphate . </P> <P> Creatine phosphate can be broken down into creatinine , which is then excreted in the urine . A 70 - kg man contains around 120g of creatine , with 40 % being the unphosphorylated form and 60 % as creatine phosphate . Of that amount , 1 -- 2 % is broken down and excreted each day as creatinine . </P> <P> Phosphocreatine is used intravenously in hospitals in some parts of the world for cardiovascular problems under the name Neoton , and also used by some professional athletes , as it is not a controlled substance . </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <P> Phosphocreatine can anaerobically donate a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during the first two to seven seconds following an intense muscular or neuronal effort . Conversely , excess ATP can be used during a period of low effort to convert creatine to phosphocreatine . The reversible phosphorylation of creatine ( i.e. , both the forward and backward reaction ) is catalyzed by several creatine kinases . The presence of creatine kinase ( CK - MB , MB for muscle / brain ) in blood plasma is indicative of tissue damage and is used in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction . The cell 's ability to generate phosphocreatine from excess ATP during rest , as well as its use of phosphocreatine for quick regeneration of ATP during intense activity , provides a spatial and temporal buffer of ATP concentration . In other words , phosphocreatine acts as high - energy reserve in a coupled reaction ; the energy given off from donating the phosphate group is used to regenerate the other compound - in this case , ATP . Phosphocreatine plays a particularly important role in tissues that have high , fluctuating energy demands such as muscle and brain . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The discovery of phosphocreatine was reported by Grace and Philip Eggleton of the University of Cambridge and separately by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of the Harvard Medical School in 1927 . A few years later David Nachmansohn , working under Meyerhof at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Dahlem , Berlin , contributed to the understanding of the phosphocreatine 's role in the cell . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlattner U , Tokarska - Schlattner M , Wallimann T ( 2006 ) . `` Mitochondrial creatine kinase in human health and disease '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - Molecular Basis of Disease . 1762 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 180 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbadis. 2005.09. 004 . PMID 16236486 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saks , Valdur ( 2007 ) . Molecular system bioenergetics : energy for life . Weinheim : Wiley - VCH . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 31787 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ochoa , Severo ( 1989 ) . Sherman , E.J. ; National Academy of Sciences , eds . David Nachmansohn . Biographical Memoirs. 58 . National Academies Press . pp. 357 -- 404 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 03938 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eggleton , Philip ; Eggleton , Grace Palmer ( 1927 ) . `` The inorganic phosphate and a labile form of organic phosphate in the gastrocnemius of the frog '' . Biochemical Journal . 21 ( 1 ) : 190 -- 195 . PMC 1251888 . PMID 16743804 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fiske , Cyrus H. ; Subbarao , Yellapragada ( 1927 ) . `` The nature of the ' inorganic phosphate ' in voluntary muscle '' . Science . 65 ( 1686 ) : 401 -- 403 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 65.1686. 401 . PMID 17807679 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Human Metabolome Database at the University of Alberta </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphocreatine&oldid=836291226 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Carboxylic acids </Li> <Li> Guanidines </Li> <Li> Phosphoramidates </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs </Li> <Li> Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing </Li> <Li> Articles without EBI source </Li> <Li> Articles without KEGG source </Li> <Li> Articles with changed ChemSpider identifier </Li> <Li> ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata </Li> <Li> Articles with changed InChI identifier </Li> <Li> Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 10 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 21 : 15 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

Creatine phosphate is found in the body in

Where is creatine phosphate found in the body?

199561851133275930

Chicago Cubs - wikipedia <H1> Chicago Cubs </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Cubbies '' redirects here . For the minor league baseball team formerly known as the Rockford Cubbies , see Dayton Dragons . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chicago Cubs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 2018 Chicago Cubs season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Established in 1876 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Team logo </Td> <Td> Cap insignia </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Major league affiliations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> National League ( 1876 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> Central Division ( 1994 -- present ) </Li> <Li> East Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Current uniform </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retired numbers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 23 </Li> <Li> 26 </Li> <Li> 31 </Li> <Li> 31 </Li> <Li> 42 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Colors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Blue , red , white </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Chicago Cubs ( 1903 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Chicago Orphans ( 1898 -- 1902 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago Colts ( 1890 -- 1897 ) </Li> <Li> Chicago White Stockings ( NL ) ( 1876 -- 1889 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Other nicknames </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Cubbies , the North Siders , the North Side Nine , the Boys in Blue , the Lovable Losers , the Little Bears , the Blue Bears , the Baby Bears </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Ballpark </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Wrigley Field ( 1916 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> a.k.a. Cubs Park ( 1920 -- 1926 ) </Li> <Li> a.k.a. Weeghman Park ( 1914 -- 1920 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West Side Park ( II ) ( 1893 -- 1915 ) </Li> <Li> South Side Park ( 1891 -- 1893 ) </Li> <Li> West Side Park ( I ) ( 1885 -- 1891 ) </Li> <Li> Lakefront Park ( II ) ( 1883 -- 1884 ) </Li> <Li> Lakefront Park ( I ) ( 1878 -- 1882 ) </Li> <Li> 23rd Street Grounds ( 1876 -- 1877 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Major league titles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Series titles ( 3 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National League Pennants ( 17 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1876 </Li> <Li> 1880 </Li> <Li> 1881 </Li> <Li> 1882 </Li> <Li> 1885 </Li> <Li> 1886 </Li> <Li> 1906 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central Division titles ( 5 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East Division titles ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wild card berths ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Front office </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Thomas S. Ricketts , Laura Ricketts , Pete Ricketts , Todd Ricketts , Joe Ricketts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manager </Th> <Td> Joe Maddon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General Manager </Th> <Td> Jed Hoyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President of Baseball Operations </Th> <Td> Theo Epstein </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , was a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . </P> <P> The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116 -- 36 and posting a modern - era record winning percentage of . 763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( `` The Hitless Wonders '' ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back - to - back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71 - year National League pennant drought and a 108 - year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108 - year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason nine times through the 2017 season . </P> <P> The Cubs are known as `` the North Siders '' , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side . </P> <P> The Cubs have multiple rivalries . There is a divisional rivalry with the St. Louis Cardinals and also a newer rivalry with the Milwaukee Brewers . There is also an interleague rivalry with the White Sox . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early club history <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 1876 -- 1902 : A National League </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 1902 -- 1920 : A Cubs dynasty </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 The Wrigley years ( 1921 -- 1981 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 1929 -- 1938 : Every three years </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 1945 - 1966 </Li> <Li> 1.2. 3 1969 : Fall of ' 69 </Li> <Li> 1.2. 4 1977 -- 1979 : June Swoon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Tribune Company years ( 1981 -- 2008 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 1984 : Heartbreak </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 1989 : NL East division championship </Li> <Li> 1.3. 3 1998 : Wild card race and home run chase </Li> <Li> 1.3. 4 2001 : Playoff push </Li> <Li> 1.3. 5 2003 : Five more outs </Li> <Li> 1.3. 6 2004 -- 2006 </Li> <Li> 1.3. 7 2007 -- 2008 : Back to back division titles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 The Ricketts era ( 2009 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 2010 - 2014 : The decline and rebuild </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 2015 : The arrival of Joe Maddon </Li> <Li> 1.4. 3 2016 : World Series champions </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Ballpark <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Wrigley Field and Wrigleyville </Li> <Li> 2.2 Bleacher Bums </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Culture <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Cubs Win Flag </Li> <Li> 3.2 Mascots </Li> <Li> 3.3 Music </Li> <Li> 3.4 Popular culture </Li> <Li> 3.5 Tinker to Evers to Chance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Playoffs / Championships </Li> <Li> 5 Distinctions <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Forbes ' value rankings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Team <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Current roster </Li> <Li> 6.2 Retired numbers </Li> <Li> 6.3 Hall of Famers </Li> <Li> 6.4 Minor league affiliations </Li> <Li> 6.5 Spring training history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Media <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Radio </Li> <Li> 7.2 Print </Li> <Li> 7.3 Television </Li> <Li> 7.4 Ford C. Frick Award recipients </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History </H2> Main article : History of the Chicago Cubs <H3> Early club history </H3> 1876 -- 1902 : a National League The 1876 White Stockings won the N.L. championship <P> The Cubs began play in 1870 as the Chicago White Stockings , joining the National League ( NL ) in 1876 as a charter member . Owner William Hulbert signed multiple star players , such as pitcher Albert Spalding and infielders Ross Barnes , Deacon White , and Adrian `` Cap '' Anson , to join the team prior to the N.L. 's first season . The White Stockings played their home games at West Side Grounds and quickly established themselves as one of the new league 's top teams . Spalding won forty - seven games and Barnes led the league in hitting at . 429 as Chicago won the first ever National League pennant , which at the time was the game 's top prize . </P> <P> After back - to - back pennants in 1880 and 1881 , Hulbert died , and Spalding , who had retired to start Spalding sporting goods , assumed ownership of the club . The White Stockings , with Anson acting as player - manager , captured their third consecutive pennant in 1882 , and Anson established himself as the game 's first true superstar . In 1885 and ' 86 , after winning N.L. pennants , the White Stockings met the champions of the short - lived American Association in that era 's version of a World Series . Both seasons resulted in match ups with the St. Louis Brown Stockings , with the clubs tying in 1885 and with St. Louis winning in 1886 . This was the genesis of what would eventually become one of the greatest rivalries in sports . In all , the Anson - led Chicago Base Ball Club won six National League pennants between 1876 and 1886 . As a result , Chicago 's club nickname transitioned , and by 1890 they had become known as the Chicago Colts , or sometimes `` Anson 's Colts '' , referring to Cap 's influence within the club . Anson was the first player in history credited with collecting 3,000 career hits . After a disappointing record of 59 -- 73 and a ninth - place finish in 1897 , Anson was released by the Cubs as both a player and manager . Due to Anson 's absence from the club after 22 years , local newspaper reporters started to refer to the Cubs as the `` Orphans '' . </P> <P> After the 1900 season , the American Base - Ball League formed as a rival professional league , and incidentally the club 's old White Stockings nickname ( eventually shortened to White Sox ) would be adopted by a new American League neighbor to the south . </P> 1902 -- 1920 : a Cubs dynasty The 1906 Cubs won a record 116 of 154 games . They then won back - to - back World Series titles in 1907 -- 08 <P> In 1902 , Spalding , who by this time had revamped the roster to boast what would soon be one of the best teams of the early century , sold the club to Jim Hart . The franchise was nicknamed the Cubs by the Chicago Daily News in 1902 , although not officially becoming the Chicago Cubs until the 1907 season . During this period , which has become known as baseball 's dead - ball era , Cub infielders Joe Tinker , Johnny Evers , and Frank Chance were made famous as a double - play combination by Franklin P. Adams ' poem Baseball 's Sad Lexicon . The poem first appeared in the July 18 , 1910 edition of the New York Evening Mail . Mordecai `` Three - Finger '' Brown , Jack Taylor , Ed Reulbach , Jack Pfiester , and

The Chicago Cubs won a World Series in

When did the cubs won a world series?

-3704886815764312701

The Last Podcast on the Left - Wikipedia <H1> The Last Podcast on the Left </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Last Podcast on the Left </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Presentation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hosted by </Th> <Td> Ben Kissel Marcus Parks Henry Zebrowski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Comedy , True Crime , Black Comedy , Paranormal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Updates </Th> <Td> Fridays </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 30 - 90 Min </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> MP3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 313 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Publication </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 2011 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> https://www.lastpodcastontheleft.com/ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Last Podcast on the Left is a weekly podcast featuring comedian and podcast host Ben Kissel , podcast producer and researcher Marcus Parks , and comedian and actor Henry Zebrowski ( who joined in the third episode ) , all of whom are longtime friends . Released each Friday , the episodes are generally one hour in length , with the hosts exploring the horrors of the world both imagined and real . Previous episodes have explored the topics of serial killers , conspiracy theories , UFO sightings , ghosts , and readings of fan - submitted creepypastas . Kissel , Parks , and Zebrowski tour with live performances of the podcast and produce The Last Stream on the Left , a live - streaming spinoff show on the Adult Swim website . </P> <P> Several repeat characters are present on the podcast , primarily voiced by Zebrowski , such as `` Detective Popcorn '' ( the semi-erotic food - focused incompetent police detective ) and `` Terry the Gnome . '' </P> <P> On April 25 , 2017 , The Last Podcast on the Left received the Webby Award in the new comedy ( podcasts and digital audio ) category . </P> <P> The closing theme is Al Bowlly 's `` Midnight , the Stars and You , '' as a reference to The Shining . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Description </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> <Th> show Released </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The First ! </Td> <Td> You knew it was only a matter of time until we said fuck it , let 's just talk about horror movies for 30 minutes . Join us on this first episode as we ( Ben Kissel and Marcus Parks of The Round Table of Gentlemen ) talk about why we love horror movies so much and who our favorite slashers are , plus Ben reviews the film Rubber . We 're gettin ' spooky ! </Td> <Td> 35 : 07 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Demonology </Td> <Td> It 's an all - demon episode on this Last Podcast On The Left as Ben and Marcus talk about Drag Me To Hell , Hellraiser , Insidious , and their own personal experiences with demons and ghosts including Ben 's Wisconsin demon , Deb - Deb . </Td> <Td> 42 : 04 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Serial Killers </Td> <Td> We 've got a new co-host ! Please join us in welcoming Henry Zebrowski to the show as we talk about our favorite serial killers , including Ed Gein , John Wayne Gacy , and H.H. Holmes . </Td> <Td> 42 : 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cults </Td> <Td> Hoo boy , we 've got a disturbing one on our hands . Tune in this episode as we discuss the wonderful world of cults ! Branch Davidians , Heaven 's Gate , the Manson family and of course the big daddy , Jonestown ( actual bonus footage of their last moments included ) , are all covered in this , the fourth episode of Last Podcast On The Left . </Td> <Td> 42 : 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sightings </Td> <Td> Our first Alien sightings episode ! </Td> <Td> 32 : 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Nazi Party </Td> <Td> Nazis ! Join us this week as we delve into the horrors of the Nazi party from their belief in the occult to the experiments of The Angel of Death , Dr. Joseph Mengele . </Td> <Td> 34 : 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Vampires </Td> <Td> Tune in this week to hear us talk about the origins of vampires ( corpses ! ) , vampire movies ( Let The Right One In ! ) , and the world 's fattest vampire , Count Warren . </Td> <Td> 27 : 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> The End of the World </Td> <Td> Join us to hear about our actual apocalyptic predictions and theories on this special post-fake - apocalypse episode . </Td> <Td> 42 : 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Ghosts ! </Td> <Td> They 're real ! Just like demons . Join us as we talk about The Amityville Horror , ghost hunters , fake mediums , and the future ghost of Ben Kissel . </Td> <Td> 33 : 33 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Live at the Cave Comedy Radio Launch Party ! </Td> <Td> On this special mini-episode , the boys return to the subject of serial killers , specifically Pogo the Clown himself , John Wayne Gacy . </Td> <Td> 11 : 354 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Exorcisms ! </Td> <Td> In the second installment of our continuing ghost / demon series , we delve into the world of exorcisms , specifically the case of Anneliese Michel , featuring actual audio footage of her exorcism ! </Td> <Td> 36 : 01 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> The Psychic Journey </Td> <Td> Join us on the very first Last Podcast On The Left field trip as we search the East Village of New York City for a psychic worth a damn , plus resident psychic and tarot card expert and stand - up comedian Subhah Agarwal comes in to give us the skinny on the whole business . </Td> <Td> 42 : 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Chasing The Boogeyman Part One : Son of Sam </Td> <Td> In this , the first in a three part series to find the real New York boogeyman , we travel out to Forest Hills for our second field trip to the site of the murders of victims 4 and 5 of the Son of Sam himself , David Berkowitz ! We even brought our own bait . </Td> <Td> 46 : 35 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Chasing the Boogeyman Part Two : The Boogeyman Within </Td> <Td> In this , the second in a three part series to find the boogeyman , we look inside ourselves for the psychopath lurking in our own souls . Special guest Molly Knefel comes in to administer a test to see exactly who the biggest sociopath on Last Podcast actually is . I think you already know who it is . </Td> <Td> 32 : 01 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Hoodoo Voodoo </Td> <Td> Voodoo ! Tune in this week as special correspondent Kiki Kapral returns from New Orleans on a voodoo expedition to talk about her interview with an actual voodoo priestess , plus we talk about Haitian voodoo and the anthropological study and subsequent movie starring Bill Pullman known as The Serpent and The Rainbow . </Td> <Td> 34 : 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Creepypasta </Td> <Td> It 's story time ! On this episode , Ben , Henry , and Marcus read to you and discuss some of the creepiest stories they can find on the internet , including one of the best on out there , Barbie. avi . </Td> <Td> 30 : 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Ghost Hunters </Td> <Td> Damn near as bad as TV psychics . Tune in this week to hear our opinions on the terrible world that is ghost hunter TV shows . Bullshit each and every one ! Ghosts are still real , though . </Td> <Td> 30 : 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> The Abducted </Td> <Td> On this very special episode , Ben , Henry , and Marcus welcome actual alien abductee and author Jeremy Vaeni into the studio to discuss his experiences with the creatures from beyond . </Td> <Td> 45 : 53 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Ghost Bustin ' </Td> <Td> Field trip time ! Join us this week as Henry , Ben , and Marcus travel to their friend Natalie 's house to bust the poltergeist that 's been terrorizing her for the last year or so . </Td> <Td> 44 : 04 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Spontaneous Human Combustion </Td> <Td> Spontaneous human combustion ! Is it something you should be afraid of ? Tune in this week to hear us discuss this mysterious phenomenon . </Td> <Td> 28 : 53 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> The Illuminati </Td> <Td> It 's a helluva time on The Last Podcast today as the Ben and Henry give the rundown on that most secret of societies , The Illuminati ! And hoo boy , we got a doozy of a special guest today : former Minnesota governor and conspiracy theory expert , Jesse `` The Body '' Ventura ! </Td> <Td> 40 : 01 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Human Centipede 2 : The Review </Td> <Td> We watch it so you do n't have to ! Henry , Marcus , and Ben review The Human Centipede 2 , complete with live reactions of the movie . Warning : Spoilers abound ! </Td> <Td> 35 : 46 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Real Life Bogeymen : Child Molesters </Td> <Td> Seeing as how pedophiles are somehow in vogue right now , the Last Podcast boys decided to devote an entire episode to these real life bogeymen and their plans to stop them forever . Put ' em in the mines ! </Td> <Td> 34 : 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Friendly Ghosts </Td> <Td> Join the boys this week as they fail miserably at an attempt at a lighthearted show about friendly ghosts . When it 's all said and done , Casper is still a dead child . </Td> <Td> 28 : 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Monsters </Td> <Td> On this special 25th episode edition , Ben , Henry , and Marcus begin their series on regional monsters starting with the big three , Bigfoot , Chupacabra , and The Mothman . </Td> <Td> 43 : 00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 911 </Td> <Td> Ben , Henry , and Marcus delve into the gruesome world of actual 911 calls . Warning : this episode is not for the faint of heart . </Td> <Td> 33 : 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Torture </Td> <Td> From the baddassery of Medieval Times ( The Pear , The Breast Ripper , The Iron Maiden ) to today 's relatively weak CIA techniques ( The Belly Slap , The Attention Grabber , Waterboarding ) , we cover it all on today 's Last Podcast On The Left . </Td> <Td> 38 : 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Families Are Tough </Td> <Td> The boys explore the phenomenon of families who kill , whether it be each other or the people around

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Himadri station - wikipedia <H1> Himadri station </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Himadri Himadri </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Research station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Himadri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Coordinates : 78 ° 55 ′ N 11 ° 56 ′ E  /  78.917 ° N 11.933 ° E  / 78.917 ; 11.933 Coordinates : 78 ° 55 ′ N 11 ° 56 ′ E  /  78.917 ° N 11.933 ° E  / 78.917 ; 11.933 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Named for </Th> <Td> Himadri Range of Himalayas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Polar Research Organisation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Body </Th> <Td> National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Himadri Station is India 's first Arctic research station located at Spitsbergen , Svalbard , Norway . It is located at the International Arctic Research base , Ny - Ålesund . It was inaugurated on the 1st of July , 2008 by the Minister of Earth Sciences . It was set up during India 's second Arctic expedition in June 2008 . It is located at a distance of 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) from the North Pole . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Research Goals </Li> <Li> 2 Strategic Interests </Li> <Li> 3 Description </Li> <Li> 4 New research in Arctic IndARC </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Research goals ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Himadri 's functions include long term monitoring of the fjord ( Kongsfjorden ) dynamics , and atmospheric research . The primary goals of India 's research includes research on aerosol radiation , space weather , food - web dynamics , microbial communities , glaciers , sedimentology , and carbon recycling . The research base has devoted time for the research of governance and policy of the Arctic . India has prioritised research and study in the fields of genetics , glaciology , geology , pollution in the atmosphere , and space weather among other fields . </P> <P> In 2012 - 2013 , a total of 25 scientists visited the base which was staffed for 185 days to carry out studies under ten distinct projects . </P> <H2> Strategic interests ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United States Geological Survey estimates that 22 percent of the world 's oil and natural gas could be located beneath the Arctic . India 's ONGC Videsh is reported to be interested in joint venture with Russia for oil exploration and has reportedly requested Rosneft for stake in a project . In addition , using Arctic sea lanes for shipping would reduce voyage times by 40 % compared to Indian , Pacific or Atlantic ocean routes . On May 15 , 2013 , India was made a permanent observer at the Arctic Council . </P> <P> India is the 11th country after Britain , Germany , France , Italy , China , Japan , South Korea , The Netherlands , Sweden and Norway to set up a permanent research station in Ny - Ålesund . </P> <H2> Description ( edit ) </H2> <P> The station was set up in a refurbished two floored building with four bedrooms . The building has an area of 220 m ( 2,400 sq ft ) and has other facilities including a computer room , store room , drawing room and internet . It can host 8 scientists at normal conditions . The crew of the station are given training in shooting with rifles to protect themselves from polar bears . </P> <H2> New research in Arctic IndARC ( edit ) </H2> <P> Established in August 2014 . Designed and developed by scientists from the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research ( NCAOR ) and National Institute of Ocean Technology ( NIOT ) , the observatory has been deployed in the Kongsfjorden fjord of the Arctic , roughly halfway between Norway and the North Pole is named `` IndARC '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of research stations in the Arctic </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ P , Sunderarajan ( 2 July 2008 ) . `` New Indian research station at the Arctic '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Research Base `` Himadri '' `` . Ministry of Earth Sciences . Press Information Bureau . 5 May 2010 . Retrieved Apr 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2009 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Earth Sciences ( PDF ) . Department of Ocean Development . 2009 ( 2009 ) . Retrieved Apr 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacob , Jayanth ( 10 June 2013 ) . `` India gives leg - up to Arctic research '' . New Delhi . The Hindustan Times . Retrieved Apr 29 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2010 - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Earth Sciences ( PDF ) . Department of Ocean Development . 2010 ( 2010 ) . Retrieved Apr 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jon Børre Ørbæk ( 17 -- 18 September 2013 ) . `` Svalbard Integrated Earth Observing System ( SIOS ) opportunities for pan-Arctic Observations and Collaboration '' ( PDF ) . Research Council Norway . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stensdal , Iselin ( 2013 ) . `` Asian Arctic Research 2005 - 2012 : '' ( PDF ) . Fridtjof Nansen Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The French - German Arctic Research Base AWIPEV winter 2012 / 13 '' ( PDF ) . NySMAC. April 2013 . p. 38 . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Strategic Importance of the Arctic in U.S. Policy '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Devirupa Mitra ( 2 October 2012 ) . `` Taking cue from China , India eyeing Arctic region '' . New Indian Express . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kabir Taneja ( 15 June 2013 ) . `` India pushes for visibility in Arctic '' . The Sunday Guardian . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meena Menon , Sandeep Dikshit ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` India gets observer status in Arctic Council '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : P. Sunderarajan ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` New Indian research station at the Arctic '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ny Alesund Science Plan '' . National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research ( NCAOR ) . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/India-Deploys-First-Ocean-Moored-Observatory-in-Arctic/2014/08/03/article2362075.ece </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Indian Minister to Svalbard </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Svalbard </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Archaeology </Li> <Li> Cannabis </Li> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Languages </Li> <Li> Museums </Li> <Li> In fiction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Act </Li> <Li> Longyearbyen Community Council </Li> <Li> Governor </Li> <Li> Treaty </Li> <Li> Visa policy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Settlements </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Barentsburg </Li> <Li> Hopen Radio </Li> <Li> Longyearbyen </Li> <Li> Ny - Ålesund </Li> <Li> Isbjørnhamna </Li> <Li> Sveagruva </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former settlements </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Advent City </Li> <Li> Bölscheøya </Li> <Li> Finneset </Li> <Li> Gåshamna </Li> <Li> Grumant </Li> <Li> Hiorthhamn </Li> <Li> Isfjord Radio </Li> <Li> Kobbefjorden </Li> <Li> Lægerneset </Li> <Li> Pyramiden </Li> <Li> Smeerenburg </Li> <Li> Virgohamna </Li> <Li> Ytre Norskøya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Environment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Flora </Li> <Li> Protected areas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Islands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amsterdam Island </Li> <Li> Barentsøya </Li> <Li> Bear Island </Li> <Li> Danes Island </Li> <Li> Edgeøya </Li> <Li> Hopen </Li> <Li> Kong Karls Land </Li> <Li> Kvitøya </Li> <Li> Nordaustlandet </Li> <Li> Prins Karls Forland </Li> <Li> Sjuøyane </Li> <Li> Spitsbergen </Li> <Li> Thousand Islands </Li> <Li> Wilhelm Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Land areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spitsbergen : Albert I Land </Li> <Li> Andrée Land </Li> <Li> Bünsow Land </Li> <Li> Dickson Land </Li> <Li> Haakon VII Land </Li> <Li> Heer Land </Li> <Li> James I Land </Li> <Li> Nathorst Land </Li> <Li> Nordenskiöld Land </Li> <Li> Ny - Friesland </Li> <Li> Olav V Land </Li> <Li> Oscar II Land </Li> <Li> Sabine Land </Li> <Li> Sørkapp Land </Li> <Li> Torell Land </Li> <Li> Wedel Jarlsberg Land </Li> <Li> Nordaustlandet : Gustav Adolf Land </Li> <Li> Gustav V Land </Li> <Li> Orvin Land </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National parks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Forlandet National Park </Li> <Li> Indre Wijdefjorden </Li> <Li> Nordenskiöld Land </Li> <Li> Nordre Isfjorden Land </Li> <Li> Northwest Spitsbergen </Li> <Li> Sassen -- Bünsow Land </Li> <Li> Sør - Spitsbergen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arctic Coal Company </Li> <Li> Arktikugol </Li> <Li> Bjørnøen </Li> <Li> Kings Bay </Li> <Li> Store Norske </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Research </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arctic Yellow River Station </Li> <Li> Dirigibile Italia Arctic Station </Li> <Li> Himadri Station </Li> <Li> Norwegian Polar Institute </Li> <Li> Polish Polar Station </Li> <Li> Seed Vault </Li> <Li> University Centre </Li> <Li> Zeppelin Station </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Telecommunications </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hopen Radio </Li> <Li> Isfjord Radio </Li> <Li> Kongsfjord Telemetry Station </Li> <Li> . sj </Li> <Li> Satellite Station </Li> <Li> Svalbard Radio </Li> <Li> Undersea Cable </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transport </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Barentsburg Heliport , Heerodden </Li> <Li> Ny - Ålesund Airport , Hamnerabben </Li> <Li> Pyramiden Heliport </Li> <Li> Svalbard Airport , Longyear </Li> <Li> Svalbard Rocket Range </Li> <Li> Svea Airport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himadri_Station&oldid=808630902 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Arctic research </Li> <Li> Research stations </Li> <Li> Research in India </Li> <Li> Science and technology in Svalbard </Li> <Li> Ny - Ålesund </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Articles created via the Article Wizard </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 02 : 49 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

India's first Arctic research station, set up in 2008, is named

India's first arctic research station set up in 2008 what is the name?

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of Demon Blood '' </Td> <Td> Michael Goi </Td> <Td> Zac Hug </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 267314 - 26 </Td> <Td> 0.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Several Shadowhunters are killed and their runes cut - off . Imogen Herondale appoints Jace as the head of the New York Institute . Alec goes to Magnus loft to get a DNA sample to prove he is n't involved in the killings ; the two fight and Magnus demands he leave . Imogen suggests micro-chipping all Downworlders to be constantly aware of their whereabouts , Alec vehemently disagrees , but Jace seems amenable to the idea . Max arrives and Isabelle is appointed his tutor . Clary is attacked and injured but Simon rescues her and takes her to the Institute . Jace heads to the Hunter 's Moon to begin chipping werewolves and he and Maia get into a physical fight which results in her being chipped . Luke , angered at the Shadowhunters ' behaviour , tells Jace to leave . An upset and tipsy Magnus spends some time with Dot . Isabelle meets Raphael for help finding the killer , Max follows her and is kidnapped . With Meliorn 's help , they find Max and kill the culprit , a Seelie named Kaelie . Jace appoints Alec head of the Institute . Alec apologises to Magnus , and the two reconcile . Jace , on Alec 's orders , de-chips Maia , and the two sleep together . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The Fair Folk '' </Td> <Td> Chris Grismer </Td> <Td> Taylor Mallory </Td> <Td> June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 267314 - 27 </Td> <Td> 0.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Alec sends Clary and Jace on a mission to the Seelie Court ; Simon insists on joining them . At the Institute , Alec begins the Downworlder Cabinet , a weekly meeting with representatives from the warlocks , vampires , Seelies , and werewolves . Alec discusses the Institute 's new policy of complete transparency with Magnus , Luke , Meliorn and Raphael . Maryse is back in town ; her and Isabelle discuss her father 's infidelity and Isabelle 's yin fen addiction . They reconcile . At the Seelie Court , the Seelie Queen drives a wedge between Simon and the Shadowhunters by revealing Clary still harbors feelings for Jace . An unknown individual with a plot to execute Valentine contacts Luke . Luke heads down to the Institute cells to kill Valentine , but is foiled by Sebastian and Alec . Alec decides not to press charges . Isabelle asks Raphael to pursue a relationship with her and he refuses . Sebastian plays piano next to several burner phones on a chair . Hearing a noise from a closet , he threatens a bound man he has kept inside . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` A Problem of Memory '' </Td> <Td> Peter DeLuise </Td> <Td> Allison Rymer </Td> <Td> July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 267314 - 28 </Td> <Td> 0.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Alec is worried about Magnus ' wellbeing , he questions Magnus , but is assured by the warlock nothing is amiss . Simon breaks up with Clary , and Isabelle comforts her . That night Simon is introduced to a Bleeder 's Den , where vampires bite mundanes to get high ; a girl is found dead the next morning and Simon worries he may be the culprit . Sebastian 's cousin , Aline , arrives at the New York Institute ; the man captive in Sebastian 's apartment is revealed to be the real Sebastian . After being arrested by Luke 's police partner Ollie , Simon returns to the Bleeder 's Den and stakes the real murderer of the dead girl . As a result of the torture he suffered in Valentine 's body , Magnus is having flashbacks of the night he found his mother , dead . He finally confesses his struggles to Alec , who consoles him . The real Sebastian escapes and tries to warn Aline , but his captor kills him before he can reach her . The Shadowhunters portal Valentine to Idris , but are circumvented with Valentine ending up at Sebastian 's apartment . Sebastian 's true form is revealed and he calls Valentine `` father '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Day of Atonement '' </Td> <Td> Paul Wesley </Td> <Td> Peter Binswanger </Td> <Td> July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 267314 - 29 </Td> <Td> 0.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Sebastian holds Valentine captive ; he intends to send him to Edom as punishment for Valentine doing the same to him . Jace suspects Valentine is hiding in a cabin in Idris where he spent time during his childhood . Clary draws a portal rune and the two are transported to Lake Lyn in Idris . Jace and Clary lose track of each other and Clary hallucinates the Angel Ithuriel who tells her that Jonathan is alive . Alec senses Jace is in trouble through their parabatai bond and with the help of his father Robert , sends Isabelle to find him . Isabelle finds Jace and together they retrieve Clary and cure her of the hallucinogenic effects of the waters of Lake Lyn . The three look for the cabin only to find it deserted . Robert reveals to Alec that the Clave never recovered the Soul Sword and has been lying to the Downworld . Valentine convinces Sebastian to work with him . With information they found at the cabin , Clary realizes that her real brother Jonathan is still alive . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` A Dark Reflection '' </Td> <Td> Jeffrey Hunt </Td> <Td> Hollie Overton </Td> <Td> July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 267314 - 30 </Td> <Td> 0.60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Sebastian is revealed to be in possession of the Soul Sword , thus with two of the three Mortal Instruments , he and Valentine hunt for the Mortal Mirror . Luke receives a message from Cleophas , still Valentine 's captive , that the Clave lied about possessing the Soul Sword ; he shares the information with Magnus . Magnus confronts Alec with the news and is furious that it was kept from him . No longer able to trust the Clave , he debates aligning with the Seelie Queen . Isabelle struggles with the fact that Max is growing up and convinces Maia to give a relationship with Simon a chance . Sebastian is torn about his loyalty to Valentine , as it pits him against his sister , Clary . Jace and Clary find out that her mother had hidden The Mortal Mirror . With the help of Dot , they recover it before being attacked by Sebastian . Dot stays behind to give them a chance to escape . Max uses a hair he found to track Jonathan to Sebastian . He challenges Sebastian with this knowledge . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Awake , Arise , or Be Forever Fallen '' </Td> <Td> Amanda Row </Td> <Td> Jamie Gorenberg </Td> <Td> July 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 267314 - 31 </Td> <Td> 0.63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Max lies in a coma following Jonathan 's attack and the Institute is put on lockdown when it becomes clear Jonathan is inside . Magnus and Luke meet with the Seelie Queen , who proposes a Downworlder alliance against Valentine , even if it means starting a war with the Shadowhunters . Luke refuses immediately while Magnus is given time to decide . Jonathan steals the Mortal Mirror . Magnus chooses to serve his people over his relationship with Alec and breaks up with him . Clary discovers Sebastian is Jonathan when he fails a test and manages to get the Mirror back before he escapes the Institute . However , her attempt to disarm the Mirror destroys it , and she realizes the real Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Hail and Farewell '' </Td> <Td> Matt Hastings </Td> <Td> Bryan Q. Miller </Td> <Td> August 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 267314 - 32 </Td> <Td> 0.60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Isabelle , Jace and Clary are trying to take out Valentine and Jonathan but get attacked by a possessing demon . Jace kills the demon . Clary tells the Inquisitor that the Mortal Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris . The Seelie Queen comes to the institute to meet with the Downworld Council but she refuses to give her support to capture and execute Valentine . Maia and Simon are dating . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Beside Still Water '' </Td> <Td> Matt Hastings </Td> <Td> Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer </Td> <Td> August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 267314 - 33 </Td> <Td> 0.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> The dying Jonathan washed ashore on the shore of Manhattan , and using his blood , he summoned the wraith demons . Meanhwhile , Luke and Simon comes to Magnus after Maia 's abduction , and in the final battle , Valentine eventually succedded in summoning Raziel and killed Jace . Clary , in a fit of rage , stabs Valentine , finally killing him . With Raziel 's summoning , Clary wishes for Jace 's resurrection. Also Magnus and Alec got back & their relationship survived . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` On Infernal Ground '' </Td> <Td> Matt Hastings </Td> <Td> Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 267314 - 34 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Powers That Be '' </Td> <Td> Peter DeLuise </Td> <Td> Peter Binswanger </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 267314 - 35 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` What Lies Beneath '' </Td> <Td> Amanda Row </Td> <Td> Alex Schemmer </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 267314 - 36 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Thy Soul Instructed '' </Td> <Td> Emile Levisetti </Td> <Td> Jamie Gorenberg </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 267314 - 37 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Stronger Than Heaven '' </Td> <Td> Matt Hastings </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> 267314 - 38 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> Alexis Korycinski </Td> <Td> Aisha Porter - Christie </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> Joshua Butler </Td> <Td> Celeste Vasquez </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> DVR viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Total ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Total viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr>

Shadowhunters Season 2 Episode 17 is scheduled to be released on

When does shadowhunters season 2 episode 17 come out?

5775133890125619778

Houston Astros - wikipedia <H1> Houston Astros </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Astros '' redirects here . For other uses , see Astro . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Houston Astros </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 2018 Houston Astros season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Established in 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Team logo </Td> <Td> Cap insignia </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Major league affiliations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> American League ( 2013 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> West Division ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National League ( 1962 -- 2012 ) <Ul> <Li> Central Division ( 1994 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Current uniform </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retired numbers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 24 </Li> <Li> 25 </Li> <Li> 32 </Li> <Li> 33 </Li> <Li> 34 </Li> <Li> 40 </Li> <Li> 49 </Li> <Li> 42 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Colors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Navy blue , orange , white </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Houston Astros ( 1965 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Houston Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Other nicknames </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ' Stros </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Ballpark </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Minute Maid Park ( 2000 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Astrodome ( 1965 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Colt Stadium ( 1962 -- 1964 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Major league titles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Series titles ( 1 ) </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AL Pennants ( 1 ) </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NL Pennants ( 1 ) </Th> <Td> 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AL West Division titles ( 1 ) </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NL West / Central Division titles ( 6 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wild card berths ( 3 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Astros also qualified for the postseason in the strike - split 1981 season , losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Front office </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jim Crane </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manager </Th> <Td> A.J. Hinch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General Manager </Th> <Td> Jeff Luhnow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President of Baseball Operations </Th> <Td> Reid Ryan </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000 . </P> <P> The Astros were established as the Houston Colt . 45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name -- reflecting Houston 's role as the control center of the U.S. space program -- was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the world 's first domed sports stadium . </P> <P> The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012 . They played in the West Division from 1969 to 1993 , and the Central Division from 1994 to 2012 . While a member of the NL , the Astros played in one World Series , in 2005 , against the Chicago White Sox , in which they were swept in four games . In 2017 , they became the first franchise in MLB history to have won a pennant in both the NL and the AL , when they defeated the New York Yankees in the ALCS . They subsequently won the 2017 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers , winning four games to three , earning the team , and Texas , its first World Series title . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Franchise history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Major League Baseball comes to Texas </Li> <Li> 1.2 1962 -- 1964 : The Colt . 45s </Li> <Li> 1.3 1965 -- 1970 : The Great Indoors </Li> <Li> 1.4 1971 -- 1974 : The boys in orange <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 The Big Trade </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5 1975 -- 1979 : The rainbow era </Li> <Li> 1.6 1980 : On the Brink </Li> <Li> 1.7 1981 -- 1985 </Li> <Li> 1.8 1986 : Lighting a Fire </Li> <Li> 1.9 1987 -- 1990 : Out with the old , in with the new </Li> <Li> 1.10 2000 -- 2004 : New stadium </Li> <Li> 1.11 2005 : First World Series in Texas </Li> <Li> 1.12 2006 -- 2010 : The decline </Li> <Li> 1.13 2010 -- 2014 : move to the AL West </Li> <Li> 1.14 2015 : Sudden success and a return to the playoffs </Li> <Li> 1.15 2016 : Inconsistency </Li> <Li> 1.16 2017 : World Series champions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Achievements <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Franchise record </Li> <Li> 2.2 Awards </Li> <Li> 2.3 Team captains </Li> <Li> 2.4 Team records </Li> <Li> 2.5 Retired numbers <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Hall of Fame <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Baseball Hall of Fame members </Li> <Li> 3.2 Ford C. Frick Award recipients </Li> <Li> 3.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Current roster </Li> <Li> 5 Minor league affiliations </Li> <Li> 6 Radio and television </Li> <Li> 7 Mascots </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Franchise history ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Major League Baseball comes to Texas ( edit ) </H3> See also : Houston Buffaloes <P> From 1888 until 1961 , Houston 's professional baseball club was the minor league Houston Buffaloes . Although expansion from the National League eventually brought an MLB team to Texas in 1962 , Houston officials had been making efforts to do so for years prior . There were four men chiefly responsible for bringing Major League Baseball to Houston : George Kirksey and Craig Cullinan , who had led a futile attempt to purchase the St. Louis Cardinals in 1952 ; R.E. `` Bob '' Smith , a prominent oilman and real estate magnate in Houston who was brought in for his financial resources ; and Judge Roy Hofheinz , a former Mayor of Houston and Harris County Judge who was recruited for his salesmanship and political style . They formed the Houston Sports Association as their vehicle for attaining a big league franchise for the city of Houston . </P> <P> Given MLB 's refusal to consider expansion , Kirksey , Cullinan , Smith , and Hofheinz joined forces with would - be owners from other cities and announced the formation of a new league to compete with the established National and American Leagues . They called the new league the Continental League . Wanting to protect potential new markets , both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten . However , plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner , Marty Marion , could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team . To make matters worse , the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960 . </P> <P> However , on October 17 , 1960 , the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Houston Sports Association in which their team could begin play in the 1962 season . According to the Major League Baseball Constitution , the Houston Sports Association was required to obtain territorial rights from the Houston Buffaloes in order to play in the Houston area , and again negotiations began to purchase the team . Eventually , the Houston Sports Association succeeded in purchasing the Houston Buffaloes , at this point majority - owned by William Hopkins , on January 17 , 1961 . The Buffs played one last minor league season as the top farm team of the Chicago Cubs in 1961 before being succeeded by the city 's NL club . </P> <P> The new Houston team was named the Colt . 45s after a `` Name The Team '' contest was won by William Irving Neder . The Colt . 45 was well known as `` the gun that won the west . '' The colors selected were navy blue and orange . The first team was formed mostly through an expansion draft after the 1961 season . The Colt . 45s and their expansion cousins , the New York Mets , took turns choosing players left unprotected by the other National League franchises . </P> <P> Many of those associated with the Houston Buffaloes organization were allowed by the ownership to continue in the major league . Manager Harry Craft , who had joined Houston in 1961 , remained in the same position for the team until the end of the 1964 season . General manager Spec Richardson also continued with the organization as business manager , but was later promoted again to the same position with the Astros from 1967 until 1975 . Although most players for the major league franchise were obtained through the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft , Buffs players J.C. Hartman , Pidge Browne , Jim Campbell , Ron Davis , Dave Giusti , and Dave Roberts were chosen to continue as major league ball players . </P> <P> Similarly , the radio broadcasting team remained with the new Houston major league franchise . Loel Passe worked alongside Gene Elston as a color commentator until he retired from broadcasting in 1976 . Elston continued with the Astros until 1986 . </P> <P> The Colt . 45s began their existence playing at Colt Stadium , a temporary venue built just north of the construction site of the indoor stadium . </P> <H3> 1962 -- 1964 : the Colt . 45s ( edit ) </H3> Colt . 45s logo , 1962 -- 1964 <P> The Colt . 45s started their inaugural season on April 10 , 1962 , against the Chicago Cubs with Harry Craft as the Colt . 45s ' manager . Bob Aspromonte scored the first run for the Colt . 45s on an Al Spangler triple in the first inning . They started the season with a three - game sweep of the Cubs but eventually finished eighth among the National League 's ten teams . The team 's best pitcher , Richard `` Turk '' Farrell , lost 20 games despite an ERA of 3.02 . A starter for the Colt . 45s , Farrell was primarily a relief pitcher prior to playing for Houston . He was selected to both All - Star Games in 1962 . </P> <P> The 1963 season saw more young talent mixed with seasoned veterans . Jimmy Wynn , Rusty Staub , and Joe Morgan all made their major league debuts in the 1963 season . However , Houston 's position in the standings did not improve . In fact , the Colt . 45s finished in ninth place with a 66 -- 96 record . The team was still building , trying to find that perfect mix to compete . The 1964 campaign began on a sad note , as relief pitcher Jim Umbricht died of cancer at the age of 33 on April 8 , just before Opening Day . Umbricht was the only Colt . 45s pitcher to post

Houston switched to the American League in

When did houston go to the american league?

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figure in Smallville , as the decisions made by Clark and Lex change the character over the course of the show . As Gough explains , by the end of the sixth season , Lana has shown that she can beat Lex at his own game . Over the course of the show , Lana transitions from the girl next door to a more `` self - reliant young woman '' . Kreuk has been nominated for various awards for her portrayal of Lana Lang . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Role in Smallville </Li> <Li> 2 Portrayal </Li> <Li> 3 Character development <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Storyline progression </Li> <Li> 3.2 Characterization </Li> <Li> 3.3 Relationships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 Other media appearances <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Young adult novels </Li> <Li> 5.2 Comic books </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Role in Smallville ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the first season , Lana and Clark Kent ( Tom Welling ) are just beginning their friendship , as she is a popular cheerleader dating star quarterback Whitney Fordman ( Eric Johnson ) , and Clark can not get near her without getting sick from the kryptonite necklace she wears . In the pilot episode , when her parents are killed in the first meteor shower , Lana is adopted by her aunt Nell ( Sarah - Jane Redmond ) . As the first season progresses , Lana grows closer to Clark , while Whitney begins to distance himself because of his father 's medical ailments . In season two 's episode `` Heat '' Lana sends Whitney , who left Smallville for the Marines in the season one finale , a video message breaking up with him . Lana 's aunt Nell moves to Metropolis with her fiancé in the season two episode `` Ryan '' , but Lana opts to move in with her friend Chloe Sullivan ( Allison Mack ) so that she may finish high school in Smallville . </P> <P> By the end of season two , Lana and Clark slowly try and start a romantic relationship , but fear backlash from Chloe because of her personal feelings for Clark . Just as the two give in to their feelings fully , Clark unexpectedly runs away from Smallville in the season two finale . At the start of season three , it is shown that Lana , alongside the Kents , has been spending her time searching for Clark ; she ultimately finds him in Metropolis thanks to Chloe 's help . Clark 's actions in Metropolis force the two to rethink their relationship in the season three episode `` Phoenix '' , and Lana eventually begins a new relationship with Adam Knight ( Ian Somerhalder ) , a guy she met while in physical therapy after being trampled by a horse in season three 's `` Asylum '' . By the season three episode `` Crisis '' , it is discovered that the relationship Adam attempted to form with Lana was just a ploy so that Adam could investigate Clark . </P> <P> Season three 's `` Forsaken '' reveals that Lana , in order to move on with her life , applies and is admitted into a program to study in Paris , France . Season four shows that Lana , while in Paris , began a romantic relationship with Jason Teague ( Jensen Ackles ) . At the beginning of season four , Lana returns to Smallville after receiving a mysterious tattoo on her lower back , which resembles a symbol on the local Kawatche cave walls , when she touched the tomb of Countess Margaret Isobel Theroux . In season four 's `` Spell '' and `` Sacred '' , the tattoo acts as a doorway for the spirit of Isobel to inhabit Lana 's body ; each time Isobel takes over Lana 's body she sets out to find the three stones of knowledge , which are also being searched for by Clark and Lex Luthor ( Michael Rosenbaum ) . In the season four finale `` Commencement '' , Lana is confronted by Jason 's mother Genevieve ( Jane Seymour ) , who is also after the three stones of knowledge , and during a struggle Isobel comes forward and kills Genevieve . The resulting death of Genevieve , who was revealed to have been the cause for Isobel 's death centuries prior in the episode `` Bound '' , releases Isobel 's control over Lana . </P> <P> During the second meteor shower , Lana witnesses the landing of an alien spacecraft , and two alien beings emerging and killing everyone in sight in the season five premiere . The spaceship becomes Lana 's primary focus in season five , officially teaming up with Lex Luthor to discover the mystery behind the ship in the episode `` Splinter '' . When her relationship with Clark hits a breaking point in season five 's `` Hypnotic '' , she begins to grow closer to Lex . The relationship with Lex eventually leads to marriage in the season six episode `` Promise '' , but not before Lana discovers Clark 's secret and realizes why he has been lying to her all these years . When she learns that Lex set up a fake pregnancy in order to get her to marry him in the season six finale `` Phantom '' , Lana effectively ends the marriage and fakes her own death to escape Lex after he threatens her . She also frames Lex for her murder , to punish him for his betrayal . It is revealed at the start of season seven that her effort fails , but as part of the `` settlement '' of their divorce , Lex makes sure that Lana does not go to jail for her actions . </P> <P> With Clark 's secret no longer an issue , the two begin a real relationship in the season seven episode `` Fierce '' . Lana becomes obsessed with making Lex pay for all his crimes against humanity , which causes her to develop the Isis Foundation , using $10 million she stole from Lex . The Isis Foundation is a counseling center for kryptonite - infected people , but it doubles as a front for Lana 's surveillance on Lex . Her obsessions also begin to affect her relationship with Clark by the episode `` Wrath '' . Eventually , Lana realizes that , even though she loves him , the only way for Clark to help the world to the best of his ability would be if she left Clark and Smallville for good , which she does in the season seven finale . </P> <P> In the season eight episode `` Bride '' , Oliver Queen ( Justin Hartley ) , believing he is tracking Lex Luthor who has been missing since the season seven finale , discovers Lana instead . Oliver convinces her to return to Smallville so that she can attend Chloe 's wedding . In the season eight episode `` Power '' , it is revealed that Lana really returned so that she could steal Lex 's `` Prometheus '' technology , which harnesses alien DNA to give the wearer of a `` super-suit '' superhuman abilities , for herself . By the end of the episode , the procedure is complete , and Lana becomes just as strong and invulnerable as Clark . In the episode `` Requiem '' , Lana discovers that her suit absorbs kryptonite , but also emits the radiation making her a potential danger to Clark . When Winslow Schott puts a kryptonite bomb on the roof of the Daily Planet , Lana is forced to absorb all of the kryptonite to deactivate the bomb . As a result , she leaves Smallville to go on her own quest as Clark can no longer get near her without the kryptonite radiation hurting him . </P> <H2> Portrayal ( edit ) </H2> <P> Creators Alfred Gough and Miles Millar were initially trying to find someone for the role of Clark Kent , but Kristin Kreuk was the first to be cast , as Lana Lang . Casting director Coreen Mayrs sent David Nutter , the director of the pilot episode , a tape of 69 people and the second person on the tape was Kreuk . They loved her audition tape so much they immediately showed her to the network . For one of her auditions , she read the graveyard scene with Tom Welling ; the network thought they had `` great chemistry '' . Jade Unterman and Louise Grant portrayed the character as a child and an elderly woman , respectively . </P> <P> At the time she was cast as Lana , Kreuk had no idea who the character was in Superman lore . Her uncle , who owned a comic book shop , filled her in on the details and she learned more from the producers . Kreuk realized that the character in the comics and her character on the show were two different people . As a result , Kreuk learns about the development of Lana as Lana is learning in the show , just as Welling does with Clark Kent . When asked if her being cast as a traditionally red haired character caused outcry from fans , Kreuk believes that whoever did `` got over it pretty fast '' . By season three , Kreuk had decided to `` invest '' herself less in her character , as she felt that her character 's ultimate development was entirely in the hands of the producers . She no longer became frustrated when the producers had Lana doing things that Kreuk felt were out of character , instead trusting that they would find the right direction for the character . </P> <P> Kreuk enjoyed the fourth season because it gave her the chance to stretch her acting abilities with Lana 's storyline involving the spirit of Countess Margaret Isobel Thoreaux . According to the actress , `` That was a lot of fun ; I thought it was funny as well ( ... ) It really was wonderful to be able to stretch and play this driven woman who has a goal and is going to reach it , and in the meantime she 's going to be sexy doing it . That was a lot of fun for me because the show ( sometimes ) is n't realistic so , as actors , we get to play with different types of things . '' Kreuk says her strangest moment on the show was playing a vampire in season five 's `` Thirst '' , an experience she remembers as `` uncomfortable '' due to the fake blood they covered her in . Kreuk left the series at the end of the seventh season , but appeared in five episodes in season eight as a guest star . </P> <P> Coincidentally , Annette O'Toole , who portrayed Martha Kent in the series , played Lana Lang in Superman III , starring Christopher Reeve . </P> <H2> Character development ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Storyline progression ( edit ) </H3> <P> One of the early turning points for the character came in season one 's `` X-Ray '' , when Lana discovers information about her parents that changes her perspective on them . It began with her mother 's graduation speech , which showed that her mother was not as happy as her aunt had led her to believe . Lana 's perception of her mother drove the way she led her own life , which was based on the idea of everyone perceiving her in a good light . In season two , Lana discovers that her mother had had an affair with a man named Henry Small , and that he was her biological father . This continued the idea established in season one that Lana 's perception that her parents were this perfect couple

Lana and Clark get back together in

When does lana and clark get back together?

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The Old Man and the Sea - wikipedia <H1> The Old Man and the Sea </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Old Man and the Sea ( disambiguation ) . <Table> The Old Man and the Sea <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Original book cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Ernest Hemingway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Literary Fiction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 1952 ( Charles Scribner 's Sons ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( hardback & paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 127 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> Pulitzer Prize for fiction ( 1953 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 684 - 80122 - 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 19793 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dewey Decimal </Th> <Td> 813.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> LC Class </Th> <Td> PS3515. E37 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Old Man and the Sea is a short novel written by the American author Ernest Hemingway in 1951 in Bimini , Bahamas , and published in 1952 . It was the last major work of fiction by Hemingway that was published during his lifetime . One of his most famous works , it tells the story of Santiago , an aging Cuban fisherman who struggles with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf Stream off the coast of Cuba . </P> <P> In 1953 , The Old Man and the Sea was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction , and it was cited by the Nobel Committee as contributing to their awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Hemingway in 1954 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 2 Background and publication </Li> <Li> 3 Literary significance and criticism </Li> <Li> 4 Legacy </Li> <Li> 5 References <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Old Man and the Sea tells the story of a battle between an aging , experienced fisherman , Santiago , and a large marlin . The story opens with Santiago having gone 84 days without catching a fish , and now being seen as `` salao , '' the worst form of unluckiness . He is so unlucky that his young apprentice , Manolin , has been forbidden by his parents to sail with him and has been told instead to fish with successful fishermen . The boy visits Santiago 's shack each night , hauling his fishing gear , preparing food , talking about American baseball and his favorite player , Joe DiMaggio . Santiago tells Manolin that on the next day , he will venture far out into the Gulf Stream , north of Cuba in the Straits of Florida to fish , confident that his unlucky streak is near its end . </P> <P> On the eighty - fifth day of his unlucky streak , Santiago takes his skiff into the Gulf Stream , sets his lines and , by noon , has his bait taken by a big fish that he is sure is a marlin . Unable to haul in the great marlin , Santiago is instead pulled by the marlin , and two days and nights pass with Santiago holding onto the line . Though wounded by the struggle and in pain , Santiago expresses a compassionate appreciation for his adversary , often referring to him as a brother . He also determines that , because of the fish 's great dignity , no one shall deserve to eat the marlin . </P> <P> On the third day , the fish begins to circle the skiff . Santiago , worn out and almost delirious , uses all his remaining strength to pull the fish onto its side and stab the marlin with a harpoon . Santiago straps the marlin to the side of his skiff and heads home , thinking about the high price the fish will bring him at the market and how many people he will feed . </P> <P> On his way in to shore , sharks are attracted to the marlin 's blood . Santiago kills a great mako shark with his harpoon , but he loses the weapon . He makes a new harpoon by strapping his knife to the end of an oar to help ward off the next line of sharks ; five sharks are slain and many others are driven away . But the sharks keep coming , and by nightfall the sharks have almost devoured the marlin 's entire carcass , leaving a skeleton consisting mostly of its backbone , its tail and its head . Santiago knows that he is defeated and tells the sharks of how they have killed his dreams . Upon reaching the shore before dawn on the next day , Santiago struggles to his shack , carrying the heavy mast on his shoulder , leaving the fish head and the bones on the shore . Once home , he slumps onto his bed and falls into a deep sleep . </P> <P> A group of fishermen gather the next day around the boat where the fish 's skeleton is still attached . One of the fishermen measures it to be 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) from nose to tail . Pedrico is given the head of the fish , and the other fishermen tell Manolin to tell the old man how sorry they are . Tourists at the nearby café mistakenly take it for a shark . The boy , worried about the old man , cries upon finding him safe asleep and at his injured hands . Manolin brings him newspapers and coffee . When the old man wakes , they promise to fish together once again . Upon his return to sleep , Santiago dreams of his youth -- of lions on an African beach . </P> <H2> Background and publication ( edit ) </H2> No good book has ever been written that has in it symbols arrived at beforehand and stuck in ... I tried to make a real old man , a real boy , a real sea and a real fish and real sharks . But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things . Ernest Hemingway in 1954 <P> Written in 1951 , and published in 1952 , The Old Man and the Sea is Hemingway 's final full - length work published during his lifetime . The book , dedicated to `` Charlie Scribner '' and to Hemingway 's literary editor `` Max Perkins '' , was featured in Life magazine on September 1 , 1952 , and five million copies of the magazine were sold in two days . </P> <P> The Old Man and the Sea became a Book of the Month Club selection , and made Hemingway a celebrity . Published in book form on September 1 , 1952 , the first edition print run was 50,000 copies . The illustrated edition featured black and white pictures by Charles Tunnicliffe and Raymond Sheppard . </P> <P> In May 1953 , the novel received the Pulitzer Prize and was specifically cited when in 1954 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature which he dedicated to the Cuban people . The success of The Old Man and the Sea made Hemingway an international celebrity . The Old Man and the Sea is taught at schools around the world and continues to earn foreign royalties . </P> <H2> Literary significance and criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Old Man and the Sea served to reinvigorate Hemingway 's literary reputation and prompted a reexamination of his entire body of work . The novel was initially received with much popularity ; it restored many readers ' confidence in Hemingway 's capability as an author . Its publisher , Scribner 's , on an early dust jacket , called the novel a `` new classic , '' and many critics favorably compared it with such works as William Faulkner 's short story The Bear and Herman Melville 's novel Moby - Dick . </P> Ernest Hemingway and Henry ( `` Mike '' ) Strater with the remaining 500 lbs of an estimated 1000 lb marlin that was half - eaten by sharks before it could be landed in the Bahamas in 1935 . See Pilar for details of this episode . <P> Gregorio Fuentes , who many critics believe was an inspiration for Santiago , was a blue - eyed man born on Lanzarote in the Canary Islands . After going to sea at age ten on ships that called in African ports , he migrated permanently to Cuba when he was 22 . After 82 years in Cuba , Fuentes attempted to reclaim his Spanish citizenship in 2001 . Critics have noted that Santiago was also at least 22 when he immigrated from Spain to Cuba , and thus old enough to be considered an immigrant -- and a foreigner -- in Cuba . </P> <P> Hemingway at first planned to use Santiago 's story , which became The Old Man and the Sea , as part of an intimacy between mother and son . Relationships in the book relate to the Bible , which he referred to as `` The Sea Book '' . Some aspects of it did appear in the posthumously published Islands in the Stream . Hemingway mentions the real life experience of an old fisherman almost identical to that of Santiago and his marlin in On the Blue Water : A Gulf Stream Letter ( Esquire , April 1936 ) . </P> <P> Joseph Waldmeir 's essay `` Confiteor Hominem : Ernest Hemingway 's Religion of Man '' is a favorable critical reading of the novel -- and one which has defined analytical considerations since . Perhaps the most memorable claim is Waldmeir 's answer to the question -- What is the book 's message ? </P> <P> The answer assumes a third level on which The Old Man and the Sea must be read -- as a sort of allegorical commentary on all his previous work , by means of which it may be established that the religious overtones of The Old Man and the Sea are not peculiar to that book among Hemingway 's works , and that Hemingway has finally taken the decisive step in elevating what might be called his philosophy of Manhood to the level of a religion . </P> <P> Waldmeir considered the function of the novel 's Christian imagery , made most evident through Hemingway 's obvious reference to the crucifixion of Christ following Santiago 's sighting of the sharks that reads : </P> <P> `` Ay , '' he said aloud . There is no translation for this word and perhaps it is just a noise such as a man might make , involuntarily , feeling the nail go through his hands and into the wood . </P> <P> One of the most outspoken critics of The Old Man and the Sea is Robert P. Weeks . His 1962 piece `` Fakery in The Old Man and the Sea '' presents his claim that the novel is a weak and unexpected divergence from the typical , realistic Hemingway ( referring to the rest of Hemingway 's body of work as `` earlier glories '' ) . In juxtaposing this novel against Hemingway 's previous works , Weeks contends : </P> <P> The difference , however , in the effectiveness with which Hemingway employs this characteristic device in his best work and in The Old Man and the Sea is illuminating . The work of fiction in which Hemingway devoted the most attention to natural objects , The Old Man and the Sea , is pieced out with an extraordinary quantity of fakery , extraordinary because one would expect to find no inexactness , no

The page count of "The Old Man and the Sea" is

The old man and the sea page count?

5556610157787872819

History of the Internet - Wikipedia <H1> History of the Internet </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> History of computing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hardware </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hardware before 1960 </Li> <Li> Hardware 1960s to present </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Software </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Software </Li> <Li> Unix </Li> <Li> Free software and open - source software </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Computer science </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Artificial intelligence </Li> <Li> Compiler construction </Li> <Li> Computer science </Li> <Li> Operating systems </Li> <Li> Programming languages </Li> <Li> Prominent pioneers </Li> <Li> Software engineering </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern concepts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> General - purpose CPUs </Li> <Li> Graphical user interface </Li> <Li> Internet </Li> <Li> Laptops </Li> <Li> Personal computers </Li> <Li> Video games </Li> <Li> World Wide Web </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By country </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Soviet Bloc </Li> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Timeline of computing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before 1950 </Li> <Li> 1950 -- 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 -- 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 -- 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 2009 </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 2019 </Li> <Li> more timelines ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Internet </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> Access </Li> <Li> Censorship </Li> <Li> Democracy </Li> <Li> Digital divide </Li> <Li> Digital rights </Li> <Li> Freedom of information </Li> <Li> History of the Internet </Li> <Li> Internet phenomena </Li> <Li> Net neutrality </Li> <Li> Pioneers </Li> <Li> Privacy </Li> <Li> Sociology </Li> <Li> Usage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Governance ( show ) <Ul> <Li> ICANN </Li> <Li> Internet Engineering Task Force </Li> <Li> Internet Governance Forum </Li> <Li> Internet Society </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Information infrastructure ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Domain Name System </Li> <Li> Hypertext Transfer Protocol </Li> <Li> Internet exchange point </Li> <Li> Internet Protocol </Li> <Li> Internet protocol suite </Li> <Li> Internet service provider </Li> <Li> IP address </Li> <Li> Internet Message Access Protocol </Li> <Li> Simple Mail Transfer Protocol </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Services ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Blogs <Ul> <Li> Microblogging </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Email </Li> <Li> Fax </Li> <Li> File sharing </Li> <Li> File transfer </Li> <Li> Games </Li> <Li> Instant messaging </Li> <Li> Podcasts </Li> <Li> Shopping </Li> <Li> Television </Li> <Li> Voice over IP </Li> <Li> World Wide Web <Ul> <Li> search </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guides ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Index </Li> <Li> Outline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Internet portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s . Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States , United Kingdom , and France . The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s , including for the development of the ARPANET project , directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts . The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock 's laboratory at University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute ( SRI ) . </P> <P> Packet switching networks such as the NPL network , ARPANET , Tymnet , Merit Network , CYCLADES , and Telenet , were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols . Donald Davies first demonstrated packet switching in 1967 at the National Physics Laboratory ( NPL ) in the UK , which became a testbed for UK research for almost two decades . The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking , in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks . </P> <P> The Internet protocol suite ( TCP / IP ) was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET , incorporating concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin . In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities , and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project , which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations . Commercial Internet service providers ( ISPs ) began to emerge in the very late 1980s . The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990 . Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990 , and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995 , removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic . </P> <P> In the 1980s , research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners - Lee resulted in the World Wide Web , linking hypertext documents into an information system , accessible from any node on the network . Since the mid-1990s , the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture , commerce , and technology , including the rise of near - instant communication by electronic mail , instant messaging , voice over Internet Protocol ( VoIP ) telephone calls , two - way interactive video calls , and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums , blogs , social networking , and online shopping sites . The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as JANET in the United Kingdom and Internet2 in the United States . Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1 - Gbit / s , 10 - Gbit / s , or more . The Internet 's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms : it only communicated 1 % of the information flowing through two - way telecommunications networks in the year 1993 , already 51 % by 2000 , and more than 97 % of the telecommunicated information by 2007 . Today the Internet continues to grow , driven by ever greater amounts of online information , commerce , entertainment , and social networking . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Internet history timeline </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Early research and development : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1965 ( 1965 ) : NPL network planning starts </Li> <Li> 1966 ( 1966 ) : Merit Network founded </Li> <Li> 1966 ( 1966 ) : ARPANET planning starts </Li> <Li> 1967 ( 1967 ) : NPL network packet switching pilot experiment </Li> <Li> 1969 ( 1969 ) : ARPANET carries its first packets </Li> <Li> 1970 ( 1970 ) : Network Information Center ( NIC ) </Li> <Li> 1971 ( 1971 ) : Tymnet packet - switched network </Li> <Li> 1972 ( 1972 ) : Merit Network 's packet - switched network operational </Li> <Li> 1972 ( 1972 ) : Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) established </Li> <Li> 1973 ( 1973 ) : CYCLADES network demonstrated </Li> <Li> 1974 ( 1974 ) : Telenet packet - switched network </Li> <Li> 1976 ( 1976 ) : X. 25 protocol approved </Li> <Li> 1978 ( 1978 ) : Minitel introduced </Li> <Li> 1979 ( 1979 ) : Internet Activities Board ( IAB ) </Li> <Li> 1980 ( 1980 ) : USENET news using UUCP </Li> <Li> 1980 ( 1980 ) : Ethernet standard introduced </Li> <Li> 1981 ( 1981 ) : BITNET established </Li> </Ul> <P> Merging the networks and creating the Internet : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1981 ( 1981 ) : Computer Science Network ( CSNET ) </Li> <Li> 1982 ( 1982 ) : TCP / IP protocol suite formalized </Li> <Li> 1982 ( 1982 ) : Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ( SMTP ) </Li> <Li> 1983 ( 1983 ) : Domain Name System ( DNS ) </Li> <Li> 1983 ( 1983 ) : MILNET split off from ARPANET </Li> <Li> 1985 ( 1985 ) : First . COM domain name registered </Li> <Li> 1986 ( 1986 ) : NSFNET with 56 kbit / s links </Li> <Li> 1986 ( 1986 ) : Internet Engineering Task Force ( IETF ) </Li> <Li> 1987 ( 1987 ) : UUNET founded </Li> <Li> 1988 ( 1988 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit / s ( T1 ) </Li> <Li> 1988 ( 1988 ) : OSI Reference Model released </Li> <Li> 1988 ( 1988 ) : Morris worm </Li> <Li> 1989 ( 1989 ) : Border Gateway Protocol ( BGP ) </Li> <Li> 1989 ( 1989 ) : PSINet founded , allows commercial traffic </Li> <Li> 1989 ( 1989 ) : Federal Internet Exchanges ( FIXes ) </Li> <Li> 1990 ( 1990 ) : GOSIP ( without TCP / IP ) </Li> <Li> 1990 ( 1990 ) : ARPANET decommissioned </Li> <Li> 1990 ( 1990 ) : Advanced Network and Services ( ANS ) </Li> <Li> 1990 ( 1990 ) : UUNET / Alternet allows commercial traffic </Li> <Li> 1990 ( 1990 ) : Archie search engine </Li> <Li> 1991 ( 1991 ) : Wide area information server ( WAIS ) </Li> <Li> 1991 ( 1991 ) : Gopher </Li> <Li> 1991 ( 1991 ) : Commercial Internet eXchange ( CIX ) </Li> <Li> 1991 ( 1991 ) : ANS CO + RE allows commercial traffic </Li> <Li> 1991 ( 1991 ) : World Wide Web ( WWW ) </Li> <Li> 1992 ( 1992 ) : NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit / s ( T3 ) </Li> <Li> 1992 ( 1992 ) : Internet Society ( ISOC ) established </Li> <Li> 1993 ( 1993 ) : Classless Inter-Domain Routing ( CIDR ) </Li> <Li> 1993 ( 1993 ) : InterNIC established </Li> <Li> 1993 ( 1993 ) : AOL added USENET access </Li> <Li> 1993 ( 1993 ) : Mosaic web browser released </Li> <Li> 1994 ( 1994 ) : Full text web search engines </Li> <Li> 1994 ( 1994 ) : North American Network Operators ' Group ( NANOG ) established </Li> </Ul> <P> Commercialization , privatization , broader access leads to the modern Internet : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1995 ( 1995 ) : New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs </Li> <Li> 1995 ( 1995 ) : NSFNET decommissioned </Li> <Li> 1995 ( 1995 ) : GOSIP updated to allow TCP / IP </Li> <Li> 1995 ( 1995 ) : very high - speed Backbone Network Service ( vBNS ) </Li> <Li> 1995 ( 1995 ) : IPv6 proposed </Li> <Li> 1996 ( 1996 ) : AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly </Li> <Li> 1998 ( 1998 ) : Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) </Li> <Li> 1999 ( 1999 ) : IEEE 802.11 b wireless networking </Li> <Li> 1999 ( 1999 ) : Internet2 / Abilene Network </Li> <Li> 1999 ( 1999 ) : vBNS+ allows broader access </Li> <Li> 2000 ( 2000 ) : Dot - com bubble bursts </Li> <Li> 2001 ( 2001 ) : New top - level domain names activated </Li> <Li> 2001 ( 2001 ) : Code Red I , Code Red II , and Nimda worms </Li> <Li> 2003 ( 2003 ) : UN World Summit on the Information Society ( WSIS ) phase I </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 2003 ( 2003 ) : National LambdaRail founded </Li> <Li> 2004 ( 2004 ) : UN Working Group on Internet Governance ( WGIG ) </Li> <Li> 2005 ( 2005 ) : UN WSIS phase II </Li> <Li> 2006 ( 2006 ) : First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum </Li>

The precursor to the present day internet was

1. what was the precursor to the present day internet?

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At sign - wikipedia <H1> At sign </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` @ '' and `` : @ '' redirect here . For the emoticon , see List of emoticons . For the letter A within a circle , see Enclosed A. For the album by John Zorn and Thurston Moore , see `` @ '' ( album ) . For technical reasons , `` @ # ! * '' redirects here . For the album , see @ ! * . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> @ </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> At sign </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Punctuation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> apostrophe </Td> <Td> ' ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> brackets </Td> <Td> ( ) ( ) ( ) ⟨ ⟩ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> colon </Td> <Td> : </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> comma </Td> <Td> , ، 、 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> dash </Td> <Td> ‒ -- -- ― </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ellipsis </Td> <Td> ... ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> exclamation mark </Td> <Td> ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> full stop , period </Td> <Td> . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> guillemets </Td> <Td> `` '' `` '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> hyphen </Td> <Td> ‐ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> hyphen - minus </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> question mark </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> quotation marks </Td> <Td> ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> semicolon </Td> <Td> ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> slash , stroke , solidus </Td> <Td> / ⁄ </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Word dividers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> interpunct </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> space </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> General typography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ampersand </Td> <Td> & </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> asterisk </Td> <Td> * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> at sign </Td> <Td> @ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> backslash </Td> <Td> \ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> bullet </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> caret </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> dagger </Td> <Td> † ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> degree </Td> <Td> ° </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ditto mark </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> inverted exclamation mark </Td> <Td> ¡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> inverted question mark </Td> <Td> ¿ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> komejirushi , kome , reference mark </Td> <Td> ※ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> number sign , pound , hash , octothorpe </Td> <Td> # </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> numero sign </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> obelus </Td> <Td> ÷ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> multiplication sign </Td> <Td> × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ordinal indicator </Td> <Td> o a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> percent , per mil </Td> <Td> % ‰ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> plus and minus </Td> <Td> + − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> equals sign </Td> <Td> = </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> basis point </Td> <Td> ‱ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> pilcrow </Td> <Td> ¶ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> prime </Td> <Td> ′ '' ′′′ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> section sign </Td> <Td> § </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> tilde </Td> <Td> ~ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> underscore , understrike </Td> <Td> _ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> vertical bar , pipe , broken bar </Td> <Td> ‖ ¦ </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Intellectual property </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> copyright </Td> <Td> © </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> sound - recording copyright </Td> <Td> ℗ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> registered trademark </Td> <Td> ® </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> service mark </Td> <Td> SM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> trademark </Td> <Td> TM </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Currency </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> currency sign </Td> <Td> ¤ </Td> </Tr> </Table> currency symbols <P> ؋ ​ ₳ ​ ฿ ​ ₿ ​ ₵ ​ ¢ ​ ₡ ​ ₢ ​ $ ​ ₫ ​ ₯ ​ ֏ ​ ₠ ​ € ​ ƒ ​ ₣ ​ ₲ ​ ₴ ​ ₭ ​ ₺ ​ ₾ ​ ₼ ​ M ​ ₥ ​ ₦ ​ ₧ ​ ₱ ​ ₰ ​ £ ​ 元 圆 圓 ​ ریال ​ ៛ ​ ₽ ​ ₹ Rs ​ ₪ ​ ৳ ​ ₸ ​ ₮ ​ ₩ ​ ¥ 円 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Uncommon typography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> asterism </Td> <Td> ⁂ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> hedera </Td> <Td> ❧ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> index , fist </Td> <Td> ☞ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> interrobang </Td> <Td> ‽ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> irony punctuation </Td> <Td> ⸮ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> lozenge </Td> <Td> ◊ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> tie </Td> <Td> ⁀ </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Related </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Diacritics </Li> <Li> Logic symbols </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Whitespace characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> In other scripts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Chinese </Li> <Li> Hebrew </Li> <Li> Japanese </Li> <Li> Korean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The at sign , @ , normally read aloud as `` at '' , also commonly called the at symbol or commercial at . In contemporary use , it is most commonly used in email addresses and social media platform `` handles '' . </P> <P> Originally it was an accounting and commercial invoice abbreviation meaning `` at a rate of '' ( e.g. 7 widgets @ £ 2 = £ 14 ) . Although not included on the keyboard of the earliest commercially successful typewriters , it was on at least one 1889 model and the very successful Underwood models from the `` Underwood No. 5 '' in 1900 onward ; and is now universally included on computer keyboards . </P> <P> The fact that there is no single word in English for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the French arobase or Spanish and Portuguese arroba , or to coin new words such as asperand , ampersat and strudel , but none of these has achieved wide usage . </P> <P> The mark is encoded as U + 0040 @ Commercial AT ( HTML & # 64 ; ) , or &commat ; in HTML5 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Theories of origin </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Modern use <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Commercial usage </Li> <Li> 3.2 Contemporary usage </Li> <Li> 3.3 Programming </Li> <Li> 3.4 Gender - neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese </Li> <Li> 3.5 Other uses and meanings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Names in other languages </Li> <Li> 5 Unicode variants </Li> <Li> 6 In culture </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Theories of origin ( edit ) </H2> @ symbol used as the initial `` a '' for the `` amin '' ( amen ) formula in the Bulgarian of the Manasses Chronicle ( c. 1345 ) . The Aragonese @ symbol used in the 1448 `` taula de Ariza '' registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to the Kingdom of Aragon . @ used to signify French `` à '' ( `` at '' ) from a 1674 protocol from a Swedish court ( Arboga rådhusrätt och magistrat ) <P> The earliest yet discovered reference to the @ symbol is a religious one ; it features in a Bulgarian translation of a Greek chronicle written by Constantinos Manasses in 1345 ( See Figure left ) . Held today in the Vatican Apostolic Library , it features the @ symbol in place of the capital letter alpha ' A ' in the word Amen . Why it was used in this context is still a mystery . </P> <P> In terms of the commercial character of the at sign , there are several theories pending verification . </P> <Ul> <Li> One theory is that the symbol developed as a mercantile shorthand symbol of `` each at , '' the symbol resembling a small `` a '' inside a small `` e , '' to distinguish it from the different `` at '' ( symbolized by the mere letter `` a '' ) or `` per . '' For example , the cost of `` 12 apples @ $1 '' would be $12 , whereas the cost of `` 12 apples at $1 '' would be $1 , a crucial and necessary distinction . </Li> <Li> Another theory is that medieval monks abbreviated the Latin word ad ( at , toward , by , about ) next to a numeral . One reason for the abbreviation saving space and ink . Since thousands of pages of biblical manuscripts were copied onto expensive papyrus or hides , and the words at , toward , by and about repeated millions of times throughout the pages , a considerable amount of resources could be spared this way . A theory concerning this graphic puts forward the idea that the form derives from the Latin word ad , , using the older form of lower case d : ∂ , which persists as the partial derivative symbol . </Li> <Li> It has been theorized that it was originally an abbreviation of the Greek preposition ανά ( transliterated ana ) , meaning at the rate of or per . </Li> <Li> Another theory is that it derives from the Norman French `` à '' meaning `` at '' in the `` each '' sense , i.e. `` 2 widgets à £ 5.50 = £ 11.00 '' , comes the accountancy shorthand notation in English commercial vouchers and ledgers to the 1990s , when the email usage overtook the accountancy usage . It is also used like this in Modern French , Swedish or Czech ; in this view , the at - symbol is a stylised form of à , which avoids raising the writing hand from the page in drawing the symbol . The compromise between @ and à in French handwriting is found in street market signs . </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Whatever the origin of the @ symbol , the history of its usage is more well - known : it has long been used in Spanish and Portuguese as an abbreviation of arroba , a unit of weight equivalent to 25 pounds , and derived from the Arabic expression of `` a quarter '' ( الربع pronounced ar - rubʿ ) . An Italian academic claims to have traced the @ symbol to the 16th century , in a mercantile document sent by Florentine Francesco Lapi from Seville to Rome on May 4 , 1536 . The document is about commerce with Pizarro , in particular the price of an @ of wine in Peru . In Italian , the symbol was interpreted to mean amphora ( anfora ) . Currently , the word arroba means both the at - symbol and a unit of weight . In Italian , the symbol represents one amphora , a unit of weight and volume based upon the capacity of the standard amphora jar . </P> <P> Until now the first historical document containing a symbol resembling a @ as a commercial one is the Spanish `` Taula de Ariza '' , a registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to Aragon in 1448 . Even though the oldest fully developed modern @ sign is the one found on the above - mentioned Florentine letter . </P> <H2> Modern use ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Commercial usage ( edit ) </H3> <P> In contemporary English usage , @ is a commercial symbol , called at site or at rate meaning at and at the rate of . It has rarely been used in financial documents or grocers ' price tags , and is not used in standard typography . </P> <P> Since 23 October 2012 , the At - sign is registered as

The symbol "@" is commonly referred to as the

Is there a name for the at symbol?

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The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) - wikipedia <H1> The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Leonardo da Vinci painting . For other uses , see The Last Supper ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Last Supper </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Artist </Th> <Td> Leonardo da Vinci </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Td> 1490s ( Julian ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medium </Th> <Td> fresco - secco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 460 cm ( 180 in ) × 880 cm ( 350 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E  /  45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E  / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Coordinates : 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E  /  45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E  / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> legraziemilano.it/il-cenacolo/ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Last Supper ( Italian : Il Cenacolo ( il tʃeˈnaːkolo ) or L'Ultima Cena ( ˈlultima ˈtʃeːna ) ) is a late 15th - century mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci housed by the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan . It is one of the world 's most recognizable paintings . </P> <P> The work is presumed to have been started around 1495 -- 96 and was commissioned as part of a plan of renovations to the church and its convent buildings by Leonardo 's patron Ludovico Sforza , Duke of Milan . The painting represents the scene of the Last Supper of Jesus with his apostles , as it is told in the Gospel of John , 13 : 21 . Leonardo has depicted the consternation that occurred among the Twelve Disciples when Jesus announced that one of them would betray him . </P> <P> Due to the methods used , a variety of environmental factors , and intentional damage , very little of the original painting remains today despite numerous restoration attempts , the last being completed in 1999 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Painting <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Important copies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Medium </Li> <Li> 3 Damage and restorations <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Major restoration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 The Last Supper in culture <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Painting , mosaic , and photography </Li> <Li> 4.2 Modern art </Li> <Li> 4.3 Literature </Li> <Li> 4.4 Film and television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Other speculation </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Painting ( edit ) </H2> Crucifixion , opposite Leonardo 's Last Supper The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , by Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli , called Giampietrino ( active 1508 -- 1549 ) , after Leonardo da Vinci , oil on canvas , in the collection of The Royal Academy of Arts , London ; full - scale copy that was the main source for the twenty - year restoration of the original ( 1978 - 1998 ) . It includes several lost details such as Christ 's feet and the salt cellar spilled by Judas . Giampietrino is thought to have worked closely with Leonardo when he was in Milan . The painting hung in the chapel of Magdalen College , Oxford from 1992 . The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , Andrea Solari , after Leonardo da Vinci , oil on canvas , in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum , Tongerlo Abbey . <P> The Last Supper measures 460 cm × 880 cm ( 180 in × 350 in ) and covers an end wall of the dining hall at the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan , Italy . The theme was a traditional one for refectories , although the room was not a refectory at the time that Leonardo painted it . The main church building had only recently been completed ( in 1498 ) , but was remodeled by Bramante , hired by Ludovico Sforza to build a Sforza family mausoleum . </P> <P> The painting was commissioned by Sforza to be the centerpiece of the mausoleum . The lunettes above the main painting , formed by the triple arched ceiling of the refectory , are painted with Sforza coats - of - arms . </P> <P> The opposite wall of the refectory is covered by the Crucifixion fresco by Giovanni Donato da Montorfano , to which Leonardo added figures of the Sforza family in tempera . ( These figures have deteriorated in much the same way as has The Last Supper . ) </P> <P> Leonardo began work on The Last Supper in 1495 and completed it in 1498 -- he did not work on the painting continuously . The beginning date is not certain , as the archives of the convent for the period have been destroyed , and a document dated 1497 indicates that the painting was nearly completed at that date . </P> <P> One story goes that a prior from the monastery complained to Leonardo about the delay , enraging him . He wrote to the head of the monastery , explaining he had been struggling to find the perfect villainous face for Judas , and that if he could not find a face corresponding with what he had in mind , he would use the features of the prior who complained . </P> A study for The Last Supper from Leonardo 's notebooks showing nine apostles identified by names written above their heads <P> The Last Supper specifically portrays the reaction given by each apostle when Jesus said one of them would betray him . All twelve apostles have different reactions to the news , with various degrees of anger and shock . The apostles are identified from a manuscript ( The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci p. 232 ) with their names found in the 19th century . ( Before this , only Judas , Peter , John and Jesus were positively identified . ) From left to right , according to the apostles ' heads : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bartholomew , James , son of Alphaeus , and Andrew form a group of three ; all are surprised . </Li> <Li> Judas Iscariot , Peter , and John form another group of three . </Li> </Ul> <P> Judas is wearing green and blue and is in shadow , looking rather withdrawn and taken aback by the sudden revelation of his plan . He is clutching a small bag , perhaps signifying the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus , or perhaps a reference to his role within the 12 disciples as treasurer . He is also tipping over the salt cellar . This may be related to the near - Eastern expression to `` betray the salt '' meaning to betray one 's Master . He is the only person to have his elbow on the table and his head is also horizontally the lowest of anyone in the painting . </P> <P> Peter looks angry and is holding a knife pointed away from Christ , perhaps foreshadowing his violent reaction in Gethsemane during Jesus ' arrest . </P> <P> The youngest apostle , John , appears to swoon . </P> <Ul> <Li> Jesus </Li> <Li> Apostle Thomas , James the Greater , and Philip are the next group of three . </Li> </Ul> <P> Thomas is clearly upset ; the raised index finger foreshadows his incredulity of the Resurrection . </P> <P> James the Greater looks stunned , with his arms in the air . Meanwhile , Philip appears to be requesting some explanation . </P> <Ul> <Li> Matthew , Jude Thaddeus , and Simon the Zealot are the final group of three . </Li> </Ul> <P> Both Jude Thaddeus and Matthew are turned toward Simon , perhaps to find out if he has any answer to their initial questions . </P> <P> In common with other depictions of the Last Supper from this period , Leonardo seats the diners on one side of the table , so that none of them has his back to the viewer . Most previous depictions excluded Judas by placing him alone on the opposite side of the table from the other eleven disciples and Jesus , or placing halos around all the disciples except Judas . </P> <P> Leonardo instead has Judas lean back into shadow . Jesus is predicting that his betrayer will take the bread at the same time he does to Saints Thomas and James to his left , who react in horror as Jesus points with his left hand to a piece of bread before them . Distracted by the conversation between John and Peter , Judas reaches for a different piece of bread not noticing Jesus too stretching out with his right hand towards it ( Matthew 26 : 23 ) . The angles and lighting draw attention to Jesus , whose turned right cheek is located at the vanishing point for all perspective lines ; his hands are located at the golden ratio of half the height of the composition . </P> <P> The painting contains several references to the number 3 , which represents the Christian belief in the Holy Trinity . The Apostles are seated in groupings of three ; there are three windows behind Jesus ; and the shape of Jesus ' figure resembles a triangle . The painting can also be interpreted using the Fibonacci series : 1 table , 1 central figure , 2 side walls , 3 windows and figures grouped in threes , 5 groups of figures , 8 panels on the walls and 8 table legs , and 13 individual figures . There may have been other references that have since been lost as the painting deteriorated . </P> <H3> Important copies ( edit ) </H3> <P> Two early copies of The Last Supper are known to exist , presumed to be work by Leonardo 's assistants . The copies are almost the size of the original , and have survived with a wealth of original detail still intact . One copy , by Giampietrino , is in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts , London , and the other , by Cesare da Sesto , is installed at the Church of St. Ambrogio in Ponte Capriasca , Switzerland . A third copy ( oil on canvas ) is painted by Andrea Solari ( ca . 1520 ) and is on display in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum of the Tongerlo Abbey , Belgium . </P> <H2> Medium ( edit ) </H2> <P> For this work , Leonardo sought a greater detail and luminosity than could be achieved with traditional fresco . He painted The Last Supper on a dry wall rather than on wet plaster , so it is not a true fresco . Because a fresco can not be modified as the artist works , Leonardo instead chose to seal the stone wall with a double layer of dried plaster . Then , borrowing from panel painting , he added an undercoat of white lead to enhance the brightness of the oil and tempera that was applied on top . This was a method that had been described previously , by Cennino Cennini in the 14th century . However , Cennini had recommended the use of secco for the final touches alone . These techniques were important for Leonardo 's desire to work slowly on the painting , giving him sufficient time to develop the gradual shading or chiaroscuro that was essential in his style . </P> <H2> Damage and restorations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve

The world-famous painting, The Last Supper, was painted by

Who painted the world famous painting the last supper?

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Wentworth ( TV series ) - Wikipedia <H1> Wentworth ( TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Wentworth Prison '' redirects here . For other uses , see Wentworth ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Wentworth </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> Wentworth Prison </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Drama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lara Radulovich </Li> <Li> David Hannam </Li> <Li> Reg Watson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danielle Cormack </Li> <Li> Nicole da Silva </Li> <Li> Pamela Rabe </Li> <Li> Kate Atkinson </Li> <Li> Celia Ireland </Li> <Li> Shareena Clanton </Li> <Li> Katrina Milosevic </Li> <Li> Robbie J. Magasiva </Li> <Li> Aaron C. Jeffery </Li> <Li> Tammy MacIntosh </Li> <Li> Kate Jenkinson </Li> <Li> Socratis Otto </Li> <Li> Sigrid Thornton </Li> <Li> Bernard Curry </Li> <Li> Leeanna Walsman </Li> <Li> Kris McQuade </Li> <Li> Catherine McClements </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> Instrumental theme ( season 1 ) `` You Do n't Know Me '' by Pleasantville ( season 2 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ending theme </Th> <Td> Closing instrumental theme ( season 1 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Richard Pleasance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 58 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jo Porter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Amanda Crittenden ( series producer ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 43 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> FremantleMedia Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SoHo ( 2013 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Showcase ( 2017 -- ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Dolby Digital 5.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 1 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> Prisoner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Wentworth is an Australian television drama program . It was first broadcast on SoHo on 1 May 2013 . The series serves as a contemporary reimagining of Prisoner , which ran on Network Ten from 1979 to 1986 . Lara Radulovich and David Hannam developed Wentworth from Reg Watson 's original concept . The series is set in the modern day and initially focuses on Bea Smith 's ( Danielle Cormack ) early days in prison and her subsequent rise to the top of the prison 's hierarchy . Following Cormack 's departure from the show at the end of the fourth season , the series shifted it 's focus onto a more ensemble format . </P> <P> For the first three seasons , Wentworth was filmed on purpose - built sets in the suburbs of Clayton , Victoria . Production moved to Newport , Victoria , starting with the fourth season . The show has received a mostly positive reception from critics , and the first episode became the most watched Australian drama series premiere in Foxtel history . The series was picked up by several countries , including New Zealand and the UK , where it has been retitled Wentworth Prison . </P> <P> A sixth season was commissioned by Foxtel on 9 May 2017 , which will premiere on 19 June 2018 . A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018 , before the sixth season premiere , with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Conception </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Broadcast </Li> <Li> 4.2 Streaming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Ratings </Li> <Li> 5.2 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Home media </Li> <Li> 7 Remakes </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> Further information : List of Wentworth episodes <P> Wentworth is set in modern - day Australia and focuses on Bea Smith ( Danielle Cormack ) when she first enters prison after being charged with the attempted murder of her husband . Bea is separated from her daughter and sent to Wentworth on remand , where she lives in `` an uncertain limbo '' until she is sentenced . Starting at the bottom of Wentworth 's hierarchy , Bea is forced to learn how to survive in prison . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Series </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> <Th> Network </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 1 May 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 3 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> SoHo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 20 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 5 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 7 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 23 June 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 10 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 26 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 4 April 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 20 June 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> Showcase </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Wentworth characters <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nicole da Silva as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Francesca `` Franky '' Doyle </Li> <Li> Kate Atkinson as Governor Vera Bennett </Li> <Li> Celia Ireland as Inmate Elizabeth `` Liz '' Birdsworth </Li> <Li> Robbie J. Magasiva as Deputy Governor Will Jackson </Li> <Li> Katrina Milosevic as Inmate Sue `` Boomer '' Jenkins ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- ) </Li> <Li> Pamela Rabe as former Governor and Inmate Joan `` The Freak '' Ferguson ( seasons 2 -- ) </Li> <Li> Tammy Macintosh as `` Top Dog '' Inmate Karen `` Kaz '' Proctor ( recurring season 3 ; main season 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Kate Jenkinson as Inmate Allie Novak ( season 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Bernard Curry as Correctional Officer Jake Stewart ( season 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Sigrid Thornton as Inmate Sonia Stevens ( special guest season 4 ; main season 5 -- ) </Li> <Li> Leah Purcell as Rita Connors ( season 6 -- ) </Li> <Li> Susie Porter as Marie Winter ( season 6 -- ) </Li> <Li> Rarriwuy Hick as Ruby Mitchell ( season 6 -- ) </Li> <Li> Catherine McClements as former Governor Meg Jackson ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Kris McQuade as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Jacqueline `` Jacs '' Holt ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Leeanna Walsman as former Governor Erica Davidson ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Aaron Jeffery as former Correctional Officer Matthew `` Fletch '' Fletcher ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Danielle Cormack as former `` Top Dog '' Inmate Bea Smith ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) </Li> <Li> Socratis Otto as Inmate Maxine Conway ( recurring seasons 2 -- 3 ; main seasons 4 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> Shareena Clanton as former Inmate Doreen `` Dor '' Anderson ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ra Chapman as Inmate Kim Chang ( seasons 1 -- ) </Li> <Li> Jacqueline Brennan as Correctional Officer Linda Miles ( season 1 -- ) </Li> <Li> Martin Sacks as Board Director new is now acting Governor Derek Channing ( seasons 1 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> Bessie Holland as Inmate Stella Radic ( seasons 2 -- ) </Li> <Li> Libby Tanner as Psychologist Bridget Westfall ( seasons 3 -- ) </Li> <Li> Charli Tjoe as Inmate Tina Mercado ( seasons 3 -- ) </Li> <Li> Sally - Anne Upton as Inmate Lucy Gambaro ( seasons 3 -- ) </Li> <Li> Madeleine Jevic as Nurse Lee Radcliffe ( seasons 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Sophia Katos as Inmate Mel Barrett ( seasons 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Steve Bastoni as Don Kaplan ( seasons 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Hunter Page - Lochard as Shayne Butler ( seasons 4 -- ) </Li> <Li> Daniielle Alexis as Inmate Dana Malouf ( seasons 5 -- ) </Li> <Li> Zahra Newman as Inmate Iman Farah ( seasons 5 -- ) </Li> <Li> Louise Harris as Inmate Ronnie Katsis ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Rondah Dam as Inmate Phillipa `` Pip '' Turner ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> John Bach as Jacs ' husband Vinnie Holt ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Melitta St Just as Inmate Megan Summers ( season 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Steve Le Marquand as Inmate Worker Colin Bates ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Tony Briggs as Correctional Officer Steve Faulkner ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Lynette Curran as Vera 's mother Rita Bennett ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jada Alberts as Inmate Toni Goodes ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Annie Jones as Parole Officer Rachel Sanger ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Katherine Halliday as Inmate Sarah Briggs ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Kathryn Beck as Inmate Sky Pierson ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Reef Ireland as Jacs ' son Brayden Holt ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) </Li> <Li> Benne Harrison as Inmate Rosalind `` Roz '' Jago ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Cassandra Magrath as Journalist Hayley Jovanka ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Kasia Kaczmarek as Inmate Lindsay Coulter ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Miles Paras as Inmate Cindy Lou ( season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Christen O'Leary as Inmate Kelly Bryant ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Pia Miranda as Inmate Jodie Spiteri ( season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Jake Ryan as Bea 's husband Harry Smith ( recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ; cameo season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Ally Fowler as Inmate Simone `` Simmo '' Slater ( recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ; cameo season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Alex Menglet as Joan 's father Ivan Ferguson ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Edwina Samuels as Inmate Sophie Donaldson ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Scott Parmeter as Correctional Officer Chris Bakula ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Damien Richardson as Detective Michael Mears ( season 3 ) </Li> <Li> Maggie Naouri as Nurse Rose Atkins ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Georgia Chara as Inmate Jess Warner ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) </Li> <Li> Richard Sutherland as Franky 's father Alan Doyle ( seasons 1 , 4 , 5 ) </Li> <Li> Georgia Flood as Bea 's daughter Debbie Smith ( seasons 1 -- 2 , cameo season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Tony Nikolakopoulos as Joan 's hired heavy Nils Jasper ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) </Li> <Li>

Wentworth Season 6 starts in Australia on

When does wentworth season 6 start in australia?

-8299469566867123031

India -- Pakistan border - wikipedia <H1> India -- Pakistan border </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The India and Pakistan Border , known locally as the International Border ( IB ) , is an international border running between India and Pakistan that demarcates the Indian states and the four provinces of Pakistan . The border runs from the Line of Control ( LoC ) , which separates the Indian controlled Kashmir from Pakistan controlled Kashmir , in the north , to Wagah , which partitioned the Indian Punjab state and Punjab Province of Pakistan , in the east . The Zero Point separates the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to Sindh province of Pakistan , in the south . </P> <P> Drafted and created based upon the Radcliffe line in 1947 , the border , which divides Pakistan and India from each other , traverses a variety of terrains ranging from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts . From the Arabian sea , the naval border follows the course of Manora Island of Pakistan to the course of the Mumbai Harbour , in the South east . Since independence of India and Pakistan ( see British India ) , the border has been a site of numerous conflicts and wars between each country , and is one of the most complex borders in the world . The border 's total length is 2,900 km ( 1,800 mi ) , according to the figures given by the PBS ; it is also one of the most dangerous borders in the world , based on an article written in the Foreign Policy in 2011 . It can be seen from space at night due to the 150,000 flood lights installed by India on about 50 thousand poles . </P> <P> </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Working Boundary , Line of Control , and International Boundary </Li> <Li> 2 Border crossings </Li> <Li> 3 Gallery </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Working boundary , line of Control , and international boundary ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The border between the two Nations is an internationally recognised frontier from Gujarat / Sindh only with exemption to the Line of Control that is not internationally accepted . The Kashmir disputed region is divided by the 1949 UN ceasefire line , established after the Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 , into two main parts and the de facto demarcation dividing Pakistan - administered Kashmir from Indian - administered Kashmir has been called the Line of Control since 1972 . </P> <P> Between Pakistan and India lies the Pakistani territories of AJK & Gilgit - Baltistan and , also the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir . On the other side where the internal borders of the Pakistan 's Punjab provincial border , is officially called the Working Boundary by Pakistan ( which is a recent term ) and international border by the Government of India . </P> <Ol> <Li> Working boundary : The line between state of Pakistan along Sialkot and Indian held Kashmir . It is called a working boundary because on one side is an internationally recognised land ( Sialkot ) while on the other is a disputed territory ( J&K ) . </Li> <Li> LOC : Line of control is the boundary between the Pakistani Azad Kashmir and Indian Jammu and Kashmir . It was demarcated after the Simla pact in 1972 . </Li> <Li> International boundary : The demarcated line between the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan recognised internationally . Sir Cyril Radcliffe Demarcated the land in 1947 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Border crossings ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Designated border crossings of India , Borders of India , and Transport between India and Pakistan <Ul> <Li> ICP Border crossings with designated Integrated Check Posts ( ICP ) with immigration and customs facilities are : <Ul> <Li> Attari at Wagah , Punjab </Li> <Li> Munabao </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other crossings ( closed ) <Ul> <Li> Longewala </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baba Chamliyal Mela '' at Indo - Pak international Border , Ramgarh sector , 45 km from Jammu , where people from both the nations take part . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Evening flag lowering ceremony at the Wagah border . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nighttime panorama of the border , stretching from the Arabian Sea to the foothills of the Himalayas </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The floodlit border zone between India and Pakistan has a distinctly orange hue in this astronaut photograph . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trucks on National Highway 1 ( India ) , waiting to cross Wagah border . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Punjab Rangers at the Wagah border . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Women personnel of BSF taking part in the ceremonial retreat at the India - Pakistan border at Wagah , 2010 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Borders of India </Li> <Li> Radcliffe Line </Li> <Li> Wagah border ceremony </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 India -- Pakistan border skirmishes </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Khan , MH ( 5 March 2006 ) . `` Back on track '' . Dawn News archives . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : PBS Release ( July 26 , 2005 ) . `` Border Jumpers The World 's Most Complex Borders : Pakistan / India '' . PBS . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ PHILIP WALKER ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` The World 's Most Dangerous Borders '' . The Foreign Policy . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dailymail '' . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India - Pakistan Borderlands at Night '' . India - Pakistan Border at Night . NASA . 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Annotated image from NASA </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <P> Media related to Indo - Pakistani border at Wikimedia Commons </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> India -- Pakistan relations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diplomacy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> High Commission of India to Pakistan <Ul> <Li> High Commissioner of India to Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> High Commission of Pakistan to India <Ul> <Li> High Commissioner of Pakistan to India </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Treaties and summits </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jinnah -- Mountbatten Talks ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Karachi Agreement ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Liaquat - Nehru Treaty ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Indus Waters Treaty ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Tashkent Declaration ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Simla Agreement ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Delhi Agreement ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Islamabad Agreement ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Lahore summit ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Agra Summit ( 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events and conflicts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Partition of India </Li> <Li> Kashmir conflict </Li> <Li> Integration of Junagadh </Li> <Li> 1947 - 1948 War </Li> <Li> Sir Creek </Li> <Li> Operation Gibraltar </Li> <Li> 1965 War </Li> <Li> 1971 War </Li> <Li> Bangladesh Liberation War </Li> <Li> Pokhran -- I </Li> <Li> Kirana -- I </Li> <Li> Nuclear race </Li> <Li> Line of Control </Li> <Li> Maritime trespassing </Li> <Li> Siachen conflict </Li> <Li> Operation Brasstacks </Li> <Li> Pokhran - II / Chagai - I / Chagai - II </Li> <Li> Violence against Muslims in India </Li> <Li> Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan </Li> <Li> Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir </Li> <Li> Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Balochistan conflict </Li> <Li> Kargil conflict </Li> <Li> Atlantique incident </Li> <Li> Iran -- Pakistan -- India gas pipeline </Li> <Li> 2001 Indian Parliament attack </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 2002 military standoff </Li> <Li> 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings </Li> <Li> 2008 Mumbai attacks </Li> <Li> 2008 military standoff </Li> <Li> 2011 border skirmishes </Li> <Li> 2013 border skirmishes </Li> <Li> Sarabjit / Sanaullah murder incidents </Li> <Li> 2013 Pakistan Embassy attack </Li> <Li> 2014 - 2015 border skirmishes </Li> <Li> 2016 Kulbhushan Jadhav interception </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 unrest in Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> 2016 Uri attack </Li> <Li> 2016 military confrontation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Initiatives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aman ki Asha </Li> <Li> Hotline </Li> <Li> Transport </Li> <Li> Samjhauta Express </Li> <Li> Delhi -- Lahore Bus </Li> <Li> Srinagar -- Muzaffarabad Bus </Li> <Li> Thar Express </Li> <Li> Indo - Pak Confederation </Li> <Li> Indo - Pak Joint Judicial Committee </Li> <Li> Hindi in Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry </Li> <Li> India -- Pakistan field hockey rivalry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related templates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Foreign relations of India </Li> <Li> Foreign relations of Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Borders of Pakistan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan <Ul> <Li> barrier </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Borders of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India -- Pakistan_border&oldid = 832214428 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> India -- Pakistan border </Li> <Li> Borders of India </Li> <Li> Borders of Pakistan </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata </Li> <Li> India articles missing geocoordinate data </Li> <Li> All articles needing coordinates </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 15 : 04 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li>

The border between India and Pakistan is

What is the name of india pakistan border?

-596804930624080314

primary inspiration for the poem , although some time before , John Cruikshank , a local acquaintance of Coleridge 's , had related a dream about a skeleton ship manned by spectral sailors . In September 2003 , a commemorative statue , by Alan B Herriot of Penicuik , Scotland , was unveiled at Watchet harbour . </P> <H2> Coleridge 's comments ( edit ) </H2> `` The Albatross about my Neck was Hung , '' etching by William Strang . Poem illustration published 1896 . <P> In Biographia Literaria , Coleridge wrote : </P> <P> The thought suggested itself ( to which of us I do not recollect ) that a series of poems might be composed of two sorts . In the one , incidents and agents were to be , in part at least , supernatural , and the excellence aimed at was to consist in the interesting of the affections by the dramatic truth of such emotions , as would naturally accompany such situations , supposing them real . And real in this sense they have been to every human being who , from whatever source of delusion , has at any time believed himself under supernatural agency . For the second class , subjects were to be chosen from ordinary life ... In this idea originated the plan of the ' Lyrical Ballads ' ; in which it was agreed , that my endeavours should be directed to persons and characters supernatural , or at least Romantic ; yet so as to transfer from our inward nature a human interest and a semblance of truth sufficient to procure for these shadows of imagination that willing suspension of disbelief for the moment , which constitutes poetic faith ... With this view I wrote the ' Ancient Mariner ' . </P> <P> In Table Talk , Coleridge wrote : </P> <P> Mrs Barbauld once told me that she admired The Ancient Mariner very much , but that there were two faults in it -- it was improbable , and had no moral . As for the probability , I owned that that might admit some question ; but as to the want of a moral , I told her that in my own judgement the poem had too much ; and that the only , or chief fault , if I might say so , was the obtrusion of the moral sentiment so openly on the reader as a principle or cause of action in a work of such pure imagination . It ought to have had no more moral than the Arabian Nights ' tale of the merchant 's sitting down to eat dates by the side of a well , and throwing the shells aside , and lo ! a genie starts up , and says he must kill the aforesaid merchant , because one of the date shells had , it seems , put out the eye of the genie 's son . </P> <H2> Wordsworth 's comments ( edit ) </H2> <P> Wordsworth wrote to Joseph Cottle in 1799 : </P> <P> From what I can gather it seems that the Ancient Mariner has upon the whole been an injury to the volume , I mean that the old words and the strangeness of it have deterred readers from going on . If the volume should come to a second Edition I would put in its place some little things which would be more likely to suit the common taste . </P> <P> However , when Lyrical Ballads was reprinted , Wordsworth included it despite Coleridge 's objections , writing : </P> <P> The Poem of my Friend has indeed great defects ; first , that the principal person has no distinct character , either in his profession of Mariner , or as a human being who having been long under the control of supernatural impressions might be supposed himself to partake of something supernatural ; secondly , that he does not act , but is continually acted upon ; thirdly , that the events having no necessary connection do not produce each other ; and lastly , that the imagery is somewhat too laboriously accumulated . Yet the Poem contains many delicate touches of passion , and indeed the passion is every where true to nature , a great number of the stanzas present beautiful images , and are expressed with unusual felicity of language ; and the versification , though the metre is itself unfit for long poems , is harmonious and artfully varied , exhibiting the utmost powers of that metre , and every variety of which it is capable . It therefore appeared to me that these several merits ( the first of which , namely that of the passion , is of the highest kind ) gave to the Poem a value which is not often possessed by better Poems . </P> <H2> Early criticisms ( edit ) </H2> Illustration by Gustave Doré , 1878 <P> Upon its release , the poem was criticized for being obscure and difficult to read . The use of archaic spelling of words was seen as not in keeping with Wordsworth 's claims of using common language . Criticism was renewed again in 1815 -- 16 , when Coleridge added marginal notes to the poem that were also written in an archaic style . These notes or glosses , placed next to the text of the poem , ostensibly interpret the verses much like marginal notes found in the Bible . There were many opinions on why Coleridge inserted the gloss . Charles Lamb , who had deeply admired the original for its attention to `` Human Feeling '' , claimed that the gloss distanced the audience from the narrative , weakening the poem 's effects . The entire poem was first published in the collection of Lyrical Ballads . Another version of the poem was published in the 1817 collection entitled Sibylline Leaves ( see 1817 in poetry ) . </P> <H2> Interpretations ( edit ) </H2> <P> On a surface level the poem explores a violation of nature and the resulting psychological effects on the mariner and on all those who hear him . According to Jerome McGann the poem is like a salvation story . The poem 's structure is multi-layered text based on Coleridge 's interest in Higher Criticism . `` Like the Iliad or Paradise Lost or any great historical product , the Rime is a work of transhistorical rather than so - called universal significance . This verbal distinction is important because it calls attention to a real one . Like The Divine Comedy or any other poem , the Rime is not valued or used always or everywhere or by everyone in the same way or for the same reasons . '' </P> <P> George Whalley , in his 1946 -- 47 essay , `` The Mariner and the Albatross '' , suggests that the Ancient Mariner is an autobiographical portrait of Coleridge himself , comparing the mariner 's loneliness with Coleridge 's own feelings of loneliness expressed in his letters and journals . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in popular culture <P> In addition to being referred to in several other notable works , due to the popularity of the poem the phrase `` albatross around one 's neck '' has become an English language idiom referring to `` a heavy burden of guilt that becomes an obstacle to success '' . </P> <P> The phrase `` Water , water , every where , Nor any drop to drink '' has appeared widely in popular culture , but usually given in a more natural modern phrasing as `` Water , water , everywhere But not a drop to drink '' ; some such appearances have , in turn , played on the frequency with which these lines are misquoted . </P> <P> The poem is referenced in the script of the 1939 film The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes . </P> <P> The Iron Maiden song `` The Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' from their fifth studio album Powerslave , was inspired by and based on the poem . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew C.F. David , ' Cook , James ( 1728 -- 1779 ) ' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 ; online edn , Jan 2008 : ' On 26 January 1774 he crossed into the Antarctic Circle for the third time ( having done so a second time the previous month ) and four days later , at 71 ° 10 ' S , 106 ° 54 ' W , achieved his farthest south . ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooke , Alan ( 2000 ) . `` Thomas James '' . Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online . Retrieved 5 March 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Keach , William ( ed . ) : `` The Complete Poems / Samuel Taylor Coleridge '' , pages 498 -- 99 . Penguin , 1997 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fulmer , O. Bryan ( October 1969 ) . `` The Ancient Mariner and the Wandering Jew '' . Studies in Philology. 66 ( 5 ) : 797 -- 815 . JSTOR 4173656 . ( pay site ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Clute and John Grant , eds. ( 1999 ) . The encyclopedia of fantasy . Macmillan . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 19869 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Excerpt available at Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Samuel Taylor Coleridge '' . poetryfoundation.org. 11 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coleridge and Watchet -- Watchet Museum '' . watchetmuseum.co.uk . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coleridge , Samuel Taylor . `` Chapter XIV '' . Biographia Literaria . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ TableTalks , p. 106 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duncan Wu , A Companion to Romanticism , Blackwell Publishing , 1998 , p 137 . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21877 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GradeSaver : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner - Study Guide -- About The Rime of the Ancient Mariner '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGann , Jerome J. The Beauty of Inflections : Clarendon Press , 1985 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whalley , George ( July 1947 ) . `` The Mariner and the Albatross '' . The University of Toronto Quarterly . 16 : 381 -- 398 . doi : 10.3138 / utq. 16.4. 381 . Reprinted in Kathleen Coburn , eds. ( 1967 ) . Coleridge : A Collection of Critical Essays . Prentice - Hall . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` albatross around one 's neck '' . Houghton Mifflin. 1997 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ten literary quotes we all get wrong '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gardner , Martin , The Annotated Ancient Mariner , New York : Clarkson Potter , 1965 ; Reprinted by Prometheus Books , 19 ? ? , ISBN 1 - 59102 - 125 - 1 </Li> <Li> John Livingston Lowes , The Road to Xanadu -- A Study in the Ways of the Imagination , Houghton Mifflin , 1927 </Li> <Li> Scott , Grant F. `` ' The Many Men so Beautiful ' : Gustave Doré 's Illustrations to ' The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , ' '' Romanticism 16.1 ( 2010 ) : 1 -- 24 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External

The central idea of the poem "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is

What is the central idea of the poem the rime of ancient mariner?

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Currencies of the European Union - wikipedia <H1> Currencies of the European Union </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> EU GDP by currency group </P> Eurozone ( 72.9 % ) Non-Eurozone ( Minus UK ) ( 12 % ) United Kingdom ( 15.1 % ) <P> There are eleven currencies of the European Union as of 2015 used officially by member states . The euro accounts for the majority of the member states with the remainder operating independent monetary policies . Those European Union states that have adopted it are known as the eurozone and share the European Central Bank ( ECB ) . The ECB and the national central banks of all EU countries , including those who operate an independent currency , are part of the European System of Central Banks . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Euro </Li> <Li> 2 Current currencies </Li> <Li> 3 Historic currencies </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Euro ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Eurozone , Opt - outs in the European Union , and Enlargement of the eurozone <P> The euro is the result of the European Union 's project for economic and monetary union which came fully into being on 1 January 2002 and it is now the currency used by the majority of European Union 's member states , with all but two bound to adopt it . It is the currency used by the institutions of the European Union and in the failed European Constitution it was to be included with the symbols of Europe as the formal currency of the European Union . The euro is also widely used by other states outside the EU . </P> <P> Except for the two states with opt outs , all current and future members of the EU are obliged to adopt the Euro as their currency , thus replacing their current ones . The relationship between euro and non-euro states has been on debate both during the UK 's membership ( as a large opt - out state ) and in light of withdrawal from the EU and how that impacts the balance of power between those in and out of the euro ; namely avoiding a eurozone caucus out - voting non-euro states . The UK had called for the EU treaties to recognise the EU as a `` multicurrency union '' , which sparked concerns about undermining euro adoption in remaining countries . </P> <H2> Current currencies ( edit ) </H2> Map of currencies used within the EU and dates of Euro adoption States which used the euro from 1999 ( currency entered circulation 2002 ) States which subsequently adopted the euro States using other currencies <P> The following are official and unofficial currencies used within the borders of the European Union ; </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Currency </Th> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Symbol </Th> <Th> ISO </Th> <Th> Peg </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgarian lev </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> лв </Td> <Td> BGN </Td> <Td> Currency board </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> British pound sterling Gibraltar pound </Td> <Td> United Kingdom Gibraltar </Td> <Td> £ </Td> <Td> GBP GIP </Td> <Td> Floating Pegged to pound sterling </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatian kuna </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> kn </Td> <Td> HRK </Td> <Td> Floating </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech koruna </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> Kč </Td> <Td> CZK </Td> <Td> Floating </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danish krone </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> kr </Td> <Td> DKK </Td> <Td> ERM II </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Euro </Td> <Td> Eurozone ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Austria Belgium Cyprus Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> € </Td> <Td> EUR </Td> <Td> Floating </Td> <Td> Also used by EU institutions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungarian forint </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> Ft </Td> <Td> HUF </Td> <Td> Floating </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Polish złoty </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> zł </Td> <Td> PLN </Td> <Td> Floating </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romanian leu </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> Leu </Td> <Td> RON </Td> <Td> Floating </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swedish krona </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> kr </Td> <Td> SEK </Td> <Td> Floating </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swiss franc </Td> <Td> Campione d'Italia ( Italy ) Büsingen am Hochrhein ( Germany ) </Td> <Td> Fr . </Td> <Td> CHF </Td> <Td> Floating </Td> <Td> Swiss franc is issued by Switzerland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkish lira </Td> <Td> Northern Cyprus ( Cyprus ) </Td> <Td> TL </Td> <Td> TRY </Td> <Td> Floating </Td> <Td> Turkish lira is issued by Turkey </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> Note that there are other currencies used in overseas territories of member states . Those territories however are not part of the European Union proper ( legally subject to all its law ) so are not listed here . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Historic currencies ( edit ) </H2> Further information : History of the euro <Table> <Tr> <Th> Currency </Th> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Symbol </Th> <Th> ISO </Th> <Th> Completely Yielded on </Th> <Th> Rate to euro </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austrian schilling </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> S or öS </Td> <Td> ( ATS ) </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2002 </Td> <Td> 13.7603 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgian franc </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> fr . </Td> <Td> ( BEF ) </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2002 </Td> <Td> 40.3399 </Td> <Td> Interchangeable with Luxembourgian franc ( BLEU ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cypriot pound </Td> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> £ </Td> <Td> ( CYP ) </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 0.585274 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch guilder </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> ƒ or fl . </Td> <Td> ( NLG ) </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2002 </Td> <Td> 2.20371 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonian kroon </Td> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> Kr </Td> <Td> ( EEK ) </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 15.6466 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finnish markka </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> mk </Td> <Td> ( FIM ) </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2002 </Td> <Td> 5.94573 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French franc </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> ₣ , F or FF </Td> <Td> ( FRF ) </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2002 </Td> <Td> 6.55957 </Td> <Td> Linked to Monegasque franc , both valid in France , Andorra and Monaco . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German mark </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> DM </Td> <Td> ( DEM ) </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2002 </Td> <Td> 1.95583 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greek drachma </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Δρχ. , Δρ. or ₯ </Td> <Td> ( GRD ) </Td> <Td> 2001 / 2002 </Td> <Td> 340.75 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irish pound </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> £ </Td> <Td> ( IEP ) </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2002 </Td> <Td> 0.787564 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italian lira </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> ₤ , L. or LIT </Td> <Td> ( ITL ) </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2002 </Td> <Td> 1,936.27 </Td> <Td> Linked to Sammarinese & Vatican lira , all valid in Italy , San Marino and the Vatican City . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvian lats </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> Ls </Td> <Td> ( LVL ) </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 0.702804 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuanian litas </Td> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> Lt </Td> <Td> ( LTL ) </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 3.4528 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxembourgian franc </Td> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> fr. or F </Td> <Td> ( LUF ) </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2002 </Td> <Td> 40.3399 </Td> <Td> Interchangeable with Belgian franc ( BLEU ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maltese lira </Td> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> ₤ or Lm </Td> <Td> ( MTL ) </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 0.4293 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portuguese escudo </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> S ‖ ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( S ) \ ! \ ! \ ! \ Vert ) or $ </Td> <Td> ( PTE ) </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2002 </Td> <Td> 200.482 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovak koruna </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> Sk </Td> <Td> ( SKK ) </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 30.126 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenian tolar </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> SIT </Td> <Td> ( SIT ) </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 239.64 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spanish peseta </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> ₧ </Td> <Td> ( ESP ) </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2002 </Td> <Td> 166.386 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> European Currency Unit </Td> <Td> Accounting only </Td> <Td> ₠ , ECU or XEU </Td> <Td> ( XEU ) </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Accounting currency alongside national currencies until the euro introduction . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Economy of the European Union </Li> <Li> List of currencies in Europe </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Eurozone seeks a post-Brexit balance , European Data Journalism Network 15 December 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The euro , European Commission </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK call for ' multicurrency ' EU triggers ECB alarm , Financial Times 4 December 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Great British Euro Conundrum , Handelsblatt 20 June 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ What a fair relationship between ' euro ins ' and ' euro outs ' could look like , London School of Economics 26 January 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swiss franc is the official currency and euro is widely accepted . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The euro is the official currency but the Swiss franc is more widely used due to it being a Swiss enclave . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ EU law is suspended in Northern Cyprus , and the Turkish Cypriot government who use the Turkish lira are not recognised as the legitimate government of the region . Nevertheless , the euro does circulate widely . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Replaced alongside French franc with euro </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Replaced alongside Italian lira with euro </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Euro topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union </Li> <Li> Euro sign </Li> <Li> Eurozone </Li> <Li> Linguistic issues </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Administration </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> European Central Bank </Li> <Li> ECB President </Li> <Li> European System of Central Banks </Li> <Li> Eurosystem </Li> <Li> Ecofin </Li> <Li> Eurogroup </Li> <Li> Euro summit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fiscal provisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stability and Growth Pact </Li> <Li> European Financial Stability Facility </Li> <Li> European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism </Li> <Li> European Stability Mechanism </Li> <Li> Euro Plus Pact </Li> <Li> Six pack </Li> <Li> European Fiscal Compact </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Snake in the tunnel '' </Li> <Li> European Monetary System <Ul> <Li> I ECU </Li> <Li> II ERM </Li> <Li> III EMU </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> European Monetary Cooperation Fund </Li> <Li> European Monetary Institute </Li> <Li> Enlargement </Li> <Li> Black Wednesday </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Economy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Economy of Europe </Li> <Li> Economy of the European Union </Li> <Li> Eonia </Li> <Li> Euro calculator </Li> <Li> Euro Interbank Offered Rate ( Euribor ) </Li> <Li> Single Euro Payments Area ( SEPA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International status </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Proposed eurobonds </Li> <Li> Reserve currency </Li> <Li> Petroeuro </Li> <Li> World currency </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denominations </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> coins </Th>

The common currency of

What is the name given to the common currency to the european union?