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Nobel Prize in Literature - wikipedia <H1> Nobel Prize in Literature </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Nobel Prize in Literature </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Announcement of the Nobel Prize laureate in literature , 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awarded for </Th> <Td> Outstanding contributions in literature </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Sweden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> Swedish Academy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reward ( s ) </Th> <Td> 9 million SEK ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First awarded </Th> <Td> 1901 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Currently held by </Th> <Td> Kazuo Ishiguro ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> nobelprize.org </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ← 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Nobel Prize in Literature ( Swedish : Nobelpriset i litteratur ) has been awarded annually , since 1901 , to an author from any country who has , in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel , produced `` in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction '' ( original Swedish : den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning ) . Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy , here `` work '' refers to an author 's work as a whole . The Swedish Academy decides who , if anyone , will receive the prize in any given year . The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 ; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , Nobel Prize in Physics , Nobel Peace Prize , and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . </P> <P> Although the Nobel Prize in Literature has become the world 's most prestigious literature prize , the Swedish Academy has attracted significant criticism for its handling of the award . Many authors who have won the prize have fallen into obscurity , while others rejected by the jury remain widely studied and read . The prize has `` become widely seen as a political one - a peace prize in literary disguise '' , whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them . Tim Parks has expressed skepticism that it is possible for `` Swedish professors ... ( to ) compar ( e ) a poet from Indonesia , perhaps translated into English with a novelist from Cameroon , perhaps available only in French , and another who writes in Afrikaans but is published in German and Dutch ... '' . As of 2016 , 16 of the 113 recipients have been of Scandinavian origin . The Academy has often been alleged to be biased towards European , and in particular Swedish , authors . Some , such as Indian academic Sabaree Mitra , have noted that , though the Nobel Prize in Literature is significant and tends to overshadow other awards , it is `` not the only benchmark of literary excellence . '' </P> <P> Nobel 's `` vague '' wording for the criteria for the prize has led to recurrent controversy . In the original Swedish , the word idealisk translates as either `` idealistic '' or `` ideal '' . The Nobel Committee 's interpretation has varied over the years . In recent years , this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Nomination procedure </Li> <Li> 3 Prizes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Nobel Prize Medals </Li> <Li> 3.2 Nobel Prize Diplomas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Laureates <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Potential candidates </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Criticism <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections </Li> <Li> 5.2 Nationality - based criticism </Li> <Li> 5.3 Overlooked literary achievements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Similar international prizes </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> In 1901 , French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme ( 1839 -- 1907 ) was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature , `` in special recognition of his poetic composition , which gives evidence of lofty idealism , artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect . '' <P> Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the `` greatest benefit on mankind '' in physics , chemistry , peace , physiology or medicine , and literature . Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime , the last was written a little over a year before he died , and signed at the Swedish - Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895 . Nobel bequeathed 94 % of his total assets , 31 million Swedish kronor ( US $198 million , € 176 million in 2016 ) , to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes . Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will , it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting ( Norwegian Parliament ) approved it . The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist , who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel 's fortune and organize the prizes . </P> <P> The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved . The prize - awarding organisations followed : the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June , the Swedish Academy on 9 June , and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June . The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded . In 1900 , the Nobel Foundation 's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II . According to Nobel 's will , the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature . </P> <H2> Nomination procedure ( edit ) </H2> <P> Each year , the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature . Members of the Academy , members of literature academies and societies , professors of literature and language , former Nobel literature laureates , and the presidents of writers ' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate . It is not permitted to nominate oneself . </P> <P> Thousands of requests are sent out each year , and as of 2011 about 220 proposals are returned . These proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February , after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee . By April , the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates . By May , a short list of five names is approved by the Committee . The subsequent four months are then spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates . In October , members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature . No one can get the prize without being on the list at least twice , thus many of the same authors reappear and are reviewed repeatedly over the years . The academy is master of thirteen languages , but when a candidate is shortlisted from an unknown language , they call on translators and oath - sworn experts to provide samples of that writer . Other elements of the process are similar to that of other Nobel Prizes . </P> <H2> Prizes ( edit ) </H2> <P> A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal , a diploma bearing a citation , and a sum of money . The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year . If a prize is awarded to more than one laureate , the money is either split evenly among them or , for three laureates , it may be divided into a half and two quarters . If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates , the money is split among them . </P> <P> The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but as of 2012 it stood at kr 8,000,000 ( about US $ 1,100,000 ) , previously it was kr 10,000,000 . This was not the first time the prize - amount was decreased -- beginning with a nominal value of kr 150,782 in 1901 ( worth 8,123,951 in 2011 SEK ) the nominal value has been as low as kr 121,333 ( 2,370,660 in 2011 SEK ) in 1945 -- but it has been uphill or stable since then , peaking at an SEK - 2011 value of 11,659,016 in 2001 . </P> <P> The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during `` Nobel Week '' in Stockholm ; the highlight is the prize - giving ceremony and banquet on 10 December . It is the richest literary prize in the world by a large margin . </P> <H3> Nobel Prize medals ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Nobel Prize medals , minted by Myntverket in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902 , are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation . Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse ( front side of the medal ) . The Nobel Prize medals for Physics , Chemistry , Physiology or Medicine , and Literature have identical obverses , showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death ( 1833 -- 1896 ) . Nobel 's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics , but with a slightly different design . The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize . The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design . The medal for the Nobel Prize in Literature was designed by Erik Lindberg . </P> <H3> Nobel Prize Diplomas ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nobel laureates receive a Diploma directly from the King of Sweden . Each Diploma is uniquely designed by the prize - awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it . The Diploma contains a picture and text that states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize . </P> <H2> Laureates ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Nobel laureates in Literature <H3> Potential candidates ( edit ) </H3> <P> Potential recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature are difficult to predict as nominations are kept secret for fifty years until they are publicly available at The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature . Currently , only nominations submitted between 1901 and 1965 are available for public viewing . This secrecy has led to speculation about the next Nobel laureate . </P> <P> What about the rumours circling around the world about certain people being nominated for the Nobel Prize this year ? - Well , either it 's just a rumour , or someone among the invited nominators has leaked information . Since the nominations are kept secret for 50 years , you 'll have to wait until then to find out . </P> -- www.nobelprize.org , in Nomination FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions about the Nomination and Selection of Nobel Laureates <P> According to Professor Göran Malmqvist of the Swedish Academy , Chinese writer Shen Congwen was to have been awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature , had he not suddenly died that year . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Controversies about Nobel laureate selections ( edit ) </H3> Selma Lagerlöf , the first female writer to be awarded a Nobel Prize in literature , faced major controversies . Illustration

The Nobel Prize for Literature was first awarded in

When was the nobel prize for literature first awarded?

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New York City subway - wikipedia <H1> New York City subway </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> New York City Subway <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Top : A 1 train made up of R62A cars leaves the 125th Street station . Bottom : An E train made up of R160A cars enters the Chambers Street -- World Trade Center station . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Td> The Bronx , Brooklyn , Manhattan , and Queens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Locale </Th> <Td> New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Transit type </Th> <Td> Rapid transit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of lines </Th> <Td> 36 lines 25 services ( 1 planned ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of stations </Th> <Td> 472 ( MTA total count ) 424 unique stations ( when compared to international standards ) 1 under construction 14 planned </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daily ridership </Th> <Td> 5,655,755 ( weekdays , 2016 ) 3,202,388 ( Saturdays , 2016 ) 2,555,814 ( Sundays , 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual ridership </Th> <Td> 1,756,814,800 ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> mta.info/nyct </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Operation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Began operation </Th> <Td> <P> October 27 , 1904 ( Original subway ) July 3 , 1868 ( first elevated , rapid transit operation ) </P> October 9 , 1863 ( first railroad operation ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operator ( s ) </Th> <Td> New York City Transit Authority ( NYCTA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of vehicles </Th> <Td> 6,418 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headway </Th> <Td> Peak hours : 2 -- 5 minutes Off - peak : 10 -- 20 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Technical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> System length </Th> <Td> 7005394289280000000 ♠ 245 miles ( 394 km ) ( route length ) 691 mi ( 1,112 km ) ( track length , revenue ) 850 mi ( 1,370 km ) ( track length , total ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Track gauge </Th> <Td> 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electrification </Th> <Td> 600 -- 650 V ( DC ) third rail ; normally 625V </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average speed </Th> <Td> 17 mph ( 27 km / h ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Top speed </Th> <Td> 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( hide ) System map </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority , a subsidiary agency of the state - run Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) . Opened in 1904 , the New York City Subway is one of the world 's oldest public transit systems , one of the world 's most used metro systems , and the metro system with the most stations . It offers service 24 hours per day on every day of the year . </P> <P> The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations , with 472 stations in operation ( 424 if stations connected by transfers are counted as single stations ) . Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan , Brooklyn , Queens , and the Bronx . The Staten Island Railway is not officially considered part of the subway , as it lacks a rail link with the subway system , so passengers traveling to another borough take a ferry or bus ; however , free transfers are allowed to the New York City Subway and the MTA 's bus system . The Port Authority Trans - Hudson in Manhattan and New Jersey and the AirTrain JFK in Queens both accept the subway 's MetroCard but are not operated by the MTA and do not allow free transfers . However , the Roosevelt Island Tramway does allow free transfers to the MTA and bus systems , even though it is also not operated by the MTA . </P> <P> The system is also one of the world 's longest . Overall , the system contains 236 miles ( 380 km ) of routes , translating into 665 miles ( 1,070 km ) of revenue track ; and a total of 850 miles ( 1,370 km ) including non-revenue trackage . </P> <P> By annual ridership , the New York City Subway is the busiest rapid transit rail system in both the Western Hemisphere and the Western world , as well as the seventh busiest rapid transit rail system in the world ; only the metro ( subway ) systems in Beijing , Shanghai , Seoul , Tokyo , Guangzhou , and Moscow record higher annual ridership . In 2015 , the subway delivered over 1.76 billion rides , averaging approximately 5.7 million daily rides on weekdays and a combined 5.9 million rides each weekend ( 3.3 million on Saturdays ; 2.7 million on Sundays ) . Ridership continues to increase , and on September 23 , 2014 , more than 6.1 million people rode the subway system , establishing the highest single - day ridership since ridership was regularly monitored in 1985 . </P> <P> Of the system 's 25 services , 22 pass through Manhattan , the exceptions being the G train , the Franklin Avenue Shuttle , and the Rockaway Park Shuttle . Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated , on embankments , or in open cuts , and a few stretches of track run at ground level . In total , 40 % of track is above ground , despite the `` subway '' moniker . Many lines and stations have both express and local services . These lines have three or four tracks . Normally , the outer two are used for local trains , while the inner one or two are used for express trains . Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Construction methods </Li> <Li> 1.2 Expansion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Lines and routes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Nomenclature </Li> <Li> 2.2 Subway map </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Stations <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Concourse </Li> <Li> 3.2 Platforms </Li> <Li> 3.3 Accessibility </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Rolling stock </Li> <Li> 5 Fares <Ul> <Li> 5.1 MetroCard </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Modernization </Li> <Li> 7 Safety and security <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Signaling <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Wayside Block Signaling </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 CBTC overlay </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Train accidents </Li> <Li> 7.3 Passenger safety <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Track safety and suicides </Li> <Li> 7.3. 2 Crime </Li> <Li> 7.3. 3 Photography </Li> <Li> 7.3. 4 Terrorism prevention </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Challenges <Ul> <Li> 8.1 2009 -- 2010 budget cuts </Li> <Li> 8.2 2017 state of emergency </Li> <Li> 8.3 Capacity constraints <Ul> <Li> 8.3. 1 Expanding service frequency via CBTC </Li> <Li> 8.3. 2 Expanding peak service frequency and increasing car capacity </Li> <Li> 8.3. 3 Controlling crowds using signs and platform controllers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.4 Subway flooding </Li> <Li> 8.5 Full and partial subway closures </Li> <Li> 8.6 Litter and rodents </Li> <Li> 8.7 Noise </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Public relations <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Miss Subways </Li> <Li> 9.2 Subway Series </Li> <Li> 9.3 Holiday Train </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of the New York City Subway The City Hall station of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line opened on October 27 , 1904 <P> Alfred Ely Beach built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870 . His Beach Pneumatic Transit only extended 312 feet ( 95 m ) under Broadway in Lower Manhattan operating from Warren Street to Murray Street and exhibited his idea for a subway propelled by pneumatic tube technology . The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons , although extensions had been planned to take the tunnel southward to the Battery and northwards towards the Harlem River . ( In 1912 , workers excavating for the present - day BMT Broadway Line dug into the old Beach tunnel ; today , no part of this line remains as the tunnel was completely within the limits of the present day City Hall Station under Broadway . ) </P> <P> The Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system . A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894 , and construction began in 1900 . The first underground line of the subway opened on October 27 , 1904 , almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City , which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line . The fare was $0.05 and on the first day the trains carried over 150,000 passengers . The oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line . The oldest right - of - way , which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek , was in use in 1864 as a steam railroad called the Brooklyn , Bath and Coney Island Rail Road . </P> <P> By the time the first subway opened in 1904 , the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems , the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company ( BRT , later Brooklyn -- Manhattan Transit Corporation , BMT ) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company ( IRT ) . The city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies . The first line of the city - owned and operated Independent Subway System ( IND ) opened in 1932 ; this system was intended to compete with the private systems and allow some of the elevated railways to be torn down , but stayed within the core of the City due to its small startup capital . This required it to be run ' at cost ' , necessitating fares up to double the five - cent fare popular at the time . </P> <P> In 1940 , the city bought the two private systems . Some elevated lines ceased service immediately while others closed soon after . Integration was slow , but several connections were built between the IND and BMT ; these now operate as one division called the B Division . Since the IRT tunnels , sharper curves , and stations are too small and therefore can not accommodate B Division cars , the IRT remains its own division , the A Division . However , many passenger transfers between stations of all three former companies have been created , allowing the entire network to be treated as a single unit . </P> <P> During the late - 1940s , the system recorded high ridership , and on December 23 , 1946 , the system - wide record of 8,872,249 fares was set . </P> <P> The New York City Transit Authority ( NYCTA ) , a public authority presided by New York City , was created in 1953 to take over subway , bus , and streetcar operations from the city , and placed under control of the state - level Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968 . </P> Graffiti became a notable symbol of declining service during the 1970s . <P> Organized in 1934 by transit workers of the BRT , IRT , and IND , the Transport Workers Union of America Local 100 remains the largest and most influential local of the

The subway in New York opened in

When did the subway open in new york?

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Mandalay Bay - wikipedia <H1> Mandalay Bay </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Mandalay Bay </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Paradise , Nevada , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Address </Th> <Td> 3950 South Las Vegas Boulevard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening date </Th> <Td> March 2 , 1999 ; 18 years ago ( March 2 , 1999 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme </Th> <Td> Tropical </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of rooms </Th> <Td> 3,309 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total gaming space </Th> <Td> 135,000 sq ft ( 12,500 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Permanent shows </Th> <Td> Michael Jackson : One </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Signature attractions </Th> <Td> Mandalay Bay Convention Center Mandalay Bay Events Center Shark Reef House of Blues Mandalay Beach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable restaurants </Th> <Td> Aureole Alain Ducasse Rivea Charlie Palmer Steak Fleur by Hubert Keller Kumi Lupo Red Square RM Seafood Stripsteak Border Grill Las Vegas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Casino type </Th> <Td> Land - based </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> MGM Resorts International </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Renovated in </Th> <Td> 2002 , 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 36 ° 5 ′ 30 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 29 '' W  /  36.09167 ° N 115.17472 ° W  / 36.09167 ; - 115.17472 Coordinates : 36 ° 5 ′ 30 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 29 '' W  /  36.09167 ° N 115.17472 ° W  / 36.09167 ; - 115.17472 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> mandalaybay.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mandalay Bay is a 43 - story luxury resort and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . It is owned and operated by MGM Resorts International . One of the property 's towers operates as the Delano ; the Four Seasons Hotel is independently operated within the Mandalay Bay tower , occupying 5 floors ( 35 -- 39 ) . </P> <P> Mandalay Bay has 3,309 hotel rooms , 24 elevators and a casino of 135,000 square feet ( 12,500 m ) . Adjacent to the hotel is the 2,000,000 square feet ( 190,000 m ) Mandalay Bay Convention Center and the 12,000 - seat Mandalay Bay Events Center . The Mandalay Bay Tram connects the resort to its sister properties , Excalibur and Luxor , all three of which were constructed by Circus Circus Enterprises before its sale to MGM . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 2017 shooting </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Hotels <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Penthouse suites </Li> <Li> 2.2 Four Seasons Hotel </Li> <Li> 2.3 Delano Las Vegas ( adjacent building ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Attractions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Shows </Li> <Li> 3.2 Mandalay Beach </Li> <Li> 3.3 Mandalay Bay Events Center </Li> <Li> 3.4 Mandalay Bay Convention Center </Li> <Li> 3.5 The Shoppes at Mandalay Place </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Restaurants <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Bars and lounges </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Media references <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Film and television </Li> <Li> 5.2 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> View from Mandalay Bay hotel looking north ( 2014 ) <P> In 1995 , Circus Circus Enterprises bought the Hacienda for $80 million and an adjacent 74 - acre ( 30 ha ) site for $73 million . They closed the Hacienda on December 1 , 1996 , and imploded it a month later on New Year 's Eve . Plans for the tropical - themed `` Project Paradise '' were revealed the same day , with an estimated budget of $800 million to $1 billion . In February 1998 the project was renamed Mandalay Bay to evoke the exotic tropical romanticism of the poem `` Mandalay '' . </P> <P> Problems arose during construction because of excessive and uneven settling of the soil beneath the building ; the core of the building sank by 17 inches ( 430 mm ) , while one of the wings had settled by only 2 inches ( 51 mm ) . Rumors about the severity of the issues depressed Circus Circus 's stock price . The problem was solved by installing 536 micropiles ( 200 - foot - long metal pipes filled with grout , each capped with a hydraulic jack ) below the building , at an estimated cost of $8 to $10 million . </P> <P> The resort opened on March 2 , 1999 , with grand opening festivities that included the Blues Brothers ( Dan Aykroyd , James Belushi , and John Goodman ) leading a procession of 200 motorcycles to Mandalay Bay 's front doors , and a concert by Bob Dylan at the House of Blues . </P> <P> In June 1999 , Circus Circus changed its name to Mandalay Resort Group . </P> <P> Construction of a major convention center at Mandalay Bay was begun in June 2001 , with its opening originally set for the summer of 2002 . After a delay in the wake of the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the Mandalay Bay Convention Center opened in January 2003 . With 1.5 million square feet ( 140,000 m ) of space , it was the fifth largest convention center in the nation . </P> <P> On May 23 , 2002 , the Mandalay Resort Group announced a second 1,122 - room hotel tower , with a cost of at least $200 million . Construction began on the project in September 2002 . The name of the tower , THEhotel at Mandalay Bay , was revealed in October 2003 . The tower opened on December 17 , 2003 . </P> <P> In February 2005 , Mandalay Resort Group was sold to MGM Mirage ( later MGM Resorts International ) , who currently own the resort . The acquisition was finalized on April 25 , 2005 . </P> <H3> 2017 shooting ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 2017 Las Vegas shooting <P> On October 1 , 2017 , gunman Stephen Paddock opened fire on the Route 91 Harvest , a country music festival , from a room on the 32nd floor of the hotel , killing 58 and wounding 546 . The shooting ended when Paddock committed suicide before Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department officers breached the hotel room . The shooting brought attention to a legal device called a bump - fire stock , which is used to mimic an automatic weapon . Automatic weapons are restricted by the National Firearms Act of 1934 and the Firearm Owners Protection Act of 1986 . This incident is the deadliest mass shooting by a lone gunman in recent U.S. history . </P> <H2> Hotels ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Penthouse suites ( edit ) </H3> <P> The gold coloring of the hotel is a result of gold leaf used on the windows . Levels 40 - 42 ( numbered as floors 60 -- 62 ) are designed as penthouse suites , with a penthouse lounge on level 62 for guests staying in the penthouses . Level 43 ( numbered as 64 ) is the Foundation Room , a restaurant and bar . </P> <H3> Four Seasons hotel ( edit ) </H3> <P> Five floors ( floors 35 -- 39 ) of the main hotel building are occupied by the five - star and AAA Five - Diamond Four Seasons Hotel Las Vegas . </P> <H3> Delano Las Vegas ( adjacent building ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Delano Las Vegas <P> The resort 's second tower , with 45 stories and 1,117 suites , previously operated as THEhotel at Mandalay Bay , now operates as Delano Las Vegas . Each suite is at least 750 square feet ( 70 m ) . </P> <H2> Attractions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Shows ( edit ) </H3> <P> A production of the classic Broadway musical Chicago debuted at Mandalay Bay 's 1999 grand opening and ran for one year . Storm , an original production show featuring Latin music , ran from April 2001 to July 2002 . Mamma Mia ! was a long - running stage production at the resort from 2003 to 2009 . The show was replaced with Disney 's The Lion King , which opened on May 15 , 2009 . Its run ended in 2011 to make way for Michael Jackson : One , by Cirque du Soleil , which opened May 2013 . </P> <P> Another popular attraction is the House of Blues , a venue for live music and a restaurant , with a capacity of approximately 1,800 . On the top floor of the hotel is the House of Blues Foundation Room , featuring a dining room , private dining rooms , and a balcony looking down the Las Vegas Strip . </P> <H3> Mandalay Beach ( edit ) </H3> Mandalay Bay pool . <P> Mandalay Beach is an 11 acres ( 4.5 ha ) pool area with three heated pools , a wave pool with connecting pool for small children , and a lazy river that features a small waterfall . The wave pool features 1.6 million gallons of water and waves in 90 - second intervals with heights ranging anywhere from two to four feet . Because of this , it has a strict 48 '' height requirement . The European - style pool , called Moorea , features its own private bar as well as the allowance of female guests to bathe topless . Because of this , Moorea is separated from the rest of the pool by smoked glass windows and has an over-21 requirement . There are also two restaurants at the Beach . The pool area won the Las Vegas Review Journal 's Reader 's `` Best Pool of Las Vegas '' award for seven years in a row . One pool remains open throughout the winter months . </P> <P> In keeping with the resort 's tropical theme , it features a saltwater aquarium , the Shark Reef Aquarium , which contains the third largest tank in North America . Shark Reef Aquarium contains numerous other exhibits , including two tunnel - shaped , walk - through aquariums . </P> <H3> Mandalay Bay events center ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Mandalay Bay Events Center <P> The Mandalay Bay Events Center , a 12,000 - seat arena , hosts major events including concerts , boxing matches , and Ultimate Fighting Championship events . It has played host to the Latin Grammy Awards several times , and the Miss Universe pageant . </P> <H3> Mandalay Bay convention center ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Mandalay Bay Convention Center <P> This 1,000,000 square feet ( 93,000 m ) facility is one of the largest privately owned convention centers in the world . It has several ballrooms ranging in size up to 100,000 square feet ( 9,300 m ) , and can support up to 75 breakout sessions . </P> <H3> The Shoppes at Mandalay Place ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Shoppes at Mandalay Place is a 310 - foot ( 94 m ) - long retail sky bridge . </P> <H2> Restaurants ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are 24 restaurants at the resort . Michael Mina , Alain Ducasse , Rick Moonen , Charlie Palmer , Hubert Keller , Wolfgang Puck , Mary Sue Milliken and Susan Feniger are all associated with restaurants on the property . </P> <Ul> <Li> Aureole </Li> <Li> Bayside Buffet </Li> <Li> Beach Bar & Grill </Li> <Li> Burger Bar </Li> <Li> Border Grill </Li> <Li> Charlie Palmer Steak </Li> <Li> Citizens ( Formerly Red , White , and Blue ) </Li> <Li> Fleur </Li> <Li> Foundation Room </Li> <Li> Boardwalk Pizza & Pasta ( Formerly Wolf Grill ) </Li> <Li> House of Blues at Crossroads </Li> <Li> House of Blues Restaurant </Li> <Li> Hussong 's Cantina </Li> <Li> Lupo </Li> <Li> Mizuya </Li> <Li> Alain Ducasse Mix </Li> <Li>

The Four Seasons Hotel in Las Vegas is owned by

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Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World - wikipedia <H1> Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fantasy </Li> <Li> Comedy - drama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michele Fazekas </Li> <Li> Tara Butters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jason Ritter </Li> <Li> JoAnna Garcia Swisher </Li> <Li> Kimberly Hebert Gregory </Li> <Li> India de Beaufort </Li> <Li> J. August Richards </Li> <Li> Chloe East </Li> <Li> Dustin Ybarra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Blake Neely </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 10 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michele Fazekas </Li> <Li> Tara Butters </Li> <Li> Chris Dingess </Li> <Li> Craig DiGregorio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 43 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fazekas & Butters </Li> <Li> ABC Studios </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Disney -- ABC Domestic Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ( stylized as Kevin ^ Saves the World ) is an American high - concept angelic - themed fantasy comedy - drama television series that was created and executive produced by Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters for ABC Studios . The series airs on ABC as a Tuesday night entry during the 2017 -- 18 television season , and was greenlit on May 11 , 2017 . The series premiered on October 3 , 2017 . The show is set in Taylor , Texas . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring / Guest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Casting </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Ratings </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Kevin , a down - on - his - luck man who survived a suicide attempt , moves in with his twin sister Amy , an engineer and professor at the local college , and Amy 's teenage daughter Reese . Shortly after , he discovers a celestial being named Yvette ; Yvette claims that God has tasked Kevin with saving the world , and sent Yvette to guide and protect him . Only Kevin can see and hear Yvette , so his conversations appear to be hallucinations to those around him . The series also explores a mystery , as there are supposed to be 36 righteous souls in each generation , but for unknown reasons , Kevin is the only one left . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jason Ritter as Kevin Finn </Li> <Li> JoAnna Garcia as Amy Cabrera ( née Finn ) </Li> <Li> Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Yvette </Li> <Li> India de Beaufort as Kristin Allen </Li> <Li> J. August Richards as Sheriff Deputy Nathan Purcell </Li> <Li> Chloe East as Reese Cabrera </Li> <Li> Dustin Ybarra as Tyler Medina </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring / Guest ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Barbara Eve Harris as Colonel O'Donnell </Li> <Li> Michael Harney as Karl Gilmore </Li> <Li> Sam Huntington as Jake Gilmore </Li> <Li> Lesley Boone as Lucille </Li> <Li> Emma Bell as Deb </Li> <Li> Christian Ochoa as Ben </Li> <Li> Lauren Blumenfeld as Ava </Li> <Li> Richard Masur as Dr. Sloane </Li> <Li> Kate Flannery as Anne </Li> <Li> Will Sasso as Dave </Li> <Li> Brandon Quinn as Ignacio `` Iggy '' DePerro </Li> <Li> Anjali Bhimani as Susan Allen </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Pilot '' </Td> <Td> Paul McGuigan </Td> <Td> Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 4.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> After getting fired from his Wall Street job and surviving a suicide attempt , Kevin Finn returns to his hometown to live with his sister Amy , a widowed mom , and her teenage daughter Reese . While Amy is away at a work assignment , a meteor crashes to earth near her home . Kevin and Reese investigate , and when Kevin touches the meteorite , he is hurtled backward . He begins having strange visions , including a mysterious woman named Yvette that only Kevin can see . Yvette calls herself one of God 's messengers , tasked with locating the 36 righteous souls of this generation , of which Kevin is the only one known to be left . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Listen Up '' </Td> <Td> Kevin Dowling </Td> <Td> Craig DiGregorio & Jack Kenny </Td> <Td> October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 3.61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Yvette tells Kevin that not even she knows what happened to the other 35 righteous ones , and that they 'll have to let the universe guide them . While helping the son of a brewery pub owner find his true path , Kevin reconnects with his ex-girlfriend Kristin and the two sleep together . They ponder getting back together , but both remember how badly Kevin treated Kristin in the past and decide it 's not a good idea . Kevin has a vision of an island surrounded by ocean . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Sweet Little Lies '' </Td> <Td> Peter Leto </Td> <Td> Chris Dingess & Davah Avena </Td> <Td> October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 3.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Kevin tries to intervene as a wedding planner for Deb , whose former childhood friend proposed to her when she got cancer . But now that Deb is healthy , she reveals to Kevin that she does not want to get married . Kevin has a vision of a mariachi band . Yvette meets with Ava , a celestial messenger like herself . Ava says she will gather all the other messengers to meet about finding the rest of the righteous , but come meeting time , they are the only two to show up . Ava then says that she too is giving up . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` How to be Good '' </Td> <Td> J. Miller Tobin </Td> <Td> Teleplay by : Brant Englestein Story by : Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters </Td> <Td> October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 2.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Kevin helps Lucille , Tyler 's rude boss at the diner , and gets dragged into a feud between Lucille and her estranged sister , Anne . Kevin later has a vision of being in an Asian marketplace . Reese confronts Kevin about the strange things she 's observed , and asks if the meteorite gave him superpowers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` Brutal Acts of Kindness '' </Td> <Td> Rob Hardy </Td> <Td> Craig DiGregorio </Td> <Td> October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 2.71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> After Yvette convinces him to withdraw his entire $30,000 severance pay and give it away , Kevin helps a woman who can not afford her son 's diabetes medication . He later has a vision of being chased by a tiger through a jungle . Amy finds Reese 's journal and sees that Kevin caused Reese to be thrown in jail . She angrily tells Kevin to pack up and move out . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> `` Rocky Road '' </Td> <Td> Wendey Stanzler </Td> <Td> Jack Kenny </Td> <Td> November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 2.91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Kevin begins looking for places to stay , hitting up Tyler , Kristin and Nathan . He also helps a man who lost his job 18 months ago look for work , learning that the man never told his wife and has now exhausted their life savings . Angry at her mom , Reese skips school and runs away to an abandoned factory . Kevin and Amy arrive to talk her down , but Reese slips from her perch and falls . Yvette suspends Reese in mid air for a couple of seconds , allowing Kevin to get underneath and catch her . A dumbfounded Amy observes , and starts seeing Kevin the way Reese has seen him . Kevin gets a printout of all his previous visions , plus a new one of mountaintops in the clouds . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> `` Dave '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Chris Dingess </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 2.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Kevin and Yvette are joined by Dave ( Will Sasso ) , another celestial messenger , who helps them on Kevin 's next assignment . The assignment turns out to be helping Kristin 's cancer - stricken mother Susan ( Anjali Bhimani ) find some joy while living out her last days . Kevin later sees a vision of a flaming gazebo . Meanwhile , Amy wants to use science to figure out what she witnessed when Reese fell , and soon meets Iggy ( Brandon Quinn ) , a theology professor who tries to convince her that it 's okay for some things to remain unexplained . Also , Nathan tells Reese he wants to ask Amy out on a date , but Reese will not give him permission . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> `` Chrysalis '' </Td> <Td> Metin Hüseyin </Td> <Td> Kevin Deiboldt </Td> <Td> December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 2.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Kevin sees a vision of blue butterflies , and follows one to an art class held by Ethan ( Enoch King ) . Kevin offers to help Ethan get over his fear of rejection by taking him to an art show , later realizing this will conflict with Reese 's school play . Dave appears and reveals himself to Ethan , offering to take him to the art showing so Kevin can be with his family . At the same time , Yvette meets with Ava , who tells her that Dave has turned all the celestial messengers against her . Kevin angrily confronts Yvette about being able to reveal herself to other people , and asks what else she 's hidden from him . Yvette admits she does not know if the other 35 righteous really exist , and is operating on faith alone . Kevin chooses to work with Dave , which backfires when Ethan gets scared and backs out of the show . Kevin returns to Yvette while making things right with Ethan by setting up a surprise showing of Ethan 's paintings . Ethan offers a painting of a blue butterfly to Kevin as a thank you , also telling Kevin about a trip

The TV show "Kevin (Probably) Saves the World" stars

Who stars in kevin probably save the world?

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Opium of the people - wikipedia <H1> Opium of the people </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Karl Marx 's statement . For Slipknot 's song , see Vol. 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) . <P> `` Religion is the opium of the people '' is one of the most frequently paraphrased statements of German philosopher and economist Karl Marx . It was translated from the German original , `` Die Religion ... ist das Opium des Volkes '' and is often rendered as `` religion ... is the opiate of the masses . '' </P> <P> The quotation originates from the introduction of Marx 's work A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel 's Philosophy of Right , which he started in 1843 but which was not published until after his death . The introduction to this work was published separately in 1844 , in Marx 's own journal Deutsch -- Französische Jahrbücher , a collaboration with Arnold Ruge . </P> <P> The full quote from Karl Marx translates as : `` Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature , the heart of a heartless world , and the soul of soulless conditions . It is the opium of the people '' . Often quoted only in part , the interpretation of the metaphor in its context has received much less attention . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Full quotation </Li> <Li> 2 Meaning </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 Modern comparisons </Li> <Li> 5 Similar statements <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Novalis </Li> <Li> 5.2 Heinrich Heine </Li> <Li> 5.3 Charles Kingsley </Li> <Li> 5.4 Miguel de Unamuno </Li> <Li> 5.5 Lenin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Full quotation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Marxism and religion <P> The quotation , in context , reads as follows ( emphasis added ) : </P> <P> The foundation of irreligious criticism is : Man makes religion , religion does not make man . Religion is , indeed , the self - consciousness and self - esteem of man who has either not yet won through to himself , or has already lost himself again . But man is no abstract being squatting outside the world . Man is the world of man -- state , society . This state and this society produce religion , which is an inverted consciousness of the world , because they are an inverted world . Religion is the general theory of this world , its encyclopaedic compendium , its logic in popular form , its spiritual point d'honneur , its enthusiasm , its moral sanction , its solemn complement , and its universal basis of consolation and justification . It is the fantastic realization of the human essence since the human essence has not acquired any true reality . The struggle against religion is , therefore , indirectly the struggle against that world whose spiritual aroma is religion . </P> <P> Religious suffering is , at one and the same time , the expression of real suffering and a protest against real suffering . Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature , the heart of a heartless world , and the soul of soulless conditions . It is the opium of the people . </P> <P> The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is the demand for their real happiness . To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions . The criticism of religion is , therefore , in embryo , the criticism of that vale of tears of which religion is the halo . </P> <H2> Meaning ( edit ) </H2> <P> Marx was making a structural functionalism argument about religion , and particularly about organized religion . Marx believed that religion had certain practical functions in society that were similar to the function of opium in a sick or injured person : it reduced people 's immediate suffering and provided them with pleasant illusions , but it also reduced their energy and their willingness to confront the oppressive , heartless , and soulless reality that capitalism had forced them into . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Marx wrote this passage in 1843 as part of the introduction to a book that criticized philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 's 1820 book , Elements of the Philosophy of Right . The introduction was published in 1844 in a small journal . The book itself was published posthumously . </P> <P> As the Deutsch -- Französische Jahrbücher journal had a print run of just 1,000 , it had no popular effect during the 19th century . The phrase became better known during the 1930s , when Marxism was more popular . </P> <H2> Modern comparisons ( edit ) </H2> <P> Religion has become , in many Western countries , less common and less accepted since Marx wrote this now - famous line . Some writers speculate on what the modern `` opium of the people '' would be , such as sports fandom , celebrities , the distractions of television , internet , and other entertainment , etc . </P> <H2> Similar statements ( edit ) </H2> <P> The same metaphor was used by many authors during the 19th century . </P> <H3> Novalis ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1798 , Novalis wrote in `` Blüthenstaub '' ( `` Pollen '' ) : </P> <P> Ihre sogenannte Religion wirkt bloß wie ein Opiat reizend , betäubend , Schmerzen aus Schwäche stillend . </P> <P> ( Their so - called religion works simply as an opiate -- stimulating ; numbing ; quelling pain by means of weakness . ) </P> <H3> Heinrich Heine ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1840 , Heinrich Heine also used the same analogy , in his essay on Ludwig Börne : </P> <P> Welcome be a religion that pours into the bitter chalice of the suffering human species some sweet , soporific drops of spiritual opium , some drops of love , hope and faith . </P> <H3> Charles Kingsley ( edit ) </H3> <P> Charles Kingsley , a canon of the Church of England , wrote this four years after Marx : </P> <P> We have used the Bible as if it were a mere special constable 's hand book , an opium dose for keeping beasts of burden patient while they were being overloaded , a mere book to keep the poor in order . </P> <H3> Miguel de Unamuno ( edit ) </H3> <P> Miguel de Unamuno , the famed Spanish author of the Generation of ' 98 , focused his Nivola San Manuel Bueno , mártir around the theme of religion 's opiatic affect on the people of rural Spain . In the book , the protagonist Don Manuel , is a priest who does not believe in God , but continues preaching because he sees the positive impact he can make in the lives of his parishioners . Ironically , religion in this way also serves to cure his own deep depression , through the happiness he feels from helping the people of Valverde de Lucerna . Unamuno makes direct reference to Marx when Don Manuel explains : </P> <P> Yes , I know that one of the leaders of what they call the social revolution has said that religion is the opium of the people . Opium ... opium , yes ! Let 's give them opium , and let them sleep and dream . And with this crazy activity of mine , I have also been using opium . </P> <H3> Lenin ( edit ) </H3> <P> Vladimir Lenin , speaking of religion in Novaya Zhizn in 1905 , alluded to Marx 's earlier comments ( emphasis added ) : </P> <P> Those who toil and live in want all their lives are taught by religion to be submissive and patient while here on earth , and to take comfort in the hope of a heavenly reward . But those who live by the labour of others are taught by religion to practise charity while on earth , thus offering them a very cheap way of justifying their entire existence as exploiters and selling them at a moderate price tickets to well - being in heaven . Religion is opium for the people . Religion is a sort of spiritual booze , in which the slaves of capital drown their human image , their demand for a life more or less worthy of man . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Criticism of religion </Li> <Li> Faith and rationality </Li> <Li> God helps those who help themselves </Li> <Li> Marxism and religion </Li> <Li> Marxist -- Leninist atheism </Li> <Li> Noble lie </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ McKinnon , AM . ( 2005 ) . ' Reading ' Opium of the People ' : Expression , Protest and the Dialectics of Religion ' . Critical Sociology , vol 31 , no . 1 - 2 , pp. 15 - 38 . ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marx , K. 1976 . Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel 's Philosophy of Right . Collected Works , v. 3 . New York . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ellwood , Robert S. ; Alles , Gregory D. ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . The Encyclopedia of World Religions . Infobase Publishing . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 9781438110387 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` What is the opium of the people ? '' . 1843 . 2015 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welton , Michael ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Opium of the People ? The Religious Heritage of Karl Marx and the Frankfurt School '' . CounterPunch . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Brien , William Arctander ( 1995 ) . Novalis , Signs of Revolution . Duke University Press . p. 154 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1519 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heine , Heinrich Ludwig Börne - a Memorial </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reader in Marxist Philosophy by Howard Selsam , Harry Martel ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ F.D. Maurice ( Leaders Of The Church 1800 - 1900 ) - C.F.G. Masterman ( 1907 ) . pp. 65 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miguel de Unamuno , San Manuel Bueno , Martír ( 1930 ) . p. 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Novaya Zhizn No. 28 , December 3 , 1905 , as quoted in Marxists Internet Archive </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Opium of the people </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Abrams , M.H. 1971 ( 1934 ) . The Milk of Paradise : The Effect of Opium Visions on the Works of De Quincey , Crabbe , Francis , Thompson , and Coleridge . New York : Octagon </Li> <Li> Berridge , Victoria and Edward Griffiths. 1980 . Opium and the People . London : Allen Lane </Li> <Li> Marx , Karl. 1844 . A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel 's Philosophy of Right , Deutsch - Französische Jahrbücher , February . </Li> <Li> McKinnon , Andrew . M. `` Reading ' Opium of the People ' : Expression , Protest and the Dialectics of Religion '' in Critical Sociology , vol. 31 no . 1 / 2 . ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> O'Toole , Roger . 1984 . Religion : Classic Sociological Approaches . Toronto : McGraw Hill </Li> <Li> Rojo , Sergio Vuscovic. 1988 . `` La religion , opium du people et protestation contre la misère réele : Les positions de Marx

The phrase "religion is the opiate of the masses" was coined by

Who said that religion is the opiate of the masses?

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United States Department of Homeland Security - wikipedia <H1> United States Department of Homeland Security </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` DHS '' redirects here . For other uses , see DHS ( disambiguation ) . <Table> United States Department of Homeland Security <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Flag of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Nebraska Avenue Complex , DHS headquarters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Agency overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formed </Th> <Td> November 25 , 2002 ; 15 years ago ( 2002 - 11 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jurisdiction </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Nebraska Avenue Complex , Washington , D.C. , U.S. 38 ° 56 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 4 ′ 56 '' W  /  38.93806 ° N 77.08222 ° W  / 38.93806 ; - 77.08222 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Employees </Th> <Td> 229,000 ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual budget </Th> <Td> $ 40.6 billion ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Agency executives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kirstjen Nielsen , Secretary </Li> <Li> Elaine Duke , Deputy Secretary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Child agencies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States Citizenship and Immigration Services </Li> <Li> U.S. Customs and Border Protection </Li> <Li> Federal Emergency Management Agency </Li> <Li> U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement </Li> <Li> Transportation Security Administration </Li> <Li> United States Coast Guard </Li> <Li> National Protection and Programs Directorate </Li> <Li> United States Secret Service </Li> <Li> Federal Law Enforcement Training Center </Li> <Li> Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsmen </Li> <Li> Domestic Nuclear Detection Office </Li> <Li> Management Directorate </Li> <Li> Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties </Li> <Li> Office of General Counsel </Li> <Li> Office of Health Affairs </Li> <Li> Office of Intelligence & Analysis </Li> <Li> Office of Legislative Affairs </Li> <Li> Office of Operations Coordination </Li> <Li> Office of Partnership & Engagement </Li> <Li> Office of Policy </Li> <Li> Office of Public Affairs </Li> <Li> Office of the Inspector General </Li> <Li> Privacy Office </Li> <Li> Science & Technology Directorate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.dhs.gov </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` The DHS March '' </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United States Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) is a cabinet department of the United States federal government with responsibilities in public security , roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries . Its stated missions involve anti-terrorism , border security , immigration and customs , cyber security , and disaster prevention and management . It was created in response to the September 11 attacks , and is the youngest U.S. cabinet department . </P> <P> In fiscal year 2017 , it was allocated a net discretionary budget of $40.6 billion . With more than 240,000 employees , DHS is the third largest Cabinet department , after the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs . Homeland security policy is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council . Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the Departments of Health and Human Services , Justice , and Energy . </P> <P> The former Secretary , John F. Kelly , was replaced by Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen on December 5 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Function </Li> <Li> 2 Structure </Li> <Li> 3 National Terrorism Advisory System </Li> <Li> 4 History <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Creation </Li> <Li> 4.2 Changes under Michael Chertoff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Seal </Li> <Li> 6 Headquarters </Li> <Li> 7 Disaster preparedness and response <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Ready.gov </Li> <Li> 7.2 National Incident Management System </Li> <Li> 7.3 National Response Framework </Li> <Li> 7.4 Surge Capacity Force </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Cyber-security </Li> <Li> 9 Expenditures <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Audit of expenditures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Criticism <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Excess , waste , and ineffectiveness </Li> <Li> 10.2 Data mining ( ADVISE ) </Li> <Li> 10.3 Fusion centers <Ul> <Li> 10.3. 1 MIAC report </Li> <Li> 10.3. 2 2009 Virginia terrorism threat assessment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10.4 Mail interception </Li> <Li> 10.5 Employee morale </Li> <Li> 10.6 Freedom of Information Act processing performance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <P> Whereas the Department of Defense is charged with military actions abroad , the Department of Homeland Security works in the civilian sphere to protect the United States within , at , and outside its borders . Its stated goal is to prepare for , prevent , and respond to domestic emergencies , particularly terrorism . On March 1 , 2003 , DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) and assumed its duties . In doing so , it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies : Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services . The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations . Additionally , the border enforcement functions of the INS , including the U.S. Border Patrol , the U.S. Customs Service , and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service were consolidated into a new agency under DHS : U.S. Customs and Border Protection . The Federal Protective Service falls under the National Protection and Programs Directorate . </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> Organizational chart showing the chain of command among the top - level officials in the Department of Homeland Security , as of July 17 , 2008 Play media A video released in 2016 by the DHS , detailing its duties and responsibilities . <P> The Department of Homeland Security is headed by the Secretary of Homeland Security with the assistance of the Deputy Secretary . The Department contains the components listed below . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Child Agency </Th> <Th> Title of Head / Leader </Th> <Th> Incumbent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Citizenship & Immigration Services Ombudsman </Td> <Td> Director </Td> <Td> Maria M. Odom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Domestic Nuclear Detection Office </Td> <Td> Director </Td> <Td> James F. McDonnell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Emergency Management Agency </Td> <Td> Administrator </Td> <Td> Brock Long </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers </Td> <Td> Director </Td> <Td> Thomas J. Walters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Management Directorate </Td> <Td> Under Secretary </Td> <Td> Russell Deyo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Protection and Programs Directorate </Td> <Td> Under Secretary </Td> <Td> Suzanne E. Spaulding </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office for Civil Rights & Civil Liberties </Td> <Td> Officer </Td> <Td> Megan H. Mack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of General Counsel </Td> <Td> General Counsel </Td> <Td> Stevan E. Bunnell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Health Affairs </Td> <Td> Assistant Secretary / Chief Medical Officer </Td> <Td> Kathryn Brinsfield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Intelligence and Analysis </Td> <Td> Under Secretary </Td> <Td> David Glawe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Legislative Affairs </Td> <Td> Assistant Secretary </Td> <Td> M. Tia Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Operations Coordination </Td> <Td> Director </Td> <Td> Richard M. Chávez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Partnership & Engagement </Td> <Td> Assistant Secretary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Policy </Td> <Td> Assistant Secretary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of Public Affairs </Td> <Td> Assistant Secretary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Office of the Inspector General </Td> <Td> Inspector General </Td> <Td> John Roth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Privacy Office </Td> <Td> Chief Privacy Officer / Chief FOIA Officer </Td> <Td> Jonathan R. Cantor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Science & Technology Directorate </Td> <Td> Under Secretary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transportation Security Administration </Td> <Td> Administrator </Td> <Td> David Pekoske </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States Citizenship and Immigration Services </Td> <Td> Acting Director </Td> <Td> James McCament </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States Coast Guard </Td> <Td> Commandant </Td> <Td> Admiral Paul F. Zukunft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Customs and Border Protection </Td> <Td> Acting Commissioner </Td> <Td> Kevin K. McAleenan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement </Td> <Td> Acting Director </Td> <Td> Thomas D. Homan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States Secret Service </Td> <Td> Director </Td> <Td> Randolph D. Alles </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Agencies : </P> <Ul> <Li> United States Citizenship and Immigration Services : Processes and examines citizenship , residency , and asylum requests from aliens . </Li> <Li> U.S. Customs and Border Protection : Law enforcement agency that enforces U.S. laws along its international borders ( air , land , and sea ) including its enforcement of U.S. immigration , customs , and agriculture laws while at and patrolling between all U.S. ports - of - entry . </Li> <Li> U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement : Law enforcement agency divided into two bureaus : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ol> <Li> An agency that enforces U.S. laws while it investigates and gathers intelligence on national and international criminal activities that threaten the security of the homeland ( Homeland Security Investigations ) ; and </Li> <Li> An agency that investigates violations of the Immigration and Nationality Act and enforces the detention , deportation , and removal of violators of United States immigration law ( Enforcement and Removal Operations ) . </Li> </Ol> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Transportation Security Administration : Responsible for aviation security ( domestic and international , most notably conducting passenger screenings at airports ) , as well as land and water transportation security </Li> <Li> United States Coast Guard : Military service responsible for law enforcement , maritime security , national defense , maritime mobility , and protection of natural resources . </Li> <Li> United States Secret Service : Law enforcement agency tasked with two distinct and critical national security missions : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ol> <Li> Investigative Mission -- The investigative mission of the USSS is to safeguard the payment and financial systems of the United States from a wide range of financial and electronic - based crimes . </Li> <Li> Protective Mission -- The protective mission of the USSS is to ensure the safety of the President of the United States , the Vice President of the United States , their immediate families , and foreign heads of state . </Li> </Ol> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Federal Emergency Management Agency : agency that oversees the federal government 's response to natural disasters like earthquakes , hurricanes , tornadoes , floods , forest fires , etc . </Li> </Ul> <P> ( Passports for U.S. citizens are issued by the United States Department of State , not the Department of Homeland Security . ) </P> <P> Advisory groups : </P> <Ul> <Li> Homeland Security Advisory Council : State and local government , first responders , private sector , and academics </Li> <Li> National Infrastructure Advisory Council : Advises on security of public and private information systems </Li> <Li> Homeland Security Science and Technology Advisory Committee : Advise the Under Secretary for Science and Technology . </Li> <Li> Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council : Coordinate infrastructure protection with private sector and other levels of government </Li> <Li> Interagency Coordinating Council on Emergency Preparedness and Individuals with Disabilities </Li> <Li> Task Force on New Americans : `` An inter-agency effort to help immigrants learn English , embrace the common core of American civic culture , and become fully American . '' </Li> </Ul> <P> Other components : </P> <Ul> <Li> Domestic Nuclear Detection Office : Develop nuclear threat detection capabilities at all levels of government and in the private sector </Li> <Li> Federal Law Enforcement Training Center : Interagency law enforcement training facilities located in Georgia , New Mexico , and South Carolina . </Li> <Li> National Protection and Programs Directorate : risk - reduction , encompassing both physical and virtual threats and their associated human elements . <Ul> <Li> Federal Protective Service : Federal law enforcement and security agency that protects and investigates crimes against U.S. federal

The US Department of Homeland Security was created on

When was the us department of homeland security created?

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Texas Legislature - wikipedia <H1> Texas Legislature </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Texas State Legislature </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Houses </Th> <Td> Senate House of Representatives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Leadership </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President of the Senate </Th> <Td> Dan Patrick ( R ) Since January 20 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Speaker of the House </Th> <Td> Joe Straus ( R ) Since January 13 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seats </Th> <Td> 181 voting members : 31 Senators 150 Representatives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senate political groups </Th> <Td> <P> Republican ( 20 ) </P> Democratic ( 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House political groups </Th> <Td> <P> Republican ( 95 ) </P> Democratic ( 55 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senate last election </Th> <Td> November 8 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Meeting place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Texas State Capitol , Austin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> http://www.capitol.state.tx.us </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Legislature of the state of Texas is the state legislature of Texas . The legislature is a bicameral body composed of a 31 - member Senate and a 150 - member House of Representatives . The state legislature meets at the Capitol in Austin . It is a powerful arm of the Texas government not only because of its power of the purse to control and direct the activities of state government and the strong constitutional connections between it and the Lieutenant Governor of Texas , but also due to Texas 's plural executive . </P> <P> The Legislature is the constitutional successor of the Congress of the Republic of Texas since Texas 's 1845 entrance into the Union . The Legislature held its first regular session from February 16 to May 13 , 1846 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure and operations </Li> <Li> 2 Qualification for service </Li> <Li> 3 Salary of legislative officials </Li> <Li> 4 Makeup of the Texas Senate </Li> <Li> 5 Makeup of the Texas House of Representatives </Li> <Li> 6 Support agencies </Li> <Li> 7 Scandals </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure and operations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Texas Legislature meets in regular session on the second Tuesday in January of each odd - numbered year . The Texas Constitution limits the regular session to 140 calendar days . The lieutenant governor , elected statewide separately from the governor , presides over the Senate , while the Speaker of the House is elected from that body by its members . Both have wide latitude in choosing committee membership in their respective houses and have a large impact on lawmaking in the state . </P> <P> Only the governor may call the Legislature into special sessions , unlike other states where the legislature may call itself into session . The governor may call as many sessions as he or she desires . For example , Governor Rick Perry called three consecutive sessions to address the 2003 Texas congressional redistricting . The Texas Constitution limits the duration of each special session to 30 days ; lawmakers may consider only those issues designated by the governor in his `` call , '' or proclamation convening the special session ( though other issues may be added by the Governor during a session ) . </P> <P> Any bill passed by the Legislature takes effect 90 days after its passage unless two - thirds of each house votes to give the bill either immediate effect or earlier effect . The Legislature may provide for an effective date that is after the 90th day . Under current legislative practice , most bills are given an effective date of September 1 in odd - numbered years ( September 1 is the start of the state 's fiscal year ) . </P> <P> Although members are elected on partisan ballots , both houses of the Legislature are officially organized on a nonpartisan basis , with members of both parties serving in leadership positions such as committee chairmanships . As of 2017 , a majority of the members of each chamber are members of the Republican Party . </P> <H2> Qualification for service ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Texas Constitution sets the qualifications for election to each house as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> A senator must be at least 26 years of age , a citizen of Texas five years prior to election and a resident of the district from which elected one year prior to election . Each senator serves a four - year term and one - half of the Senate membership is elected every two years in even - numbered years , with the exception that all the Senate seats are up for election for the first legislature following the decennial census in order to reflect the newly redrawn districts . After the initial election , the Senate is divided by lot into two classes , with one class having a re-election after two years and the other having a re-election after four years . </Li> <Li> A representative must be at least 21 years of age , a citizen of Texas for two years prior to election and a resident of the district from which elected one year prielection . They are elected for two - year terms , running for re-election in even - numbered years . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Salary of Legislative officials ( edit ) </H2> <P> State legislators in Texas make $600 per month , or $7,200 per year , plus a per diem of $190 for every day the Legislature is in session ( also including any special sessions ) . That adds up to $33,800 a year for a regular session ( 140 days ) , with the total pay for a two - year term being $41,000 . Legislators receive a pension after eight years of service , starting at age 60 . </P> <H2> Makeup of the Texas Senate ( edit ) </H2> Seal of the Texas State Senate . Main article : Texas Senate <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Affiliation </Td> <Td> Members </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republican Party </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Democratic Party </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Total </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Makeup of the Texas House of Representatives ( edit ) </H2> Seal of the Texas House of Representatives . Main article : Texas House of Representatives <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Affiliation </Td> <Td> Members </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republican Party </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Democratic Party </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vacant </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Total </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Support agencies ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Texas Legislature has five support agencies that are within the legislative branch of state government . </P> <P> Those five agencies are as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Texas Legislative Budget Board ; </Li> <Li> Texas Legislative Council ; </Li> <Li> Texas Legislative Reference Library ; </Li> <Li> Texas State Auditor ; and </Li> <Li> Texas Sunset Advisory Commission </Li> </Ul> <H2> Scandals ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> On May 14 , 2007 , CBS Austin affiliate KEYE reported on the rampant multiple voting by members of the Texas House of Representatives during a voting session . The report noted how representatives would race to the nearest empty seats to register votes for absent members on the legislature 's automated voting machines . Each representative would vote for the nearest absent members , apparently regardless of party affiliation . This practice was in direct violation of a Rule of the Texas Legislature ; however , no house member had ever been disciplined for the practice . The then - Speaker of the House Tom Craddick , responsible for enforcement of the rule , issued a statement that discipline for violations of the rule is left to the individual house members . Subsequent similar violations under House Speaker Joe Straus have been unenforced . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Texas portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Sunset Advisory Commission </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Texas Government Code 301.001 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Qualifications for Office '' . Sos.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Texas House of Representatives -- Frequently Asked Questions </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE TEXAS CONSTITUTION ARTICLE 3 . LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chapter 50 , Ethics Commission Rules '' . Ethics.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Legislators With Benefits , Even When They Stray '' . New York Times . 2012 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : CBS Channel 42 KeyeTV Investigates : One Lawmaker , Many Votes ? , May 14 , 2007 , available at `` https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eG6X-xtVask '' ; see also Wilson , Nanci , One Lawmaker , Many Votes ? , May 14 , 2007 , available at `` www.keyetv.com/topstories/local_story_134224129.html '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoppe , Christy ( 2011 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Some Texas lawmakers cast votes for fellow members on bill Meant to Protect Elections '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Citizen Handbook '' . The Senate of Texas . Retrieved 13 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> Texas Legislature from the Handbook of Texas Online . Retrieved 13 April 2005 . </Li> <Li> Stanley K. Young , Texas Legislative Handbook ( 1973 ) . </Li> <Li> Univ. of Tex. , The Legislative Branch in Texas Politics , ( 1 ) ( last accessed Oct. 8 , 2006 ) ( stating that `` The Texas Legislature is the most powerful of the three main branches of government ( , ) '' primarily because it is `` less weak than the other branches '' ) . </Li> <Li> See also : Texas Government Newsletter </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Texas Legislature Online </Li> <Li> Texas House of Representatives </Li> <Li> Texas Senate </Li> <Li> Reference Library of Texas </Li> <Li> Open Government Texas from the Sunlight Foundation </Li> <Li> Texas at Project Vote Smart </Li> <Li> Texas Politics -- The Legislative Branch </Li> <Li> Texas Government Newsletter and Voter 's Guide to the Texas Legislature </Li> <Li> Billhop -- Texas Legislative Wiki </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> State of Texas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Austin ( capital ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Architecture </Li> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Government </Li> <Li> Healthcare </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Languages </Li> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Literature </Li> <Li> Media <Ul> <Li> Newspapers </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> <Li> TV </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National Historic Landmarks </Li> <Li> Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks </Li> <Li> National Register of Historic Places Sites </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> <Li> Symbols </Li> <Li> Texans </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions </Li> <Li> Transportation </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Seal of Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Society </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Crime </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li>

In the Texas legislature, the House has members and the Senate has a

In the texas legislature the house has members and the senate has?

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usually contain cellulose , and they store carbohydrate in the form of starch . </P> <P> All green algae have mitochondria with flat cristae . When present , paired flagella are used to move the cell . They are anchored by a cross-shaped system of microtubules and fibrous strands . Flagella are only present in the motile male gametes of charophytes bryophytes , pteridophytes , cycads and Ginkgo , but are absent from the gametes of Pinophyta and flowering plants . </P> <P> Members of the class Chlorophyceae undergo closed mitosis in the most common form of cell division among the green algae , which occurs via a phycoplast . By contrast , charophyte green algae and land plants ( embryophytes ) undergo open mitosis without centrioles . Instead , a ' raft ' of microtubules , the phragmoplast , is formed from the mitotic spindle and cell division involves the use of this phragmoplast in the production of a cell plate . </P> <H2> Origins ( edit ) </H2> <P> Photosynthetic eukaryotes originated following a primary endosymbiotic event , where a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic cyanobacterium - like prokaryote that became stably integrated and eventually evolved into a membrane - bound organelle : the plastid . This primary endosymbiosis event gave rise to three autotrophic clades with primary plastids : the green plants , the red algae and the glaucophytes . </P> <H2> Evolution and Classification ( edit ) </H2> A growth of the green seaweed Enteromorpha on rock substratum at the ocean shore . Some green seaweeds , such as Enteromorpha and Ulva , are quick to utilize inorganic nutrients from land runoff , and thus can be indicators of nutrient pollution . <P> Green algae are often classified with their embryophyte descendants in the green plant clade Viridiplantae ( or Chlorobionta ) . Viridiplantae , together with red algae and glaucophyte algae , form the supergroup Primoplantae , also known as Archaeplastida or Plantae sensu lato . The ancesterial green algae was a unicellular flagellate . </P> <P> The Viridiplantae diverged into two clades . The Chlorophyta include the early diverging prasinophyte lineages and the core Chlorophyta , which contain the majority of described species of green algae . The Streptophyta include charophytes and land plants . Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships , mainly based on molecular data . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Viridiplantae = green algae ( incl . Embryophyta ) </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Chlorophyta </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> core Chlorophyta </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Chlorophytina </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Ulvophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Chlorophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Trebouxiophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Chlorodendrophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Pedinophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Prasinophytes Clade VIIA </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Prasinophytes Clade VIIC </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Pycnococcaceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Nephroselmidophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Mamiellophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Pyramimonadales </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palmophyllophyceae </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Palmophyllales </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Prasinococcales </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Streptophyta = Charophyta ( incl . Embryophyta ) </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Mesostigmatophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Chlorokybophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Klebsormidiophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phragmoplastophyta </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Charophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Zygnematophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Embryophyta ( land plants ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Coleochaetophyceae </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The algae of this paraphyletic group `` Charophyta '' were previously included in Chlorophyta , so green algae and Chlorophyta in this definition were synonyms . As the green algae clades get further resolved , the embryophytes , which are a deep charophyte branch , are included in `` algae '' , `` green algae '' and `` Charophytes '' , or these terms are replaced by cladistic terminology such as Archaeplastida , Plantae , Viridiplantae or streptophytes , respectively . </P> <H2> Reproduction ( edit ) </H2> Green algae conjugating <P> Green algae are eukaryotic organisms that follow a reproduction cycle called alternation of generations . </P> <P> Reproduction varies from fusion of identical cells ( isogamy ) to fertilization of a large non-motile cell by a smaller motile one ( oogamy ) . However , these traits show some variation , most notably among the basal green algae called prasinophytes . </P> <P> Haploid algal cells ( containing only one copy of their DNA ) can fuse with other haploid cells to form diploid zygotes . When filamentous algae do this , they form bridges between cells , and leave empty cell walls behind that can be easily distinguished under the light microscope . This process is called conjugation and occurs for example in Spirogyra . </P> <P> The species of Ulva are reproductively isomorphic , the diploid vegetative phase is the site of meiosis and releases haploid zoospores , which germinate and grow producing a haploid phase alternating with the vegetative phase . </P> <H3> Sex pheromone ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sex pheromone production is likely a common feature of green algae , although only studied in detail in a few model organisms . Volvox is a genus of chlorophytes . Different species form spherical colonies of up to 50,000 cells . One well - studied species , Volvox carteri ( 2,000 -- 6,000 cells ) occupies temporary pools of water that tend to dry out in the heat of late summer . As their environment dries out , asexual V. carteri quickly die . However , they are able to escape death by switching , shortly before drying is complete , to the sexual phase of their life cycle that leads to production of dormant desiccation - resistant zygotes . Sexual development is initiated by a glycoprotein pheromone ( Hallmann et al. , 1998 ) . This pheromone is one of the most potent known biological effector molecules . It can trigger sexual development at concentrations as low as 10 M. Kirk and Kirk showed that sex - inducing pheromone production can be triggered experimentally in somatic cells by heat shock . Thus heat shock may be a condition that ordinarily triggers sex - inducing pheromone in nature . </P> <P> The Closterium peracerosum - strigosum - littorale ( C. psl ) complex is a unicellular , isogamous charophycean alga group that is the closest unicellular relative to land plants . Heterothallic strains of different mating type can conjugate to form zygospores . Sex pheromones termed protoplast - release inducing proteins ( glycopolypeptides ) produced by mating - type ( - ) and mating - type ( + ) cells facilitate this process . </P> <H2> Physiology. ( edit ) </H2> <P> The green algae , including the characean algae , have served as model experimental organisms to understand the mechanisms of the ionic and water permeability of membranes , osmoregulation , turgor regulation , salt tolerance , cytoplasmic streaming , and the generation of action potentials . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey D. Palmer , Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase ( 2004 ) . `` The plant tree of life : an overview and some points of view '' . American Journal of Botany. 91 ( 10 ) : 1437 -- 1445 . PMID 21652302 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 91.10. 1437 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Delwiche , Charles F. ; Timme , Ruth E. `` Plants '' . Current Biology . 21 ( 11 ) : R417 -- R422 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2011.04. 021 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guiry , M.D. ( 2012 ) . `` How many species of algae are there ? '' . Journal of Phycology. 48 : 1057 -- 1063 . PMID 27011267 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1529 - 8817.2012. 01222. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burrows 1991 . Seaweeds of the British Isles . Volume 2 Natural History Museum , London . ISBN 0 - 565 - 00981 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoek , C. van den , Mann , D.G. and Jahns , H.M. 1995 . Algae An introduction to phycology . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 30419 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , W.S. , Campbell , C.S. , Kellogg , E.A. , Stevens , P.F. and Donoghue , M.J. Sinauer ( 2002 ) Plant systematics , a phylogenetic approach . Associates Inc. , Sunderland Mass . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 403 - 0 , p156 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , D ; Medlin , L ( 1998 ) . `` Algal phylogeny and the origin of land plants '' . Plant Physiology. 116 : 9 -- 15 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 116.1. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pickett - Heaps , J. ( 1976 ) . `` Cell division in eucaryotic algae '' . BioScience. 26 ( 7 ) : 445 -- 450 . doi : 10.2307 / 1297481 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P.H. Raven , R.F. Evert , S.E. Eichhorn ( 2005 ) : Biology of Plants , 7th Edition , W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers , New York , ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1007 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keeling , PJ ( 2010 ) . `` The endosymbiotic origin , diversification and fate of plastids '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 365 ( 1541 ) : 729 -- 748 . ISSN 0962 - 8436 . PMC 2817223 . PMID 20124341 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2009.0103 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ De Clerck , O ; Bogaert , KA ; Leliaert , F ( 2012 ) . `` Diversity and Evolution of Algae '' . Advances in Botanical Research . 64 : 55 -- 86 . ISSN 0065 - 2296 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 12 - 391499 - 6.00002 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae

Green algae is an example of a type of reproduction that involves

Green algae is an example of which type of reproduction?

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Ballad of Maladies </Td> <Td> Hindi </Td> <Td> Producer : Rajiv Mehrotra , PSBT Director : Tushar Madhav & Sarvnik Kaur </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Biographical Film / Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film </Th> <Td> Zikr Us Parivaksha : Begum Akhtar </Td> <Td> Urdu </Td> <Td> Producer : Snageet Natak Akademi Director : Nirmal Chander </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Arts / Cultural Film </Th> <Td> In the Shadow of Time The Lord of the Universe </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Producer : Indira Gandhi National Center for Arts Director : Shankhajeet Dey Producer : Shibu Prusty Director : Shibu Prusty </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each ( Cash Component to be shared ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Environment Film including Best Agricultural Film </Th> <Td> The Tiger Who Crossed The Line </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Producer : Krishnendu Bose Director : Krishnendu Bose </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each ( Cash Component to be shared ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Promotional Film </Th> <Td> Weaves of Maheshwar </Td> <Td> Hindi , English </Td> <Td> Producer : Storyloom Films Director : Keya Vaswani & Nidhi Kamath </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Film on Social Issues </Th> <Td> I am Jeeja Sanath </Td> <Td> English Hindi </Td> <Td> Producer : Rajiv Mehrotra Director : Swaty Chakraborty Producer : Priya Arun Director : Vasanth S. Sai </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film </Th> <Td> The Water Fall </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Producer : Syed Sultan Ahmed Director : Lipika Singh Darai </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Exploration / Adventure Film </Th> <Td> Matitle Kusti </Td> <Td> Telugu & English </Td> <Td> Producer : Madhavi Reddy Director : Prantik Vivek Deshmukh </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Investigative Film </Th> <Td> Placebo </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Producer : Archana Fadke Director : Abhay Kumar </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Animation Film </Th> <Td> Hum Chitra Banate Hai </Td> <Td> Hindi </Td> <Td> Producer : IDC , IIT MUmbai Director : Nina Sabnani Animator : Piyush Varma And Shyam Sundar Chatterjee </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Short Fiction Film </Th> <Td> Aaba </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Producer : Raj Kumar Gupta Director : Amar Kaushik </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Film on Family Welfare </Th> <Td> Little Magician </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Producer : Syed Sultan Ahmed Director : Neha Sharma </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Cinematography </Th> <Td> Kalpvriksha Adnyat </Td> <Td> Hindi English </Td> <Td> Cameraman : Alpesh Nagar Cameraman : Vishal Sangwai </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Audiography </Th> <Td> In Return Just A Book </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Ajith Abraham George </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Editing </Th> <Td> Gudh </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Jishu Sen </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Music Direction </Th> <Td> Leeches </Td> <Td> Hindi , English </Td> <Td> Tanuj Tiku </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Narration / Voice over </Th> <Td> Makino </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Setsu Makino Togawa </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special Jury Award </Th> <Td> The Cinema Travellers </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Producer : Shirley Abraham Director : Shirely Abraham </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special Mention </Th> <Td> Chembai : Descoperire A Mei Unai Legende Chembai My discovery of a legend ( Documentary ) </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Soumya Sadanandan </Td> <Td> Certificate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sikar Aru Sitkar </Td> <Td> Assamese </Td> <Td> Ramesh Borah and Sibanu Borah </Td> <Td> Certificate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Eyes of Darkness </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Amitabh Parashar </Td> <Td> Certificate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best On Location - Sound Recordist </Th> <Td> Remembering Kurdi </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Christopher Bhurchell </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Best writing on cinema ( edit ) </H2> <P> The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art - form through publication of books , articles , reviews etc . </P> <H3> Jury ( edit ) </H3> <P> A committee of three , headed by the National Award - winning writer Bhavana Somaya was appointed to evaluate the nominations for the best writing on Indian cinema . The jury members were as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Bhavana Somaya ( Chairperson ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mohan V. Raman </Td> <Td> Prabhat Kumar </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Golden Lotus Award ( edit ) </H3> <P> Official Name : Swarna Kamal </P> <P> All the awardees are awarded with the Golden Lotus Award ( Swarna Kamal ) accompanied with a cash prize . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name of Award </Th> <Th> Name of Book </Th> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Awardee ( s ) </Th> <Th> Cash Prize </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Book on Cinema </Th> <Td> Sur Gatha </Td> <Td> Hindi </Td> <Td> Author : Yatindra Mishra Publisher : Vani Prakashan </Td> <Td> ₹ 75,000 / - Each </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best Film Critic </Th> <Td> NA </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> G. Dhananjayan </Td> <Td> ₹ 75,000 / - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special Mention </Th> <Td> A Fly in the Curry </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Author : K.P. Jayashankar & Anjali Monteiro </Td> <Td> Certificate Only </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> There was controversy over the National Film Award for Best Actor , which the committee awarded to Akshay Kumar for his performance in Rustom , snubbing Aamir Khan 's performance for Dangal . Committee member Priyadarshan , who has worked with Kumar on several films , gave the following explanation for awarding Kumar instead of Khan : </P> <P> Why should we have given the Best Actor award to Aamir Khan when he has made it very clear that he does n't attend awards functions ? If he does n't want to accept the honour , what is the point in honouring him ? Nowadays , we have seen people returning their awards . We did n't want to take that risk . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Notice for inviting tender for Hiring of Event Management Agency for 64th National Film Awards Ceremony 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Call for entries ; 64th National Film Awards for 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Film Awards 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 17th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 38 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 64th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 64th National Film Awards 2017 : Why Akshay Kumar 's win is a fiasco for once prestigious honour '' . Firstpost. 8 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Forget Akshay Kumars national award win . How many of THESE actors deserved it ? '' . India Today . 10 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Film Awards complete winner list : Aamir Khan and Dangal face a royal snub ! '' . Catch News . 7 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chauhan , Gaurang ( 7 April 2017 ) . `` 3 revelations made by Priyadarshan on Akshay Kumar , Aamir Khan and National Film Awards that stumped us '' . Bollywood Life . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Priyadarshan on Akshay 's National Award : Why honour Aamir when he does n't accept it ? '' . Hindustan Times . 8 April 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official Page of the 64th National Film Awards , Directorate of Film Festivals , India </Li> <Li> National Film Awards Archives </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Film Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Directorate of Film Festivals </Li> <Li> Ministry of Information and Broadcasting </Li> <Li> Cinema of India </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special Award </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dadasaheb Phalke Award </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feature Films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Golden Lotus Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Best Feature Film </Li> <Li> Best Director </Li> <Li> Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment </Li> <Li> Best Children 's Film </Li> <Li> Best First Film of a Director </Li> <Li> Best Animated Film </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Silver Lotus Awards </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Best Actor </Li> <Li> Best Actress </Li> <Li> Best Supporting Actor </Li> <Li> Best Supporting Actress </Li> <Li> Best Child Artist </Li> <Li> Best Music Direction </Li> <Li> Best Male Playback Singer </Li> <Li> Best Female Playback Singer </Li> <Li> Best Lyrics </Li> <Li> Best Production Design </Li> <Li> Best Audiography </Li> <Li> Best Choreography </Li> <Li> Best Cinematography </Li> <Li> Best Costume Design </Li> <Li> Best Editing </Li> <Li> Best Make - up </Li> <Li> Best Screenplay </Li> <Li> Best Special Effects </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation </Li> <Li> Best Film on Family Welfare </Li> <Li> Best Film on National Integration </Li> <Li> Best Film on Other Social Issues </Li> <Li> Special Jury Award </Li> <Li> Special Mention </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Silver Lotus Awards ( Regional ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Assamese </Li> <Li> Bodo </Li> <Li> Bengali </Li> <Li> English </Li> <Li> Dogri </Li> <Li> Gujarati </Li> <Li> Hindi </Li> <Li> Kannada </Li> <Li> Kashmiri </Li> <Li> Konkani </Li> <Li> Maithili </Li> <Li> Malayalam </Li> <Li> Manipuri </Li> <Li> Marathi </Li> <Li> Odia </Li> <Li> Punjabi </Li> <Li> Sanskrit </Li> <Li> Tamil </Li> <Li> Telugu </Li> <Li> Urdu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bhojpuri </Li> <Li> Khasi </Li> <Li> Kodava </Li> <Li> Kokborok </Li> <Li> Mishing </Li> <Li> Mizo </Li> <Li> Monpa </Li> <Li> Rabha </Li> <Li> Sherdukpen </Li> <Li> Tulu </Li> <Li> Wancho </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Second Best Feature Film </Li> <Li> Third Best Feature Film </Li> <Li> Best Story </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-Feature Films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Golden Lotus Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Best Non-Feature Film </Li> <Li> Best Director </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Silver Lotus Awards </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Best First Film of a Director </Li> <Li> Best Audiography </Li> <Li> Best Cinematography </Li> <Li> Best Editing </Li> <Li> Best Music Direction </Li> <Li> Best Narration / Voice Over </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Best Agriculture Film </Li> <Li> Best Animation Film </Li> <Li> Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film </Li> <Li> Best Arts / Cultural Film </Li> <Li> Best Biographical Film </Li> <Li> Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film </Li> <Li> Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film </Li> <Li> Best Exploration / Adventure Film </Li> <Li> Best Film on Family Welfare </Li> <Li> Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film </Li> <Li> Best Investigative Film </Li> <Li> Best Promotional Film </Li> <Li> Best Scientific Film </Li> <Li> Best Short Fiction

The winner of the Best Actor award in the 64th National Film Festival 2017 was

The winner of the best actor award in the 64th national film festival 2017?

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Brent Barry - wikipedia <H1> Brent Barry </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Brent Barry <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Barry in December 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1971 - 12 - 31 ) December 31 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Hempstead , New York </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Listed height </Th> <Td> 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Listed weight </Th> <Td> 209 lb ( 95 kg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High school </Th> <Td> De La Salle ( Concord , California ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> College </Th> <Td> Oregon State ( 1990 -- 1995 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NBA draft </Th> <Td> 1995 / Round : 1 / Pick : 15th overall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Selected by the Denver Nuggets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Playing career </Th> <Td> 1995 -- 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Td> Shooting guard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number </Th> <Td> 31 , 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1995 -- 1998 </Th> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1998 </Th> <Td> Miami Heat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1999 </Th> <Td> Chicago Bulls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1999 -- 2004 </Th> <Td> Seattle SuperSonics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2004 -- 2008 </Th> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2008 -- 2009 </Th> <Td> Houston Rockets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 2 × NBA champion ( 2005 , 2007 ) </Li> <Li> NBA All - Rookie Second Team ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> First - team All - Pac - 10 ( 1995 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Points </Th> <Td> 8,488 ( 9.3 ppg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rebounds </Th> <Td> 2,780 ( 3.0 rpg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Assists </Th> <Td> 2,892 ( 3.2 apg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Stats at Basketball-Reference.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Brent Robert Barry ( born December 31 , 1971 ) is an American retired professional basketball player . He is the son of former NBA player Rick Barry . The 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) , 210 lb ( 95 kg ; 15 st ) shooting guard played professionally in the National Basketball Association , winning two championships with the San Antonio Spurs . He also won the 1996 NBA Slam Dunk Contest . </P> <P> Barry now works as a sports commentator for NBA on TNT and is a studio host for the NBA TV show NBA Gametime . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Personal life </Li> <Li> 2 NBA career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Miami Heat ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 2.6 Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Post-playing career </Li> <Li> 4 NBA career statistics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Regular season </Li> <Li> 4.2 Playoffs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Barry , born in Hempstead , New York , is the son of Hall of Famer Rick Barry , and was arguably the best player of the five basketball - playing Barry sons , the others being Scooter , Jon , Drew , and Canyon . His stepmother , Lynn Barry , also was an accomplished basketball player in college . Brent , the second youngest , played his high school basketball at athletic powerhouse De La Salle High School in Concord , California , and graduated in 1990 . Barry played four years on the Beavers basketball team of Oregon State University after redshirting his freshman season . Barry graduated from Oregon State with a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology in 1995 . </P> <P> Brent and Erin Barry were married in 1998 , after being together from the time they were both in high school . They have two sons . In 2010 , it was reported that Brent Barry had filed for divorce , citing `` irreconcilable differences '' . In December 2010 Erin Barry issued a statement denying the reports about an extra-marital affair being the cause of their separation . The divorce became final on January 5 , 2011 , in Texas ; they have joint custody of the children . </P> <H2> NBA career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Brent Barry was selected by the Denver Nuggets in the first round ( 15th pick ) of the 1995 NBA draft , but was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers on draft night in a 4 - player trade with Rodney Rogers for the No. 2 overall pick in the draft ( Antonio McDyess ) and Randy Woods . Barry was generally considered a good passer and had three seasons where he averaged more than 5 assists per game . Barry was also a strong three - point shooter ; he currently ranks 13th all - time in career three - point field goals made and shot 40 % from behind the arc for his career . These two strengths , combined with Barry 's 6'7 '' frame , allowed him to play a variety of positions , including point guard , shooting guard , and small forward ; because he was taller than most traditional point guards , he was often considered a point forward when he was running the offense . He was on the San Antonio Spurs championship teams in 2005 and 2007 . He won the Slam Dunk Contest in the NBA All - Star Weekend in 1996 with a Julius Erving - inspired slam dunk in which he took off from the free throw line to sail in and dunk one - handed . He was the first caucasian player to win the competition . </P> <H3> Los Angeles Clippers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> After being drafted by the Denver Nuggets , Barry was traded immediately to the Los Angeles Clippers . In his rookie season , Brent made 123 3 - pointers , which broke the current rookie record . There Brent would average 10.4 ppg and 38 % 3 - pt field goal in 179 games . In his second season , he and the Clippers attempted a playoff run where Brent would average 11.7 ppg , his highest in the postseason . The Clippers only played in 3 games ( one series ; 1996 - 1997 ) during the postseason while Barry was there . </P> <H3> Miami Heat ( 1998 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Barry was traded to the Miami Heat the day before the February 20th trade deadline from Los Angeles for Isaac Austin . In Miami , Barry would only play 17 games , not starting any of the games , averaging only 4.1 ppg . </P> <H3> Chicago Bulls ( 1999 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Barry signed with the Bulls on January 25 , 1999 and signed a 6 - year $27 million contract . After sustaining an injury , he played only 37 of the 50 games played that season , starting 30 of those games , averaging 11.1 ppg . Failing to fill the void of a Jordan-less Bulls , the team traded Brent for Hersey Hawkins and James Cotton from Seattle on August 12 , 1999 . </P> <H3> Seattle SuperSonics ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Brent spent 4 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics . Brent would begin his Seattle career as a back - up for fellow Oregon State alumnus Gary Payton . He would eventually move to play the point position as a starter , and filled in when needed as a small forward . There he would average 11.2 ppg , make 669 3 - point shots , and start the majority of his NBA career ( 296 out of 328 games ) , and total 4,107 points . In Seattle he would play 10 postseason games , starting 8 of those , the most in his career thus far . </P> <H3> San Antonio Spurs ( 2004 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the summer of 2004 , Barry was signed as a free agent by the San Antonio Spurs , where he spent most of the season as a backup . After losing their first playoff game to the Denver Nuggets in the 2005 NBA Playoffs , San Antonio inserted Barry into the starting lineup . The Spurs ' new lineup helped them beat the Nuggets in the series four games to one . Later in those same playoffs , Barry earned his first championship ring when the Spurs defeated the Detroit Pistons in the 2005 NBA Finals . Brent and his father , Rick Barry , are the second father - son duo to each win an NBA Championship as a player ; the first was Matt Guokas , Sr. and his son Matt Guokas , Jr ... The only other father - son duos are Bill Walton and his son Luke Walton , and Mychal Thompson and his son Klay Thompson . </P> <P> In June 2007 , he won his second NBA championship ring when the Spurs swept the Cleveland Cavaliers 4 -- 0 . </P> <P> In January 2008 , Barry tore his right calf muscle . On February 20 , 2008 , ( not too long after his injury ) Barry , along with Francisco Elson and a 2009 first round draft pick , were traded by the San Antonio Spurs back to the Seattle SuperSonics in exchange for forward / center Kurt Thomas . Barry was waived the following day by the Sonics . After a mandatory 30 - day waiting period , he re-signed with San Antonio on March 24 , 2008 for 1 year with the possibility for the 2009 -- 2010 season at Veteran Minimum . </P> <P> Coming off of injury Barry did not see very much playing time in the first 2 rounds of the 2008 NBA Playoffs . Barry would shine against the Lakers in the Western Conference finals , however , getting 23 points in Game 4 , with a controversial no - call foul with 2 seconds on the clock . The Spurs would lose the series in 5 games , however . </P> <P> San Antonio provided Barry with the most playoff experience ( 71 games ) of his career . He totaled 356 3 - point shots made and 1,888 points . </P> <H3> Houston Rockets ( 2008 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Barry opted out of his contract and became a free agent on July 1 , 2008 . On July 10 , Barry signed a 2 - year contract with the Houston Rockets , becoming the third member of the family to join the franchise . His father , Rick , ended his career playing two seasons with the Rockets ( 1978 -- 80 ) and his older brother , Jon , also finished his career with the Rockets , playing from 2004 -- 06 . Financial terms were not released . </P> <P> On October 23 , 2009 , Brent Barry 's career ended when he was cut by the Rockets at the end of training camp , leading Barry to later remark that `` all the Barrys were buried in Houston '' . </P> <H2> Post-playing career ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2013 , Barry began making regular appearances on NBA TV 's The Starters

Brent Barry won the dunk contest in

When did brent barry won the dunk contest?

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Captive killer whales - wikipedia <H1> Captive killer whales </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) <Ul> <Li> http://theorcaproject.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/keltie-byrne-coroner-inquest-5pg.pdf <Dl> <Dd> Triggered by \ bfiles \. wordpress \. com \ b on the global blacklist </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Orca show at Sea World San Diego <P> Killer whales were first captured live and displayed in exhibitions in the 1960s , soon becoming popular attractions at public aquariums and aquatic theme parks due to their intelligence , trainability , striking appearance , playfulness in captivity and sheer size . As of September , 2016 , there are 56 orcas in captivity worldwide , 33 of which are captive - born . The practice of keeping killer whales in captivity has become controversial . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Orcas </Li> <Li> 2 Capture and breeding <Ul> <Li> 2.1 North Eastern Pacific captures </Li> <Li> 2.2 Icelandic captures </Li> <Li> 2.3 North Western Pacific captures </Li> <Li> 2.4 Killer whales born in captivity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Captivity locations <Ul> <Li> 3.1 SeaWorld </Li> <Li> 3.2 Miami Seaquarium </Li> <Li> 3.3 Marineland Canada </Li> <Li> 3.4 Marineland ( Antibes ) </Li> <Li> 3.5 Loro Parque </Li> <Li> 3.6 Mundo Marino </Li> <Li> 3.7 Other marine exhibitions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Captivity conditions <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Tank size and water conditions </Li> <Li> 4.2 Nutrition and medical care </Li> <Li> 4.3 Training </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Issues with captivity <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Disease and lifespan </Li> <Li> 5.2 Dorsal fin collapse </Li> <Li> 5.3 Attacks on humans </Li> <Li> 5.4 Aggression between captive orcas </Li> <Li> 5.5 Early pregnancy and related issues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Orcas ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Killer whale Transient orcas near Unimak Island , eastern Aleutian Islands , Alaska <P> The killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) is the largest species of the Dolphin family . The species is found in all the world 's oceans , from the frigid Arctic and Antarctic regions to warm , tropical seas . Killer whales are intelligent , versatile and opportunistic predators . Some populations feed mostly on fish , and other populations hunt marine mammals , including sea lions , seals , walruses , large whales and some species of shark . They are considered an apex predator , having no natural predators in their environment . There are up to five distinct killer whale types , some of which may be separate races , subspecies or even species . Killer whales are highly social ; some populations are composed of matrilineal family groups , which are the most stable of any animal species . The sophisticated social behavior , hunting techniques , and vocal behavior of killer whales have been described as manifestations of culture . </P> <P> Although killer whales are not an endangered species , some local populations are considered threatened or endangered due to pollution by PCBs , depletion of prey species , captures for marine mammal parks , conflicts with fishing activities , acoustic pollution , shipping vessels , stress from whale - watching boats , and habitat loss . </P> <H2> Capture and breeding ( edit ) </H2> <P> Killer whales are large , active and intelligent . Males range from 6 to 9.7 m ( 20 to 32 ft ) and weigh over 8 tonnes ( 8.8 tons ) , while females range from 5 to 7 m ( 16 to 23 ft ) and weigh 3 to 5 tonnes ( 3.3 to 5.5 tons ) . It is extremely difficult to capture killer whales and to provide a healthy environment for the captives . Early attempts in the 1960s caused many injuries and deaths . However , with experience the teams who specialized in the business became more adept and post-capture survival rates improved . Live captures peaked in the early 1970s , but have become increasingly rare as the marine parks have learned how to maintain theme park populations through captive breeding and artificial insemination . </P> <H3> North Eastern Pacific captures ( edit ) </H3> The dorsal fin and saddle patch of a killer whale known as Sonora or sometimes Holly ( A42 ) of the Northern Resident Orcas <P> The first captured North Eastern Pacific killer whale ( Wanda ) was caught in November 1961 by a collecting crew from Marineland of the Pacific in Los Angeles . The 5.2 m ( 17 ft ) orca was placed in a tank at the aquarium , where she repeatedly crashed into the walls . She died the following day . The next killer whale captured , Moby Doll , had been harpooned and shot in 1964 and survived for three months when brought back for display to Vancouver , British Columbia . The third capture for display occurred in June 1965 when William Lechkobit found a 22 - foot ( 6.7 m ) male orca in his floating salmon net that had drifted close to shore near Namu , British Columbia . The killer whale was sold for $8,000 to Ted Griffin , a Seattle public aquarium owner . Named after his place of capture , Namu was the subject of a film that changed some people 's attitudes toward orcas . </P> <P> During the 1960s and early 1970s , nearly 70 killer whales were taken from Pacific waters for exhibition . The Southern Resident community of the Northeast Pacific lost 48 of its members to captivity . By 1976 , only 80 killer whales were left in the community , which remains endangered . With subsequent captures , the theme parks learned more about avoiding injury during capture and subsequent care of killer whales , and discovered that they could be trained to perform tricks , making them a great attraction to visitors . As commercial demand increased , growing numbers of Pacific orcas were captured , peaking in 1970 . </P> <P> A turning point came with a mass capture of orcas from the L - 25 pod in August 1970 at Penn Cove , Puget Sound off the coast of Washington . The Penn Cove capture became controversial due to the large number of wild killer whales that were taken ( seven ) and the number of deaths that resulted : four juveniles died , as well as one adult female who drowned when she became tangled in a net while attempting to reach her calf . In his interview for the CNN documentary Blackfish , former diver John Crowe told how all five of the whales had their abdomen slit open and filled with rocks , their tails weighted down with anchors and chains , in an attempt to conceal the deaths . The facts surrounding their deaths were discovered three months later after three of the dead whales washed ashore on Whidbey Island . Public concern about the welfare of the animals and the impact of captures on the wild pods led to the Marine Mammal Protection Act being passed in 1972 by the US Congress , protecting orcas from being harassed or killed , and requiring special permits for capture . Since then , few wild orcas have been captured in Northeastern Pacific waters . </P> <P> Lolita , originally known as Tokitae , was a survivor of the Penn Cove captures . She was about six years old at time of capture and is now the oldest captive killer whale . Lolita is the subject of the documentary Lolita : Slave to Entertainment , released in 2008 . Various groups still argue that Lolita should be released into the wild . </P> <H3> Icelandic captures ( edit ) </H3> Keiko is weighed as he is loaded into his specially made transport tank at the Oregon State Aquarium , on September 9 , 1998 . <P> When the US Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 effectively stopped the capture of Pacific orcas , exhibitors found an area more tolerant of killer whale captures in Iceland . Icelandic herring fishermen had traditionally seen killer whales as competitors for their catch , and sale of live killer whales promised a large new source of income . 48 live killer whales captured in Icelandic waters were exported to marine parks between 1976 and 1988 . The capture process was based on luring the orcas by dumping leftovers from herring fishing in front of the pod , capturing the killer whales in a purse seine net , selecting desirable animals and hauling them on board in a specially designed frame , then placing them in foam - lined boxes full of seawater . However , restrictions on US killer whale import permits and advances in captive breeding programs meant that the market never became as large as expected . Growing concern from conservationists and animal rights activists has caused the Icelandic government to limit the number of orcas that may be captured each year . </P> <P> Perhaps the best known of the Icelandic captives is Keiko , caught in 1979 and sold to the Icelandic aquarium in Hafnarfjörður . Three years later , he was sold to Marineland Canada , where he first started performing for the public and developed skin lesions indicative of poor health . He was then sold to Reino Aventura ( now named Six Flags Mexico ) , an amusement park in Mexico City , in 1985 . He was the star of the 1993 movie Free Willy , the publicity from which led to an effort by Warner Brothers Studio to find him a better home . Using donations from the studio , Craig McCaw the Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport , Oregon spent over $7 million to construct facilities to return him to health with the hope of returning him to the wild . He was airlifted to his new home in January 1996 , where he soon regained weight . In September 1998 , he was flown to Klettsvik Bay in Vestmannaeyjar in Iceland , and gradually reintroduced to the wild , returning to the open sea in July 11 , 2002 . Keiko died from pneumonia in December 12 , 2003 at the age of 27 years . He had become lethargic and had a loss of appetite . </P> <H3> North western Pacific captures ( edit ) </H3> <P> 1,477 killer whales were hunted in Japanese waters between 1948 and 1972 , 545 of them around Hokkaido . Killer whale encounters in Japanese waters are now rare . In 1997 a group of ten killer whales was corralled by Japanese fisherman banging on iron rods and using water bombs to disorient the animals and force them into a bay near Taiji , Wakayama . They were held in the bay for two days before being auctioned to Japanese marine parks . Five animals were released , and the other five transported via road or sea to the aquariums . All five are dead . </P> <P> The first live killer whale captured in Russia was an 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) - long female estimated to be about six years old , captured off the Pacific coast of the Kamchatka district on September 26 , 2003 . She was transferred over 7,000 miles ( 11,000 km ) to a facility owned by the Utrish Dolphinarium on the Black Sea , where she died in October 2003 after less than a month in captivity . </P> <H3> Killer whales born in captivity ( edit ) </H3> <P> The majority of today 's theme - park killer whales were born in captivity : 33 out of 56 . Kalina ,

The first orca was put in captivity in

When was the first orca put in captivity?

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Mission China - wikipedia <H1> Mission China </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Mission China : Kill The Terror </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Mission China Official Poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Zubeen Garg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Garima Saikia Garg Zubeen Garg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Zubeen Garg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Zubeen Garg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Zubeen Garg </Li> <Li> Deeplina Deka </Li> <Li> Siddhartha Nipon Goswami </Li> <Li> Yankee Parashar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Zubeen Garg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Suman Duwarah Pradip Daimary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Protim Khaound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> I creation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 8 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 90 min </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> Assamese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> ₹ 2.5 Crore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> ₹ 6 Crore </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mission China is a 2017 Assamese language action drama film directed by Zubeen Garg and produced by Garima Saikia Garg under the banner of ' I Creation Productions ' . The film features Zubeen Garg and Deeplina Deka in lead role and Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan , Siddhartha Goswami , Yankee Parashar , Parthasarathi Mahanta , Pabitra Rabha , Bibhuti Bhushan Hazarika , Tridib Lahon , Nabadweep Borgohain , Ragini Parashar and Bhashwati Bharati in supporting roles . Zubeen also wrote the script and screenplay for the film . Mission China is a milestone in the history of Assamese cinema . Although having a weak story line - up , with its production , music , stardom and promotion , Mission China made a glorious box office collection in the 55 cinema - halls in Assam . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast </Li> <Li> 2 Production <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Release </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Box office </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Zubeen Garg as Colonel Goswami </Li> <Li> Deeplina Deka as Colonel 's girlfriend </Li> <Li> Siddharth Nipon Goswami </Li> <Li> Yankee Parashar </Li> <Li> Pabitra Rabha </Li> <Li> Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan </Li> <Li> Tridib Lahon </Li> <Li> Nabadweep Borgohain </Li> <Li> Parthasarathi Mahanta </Li> <Li> Bibhuti Bhushan Hazarika </Li> <Li> Bhashwati Bharati </Li> <Li> Ragini Parashar </Li> <Li> Priyanka Bharali & Debosmita Banerjee ( Special Appearance in the song ' Raat Jwale ' ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mission China is produced by Garima Saikia Garg and Zubeen Garg under the banner of ' I Creation Production ' . Mission China features many exotic locations such as Mirza , Sikkim , Shillong , Dima Hasao , Tawang etc . </P> <H3> Release ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mission China was released on 8 September 2017 in Assam with near about 168 shows daily . Fans have responded positively with this movie . The movie is also scheduled to release in Mumbai , Pune , Delhi and Bangalore . Later , this year the movie will be released in Bengali language . Zubeen is planning that he would make another part of Mission China and invest more than 4 crores . </P> <H2> Box Office ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mission China was released on 8 September in 55 theaters of Assam and many other theaters in Delhi , Bangalore , Pune & Mumbai . The first , second and third day collection of the film was ₹ 39.97 lakh , ₹ 39.50 lakh and ₹ 49 lakh respectively , 4th day collection of Mission China is ₹ 39 lakh and 5th day collection is ₹ 39 lakh . The 1st week collection is ₹ 2 crore 40 lakh . It is expected to be the biggest blockbuster in Assamese film history . it collects ₹ 5 crore only in guwahati . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Film contains six songs sung by Zubeen Garg , Nachiketa Chakraborty , Joi Barua , Amit Paul , Siddharth Hazarika , Rohit Sonar , Zublee , Satabdi Borah , Mrinmoyee Goswami and Turi . The lyrics of the songs are written by Zubeen Garg , Sasanka Samir & Sumit Acharya . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Mission China </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Zubeen Garg </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2015 -- 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Feature film Soundtrack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 13 : 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Times Music </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Garima Saikia Garg </Li> <Li> Zubeen Garg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Zubeen Garg chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Gaane Ki Aane ( 2016 ) Gaane Ki Aane 2016 </Td> <Td> Mission China </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Singles from Mission China </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> `` Din Jwale Rati Jwale '' Released : 8 July 2017 </Li> <Li> `` Raat Jwale '' Released : 18 August 2017 </Li> <Li> `` Mero Mayaalai '' Released : 24 August 2017 </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The first video song of Mission China , Din Jwole Raati Jwole was released on 28 July 2017 . It is well received by the listeners with the YouTube release getting around 1.9 lakh views within 24 hours of its release . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="5"> Track List </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Th> Artist ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Din Jwole Raati Jwole '' </Td> <Td> Zubeen Garg </Td> <Td> Zubeen Garg , Zublee Baruah </Td> <Td> 05 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Naino Se Nikalte '' </Td> <Td> Sumit Acharya </Td> <Td> Nachiketa Chakraborty , Turi </Td> <Td> 05 : 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Mero Mayalaai '' </Td> <Td> Sasanka Samir </Td> <Td> Zubeen Garg , Satabdi Borah </Td> <Td> 04 : 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Raat Jale '' </Td> <Td> Zubeen Garg </Td> <Td> Mrinmoyee Goswami </Td> <Td> 05 : 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Every Morning Comes '' </Td> <Td> Zubeen Garg </Td> <Td> Zubeen Garg , Joi Barua </Td> <Td> 05 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Naino Se Nikalte ( Reprise ) '' </Td> <Td> Sumit Acharya </Td> <Td> Zubeen Garg , Turi </Td> <Td> 05 : 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Mission China - Title Track '' </Td> <Td> Zubeen Garg </Td> <Td> Zubeen Garg , Siddharth Hazarika , Rohit Sonar , Amit Paul </Td> <Td> 04 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="4"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 34 : 61 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assamese Movie Mission China Directed By Zubeen Garg '' . Magicalassam.com. 2015 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mission China : A Box Office Hit From Assam '' . Sentinalassam.com . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assamese film Mission China Total Box Office '' . Boxofficeassam.com . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Assamese Movie Mission China Directed By Zubeen Garg '' . Magicalassam.com. 2015 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Exact Box Office Collection of Mission China 1st Week Revealed '' . Time8.in . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mission China Box Office '' . Northeastguide.in . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mission China Realising Theatre '' . Bookmyshow.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Times Music Regional '' . Times Music.com . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mission China -- Home '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mission China ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Namsai 's Golden Pagoda awes fans in Zubeen 's viral Mission China song '' . The News Mill. 2017 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mission China on IMDb </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mission_China&oldid=818825582 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 films </Li> <Li> Assamese - language films </Li> <Li> Films set in Assam </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from July 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Track listings with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Track listings with input errors </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> অসমীয়া </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 20 : 33 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The first-day collection of the Assamese film "Mission China" was

First day collection of mission china assamese film?

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The Real ( Talk Show ) - wikipedia <H1> The Real ( Talk Show ) </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 19 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Real </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Talk show </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tamar Braxton </Li> <Li> Adrienne Houghton </Li> <Li> Loni Love </Li> <Li> Jeannie Mai </Li> <Li> Tamera Mowry - Housley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` This is Our Time '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ending theme </Th> <Td> `` This is Our Time '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 596 ( as of January 19 , 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> SallyAnn Salsano ( season 1 - 2 ) Rachel Miskowiec ( season 3 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 43 minutes ( approx. ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Telepictures Productions </Li> <Li> 495 Productions ( season 1 -- 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. Television Distribution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Syndication </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NTSC ( 480i ) </Li> <Li> HDTV 1080i </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) -- present ( present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Real is an American syndicated talk show . The series initially received a trial run on Fox owned markets in the summer of 2013 . The series was developed as a talk show designed to appeal to younger female viewers who , like the co-hosts , were experiencing new events in their lives . It was green - lit for national syndication later that fall and officially premiered the following year . </P> <P> On January 3 , 2018 , Fox Television Stations announced that the show has been renewed for two more seasons . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Production </Li> <Li> 2 Co-hosts <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Timeline </Li> <Li> 2.2 Seasons 1 -- 2 </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 3 - present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Notable episodes </Li> <Li> 4 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> From L-R : Mowry - Housley , Mai , Houghton and Love . <P> In the summer of 2013 , it was announced that the series was ordered for a test run on seven Fox - owned stations in New York , Los Angeles , Washington D.C. , Philadelphia , Phoenix , Houston and Tampa . In October 2013 , it was announced that The Real had been green - lit for a national syndicated launch and would premiere on September 15 , 2014 - until September 15 , 2017 with reruns airing on BET . </P> <P> In February 2015 , Warner Bros. announced the series had been renewed for a second season . In October 2015 , the series was renewed for a third and fourth seasons , allowing it to air through 2018. . In July 2017 , the show announced that , for its fourth season , it will begin airing live broadcasts , with reruns airing on VH1 starting September 18 , 2017 . </P> <P> SallyAnn Salsano and Rachel Miskowiec are recognized as the series ' executive producers ; it is produced by 495 Productions and Telepictures Productions , and is distributed by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution . </P> <H2> Co-hosts ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Timeline ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Co-host </Th> <Th colspan="5"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pilot </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tamar Braxton </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adrienne Houghton </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Loni Love </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeannie Mai </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tamera Mowry - Housley </Td> <Td colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Seasons 1 -- 2 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The panel consisted of actress Tamera Mowry - Housley from the 1990s sitcom , Sister , Sister ; hostess and fashion expert Jeannie Mai ; R&B singer and television personality , Tamar Braxton , best known for her hit reality series Braxton Family Values ; singer and actress Adrienne Houghton , known for being the lead singer in groups 3LW and The Cheetah Girls ; and comedian and actress Loni Love , known for being the runner up on Star Search 26 and a panelist on Chelsea Lately . </P> <H3> Season 3 - present ( edit ) </H3> <P> On May 22 , 2016 , Warner Bros. Domestic Television announced that Tamar Braxton would no longer be a part of the cast . Although it was rumored that Tamar Braxton left involuntarily , she was terminated before the third season premiered . </P> <H2> Notable episodes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Real celebrated its 100th episode on February 24 , 2015 . In January 2016 , the co-hosts traveled to Washington , D.C. to visit The White House and First Lady Michelle Obama . In addition to granting an interview , The First Lady and the co-hosts spoke to high schoolers about college . </P> <H2> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Honorees </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Hairstyling </Td> <Td> Robbi Rogers , Kya Bilal , Alyson Black - Barrie , Ray Dodson , Adriana Tesler , Noogie Thai </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Makeup </Td> <Td> Sarah Hall , Pamela Farmer , Motoko Honjo , Hyun - Jung Kim , Uzmee Krakovszki , Terrell Mullin </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 43rd Daytime Emmy Awards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Talk Show / Entertainment </Td> <Td> The Real </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host </Td> <Td> Bailon , Braxton , Love , Mai , Mowry - Housley </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Hairstyling </Td> <Td> Roberta Rogers - Windley , Ray D , James Davis , Jeuge Master Karim , Noogie Thai </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Makeup </Td> <Td> Melanie Mills , Glen Alen , Motoko Honjo Clayton , Eva Kim , Uzmee Krakovski , Keesh Winkler - Smith </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 48th NAACP Image Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Talk Series </Td> <Td> The Real </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44th Daytime Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host </Td> <Td> Braxton , Houghton , Love , Mai , Mowry - Housley </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 49th NAACP Image Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Talk Series </Td> <Td> The Real </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` ' The Real ' Renewed By Fox TV Stations Through 2020 '' . Deadline . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Tamar Braxton , Tamera Mowry - Housley Talk Show ' The Real ' Gets Test Run on Fox Stations '' . TheWrap . The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : ' The Real ' Talk Show Begins Four - Week Test Run July 15 '' . Deadline.com . June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Tamera Mowry & Tamar Braxton Among Hosts Of New Syndicated Talk Show Getting Summer Trial Run On Fox Stations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Real ' Gets National Syndication and Cable Pick Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` FOX Owned Television Stations Pick Up Syndicated Talk Show ' The Real ' for Fall 2014 '' . TV by the Numbers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Real ' Renewed For Second Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Real ' Renewed for Two Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Thursday , October 29 '' . The Futon Critic . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the Show , The Real '' . The Real . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Show : The Real on Fox on Daytime '' . 495 Productions . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Real ' Names Rachel Miskowiec As New Showrunner '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` SallyAnn Salsano Steps Down From ' The Real ' As Showrunner , Will Be Consultant '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Telepictures Productions to Produce 4 - Week Test of Talk Show `` The Real '' to be Distributed by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution `` . The Futon Critic . June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' The Real '' Renewed in 95 % + of the U.S `` . The Futon Critic. April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Tamar Braxton Exits ' The Real ' Talk Show '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heller , Corrine ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tamar Braxton Is Leaving The Real Talk Show '' . E Online . E News ! . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy ( R ) - Nominated Talk Show `` The Real '' Returns for Season Three with `` Free Money , Honey '' and `` Fan - Cash - Tic Giveaways '' During Premiere Week `` . The Futon Critic . September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The Real ' Co-Hosts & First Lady Michelle Obama Talk ' Better Make Room ' Movement '' . Extra . January 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First Lady Michelle Obama to Get `` Real '' on Education `` . The Futon Critic . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The 42nd

The co-hosts on The Real are

Who are the co hosts on the real?

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Jyoti Basu - Wikipedia <H1> Jyoti Basu </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Jyoti Basu </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Jyoti Basu in Calcutta on 21 December 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 6th Chief Minister of West Bengal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> In office 21 June 1977 -- 6 November 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> President 's rule </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succeeded by </Th> <Td> Buddhadeb Bhattacharya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> In office 1977 -- 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> New constituency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succeeded by </Th> <Td> Sonali Guha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constituency </Th> <Td> Satgachhia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> In office 1951 -- 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> New constituency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succeeded by </Th> <Td> Shiba Pada Bhattacharjee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constituency </Th> <Td> Baranagar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Personal details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Jyotirindra Basu ( 1914 - 07 - 08 ) 8 July 1914 Calcutta , Bengal Presidency , British India ( now Kolkata , West Bengal , India ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 17 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ) ( aged 95 ) Kolkata , West Bengal , India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resting place </Th> <Td> Indira Bhavan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> Indian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Political party </Th> <Td> Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Basanti Basu ( 1940 -- 1942 ) Kamala Basu ( 1948 -- 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Chandan Basu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residence </Th> <Td> Kolkata , West Bengal , India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> University of Calcutta London School of Economics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Politician </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Signature </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.jyotibasu.net </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> As of 17 January , 2010 ( aged 95 ) Source : Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jyotirindra Basu ( 8 July 1914 -- 17 January 2010 ) ; known as Jyoti Basu was an Indian politician belonging to the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) from West Bengal , India . He served as the Chief Minister of West Bengal state from 1977 to 2000 , making him the longest - serving Chief Minister in the country 's history . Basu was a member of the CPI ( M ) Politburo from the time of the party 's founding ( The CPI ( M ) was formed at the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of India held in Calcutta from 31 October to 7 November 1964 ) in 1964 until 2008 . From 2008 until his death in 2010 he remained a permanent invitee to the central committee of the party . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Birth and education </Li> <Li> 2 Return to India and marriage </Li> <Li> 3 Political career <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Entry into politics </Li> <Li> 3.2 Later political career </Li> <Li> 3.3 As the Chief Minister of West Bengal </Li> <Li> 3.4 Criticism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Death , tribute and legacy </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Birth and education ( edit ) </H2> Paternal house of Jyoti Basu at Barodi in Narayanganj , Bangladesh <P> Jyotirindra Basu was born 8 July 1914 at 43 / 1 Harrison Road ( now Mahatma Gandhi Road ) in Kolkata ( then known as Calcutta ) into a very affluent family . His father , Nishikanta Basu , was a doctor settled in Kolkata who hailed from the village of Barudi in Narayanganj District , East Bengal ( Bangladesh ) , while his mother Hemalata Basu was a housewife . Basu grew up in a large Indian - style joint family , consisting of his parents , siblings , paternal uncles , their wives and children . The family , who had lived in a rented house in Kolkata in addition to retaining ancestral properties East Bengal , purchased a spacious mansion at 55 - A , Hindustan Road in 1920 , and this is where Basu grew up . </P> <P> Basu 's schooling started at Loreto School at Dharmatala in Kolkata in 1920 , and he was moved in 1925 to St. Xavier 's School . While admitting him to school , Basu 's father shortened his name from Jyotirindra Basu to Jyoti Basu , and the shortened name stuck for life . After completing school , Basu took an undergraduate degree in English literature honours from Presidency College , University of Calcutta . </P> <P> After completing his undergraduate studies , Basu left for England to study law in 1935 . In England , he was introduced to politics and became greatly influenced by the Communist Party of Great Britain . He attended lectures by Harold Laski at the London School of Economics and was also influenced by noted Communist ideologue and prolific writer Rajani Palme Dutt , a fellow Bengali . Between 1936 and 1940 , Basu involved himself in various political activities , came into contact with several Indian freedom fighters including Nehru , became a member of the India league , and joined the London Majlis . A fuller account of these years is found in a later section . Basu completed his studies in 1939 and was invited to the Middle Temple as a Barrister in 1939 . Shortly afterwards , he returned to India by sea , docking at Mumbai and travelling from there to Kolkata by train . </P> <H2> Return to India and marriage ( edit ) </H2> <P> Basu reached Kolkata and was reunited with his parents on January 1 , 1940 . While he was in London , his parents had selected a suitable bride for him and informed him of their choice . Like a normal Indian boy of his generation , Basu had replied that if the girl was acceptable to his parents , she was acceptable to him . The two sets of parents had then made arrangements for the wedding , and on Jan 20 , 1940 , only nineteen days after his return to India , Basu was married to Basanti Devi ( née Ghose , fondly known as ' Chobi ' ) , a girl of his own caste and similar family background . Unfortunately , Basanti died in 1942 , hardly two years after the wedding , and there were no surviving children . Basu 's mother , Hemalata Devi , also died a few months later , in 1942 . </P> <P> After returning to India , Basu had become an active member of the Communist Party , to his father 's chagrin . After Basanti 's death , he deepened his involvement , virtually giving up the pretense of earning a living as a lawyer . His legal practice was mostly about providing legal services pro bono to the party and its affiliates , in particular to trade unions . He lived as always with his father and extended family ( as per Indian custom ) and thus had little need to earn a living . As a young barrister studying in England , he had been a prize catch for any family with a marriageable daughter , but the situation was altered now , and proposals were not plentiful . Several years passed , and Basu 's father and other family members grew anxious to see him settled again . In time , they arranged for him to marry another suitable girl of their caste and background . This was Kamala , who Basu married on Dec 5 , 1948 . The marriage , which conformed in every way to Indian tradition and convention , was harmonious and lasted until their deaths more than sixty years later . On Aug 31 , 1951 , the couple became the parents of a girl child , born at Sishumangal Hospital in Kolkata . Tragically , the unnamed baby died only a few days later of diarrhoea and dehydration . In 1952 , the couple were blessed with the birth of a son , Subhabrata Basu , fondly known as ' Chandan ' by one and all . Chandan , who was to be the couple 's only surviving child , was born while Basu was in prison for allegedly seditious activities , having been incarcerated by the Congress - led government of independent India . </P> <P> Shortly after Chandan was born , Basu 's father , Nishikant Basu , wrote a will which disinherited Basu entirely and vested all his property , a considerable fortune which included the massive mansion in Kokata , in the name of his daughter - in - law Kamala , with provision that the property be inherited by Chandan eventually . The elderly bhadralok patrician had been aghast , even distraught , to find that his beloved son had returned from England a communist , and that he had developed over the next decade ( the 1940s ) into a violent revolutionary . Basu was to say later that the arrangement suited him perfectly , that indeed it had been devised in consultation with him ; it ensured that Kamala was always able to feed the family and pay for her son 's education , which left Basu free from the tension of having to provide for his wife and son , and enabled him to pursue his political activities exactly as he wanted . </P> <H2> Political career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Entry into politics ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Communism in India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Personalities ( show ) <Ul> <Li> M.P.T. Acharya </Li> <Li> Abani Mukherji </Li> <Li> M.N. Roy </Li> <Li> P. Krishna Pillai </Li> <Li> Puran Chand Joshi </Li> <Li> A.K. Gopalan </Li> <Li> Ajoy Ghosh </Li> <Li> Puchalapalli Sundaraiah </Li> <Li> Bhupesh Gupta </Li> <Li> B.T. Ranadive </Li> <Li> Shibdas Ghosh </Li> <Li> E.M.S. Namboodiripad </Li> <Li> Charu Majumdar </Li> <Li> T. 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Achuthanandan </Li> <Li> Sitaram Yechury </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colonial Period and Partition ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Labour Kisan Party </Li> <Li> Workers and Peasants Party </Li> <Li> Comrades Association </Li> <Li> Tebhaga movement </Li> <Li> Telangana Rebellion </Li> <Li> Communist Party of French India </Li> <Li> Lal Communist Party </Li> <Li> 2nd Party Congress </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cold War years ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Naxalbari uprising </Li> <Li> Srikakulam </Li> <Li> CPI ( M-L ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Contemporary movements ( show ) <Ul> <Li> CPI ( M ) </Li> <Li> CPI </Li> <Li> CPI ( ML ) Liberation </Li> <Li> SUCI ( C ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other articles ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Lal Salam </Li> <Li> Communism in Kerala </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Communism portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jyoti Basu 's first track in politics was his effort to organise the Indian students studying in United

As of January 2015, the longest serving Chief Minister in India was

Who is the longest serving chief minister in india as on jan 2015?

-2861358222688121748

if the error had not occurred . For example , with two outs , suppose a runner reaches base because of a fielding error , and then the next batter hits a two - run home run , and then the following batter then makes the third out , ending the inning . If the inning is reconstructed without the error , and if that third batter , instead of reaching on an error , registered an out , the inning would have ended there without any runs scoring . Thus , the two runs that did score will be classified as unearned , and will not count in the pitcher 's personal statistics . </P> <P> If a pitching substitution occurs while a runner is on base , and that runner eventually scores a run , the pitcher who allowed the player to get on base is charged with the run even though he was no longer pitching when the run scored . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Examples </Li> <Li> 2 Significant run scoring records <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Player </Li> <Li> 2.2 Team </Li> <Li> 2.3 World Series </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Examples ( edit ) </H2> <P> Below are some examples of runs scored . </P> <Ul> <Li> With a runner on third and two outs , batter hits a ground ball to the second baseman . The runner on third races home . The second baseman fields the ball and throws on to the first baseman in time to get the batter on the force out at first for the third out of the inning . Even if the runner on third had touched home plate before that force out was made at first , his run would not count . </Li> <Li> With a runner on third and two outs , batter hits a fly ball over centerfielder 's head . It bounces several times as it rolls to the wall . The runner on third runs safely home and easily scores a run . Meanwhile , the batter safely reaches first , then tries to advance to second . The centerfielder , having retrieved the ball , throws the ball to the second baseman and the runner is tagged out as he slides into second . Since the runner stepped on home plate before the batter was tagged out at second for the third out of the inning , his run will count . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Significant run scoring Records ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Player ( edit ) </H3> <P> The career record for most runs scored by a major - league player is 2,295 , held by Rickey Henderson ( 1979 -- 2003 ) . The season record for most runs scored is 198 , set by Billy Hamilton of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1894 . The so - called modern - day record ( 1900 and after ) is 177 , achieved by Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees in 1921 . The record for most seasons leading one of the major leagues in runs scored is 8 , held by Babe Ruth ( American League : 1919 -- 21 , 1923 , 1924 , 1926 -- 28 ) . </P> <P> The record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored is 18 , shared by the Yankees ' Red Rolfe ( August 9 -- August 25 , 1939 ) and the Cleveland Indians ' Kenny Lofton ( August 15 -- September 3 , 2000 ) . The record for most runs scored by a player in a single game is 7 , set by Guy Hecker of the American Association 's Louisville Colonels on August 15 , 1886 . The modern - day record of 6 is shared by fourteen players ( eight of whom attained it before 1900 ) . Of the six modern - day players to score 6 runs in a game , the first to perform the feat was Mel Ott of the New York Giants on August 4 , 1934 ( he repeated the accomplishment ten years later , making him the only player ever to do it twice ) ; the most recent was Shawn Green , then of the Los Angeles Dodgers , on May 23 , 2002 . </P> <H3> Team ( edit ) </H3> <P> The record for most runs scored by a major - league team during a single season is 1,212 , set by the Boston Beaneaters ( now the Atlanta Braves ) in 1894 . The modern - day record is 1,067 , achieved by the New York Yankees in 1931 . The team record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored ( i.e. , most consecutive games not being shut out ) is 308 , set by the Yankees between August 3 , 1931 , and August 2 , 1933 . The team record for most runs in its overall history ( up until 2013 ) is the Chicago Cubs with 94,138 . </P> <P> The record for most runs scored by a team in a single game is 36 , set by the Chicago Colts ( now the Chicago Cubs ) against the Louisville Colonels ( which joined the National League in 1892 ) on June 29 , 1897 . The modern - day record of 30 was set on August 22 , 2007 , by the Texas Rangers against the Baltimore Orioles in the first game of a doubleheader at Oriole Park . The Rangers scored 5 runs in the fourth inning , 9 in the sixth , 10 in the eighth , and 6 in the ninth . On August 25 , 1922 , the highest - scoring game in major - league history took place : the Chicago Cubs defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 26 -- 23 , a total of 49 runs . </P> <P> The record for most runs scored by a team in a single inning is 18 , set by the Chicago White Stockings ( now the Cubs ) against the Detroit Wolverines on September 6 , 1883 . The modern - day record is 17 , achieved by the Boston Red Sox against the Detroit Tigers on June 18 , 1953 . </P> <H3> World Series ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Yankees ' Mickey Mantle holds the record for most career World Series runs scored with 42 ( 1951 -- 53 , 1955 -- 58 , 1960 -- 64 ) . The record for most runs scored in a single World Series , shared by two players , is 10 , achieved both times in a six - game Series : Reggie Jackson of the Yankees was the first to do it , in 1977 ; the Toronto Blue Jays ' Paul Molitor equaled him in 1993 . The most runs ever scored by a player in a World Series game is 4 , a record shared by ten players . Babe Ruth set the mark on October 6 , 1926 , while with the Yankees ; it was matched most recently by Albert Pujols of the St. Louis Cardinals in Game 3 of the 2011 World Series . </P> <P> On October 2 , 1936 , playing the New York Giants , the Yankees set the team record for most runs scored in a single Series game with 18 . Players crossed the plate a record 29 times in the highest - scoring World Series game in history on October 20 , 1993 , as the Blue Jays beat the Phillies 15 -- 14 at Veterans Stadium in Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders </Li> <Li> Run differential </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Baseball Explained , by Phillip Mahony . McFarland Books , 2014 . See www.baseballexplained.com Archived 2014 - 08 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MLB Teams and Baseball Encyclopedia -- Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Yearly League Leaders & Records for Runs Scored . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 08 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Baseball statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Batting </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Batting average </Li> <Li> On - base percentage </Li> <Li> Slugging percentage </Li> <Li> Hit <Ul> <Li> Single </Li> <Li> Double </Li> <Li> Triple </Li> <Li> Home run </Li> <Li> Extra-base hit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Grand slam </Li> <Li> RBI </Li> <Li> Game - winning RBI </Li> <Li> Walk </Li> <Li> Bunt </Li> <Li> Sacrifice bunt </Li> <Li> Sacrifice fly </Li> <Li> On - base plus slugging </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Base running </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Run </Li> <Li> Stolen base </Li> <Li> Stolen base percentage </Li> <Li> Caught stealing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pitching </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Win -- loss record </Li> <Li> Innings pitched </Li> <Li> Pitchers of record </Li> <Li> Save </Li> <Li> Hold </Li> <Li> Run <Ul> <Li> Earned </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ERA </Li> <Li> Strikeout </Li> <Li> Walk </Li> <Li> Perfect game </Li> <Li> No - hitter </Li> <Li> WHIP </Li> <Li> BB / 9 </Li> <Li> K / 9 </Li> <Li> Quality start </Li> <Li> Complete game </Li> <Li> Shutout </Li> <Li> Wild pitch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fielding </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fielding percentage </Li> <Li> Assist </Li> <Li> Putout </Li> <Li> Error </Li> <Li> Fielder 's choice </Li> <Li> Defensive indifference </Li> <Li> Passed ball </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sabermetrics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adjusted ERA+ </Li> <Li> Base runs </Li> <Li> Batting park factor </Li> <Li> Catcher 's ERA </Li> <Li> Defensive Runs Saved </Li> <Li> Extrapolated Runs </Li> <Li> Game score </Li> <Li> Isolated Power </Li> <Li> Range factor </Li> <Li> Runs created </Li> <Li> Secondary average </Li> <Li> Speed Score </Li> <Li> NERD </Li> <Li> Out of zone plays made </Li> <Li> Ultimate zone rating </Li> <Li> Weighted on - base average </Li> <Li> Wins Above Replacement </Li> <Li> Win probability added </Li> <Li> Win Shares </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Baseball concepts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Outline , Glossary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rules </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rules of baseball </Li> <Li> Ground rules </Li> <Li> Infield fly rule </Li> <Li> Interference </Li> <Li> Pitch clock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Field </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Backstop </Li> <Li> Baseball diamond </Li> <Li> Batter 's box </Li> <Li> Batter 's eye </Li> <Li> Bullpen </Li> <Li> Dugout </Li> <Li> Foul pole </Li> <Li> Foul territory </Li> <Li> Infield </Li> <Li> On - deck circle </Li> <Li> Outfield </Li> <Li> Warning track </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Equipment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ball </Li> <Li> Bat </Li> <Li> Batting cage </Li> <Li> Batting glove </Li> <Li> Batting helmet </Li> <Li> Cap </Li> <Li> Doughnut </Li> <Li> Glove ( defense ) </Li> <Li> Pitching machine </Li> <Li> Protective cup </Li> <Li> Shin guard </Li> <Li> Stirrups </Li> <Li> Uniform </Li> <Li> Uniform number </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Game process </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Batting order </Li> <Li> Extra innings </Li> <Li> Innings </Li> <Li> On - deck </Li> <Li> Out </Li> <Li> Positions </Li> <Li> Run </Li> <Li> Seventh - inning stretch </Li> <Li> Pace of play </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Batting </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> At bat </Li> <Li> Baltimore chop </Li> <Li> Bat flip </Li> <Li> Chinese home run </Li> <Li> Batting count </Li> <Li> Bunt </Li> <Li> Checked swing </Li> <Li> Cleanup hitter </Li> <Li> Designated hitter </Li> <Li> Double </Li> <Li> Double switch </Li> <Li> Foul ball </Li> <Li> Foul tip </Li> <Li> Golden sombrero </Li> <Li> Grand slam </Li> <Li> Ground rule double </Li> <Li> Hat trick </Li>

The most runs ever scored in a MLB inning is

Most runs ever scored in a mlb inning?

1624012912518696153

in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes . These nobles built castles to control the area immediately surrounding them , and the castles were both offensive and defensive structures ; they provided a base from which raids could be launched as well as protection from enemies . Although their military origins are often emphasised in castle studies , the structures also served as centres of administration and symbols of power . Urban castles were used to control the local populace and important travel routes , and rural castles were often situated near features that were integral to life in the community , such as mills , fertile land , or a water source . </P> <P> Many castles were originally built from earth and timber , but had their defences replaced later by stone . Early castles often exploited natural defences , lacking features such as towers and arrowslits and relying on a central keep . In the late 12th and early 13th centuries , a scientific approach to castle defence emerged . This led to the proliferation of towers , with an emphasis on flanking fire . Many new castles were polygonal or relied on concentric defence -- several stages of defence within each other that could all function at the same time to maximise the castle 's firepower . These changes in defence have been attributed to a mixture of castle technology from the Crusades , such as concentric fortification , and inspiration from earlier defences , such as Roman forts . Not all the elements of castle architecture were military in nature , so that devices such as moats evolved from their original purpose of defence into symbols of power . Some grand castles had long winding approaches intended to impress and dominate their landscape . </P> <P> Although gunpowder was introduced to Europe in the 14th century , it did not significantly affect castle building until the 15th century , when artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls . While castles continued to be built well into the 16th century , new techniques to deal with improved cannon fire made them uncomfortable and undesirable places to live . As a result , true castles went into decline and were replaced by artillery forts with no role in civil administration , and country houses that were indefensible . From the 18th century onwards , there was a renewed interest in castles with the construction of mock castles , part of a romantic revival of Gothic architecture , but they had no military purpose . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Definition <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 1.2 Defining characteristics </Li> <Li> 1.3 Terminology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Common features <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Motte </Li> <Li> 2.2 Bailey and enceinte </Li> <Li> 2.3 Keep </Li> <Li> 2.4 Curtain wall </Li> <Li> 2.5 Gatehouse </Li> <Li> 2.6 Moat </Li> <Li> 2.7 Other features </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Antecedents </Li> <Li> 3.2 Origins ( 9th and 10th centuries ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 11th century </Li> <Li> 3.4 Innovation and scientific design ( 12th century ) </Li> <Li> 3.5 13th to 15th centuries </Li> <Li> 3.6 Advent of gunpowder </Li> <Li> 3.7 Bastions and star forts ( 16th century ) </Li> <Li> 3.8 Later use and revival castles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Construction </Li> <Li> 5 Social centre </Li> <Li> 6 Locations and landscapes </Li> <Li> 7 Warfare </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 9.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Definition ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Etymology ( edit ) </H3> The Norman `` White Tower '' , the keep of the Tower of London , exemplifies all uses of a castle including city defence , a residence , and a place of refuge in times of crisis . <P> The word castle is derived from the Latin word castellum , which is a diminutive of the word castrum , meaning `` fortified place '' . The Old English castel , Old French castel or chastel , French château , Spanish castillo , Italian castello , and a number of words in other languages also derive from castellum . The word castle was introduced into English shortly before the Norman Conquest to denote this type of building , which was then new to England . </P> <H3> Defining characteristics ( edit ) </H3> <P> In its simplest terms , the definition of a castle accepted amongst academics is `` a private fortified residence '' . This contrasts with earlier fortifications , such as Anglo - Saxon burhs and walled cities such as Constantinople and Antioch in the Middle East ; castles were not communal defences but were built and owned by the local feudal lords , either for themselves or for their monarch . Feudalism was the link between a lord and his vassal where , in return for military service and the expectation of loyalty , the lord would grant the vassal land . In the late 20th century , there was a trend to refine the definition of a castle by including the criterion of feudal ownership , thus tying castles to the medieval period ; however , this does not necessarily reflect the terminology used in the medieval period . During the First Crusade ( 1096 -- 1099 ) , the Frankish armies encountered walled settlements and forts that they indiscriminately referred to as castles , but which would not be considered as such under the modern definition . </P> Windsor Castle in England was founded as a fortification during the Norman Conquest and today is one of the principal official residences of Queen Elizabeth II . <P> Castles served a range of purposes , the most important of which were military , administrative , and domestic . As well as defensive structures , castles were also offensive tools which could be used as a base of operations in enemy territory . Castles were established by Norman invaders of England for both defensive purposes and to pacify the country 's inhabitants . As William the Conqueror advanced through England , he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken . Between 1066 and 1087 , he established 36 castles such as Warwick Castle , which he used to guard against rebellion in the English Midlands . </P> <P> Towards the end of the Middle Ages , castles tended to lose their military significance due to the advent of powerful cannons and permanent artillery fortifications ; as a result , castles became more important as residences and statements of power . A castle could act as a stronghold and prison but was also a place where a knight or lord could entertain his peers . Over time the aesthetics of the design became more important , as the castle 's appearance and size began to reflect the prestige and power of its occupant . Comfortable homes were often fashioned within their fortified walls . Although castles still provided protection from low levels of violence in later periods , eventually they were succeeded by country houses as high status residences . </P> <H3> Terminology ( edit ) </H3> <P> Castle is sometimes used as a catch - all term for all kinds of fortifications and , as a result , has been misapplied in the technical sense . An example of this is Maiden Castle which , despite the name , is an Iron Age hill fort which had a very different origin and purpose . </P> São Jorge Castle in Lisbon , Portugal , with a bridge over a moat <P> Although `` castle '' has not become a generic term for a manor house ( like château in French and Schloss in German ) , many manor houses contain `` castle '' in their name while having few if any of the architectural characteristics , usually as their owners liked to maintain a link to the past and felt the term `` castle '' was a masculine expression of their power . In scholarship the castle , as defined above , is generally accepted as a coherent concept , originating in Europe and later spreading to parts of the Middle East , where they were introduced by European Crusaders . This coherent group shared a common origin , dealt with a particular mode of warfare , and exchanged influences . </P> <P> In different areas of the world , analogous structures shared features of fortification and other defining characteristics associated with the concept of a castle , though they originated in different periods and circumstances and experienced differing evolutions and influences . For example , shiro in Japan , described as castles by historian Stephen Turnbull , underwent `` a completely different developmental history , were built in a completely different way and were designed to withstand attacks of a completely different nature '' . While European castles built from the late 12th and early 13th century onwards were generally stone , shiro were predominantly timber buildings into the 16th century . </P> <P> By the 16th century , when Japanese and European cultures met , fortification in Europe had moved beyond castles and relied on innovations such as the Italian trace italienne and star forts . Forts in India present a similar case ; when they were encountered by the British in the 17th century , castles in Europe had generally fallen out of use militarily . Like shiro , the Indian forts , durga or durg in Sanskrit , shared features with castles in Europe such as acting as a domicile for a lord as well as being fortifications . They too developed differently from the structures known as castles that had their origins in Europe . </P> <H2> Common features ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Motte ( edit ) </H3> See also : Motte - and - bailey The wooden palisades surmounting mottes were often later replaced with stone , as in this example at Château de Gisors in France . <P> A motte was an earthen mound with a flat top . It was often artificial , although sometimes it incorporated a pre-existing feature of the landscape . The excavation of earth to make the mound left a ditch around the motte , called a moat ( which could be either wet or dry ) . `` Motte '' and `` moat '' derive from the same Old French word , indicating that the features were originally associated and depended on each other for their construction . Although the motte is commonly associated with the bailey to form a motte - and - bailey castle , this was not always the case and there are instances where a motte existed on its own . </P> <P> `` Motte '' refers to the mound alone , but it was often surmounted by a fortified structure , such as a keep , and the flat top would be surrounded by a palisade . It was common for the motte to be reached over a flying bridge ( a bridge over the ditch from the counterscarp of the ditch to the edge of the top of the mound ) , as shown in the Bayeux Tapestry 's depiction of Château de Dinan . Sometimes a motte covered an older castle or hall , whose rooms became underground storage areas and prisons beneath a new keep . </P> <H3> Bailey and enceinte ( edit ) </H3> See also : Enceinte <P> A bailey , also called a ward , was a fortified enclosure . It was a common feature of castles , and most had at least one . The keep on top of the motte was the domicile of the lord in charge of the castle and a bastion of last defence , while the bailey was the home of the rest of the lord 's household and gave them protection . The barracks for the garrison , stables , workshops , and storage facilities were often found in the bailey . Water was supplied by a

The idea of castles was brought to England by the

Who brought the idea of castles to england?

2048375334691290812

Dust Bowl - Wikipedia <H1> Dust Bowl </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Dust Bowl ( disambiguation ) . Map of states and counties affected by the Dust Bowl between 1935 and 1938 originally prepared by the Soil Conservation Service . The most severely affected counties are colored . A farmer and his two sons during a dust storm in Cimarron County , Oklahoma , April 1936 . Iconic photo taken by Arthur Rothstein . <P> The Dust Bowl , also known as the Dirty Thirties , was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s ; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion ( the Aeolian processes ) caused the phenomenon . The drought came in three waves , 1934 , 1936 , and 1939 -- 1940 , but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years . With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains , farmers had conducted extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains during the previous decade ; this had displaced the native , deep - rooted grasses that normally trapped soil and moisture even during periods of drought and high winds . The rapid mechanization of farm equipment , especially small gasoline tractors , and widespread use of the combine harvester contributed to farmers ' decisions to convert arid grassland ( much of which received no more than 10 inches ( 250 mm ) of precipitation per year ) to cultivated cropland . </P> <P> During the drought of the 1930s , the unanchored soil turned to dust , which the prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds that sometimes blackened the sky . These choking billows of dust -- named `` black blizzards '' or `` black rollers '' -- traveled cross country , reaching as far as the East Coast and striking such cities as New York City and Washington , D.C. On the Plains , they often reduced visibility to 3 feet ( 1 m ) or less . Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City , Oklahoma , to witness the `` Black Sunday '' black blizzards of April 14 , 1935 ; Edward Stanley , Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press coined the term `` Dust Bowl '' while rewriting Geiger 's news story . While the term `` the Dust Bowl '' was originally a reference to the geographical area affected by the dust , today it is usually used to refer to the event , as in `` It was during the Dust Bowl '' . </P> <P> The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres ( 400,000 km ) that centered on the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma and touched adjacent sections of New Mexico , Colorado , and Kansas . </P> <P> The Dust Bowl forced tens of thousands of poverty - stricken families to abandon their farms , unable to pay mortgages or grow crops , and losses reached US $ 25 million per day by 1936 ( equivalent to US $440,000,000 in 2017 ) . Many of these families , who were often known as `` Okies '' because so many of them came from Oklahoma , migrated to California and other states to find that the Great Depression had rendered economic conditions there little better than those they had left . </P> <P> The Dust Bowl has been the subject of many cultural works , notably the novel The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) by John Steinbeck , the folk music of Woody Guthrie , and photographs depicting the conditions of migrants by Dorothea Lange . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Geographic characteristics and early history </Li> <Li> 2 Drought and dust storms </Li> <Li> 3 Human displacement <Ul> <Li> 3.1 United States </Li> <Li> 3.2 Characteristics of migrants </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 U.S. government response </Li> <Li> 5 Long - term economic impact </Li> <Li> 6 Influence on the arts and culture </Li> <Li> 7 Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains </Li> <Li> 8 See also <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Notable documentaries </Li> <Li> 8.2 International </Li> <Li> 8.3 General </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Geographic characteristics and early History </H2> A dust storm approaches Stratford , Texas , in 1935 . <P> The Dust Bowl area lies principally west of the 100th meridian on the High Plains , characterized by plains which vary from rolling in the north to flat in the Llano Estacado . Elevation ranges from 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) in the east to 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) at the base of the Rocky Mountains . The area is semiarid , receiving less than 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain annually ; this rainfall supports the shortgrass prairie biome originally present in the area . The region is also prone to extended drought , alternating with unusual wetness of equivalent duration . During wet years , the rich soil provides bountiful agricultural output , but crops fail during dry years . The region is also subject to high winds . During early European and American exploration of the Great Plains , this region was thought unsuitable for European - style agriculture ; explorers called it the Great American Desert . The lack of surface water and timber made the region less attractive than other areas for pioneer settlement and agriculture . </P> <P> The federal government encouraged settlement and development of the Plains for agriculture via the Homestead Act of 1862 , offering settlers 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) plots . With the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 , waves of new migrants and immigrants reached the Great Plains , and they greatly increased the acreage under cultivation . An unusually wet period in the Great Plains mistakenly led settlers and the federal government to believe that `` rain follows the plow '' ( a popular phrase among real estate promoters ) and that the climate of the region had changed permanently . While initial agricultural endeavors were primarily cattle ranching , the adverse effect of harsh winters on the cattle , beginning in 1886 , a short drought in 1890 , and general overgrazing , led many landowners to increase the amount of land under cultivation . </P> <P> Recognizing the challenge of cultivating marginal arid land , the United States government expanded on the 160 acres ( 65 ha ) offered under the Homestead Act -- granting 640 acres ( 260 ha ) to homesteaders in western Nebraska under the Kinkaid Act ( 1904 ) and 320 acres ( 130 ha ) elsewhere in the Great Plains under the Enlarged Homestead Act ( 1909 ) . Waves of European settlers arrived in the plains at the beginning of the 20th century . A return of unusually wet weather seemingly confirmed a previously held opinion that the `` formerly '' semiarid area could support large - scale agriculture . At the same time , technological improvements such as mechanized plowing and mechanized harvesting made it possible to operate larger properties without increasing labor costs . </P> <P> The combined effects of the disruption of the Russian Revolution , which decreased the supply of wheat and other commodity crops , and World War I increased agricultural prices ; this demand encouraged farmers to dramatically increase cultivation . For example , in the Llano Estacado of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas , the area of farmland was doubled between 1900 and 1920 , then tripled again between 1925 and 1930 . The agricultural methods favored by farmers during this period created the conditions for large - scale erosion under certain environmental conditions . The widespread conversion of the land by deep plowing and other soil preparation methods to enable agriculture eliminated the native grasses which held the soil in place and helped retain moisture during dry periods . Furthermore , cotton farmers left fields bare during winter months , when winds in the High Plains are highest , and burned the stubble as a means to control weeds prior to planting , thereby depriving the soil of organic nutrients and surface vegetation . </P> <H2> Drought and Dust storms </H2> A dust storm ; Spearman , Texas , April 14 , 1935 `` Heavy black clouds of dust rising over the Texas Panhandle , Texas '' , c. 1936 . <P> After fairly favourable climatic conditions in the 1920s with good rainfall and relatively moderate winters , which permitted increased settlement and cultivation in the Great Plains , the region entered an unusually dry era in the summer of 1930 . During the next decade , the northern plains suffered four of their seven driest calendar years since 1895 , Kansas four of its twelve driest , and the entire region south to West Texas lacked any period of above - normal rainfall until record rains hit in 1941 . When severe drought struck the Great Plains region in the 1930s , it resulted in erosion and loss of topsoil because of farming practices at the time . The drought dried the topsoil and over time it became friable , reduced to a powdery consistency in some places . Without the indigenous grasses in place , the high winds that occur on the plains picked up the topsoil and created the massive dust storms that marked the Dust Bowl period . The persistent dry weather caused crops to fail , leaving the plowed fields exposed to wind erosion . The fine soil of the Great Plains was easily eroded and carried east by strong continental winds . </P> <P> On November 11 , 1933 , a very strong dust storm stripped topsoil from desiccated South Dakota farmlands in just one of a series of severe dust storms that year . Beginning on May 9 , 1934 , a strong , two - day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst such storms of the Dust Bowl . The dust clouds blew all the way to Chicago , where they deposited 12 million pounds of dust ( ~ 5500 tonnes ) . Two days later , the same storm reached cities to the east , such as Cleveland , Buffalo , Boston , New York City , and Washington , D.C. That winter ( 1934 -- 1935 ) , red snow fell on New England . </P> <P> On April 14 , 1935 , known as `` Black Sunday '' , 20 of the worst `` black blizzards '' occurred across the entire sweep of the Great Plains , from Canada south to Texas . The dust storms caused extensive damage and turned the day to night ; witnesses reported that they could not see five feet in front of them at certain points . Denver - based Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City , Oklahoma that day . His story about Black Sunday marked the first appearance of the term Dust Bowl ; it was coined by Edward Stanley , Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press , while rewriting Geiger 's news story . </P> <P> Spearman and Hansford County have been literaly ( sic ) in a cloud of dust for the past week . Ever since Friday of last week , there has n't been a day pass but what the county was beseieged ( sic ) with a blast of wind and dirt . On rare occasions when the wind did subside for a period of hours , the air has been so filled with dust that the town appeared to be overhung by a fog cloud . Because of this long seige of dust and every building being filled with it ,

The two causes of the Dust Bowl were poor farming practices and

What were the two causes of the dust bowl?

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2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This is a list of characters from the American television series Drake & Josh , which aired on Nickelodeon from 2004 to 2007 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Main characters <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Drake Parker </Li> <Li> 1.2 Josh Nichols </Li> <Li> 1.3 Audrey Parker - Nichols </Li> <Li> 1.4 Walter Nichols </Li> <Li> 1.5 Megan Parker </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Recurring characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Craig Ramirez and Eric Blonowitz </Li> <Li> 2.2 Mindy Crenshaw </Li> <Li> 2.3 Helen Dubois </Li> <Li> 2.4 `` Crazy '' Steve </Li> <Li> 2.5 Gavin Mitchell </Li> <Li> 2.6 Mrs. Hayfer </Li> <Li> 2.7 Dr. Jeff Glazer </Li> <Li> 2.8 Bruce Winchill </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Minor characters <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Grammy Nichols </Li> <Li> 3.2 Papa Nichols </Li> <Li> 3.3 Aunt Catherine </Li> <Li> 3.4 Jackie </Li> <Li> 3.5 Wendy </Li> <Li> 3.6 Sammy </Li> <Li> 3.7 Trevor </Li> <Li> 3.8 Clayton </Li> <Li> 3.9 Janie </Li> <Li> 3.10 Corey </Li> <Li> 3.11 Vince </Li> <Li> 3.12 Karate instructor and coffee shop owner </Li> <Li> 3.13 Drew and Jerry </Li> <Li> 3.14 Henry Doheny </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Drake 's girlfriends <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Liza </Li> <Li> 4.2 Tori </Li> <Li> 4.3 Susan </Li> <Li> 4.4 Kelly Hayfer </Li> <Li> 4.5 Carly </Li> <Li> 4.6 Lucy </Li> <Li> 4.7 Christine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Drake 's band <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Band members <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Scottie , Rina , and Paul </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Gary </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Julio </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4 Neil Kramer </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Main characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Drake Parker ( edit ) </H3> <P> Drake Parker ( Drake Bell ) is depicted as a laid - back , charming , immature , and womanizing teenager . Although he often appears unintelligent , his under - achievement seems to be caused by apathy and he has been known not to think before he acts ( getting straight D 's in school ) . Drake has great interest in music , playing the electric guitar in a band throughout the series and liking all forms , his favorite being rock . He can also play several percussion instruments , shown in `` Megan 's New Teacher '' when he tried to play drums and guitar at the same time and in `` Josh Runs Into Oprah '' where he played the bongos . He usually takes advantage of Josh to get what he wants . He has a lot of success with girls and much of the comedy is his effortless ability to get dates . Drake is also very unhygienic ( not washing hands , eating food off the floor ) . Drake feels embarrassed about his new stepbrother at first , but grows to accept Josh . Despite his arrogance and selfishness , Drake still redeems himself by doing the right thing . He becomes more mature as the series progresses . In 2010 , Drake Bell made an appearance in the iCarly Season 3 episode `` iBloop '' which stars his Drake & Josh co-star Miranda Cosgrove . He reprised his role as Drake Parker to make an appearance in the episode , during which he seems to have stepped into the alternate fictional universe of iCarly where he recognizes Cosgrove 's character as Megan Parker and follows by asking the whereabouts of Josh and the rest of his family . </P> <H3> Josh Nichols ( edit ) </H3> <P> Josh Nichols ( Josh Peck ) is Drake and Megan 's stepbrother . Unlike his stepbrother , Josh is smart , conscientious , sensible , and does well in school , although he is not often the socially stable one . In the pilot episode , he had a job for the school newspaper in which he wrote under the name Miss Nancy . In season two , he begins working for Helen at the fictional Premiere movie theatre . Unlike Drake , Josh often stresses over school a lot and uses his common sense , often repeating things for emphasis when anxious . Despite his good moral compass and punctuality , Josh is prone to bad luck , especially with girls . However , later , he begins to date Mindy Crenshaw , who is his academic rival . He has all sorts of hobbies , including cooking and performing magic tricks . Later in the series , Josh becomes more popular and gains better luck . He is obsessed with Oprah Winfrey and accidentally ran her over with his car in Josh Runs into Oprah . </P> <H3> Audrey Parker - Nichols ( edit ) </H3> <P> Audrey ( Nancy Sullivan ) is Drake and Megan 's mother and Josh 's stepmother . Her first name is never mentioned in the series , but is revealed in most scripts as `` Audrey '' . She is usually telling the boys to try not to be so immature . She upsets her husband Walter because of her preference to Bruce Winchill , his rival weatherman . Because Walter is unable to discipline the boys , she usually has to punish the boys although these punishments are usually unfair because most are Megan 's fault . As stepmother and stepson , Audrey and Josh have a very fond relationship , and he affectionately calls her `` Mom '' or `` Mama '' . Her profession was never specified in the series , but it is generally assumed that she is a stay - at - home mom . She is a very generous and loving mother however a bit naive when it comes to her daughter Megan , especially when it is Megan 's word against Drake and Josh . </P> <H3> Walter Nichols ( edit ) </H3> <P> Walter ( Jonathan Goldstein ) is Josh 's father and Drake and Megan 's stepfather . He is a meteorologist for a local TV news program in San Diego , but he is often wrong about the weather . Walter is often clumsy , out of date , and seemingly empty - headed . As a result , he lacks the respect of his stepchildren , who refer to him by his first name . When Megan calls him by his first name , he always asks `` When did she start calling me Walter ? '' and Audrey replies `` I do n't know . '' He is also clueless and skeptical in regards to Megan 's pranks which have caused the boys a lot of punishments , although starting in the episode `` The Demonator '' , Walter slowly begins to notice Megan 's evil ways . A running gag involves a rivalry between him and Bruce Winchill , an unseen weatherman from another station . He hates that Winchill is so popular , as he is always right with his predictions , and even forbids the use of Winchill 's name in the family home . </P> <H3> Megan Parker ( edit ) </H3> <P> Megan Parker ( Miranda Cosgrove ) is the younger sister and stepsister of Drake and Josh . Megan often references a best friend named Janie and often refers to her older brothers as `` boobs . '' Although at times Megan helps her brothers , she is usually antagonistic and hostile to them . It has also been shown that she is very smart and quick - witted ; she can pull off very extreme , cruel and sometimes complicated ( or even potentially dangerous ) pranks on her brothers all while ensuring that her parents think of her as being a `` sweet little girl '' ( also believing her to be always innocent ) . However , in the episode , `` The Affair '' , Megan calls Drake a `` boob '' and Josh `` gross '' in front of her mother , who does not react . Even when an incident has nothing to do with them she still manages to take their distrust from others as an advantage . This has even gone so far as to suggest that she might even possess genius - level intelligence , for example building a hidden computerized monitor in her room . Most of the time throughout the series , Megan is very conceited , rude , sassy , and mean to her brothers . However , despite her near - constant harassing them , Megan actually loves her brothers deep down and has shown them genuine love and gratefulness when they uncovered that her then - boyfriend had been cheating on her . </P> <H2> Recurring characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Craig ramirez and Eric blonowitz ( edit ) </H3> <P> Craig ( Alec Medlock ) and Eric ( Scott Halberstadt ) are two stereotypical `` nerdy '' honor students that are always being exploited by Drake , mostly due to his hare - brained schemes . Drake often mistakes Eric for Craig . Craig corrected him one time , and Drake sarcastically said `` It matters '' . Eric first appeared in the pilot episode as an extra and along with his best friend , Craig , a few times in Season 2 and 3 , but they appear more frequently in Season 4 , and also appear in the television film Drake & Josh : Really Big Shrimp . They usually are good friends and good in nature , but not free of a selfish side . Drake is so unkind to them that anytime they try to talk with them he rudely shuts the door in their face and tells them that there are lots of reasons why they do not have girlfriends . Eric left for Puerto Rico in the final episode , `` Dance Contest . '' Craig and Eric appear with another Drake & Josh character , Gavin , in the 2010 iCarly episode `` iStart a Fan War '' , implying that the two series take place within the same universe . It is revealed in the episode Who 's Got Game that Craig and Eric do not consider themselves to be friends with Drake because of the bad things he has done to them . </P> <H3> Mindy Crenshaw ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mindy ( Allison Scagliotti ) is an intelligent but boastful girl at school who is always trying to be better than Drake and Josh , especially Josh , who is her rival . She also shows an extreme hatred for Drake , too . For example in `` Honor Council '' , she took apart Mrs. Hayfer 's car and rebuilt it in the middle of her classroom to frame Drake for the prank and have him suspended . For this misdeed , Mindy was sent to a mental hospital , causing a temporary departure from the series , but she eventually reappeared in `` Mindy 's Back '' to compete in the school science fair . Later on , she became Josh 's on - again off - again girlfriend , and the two enjoy studying together . One of Mindy 's well - known character traits is her extraordinary intelligence and scientific talents . She defeats Josh yearly in the science fair with the exception of one year after they started to date and she let him win , which she enjoys rubbing in his face at times . She also cloned her pet Cockapoo , and has a love of sharks . </P> <H3> Helen Dubois ( edit ) </H3> <P> Helen Ophelia Dubois ( Yvette Nicole Brown ) is the manager of the Premiere Theater , connected to the Premiere Galleria mall . She is Josh 's boss at the theater , and is known for her intimidating demeanor , loud voice , and demanding attitude towards employees . She adores Drake , but dislikes Josh despite the

The role of the dad in the TV show "Drake and Josh" is played by

Who plays the dad in drake and josh?

-7607131122991447947

Second battle of El Alamein - wikipedia <H1> Second battle of El Alamein </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Second Battle of El Alamein </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 24 October 1942 : Soldiers of the 9th Australian Infantry Division in a posed attack . ( Photographer : Len Chetwyn ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> 23 October -- 11 November 1942 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> El Alamein , Egypt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> Allied victory </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany Italy </Td> <Td> <P> United Kingdom </P> <Ul> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> </Ul> Australia New Zealand South Africa Free French Free Greeks United States ( air support ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ettore Bastico Georg Stumme † Erwin Rommel </Td> <Td> Harold Alexander Bernard Montgomery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 116,000 men 547 tanks 192 armoured cars 770 -- 900 aircraft ( 480 serviceable ) 552 artillery pieces 496 anti-tank guns -- 1,063 </Td> <Td> 195,000 men 1,029 tanks 435 armoured cars 730 -- 750 aircraft ( 530 serviceable ) 892 -- 908 artillery pieces 1,451 anti-tank guns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36,939 to 59,000 men c. 500 tanks 254 guns 64 German and 20 Italian aircraft </Td> <Td> 13,560 men 332 -- c. 500 tanks 111 guns 77 British and 20 US aircraft </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Western Desert Campaign </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Invasion of Egypt </Li> <Li> Compass <Ul> <Li> Nibeiwa </Li> <Li> Sidi Barrani </Li> <Li> Bardia </Li> <Li> Mechili </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Beda Fomm <Ul> <Li> Kufra </Li> <Li> Giarabub </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sonnenblume </Li> <Li> Tobruk <Ul> <Li> Bardia raid </Li> <Li> Twin Pimples </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Brevity </Li> <Li> Skorpion </Li> <Li> Battleaxe </Li> <Li> Crusader <Ul> <Li> Flipper </Li> <Li> 1st Bir el Gubi </Li> <Li> Point 175 </Li> <Li> 2nd Bir el Gubi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gazala <Ul> <Li> Bir Hakeim </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mersa Matruh </Li> <Li> 1st Alamein </Li> <Li> Sidi Haneish </Li> <Li> Alam Halfa </Li> <Li> Agreement <Ul> <Li> Caravan </Li> <Li> Bertram </Li> <Li> Braganza </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2nd Alamein <Ul> <Li> Outpost Snipe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> El Agheila </Li> </Ul> <P> Associated articles </P> <Ul> <Li> Frontier Wire </Li> <Li> Devil 's gardens </Li> <Li> Fort Capuzzo </Li> <Li> Maletti Group </Li> <Li> Camouflage </Li> <Li> Babini Group </Li> <Li> Combeforce </Li> <Li> 3rd Indian Motor Brigade </Li> <Li> Baggush Box </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Second Battle of El Alamein ( 23 October -- 11 November 1942 ) was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein . With the Allies victorious , it was the watershed of the Western Desert Campaign . The First Battle of El Alamein had prevented the Axis from advancing further into Egypt . In August 1942 , Lieutenant - General Sir Bernard Law Montgomery took command of the Eighth Army following the sacking of General Claude Auchinleck and the death of his replacement Lieutenant - General William Gott in an air crash . </P> <P> The Allied victory turned the tide in the North African Campaign and ended the Axis threat to Egypt , the Suez Canal and the Middle Eastern and Persian oil fields via North Africa . The Second Battle of El Alamein revived the morale of the Allies , being the first big success against the Axis since Operation Crusader in late 1941 . The battle coincided with the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch , which started on 8 November , the Battle of Stalingrad and the Guadalcanal Campaign . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Prelude <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Allied plan <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Operation Lightfoot </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Operation Bertram </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Operation Braganza </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Axis plan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Battle <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Phase one : the break - in </Li> <Li> 3.2 Phase two : the crumbling <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 D + 2 : 25 October </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Phase three : the counter <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 D + 3 : 26 October </Li> <Li> 3.3. 2 D + 4 : 27 October </Li> <Li> 3.3. 3 D + 5 -- 6 : 28 -- 29 October </Li> <Li> 3.3. 4 D + 7 -- 9 : 30 October -- 1 November </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.4 Phase four : Operation Supercharge <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1 D + 10 : 2 November </Li> <Li> 3.4. 2 D + 11 : 3 November </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.5 Phase five : the break - out <Ul> <Li> 3.5. 1 D + 12 , 4 November </Li> <Li> 3.5. 2 D + 13 , 5 November </Li> <Li> 3.5. 3 D + 14 , 6 November </Li> <Li> 3.5. 4 D + 15 -- 18 , 7 -- 11 November </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Analysis </Li> <Li> 4.2 Casualties </Li> <Li> 4.3 Subsequent operations <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Battle of El Agheila </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Tripoli </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 Tunisia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Further information : Second Battle of El Alamein order of battle Erwin Rommel ( left ) in his command halftrack , SdKfz. 250 / 3 . <P> The Panzer Army Africa ( Panzerarmee Afrika ) , composed of German and Italian infantry and mechanised units under Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel , had struck deep into Egypt by 12 July 1942 after its success at the Battle of Gazala . This threatened the British Empire 's control of the Suez Canal and Mandatory Palestine . General Claude Auchinleck withdrew the Eighth Army to within 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) of Alexandria to a point where the Qattara Depression came to within 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) of El Alamein on the coast . This gave the defenders a short front to defend and provided secure flanks because tanks could not traverse the Depression . The Axis advance was halted here in early July in the First Battle of El Alamein . </P> <P> The Eighth Army counter-offensives during July failed , as Rommel had dug in to allow his exhausted troops to regroup . Auchinleck called off all offensive action at the end of July to allow rebuilding the Eighth Army 's strength . In early August , the British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , and General Sir Alan Brooke -- the Chief of the Imperial General Staff ( CIGS ) -- visited Cairo and replaced Auchinleck as Commander - in - chief ( C - in - C ) Middle East Command with General Sir Harold Alexander . Lieutenant - General William Gott was appointed to command of the Eighth Army , but he was killed when the transport plane he was travelling in was shot down by Luftwaffe fighters ; Lieutenant - General Bernard Montgomery was then appointed commander of the Eighth Army . </P> <P> Faced with long supply lines and lacking reinforcements , and well aware of massive Allied reinforcements in men and materiel on the way , Rommel decided to strike the Allies while their build - up was incomplete . The two armoured divisions of the Afrika Korps , together with a force made up of the reconnaissance units of Panzer Army Africa , led the attack but the Allies stopped them at the Alam el Halfa ridge and Point 102 on 30 August 1942 . The attack failed in this second battle at the Alamein line , better known as the Battle of Alam el Halfa ( commonly , but incorrectly , Alam Halfa ) ; expecting a counter-attack by Montgomery 's Eighth Army , Panzer Army Africa dug in . </P> <P> The factors that had favoured the Eighth Army 's defensive plan in the First Battle of El Alamein , the short front line and the secure flanks , now favoured the Axis defence . Rommel , furthermore , had plenty of time to prepare his defensive positions and lay extensive minefields ( laying approximately 500,000 mines ) and barbed wire . Alexander and Montgomery were determined to establish a superiority of forces sufficient not only to achieve a breakthrough but also to exploit it and destroy Panzer Army Africa . In all the previous swings of the pendulum in the Western Desert Campaign since 1941 , neither side had ever had the strength after achieving victory in an offensive battle to exploit it decisively : the losing side had always been able to withdraw and regroup closer to its main supply bases . </P> <P> The British had an intelligence advantage : signals intelligence from Ultra and local sources exposed the Axis order of battle , its supply position , force disposition and intentions . A reorganisation of the intelligence function in Africa in July had also improved the integration of intelligence received from all sources and the speed of its dissemination . With rare exceptions , intelligence identified the supply ships destined for North Africa , their location or routing and in most cases their cargoes , allowing them to be attacked . By 25 October , Panzer Army fuel stocks were down to three days ' supply , of which only two days ' worth were east of Tobruk . `` The Panzer Army ... did not possess the operational freedom of movement that was absolutely essential in consideration of the fact that the British offensive can be expected to start any day '' . </P> <P> Submarine and air transport somewhat eased the shortage of ammunition and by late October , stocks amounting to 16 days supply were held in forward areas . After six more weeks , the Eighth Army was ready , 195,000 men and 1,029 tanks began the offensive against the 116,000 men and 547 tanks of Panzer Army Africa . </P> <H2> Prelude ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Allied plan ( edit ) </H3> Operation Lightfoot ( edit ) <P> Montgomery 's plan was for a main attack to the north of the line and a secondary attack to the south , involving XXX Corps ( Lieutenant - General Oliver Leese ) and XIII Corps ( Lieutenant - General Brian Horrocks ) , while X Corps ( Lieutenant - General Herbert Lumsden ) was to exploit the success . With Operation Lightfoot , Montgomery intended to cut two corridors through the Axis minefields in the north . One corridor was to run south - west through the 2nd New Zealand Division sector towards the centre of Miteirya Ridge , while the second was to run west , passing 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) north of the west end of the Miteirya Ridge across the 9th Australian and 51st ( Highland ) Division sectors . Tanks would then pass through and defeat the German armour . Diversions at Ruweisat Ridge in the centre and also the south of the line would keep the rest of the Axis forces from moving northwards . Montgomery expected a 12 - day battle in three stages : the break - in , the dogfight and the final breaking of

The two battles of El Alamein were fought in Egypt, near

In which country were the two battles of el alamein fought?

-2928116638358297228

Mendicant orders - wikipedia <H1> Mendicant orders </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Mendicant orders are , primarily , certain Christian religious orders that have adopted a lifestyle of poverty , traveling , and living in urban areas for purposes of preaching , evangelism , and ministry , especially to the poor . At their foundation these orders rejected the previously established monastic model . This foresaw living in one stable , isolated community where members worked at a trade and owned property in common , including land , buildings and other wealth . By contrast , the mendicants avoided owning property , did not work at a trade , and embraced a poor , often itinerant lifestyle . They depended for their survival on the goodwill of the people to whom they preached . </P> <P> The term `` mendicant '' is also used with reference to some non-Christian religions to denote holy persons committed to an ascetic lifestyle , which may include members of religious orders and individual holy persons . </P> Cluny Abbey , a former Benedictine monastery in Saône - et - Loire , France . It was at one time the center of Western monasticism . <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origins of the friars <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Dominicans </Li> <Li> 1.2 Franciscans </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Characteristics </Li> <Li> 3 Early mendicant orders </Li> <Li> 4 Other mendicant orders </Li> <Li> 5 Former mendicant orders <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Extinct mendicant orders </Li> <Li> 5.2 Orders no longer mendicant </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Non-Christian mendicant orders </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origins of the Friars ( edit ) </H2> <P> What is called the mendicant movement in Church history arose primarily in the 13th century in Western Europe . Until that time the monks of Europe worked at their trade in their monastery . Renouncing personal property , they owned all things in common as a community after the example of chapters 2 and 4 of the Acts of the Apostles . </P> <P> With the rise of Western monasticism , monasteries attracted not only individuals aspiring to become monks and nuns , but also property , buildings and hence riches . In the view of some , the idea that Christ came down to earth poor and that the true Church must be the church of the poor clashed with this phenomenon . The desire for true Christian authenticity was thus seen by some to contrast to the empirical reality of the Church . </P> <P> The twelfth century saw great changes in western Europe . As commerce revived , urban centers arose and with them an urban middle class . New directions in spirituality were called for . Church reform became a major theme of the cultural revival of this era . In response to this , there emerged the new mendicant orders founded by Francis of Assisi ( c. 1181 - 1226 ) and Dominic Guzman ( c. 1170 -- 1221 ) . </P> <P> The mendicant friars were bound by a vow of poverty and dedicated to an ascetic way of life , renouncing property and travelling the world to preach . Their survival was dependent upon the good will and material support of their listeners . It was this way of life that gave them their name , `` mendicant '' , derived from the Latin mendicare , meaning `` to beg '' . </P> <P> The mendicant movement had started in France and Italy and became popular in the poorer towns and cities of Europe at the beginning of the thirteenth century . The refusal of the mendicants to own property and therefore to pay taxes was seen as threatening the stability of the established Church which was then planning a crusade , to be financed by tithes . For this and other reasons some mendicant orders were officially suppressed by Pope Gregory X at the Second Council of Lyon in 1274 and others were reformed , so as to be capable of contributing funds or men to support the war effort . </P> <H3> Dominicans ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Dominican Order <P> While on a visit to southern France , Saint Dominic met the Albigensians , a religious sect which had a great popularity partly because of the economic situation of the times . Dominic , who had begun as a secular canon , responded to a desperate need for informed preaching by founding the Order of Preachers and thus embarking on a new form of religious life , the life of the friar . Before this time , religious life had been monastic , but with Dominic the secluded monastery gave way to priories in the cities . By the time of his death in 1221 , the Order had spread through Western Europe , hundreds of young men had joined , and the presence of the Order of Preachers was felt at the major universities of the time . </P> <H3> Franciscans ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Franciscans <P> Francis came to this manner of life through a period of personal conversion . The Franciscans spread far and wide the devotion to the humanity of Christ , with the commitment to imitate the Lord . Many of them were priests and men of learning whose contributions were notable in the rapid evolution and contemporary relevance of the movement . Notable Franciscans include Anthony of Padua , who were inspirations to the formation of Christian mendicant traditions . </P> <H2> Characteristics ( edit ) </H2> <P> With deep insight the Franciscans and Dominicans put into practice a pastoral strategy suited to the social changes . The emergence of urban centers meant concentrated numbers of the homeless and the sick . This created problems for the parish churches who found themselves unable to address these issues . Since many people were moving from the countryside to the cities , they no longer built their convents in rural districts but rather in urban zones . </P> <P> In another innovation , the mendicant orders relinquished their principle of stability , a classical principle of ancient monasticism , opting for a different approach . Unlike the Benedictine monks , the mendicants were not permanently attached to any one particular convent and to its abbot . Because the orders ' primary aim was the evangelization of the masses , the church granted them freedom from the jurisdiction of the bishops and they travelled about to convert or reinforce faith . The freedom of mendicancy allowed Franciscans and Dominicans mobility . Since they were not tied to monasteries or territorial parishes , they were free to take the gospel into the streets , to preach , hear confessions and minister to people wherever they were . Friars Minor and Preachers travelled with missionary zeal from one place to another . </P> <P> Consequently , they organized themselves differently in comparison with the majority of monastic orders . Instead of the traditional autonomy that every monastery enjoyed , they gave greater importance to the order as such and to the Superior General , as well as to the structure of the order Provinces . Their flexibility enabled them to send out the most suitable friars on specific missions , and the mendicant orders reached North Africa , the Middle East and Northern Europe . </P> <P> As students and professors , Friars Minor and Friars Preacher , Franciscans and Dominicans , entered the leading universities of the time , set up study centres , produced texts of great value and were protagonists of scholastic theology in its best period and had an important effect on the development of thought . The great thinkers , St Thomas Aquinas and St Bonaventure , were mendicants . </P> <P> In all the great cities of western Europe , friaries were established , and in the universities theological chairs were held by Dominicans and Franciscans . Later in the 13th century they were joined by the mendicant orders of Carmelites , Augustinian Hermits , and Servites . </P> <P> They attracted a significant level of patronage , as much from townsfolk as aristocrats . Their focus of operation rapidly centered on towns where population growth historically outstripped the provision of rural parishes . Most medieval towns in Western Europe of any size came to possess houses of one or more of the major orders of friars . Some of their churches came to be built on grand scale with large spaces devoted to preaching , something of a specialty among the mendicant orders . </P> <H2> Early mendicant orders ( edit ) </H2> <P> Despite conforming to a recognizable model , the mendicant orders of friars had origins that were generally very different . The original mendicant orders of friars in the Church in the Middle Ages were the </P> <Ul> <Li> Dominicans -- Order of Preachers , commonly called the Black Friars , founded 1215 . </Li> <Li> Franciscans -- who in modern times include the Order of Friars Minor ( O.F.M. ) ; the Order of Friars Minor Conventual ( O.F.M. Conv . ) , who are commonly known as the Grey Friars ; the Capuchins ( Order of Friars Minor Capuchin ) ( O.F.M. Cap . ) , founded 1209 ; and the Third Order Regular of St. Francis , whose origins lie in the 15th century . </Li> <Li> Augustinians -- Hermits of St. Augustine , commonly called the Austin Friars , various loosely organized groups of hermits who accepted the Augustinian rule 1244 -- 1256 , in order to fall under the provisions of the decree `` Ne nimium '' of the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 . In modern times two reform groups , the Augustinian Recollects and the Discalced Augustinians , exist as separate orders . </Li> <Li> Carmelites -- Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Carmel , commonly known as the White Friars , a groups of hermits on Mount Carmel in the Crusader states , who adopted a rule sometime between 1206 and 1214 , before they began migrating to Western Europe around 1238 In modern times a reform group , the Discalced Carmelites , founded 1593 , exists as a separate order . </Li> </Ul> <P> The Second Council of Lyons ( 1274 ) recognized these as the four `` major '' mendicant orders , and suppressed certain others . The Council of Trent loosened the restrictions on their owning property . Afterwards , except for the Franciscans and their offshoot the Capuchins , members of the orders were permitted to own property collectively as do monks . </P> <H2> Other mendicant orders ( edit ) </H2> <P> The other mendicant orders recognized by the Holy See today are the </P> <Ul> <Li> Trinitarians -- Order of the Most Blessed Trinity , sometimes called the Red Friars , founded 1193 . </Li> <Li> Mercedarians -- Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy , founded 1218 ; and after a reform Discalced Mercedarians . </Li> <Li> Servites -- Order of Servants of Mary , founded 1233 by the Seven Holy Men of Florence , Italy . The order was suppressed by the Second Council of Lyon in 1272 , on the basis of the restrictions in the decree `` Ne nimium '' of 1215 ; the suppression was not fully enforced and was subsequently overturned by Pope Benedict XI in his Bull , `` Dum levamus '' , of 11 February 1304 . </Li> <Li> Minims -- Hermits of St. Francis of Paola , founded 1436 . </Li> <Li> Hospitaller Order of the Brothers of Saint John of God -- founded in 1572 by Saint John of God for the care of the sick . </Li> <Li> Order of Bethlehemite Brothers , founded in Guatemala in 1653 and refounded in 1984 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Like the monastic orders , many of the mendicant orders , especially the larger ones , underwent splits and reform efforts , forming offshoots , permanent or otherwise , some

The chief spiritual aims of the Catholic Church and mendicant orders were

What were the chief spiritual aims of the catholic church and mendicant orders?

-4933703924077588548

Baga , Goa - Wikipedia <H1> Baga , Goa </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Baga ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Baga </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Town </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Baga Location of Baga in Goa Baga Baga ( India ) Show map of Goa Show map of India Show all </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Coordinates : 15 ° 33 ′ 32 '' N 73 ° 45 ′ 12 '' E  /  15.55889 ° N 73.75333 ° E  / 15.55889 ; 73.75333 Coordinates : 15 ° 33 ′ 32 '' N 73 ° 45 ′ 12 '' E  /  15.55889 ° N 73.75333 ° E  / 15.55889 ; 73.75333 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> Goa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> District </Th> <Td> North Goa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sub-district </Th> <Td> Bardez </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Languages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official </Th> <Td> Konkani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> PIN </Th> <Td> 403516 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 083227 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Baga a seaside town in Bardez , Goa , India . It comes under the jurisdiction of Calangute , which is 2 km south . Baga is known for its popular beach and Baga Creek . It is visited by thousands of tourists annually . </P> <H2> Baga beach ( edit ) </H2> <P> Baga Beach is a popular beach and tourist destination in North Goa . Baga is located at the north end of the contiguous beach stretch that starts from Sinquerim , Candolim , leads to Calangute and then to Baga . </P> Dolphins can be located at around 1 -- 2 km from the shoreline Parasailing in Baga Beach <P> The beach contains rows of shacks and fishing boats , and at high tide the beach is narrow . </P> <P> The beach is named after the Baga Creek , which empties into the Arabian Sea at the north end of the beach . </P> <P> Baga Beach is also famous for water sports such as parasailing and banana rides , and dolphin cruises . In Baga Beach , new parking has been constructed for around 800 cars or more , and there is baga creek bridge which connects northern part like Arpora , Anjuna etc ... </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeff Koyen ( March 14 , 2010 ) . `` 36 Hours in Goa , India '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tourist Guide to Goa , p . ___ ( Sura Books 2007 ) ( ISBN 978 - 8174782076 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ South India handbook : the travel guide , p. 468 - 69 ( 2001 ) ( ISBN 978 - 1900949811 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fodor 's India , p. 454 - 55 ( 6th ed. 2008 ) ( ISBN 978 - 1400019120 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baga , Goa . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Baga . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Baga beach </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article related to a location in the Indian state of Goa is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baga,_Goa&oldid=817215978 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cities and towns in North Goa district </Li> <Li> Beaches of Goa </Li> <Li> Beaches of North Goa district </Li> <Li> Goa geography stubs </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikivoyage </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> <Li> गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 23 : 27 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

Baga Beach is located in

Baga beach is in north or south goa?

6933510789136260390

of the caregivers and family members . The use of physical restraints is rarely indicated in any stage of the disease , although there are situations when they are necessary to prevent harm to the person with AD or their caregivers . </P> <P> As the disease progresses , different medical issues can appear , such as oral and dental disease , pressure ulcers , malnutrition , hygiene problems , or respiratory , skin , or eye infections . Careful management can prevent them , while professional treatment is needed when they do arise . During the final stages of the disease , treatment is centred on relieving discomfort until death , often with the help of hospice . </P> <H2> Prognosis </H2> Disability - adjusted life year for Alzheimer and other dementias per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 . No data ≤ 50 50 -- 70 70 -- 90 90 -- 110 110 -- 130 130 -- 150 150 -- 170 170 -- 190 190 -- 210 210 -- 230 230 -- 250 ≥ 250 <P> The early stages of Alzheimer 's disease are difficult to diagnose . A definitive diagnosis is usually made once cognitive impairment compromises daily living activities , although the person may still be living independently . The symptoms will progress from mild cognitive problems , such as memory loss through increasing stages of cognitive and non-cognitive disturbances , eliminating any possibility of independent living , especially in the late stages of the disease . </P> <P> Life expectancy of people with AD is less . Following diagnosis it typically ranges from three to ten years . </P> <P> Fewer than 3 % of people live more than fourteen years . Disease features significantly associated with reduced survival are an increased severity of cognitive impairment , decreased functional level , history of falls , and disturbances in the neurological examination . Other coincident diseases such as heart problems , diabetes or history of alcohol abuse are also related with shortened survival . While the earlier the age at onset the higher the total survival years , life expectancy is particularly reduced when compared to the healthy population among those who are younger . Men have a less favourable survival prognosis than women . </P> <P> Pneumonia and dehydration are the most frequent immediate causes of death brought by AD , while cancer is a less frequent cause of death than in the general population . </P> <H2> Epidemiology </H2> <Table> Rates after age 65 <Tr> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> New affected per thousand person -- years </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 -- 69 </Th> <Td> 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70 -- 74 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 75 -- 79 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 -- 84 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 85 -- 89 </Th> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 90 -- </Th> <Td> 69 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Two main measures are used in epidemiological studies : incidence and prevalence . Incidence is the number of new cases per unit of person -- time at risk ( usually number of new cases per thousand person -- years ) ; while prevalence is the total number of cases of the disease in the population at any given time . </P> <P> Regarding incidence , cohort longitudinal studies ( studies where a disease - free population is followed over the years ) provide rates between 10 and 15 per thousand person -- years for all dementias and 5 -- 8 for AD , which means that half of new dementia cases each year are AD . Advancing age is a primary risk factor for the disease and incidence rates are not equal for all ages : every five years after the age of 65 , the risk of acquiring the disease approximately doubles , increasing from 3 to as much as 69 per thousand person years . There are also sex differences in the incidence rates , women having a higher risk of developing AD particularly in the population older than 85 . In the United States , the risk of dying from Alzheimer 's disease is 26 % higher among the non-Hispanic white population than among the non-Hispanic black population , whereas the Hispanic population has a 30 % lower risk than the non-Hispanic white population . </P> Deaths per million persons in 2012 due to dementias including Alzheimer 's disease 0 -- 4 5 -- 8 9 -- 10 11 -- 13 14 -- 17 18 -- 24 25 -- 45 46 -- 114 115 -- 375 376 -- 1266 <P> Prevalence of AD in populations is dependent upon different factors including incidence and survival . Since the incidence of AD increases with age , it is particularly important to include the mean age of the population of interest . In the United States , Alzheimer prevalence was estimated to be 1.6 % in 2000 both overall and in the 65 -- 74 age group , with the rate increasing to 19 % in the 75 -- 84 group and to 42 % in the greater than 84 group . Prevalence rates in less developed regions are lower . The World Health Organization estimated that in 2005 , 0.379 % of people worldwide had dementia , and that the prevalence would increase to 0.441 % in 2015 and to 0.556 % in 2030 . Other studies have reached similar conclusions . Another study estimated that in 2006 , 0.40 % of the world population ( range 0.17 -- 0.89 % ; absolute number 26.6 million , range 11.4 -- 59.4 million ) were afflicted by AD , and that the prevalence rate would triple and the absolute number would quadruple by 2050 . </P> <H2> History </H2> See also : Timeline of Alzheimer 's disease Alois Alzheimer 's patient Auguste Deter in 1902 . Hers was the first described case of what became known as Alzheimer 's disease . <P> The ancient Greek and Roman philosophers and physicians associated old age with increasing dementia . It was not until 1901 that German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identified the first case of what became known as Alzheimer 's disease , named after him , in a fifty - year - old woman he called Auguste D. He followed her case until she died in 1906 , when he first reported publicly on it . During the next five years , eleven similar cases were reported in the medical literature , some of them already using the term Alzheimer 's disease . The disease was first described as a distinctive disease by Emil Kraepelin after suppressing some of the clinical ( delusions and hallucinations ) and pathological features ( arteriosclerotic changes ) contained in the original report of Auguste D. He included Alzheimer 's disease , also named presenile dementia by Kraepelin , as a subtype of senile dementia in the eighth edition of his Textbook of Psychiatry , published on 15 July , 1910 . </P> <P> For most of the 20th century , the diagnosis of Alzheimer 's disease was reserved for individuals between the ages of 45 and 65 who developed symptoms of dementia . The terminology changed after 1977 when a conference on AD concluded that the clinical and pathological manifestations of presenile and senile dementia were almost identical , although the authors also added that this did not rule out the possibility that they had different causes . This eventually led to the diagnosis of Alzheimer 's disease independent of age . The term senile dementia of the Alzheimer type ( SDAT ) was used for a time to describe the condition in those over 65 , with classical Alzheimer 's disease being used to describe those who were younger . Eventually , the term Alzheimer 's disease was formally adopted in medical nomenclature to describe individuals of all ages with a characteristic common symptom pattern , disease course , and neuropathology . </P> <H2> Society and culture </H2> See also : Alzheimer 's disease organisations <H3> Social costs </H3> <P> Dementia , and specifically Alzheimer 's disease , may be among the most costly diseases for society in Europe and the United States , while their costs in other countries such as Argentina , and South Korea , are also high and rising . These costs will probably increase with the ageing of society , becoming an important social problem . AD - associated costs include direct medical costs such as nursing home care , direct nonmedical costs such as in - home day care , and indirect costs such as lost productivity of both patient and caregiver . Numbers vary between studies but dementia costs worldwide have been calculated around $160 billion , while costs of Alzheimer 's disease in the United States may be $100 billion each year . </P> <P> The greatest origin of costs for society is the long - term care by health care professionals and particularly institutionalisation , which corresponds to 2 / 3 of the total costs for society . The cost of living at home is also very high , especially when informal costs for the family , such as caregiving time and caregiver 's lost earnings , are taken into account . </P> <P> Costs increase with dementia severity and the presence of behavioural disturbances , and are related to the increased caregiving time required for the provision of physical care . Therefore , any treatment that slows cognitive decline , delays institutionalisation or reduces caregivers ' hours will have economic benefits . Economic evaluations of current treatments have shown positive results . </P> <H3> Caregiving burden </H3> Further information : Caregiving and dementia <P> The role of the main caregiver is often taken by the spouse or a close relative . Alzheimer 's disease is known for placing a great burden on caregivers which includes social , psychological , physical or economic aspects . Home care is usually preferred by people with AD and their families . This option also delays or eliminates the need for more professional and costly levels of care . Nevertheless , two - thirds of nursing home residents have dementias . </P> <P> Dementia caregivers are subject to high rates of physical and mental disorders . Factors associated with greater psychosocial problems of the primary caregivers include having an affected person at home , the carer being a spouse , demanding behaviours of the cared person such as depression , behavioural disturbances , hallucinations , sleep problems or walking disruptions and social isolation . Regarding economic problems , family caregivers often give up time from work to spend 47 hours per week on average with the person with AD , while the costs of caring for them are high . Direct and indirect costs of caring for an Alzheimer 's patient average between $18,000 and $77,500 per year in the United States , depending on the study . </P> <P> Cognitive behavioural therapy and the teaching of coping strategies either individually or in group have demonstrated their efficacy in improving caregivers ' psychological health . </P> <H3> Media </H3> Main article : Alzheimer 's disease in the media <P> AD has been portrayed in films such as : Iris ( 2001 ) , based on John Bayley 's memoir of his wife Iris Murdoch ; The Notebook ( 2004 ) , based on Nicholas Sparks ' 1996 novel of the same name ; A Moment to Remember ( 2004 ) ; Thanmathra ( 2005 ) ; Memories of Tomorrow ( Ashita no Kioku ) ( 2006 ) , based on Hiroshi Ogiwara 's novel of the same name ; Away from Her ( 2006 ) , based on Alice Munro 's short story `` The Bear Came over the Mountain '' ; Still Alice ( 2014 ) , about a Columbia University professor who has early onset Alzheimer 's disease , based on Lisa Genova 's 2007 novel of the same name and featuring Julianne Moore in the title role . Documentaries on Alzheimer 's disease include Malcolm and Barbara : A Love Story ( 1999 ) and Malcolm and Barbara : Love 's Farewell

The first case of Alzheimer's disease was diagnosed in

When was the first case of alzheimer's diagnosed?

3595629551292543052

The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia <H1> The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1992 soundtrack album . For other uses , see The Last of the Mohicans ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Last of the Mohicans </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Trevor Jones & Randy Edelman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1992 ( Reissued 2000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Film score </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Morgan Creek ( 1992 ) Varèse Sarabande ( 2000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 2000 Reissue </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Re-recording by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Professional ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Review scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AllMusic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Last of the Mohicans is the soundtrack album of the film of the same name . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Credits </Li> <Li> 2 Background </Li> <Li> 3 Rerecording in 2000 </Li> <Li> 4 Commercial usage </Li> <Li> 5 Track listing <Ul> <Li> 5.1 1992 </Li> <Li> 5.2 2000 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Credits ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Composers : Trevor Jones and Randy Edelman </Li> <Li> Conductor : Daniel A. Carlin and Randy Edelman </Li> <Li> Manufacturer : Morgan Creek </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Director Michael Mann initially asked Trevor Jones to provide an electronic score for the film , but late in the game , it was decided an orchestral score would be more appropriate for this historic epic . Jones hurried to re-fashion the score for orchestra in the limited time left , while the constant re-cutting of the film meant music cues sometimes had to be rewritten several times to keep up with the new timings . </P> <P> Finally , with the release date looming , composer Randy Edelman was called in to score some minor scenes which Jones did not have time to do . Jones and Edelman received co-credit on the film ( thus making the score ineligible for Oscar consideration ) . </P> <P> The main theme of the movie is the tune `` The Gael '' by Scottish singer - songwriter Dougie MacLean from his 1990 album The Search . </P> <H2> Rerecording in 2000 ( edit ) </H2> <P> The score was re-recorded and re-released in 2000 to address some perceived problems with its original incarnation . The tracks were reordered into their onscreen chronology ( the original album separated the Jones material from that composed by Edelman ) , some additional cues were added , and Clannad 's `` I Will Find You '' was no longer included . </P> <H2> Commercial usage ( edit ) </H2> <P> Music from the track `` Promontory '' was used for a fall 2007 Nike television commercial featuring NFL players Shawne Merriman and Steven Jackson , also directed by Michael Mann . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1992 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tracks 1 -- 9 are composed by Trevor Jones except for the main theme which is composed by Dougie MacLean ; tracks 10 -- 15 are by Randy Edelman . </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Main Title '' -- 1 : 44 </Li> <Li> `` Elk Hunt '' -- 1 : 49 </Li> <Li> `` The Kiss '' -- 2 : 47 </Li> <Li> `` The Glade Part II '' -- 2 : 34 </Li> <Li> `` Fort Battle '' -- 4 : 22 </Li> <Li> `` Promentory '' -- 6 : 15 </Li> <Li> `` Munro 's Office / Stockade '' -- 2 : 30 </Li> <Li> `` Massacre / Canoes '' -- 6 : 52 </Li> <Li> `` Top of the World '' -- 2 : 43 </Li> <Li> `` The Courier '' -- 2 : 27 </Li> <Li> `` Cora '' -- 2 : 30 </Li> <Li> `` River Walk and Discovery '' -- 5 : 30 </Li> <Li> `` Parlay '' -- 3 : 46 </Li> <Li> `` The British Arrival '' -- 2 : 00 </Li> <Li> `` Pieces of a Story '' -- 4 : 58 </Li> <Li> `` I Will Find You '' ( performed by Clannad ) -- 1 : 42 </Li> </Ol> <P> Note : Clannad did a full version of ̈ I Will Find You ̈ on their album ̈ Banba ̈ </P> <H3> 2000 ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` Main Title '' -- 1 : 52 </Li> <Li> `` Elk Hunt '' -- 1 : 50 </Li> <Li> `` Bridge at Lacrosse '' -- 1 : 23 </Li> <Li> `` Garden Scene '' -- 3 : 20 </Li> <Li> `` Ambush '' -- 2 : 35 </Li> <Li> `` The Glade '' -- 3 : 16 </Li> <Li> `` Fort Battle '' -- 4 : 18 </Li> <Li> `` The Courier '' -- 2 : 30 </Li> <Li> `` The Kiss '' -- 2 : 49 </Li> <Li> `` Stockade '' -- 2 : 47 </Li> <Li> `` Massacre '' -- 6 : 54 </Li> <Li> `` Ascent / Pursuit '' -- 3 : 06 </Li> <Li> `` Promontory '' -- 5 : 38 </Li> <Li> `` Top of the World '' -- 3 : 01 </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Last of the Mohicans at AllMusic </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Last of the Mohicans at MusicBrainz </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fictional characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Magua </Li> <Li> Chingachgook </Li> <Li> Natty Bumppo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Historical characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Colonel Munro </Li> <Li> Daniel Webb </Li> <Li> Marquis de Montcalm </Li> <Li> Tamenund </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leather Stocking ( 1909 American ) </Li> <Li> The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 American ) </Li> <Li> The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 German ) </Li> <Li> The Last of the Mohicans ( 1932 ) </Li> <Li> The Last of the Mohicans ( 1936 ) </Li> <Li> The Last of the Mohicans ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Last of the Redmen ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> The Last of the Mohicans ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans </Li> <Li> Leatherstocking Tales </Li> <Li> The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_(soundtrack)&oldid=803954490 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Film soundtracks </Li> <Li> 1992 soundtracks </Li> <Li> Varèse Sarabande soundtracks </Li> <Li> James Fenimore Cooper </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from December 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Articles with MusicBrainz release links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Polski </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 18 : 57 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The theme to "The Last of the Mohicans" was written by

Who wrote the theme to last of the mohicans?

-4804889058718384357

technically still a German possession . </P> <H2> Negotiations </H2> The heads of the `` Big Four '' nations at the Paris Peace Conference , 27 May 1919 . From left to right : David Lloyd George , Vittorio Orlando , Georges Clemenceau , and Woodrow Wilson <P> Negotiations between the Allied powers started on 18 January in the Salle de l'Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris . Initially , 70 delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations . The defeated nations of Germany , Austria , and Hungary were excluded from the negotiations . Russia was also excluded because it had negotiated a separate peace ( the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ) with Germany in 1918 . The terms of this treaty awarded Germany a large proportion of Russia 's land and resources . Its terms were extremely harsh , as the negotiators at Versailles later pointed out . </P> <P> At first a `` Council of Ten '' comprising two delegates each from Britain , France , the United States , Italy and Japan met officially to decide the peace terms . It became the `` Big Four '' when Japan dropped out and the top person from each of the other four nations met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions to be ratified by the entire assembly . Apart from Italian issues , the main conditions were determined at personal meetings among the leaders of the `` Big Three '' nations : British Prime Minister David Lloyd George , French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau , and American President Woodrow Wilson . </P> <P> The minor nations attended a weekly `` Plenary Conference '' that discussed issues in a general forum , but made no decisions . These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations , many of which were incorporated into the final treaty . </P> <H3> French aims </H3> <P> As the only major allied power sharing a land border with Germany , France was chiefly concerned with weakening Germany as much as possible . The French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau described France 's position best by telling Wilson : `` America is far away , protected by the ocean . Not even Napoleon himself could touch England . You are both sheltered ; we are not . '' Clemenceau and his colleagues hoped at the very least to have Allied troops occupy bridges over the Rhine and proposed a plan to create a buffer state in the Rhineland in order to create a barrier between a revitalized Germany and France . However , their demands would not be met by the treaty . Instead , France obtained the demilitarization of the Rhineland , a mandate over the Saar and promises of Anglo - American support in case of a new German aggression ( a commitment that could not be relied on after the United States failed to ratify the treaty ) . Clemenceau 's inability to procure the Rhineland state led to fierce criticism of him in France and contributed to his subsequent fall from power . </P> <P> British economist John Maynard Keynes argued , </P> <P> So far as possible , therefore , it was the policy of France to set the clock back and undo what , since 1870 , the progress of Germany had accomplished . By loss of territory and other measures her population was to be curtailed ; but chiefly the economic system , upon which she depended for her new strength , the vast fabric built upon iron , coal , and transport must be destroyed . If France could seize , even in part , what Germany was compelled to drop , the inequality of strength between the two rivals for European hegemony might be remedied for generations . </P> <P> France , which suffered significant destruction in its northern territories ( the worst damage sustained in areas that formed a so - called Red Zone ) and the second heaviest ( after the Russian empire ) human losses among allies ( see main article World War I casualties ) , was adamant on the payment of reparations . The failure of the government of the Weimar Republic to pay these reparations led to the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian forces . </P> <H3> British aims </H3> Further information : Heavenly Twins ( Sumner and Cunliffe ) <P> Britain had suffered little land devastation during the war and Prime Minister David Lloyd George supported reparations to a lesser extent than the French . Britain began to look on a restored Germany as an important trading partner and worried about the effect of reparations on the British economy . </P> <H3> American aims </H3> Main article : Fourteen Points <P> Before the end of the war , President Woodrow Wilson put forward his Fourteen Points , which represented the liberal position at the Conference and helped shape world opinion . Wilson was concerned with rebuilding the European economy , encouraging self - determination , promoting free trade , creating appropriate mandates for former colonies , and above all , creating a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace . He opposed harsh treatment of Germany but was outmaneuvered by Britain and France . He brought along top intellectuals as advisors , but his refusal to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation made his efforts seem partisan , and it contributed to a risk of political defeat at home . </P> <H2> Treaty </H2> Further information : Full text of the treaty German Johannes Bell signs the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors , with various Allied delegations sitting and standing in front of him . <P> In June 1919 , the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves . The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position , and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty . Gustav Bauer , the head of the new government , sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn , including Articles 227 , 230 and 231 . In response , the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours . On 23 June , Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty . On 28 June 1919 , the fifth anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ( the immediate impetus for the war ) , the peace treaty was signed . The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes , the prohibition on the merging of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations , freedom of navigation on major European rivers , to the returning of a Koran to the king of Hedjaz . </P> <H3> Territorial changes </H3> Germany after Versailles : Administered by the League of Nations Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty , or later via plebiscite and League of Nation action Weimar Germany <P> The treaty stripped Germany of 25,000 square miles ( 65,000 km ) of territory and 7 million people . It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established . In Western Europe Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet and cede control of the Eupen - Malmedy area . Within six months of the transfer , Belgium was required to conduct a plebiscite on whether the citizens of the region wanted to remain under Belgian sovereignty or return to German control , communicate the results to the League of Nations and abide by the League 's decision . To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines , Germany was to cede the output of the Saar coalmines to France and control of the Saar to the League of Nations for 15 years ; a plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty . The treaty `` restored '' the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871 as they pertained to this issue . The sovereignty of Schleswig - Holstein was to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held at a future time ( see Schleswig Plebiscites ) . </P> <P> In Eastern Europe , Germany was to recognize the independence of Czechoslovakia and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia . Germany had to recognize the independence of Poland and renounce `` all rights and title over the territory '' . Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland , with the future of the rest of the province to be decided by plebiscite . The border would be fixed with regard to the vote and to the geographical and economic conditions of each locality . The province of Posen ( now Poznan ) , which had come under Polish control during the Greater Poland Uprising , was also to be ceded to Poland . Pomerelia ( Eastern Pomerania ) , on historical and ethnic grounds , was transferred to Poland so that the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the Polish Corridor . The sovereignty of part of southern East Prussia was to be decided via plebiscite while the East Prussian Soldau area , which was astride the rail line between Warsaw and Danzig , was transferred to Poland outright without plebiscite . An area of 51,800 square kilometres ( 20,000 square miles ) was granted to Poland at the expense of Germany . Memel was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers , for disposal according to their wishes . Germany was to cede the city of Danzig and its hinterland , including the delta of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea , for the League of Nations to establish the Free City of Danzig . </P> <H3> Mandates </H3> Main article : League of Nations mandate German colonies ( light blue ) made into League of Nations mandates . <P> Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22 converted the territories into League of Nations mandates under the control of Allied states . Togoland and German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) were transferred to France . Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium , whereas German South - West Africa went to South Africa and the United Kingdom obtained German East Africa . As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa , Portugal was granted the Kionga Triangle , a sliver of German East Africa in northern Mozambique . Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong , China , to Japan , not to China . Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the equator went to Australia , except for German Samoa , which was taken by New Zealand . </P> <H3> Military restrictions </H3> <P> The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces ( the Reichswehr ) . The provisions were intended to make the Reichswehr incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament . Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than 100,000 men in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions . The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units , and the General Staff was to be dissolved . Military schools for officer training were limited to three , one school per arm , and conscription was abolished . Private soldiers and Non-commissioned officers were to be retained for at least twelve years and officers for a minimum of 25 years , with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises

The German leader who signed the Treaty of Versailles was

Who was the german leader who signed the treaty of versailles?

6722449797327374201

Fight - or - flight response - wikipedia <H1> Fight - or - flight response </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fight or Flight . Fight or flight ? <P> The fight - or - flight response ( also called hyperarousal , or the acute stress response ) is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event , attack , or threat to survival . It was first described by Walter Bradford Cannon . His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system , preparing the animal for fighting or fleeing . More specifically , the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines , especially norepinephrine and epinephrine . The hormones estrogen , testosterone , and cortisol , as well as the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin , also affect how organisms react to stress . </P> <P> This response is recognised as the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Physiology <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Autonomic nervous system <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Sympathetic nervous system </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Parasympathetic nervous system </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Reaction </Li> <Li> 1.3 Function of physiological changes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Emotional components <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Emotion regulation </Li> <Li> 2.2 Emotional reactivity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Cognitive components <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Content specificity </Li> <Li> 3.2 Perception of control </Li> <Li> 3.3 Social information processing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Other animals <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Evolutionary perspective </Li> <Li> 4.2 Examples </Li> <Li> 4.3 Varieties of responses </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <H2> Physiology ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Autonomic nervous system ( edit ) </H3> See also : Autonomic nervous system <P> The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates heart rate , digestion , respiratory rate , pupillary response , urination , and sexual arousal . This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight - or - flight response and its role is mediated by two different components : the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system . </P> Sympathetic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Sympathetic nervous system <P> The sympathetic nervous system originates in the spinal cord and its main function is to activate the physiological changes that occur during the fight - or - flight response . This component of the autonomic nervous system utilises and activates the release of norepinephrine in the reaction . </P> Parasympathetic nervous system ( edit ) See also : Parasympathetic nervous system <P> The parasympathetic nervous system originates in the sacral spinal cord and medulla , physically surrounding the sympathetic origin , and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous system . Its main function is to activate the `` rest and digest '' response and return the body to homeostasis after the fight or flight response . This system utilises and activates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . </P> <H3> Reaction ( edit ) </H3> The fight - or - flight response <P> The reaction begins in the amygdala , which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus . The initial reaction is followed by activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH . The adrenal gland is activated almost simultaneously , via the sympathetic nervous system , and releases the hormone epinephrine . The release of chemical messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol , which increases blood pressure , blood sugar , and suppresses the immune system . The initial response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create a boost of energy . This boost of energy is activated by epinephrine binding to liver cells and the subsequent production of glucose . Additionally , the circulation of cortisol functions to turn fatty acids into available energy , which prepares muscles throughout the body for response . Catecholamine hormones , such as adrenaline ( epinephrine ) or noradrenaline ( norepinephrine ) , facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action and : </P> <Ul> <Li> Acceleration of heart and lung action </Li> <Li> Paling or flushing , or alternating between both </Li> <Li> Inhibition of stomach and upper - intestinal action to the point where digestion slows down or stops </Li> <Li> General effect on the sphincters of the body </Li> <Li> Constriction of blood vessels in many parts of the body </Li> <Li> Liberation of metabolic energy sources ( particularly fat and glycogen ) for muscular action </Li> <Li> Dilation of blood vessels for muscles </Li> <Li> Inhibition of the lacrimal gland ( responsible for tear production ) and salivation </Li> <Li> Dilation of pupil ( mydriasis ) </Li> <Li> Relaxation of bladder </Li> <Li> Inhibition of erection </Li> <Li> Auditory exclusion ( loss of hearing ) </Li> <Li> Tunnel vision ( loss of peripheral vision ) </Li> <Li> Disinhibition of spinal reflexes </Li> <Li> Shaking . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Function of physiological changes ( edit ) </H3> <P> The physiological changes that occur during the fight or flight response are activated in order to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running . Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Increased blood flow to the muscles activated by diverting blood flow from other parts of the body . </Li> <Li> Increased blood pressure , heart rate , blood sugars , and fats in order to supply the body with extra energy . </Li> <Li> The blood clotting function of the body speeds up in order to prevent excessive blood loss in the event of an injury sustained during the response . </Li> <Li> Increased muscle tension in order to provide the body with extra speed and strength . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Emotional components ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Emotion regulation ( edit ) </H3> See also : Emotional self - regulation <P> In the context of the fight or flight response , emotional regulation is used proactively to avoid threats of stress or to control the level of emotional arousal . </P> <H3> Emotional reactivity ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the reaction , the intensity of emotion that is brought on by the stimulus will also determine the nature and intensity of the behavioral response . Individuals with higher levels of emotional reactivity may be prone to anxiety and aggression , which illustrates the implications of appropriate emotional reaction in the fight or flight response . </P> <H2> Cognitive components ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Content specificity ( edit ) </H3> <P> The specific components of cognitions in the fight or flight response seem to be largely negative . These negative cognitions may be characterised by : attention to negative stimuli , the perception of ambiguous situations as negative , and the recurrence of recalling negative words . There also may be specific negative thoughts associated with emotions commonly seen in the reaction . </P> <H3> Perception of control ( edit ) </H3> See also : Control ( psychology ) <P> Perceived control relates to an individual 's thoughts about control over situations and events . Perceived control should be differentiated from actual control because an individual 's beliefs about their abilities may not reflect their actual abilities . Therefore , overestimation or underestimation of perceived control can lead to anxiety and aggression . </P> <H3> Social information processing ( edit ) </H3> See also : Social information processing ( cognition ) <P> The social information processing model proposes a variety of factors that determine behavior in the context of social situations and preexisting thoughts . The attribution of hostility , especially in ambiguous situations , seems to be one of the most important cognitive factors associated with the fight or flight response because of its implications towards aggression . </P> <H2> Other animals ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Evolutionary perspective ( edit ) </H3> <P> An evolutionary psychology explanation is that early animals had to react to threatening stimuli quickly and did not have time to psychologically and physically prepare themselves . The fight or flight response provided them with the mechanisms to rapidly respond to threats against survival . </P> <H3> Examples ( edit ) </H3> <P> A typical example of the stress response is a grazing zebra . If the zebra sees a lion closing in for the kill , the stress response is activated as a means to escape its predator . The escape requires intense muscular effort , supported by all of the body 's systems . The sympathetic nervous system 's activation rarely provides for these needs . A similar example involving fight is of a cat about to be attacked by a dog . The cat shows accelerated heartbeat , piloerection ( hair standing on end , normally to dissipate heat ) , and pupil dilation , all signs of sympathetic arousal . Note that the zebra and cat still maintain homeostasis in all states . </P> <H3> Varieties of responses ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Bison hunted by dogs <P> Animals respond to threats in many complex ways . Rats , for instance , try to escape when threatened , but will fight when cornered . Some animals stand perfectly still so that predators will not see them . Many animals freeze or play dead when touched in the hope that the predator will lose interest . </P> <P> Other animals have alternative self - protection methods . Some species of cold - blooded animals change color swiftly , to camouflage themselves . These responses are triggered by the sympathetic nervous system , but , in order to fit the model of fight or flight , the idea of flight must be broadened to include escaping capture either in a physical or sensory way . Thus , flight can be disappearing to another location or just disappearing in place . And often both fight and flight are combined in a given situation . </P> <P> The fight or flight actions also have polarity -- the individual can either fight or flee against something that is threatening , such as a hungry lion , or fight for or fly towards something that is needed , such as the safety of the shore from a raging river . </P> <P> A threat from another animal does not always result in immediate fight or flight . There may be a period of heightened awareness , during which each animal interprets behavioral signals from the other . Signs such as paling , piloerection , immobility , sounds , and body language communicate the status and intentions of each animal . There may be a sort of negotiation , after which fight or flight may ensue , but which might also result in playing , mating , or nothing at all . An example of this is kittens playing : each kitten shows the signs of sympathetic arousal , but they never inflict real damage . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis </Li> <Li> Coping ( psychology ) </Li> <Li> Defense physiology </Li> <Li> Emotional dysregulation </Li> <Li> Freezing behavior </Li> <Li> Escape distance </Li> <Li> The Relaxation Response </Li> <Li> Rest and digest </Li> <Li> Vasoconstriction </Li> <Li> Workplace bullying </Li> <Li> Yerkes -- Dodson law </Li> <Li> Acute stress reaction </Li> <Li> Anxiety </Li> <Li> Anxiety disorder </Li> <Li> Panic attack </Li> <Li> Phobia </Li> <Li> Social anxiety </Li> <Li> Social anxiety disorder </Li> <Li> Tend and befriend </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump

The fight or flight response is located in

Where is fight or flight in the brain?

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Gods and Generals ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Gods and Generals ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Gods and Generals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Ronald F. Maxwell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Moctesuma Esparza Robert Katz Mace Neufield Robert Rehme </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Ronald F. Maxwell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Gods and Generals by Jeff Shaara </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Jeff Daniels Stephen Lang Robert Duvall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> John Frizzell Randy Edelman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Ted Turner Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> February 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 21 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 219 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $56 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $12.8 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Gods and Generals is a 2003 American period war drama film written and directed by Ronald F. Maxwell . It is an adaptation of the 1996 novel of the same name by Jeffrey Shaara and prequel to Maxwell 's 1993 film Gettysburg . The film stars Stephen Lang as Stonewall Jackson , Jeff Daniels as Lieutenant Colonel Joshua Chamberlain and Robert Duvall as General Robert E. Lee . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Director 's cut </Li> <Li> 5 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.2 Historical response </Li> <Li> 6.3 Author 's response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Colonel Robert E. Lee resigns from the Union Army as the south secedes from the Union and both sides prepare for war . Major Jackson , who is a professor at Virginia Military Institute in Lexington at the outset of the war , leaves his family behind to do battle at Manassas Junction . Jackson is asked by a retreating General Barnard Bee for assistance against the Federal army who is pursuing them after a brief stand on Matthews Hill . In rallying his shaken troops , Bee launches the name of Stonewall into history and the Confederates rout the Federals at Henry House Hill . Jackson maintains steadfast discipline in his ranks during the battle despite suffering a wound to his left hand from a spent ball . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Chamberlain makes his transition from teacher to military officer and practices drilling his soldiers , and is taught military tactics by Col. Adelbert Ames , the commander of the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment . He is called to battle at the Union invasion of Fredericksburg . The Southern forces lead a fighting retreat as the Union army crosses the river and storms the town , and there are scenes of the subsequent looting of Fredricksburg by the Union Army . Outside the city , Lee , James Longstreet and Jackson have prepared an elaborate defense on Marye 's Heights outside the town , and the movie focuses on Confederate defenses behind a formidable stone wall . Several Union brigades , including the Irish Brigade , attempt to cross an open field and attack the wall , but are thrown back with heavy losses by Confederate rifle and artillery fire . At one point , two Irish units are forced into battle against one another , to the anguish of a Southern Irishman who believes he is killing his kin . Chamberlain leads an unsuccessful attack against Longstreet 's defenses , led by Brig. Gen. Lewis Armistead and finds his unit pinned down in the open field . He survives by shielding himself with a corpse until nightfall ; eventually he and surviving members of 20th Maine are ordered to retreat and spend 2 nights on the battlefield , sleeping with the dead . Chamberlain and the defeated Union soldiers depart Fredericksburg . Jackson and Lee return to the city , and Lee is confronted by an angry citizen whose house has been destroyed by Union artillery . </P> <P> Jackson spends the rest of the winter at a local plantation , Moss Neck Manor , where he develops a friendship with a girl who lives there . Later , Jackson discovers the child has died from scarlet fever and he begins to cry . A soldier asks why he weeps for this child but not for the thousands of dead soldiers , and another soldier states that Jackson is weeping for everyone . Jackson is soon reunited with his wife and newborn child just before the Battle of Chancellorsville . </P> <P> Outside Chancellorsville , Lee identifies that the southern army faces an opposing force almost twice their size . Jackson calls upon his chaplain , Beverly Tucker Lacy who knows the area , and asks him to find a route by which the southern forces can infiltrate in secret . Jackson then leads his forces in a surprise attack on an unprepared Union 11th Corps . Although his men initially rout the opponents , they quickly become confused in the melee , and Jackson 's attack is stalled . While scouting a path at night , Jackson is caught in no - mans - land between the 2 armies and badly wounded by his own men , who had mistaken him and his staff for Union cavalry . During his evacuation , his litter bearers are targeted by artillery and drop Jackson on the ground . He is then taken to a field hospital where his arm is amputated. Lee remarks that while Jackson has lost his left arm , he ( Lee ) has lost his right . Jackson dies shortly after , of pneumonia he had contracted during recovery . Jackson 's body is returned to Lexington , accompanied by VMI Cadets and covered by the new Confederate flag . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Stephen Lang as Lieutenant General Stonewall Jackson ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Jeff Daniels as Lieutenant Colonel Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain ( 20th Maine , USA ) </Li> <Li> Robert Duvall as General Robert E. Lee ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Kevin Conway as Sergeant Buster Kilrain ( 20th Maine ) </Li> <Li> C. Thomas Howell as Lieutenant Thomas Chamberlain ( 20th Maine ) </Li> <Li> Jeremy London as Captain Alexander `` Sandie '' Pendleton ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Matt Letscher as Colonel Adelbert Ames ( 20th Maine ) </Li> <Li> Brian Mallon as Major General Winfield Scott Hancock ( USA ) </Li> <Li> Bo Brinkman as Major Walter H. Taylor ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Bruce Boxleitner as Lieutenant General James Longstreet ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> William Sanderson as Major General A.P. Hill ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Billy Campbell as Major General George Pickett ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Alex Hyde - White as Major General Ambrose E. Burnside ( USA ) </Li> <Li> Joseph Fuqua as Major General J.E.B. Stuart ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> John Prosky as Brigadier General Lewis A. Armistead ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Royce D. Applegate as Brigadier General James L. Kemper ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Patrick Gorman as Major General John Hood ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> W. Morgan Sheppard as Major General Isaac R. Trimble ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> James Patrick Stuart as Colonel Edward Porter Alexander ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Jonathon Demers as Brigadier General Richard S. Ewell ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Andrew Prine as Brigadier General Richard B. Garnett ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> James Garrett as Brigadier General John C. Caldwell ( USA ) </Li> <Li> J. Scott Watkins as Brigadier General Raleigh E. Colston ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Fred Griffith as Brigadier General Robert Rodes ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Tim O'Hare as Colonel St. Clair Augustine Mulholland ( USA ) </Li> <Li> John Castle as Brigadier General William N. Pendleton ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Matt Lindquist as Prussian Lieutenant Colonel Heros von Borcke ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Ted Turner as Lieutenant Colonel Waller T. Patton ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Lester Kinsolving as Brigadier General William Barksdale ( CSA ) </Li> <Li> Cooper Huckabee as Henry Thomas Harrison </Li> <Li> Mira Sorvino as Fanny Chamberlain </Li> <Li> Kali Rocha as Anna Jackson </Li> <Li> Donzaleigh Abernathy as Martha </Li> <Li> Karen Hochstetter as Roberta Corbin </Li> <Li> Martin Clark as Dr. George Junkin </Li> <Li> Christie Lynn Smith as Catherine Corbin </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ted Turner has a cameo in the film as Colonel Waller T. Patton . Colonel Patton , the great uncle of George S. Patton , was mortally wounded at Gettysburg , a scene depicted in the movie Gettysburg . United States Senators George Allen ( R - Virginia ) and Robert Byrd ( D - West Virginia ) also have cameo roles , both playing Confederate officers , Phil Gramm ( R - Texas ) appears as a member of the Virginia Legislature early in the film and Congressman Ed Markey ( D - Massachusetts ) also appeared as an Irish Brigade officer . Most of the extras were American Civil War reenactors , who provided their own equipment and worked without pay . In exchange , Ted Turner agreed to donate $500,000 to Civil War battlefield preservation . </P> <P> The movie was filmed in Virginia 's Shenandoah Valley , western Maryland and in the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia . Actual historic locations in the film include Virginia Military Institute and Washington & Lee University , known as Washington College during the Civil War . </P> <P> Russell Crowe was the original choice to play Stonewall Jackson , but scheduling conflicts prevented his availability in the summer and fall of 2001 when the movie was filmed . Stephen Lang had begun to reprise his role as George Pickett , but instead was asked to fill in the role of Jackson . Billy Campbell , who had played a 44th New York lieutenant in Gettysburg was called in to hastily replace Lang in the role of Pickett . Although Tom Berenger desired to reprise his Gettysburg role as James Longstreet ( which he called his favorite role ) he was unavailable because of scheduling difficulties . Bruce Boxleitner was instead cast in the role . Darius N. Couch was portrayed by actor Carsten Norgaard . Martin Sheen was prevented from reprising his role as Lee due to contractual obligations to The West Wing . </P> <P> During post-production , Maxwell , Warner Bros. executives and Turner debated on whether to release the film as two parts over two years or as a single film . Maxwell decided to focus on Stonewall Jackson 's history in one film . </P> <P> God and Generals closes with an ending sequence stating that the Civil War story will be concluded with a third film Last Full Measure . As of 2015 , there have been no efforts to produce this final feature film . </P> <H2> Director 's cut ( edit ) </H2> <P> The director 's cut was released for Blu - ray Disc on May 24 , 2011 . </P> <P> Among the footage edited includes a sub-plot which follows John Wilkes Booth , the famous actor who would eventually assassinate President Abraham Lincoln . One scene towards the end of the extended cut of the film features Chamberlain and his wife , Fanny , attending a production of Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar in which Booth plays Marcus Junius Brutus . Chamberlain and his wife have a conversation with Booth and his fellow actors following the end of the play . Another scene

The role of Stonewall Jackson in the movie "Gods and Generals" was played by

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. He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site , which saved the lives of many otherwise - unprotected ironworkers . Of eleven men killed from falls during construction , ten were killed on February 17 , 1937 , when the bridge was near completion when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen . According to Travel Channel 's Monumental Mysteries , the workers ' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear . The platform fell into the safety net , but was too heavy and the net gave way . Two out of the twelve workers survived the 200 - foot ( 61 m ) fall into the icy waters , including the 37 - year - old foreman , Slim Lambert . Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of their Half Way to Hell Club . </P> <P> The project was finished and opened May 27 , 1937 . The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge , adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012 . The Bridge Round House , an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938 , has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop . The diner was renovated in 2012 and the gift shop was then removed as a new , official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza . </P> <P> During the bridge work , the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge 's road work . With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012 , all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased . </P> <H3> Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries </H3> View of the Golden Gate Bridge and Fort Point from Marine Drive . <P> The bridge - opening celebration began on May 27 , 1937 and lasted for one week . The day before vehicle traffic was allowed , 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates . On opening day , Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin , then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial `` barriers '' , the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass . An official song , `` There 's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate '' , was chosen to commemorate the event . Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled `` The Mighty Task is Done . '' The next day , President Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington , D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon . As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area . Weeks of civil and cultural activities called `` the Fiesta '' followed . A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge . </P> <P> In May 1987 , as part of the 50th anniversary celebration , the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge . However , this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people , and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people , causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight . Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads , and was estimated not to have exceeded 40 % of the yielding stress of the suspension cables , bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday , May 27 , 2012 , because of the additional law enforcement costs required `` since 9 / 11 '' . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day , 1937 </P> </Li> <Li> Play media <P> Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Official invitation to the opening of the bridge . This copy was sent to the City of Seattle </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Structural specifications </H2> On the south side of the bridge a 36.5 - inch - wide ( 93 cm ) cross-section of the cable , containing 27,572 wires , is on display . <P> Until 1964 , the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world , at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) . Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges ; it now has the second - longest main span in the United States , after the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge in New York City . The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet ( 2,737 m ) . </P> <P> The Golden Gate Bridge 's clearance above high water averages 220 feet ( 67 m ) while its towers , at 746 feet ( 227 m ) above the water , were the world 's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1998 when bridges in Denmark and Japan were completed . </P> <P> The weight of the roadway is hung from two cables that pass through the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end . Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire . There are 80,000 miles ( 130,000 km ) of wire in the main cables . The bridge has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets . </P> <H2> Aesthetics </H2> <P> The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange . The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge 's visibility in fog . Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected . Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan , he added details , such as lighting , to outline the bridge 's cables and towers . In 1999 , it was ranked fifth on the List of America 's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects . </P> <P> The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead - based topcoat , which was touched up as required . In the mid-1960s , a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats . Since 1990 , acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air - quality reasons . The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise </P> </Li> <Li> <P> View of the northern tower of the bridge </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Traffic </H2> Installation of the movable median barrier system in January 2015 Play media Testing the newly installed movable barrier . <P> Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the concurrency between U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 . Although part of the National Highway System , the bridge is not officially part of California 's Highway System . For example , under the California Streets and Highways Code § 401 , Route 101 ends at `` the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge '' and then resumes at `` a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco '' . The Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) . </P> <P> The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns . On weekday mornings , traffic flows mostly southbound into the city , so four of the six lanes run southbound . Conversely , on weekday afternoons , four lanes run northbound . During off - peak periods and weekends , traffic is split with three lanes in each direction . </P> <P> From 1968 to 2015 , opposing traffic was separated by small , plastic pylons , and during that time , there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head - on collisions . To improve safety , the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph ( 80 to 72 km / h ) on October 1 , 1989 . Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s , only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier . Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11 , 2015 , following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic , the longest in the bridge 's history . The new barrier system , including the zipper trucks , cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install . </P> <H3> Usage and tourism </H3> Play media Looking north with traffic and current flow into the bay with sailboats See also : Golden Gate National Recreation Area <P> The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists , and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes . Initially , they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb , but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003 , primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway . </P> <P> The main walkway is on the eastern side , and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays ( 5 am to 3 : 30 pm ) , and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours ( until 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) . The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends ( 5 am to 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) , and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight , when it is closed to pedestrians . The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway . </P> <P> Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies : San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit . Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line , and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week . The southern end of the bridge , near the toll plaza and parking lot , is also accessible daily from 5 : 30 a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28 . The Marin Airporter , a private company , also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and San Francisco International Airport . </P> <P> A visitor center and gift shop , dubbed the `` Bridge Pavilion '' , is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge , adjacent to the southeast parking lot . It opened in 2012 , in time for the bridge 's 75th anniversary celebration . A cafe , outdoor exhibits , and restroom facilities are located nearby . On the Marin side of the bridge , only accessible from the northbound lanes , is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point , named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways . </P> <P> Lands and waters under and

The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is orange vermilion, specifically a color called

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appeared on the compilation album Soul Of Jamaica a.k.a. Come Rock With Me In Jamaica , and on the Trojan compilation album , Tighten Up , Volume 1 ( both 1968 ) . </Li> <Li> The Chicks , a female New Zealand pop duo , released their version on their 1968 album C'mon Chicks . </Li> <Li> Allison Durbin , who was dubbed `` Australia 's Queen of Pop '' in the 1960s , released a version on her 1968 album I Have Loved Me a Man . </Li> <Li> Soul singer Bettye Swann had a single release of `` Angel of the Morning '' in 1969 . </Li> <Li> The New Seekers included `` Angel of the Morning '' on their self - titled debut album ( 1969 ) . </Li> <Li> Nina Simone recorded the song in 1971 on Here Comes the Sun . </Li> <Li> Norwegian singer Ellen Nikolaysen recorded the song for her 1973 English language album Freckles . </Li> <Li> Soul singer Thelma Jones recorded the song for her eponymous 1978 album . </Li> <Li> Reggae singer Samantha Rose recorded a Lover 's rock version on the In Person LP in 1979 . </Li> <Li> Vintage British Invasion group The Tremeloes recorded the song in 1987 as an attempted comeback single . </Li> <Li> In 1991 , horror punk band Haunted Garage included the chorus of `` Angel of the Morning '' in the bridge of their song `` Theme '' on the album Possession Park , changing the lyrics to `` Satan of the morning '' . </Li> <Li> In 1995 , Chrissie Hynde and The Pretenders sang their own version on the Friends soundtrack album . The song was released as a single , but it did not chart . </Li> <Li> The short - lived British girl band Thunderbugs recorded an upbeat version of the song for their 1999 debut album , Delicious . </Li> <Li> In 2003 Maggie Reilly recorded `` Angel of the Morning '' for her album Save It for a Rainy Day . </Li> <Li> The Boston - based band Tijuana Sweetheart ( then named VAGIANT ) released a cover on their debut album , Public Display of Infection . </Li> <Li> The Atlanta - based band Girlyman released a cover on its 2007 live album Somewhere Different Now . </Li> <Li> Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country , which they released in 2014 . </Li> <Li> Ray Conniff recorded a version found on the album `` Turn Around Look at Me '' in 1968 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Translated versions ( edit ) </H2> <P> A number of non-English versions of `` Angel of the Morning '' have been recorded including the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> In Czech as `` Dál jen vejdi '' a 1989 single by Věra Martinová </Li> <Li> In Dutch as `` Vlinder van een zomer '' a 1968 single by Willeke Alberti . </Li> <Li> In French as `` Au revoir et à demain '' ( literally : `` goodbye and see you tomorrow '' ) a 1967 single by Liliane Saint - Pierre . </Li> <Li> In Finnish as `` Kaipuu '' a 1968 single by Pepe Willberg and also as `` Jos Itket Silloin '' recorded by Pirjo Lehti for her 1985 Se On Rakkautta Oikeaa album . </Li> <Li> In Italian as `` Gli occhi verdi dell'amore '' ( literally : `` the green eyes of love '' ) which was a 1968 hit in Italy at No. 9 for I Profeti . </Li> <Li> In German as `` Der Engel der Verdammten '' by Juliane Werding on her 1975 album Wenn du denkst , dass du denkst , dann denkst du nur , du denkst and also as `` `` Ich bin dein Engel bis zum Morgen '' a 1981 single by Suzanne Klee . </Li> <Li> In Spanish as `` Ángel de la Mañana '' by Enrique Guzmán in 1975 . </Li> <Li> In Swedish as `` En enda morgon '' recorded by Elisabeth Andreassen for her 1981 album Angel of the Morning and also as `` Nattens sista ängel '' recorded by Wizex for their 1982 album Nattfjäril . These respective lyricists for these versions were Mats Rådberg and Roine Carlsson . </Li> <Li> In Russian as `` Нелегальный Ангел '' ( Nelegal'nyj Angel ) by Julia Kova in 2005 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Film , television and literature ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Merrilee Rush version of the song is featured in the soundtrack of the films Girl , Interrupted ( as noted above ) and Violet and Daisy . </Li> <Li> Rush 's version is also played during a scene in the 1978 film Fingers , where it is used to accentuate the conflicted nature of the main character played by Harvey Keitel . </Li> <Li> The song was performed live by Chrissie Hynde in a 1995 episode of Friends titled `` The One with the Baby on the Bus , '' and that version also appears in that show 's soundtrack album . ( As noted above , though released as a single , it did not chart . ) </Li> <Li> The song also makes an appearance in the 1996 film Jerry Maguire , with Tom Cruise 's titular character singing what appears to be the original version , enthusiastically if badly . </Li> <Li> More recently , Conan O'Brien has referenced the track , during periodic ironic pledges to cease his show 's use of arbitrary and stupid humor in which he presents a gorilla dressed as a nurse who uses an old - fashioned abdominal exerciser while enjoying the song . </Li> <Li> In `` Branch Closing '' , an episode of The Office , Michael Scott sings `` Levinson in the morning '' to his supervisor , Jan Levinson . </Li> <Li> The song plays a central role in Graeme Simsion 's 2016 novel The Best of Adam Sharp ( optioned to Vocab Films in 2017 ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Juice Newton 's version is heard during Drew Barrymore 's first scene in the film Charlie 's Angels , in the film Charlie Wilson 's War ( in which it is also sung by Emily Blunt ) , the opening titles of Deadpool , and the ending of The Meddler . It is also featured in Season 1 of HBO 's True Detective . </P> <P> The Toyota Highlander `` Kid Cave '' commercial , aired from late 2010 , features a young boy who is embarrassed by his parents 's singing of the song while he is riding with them in a car . </P> <P> The song features in an episode of ABC 's sitcom Modern Family , `` Regrets Only '' ( Series / Season 2 , Ep 16 ) , when Gloria , portrayed by Sofia Vergara , is singing along to it on a karaoke machine . A karaoke version of the song is also featured in the second - season finale of the HBO series The Leftovers . </P> <P> The song also features a parody version in Family Guy with Peter Griffin portraying himself as Deadpool . </P> <H2> Versions ( English language - chronology ) ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1967 : Evie Sands ( original recording ) , Billie Davis </Li> <Li> 1968 : Merrilee Rush and The Turnabouts , Asha Puthli and The Surfers , P.P. Arnold , Percy Faith , Ray Conniff </Li> <Li> 1969 : Dusty Springfield ( TV performance on Decidedly Dusty ) , Skeeter Davis , Bettye Swann , the New Seekers , the Tremeloes , Connie Eaton </Li> <Li> 1970 : The Aggressors , on their album Reggae Steadae Go </Li> <Li> 1971 : Nina Simone </Li> <Li> 1973 : Olivia Newton - John </Li> <Li> 1977 : Merrilee Rush ( re-recording for United Artists Records ) , Guys ' n ' Dolls , Mary Mason ( `` Angel of the Morning '' / `` Any Way That You Want Me '' medley ) </Li> <Li> 1978 : Melba Montgomery , Thelma Jones , Pat Kelly </Li> <Li> 1981 : Elisabeth Andreassen , Juice Newton , the States </Li> <Li> 1987 : The Tremeloes </Li> <Li> 1995 : The Pretenders </Li> <Li> 1995 : Annie Schilder BZN </Li> <Li> 1998 : Juice Newton ( re-recording ) , Bonnie Tyler </Li> <Li> 1998 : Gitte Haenning ( Gitte Hænning ) WEA Records Warner music Germany </Li> <Li> 1998 : Bonnie Tyler </Li> <Li> 1999 : Thunderbugs </Li> <Li> 2000 : Joya Landis </Li> <Li> 2001 : Maggie Reilly </Li> <Li> 2003 : The Shocker </Li> <Li> 2006 : Chip Taylor & Carrie Rodriguez </Li> <Li> 2007 : Girlyman , Jill Johnson , Vagiant </Li> <Li> 2008 : Barb Jungr , Randy Crawford ( with Joe Sample ) </Li> <Li> 2011 : Hanne Boel </Li> <Li> 2012 : Rita Wilson </Li> </Ul> <H2> Chart history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts version ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1968 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada RPM Top Singles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1968 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Juice Newton version ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1981 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada RPM Top Singles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1981 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1960s </Li> <Li> List of number - one singles in 1968 ( New Zealand ) </Li> <Li> List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1981 ( U.S. ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Merrilee Rush & The Turnabouts -- `` Angel of the Morning '' / `` Reap What You Sow '' `` . Discogs . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Roben ( 2010 ) . Memphis Boys : the story of American Studios ( 1st ed . ) . Jackson , Mississippi : University Press of Mississippi . pp. 126 -- 130 . ISBN 1 - 60473 - 401 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM v Library

In the movie Deadpool, the song "Angel of the Morning" is sung by

Who sings angel of the morning in deadpool?

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Mary , Did You Know ? - Wikipedia <H1> Mary , Did You Know ? </H1> Jump to : navigation , search A depiction of the Nativity of Jesus by Francesco Londonio ( c. 1750 ) <P> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' is a Christmas song with lyrics written by Mark Lowry and music written by Buddy Greene . It was originally recorded by Christian recording artist Michael English on his self - titled debut solo album in 1991 ( English and Lowry were both members of the Gaither Vocal Band at the time ) . It reached No. 6 on CCM Magazine 's AC Chart . Lowry would record the song several times himself , most notably with the Gaither Vocal Band on their 1998 Christmas album Still the Greatest Story Ever Told . </P> <P> The song has since gone on to become a modern Christmas classic , being recorded by many artists over the years across multiple genres . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Kenny Rogers & Wynonna Judd version </Li> <Li> 2 Clay Aiken version </Li> <Li> 3 Cee Lo Green version </Li> <Li> 4 Pentatonix version </Li> <Li> 5 Other notable versions </Li> <Li> 6 Musical </Li> <Li> 7 Criticism </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Kenny Rogers & Wynonna Judd version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Kenny Rogers & Wynonna Judd </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album The Gift </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> December 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Magnatone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mark Lowry , Buddy Greene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Brent Maher , Jim McKell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Kenny Rogers singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` I 'll Be There for You '' ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( 1996 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Greatest '' ( 1999 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` I 'll Be There for You '' ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( 1996 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Greatest '' ( 1999 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A duet version recorded by Wynonna Judd and Kenny Rogers on Rogers ' holiday album The Gift peaked at No. 55 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 1997 . </P> <P> Chart positions </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1997 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Clay Aiken version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Clay Aiken </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Merry Christmas with Love </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Contemporary Christian music , Latin Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> RCA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mark Lowry , Buddy Greene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Walter Afanasieff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Clay Aiken singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2005 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( 2005 ) </Td> <Td> `` Without You '' ( 2006 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2005 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' ( 2005 ) </Td> <Td> `` Without You '' ( 2006 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' is Clay Aiken 's fifth single for his Christmas album Merry Christmas with Love . Aiken performed the song on The Tyra Banks Show . </P> <P> Chart positions </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2005 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot Christian Songs </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cee Lo green version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Song by Cee Lo Green </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Cee Lo 's Magic Moment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> R&B </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> RCA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mark Lowry , Buddy Greene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Adam Anders , Peer Åström </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' is the eleventh track on Cee Lo 's Christmas album Cee Lo 's Magic Moment . On December 15 , 2012 the song appeared on the US R&B Songs chart at number 22 . This version is the slowest of all . It also served as the closing credits song to the 2014 20th Century Fox movie Son of God . </P> <P> Chart positions </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2012 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard R&B Songs </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Songs </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Pentatonix version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Song by Pentatonix </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album That 's Christmas to Me </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> October 17 , 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Ambient , a cappella </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> RCA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mark Lowry , Buddy Greene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' is the sixth track on Pentatonix 's second Christmas album , That 's Christmas to Me . The song both debuted and peaked at No. 26 on the weekly Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week ending December 6 , 2014 . </P> <P> Chart positions </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2014 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other notable versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1993 : Kathy Mattea on her Christmas album Good News , which won a Grammy Award for Best Southern , Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album </Li> <Li> 1995 : Vickie Winans recorded the song for her self - titled album </Li> <Li> 1997 : Gary Chapman on his Christmas album This Gift </Li> <Li> 1998 : Donny Osmond on his album Christmas at Home </Li> <Li> 1999 : Natalie Cole on her album The Magic of Christmas </Li> <Li> 1999 : Reba McEntire on her Christmas album The Secret of Giving </Li> <Li> 2000 : The Gas House Gang on their album Some Children See Him ... </Li> <Li> 2000 : Lea Salonga on her album The Christmas Album </Li> <Li> 2001 : Rescue on their album The First Christmas </Li> <Li> 2001 : Hayley Westenra on her second album , My Gift to You , released in New Zealand and Australia , by Universal New Zealand label ; also included as a bonus song on a special UK version of her first international album , Pure ( 2003 ) ; and performed it on her 2004 PBS Great Performances special , Live from New Zealand , which was released on DVD . </Li> <Li> 2004 : Glen Campbell recorded the song on his album Love Is the Answer : 24 Songs of Faith , Hope and Love . </Li> <Li> 2004 : The Katinas on their album Family Christmas </Li> <Li> 2005 : Jeff Fenholt on his album `` Down from His Glory '' ... and more </Li> <Li> 2006 : Stan Whitmire on his album Christmas Around the Piano </Li> <Li> 2007 : Kimberley Locke on her album Christmas </Li> <Li> 2008 : Kutless on BEC Recordings album X Christmas </Li> <Li> 2008 : MC6 A Cappella on their album Christmas </Li> <Li> 2009 : Jerry Douglas on his album Jerry Christmas </Li> <Li> 2010 : Aled Jones on his album Aled 's Christmas Gift </Li> <Li> 2010 : Jessica Simpson on her album Happy Christmas </Li> <Li> 2011 : Rascal Flatts released a version of the song as a single , which appears on the 2012 compilation A Very Special Christmas : 25 Years Bringing Joy to the World </Li> <Li> 2012 : Don Moen on his album Christmas : A Season of Hope ( a duet with its composer , Buddy Greene ) </Li> <Li> 2012 : Jeremy Camp on his album Christmas : God with Us </Li> <Li> 2012 : Scotty McCreery on his album Christmas with Scotty McCreery </Li> <Li> 2013 : Mary J. Blige on her album A Mary Christmas </Li> <Li> 2013 : Linda Eder on her album Christmas Where You Are </Li> <Li> 2013 : The Oak Ridge Boys on their album Christmas Time 's A-Comin ' </Li> <Li> 2014 : Sanam Puri as solo cover </Li> <Li> 2014 : The slowest version of this song played in the credits of the film Son of God </Li> <Li> 2015 : India. Arie on Christmas with Friends ; a duet with Gene Moore , Jr . </Li> <Li> 2015 : Jordan Smith on The Voice 's season nine finals . This version debuted and peaked at No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and at No. 2 on the Billboard Holiday 100 chart on the week ending January 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> 2015 : Peter Hollens published a six - voice a cappella version on Youtube </Li> <Li> 2015 : The Braxtons on their album Braxton Family Christmas </Li> <Li> 2015 : Danny Gokey on his album Christmas Is Here </Li> <Li> 2016 : Straight No Chaser ( group ) on their album I 'll Have Another ... Christmas Album ( Straight No Chaser album ) </Li> <Li> 2016 : Voctave on their album The Spirit of the Season ( feat . composer Mark Lowry ) </Li> <Li> 2016 : Beckah Shae on her album Let It Snow </Li> <Li> 2017 : Zara Larsson on the soundtrack of the CGI - animated Christmas film The Star </Li> </Ul> <H2> Musical ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was also used as the basis for a stage musical , also titled Mary , Did You Know and written by Bruce Greer , that won the 1999 Dove Award for Musical of the Year . </P> <H2> Criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' remains a popular piece of Christmas music , although some criticize it for what they perceive as a lack of Scriptural or theological depth . For example , Lutheran writer Holly Scheer , in

Kenny Rogers sang "Mary, Did You Know?" with

Who did kenny rogers sing mary did you know with?

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Keeping Faith ( TV series ) - wikipedia <H1> Keeping Faith ( TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Keeping Faith </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> Un Bore Mercher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Thriller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Matthew Hall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Pip Broughton Andy Newbery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Eve Myles Hannah Daniel Matthew Gravelle Bradley Freegard Mark Lewis Jones Aneirin Hughes Mali Harries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Laurence Love Greed Amy Wadge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Wales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> Welsh , English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of series </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 8 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Adrian Bate Maggie Russell Shane Murphy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Pip Broughton Nora Ostler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Carmarthenshire , Carmarthen , Laugharne , Vale of Glamorgan , Swansea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Steve Lawes Rory Taylor Bjorn Bratberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 60 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Vox Pictures , Nevision , Cinematic Productions , Soundworks , About Premium Content </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> S4C ( Welsh Version ) and BBC One Wales ( English Version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 16 : 9 1080i </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Stereo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 5 November ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) -- 24 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 24 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Keeping Faith ( Welsh : Un Bore Mercher ) is a Welsh thriller television series , created by Matthew Hall and produced by Vox Pictures , that was first broadcast on S4C on 5 November 2017 . Pip Broughton directed six of the series ' episodes , and Andy Newbery the other two . The series stars Eve Myles as Faith Howells , a solicitor whose husband Evan , with whom she works at their family - run law firm , disappears whilst she is on maternity leave following the birth of their third child . The eight - part series is the second in a season of bilingual dramas set to premiere back to back on S4C . </P> <P> The series co-stars Hannah Daniel , Matthew Gravelle , Bradley Freegard , Mark Lewis Jones , Mali Harries and Aneirin Hughes . Initial S4C broadcasts carried entirely English subtitles , while repeat airings carried encoded English subtitles for scenes spoken in Welsh . The series has concurrently been available on the BBC iPlayer as part of the BBC 's ongoing relationship with S4C . The series was filmed concurrently in both Welsh and English , and the English - language version premiered on BBC Wales in on 13 February 2018 . </P> <P> The show was extremely popular in Wales , with an average of 300,000 viewers per episode , making it the most popular show on BBC Wales for over 20 years . It also became the most downloaded non-network show on BBC iPlayer , with over 5 million downloads . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Production <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Series 1 </Li> <Li> 3.2 Series 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Set in the fictional small town of Abercorran ( the original name for Laugharne Castle ) , filming started on the back to back format tv program Keeping Faith ( Un Bore Mercher ) in the summer of 2017 . Some of the exterior shots were filmed in Carmarthenshire , with the house of Faith ( the main character ) outside Laugharne . Many scenes were seen as being Laugharne but the actors did not say it was the town . Also in Carmarthenshire , the historic Guildhall in the town of Carmarthen was used as a courtroom , and exterior shots of Faith show her in the main square of Carmarthen . Other courtroom scenes feature the former courthouse at Swansea . Studio scenes were filmed in South Wales , with Sony UK Technology Centre 's Ffilm Factory 35 in Pencoed welcoming the production . Also , the Vale of Glamorgan , Pontardawe and Swansea were used as locations for the Welsh / English drama . </P> <P> Vox pictures produced the drama with aid of Nevision , Cinematic Productions , Soundworks and About Premium Content . The production of the program was funded through the Welsh Government 's Media Investment Budget , which is advised by Pinewood Pictures , and S4C and BBC Wales . Location assistance was provided from Wales Screen , part of the Welsh Government 's creative industries team , helping to maximise the economic benefits for Wales . </P> <P> Gwawr Martha Lloyd , S4C Drama Content Commissioner , said of the series ; `` We 're very excited about this new and original series that will be premiering on S4C this autumn . With a stellar cast and a completely compelling story , plot and setting , we 're hoping the audience will grow to love the world and the characters of Un Bore Mercher as much as we in S4C have as we worked to develop the series . The series intends to take the viewer on a thrilling , emotional and warm journey , which will pull at their heart - strings but will also make them smile along the way . '' </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> Original music for the series was composed by singer - songwriter Amy Wadge . The English and Welsh Soundtracks were released as EPs on iTunes on Friday 9th March 2018 . The English soundtrack is sung by Amy Wadge and the Welsh soundtrack by Ela Hughes . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Eve Myles as Faith Howells ; solicitor , mother of three and wife of Evan Howells </Li> <Li> Hannah Daniel as Cerys Jones ; junior associate at Howells </Li> <Li> Matthew Gravelle as Constable Terry Price ; husband to Bethan ( Evan 's sister ) and local policeman </Li> <Li> Bradley Freegard as Evan Howells ; a solicitor who mysteriously disappears </Li> <Li> Mark Lewis Jones as Steve Baldini ; one of Evan 's clients who befriends Faith </Li> <Li> Rhian Morgan as Marion Howells ; Evan 's mother </Li> <Li> Aneirin Hughes as Tom Howells ; Evan 's father and a former solicitor </Li> <Li> Eiry Thomas as DI Susan Williams ; head of the local CID </Li> <Li> Mali Harries as Bethan Price ( neé Howells ) ; Terry 's wife and Evan 's sister </Li> <Li> Alex Harries as Arthur Davies ; a former client of Evan 's , who is homeless </Li> <Li> Betsan Llwyd ( Un Bore Mercher ) / Suzanne Packer ( Keeping Faith ) as Delyth Lloyd ; secretary at Howells </Li> <Li> Catherine Ayers as Lisa Connors ; Faith 's best friend </Li> <Li> Richard Elfyn as DCI Huw Parry ; divisional commander and close friend of Tom </Li> <Li> Lowri Palfrey as Erin Glynn ; daughter of a local crimelord and a former client of Evan 's </Li> <Li> Angeline Ball as Gael Reardon ; widow of Paddy Reardon , who was killed by Erin Glynn </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Series 1 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Viewers ( S4C ) ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Original airdate ( S4C ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Episode 1 '' </Td> <Td> Pip Broughton </Td> <Td> Matthew Hall </Td> <Td> 0.46 </Td> <Td> 5 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Lawyer , wife and mother Faith Howells is drawn into a mystery when her husband and business partner Evan disappears . He leaves for work but never arrives . His sudden absence strikes deep into the heart of his tiny Welsh community and forces Faith to come back from extended maternity leave to defend a hopeless vagrant on a shoplifting charges . As an increasingly desperate Faith searches for clues , she uncovers new revelations about Evan 's private life and questions how well she really knows the man she loves . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Episode 2 '' </Td> <Td> Pip Broughton </Td> <Td> Matthew Hall & Sian Naiomi </Td> <Td> 0.37 </Td> <Td> 12 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Faith represents Steve Baldini , a reformed criminal who may know something about her husband 's disappearance . Back at the office , Tom ( Evan 's father , and sometime senior partner in the law firm ) makes a troubling discovery in the company archives that he believes will upset Faith 's trust of her husband . DI Susan Williams , a vindictive police officer who has crossed swords with Faith in the past , turns her attention towards Faith 's recent behaviour . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Episode 3 '' </Td> <Td> Pip Broughton </Td> <Td> Matthew Hall </Td> <Td> Less than 0.20 </Td> <Td> 19 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Now in custody , Faith butts heads with DI Williams , who believes she may have more to do with Evan 's disappearance than she is letting on . At the police station , Faith encounters Reverend Talbot , a family friend , and represents him on charges of misusing church funds . Tom enlists the help of his friend , Swansea detective DCI Parry , to look into his son 's files , while Faith 's friend Lisa tracks down a lead at a lap - dancing club Evan was seen frequenting . Troubled by the discovery of a DNA paternity test kit in Evan 's office , Faith confronts her mother - in - law Marion and uncovers a dark family secret . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> `` Episode 4 '' </Td> <Td> Pip Broughton </Td> <Td> Matthew Hall & Anwen Huws </Td> <Td> 0.36 </Td> <Td> 26 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Fearing for her family 's safety , Faith takes shelter in a hotel and meets with Steve , who tells her that Evan might have had links with a notorious family of drug dealers . As Faith looks into the lead , she is drawn deeper into Abercorran 's sinister underbelly . Meanwhile , Evan 's sister Bethan begins to feel the aftershocks of Marion 's revelation . Dr Alpay proposes a deal to Cerys , and a disturbing discovery in the woods by Terry results in Williams building a case against Faith . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> `` Episode 5 '' </Td> <Td> Andy Newbery </Td> <Td> Matthew Hall </Td> <Td> 0.32 </Td> <Td> 3 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Shaken by the break - in at her home , Faith buries herself in work and takes on the case of an elderly farmer who is caught in a dispute with a ruthless landowner . Meanwhile , Steve 's growing closeness to Faith begins to attract suspicions from Terry . Arthur receives a mysterious package , Dr Alpay names a price for

The new series of Keeping Faith is starting on

When is the new series of keeping faith starting?

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region . Secondly , he believed that by encouraging exports , he could increase American prosperity . President Garfield agreed with his Secretary of State 's vision and Blaine called for a Pan-American conference in 1882 to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations and to serve as a forum for talks on increasing trade . At the same time , Blaine hoped to negotiate a peace in the War of the Pacific then being fought by Bolivia , Chile , and Peru . Blaine sought to expand American influence in other areas , calling for renegotiation of the Clayton - Bulwer Treaty to allow the United States to construct a canal through Panama without British involvement , as well as attempting to reduce British involvement in the strategically located Kingdom of Hawaii . His plans for the United States ' involvement in the world stretched even beyond the Western Hemisphere , as he sought commercial treaties with Korea and Madagascar . By 1882 , however , a new Secretary was reversing Blaine 's Latin American initiatives . </P> <P> Serving again as Secretary of State under Benjamin Harrison , Blaine worked for closer ties with the Kingdom of Hawaii , and sponsored a program to bring together all the independent nations of the Western Hemisphere in what became the Pan-American Union . </P> <H2> 1893 -- 1914 ( edit ) </H2> <P> Before 1892 senior diplomats from the United States to other countries , and from them to the U.S. , were called `` ministers . '' In 1892 four major European countries ( Britain , France , Germany Italy ) raise title of their chief diplomat to the US to `` ambassador '' ; the US reciprocated in 1893 . </P> <P> In early 1893 the business community in Kingdom of Hawaii overthrew the Queen and sought annexation by President Harrison , who forwarded the proposal to the Senate for approval . But the newly elected President Cleveland withdrew the proposed annexation ; nevertheless , revolutionaries in Hawaii formed an independent Republic of Hawaii . It voluntarily joined the U.S. as a territory in 1898 with full U.S. citizenship for its residents . It became the 50th state in 1959 . </P> Editorial cartoon intervention in Cuba . Columbia ( the American people ) reaches out to help oppressed Cuba in 1897 while Uncle Sam ( the U.S. government ) is blind to the crisis and will not use its powerful guns to help . Judge magazine , February 6 , 1897 . <P> In the late 19th century , the U.S. began investment in new naval technology including steam - powered battleships with powerful armaments and steel decking . </P> <P> In the mid 1890s American public opinion denounced the Spanish repression of the Cuban independence movement as brutal and unacceptable . The U.S. increased pressure and was dissatisfied with Spanish responses . When the American battleship the USS Maine exploded for undetermined reasons in the harbor of Havana , Cuba , on 15 February 1898 , the issue became overwhelming and McKinley could not resist the demands for immediate action . Most Democrats and many Republicans demanded war to liberate Cuba . Almost simultaneously the two countries declared war . ( Every other country was neutral . ) The U.S. easily won the one - sided four - month - long Spanish -- American War from April through July . In the peace treaty of Paris the U.S. and took over the last remnants of the Spanish Empire , notably Cuba , Puerto Rico , the Philippines and Guam . It marked America 's transition from a regional to a global power . Cuba was given independence under American supervision . However the permanent status of the Philippines became a heated political topic . Democrats , led by William Jennings Bryan , had strongly supported the war but not strongly opposed annexation . McKinley was reelected and annexation was decided . </P> <P> The U.S. Navy emerged as a major naval power thanks to modernization programs begun in the 1880s and adopted the sea power theories of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan . The Army remained small but was reorganized in the Roosevelt Administration along modern lines and no longer focused on scattered forts in the West . The Philippine -- American War was a short operation to suppress insurgents and ensure U.S. control of the islands ; by 1907 , however , interest in the Philippines as an entry to Asia faded in favor of the Panama Canal , and American foreign policy centered on the Caribbean . The 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine , which proclaimed a right for the United States to intervene to stabilize weak states in the Americas , further weakened European influence in Latin America and further established U.S. regional hegemony . </P> <P> The outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 ended a half century of peaceful borders and brought escalating tensions , as revolutionaries threatened American business interests and hundreds of thousands of refugees fled north . President Woodrow Wilson tried using military intervention to stabilize Mexico but that failed . After Mexico in 1917 rejected Germany 's invitation in the Zimmermann Telegram to join in war against the U.S. , relations stabilized and there were no more interventions in Mexico . Military interventions did occur in other small countries like Nicaragua , but were ended by the Good Neighbor policy announced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933 , which allowed for American recognition of and friendship with dictatorships . </P> <H2> World war I : 1914 -- 19 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> From neutrality to war to end all wars : 1914 - 17 ( edit ) </H3> <P> American foreign policy was largely determined by President Woodrow Wilson , who had shown little interest in foreign affairs before entering the White House in 1913 . His chief advisor was `` Colonel '' Edward House , who was sent on many top - level missions . With the outbreak of war in 1914 , the United States declared neutrality and worked to broker a peace . It insisted on its neutral rights , which included allowing private corporations and banks to sell or loan money to either side . With the British blockade , there were almost no sales or loans to Germany , only to the Allies . The widely publicized German atrocities in Germany Shocked American public opinion . Neutrality was supported by Irish - Americans , who hated Britain , by German Americans who wanted to remain neutral , and by women and the churches . It was supported by the more educated upscale WASP element , led by Theodore Roosevelt . Wilson insisted on neutrality , denouncing both British and German violations , especially those German violations in which American civilians were killed . The German U-boat torpedoed the RMS Lusitania in 1915 . It sank in 20 minutes , killing killed 128 American civilians and over 1000 Britons . It was against the laws of war to sink any passenger ship without allowing the passengers to reach the life boats . American opinion turned strongly against Germany as a bloodthirsty threat to civilization . Germany apologized and repeatedly promised to stop attacks by its U-boats , but reversed course in early 1917 when it saw the opportunity to strangle Britain by unrestricted submarine warfare . It also made overtures to Mexico , in the Zimmermann Telegram , hoping to divert American military attention to south of the border . The German decision was not made or approved by the civilian government in Berlin , the by the military commanders and the Kaiser . They realized it meant war with the United States , but hoped to weaken the British by cutting off its imports , and strike a winning below with German soldiers transferred from the Eastern front , where Russia had surrendered . Following the repeated sinking of American merchant ships in early 1917 , Wilson asked and obtained a declaration of war in April 1917 . He neutralized the antiwar element by arguing this was a war With the main goal of ending aggressive militarism and indeed ending all wars . During the war the U.S. was not officially tied to the Allies by treaty , but military cooperation meant that the American contribution became significant in mid-1918 . After the failure of the German spring offensive , as fresh American troops arrived in France at 10,000 a day , the Germans were in a hopeless position , and surrendered . Coupled with Wilson 's Fourteen Points in January 1918 , the U.S. now had the initiative on the military , diplomatic and public relations fronts . Wilsonianism -- Wilson 's ideals -- had become the hope of the world , including the civilian population Germany itself . </P> <H3> Winning the war and fighting for peace ( edit ) </H3> British prime minister Lloyd George , Italy 's Vittorio Emanuele Orlando , France 's Georges Clemenceau , and Wilson at the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 . <P> At the peace conference at Versailles , Wilson tried with mixed success to enact his Fourteen Points . He was forced to accept British , French and Italian demands for financial revenge : Germany would be made to pay reparations that amounted to the total cost of the war for the Allies and admit guilt in humiliating fashion . It was a humiliating punishment for Germany which subsequent commentators thought was too harsh and unfair . Wilson succeeded in obtaining his main goal , a League of Nations that would hopefully resolve all future conflicts before they caused another major war . Wilson , however , refused to consult with Republicans , who took control of Congress after the 1918 elections and which demanded revisions protecting the right of Congress to declare war . Wilson refused to compromise with the majority party in Congress , or even bring any leading Republican to the peace conference . His personal enemy , Henry Cabot Lodge , now control the Senate . Lodge did support the league of Nations , but wanted provisions that would insist that only Congress could declare war on behalf of the United States . Wilson was largely successful in designing the new League of Nations , declaring it would be : </P> <Dl> <Dd> a great charter for a new order of affairs . There is ground here for deep satisfaction , universal reassurance , and confident hope . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The League did go into operation , but the United States never joined . With a two - thirds vote needed , the Senate did not ratify either the original Treaty or its Republican version . Washington made separate peace treaties with the different European nations . Nevertheless , Wilson 's idealism and call for self - determination of all nations had an effect on nationalism across the globe , while at home his idealistic vision , called `` Wilsonianism '' of spreading democracy and peace under American auspices had a profound influence on much of American foreign policy ever since . </P> <H2> Inter-war years , 1919 - 41 ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : International relations ( 1919 -- 1939 ) and Washington Naval Conference <P> In the 1920s , American policy was an active involvement in international affairs , while ignoring the League of Nations , setting up numerous diplomatic ventures , and using the enormous financial power of the United States to dictate major diplomatic questions in Europe . </P> <P> The Republican presidents , Warren Harding , Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover , avoided any political commitments or alliances with anyone else . They minimize contact with the League of Nations . However , as historian Jerald Combs reports their administrations in no way returned to 19th - century isolationism . The key Republican leaders : </P> <Dl> <Dd> including Elihu Root , Charles Evans Hughes , and Hoover himself , were Progressives who accepted much of Wilson 's internationalism ... They did seek to use American political influence and economic power to goad European governments

After World War I started, the United States' foreign policy was one of

What was the united states foreign policy after ww1 started?

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End of World War II in Asia - wikipedia <H1> End of World War II in Asia </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The end of World War II in Asia occurred on 14 and 15 August 1945 , when armed forces of the Empire of Japan surrendered to the forces of the Allies . The surrender came over three months after the surrender of the Axis forces in Europe and brought an end to World War II . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Prelude </Li> <Li> 2 Final stages </Li> <Li> 3 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Thailand ( Siam ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 Occupation of Japan </Li> <Li> 3.3 International Military Tribunal for the Far East </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Prelude ( edit ) </H2> See also : End of World War II in Europe <Ul> <Li> November 28 , 1943 -- Tehran Conference -- Soviet Union agrees to invade Japan `` after the defeat of Germany '' -- commence stockpiling resources in the Far East . </Li> <Li> February 4 , 1945 -- Yalta Conference -- Soviet Union agrees to invade Japan within 3 months of German surrender . </Li> <Li> April 5 , 1945 -- Soviet Union denounces the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact that had been signed on April 13 , 1941 . </Li> <Li> April 29 , 1945 - Italian Fascist Republican troops , under Rodolfo Graziani 's command , surrender in the `` Rendition of Cazerta '' . </Li> <Li> May 8 , 1945 -- Germany surrenders </Li> <Li> July 16 , 1945 -- Potsdam Conference . </Li> <Li> July 26 , 1945 -- Potsdam Declaration to Japan demanding unconditional surrender . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Final stages ( edit ) </H2> See also : Pacific War § Final stages , Burma Campaign § Final operations , and Victory over Japan Day <Ul> <Li> August 3 , 1945 -- Soviet General Vasilevskii reported to Stalin that Soviet forces ready for invasion from August 7 . </Li> <Li> August 6 , 1945 -- An atomic bomb , Little Boy , dropped on Hiroshima from a special B - 29 Superfortress named Enola Gay , flown by Col. Paul Tibbets . It is the first use of atomic weapons in combat . ( Atomic bombing of Hiroshima ) </Li> <Li> August 8 , 1945 -- The Soviet Union declares war on Japan against the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact . </Li> <Li> August 9 , 1945 -- Second , and more powerful plutonium implosion atomic bomb , Fat Man , is dropped on Nagasaki from a different Silverplate B - 29 named Bockscar , flown by Maj . Charles Sweeney ( Atomic bombing of Nagasaki ) </Li> <Li> August 9 , 1945 -- Soviet Armies launch the Soviet invasion of Manchuria . </Li> <Li> August 10 , 1945 -- The 38th Parallel is set as the delineation between the Soviet and US occupation zones in Korea . </Li> <Li> August 14 , 1945 ( at noon JST on August 15 , 1945 ) -- Emperor Shōwa 's decree to accept the Potsdam Declaration announced over radio . </Li> <Li> August 14 , 1945 -- General Douglas MacArthur is appointed to head the occupation forces in Japan . </Li> <Li> August 16 , 1945 -- Gen. Jonathan Wainwright , a POW since May 6 , 1942 following the surrender of U.S. forces in the Philippines under his command , is released from a POW camp in Manchuria . </Li> <Li> August 17 , 1945 -- Japanese IGHQ issues formal cease - fire in Manchuria . </Li> <Li> August 17 , 1945 -- General MacArthur issues General Order No. 1 . </Li> <Li> August 18 , 1945 -- Soviet Army invades Karafuto on southern Sakhalin Island . </Li> <Li> August 18 , 1945 -- Soviet amphibious landings in northern Korea . </Li> <Li> August 18 , 1945 -- Japanese pilots attack two Consolidated B - 32 Dominators of the 386th Bomb Squadron , 312th Bomb Group , on a photo reconnaissance mission over Japan . Sgt . Anthony Marchione , 19 , a photographer 's assistant on the B - 32 Hobo Queen II , was fatally wounded in the attack . Marchione would be the last American killed in air combat in the Second World War . </Li> <Li> August 18 , 1945 -- Soviet invasion of the Kuril Islands begins with amphibious landings on Shumshu . </Li> <Li> August 19 , 1945 -- Kwantung Army HQ transmit capitulation order to Japanese troops in Manchuria . </Li> <Li> August 23 , 1945 -- Last Japanese troops on Shumshu surrender to Soviet forces . </Li> <Li> August 25 , 1945 -- Japanese surrender in Karafuto ( south Sakhalin Island ) . </Li> <Li> August 27 , 1945 -- B - 29s drop supplies to Allied POWs in China . </Li> <Li> August 29 , 1945 -- The Soviets shoot down a B - 29 Superfortress dropping supplies to POWs in Korea </Li> <Li> August 29 , 1945 -- U.S. troops land near Tokyo to begin the occupation of Japan by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers . </Li> <Li> August 30 , 1945 -- The United Kingdom reoccupies Hong Kong . </Li> <Li> September 2 , 1945 -- Formal Japanese surrender ceremony aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay ; U.S. President Harry S. Truman declares VJ Day . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> See also : South East Asia Command § Post -- World War II <Ul> <Li> September 2 , 1945 -- The Japanese garrison in Penang surrenders , while the British retake Penang under Operation Jurist . </Li> <Li> September 3 , 1945 -- The Japanese commander in the Philippines , Gen. Yamashita , surrenders to Gen. Wainwright at Baguio . </Li> <Li> September 4 , 1945 -- Japanese troops on Wake Island surrender . </Li> <Li> September 5 , 1945 -- The British land in Singapore . </Li> <Li> September 5 , 1945 -- The Soviets complete their occupation of the Kuril Islands . </Li> <Li> September 6 , 1945 - Japanese forces in Rabaul surrender . </Li> <Li> September 8 , 1945 -- MacArthur enters Tokyo . </Li> <Li> September 8 , 1945 -- U.S. forces land at Incheon to occupy Korea south of the 38th Parallel </Li> <Li> September 9 , 1945 -- Japanese in China surrender . </Li> <Li> September 9 , 1945 -- Japanese in Korea surrender . </Li> <Li> September 10 , 1945 - Japanese in Labuan surrender . </Li> <Li> September 11 , 1945 - Japanese in Sarawak surrender . </Li> <Li> September 12 , 1945 - Japanese in Singapore surrender . </Li> <Li> September 13 , 1945 -- Japanese in Burma surrender . </Li> <Li> September 14 , 1945 - Japanese in Celebes surrender . </Li> <Li> September 16 , 1945 - Japanese in Hong Kong formally surrender . </Li> <Li> October 25 , 1945 -- Japanese in Taiwan surrender to Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek as part of General Order No. 1 , which later led to the ambiguous and unresolved political status of Taiwan . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Thailand ( siam ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> After Japan 's defeat in 1945 , with the help of Seri Thai , Thailand was treated as a defeated country by the British and French , although American support mitigated the Allied terms . Thailand was not occupied by the Allies , but it was forced to return the territory it had regained to the British and the French . In the postwar period Thailand had relations with the United States , which it saw as a protector from the communist revolutions in neighbouring countries . </P> <H3> Occupation of Japan ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the end of World War II , Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers , led by the United States with contributions also from Australia , India , New Zealand and the United Kingdom . This foreign presence marked the first time in its history that the island nation had been occupied by a foreign power . The San Francisco Peace Treaty , signed on September 8 , 1951 , marked the end of the Allied occupation , and after it came into force on April 28 , 1952 , Japan was once again an independent country . </P> <H3> International military tribunal for the Far East ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the occupation leading Japanese war crime charges were reserved for those who participated in a joint conspiracy to start and wage war , and were brought against those in the highest decision - making bodies ; `` Class B '' crimes were reserved for those who committed `` conventional '' atrocities or crimes against humanity ; `` Class C '' crimes were reserved for those in `` the planning , ordering , authorization , or failure to prevent such transgressions at higher levels in the command structure . '' </P> <P> Twenty - eight Japanese military and political leaders were charged with Class A crimes , and more than 5,700 Japanese nationals were charged with Class B and C crimes , mostly entailing prisoner abuse . China held 13 tribunals of its own , resulting in 504 convictions and 149 executions . </P> <P> The Japanese Emperor Hirohito and all members of the imperial family such as Prince Asaka , were not prosecuted for involvement in any the three categories of crimes . Herbert Bix explains that `` the Truman administration and General MacArthur both believed the occupation reforms would be implemented smoothly if they used Hirohito to legitimise their changes . '' As many as 50 suspects , such as Nobusuke Kishi , who later became Prime Minister , and Yoshisuke Aikawa , head of the zaibatsu Nissan , and future leader of the Chuseiren , were charged but released without ever being brought to trial in 1947 and 1948 . Shiro Ishii received immunity in exchange for data gathered from his experiments on live prisoners . The lone dissenting judge to exonerate all indictees was Indian jurist Radhabinod Pal . </P> <P> The tribunal was adjourned on 12 November 1948 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of Axis surrenders in World War II </Li> <Li> Japanese holdout </Li> <Li> Aftermath of World War II </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell , Richard A. , Project Hula : Secret Soviet - American Cooperation in the War Against Japan , Washington , D.C. : Naval Historical Center , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 945274 - 35 - 1 , pp. 30 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell , Richard A. , Project Hula : Secret Soviet - American Cooperation in the War Against Japan , Washington , D.C. : Naval Historical Center , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 945274 - 35 - 1 , p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell , Richard A. , Project Hula : Secret Soviet - American Cooperation in the War Against Japan , Washington , D.C. : Naval Historical Center , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 945274 - 35 - 1 , pp. 33 , 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Metropolitan Museum of Art . `` Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History : Japan , 1900 a.d. -- present '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.harpercollins.com/authors/13941 </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia&oldid=808313296 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II </Li> <Li> World War II operations and battles of the Southeast Asia Theatre </Li> <Li> South West Pacific theatre of World War II </Li> <Li> Japanese home islands campaign </Li>

World War 2 ended in the Pacific on

When did world war 2 end in the pacific?

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A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia <H1> A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> A Wrinkle in Time </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Ava DuVernay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jim Whitaker </Li> <Li> Catherine Hand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jennifer Lee </Li> <Li> Jeff Stockwell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Oprah Winfrey </Li> <Li> Reese Witherspoon </Li> <Li> Mindy Kaling </Li> <Li> Gugu Mbatha - Raw </Li> <Li> Michael Peña </Li> <Li> Storm Reid </Li> <Li> Zach Galifianakis </Li> <Li> Chris Pine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Ramin Djawadi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Tobias A. Schliessler </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Spencer Averick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney Pictures </Li> <Li> Whitaker Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) </Li> <Li> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 109 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $100 -- 130 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $124.4 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A Wrinkle in Time is a 2018 American science fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee and Jeff Stockwell , based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle . The film stars Oprah Winfrey , Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Michael Peña , Storm Reid , Zach Galifianakis and Chris Pine , and follows a young girl who , with the help of three astral travelers , sets off on a quest to find her father , who went missing after discovering a new planet . </P> <P> Principal photography began on November 2 , 2016 , in Los Angeles , California . With a production budget of over $100 million , the film became the first live - action film with a nine - digit budget to be directed by a woman of color . A Wrinkle in Time premired at the El Capitan Theatre on February 26 , 2018 , and with a theatrical release on March 9 , 2018 , through the Disney Digital 3 - D , Real D 3D , and IMAX formats . The film received mixed reviews , with critics `` taking issue with the film 's heavy use of CGI and numerous plot holes '' while `` celebrating its message of female empowerment and diversity '' , and has grossed $124 million worldwide against a break - even point of $400 million , thus being a box office bomb . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Music </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Marketing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Thirteen - year - old Meg Murry struggles to adjust to school and home life ever since her father Alex , a well - renowned scientist , mysteriously disappeared while he was studying astrophysics . Both Meg and her mother Kate believe he solved the question of humanity 's existence and theorize he was teleported to another world . </P> <P> During the night , Meg 's younger brother Charles Wallace welcomes a stranger in a large white dress named Mrs. Whatsit into the Murry family house . She mentions the tesseract , a type of space - travel Alex was working on , is real , and leaves soon after . The next day , one of Meg 's classmates , Calvin O'Keefe , joins them to go to the house of Mrs. Who , another strange woman who only speaks in quotes and seems to know Charles Wallace . </P> <P> When Calvin joins Meg and Charles Wallace in their backyard , Mrs. Whatsit appears with Mrs. Who and another woman , Mrs. Which , who is the oldest and appears as a giant . The three reveal themselves as astral travelers , and lead Meg , Calvin , and Charles Wallace through a tesseract taking them to a distant planet named Uriel . </P> <P> Mrs. Whatsit transforms into a beautiful green creature , and takes the children up into the atmosphere , where they see a dark shadow known as The IT . Mrs. Which tells Meg her father 's experiments resulted in his being captured by The IT , a malevolent entity plotting to take over the universe . Gaining the women 's trust , Meg and the others tesser to another planet where a seer known as the Happy Medium resides . </P> <P> The Happy Medium shows them Meg 's father is trapped on a planet called Camazotz , The IT 's homeworld . Mrs. Which also explains The IT represents all of the greed , anger , pride , selfishness , and low self - esteem in the world . Showing them examples of these characteristics , Meg learns that while Calvin is popular at school , he is neglected and bullied by his father and her school enemy Veronica Kiley is extremely self - conscious . The three Mrs. propose they travel back to Earth to regroup , but Meg 's refusal messes with the tesseract , and they travel to Camazotz instead . </P> <P> Upon arriving on Camazotz , Mrs. Which , Mrs. Whatsit , and Mrs. Who are unable to stay because Camazotz 's evil is stronger than their light . Before they depart , they bestow gifts upon Meg ; these include Mrs. Who 's glasses , the knowledge of Meg 's faults , and the command to never separate . </P> <P> The trio treks through Camazotz 's hazardous traps before reaching a crowded beach where they meet the IT 's bodyguard , Red . He offers the starving children food and tells them Alex is safe and happy . He reveals to them there is nothing to worry about here , but Calvin and Meg realize something is wrong when Charles Wallace proclaims all of the food tastes like sand . When Red starts repeating the times tables , Charles Wallace is hypnotized by the rhythm , allowing the IT to take full control of his mind . </P> <P> When Meg and Calvin pursue Charles Wallace , they find themselves in a seemingly empty room . Using Mrs. Who 's glasses , Meg finds an invisible staircase leading to the room where her father is being kept prisoner . After bringing him out of captivity , the IT 's power allows Charles Wallace to forcefully drag them to finally meet his master . As Calvin and Meg fall under the IT 's power , Alex opens another tesser and prepares to leave with the children , abandoning Charles Wallace . Meg refuses and projects out of the tesser herself , leaving her alone . When she confronts Charles Wallace in corruption , she realizes the IT uses deception and hatred for power . Using her love for her brother and the knowledge she is imperfect , Meg frees Charles Wallace from the control of the IT and releases the control of Camazotz from the evil entity . The three Mrs. return and tell Meg her time is here to tesser for herself . </P> <P> Returning home , Meg thanks the women for their help and for rescuing her father and they part ways , while Veronica becomes nice to her . The film ends with the Murry family celebrating a joyful reunion and Calvin going home to confront his father . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Oprah Winfrey as Mrs. Which </Li> <Li> Reese Witherspoon as Mrs. Whatsit </Li> <Li> Mindy Kaling as Mrs. Who </Li> <Li> Storm Reid as Meg Murry , a gifted young girl </Li> <Li> Levi Miller as Calvin O'Keefe , Meg 's classmate and friend </Li> <Li> Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace Murry , Meg 's prodigious adoptive 6 - year - old brother </Li> <Li> Chris Pine as Dr. Alexander Murry , Meg and Charles Wallace 's long - lost father </Li> <Li> Zach Galifianakis as The Happy Medium </Li> <Li> Michael Peña as Red <Ul> <Li> David Oyelowo as the IT , Red 's true diabolical form </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Dr. Kate Murry , Meg and Charles Wallace 's mother </Li> <Li> André Holland as Principal James Jenkins </Li> <Li> Rowan Blanchard as Veronica Kiley </Li> <Li> Bellamy Young as Camazotz Woman </Li> <Li> Conrad Roberts as Elegant Man </Li> <Li> Yvette Cason as a teacher </Li> <Li> Will McCormack as another teacher </Li> <Li> Daniel MacPherson as Calvin 's Father </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> DuVernay became the first black woman to direct a live - action film with a budget of over $100 million . <P> In October 2010 , it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures had retained the film rights for the 1962 novel A Wrinkle in Time , by Madeleine L'Engle , which had previously been made as a 2003 television film . Following the financial success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) , Disney announced that they had hired Jeff Stockwell to write the screenplay for Cary Granat and his new Bedrock Studios . Granat had previously worked with Disney on the Chronicles of Narnia and Bridge to Terabithia films . The project 's budget was slated to be $35 million , which the company compared to District 9 and Bridge to Terabithia , both of which were made for less than $30 million . On August 5 , 2014 , Jennifer Lee was announced as the screenwriter , taking over from Stockwell , who wrote the first draft . On February 8 , 2016 , it was reported that Ava DuVernay had been offered the job of directing the film , and she was confirmed to direct later that same month . She became the first woman of color to direct a live - action film with a production budget over $100 million . </P> <P> On July 26 , 2016 , Variety reported that Oprah Winfrey had began final negotiations to join the film , to play Mrs. Which , the eldest of the three Mrs. Ws , celestial beings who help guide the children along their journey . On September 7 , 2016 , Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling were reported as being in talks to join the film , with Witherspoon to play Mrs. Whatsit , who presents as a chatty , grandmotherly hobo , and Kaling set for the quotation - reciting Mrs. Who . On September 13 , 2016 , Storm Reid was cast in the lead role of Meg Murry , a young girl traumatized by the disappearance of her scientist father years before . In October 2016 , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Chris Pine were cast as the parents of Meg , Dr. Kate Murry and Dr. Alex Murry , respectively . On November 1 , 2016 , more cast were announced , including Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium , André Holland as Principal Jenkins , Levi

The movie "A Wrinkle in Time" is based on

What is a wrinkle in time based on?

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Do Your ears Hang Low ? - Wikipedia <H1> Do Your ears Hang Low ? </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Do Your Ears Hang Low ? '' ( Roud 15472 ) is a children 's song that is often sung in schools , at camps and at birthday parties . The melody of this song is usually a shorter version of `` Turkey in the Straw '' , but it can also be sung to the `` Sailor 's Hornpipe '' . Various theories exist concerning the origin of the lyrics , but no conclusive evidence seems to exist . A common belief is that the lyrics refer to the ears of a hound dog . It is most likely that this was a crude wartime soldiers ' song that , in sanitized form , has made its way into other circles . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Lyrics <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Soldiers ' version </Li> <Li> 2.2 Southeastern Pennsylvania Schoolboys ' Version </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Recorded versions </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The origins of the song are obscure . Variant versions with obscene lyrics exist , notably `` Do Your Balls Hang Low ? '' and `` Do Your Boobs Hang Low ? '' . These have sometimes been regarded as parody versions of the campfire song , but it is more likely that the obscene versions came first , and that `` Do Your Ears Hang Low ? '' is a sanitized version . </P> <P> Certainly `` Do Your Balls Hang Low ? '' is known to have been sung by British soldiers on the Western Front during the First World War . Lyn MacDonald reports that , on one occasion in 1916 , General Douglas Haig heard the song being sung by a column of soldiers as they marched past on their way to the Somme . He immediately called for his horse and rode to the head of the column to remonstrate with the battalion commander , only to find the Colonel singing as heartily as his men . Haig congratulated him on his fine voice , but added : `` I like the tune , but you must know that in any circumstances those words are inexcusable ! '' </P> <H2> Lyrics ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following lyrics are from one particular variant of the song : </P> <P> Do your ears hang low ? Do they wobble to and fro ? Can you tie ' em in a knot ? Can you tie ' em in a bow ? Can you throw ' em o'er your shoulder Like a continental soldier ? Do your ears hang low ? Do your ears stand high ? Do they reach up to the sky ? Do they droop when they are wet ? Do they stiffen when they 're dry ? Can you wave them at your neighbor With an element of flavor ? Do your ears stand high ? Do your ears flip - flop ? Can you use them as a mop ? Are they stringy at the bottom ? Are they curly at the top ? Can you use them for a swatter ? Can you use them for a blotter ? Do your ears flip - flop ? Do your ears stick out ? Can you waggle them about ? Can you flap them up and down As you fly around the town ? Can you shut them up for sure When you hear an awful bore ? Do your ears stick out ? Do your ears give snacks ? Are they all filled up with wax ? Do you eat it in the morning Do you eat it in the bath ? Do you eat it with a scone Or do you eat it on its own ? Do your ears give snacks ? </P> <P> In the United Kingdom , a shorter version with differences in the lyrics is heard , commonly sung in Cubs and Brownies events : </P> <P> Do your ears hang low ? Can you swing them to and fro ? Can you tie them in a knot ? Can you tie them in a bow ? Can you swing them over your shoulder like a regimental soldier Do your ears hang low ? </P> <P> ( With a humorous glissando at a perfect fourth down , and back up again on the final `` low '' . ) </P> <H3> Soldiers ' version ( edit ) </H3> <P> The lyrics of the World War I version of `` Do Your Balls Hang Low ? '' are recorded as : </P> <P> Do your balls hang low ? Do they dangle to and fro ? Can you tie them in a knot ? Can you tie them in a bow ? Do they itch when it 's hot ? Do you rest them in a pot ? Do you get them in a tangle ? Do you catch them in a mangle ? Do they swing in stormy weather ? Do they tickle with a feather ? Do they rattle when you walk ? Do they jingle when you talk ? Can you sling them on your shoulder Like a lousy fucking soldier ? Do your balls hang low ? </P> <H3> Southeastern pennsylvania schoolboys ' version ( edit ) </H3> <P> This version was popular in elementary schools in suburban Philadelphia and the surrounding area in the late 1970s and beyond : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Do your balls hang low ? </Dd> <Dd> Can you drag ' em in the snow ? </Dd> <Dd> Can you tie ' em in a knot ? </Dd> <Dd> Can you tie ' em in a bow ? </Dd> <Dd> Can you toss ' em o'er your shoulder </Dd> <Dd> Like an es - ki - mo ? ( Alternate : Like a continental soldier ? ) </Dd> <Dd> Do n't feel bad if your balls hang low ! </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Recorded versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sharon , Lois & Bram on Stay Tuned 1987 </Li> <Li> Barney on Barney 's Favorites 1993 , Barney 's Greatest Hits 2000 </Li> <Li> Prairie Dawn , Telly and Big Bird on Kids ' Favorite Songs , 1999 </Li> <Li> Kinky Friedman on Live From Uranus 2003 </Li> <Li> Øystein Sunde in a Norwegian variant called Hvis dine ører henger ned ( If your ears hang down ) on Det året det var så bratt 1971 </Li> <Li> A Swedish version was recorded by Mora Träsk , called Hänger öronen på dig ner ( Do your ears hang down ? ) , in 1980 </Li> <Li> A version of the song was recorded for the Kidsongs video `` A Day with the Animals '' in 1986 , and is often thought to be referring to a basset hound ( as the music video featured such ) . The song was later released for the home video market and in music CD format . </Li> <Li> A version was used on the Play School album There 's A Bear In There . </Li> <Li> A Hip Hop version of the melody is used in the Jibbs ' song `` Chain Hang Low '' . </Li> <Li> A parody of the song was used on the Finding Dory sound button book called `` Swim Along with Me '' in 2016 , titled `` Do Your Fins Move Fast ? '' that does not use `` can you '' phrases and it all has to do with swimming . It is not being sung by but it plays instrumental to the song . It was made from the sound book company Play - a-Sound . </Li> <Li> The vocal melody of this song is used in verses of `` みんな が みんな 英雄 '' by JPop artist AI . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Wikiquote : Bottom ( TV series ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roud number 10259 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drinking songs </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dundes , Alan ( 1997 ) . From Game to War and Other Psychoanalytic Essays on Folklore . University Press of Kentucky . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Arthur , Max ( 2001 ) . When this Bloody War is Over : soldiers ' songs of the First World War . London : Judy Piatkus . p. 89 . ISBN 0 - 7499 - 2252 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacDonald , Lyn ( 1983 ) . Somme . London : Michael Joseph . pp. 200 -- 203 . ISBN 0718122542 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences : `` Do your ears hang low ? '' Lyrics and MIDI </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_Your_Ears_Hang_Low%3F&oldid=821653836 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Songs of World War I </Li> <Li> Songs of World War II </Li> <Li> Children 's songs </Li> <Li> Year of song unknown </Li> <Li> Songwriter unknown </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from October 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Norsk </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 20 : 37 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The meaning of the song "Do Your Ears Hang Low" remains unclear, as

Meaning of song do your ears hang low?

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Marriage Act 1961 ( Australia ) - Wikipedia <H1> Marriage Act 1961 ( Australia ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Marriage Act 1961 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Parliament of Australia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> An Act relating to Marriage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Citation </Th> <Td> No. 12 , 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date of Royal Assent </Th> <Td> 6 May 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Status : Current legislation </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In Australia , the Marriage Act 1961 is the current Act that regulates marriage law in Australia . </P> <P> The Act was passed by the Australian Parliament and has been amended on numerous occasions and applies uniformly throughout Australia ( including its external territories ) ; and any law made by a State or Territory inconsistent with the Act is invalid . The Act is made pursuant to power granted to the federal parliament under s. 51 ( xxi ) of the Australian Constitution . The Act recognises only marriages of two people and does not recognise any other forms of union , including traditional Aboriginal unions . An amendment to the Act to legalise same - sex marriage passed into law on 8 December 2017 . The Family Law Act 1975 treats de facto relationships and polygamous marriages as marriages for the purpose of recognising the rights of parties at a breakup . Since 2009 , the Family Law Act 2009 has also recognised the property rights of each partner of de facto relationships on separation . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Marriageable age </Li> <Li> 2 Void marriages </Li> <Li> 3 Solemnisation of marriages in Australia <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Authorised celebrants <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Religious ministers </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Registry office marriages </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Civil celebrants </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Recognition of foreign marriages </Li> <Li> 5 Other sections </Li> <Li> 6 Marriage education </Li> <Li> 7 Amendments to the Marriage Act <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Marriage Amendment Act 2004 </Li> <Li> 7.2 Marriage Amendment ( Definition and Religious Freedoms ) Act 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Same - sex marriage in the ACT </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External sources </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Marriageable age ( edit ) </H2> <P> Part II ( s. 10 - 21 ) deals with the marriageable age and the marriage of minors . In the original 1961 Act , marriageable age was set at 16 for females and 18 for males . The marriageable age was equalised in 1991 by the Sex Discrimination Amendment Act 1991 which raised the marriageable age of females to 18 . </P> <P> The marriage of a person aged 16 or 17 to another aged over 18 is permitted in ' unusual and exceptional circumstances ' , which requires the consent of the younger person 's parents and authorisation by a court . Prior to the 1991 changes , the ' unusual and exceptional circumstances ' procedures applied to a girl aged 14 or 15 ( wanting to marry a male aged 18 or above ) or a male aged 16 or 17 ( wanting to marry a female aged 16 or above ) . For many years , courts have refused to accept a minor 's pregnancy as a pressing consideration in deciding whether to allow an early marriage . </P> <H2> Void marriages ( edit ) </H2> <P> Part III entitled ' void marriages ' establishes the circumstances in which a marriage is void . To preserve the validity of past marriages , this part is divided into years based on when amendments to this Act were introduced . </P> <P> A purported marriage is void if : </P> <Ul> <Li> either party is already married ( bigamy , polygamy ) . </Li> <Li> the parties are in a prohibited relationship : direct descendants or siblings , including adopted ( by law ) relationships . </Li> <Li> the marriage was not solemnised by an authorised celebrant ( as in Part IV , Division 2 ) . </Li> <Li> there is no consent , for example due to duress , fraud , mistake as to identity , mistake as to nature of ceremony , mental incapacity , or below marriageable age in Part II . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Solemnisation of marriages in Australia ( edit ) </H2> <P> Part IV entitled ' Solemnisation of Marriages in Australia ' deals with who is authorised to be a wedding celebrant , and the procedures to be followed . It also contains a division on marriages by foreign diplomatic or consular officers . </P> <H3> Authorised celebrants ( edit ) </H3> <P> Division 1 deals with authorised celebrants . Under the current Act three types of celebrants are allowed : ministers of religion , State and Territory officers , and ( civil ) marriage celebrants . </P> Religious ministers ( edit ) <P> Under Subdivision A , a register is kept of ministers of religion ( s. 27 ) of ' recognised ' denominations ( s26 ) . The only requirements for registration is that the person is a minister of religion who is nominated by their denomination and is resident in Australia and over 21 years ( s29 ) . A minister will be registered ( s30 ) unless the registrar refuses registration because there are sufficient ministers of that denomination , the minister is ' not a fit and proper person ' , or will not devote sufficient time to the functions of a minister of religion ( s31 ) . In general , the act establishes a broad scheme which recognises a religious wedding ceremony that is conducted by a registered minister . </P> <P> Ministers of religion are not bound to solemnise any marriage . Nothing in Part IV of the Marriage Act imposes an obligation on an authorised celebrant , being a minister of religion , to solemnise any marriage ( s47 ) . </P> Registry office marriages ( edit ) <P> Subdivision B ( s. 39 ) preserves the power of ' state and territory officers ' , allowing people who register marriages ( under a state law ) to also solemnise marriages ( i.e. registry marriages ) . </P> Civil celebrants ( edit ) <P> Subdivision C deals with ' marriage celebrants ' , or the authorisation of people to conduct civil ceremonies . Section 39B allows the register to be kept and sections 39D - E are procedural and seek to set up processes to control the number of celebrants . </P> <P> This section was introduced by the Marriage Amendment Act 2002 , after an Attorney - General inquiry into the Civil Celebrants Program . Prior to the passage of this amendment the authorisation of celebrants was entirely contained in s39 , which had a s39 ( 2 ) allowing the recognition of other ' fit and proper persons ' as civil marriage celebrants , religious celebrants outside a recognised denomination , and celebrants with special community needs . </P> <P> The original 1961 Act therefore allowed civil ceremonies , and the first civil celebrants were authorised in 1973 . By the time the amendments were introduced civil celebrants performed over 50 % of marriages . The changes therefore provide legislative recognition to civil celebrants , and prescribe a regime beyond being ' fit and proper ' in order to control the quality and number of celebrants . </P> <P> Section 39C now lists a number of requirements to be registered as civil celebrant , in addition to being over 18 and ' fit and proper ' . The register will take into account : knowledge of the law , a commitment to advising about relationship counselling , good community standing , criminal record , the existence of a conflict of interest or benefit to business , and ' any other matter ' . </P> <P> Section 39G imposes ' obligations ' on civil celebrants . These include professional development and an adherence to a code of practice . </P> <P> Sections 39H , I , and J set up a review of celebrants and a disciplinary system . </P> <P> Significantly , Subdivision C deals only with marriage celebrants ( civil or not a recognised religion ) , not with ministers of religion which are governed by Subdivision A. As a result , ministers of religion are not necessarily subject to the same obligations or code of practice . </P> <H2> Recognition of foreign marriages ( edit ) </H2> <P> Part VA deals with recognition of foreign marriages . </P> <P> This division reflects the Act 's tendency to seek to uphold the validity of marriages . Marriages will be recognised if they were valid in the country where they were performed if the marriage would be legal under Australian law . The foreign marriage certificate is proof of marriage and marriages need not be registered . </P> <P> As a marriage must be legal under Australian law , a foreign marriage will not be recognised if a person was already married ( or the overseas divorce is not recognised in Australia ) , a person was under 18 ( subject to some exceptions ) , the persons were siblings or parent / child , or there was duress or fraud . </P> <H2> Other sections ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Marriages by Foreign Diplomatic or Consular Officers ( Division 3 of Part IV ) : there are currently no Australian diplomatic or consular officers appointed to solemnise marriages overseas under Australian law . </Li> <Li> Marriages of Members of the Defence Force Overseas : Part V of the act deals with marriages of members of the Defence Force overseas . </Li> <Li> Legitimation of children ( Part VI ) The Act legitimises children if their parents marry , including some recognised foreign marriages , or result from a void marriages . </Li> <Li> Offences ( Part VII ) : e.g. bigamy , marrying a person below marriageable age ( child marriages ) , a celebrant solemnising a marriage when believe legal impediment etc . </Li> <Li> Miscellaneous provisions in Part IX -- interpreters , publication of lists of celebrants , etc . </Li> <Li> Section 111A removed the ability to seek to recover damages for breach of contract where a promise to marry ( an engagement ) did not lead to marriage . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Marriage education ( edit ) </H2> <P> Part IA authorises the government to make grants to approved organisations for marriage counselling . </P> <H2> Amendments to the marriage Act ( edit ) </H2> <P> Two amendments of note to the Act have been made with respect to the legal definition of `` marriage '' in Australia , both of which relate to same - sex marriage . </P> <H3> Marriage Amendment Act 2004 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before 2004 , there was no definition of marriage in the 1961 Act , and instead the common law definition used in the English case Hyde v Hyde ( 1866 ) was considered supreme . Though Sect 46 ( 1 ) of the Act required celebrants to explain the legal nature of marriage in Australia to a couple as `` the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others , voluntarily entered into for life '' , these words were descriptive or explanatory , rather than outlining what constituted a legally valid marriage in Australia . </P> <P> On 27 May 2004 the then federal Attorney - General Philip Ruddock introduced the Marriage Amendment Bill 2004 to incorporate a definition of marriage into the Marriage Act 1961 and to outlaw the recognition of same - sex marriages lawfully entered into in foreign jurisdictions . In June 2004 , the

In Australia, the legal age for marriage is

What is the legal age for marriage in australia?

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Jonathan Harris - wikipedia <H1> Jonathan Harris </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other people with the same name , see Jonathan Harris ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Jonathan Harris </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Jonathan Harris , c. 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Jonathan Daniel Charasuchin ( 1914 - 11 - 06 ) November 6 , 1914 The Bronx , New York City , New York , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> November 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 03 ) ( aged 87 ) Encino , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cause of death </Th> <Td> Cardiovascular disease </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resting place </Th> <Td> Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery , Los Angeles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1938 -- 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Gertrude Bregman ( m . 1938 ; his death 2002 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Richard ( born 1942 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jonathan Harris ( born Jonathan Daniel Charasuchin ; November 6 , 1914 -- November 3 , 2002 ) was an American character actor . Two of his best - known roles were as the timid accountant Bradford Webster in the television version of The Third Man and the fussy villain Dr. Zachary Smith of the 1960s science fiction series Lost in Space . Near the end of his career , he provided voices for the animated features A Bug 's Life and Toy Story 2 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Stage </Li> <Li> 2.2 Early television career </Li> <Li> 2.3 Dr. Zachary Smith in Lost in Space </Li> <Li> 2.4 Later career <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Typecasting as a villain </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2 Voice roles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5 Lost in Space reunion appearances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Death and posthumous tributes </Li> <Li> 4 Personal life </Li> <Li> 5 Filmography </Li> <Li> 6 Quotes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> The second of three children , Harris was born to a poor family on November 6 , 1914 , in the Bronx , New York City . His parents were Sam and Jennie Charasuchin , Russian Jewish immigrants who eked out a living in Manhattan 's garment district . His family resided in a six - tenant apartment complex . To raise money , his mother took in boarders , some of whom were given Jonathan 's bed , relegating Jonathan to sleep on dining room chairs . From the age of 12 , he worked as a pharmacy clerk . </P> <P> While there was little money for luxuries , Jonathan 's father took efforts to expand his son 's cultural horizons . This included trips to the Yiddish Theatre , where he was encouraged by his father to listen to opera . Young Jonathan was enthralled . He discarded his Bronx accent and began to cultivate more sophisticated English tones . Although he could seldom afford tickets to them , Broadway plays were also an early interest . As a teenager , he also developed interests in archaeology , Latin , romantic poetry and Shakespeare . </P> <P> In 1931 , at age 16 , he graduated from James Monroe High School , where his classmates included Estelle Reiner . He had difficulty fitting in with peers , with the exception of his girlfriend and future wife , Gertrude Bregman . </P> <P> He legally changed his name from `` Charasuchin '' to `` Harris '' while still a teenager in 1932 , without informing his parents of the change . That same year , Harris 's work at the pharmacy led him to attend nearby Fordham University . He graduated from Fordham in 1936 with a degree in pharmacology , and , for a time , worked in various drugstores . He married in 1938 . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Stage ( edit ) </H3> <P> Acting was Harris 's first love . At age 24 , he prepared a fake résumé and tried out for a repertory company at the Millpond Playhouse in Long Island , New York and appeared in several of this troupe 's plays , prior to landing a spot in the company . In 1942 , Harris won the leading role of a Polish officer in the Broadway play The Heart of a City . Adopting a Polish accent , he advised the producers that his parents were originally from Poland . In 1946 , he starred in A Flag Is Born , opposite Quentin Reynolds and Marlon Brando . </P> <H3> Early television career ( edit ) </H3> <P> Harris was a popular character actor for 30 years on television , making his first guest appearance on an episode of The Chevrolet Tele - Theatre in 1949 . The role led to other roles in such series as : The Web , Lights Out , Goodyear Television Playhouse , two episodes of Hallmark Hall of Fame , Armstrong Circle Theatre , 3 episodes of Studio One , Telephone Time , Schlitz Playhouse of Stars , Climax ! , The Outlaws , The Twilight Zone , Bonanza , The Rogues , The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet , and Zorro , among many others . </P> <P> Harris returned to television , where he landed a co-starring role opposite Michael Rennie in The Third Man , from 1959 - 65 . He played Bradford Webster , an eccentric , cowardly assistant . Half the episodes were shot in London , England ; the rest were filmed in Hollywood . Harris 's teenaged son would visit the set at this time , and Harris did whatever he could to bridge the gap between father and son and tried to make up for lost time . </P> <P> Harris appeared in two 1961 episodes of The Twilight Zone , including a heroic role in `` The Silence '' , in which he ended up defending a young man challenged to be silent for a whole year at a prestigious gentleman 's club . Harris also portrayed Charles Dickens in a 1963 episode of Bonanza . </P> <P> From 1963 - 65 , Harris co-starred in the sitcom The Bill Dana Show . He played Mr. Phillips , the pompous manager of a posh hotel who is constantly at odds with his bumbling Bolivian bellhop , the Bill Dana character José Jiménez . A similar formula was later used in John Cleese 's British hotel comedy Fawlty Towers . ) Don Adams rounded out the cast as an inept house detective , a character whose distinctive mannerisms and catchphrases would soon carry over into his Maxwell Smart role on Get Smart . In similar fashion , several of Harris 's tropes from the series , such as `` Oh , the pain ! '' , along with the character 's mannerisms and delivery , became part of the Dr. Zachary Smith character on Lost in Space . </P> <P> In an apparent homage to his earlier role , Harris played a similarly pompous diplomat on Get Smart in 1970 . His female assistant was named Zachary . Harris also guest - starred on The Ghost & Mrs. Muir . </P> <P> </P> <H3> Dr. Zachary Smith in Lost in Space ( edit ) </H3> Harris as Doctor Smith , 1967 <P> Harris was cast over two other actors for the role of Dr. Zachary Smith , the evil and conniving double agent on Lost in Space . The character did not appear in the original 1965 pilot episode for CBS , nor did The Robot . The series was already in production when Harris joined the cast , and starring / co-starring billing had already been contractually assigned . Harris successfully negotiated to receive `` Special Guest Star '' billing on every episode . </P> <P> Bill Mumy said about Harris ' role in his first episode , `` It was actually implied that this villainous character that sabotaged the mission and ended up with us was going to be killed off after a while . '' Mumy added , `` Jonathan played him as written , which was this really dark , straight - ahead villain . '' </P> Harris as `` Zeno '' in the Lost in Space episode `` West of Mars , '' 1966 <P> The series was successful upon its debut , and midway through the first season , Harris began to rewrite his own dialogue . Due to Harris 's popularity on the show , Irwin Allen approved his changes and gave him carte blanche as a writer . According to Bill Mumy , Harris quickly moved to develop the character : `` And we 'd start working on a scene together , and he 'd have a line , and then in the script I 'd have my reply , and he 'd say , ' No , no , no , dear boy . No , no , no . Before you say that , The Robot will say this , this , this , this , this , this , and this , and then , you 'll deliver your line . ' '' Mumy also said of Harris ' portrayal , `` He truly , truly singlehandedly created the character of Dr. Zachary Smith that we know -- this man we love to hate , coward who would cower behind the little boy , ' Oh , the pain ! Save me , William ! ' That 's all him ! '' </P> <P> Harris subsequently stole the show , mainly via a seemingly never - ended series of alliterative insults directed toward The Robot , which soon worked their way into popular culture . Dr. Smith 's best - known tropes included spitefully calling The Robot epithets such as `` bubble - headed booby '' and `` clamoring clod '' . </P> <P> One of Harris ' co-stars , Mark Goddard , said of the series ' eventual shift toward Harris ' character , `` I guess it was because they felt that the people wanted to see more of The Robot and Jonathan . '' Goddard believed that the series ' creator , Irwin Allen , distanced the show from its original `` more science fiction '' - based concept : `` Irwin can really do those things so beautifully . So he really took those away from himself when he wanted to deal with The Robot and Jonathan playing games , cooking soufflés , or whatever else . '' </P> <P> A strong bond developed between Harris , Mumy , and some of the rest of the cast during the series ' three - year tenure . However , according to Mark Goddard : </P> <P> There was a lot of tension on the set for the three years it was filmed . There was always a lot of tension , because the shows started going more toward The Robot and Smith . There were hard feelings from especially Guy and June , and also myself , but not as heavy as them , because they were originally sold as being the stars of the show when it began . It ended up that Harris became the star of the show ... I think there was a period for a couple of months when I was angry at Jonathan Harris , for the same reasons , feeling that he was getting too many shows thrown his way . But we talk today . I see him , and there 's no animosity between us . </P> <P> When the series was renewed for its third and final season , it remained focused on Harris ' character , Dr. Smith . While the series was still solidly placed in the middle of the ratings pack , the writers

The role of Doctor Smith in the TV show "Lost in Space" was played by

Who played doctor smith in lost in space?

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Camilla Luddington - wikipedia <H1> Camilla Luddington </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Camilla Luddington </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Luddington in 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1983 - 12 - 15 ) 15 December 1983 ( age 34 ) Ascot , Berkshire , England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residence </Th> <Td> Los Angeles , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> British </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2007 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Known for </Th> <Td> Grey 's Anatomy , Tomb Raider </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Partner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Matthew Alan ( engaged ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Camilla Luddington ( born December 15 , 1983 ) is an English actress , known for her roles as Kate Middleton in the Lifetime TV film William & Kate : The Movie ( 2011 ) and as Jo Wilson in the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy . </P> <P> She provided the voice and motion capture work for the main character Lara Croft in three video games in the Tomb Raider series , the 2013 reboot and its sequels Rise of the Tomb Raider ( 2015 ) and Shadow of the Tomb Raider ( 2018 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Film </Li> <Li> 2.2 Television </Li> <Li> 2.3 Tomb Raider </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film </Li> <Li> 4.2 Television </Li> <Li> 4.3 Video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Luddington was born in Ascot , Berkshire , on 15 December 1983 . She later attended The American School In England at Thorpe in Surrey . She moved to suburban Austin , Texas for a year when she was fourteen . She completed her education at the American School in England in July 2002 . </P> <P> When she was nineteen , Luddington enrolled in Susquehanna University in Pennsylvania . However , she had not visited the university before she arrived as a student , and after six months she left and transferred to the New York Film Academy . In 2003 she was part of the school 's first one - year acting class program . After training as an actor , Luddington then returned to England before moving to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <P> Luddington had the lead role as Kate in William & Kate : The Movie ( 2011 ) , then in 2013 appeared in the film The Pact II where she was portrayed a role of cartoonist . In 2015 , she joined the cast of The Healer as Cecilia , starring with Oliver Jackson - Cohen , Jonathan Pryce , Jorge Garcia and Kaitlyn Bernard . </P> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <P> Luddington has worked mainly in the United States . In February 2011 , the Daily Mail described her as `` on the path to fame and fortune after being cast as Catherine Middleton in William & Kate : The Movie , a TV movie about the relationship between Prince William and Catherine `` Kate '' Middleton . Luddington joined the cast of the Showtime comedy - drama series Californication for its fifth season , playing a nanny . She also joined the cast of season five of the HBO vampire drama True Blood , as Claudette Crane , a faerie . In July 2012 , Luddington joined the cast of Grey 's Anatomy as Dr. Jo Wilson in a recurring role . In June 2013 it was announced that she would be a series regular from season ten onward . In October 2012 , Camilla appeared on a Halloween special of E ! 's popular fashion programme , Fashion Police , alongside a panel of Joan Rivers , Kelly Osbourne , George Kotsiopoulos and Kris Jenner . </P> <H3> Tomb Raider ( edit ) </H3> <P> In June 2012 , Crystal Dynamics confirmed Luddington would voice Lara Croft in the video game Tomb Raider . Luddington originally went into the audition for Lara thinking she was auditioning for a project called `` Krypted '' with a character called Sara . In June 2014 , it was revealed that a sequel was in production , titled Rise of the Tomb Raider , and Luddington confirmed on her Twitter account that she would be returning to voice and motion capture Lara in the new game . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> In October 2016 Luddington announced that she was expecting a baby girl with fellow actor Matthew Alan . Their daughter Hayden Alan was born on April 11 , 2017 . In January 2018 , she and Alan got engaged . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Couple of White Chicks at the Hairdresser , AA Couple of White Chicks at the Hairdresser </Td> <Td> Receptionist 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Behaving Badly </Td> <Td> Flight Attendant </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pride and Prejudice and Zombies : Dawn of the Dreadfuls </Td> <Td> Jane Bennet </Td> <Td> Video short </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Filming of Shakey Willis , The The Filming of Shakey Willis </Td> <Td> Brooke </Td> <Td> Video short </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> William & Kate : The Movie </Td> <Td> Kate Middleton </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Pact 2 , The The Pact 2 </Td> <Td> June Abbott </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Healer , The The Healer </Td> <Td> Cecilia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Justice League Dark </Td> <Td> Zatanna </Td> <Td> Animated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Forgotten , The The Forgotten </Td> <Td> Emma Clark / Jane Doe </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Train Jane '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> CSI : Crime Scene Investigation </Td> <Td> Claire </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Lost & Found '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Days of Our Lives </Td> <Td> Tiffany </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Big Time Rush </Td> <Td> Rebecca </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Big Time Concert '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Defenders , The The Defenders </Td> <Td> Talia </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Nevada v. Wayne '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Accidentally in Love </Td> <Td> Sandra </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> William & Kate : The Movie </Td> <Td> Catherine `` Kate '' Middleton </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Friends with Benefits </Td> <Td> Woman </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Benefit of Friends '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Serving Time </Td> <Td> Cammy </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Fresh Meet '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Friend Me </Td> <Td> Brandi </Td> <Td> Unaired series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Californication </Td> <Td> Lizzie </Td> <Td> 10 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> True Blood </Td> <Td> Claudette </Td> <Td> 6 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> Grey 's Anatomy </Td> <Td> Dr. Josephine `` Jo '' Wilson / Brooke Stadler </Td> <Td> Recurring in season 9 Main role : season 10 - present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Tomb Raider : The Final Hours -- A Story of Survival </Td> <Td> Herself / Lara Croft </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Tomb Raider </Td> <Td> Lara Croft </Td> <Td> ( voice and motion capture ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Infinite Crisis </Td> <Td> Supergirl , The Construct </Td> <Td> ( announcer , voice ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Rise of the Tomb Raider </Td> <Td> Lara Croft </Td> <Td> ( voice and motion capture ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Shadow of the Tomb Raider </Td> <Td> Lara Croft </Td> <Td> ( voice and motion capture ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Camilla Luddington'02 stars as Kate Middleton in Television Movie William & Kate '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archives - Philly.com '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hiltbrand , David ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Anatomy ' of a pitch - perfect actress '' . Philly.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pasquine , Frank ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Acting Grad on a Roll : True Blood , Grey 's & Californication '' . New York Film Academy . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 16 May 2013 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Camilla Luddington Set For ' The Pact II ' where she was potrayed a role of cartoonist '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Camilla Luddington , Jonathan Pryce Board Rom - Com ' The Healer ' '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wills and Kate : the inside story '' . Iol.co.za. 23 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Littlejohn , Georgina ( 2 February 2011 ) . `` British actress Camilla Luddington plucked from obscurity to play Kate Middleton '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( 7 May 2011 ) . `` ' William & Kate ' Star Joins Showtime 's ' Californication ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` TV Castings : Camilla Luddington To Recur On ' True Blood , Allison Mack On ' Wilfred ' , Constance Zimmer On ' House Of Cards ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( 19 July 2012 ) . `` Camilla Luddington Books Recurring Role on Grey 's Anatomy '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 25 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sulla - Heffinger , Anthony ( 3 April 2013 ) . `` Interview with Lara Croft voice actress Camilla Luddington '' . New York Post . News Corporation . ISSN 1090 - 3321 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Galt , Jon ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` Camilla Luddington to play Lara Croft in Tomb Raider movie reboot '' . Fans Share . Fansshare.com . Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowen , Nick ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Camilla Luddington is new Lara Croft '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . OCLC 60623878 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schramm , Mike ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Camilla Luddington is the new Lara Croft in Tomb Raider '' . Joystiq . Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` ' Tomb

Jo Wilson, a main character in Grey's Anatomy, is introduced to the show in

When does jo come in grey's anatomy?

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9.3 Developing world </Li> <Li> 9.4 Sex </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Economics </Li> <Li> 11 Research </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Terminology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Heart failure is a physiological state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the needs of the body and lungs . The term `` congestive heart failure '' is often used , as one of the common symptoms is congestion , or build - up of fluid in a person 's tissues and veins in the lungs or other parts of the body . Specifically , congestion takes the form of water retention and swelling ( edema ) , both as peripheral edema ( causing swollen limbs and feet ) and as pulmonary edema ( causing breathing difficulty ) , as well as ascites ( swollen abdomen ) . This is a common problem in old age as a result of cardiovascular disease , but it can happen at any age , even in fetuses . </P> <P> The term `` acute '' is used to mean rapid onset , and `` chronic '' refers to long duration . Chronic heart failure is a long - term condition , usually kept stable by the treatment of symptoms . Acute decompensated heart failure is a worsening of chronic heart failure symptoms which can result in acute respiratory distress . High - output heart failure can occur when there is an increased cardiac output . The circulatory overload caused , can result in an increased left ventricular diastolic pressure which can develop into pulmonary congestion ( pulmonary edema ) . </P> <P> Heart failure is divided into two types based on ejection fraction , which is the proportion of blood pumped out of the heart during a single contraction . Ejection fraction is given as a percentage with the normal range being between 50 and 75 % . The two types are : </P> <P> 1 ) Heart failure due to reduced ejection fraction . This type is also known as heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction or systolic heart failure . This type of heart failure occurs when the ejection fraction is less than 40 % . </P> <P> 2 ) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction ( HFpEF ) . This type is also known as diastolic heart failure or heart failure with normal ejection fraction . This type of heart failure occurs when the heart muscle contracts well but the ventricle does not fill with blood well in the relaxation phase . </P> <H2> Signs and symptoms ( edit ) </H2> A man with congestive heart failure and marked jugular venous distension . External jugular vein marked by an arrow . <P> Heart failure symptoms are traditionally and somewhat arbitrarily divided into `` left '' and `` right '' sided , recognizing that the left and right ventricles of the heart supply different portions of the circulation . However , heart failure is not exclusively backward failure ( in the part of the circulation which drains to the ventricle ) . </P> <P> There are several other exceptions to a simple left - right division of heart failure symptoms . Additionally , the most common cause of right - sided heart failure is left - sided heart failure . The result is that patients commonly present with both sets of signs and symptoms . </P> <H3> Left - sided failure ( edit ) </H3> <P> The left side of the heart is responsible for receiving oxygen - rich blood from the lungs and pumping it forward to the systemic circulation ( the rest of the body except for the pulmonary circulation ) . Failure of the left side of the heart causes blood to back up ( be congested ) into the lungs , causing respiratory symptoms as well as fatigue due to insufficient supply of oxygenated blood . Common respiratory signs are increased rate of breathing and increased work of breathing ( non-specific signs of respiratory distress ) . Rales or crackles , heard initially in the lung bases , and when severe , throughout the lung fields suggest the development of pulmonary edema ( fluid in the alveoli ) . Cyanosis which suggests severe low blood oxygen , is a late sign of extremely severe pulmonary edema . </P> <P> Additional signs indicating left ventricular failure include a laterally displaced apex beat ( which occurs if the heart is enlarged ) and a gallop rhythm ( additional heart sounds ) may be heard as a marker of increased blood flow or increased intra-cardiac pressure . Heart murmurs may indicate the presence of valvular heart disease , either as a cause ( e.g. aortic stenosis ) or as a result ( e.g. mitral regurgitation ) of the heart failure . </P> <P> Backward failure of the left ventricle causes congestion of the lungs ' blood vessels , and so the symptoms are predominantly respiratory in nature . Backward failure can be subdivided into the failure of the left atrium , the left ventricle or both within the left circuit . The patient will have dyspnea ( shortness of breath ) on exertion and in severe cases , dyspnea at rest . Increasing breathlessness on lying flat , called orthopnea , occurs . It is often measured in the number of pillows required to lie comfortably , and in orthopnea , the patient may resort to sleeping while sitting up . Another symptom of heart failure is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea : a sudden nighttime attack of severe breathlessness , usually several hours after going to sleep . Easy fatigability and exercise intolerance are also common complaints related to respiratory compromise . </P> <P> `` Cardiac asthma '' or wheezing may occur . </P> <P> Compromise of left ventricular forward function may result in symptoms of poor systemic circulation such as dizziness , confusion and cool extremities at rest . </P> <H3> Right - sided failure ( edit ) </H3> Severe peripheral ( pitting ) edema <P> Right - sided heart failure is often caused by pulmonary heart disease ( cor pulmonale ) , which is usually caused by difficulties of the pulmonary circulation , such as pulmonary hypertension or pulmonic stenosis . </P> <P> Physical examination may reveal pitting peripheral edema , ascites , and liver enlargement . Jugular venous pressure is frequently assessed as a marker of fluid status , which can be accentuated by eliciting hepatojugular reflux . If the right ventricular pressure is increased , a parasternal heave may be present , signifying the compensatory increase in contraction strength . </P> <P> Backward failure of the right ventricle leads to congestion of systemic capillaries . This generates excess fluid accumulation in the body . This causes swelling under the skin ( termed peripheral edema or anasarca ) and usually affects the dependent parts of the body first ( causing foot and ankle swelling in people who are standing up , and sacral edema in people who are predominantly lying down ) . Nocturia ( frequent nighttime urination ) may occur when fluid from the legs is returned to the bloodstream while lying down at night . In progressively severe cases , ascites ( fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity causing swelling ) and liver enlargement may develop . Significant liver congestion may result in impaired liver function ( congestive hepatopathy ) , and jaundice and even coagulopathy ( problems of decreased or increased blood clotting ) may occur . </P> <H3> Biventricular failure ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dullness of the lung fields to finger percussion and reduced breath sounds at the bases of the lung may suggest the development of a pleural effusion ( fluid collection between the lung and the chest wall ) . Though it can occur in isolated left - or right - sided heart failure , it is more common in biventricular failure because pleural veins drain into both the systemic and pulmonary venous systems . When unilateral , effusions are often right sided . </P> <P> If a person with a failure of one ventricle lives long enough , it will tend to progress to failure of both ventricles . For example , left ventricular failure allows pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension to occur , which increase stress on the right ventricle . Right ventricular failure is not as deleterious to the other side , but neither is it harmless . </P> <H2> Causes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Congestive heart failure ( edit ) </H3> <P> Heart failure may also occur in situations of `` high output '' ( termed `` high - output heart failure '' ) , where the amount of blood pumped is more than typical and the heart is unable to keep up . This can occur in overload situations ( blood or serum infusions ) , kidney diseases , chronic severe anemia , beriberi ( vitamin B / thiamine deficiency ) , hyperthyroidism , cirrhosis , Paget 's disease , multiple myeloma , arteriovenous fistulae , or arteriovenous malformations . </P> <P> Viral infections of the heart can lead to inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart and subsequently contribute to the development of heart failure . Heart damage can predispose a person to develop heart failure later in life and has many causes including systemic viral infections ( e.g. , HIV ) , chemotherapeutic agents such as daunorubicin , cyclophosphamide , and trastuzumab , and abuse of drugs such as alcohol , cocaine , and methamphetamine . An uncommon cause is exposure to certain toxins such as lead and cobalt . Additionally , infiltrative disorders such as amyloidosis and connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus have similar consequences . Obstructive sleep apnea ( a condition of sleep wherein disordered breathing overlaps with obesity , hypertension , and / or diabetes ) is regarded as an independent cause of heart failure . </P> <H3> Acute decompensation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Acute decompensated heart failure <P> Chronic stable heart failure may easily decompensate . This most commonly results from an intercurrent illness ( such as myocardial infarction ( a heart attack ) , pneumonia ) , abnormal heart rhythms , uncontrolled hypertension , or a patient 's failure to maintain a fluid restriction , diet , or medication . Other well recognized factors that may worsen CHF include the following : anemia and hyperthyroidism which place additional strain on the heart muscle , excessive fluid or salt intake , and medication that causes fluid retention such as NSAIDs and thiazolidinediones . NSAIDs in general increase the risk twofold . </P> <H3> Medications ( edit ) </H3> <P> A number of medications may cause or worsen the disease . This includes NSAIDS , a number of anesthetic agents such as ketamine , thiazolidinediones , a number of cancer medications , salbutamol , and tamsulosin among others . </P> <H2> Pathophysiology ( edit ) </H2> A comparison of healthy heart with contracted muscle ( left ) and a weakened heart with over-stretched muscle ( right ) . <P> Heart failure is caused by any condition which reduces the efficiency of the heart muscle , through damage or overloading . As such , it can be caused by a wide number of conditions , including myocardial infarction ( in which the heart muscle is starved of oxygen and dies ) , hypertension ( which increases the force of contraction needed to pump blood ) and amyloidosis ( in which misfolded proteins are deposited in the heart muscle , causing it to stiffen ) . Over time these increases in workload will produce changes to the heart itself : </P> <P> The heart of a person with heart failure may have a reduced force of contraction due to overloading of the ventricle . In a healthy heart , increased filling of the ventricle results in increased contraction force ( by the Frank -- Starling law of the heart ) and thus a rise in cardiac output . In heart failure , this mechanism fails , as the ventricle is loaded with blood to the point where heart muscle contraction becomes less efficient .

The most common cause of right ventricular heart failure is

What is the most common cause of right ventricular heart failure?

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partial defence of provocation <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Acts constituting provocation </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 Subjective limb : provocation in fact </Li> <Li> 6.1. 3 Objective limb : the reasonable man test </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Voluntary manslaughter ( edit ) </H2> <P> Voluntary manslaughter occurs when the defendant kills with mens rea ( an intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm ) , but one of those partial defences which reduce murder to manslaughter applies ( these consist of mitigating circumstances which reduce the defendant 's culpability ) . The original mitigating factors were provocation and chance medley which existed at common law , but the former has been abolished by statute , the latter has been held no longer to exist and new defences have been created by statute . </P> <P> The Homicide Act 1957 now provides two defences which may be raised to allow the court to find the accused guilty of voluntary manslaughter : diminished responsibility and suicide pact . The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 creates the defence of `` loss of control '' . </P> <H3> Diminished responsibility ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Diminished responsibility in English law See also : Diminished responsibility <P> Under section 2 of the Homicide Act 1957 there are three requirements for the defendant to raise the defence of diminished responsibility . The defendant must have suffered from an abnormality of mind at the time of the killing caused by one of the causes specified by the Act which substantially impaired the defendant 's mental responsibility for the killing . Under section 2 ( 2 ) of the Act it is for the defendant to prove he suffered from such a condition on the balance of probabilities . </P> Abnormality of mind ( edit ) <P> An abnormality of mind has been defined by Lord Parker CJ `` as state of mind so different from that of ordinary human beings that the reasonable man would term it abnormal '' . In deciding whether this state of mind exists the jury should consider medical evidence , but also all other evidence including acts and statements of the accused and his demeanour . The jury does not have to accept the medical evidence if other material conflicts with and outweighs it . </P> Specified causes ( edit ) <P> The Homicide Act specifies three causes one of which must cause the abnormality ; they are a condition of arrested or retarded development of mind , any inherent cause or a disease or injury . Whether the abnormality is caused by one of the specified causes is a matter for medical evidence alone . Alcoholism is capable of being an abnormality of mind even if there is no physical damage to the brain . </P> Substantial impairment of mental responsibility ( edit ) <P> Whether the abnormality substantially impaired the defendant 's mental responsibility for the killing is a question of degree for the jury . In R v Lloyd the Court of Appeal held that the lack of control must simply be ' more than trivial ' . </P> <H3> Loss of control ( edit ) </H3> <P> See sections 54 and 55 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 . </P> <H3> Suicide pacts ( edit ) </H3> <P> Section 4 ( 1 ) of the Homicide Act 1957 introduced the defence of suicide pact . Parliament 's intention was to show some compassion for those who had been involved in a suicide pact but failed to die . Section 4 ( 3 ) defines a suicide pact as `` a common agreement between two or more persons having for its object the death of all of them , whether or not each is to take his own life '' . Further the accused must have had a `` settled intention of dying in pursuance of the pact '' to avoid the accused entering into a supposed pact with the real intention of committing murder . The Law Commission has proposed abolishing the defence with deserving cases falling within diminished responsibility , but feels it should be retained pending a review of a new partial defence of mercy killings . </P> <H2> Involuntary manslaughter ( edit ) </H2> <P> Involuntary manslaughter arises where the accused did not intend to cause death or serious injury but caused the death of another through recklessness or criminal negligence . For these purposes , recklessness is defined as a blatant disregard for the dangers of a particular situation . An example of this would be dropping a brick off a bridge , landing on a person 's head , killing him . Since the intent is not to kill the victim , but simply to drop the brick , the mens rea required for murder does not exist because the act is not aimed at any one person . But if in dropping the brick , there is a good chance of injuring someone , the person who drops it will be reckless . This form of manslaughter is also termed `` unlawful act '' or `` constructive '' manslaughter . </P> <H3> Manslaughter by gross negligence ( edit ) </H3> <P> Under English law , where a person owes a duty of care ( either by statute or by the neighbour principle ) and is negligent to such a degree that consequently the law regards it as a crime ( namely the person has been grossly negligent ) and that person causes the victim to die , he may be liable for gross negligence manslaughter . The defendants in such cases are often people carrying out jobs that require special skills or care , such as doctors , teachers , police or prison officers , or electricians , who fail to meet the standard which could be expected from a reasonable person of the same profession . In R v Bateman the Court of Criminal Appeal held that gross negligence manslaughter involved the following elements : </P> <Ol> <Li> the defendant owed a duty to the deceased to take care ; </Li> <Li> the defendant breached this duty ; </Li> <Li> the breach caused the death of the deceased ; and </Li> <Li> the defendant 's negligence was gross , that is , it showed such a disregard for the life and safety of others as to amount to a crime and deserve punishment . </Li> </Ol> <P> The House of Lords in Seymour sought to identify the mens rea for `` motor manslaughter '' ( negligently causing death when driving a motor vehicle ) . Reference was made to R v Caldwell and R v Lawrence which held that a person was reckless if : </P> <Ol> <Li> he did an act which in fact created an obvious and serious risk of injury to the person or substantial damage to property ; and </Li> <Li> when he did the act he either had not given any thought to the possibility of there being any such risk or had recognised that there was some risk involved and had nonetheless gone on to do it . </Li> </Ol> <P> The conclusion was that for motor manslaughter ( and , by implication , for all cases of gross negligence ) , it was more appropriate to adopt this definition of recklessness . Consequently , if the defendant created an obvious and serious risk of causing physical injury to someone , there could be liability whether there was simple inadvertence or conscious risk - taking . It was no longer a defence to argue that the negligence had not been gross . </P> <P> In Adomako an anaesthetist failed to notice that a tube had become disconnected from the ventilator and the patient died . Lord Mackay disapproved Seymour and held that the Bateman test of gross negligence was the appropriate test in manslaughter cases involving a breach of duty , allowing the jury to consider the accused 's conduct in all the surrounding circumstances , and to convict only if the negligence was very serious . Individuals have a duty to act in the following situations : </P> <Ul> <Li> to care for certain defined classes of helpless relatives , e.g. spouses must take care of each other , and parents must look after their dependent children . In R v Stone and Dobinson an elderly woman with anorexia nervosa , came to stay with her brother and his cohabitee , who were both of low intelligence , and subsequently starved herself to death . The Court of Appeal held that the question whether the couple owed a duty to care for the deceased was a question of fact for the jury , which was entitled to take into account the facts that she was a relative of one of the appellants , that she was occupying a room in his house , and that the other appellant had undertaken the duty to care for her by trying to wash her and taking food to her . </Li> <Li> where there is a contract ( even if the person injured was outside the contractual relationship and , in the civil law would be barred by privity from enforcing the contract ) . In R v Pittwood 1902 TLR 37 , a railway crossing gatekeeper had opened the gate to let a cart pass and forgot to shut it again . Later a hay cart was struck by a train while crossing . He was convicted of manslaughter . It was argued on his behalf that he owed a duty only to his employers , the railway company , with whom he had contracted . Wright J , held , however , that the man was paid to keep the gate shut and protect the public so had a duty to act . In contracts relating both to employment and to the provision of services , R v Yaqoob considered a partner in a taxi firm who was responsible for making all necessary arrangements for the inspection and maintenance of a minibus which had overturned after its tyre burst , killing one of its passengers . He was convicted of manslaughter because the failure properly to maintain the minibus was the direct cause of the accident and there was an implied duty owed both to other members of the partnership and to those renting the vehicle , to inspect and maintain beyond the standard required for an MOT test , council inspections , and other duties imposed by regulation . The jury was competent to assess whether the failure to discharge that implied duty was gross negligence without hearing any expert evidence ; these were not technical issues and they did not need expert help . The sentence of four years imprisonment was within the sentencing band and not excessive . </Li> </Ul> <P> In Attorney - General 's Reference ( No 2 of 1999 ) , a case on corporate manslaughter that arose out of the Southall rail crash , the Court of Appeal decided the defendant 's subjective state of mind ( i.e. whether there was conscious risk - taking ) is irrelevant and , therefore , so is the question of recklessness , leaving the objective test as the only test for liability . Rose LJ , said : </P> <P> Although there may be cases where the defendant 's state of mind is relevant to the jury 's consideration when assessing the grossness and criminality of his conduct , evidence of his state of mind is not a pre-requisite to a conviction for manslaughter by gross negligence . The Adomako test is objective , but a defendant who is reckless as defined in Stone may well be the more readily found to be grossly negligent to a criminal degree . In our judgment unless an identified individual 's conduct , characterisable as gross criminal negligence , can be attributed to the company , the company is not , in the present state of the common law , liable for manslaughter . </P> <P> Civil negligence rules are not apt to confer criminal

To establish criminal liability for gross negligence manslaughter, there are four requirements, including that

What are the four requirements to establish criminal liability for gross negligence manslaughter?

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Wurtz reaction - wikipedia <H1> Wurtz reaction </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Wurtz reaction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Named after </Td> <Td> Charles - Adolphe Wurtz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reaction type </Td> <Td> Coupling reaction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organic Chemistry Portal </Td> <Td> wurtz - reaction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RSC ontology ID </Td> <Td> RXNO : 0000074 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Wurtz reaction , named after Charles - Adolphe Wurtz , is a coupling reaction in organic chemistry , organometallic chemistry and recently inorganic main group polymers , whereby two alkyl halides are reacted with sodium metal in dry ether solution to form a higher alkane : </P> <Dl> <Dd> 2R -- X + 2Na → R -- R + 2Na X </Dd> </Dl> <P> Other metals have also been used to effect the Wurtz coupling , among them silver , zinc , iron , activated copper , indium and a mixture of manganese and copper chloride . The related reaction dealing with aryl halides is called the Wurtz - Fittig reaction. This can be explained by the formation of free radical intermediate and its subsequent disproportionation to give alkene . The Wurtz reaction occurs through a free radical mechanism . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Mechanism </Li> <Li> 2 Examples and reaction conditions </Li> <Li> 3 Limitations </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Mechanism ( edit ) </H2> <P> The reaction consists of a halogen - metal exchange involving the radical species R ( in a similar fashion to the formation of a Grignard reagent ) with carbon -- carbon bond formation occurring in a nucleophilic substitution reaction . </P> <P> One electron from the metal is transferred to the halogen to produce a metal halide and an alkyl radical . </P> <Dl> <Dd> R -- X + M → R + M X </Dd> </Dl> <P> The alkyl radical then accepts an electron from another metal atom to form an alkyl anion . This intermediate has been isolated in several cases . </P> <Dl> <Dd> R + M → R M </Dd> </Dl> <P> The nucleophilic carbon of the alkyl anion then displaces the halide in an S 2 reaction , forming a new carbon - carbon covalent bond . </P> <Dl> <Dd> R M + R -- X → R -- R + M X </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Examples and reaction conditions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Due to several limitations this reaction is seldom used . For example , it is intolerant of a range of functional groups . Wurtz coupling is , however , useful in closing small , especially three - membered , rings . Bicyclobutane was prepared this way from 1 - bromo - 3 - chlorocyclobutane in 95 % yield . The reaction is conducted in refluxing dioxane , at which temperature , the sodium is liquid . This reaction has poor yield which is a consequence of multiple product formation . In the case of ( 1 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 4 ) , ( 1 , 5 ) , ( 1 , 6 ) dihalides , it leads to formation of cyclic products . In vicinal dihalides , it forms alkenes whereas in geminal dihalides , it forms alkynes . </P> <Dl> <Dd> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Limitations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Wurtz reaction is limited to the synthesis of symmetric alkanes . If two dissimilar alkyl halides are taken as reactants , then the product is a mixture of alkanes that is often difficult to separate by fractional distillation as the differences between the boiling points of the products is typically very low . Also , since the reaction involves free radical species , a side reaction occurs to produce an alkene . This side - reaction becomes more significant when the alkyl halides are bulky at the halogen - attached carbon . Methane can not be obtained by this method . The reaction fails in case of tertiary halides . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Wurtz -- Fittig reaction </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ March Advanced Organic Chemistry 5th edition p. 535 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gary M. Lampman and James C. Aumiller `` Bicyclo ( 1.1. 0 ) butane '' Organic Syntheses , 1971 , volume 51 , pp 55 - 9 . doi : 10.15227 / orgsyn. 051.0055 Aditya Krishna `` Dihalides Quartz '' </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Adolphe Wurtz ( 1855 ) . `` Sur une nouvelle classe de radicaux organiques '' . Annales de chimie et de physique. 44 : 275 -- 312 . </Li> <Li> Adolphe Wurtz ( 1855 ) . `` Ueber eine neue Klasse organischer Radicale '' . Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 96 ( 3 ) : 364 -- 375 . doi : 10.1002 / jlac. 18550960310 . </Li> <Li> Organic-chemistry.org </Li> <Li> Organic Chemistry , by Morrison and Boyd </Li> <Li> Organic Chemistry , by Graham Solomons and Craig Fryhle , Wiley Publications </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wurtz_reaction&oldid=830434063 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Coupling reactions </Li> <Li> Condensation reactions </Li> <Li> Carbon - carbon bond forming reactions </Li> <Li> Name reactions </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 16 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 20 : 10 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

Dry ether is used in the Woods reaction

Why dry ether is used in woods reaction?

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, leading Gavin to organize a hunting party to find him . Meanwhile , Pete wakes up in a local hospital , which he escapes in an effort to return to the forest . Before the police can catch the boy , Grace finds Pete and asks him to come to her home and promises to take him to the forest the next day . </P> <P> Gavin and his men locate Pete and Elliot 's treehouse , but when they try to search it , Elliot reveals himself and scares them away . He follows them to town trying to find Pete . After seeing Pete settling in with Grace 's family , he leaves . After Pete gives Grace a drawing of Elliot , she shows her father , Mr. Meacham . He says that he discovered the same dragon as a young man . He advises her to trust Pete , and to find Elliot . </P> <P> The next day , Pete , Grace , Natalie , and Mr. Meacham travel to the forest to meet Elliot . A group of hunters led by Gavin surprise Elliot and shoot him with tranquilizer darts , then lock him up in Jack 's warehouse . Before the authorities can inspect the dragon , Pete and Natalie free him from his chains and escape on a lumber truck with Mr. Meacham . </P> <P> Angered , Gavin sets up a roadblock at the bridge to stop them . When Elliot tries to fly , he crashes into the truck , damaging its brakes and it goes through the barricade . Confused and frightened , Elliot perches on top of the bridge and starts breathing fire at the police . The bridge begins to collapse under the intense heat , causing Grace and Jack 's truck to fall through . Gavin tries to save the pair from falling to their deaths . Elliot emerges from the ravine with Grace and Jack riding safely on his back . With a firefighting helicopter approaching , Pete decides to flee with Elliot back to the woods . </P> <P> Pete pleads with Elliot to let him stay so he can protect him from his attackers , just as Elliot protected him . However , Elliot concludes that as long as they stay close together , Pete will always be in danger . He points out Pete 's book to encourage him to return to stay with Grace and Jack . Pete is reluctant & worried for Elliott 's safety , but ultimately trusts the dragon 's judgment . After a very tearful hug , Elliot returns to the mountains and Pete returns to live with Grace and Jack as his new family . </P> <P> In the years that follow , Grace and Jack marry and adopt Pete as their son . Not only has Elliot slowly faded from the town 's memory , but Gavin has learned to be more scrupulous and has moved on from the experience . Pete and his family eventually go on vacation , and see that Elliot is finally reunited with his fellow dragons . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bryce Dallas Howard as Grace Meacham , a forest ranger . </Li> <Li> Oakes Fegley as Pete Healy , a young orphan who lives in the forest with Elliot the Dragon . <Ul> <Li> Levi Alexander as 5 - year - old Pete </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wes Bentley as Jack Magary , a widowed lumber mill owner who is Natalie 's father and Grace 's boyfriend . He has a moral compass and tries to restrain his brother Gavin 's more unethical tendencies . </Li> <Li> Karl Urban as Gavin Magary , a hunter and lumberjack who is Jack 's brother and Natalie 's uncle . He is a pragmatic man who chafes under his brother 's scruples . </Li> <Li> Oona Laurence as Natalie Magary , Jack 's daughter and Gavin 's niece . </Li> <Li> Robert Redford as Mr. Meacham , Grace 's father </Li> <Li> Isiah Whitlock Jr. as Sheriff Gene Dentler </Li> <Li> Marcus Henderson as Woodrow , a lumberjack </Li> <Li> Aaron Jackson as Abner , a lumberjack </Li> <Li> Phil Grieve as Bobby , a lumberjack </Li> <Li> Jim McLarty as Ranger Wentworth </Li> <Li> Ian Harcourt as Deputy West </Li> <Li> Steve Barr as Deputy Smalls </Li> <Li> John Kassir as the voice of Elliot the Dragon </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> In March 2013 , Walt Disney Pictures announced it would remake Pete 's Dragon , as non-musical , dramatic film to be written by David Lowery and Toby Halbrooks , and directed by Lowery . Disney intended to rework the core story as a dramatic story , rather than a musical . It set the new work in the Pacific Northwest of the early 1980s , rather than the Northern New England of the early 1900s in the 1977 film . </P> <P> The film was shot in live - action using Panavision Panaflex cameras . The dragon , Elliot , was entirely animated by Weta Digital in CGI , instead of the original hand - drawn animation . </P> <P> On September 19 , 2014 , Disney cast Oakes Fegley and Oona Laurence to star as Pete and Natalie . On October 2 , Barrie M. Osborne was set to be the executive producer for the film . On October 16 , Robert Redford was in early talks to play a local storyteller who remembers seeing a dragon in the woods . On November 20 , Bryce Dallas Howard was in talks for the female lead role , a forest ranger who finds the boy and does not believe his stories about a dragon . On January 7 , 2015 , Wes Bentley joined the cast of the film . On January 9 , Michael C. Hall was also added to the cast . On January 29 , Karl Urban replaced Hall . </P> <P> Principal photography commenced in January 2015 in New Zealand , with Lowery directing . Rehearsals began early January 2015 , while news reported the beginning of the shooting on January 26 , 2015 , set to last through April . Live - action filming locations included Bay of Plenty , Taupo and Wellington , while CGI was done at Stone Street Studios . On February 10 , 2015 , a press release confirmed that principal photography had commenced . Shooting took place in and around Wellington and Rotorua , before transferring to Tapanui , where the old Blue Mountain Lumber mill was used as the mill in the film , and the main street became Millhaven for two weeks . Production concluded on April 30 , 2015 . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Pete 's Dragon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album / Film score by Daniel Hart </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> August 12 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> Air Studios British Grove Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soundtrack , Film score </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 75 : 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Walt Disney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Daniel Hart </Li> <Li> Jake Jackson </Li> <Li> David Lowery ( exec . ) </Li> <Li> Jim Whitaker ( exec . ) </Li> <Li> Adam Borba ( exec . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Daniel Hart film scores chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Lost in the Sun ( 2015 ) Lost in the Sun 2015 </Td> <Td> Pete 's Dragon ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> Half the Perfect World ( 2016 ) Half the Perfect World2016 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Academy Award - winning composer Howard Shore was originally chosen to write the music for the film . He was replaced during post-production by Daniel Hart , who had previously worked with director Lowery on other films , most notably Ai n't Them Bodies Saints ( 2013 ) . The soundtrack was released on August 12 , 2016 by Walt Disney Records . Candle on the Water was the only original song to be featured on the 2016 soundtrack from the 1977 soundtrack . Though the song was not used in the film , it was re-recorded by Okkervil River for the 2016 soundtrack . The original version , performed by Australian singer Helen Reddy ( who played Nora in the original film ) , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 1977 . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Performer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` The Dragon Song '' </Td> <Td> Bonnie `` Prince '' Billy </Td> <Td> 2 : 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Something Wild '' </Td> <Td> Lindsey Stirling and Andrew McMahon in the Wilderness </Td> <Td> 3 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Nobody Knows '' </Td> <Td> The Lumineers </Td> <Td> 3 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Something on Your Mind '' </Td> <Td> St. Vincent </Td> <Td> 2 : 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` So Long , Marianne '' </Td> <Td> Leonard Cohen </Td> <Td> 5 : 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Gina Anne '' </Td> <Td> Bosque Brown </Td> <Td> 2 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` An Adventure '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Are You Gonna Eat Me ? '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Brown Bunny '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Reverie '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Tree Fort '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` North Star '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Bedtime Compass '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Timber '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Breathe '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` Gavin Knows What He 's Doing '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` You Are Not Alone '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` Elliot Gets Lost '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` Takedown '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> `` It 'll Be Just Like It Used to Be '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 . </Td> <Td> `` Follow That Dragon '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 . </Td> <Td> `` Elliot at the Bridge '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 . </Td> <Td> `` Abyss '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 . </Td> <Td> `` Go North '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 . </Td> <Td> `` Saying Goodbye '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 . </Td> <Td> `` The Bravest Boy I 've Ever Met '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 . </Td> <Td> `` The Dragon

The 2016 Disney movie "Pete's Dragon" was filmed in

Where was the new pete's dragon filmed?

-6818895183782666995

Marley & Me ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Marley & Me ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Marley & Me </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> David Frankel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Karen Rosenfelt </Li> <Li> Gil Netter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Scott Frank </Li> <Li> Don Roos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Marley & Me by John Grogan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Owen Wilson </Li> <Li> Jennifer Aniston </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Theodore Shapiro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Florian Ballhaus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Mark Livolsi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fox 2000 Pictures </Li> <Li> Regency Enterprises </Li> <Li> Sunswept Entertainment </Li> <Li> Dune Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> December 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 25 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 115 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $60 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> $247.8 million </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Marley & Me is a 2008 American comedy - drama film about the titular dog , Marley . It was directed by David Frankel and the screenplay by Scott Frank and Don Roos is based on the memoir of the same name by John Grogan . The film stars Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston as Marley 's owners . Marley & Me was released in the United States and Canada on December 25 , 2008 , and set a record for the largest Christmas Day box office ever with $14.75 million in ticket sales . The film was followed by a 2011 direct - to - video prequel , Marley & Me : The Puppy Years . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4.2 Box office </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Accolades </Li> <Li> 6 Home media </Li> <Li> 7 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot </H2> <P> Soon after their wedding , John and Jenny Grogan ( Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston ) escape the brutal Michigan winters and relocate to a cottage in South Florida , where they are hired as reporters for competing newspapers . At The Palm Beach Post , Jenny immediately receives prominent front - page assignments , while at the South Florida Sun - Sentinel , John finds himself writing obituaries and two - paragraph articles about mundane news like a fire at the local garbage dump . </P> <P> When John senses Jenny is contemplating motherhood , his friend and co-worker Sebastian Tunney ( Eric Dane ) suggests the couple adopt a dog to see if they 're ready to raise a family . From a litter of newborn yellow Labrador retrievers they select Marley ( named after reggae singer Bob Marley ) , who immediately proves to be incorrigible . They take him to Ms. Kornblut ( Kathleen Turner ) , who firmly believes any dog can be trained , but when Marley refuses to obey commands , she blows her whistle and Marley runs towards her and tackles her , pinning her to the ground and humping her on her leg . That gets Marley too far and Ms. Kornblut expels him from her class . </P> <P> Editor Arnie Klein ( Alan Arkin ) offers John a twice - weekly column in which he can discuss the fun and foibles of everyday living . At first stumped for material , John realizes the misadventures of Marley might be the perfect topic for his first piece . Arnie agrees , and John settles into his new position . Marley continues to wreak havoc on the household , providing John with a wealth of material for his column , which becomes a hit with readers and helps increase the newspaper 's circulation . Jenny becomes pregnant , but loses the baby early in her first trimester . She and John travel to Ireland for a belated honeymoon , leaving the rambunctious dog in the care of a young woman who finds him impossible to control , especially during the frequent thunderstorms that plague the area . Soon after returning from their vacation , Jenny discovers she is pregnant again , and this time she delivers a healthy boy , Patrick . When she has a second son , Connor , she opts to give up her job and become a stay - at - home mom , prompting John to take on a daily column for a pay increase . Due to the crime rate , the couple decides to move to a larger house in the safer neighborhood of Boca Raton , where Marley delights in swimming in the backyard pool . </P> <P> Although she denies she is experiencing postpartum depression , Jenny exhibits all the symptoms , including a growing impatience with Marley and John , who asks Sebastian to care for the dog when Jenny insists they give him away . She quickly comes to realize he has become an indispensable part of the family and agrees he can stay . Sebastian accepts a job for The New York Times and moves away . Some time later , John and Jenny welcome a daughter , Colleen , into their family . </P> <P> John celebrates his 40th birthday and later goes skinny dipping with Jenny in their swimming pool . Increasingly disenchanted with his job , he decides to accept a position as a reporter with The Philadelphia Inquirer with Jenny 's blessing , and the family moves to a farm in rural Pennsylvania . John soon realizes that he is a better columnist than reporter and pitches the column idea to his editor . Life is idyllic until the aging Marley begins to show signs of arthritis and deafness . An attack of gastric dilatation volvulus almost kills him , but he recovers . When a second attack occurs , it becomes clear surgery will not help him , and Marley is euthanized with John at his side . The family pay their last respects to their beloved pet as they bury him beneath a tree in their front yard . </P> <H2> Cast </H2> <Ul> <Li> Owen Wilson as John Grogan </Li> <Li> Jennifer Aniston as Jennifer Grogan </Li> <Li> Eric Dane as Sebastian Tunney </Li> <Li> Alan Arkin as Arnie Klein </Li> <Li> Haley Hudson as Debbie </Li> <Li> Haley Bennett as Lisa </Li> <Li> Kathleen Turner as Ms. Kornblut </Li> <Li> Ann Dowd as Dr. Platt </Li> <Li> Nathan Gamble as Patrick Grogan ( Age 10 ) <Ul> <Li> Bryce Robinson as Patrick Grogan ( Age 7 ) </Li> <Li> Dylan Henry as Patrick Grogan ( Age 3 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Finley Jacobsen as Connor Grogan ( Age 8 ) <Ul> <Li> Ben Hyland as Connor Grogan ( Age 5 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lucy Merriam as Colleen Grogan ( Age 5 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production </H2> <P> Because the film covers 14 years in the life of the dog , 22 different yellow labradors played the part of Marley ( as revealed in the special feature Finding Marley on the DVD ) . </P> <P> The film was shot on location in Florida 's West Palm Beach , Fort Lauderdale , Hollywood , Miami , and Dolphin Stadium , in addition to Philadelphia and West Chester in Pennsylvania . The Irish honeymoon scenes were shot in and around Ballynahinch Castle , Connemara , County Galway , Ireland . </P> <P> The film 's score was composed by Theodore Shapiro , who previously had worked with director Frankel on The Devil Wears Prada . He recorded it with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Newman Scoring Stage at 20th Century Fox . </P> <P> Dave Barry , Grogan 's fellow South Florida humor columnist , makes an uncredited cameo as a guest at the surprise party celebrating Grogan 's 40th birthday . </P> <H2> Release </H2> <H3> Critical reception </H3> <P> Marley & Me received mixed to positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a rating of 63 % , based on 137 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Pet owners should love it , but Marley and Me is only sporadically successful in wringing drama and laughs from its scenario . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 53 out of 100 , based on 30 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . </P> <P> Todd McCarthy of Variety said the film is `` as broad and obvious as it could be , but delivers on its own terms thanks to sparky chemistry between its sunny blond stars , Owen Wilson and Jennifer Aniston , and the unabashed emotion - milking of the final reel . Fox has a winner here , likely to be irresistible to almost everyone but cats ... Animated and emotionally accessible , Aniston comes off better here than in most of her feature films , and Wilson spars well with her , even if , in the film 's weaker moments , he shows he 's on less certain ground with earnest material than he is with straight - faced impertinence . '' </P> <P> Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter observed that `` seldom does a studio release feature so little drama - and not much comedy either , other than when the dog clowns around ... ( W ) hatever Marley wants to be about - the challenges of marriage or the balancing act between career and family - gets subsumed by pet tricks . Dog lovers wo n't care , and that basically is the audience for the film . From Fox 's standpoint , it may be enough ... Marley & Me is a warm and fuzzy family movie , but you do wish that at least once someone would upstage the dog . '' </P> <P> Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times called the film `` a cheerful family movie '' and added , `` Wilson and Aniston demonstrate why they are gifted comic actors . They have a relationship that 's not too sitcomish , not too sentimental , mostly smart and realistic '' , whilst Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly graded the film A - , calling it `` the single most endearing and authentic movie about the human -- canine connection in decades . As directed by David Frankel , though , it 's also something more : a disarmingly enjoyable , wholehearted comic vision of the happy messiness of family life . '' </P> <P> Steve Persall of the St. Petersburg Times was also very positive , graded the film B and commenting , `` Marley & Me practically leaps at viewers like a pound puppy seeking affection , and darn if it does n't deserve some ... Things could get mushier or sillier , but Frankel and screenwriters Scott Frank and Don Roos -- who usually handle grittier material -- decline to play the easy , crowd - pleasing game . Their faith in Grogan 's simple tale of loyalty among people and pets is unique , and it pays off ... ( It ) is n't extraordinary cinema , but it relates to everyday people in the audience in a way that few movies do without being dull . '' </P> <P> Walter Addiego of the

The correct title of the book and movie is

Is it marley and me or marley and i?

-6142762219955413493

A Hologram for the King ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> A Hologram for the King ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> A Hologram for the King </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Tom Tykwer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stefan Arndt </Li> <Li> Gary Goetzman </Li> <Li> Arcadiy Golubovich </Li> <Li> Tom Hanks </Li> <Li> Uwe Schott </Li> <Li> Tim O'Hair </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Tom Tykwer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> A Hologram for the King by Dave Eggers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Hanks </Li> <Li> Alexander Black </Li> <Li> Sarita Choudhury </Li> <Li> Sidse Babett Knudsen </Li> <Li> Ben Whishaw </Li> <Li> Tom Skerritt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Johnny Klimek </Li> <Li> Tom Tykwer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Frank Griebe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Alexander Berner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Playtone </Li> <Li> Primeridian Entertainment </Li> <Li> X-Filme Creative Pool ( de ) </Li> <Li> Fábrica de Cine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lionsgate </Li> <Li> Roadside Attractions </Li> <Li> Saban Films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> April 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 20 ) ( Tribeca Film Festival ) </Li> <Li> April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 97 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $35 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $7.8 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A Hologram for the King is a 2016 comedy - drama film directed , written and co-scored by Tom Tykwer , based on the 2012 novel of the same name written by Dave Eggers , and starring Tom Hanks as a washed - up corporate salesman , who goes to Saudi Arabia to propose a business deal . </P> <P> Sidse Babett Knudsen , Tom Skerritt and Sarita Choudhury also star in this international co-production between France , Germany , the Cayman Islands , Mexico , and the United States . The film was released on April 22 , 2016 , by Lionsgate , Roadside Attractions and Saban Films . It received positive reviews but was a box - office flop , becoming the lowest - grossing film to feature Tom Hanks in top billing since Every Time We Say Goodbye in 1986 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 4.2 Box office </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film tells the story of a washed - up , desperate American salesman who travels to Saudi Arabia to sell a holographic teleconferencing system to the Saudi government . Set in 2010 , before the Arab Spring , American consultant Alan Clay is depressed after losing his house and being divorced by his wife during the Great Recession ; he arrives in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia to make a sale in an upcoming development called the King 's Metropolis of Economy and Trade ( a fictionalized version of King Abdullah Economic City ) . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tom Hanks as Alan Clay </Li> <Li> Alexander Black as Yousef , Alan 's driver </Li> <Li> Sarita Choudhury as Zahra </Li> <Li> Sidse Babett Knudsen as Hanne </Li> <Li> Ben Whishaw as Dave </Li> <Li> Tom Skerritt as Ron , Alan 's father </Li> <Li> Tracey Fairaway as Kit , Alan 's daughter </Li> <Li> David Menkin as Brad </Li> <Li> Khalid Laith as Karim Al - Ahmed </Li> <Li> Rolf Saxon as Joe Trivoli </Li> <Li> Jay Abdo as Dr. Hadad </Li> <Li> Dhaffer L'Abidine as Hassan </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> On June 12 , 2013 , Tom Tykwer was reported to be developing an adaptation of 2012 novel A Hologram for the King , written by Dave Eggers . Tykwer wrote and directed the film , which stars Tom Hanks as the lead . The film was made by Playtone , Primeridian Entertainment , and X-Filme Creative Pool . On September 5 , 2013 , Lotus Entertainment began licensing international rights to the film . On March 6 , 2014 it was announced that Sarita Choudhury , Alexander Black , Tracey Fairaway , David Menkin , and Tom Skerritt had joined the cast of the film . </P> Tom Hanks on set , March 13 , 2014 . <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Production was set to begin in first quarter of 2014 . Principal photography commenced on March 6 , 2014 in Morocco . Filming also took place in Hurghada in Egypt , as well as in Berlin and Düsseldorf in Germany . Shooting wrapped in June 2014 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> Writing for the New York Times , Stephen Holden called the movie `` a story of confusion , perplexity , frustration and panic , '' praising Tom Hanks 's ability to turn it into `` an agreeably uncomfortable comedy , '' meriting a `` Critic 's Pick '' designation . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 73 % based on 139 reviews and an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A Hologram for the King amiably ambles through a narrative desert , saved by an oasis of a performance from the ever - dependable Tom Hanks . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 59 out of 100 based on 30 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . </P> <H3> Box office ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film grossed $1.1 million in its opening weekend , finishing 11th at the box office . With a total worldwide gross of $8,244,651 ( U.S. domestic gross of $4,212,494 ) , it is the lowest - grossing film to feature Tom Hanks in top billing since Every Time We Say Goodbye in 1986 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A HOLOGRAM FOR THE KING ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Hologram for the King ( 2016 ) '' . BFI . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's comedy crisis with the Middle East '' . NewsTalk . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Hologram For The King '' . BoxOfficeFlops.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Hologram for the King ( 2016 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Billington , Alex ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Tom Hanks & Tom Tykwer Reteaming to Adapt a Dave Eggers Novel '' . FirstShowing . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( 14 May 2014 ) . `` First Look at Tom Hanks in ' A Hologram for the King ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Hanks '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Steven Holden , Review : ' A Hologram for the King ' Is Elevated by Tom Hanks 's Portrayal of an American Everyman , The New York Times , April 21 , 2016 , accessed April 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` Lotus Stakes ' A Hologram For The King ' With Tom Hanks And Tom Tykwer '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Tykwer 's Tom Hanks - Starrer ' A Hologram For The King ' Finalizes Cast '' . Deadline.com. 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( 6 March 2014 ) . `` Hologram shoot underway in Morocco '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 6 March 2014 ) . `` Sarita Choudhury , Omar Elba Join Tom Hanks in ' Hologram for the King ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Hanks : Ballett Lessons in Berlin ( in German ) '' . TV Today . 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : ' A Hologram for the King ' Is Elevated by Tom Hanks 's Portrayal of an American Everyman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Hologram for the King ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Hologram for the King reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> A Hologram for the King on IMDb </Li> <Li> A Hologram for the King at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> A Hologram for the King at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> A Hologram for the King at Metacritic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Works by Tom Tykwer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deadly Maria ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Winter Sleepers ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Run Lola Run ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Princess and the Warrior ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Heaven ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Perfume : The Story of a Murderer ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The International ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Three ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> A Hologram for the King ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paris , je t'aime ( 2006 ; segment `` Faubourg Saint - Denis '' ) </Li> <Li> 60 Seconds of Solitude in Year Zero ( 2011 ; segment ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writer only </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Life is All You Get ( 1997 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer only </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Absolute Giganten ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> A Friend of Mine ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Soul Boy ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Nairobi Half Life ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Veve ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Kati Kati ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dave Eggers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> You Shall Know Our Velocity </Li> <Li> What Is the What </Li> <Li> The Wild Things </Li> <Li> A Hologram for the King </Li> <Li> The Circle </Li> <Li> Your Fathers , Where Are They ? And the Prophets , Do They Live Forever ?

The movie "A Hologram for the King" was filmed in

Where was a hologram for the king filmed?

-1212091124373260265

World Teachers ' Day - Wikipedia <H1> World Teachers ' Day </H1> Jump to : navigation , search See also : Teachers ' Day <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs attention from an expert on the subject . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . When placing this tag , consider associating this request with a WikiProject . ( May 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> World Teachers ' Day </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Mesrop Mashtots teaching Yeghishe the Armenian alphabet , a statue in Yerevan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Observed by </Th> <Td> Тeachers ' organizations worldwide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> October 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Next time </Th> <Td> 5 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> annual </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related to </Th> <Td> Teachers ' Day </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> World Teachers ' Day , also known as International Teachers Day , is held annually on October 5 . Established in 1994 , it commemorates the signing of the 1966 `` Teaching in Freedom '' . `` Empowering Teachers '' is the theme of this year 's ( 2017 ) World Teachers ' Day , celebrated around the world since 1994 after the UNESCO / ILO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers . </P> <P> Its aim is to focus on `` appreciating , assessing and improving the educators of the world '' and to provide an opportunity to consider issues related to teachers and teaching . </P> <P> In 2017 , World Teachers ' Day commemorated the 20th anniversary of the 1997 UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Status of Higher - Education Teaching Personnel , bringing the sometimes - neglected area of teaching personnel at Higher Education institutions into the conversation about the status of teachers . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 See also </Li> <Li> 2 References </Li> <Li> 3 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Teachers ' Days </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Teachers ' Day - 5 October 2017 '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked and Questions Education United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . www.unesco.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Teaching in Freedom , Empowering Teachers '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> World Teachers ' Day : why 5 October ? </Li> <Li> Queensland ( Australia ) World Teachers ' Day web site </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This holiday - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Teachers%27_Day&oldid=812108070 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> United Nations days </Li> <Li> October observances </Li> <Li> Teaching </Li> <Li> Schoolteachers </Li> <Li> Holiday stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter </Li> <Li> Articles needing unspecified expert attention </Li> <Li> Articles needing expert attention from May 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing expert attention </Li> <Li> Infobox holiday with missing field </Li> <Li> Infobox holiday fixed day </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from May 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles with empty sections from May 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with empty sections </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Татарча / tatarça </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 25 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 02 : 03 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

World Teachers' Day was inaugurated by

Who inaugurated 'world teachers' day'?

6402415816213721626

Great Victoria desert - Wikipedia <H1> Great Victoria desert </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Great Victoria </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Desert </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The IBRA regions , with Great Victoria Desert in red </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> Western Australia , South Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> 700 km ( 435 mi ) , E / W </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area </Th> <Td> 348,750 km ( 134,653 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biome </Th> <Td> Desert </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Great Victoria Desert , an interim Australian bioregion , is a sparsely populated desert area in Western Australia and South Australia . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Location and description </Li> <Li> 2 Habitation </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 Environment <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Flora </Li> <Li> 4.2 Fauna </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Location and description ( edit ) </H2> NASA - Visible Earth , the Great Victoria Desert is in the center of the image , north of the Nullarbor Plain . <P> The Great Victoria is the largest desert in Australia and consists of many small sandhills , grassland plains , areas with a closely packed surface of pebbles ( called desert pavement or gibber plains ) and salt lakes . It is over 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) wide ( from west to east ) and covers an area of 348,750 square kilometres ( 134,650 sq mi ) from the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia to the Gawler Ranges in South Australia . The Western Australia Mallee shrub ecoregion lies to the west , the Little Sandy Desert to the northwest , the Gibson Desert and the Central Ranges xeric shrublands to the north , the Tirari and Sturt Stony deserts to the east , while the Nullarbor Plain to the south separates it from the Southern Ocean . Average annual rainfall is low and irregular , ranging from 200 to 250 mm ( 7.9 to 9.8 in ) per year . Thunderstorms are relatively common in the Great Victoria Desert , with an average of 15 -- 20 thunderstorms per annum . Summer daytime temperatures range from 32 to 40 ° C ( 90 to 104 ° F ) while in winter , this falls to 18 to 23 ° C ( 64 to 73 ° F ) . </P> <H2> Habitation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The majority of people living in the region are Indigenous Australians from different groups including the Kogara , the Mirning and the Pitjantjatjara . It is the part of Australia with the most populous and most healthy indigenous population . Aboriginal populations have been increasing in this region . Young Indigenous adults from the Great Victoria Desert region work in the Wilurarra Creative programs to maintain and develop their culture . </P> <P> Despite its isolated location the Great Victoria is bisected by very rough tracks including the Connie Sue Highway and the Anne Beadell Highway . </P> <P> Human activity has included some mining and nuclear weapons testing . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1875 , British explorer Ernest Giles became the first European to cross the desert . He named the desert after the then - reigning British monarch , Queen Victoria . In 1891 , David Lindsey 's expedition traveled across this area from north to south . Frank Hann was looking for gold in this area between 1903 and 1908 . Len Beadell explored the area in the 1960s . </P> <H2> Environment ( edit ) </H2> Serpentine Lakes , South Australia , 2011 <P> The Great Victoria desert is a World Wildlife Fund ecoregion and an Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia ( IBRA ) region of the same name . </P> <P> As this area has had very limited use for agriculture , habitats remain largely undisturbed while parts of the desert are protected areas including Mamungari Conservation Park ( formerly known as Unnamed Conservation Park ) in South Australia , a large area of pristine arid zone wilderness which possesses cultural significance and is one of the fourteen World Biosphere Reserves in Australia . Habitat is also preserved in the large Aboriginal local government area of Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara in South Australia and in the Great Victoria Desert Nature Reserve of Western Australia . </P> <P> The nuclear weapons trials carried out by the United Kingdom at Maralinga and Emu Field in the 1950s and early 1960s have left areas contaminated with plutonium - 239 and other radioactive material . </P> <H3> Flora ( edit ) </H3> <P> Only the hardiest of plants can survive in much of this environment . Between the sand ridges there are areas of wooded steppe consisting of Eucalyptus gongylocarpa , Eucalyptus youngiana and mulga ( Acacia aneura ) shrubs scattered over areas of resilient spinifex grasses particularly Triodia basedowii . </P> <H3> Fauna ( edit ) </H3> <P> Wildlife adapted to these harsh conditions includes few large birds or mammals . However , the desert does sustain many types of lizard including the vulnerable great desert skink ( Egernia kintorei ) and a number of small marsupials including the endangered sandhill dunnart ( Sminthopsis psammophila ) and the crest - tailed mulgara ( Dasycercus cristicauda ) . One way to survive here is to burrow into the sands , as a number of the desert 's animals , including the southern marsupial mole ( Notoryctes typhlops ) , and the water - holding frog do . Birds include the chestnut - breasted whiteface ( Aphelocephala pectoralis ) found on the eastern edge of the desert and the malleefowl of Mamungari Conservation Park . Predators of the desert include the dingo ( as the desert is north of the Dingo Fence ) and two large monitor lizards , the perentie ( Varanus giganteus ) and the sand goanna ( Varanus gouldii ) . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Australia portal </Li> <Li> Geography portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Deserts of Australia </Li> <Li> List of deserts by area </Li> <Li> Nullarbor Plain </Li> <Li> Tallaringa Conservation Park </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Great Victoria Desert -- The Largest Desert in Australia . Birgit Bradtke . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilurarra Creative 2011 ; </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Southern Australia '' . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Great Victoria desert '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IBRA Version 7 data </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australia 's Biosphere Reserves . Department of Sustainability , Environment , Water , Populations and Communities . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Shephard , Mark ( 1995 ) , The Great Victoria Desert : north of the Nullarbor , south of the centre , Reed Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7301 - 0485 - 8 </Li> <Li> Joseph , Leo ; Greenslade , Penelope ; Barley , R.H. ( Rachel ) ; Nature Conservation Society of South Australia ; Barley , Rachel ( 1986 ) , The Great Victoria Desert , Nature Conservation Society of South Australia Inc , ISBN 978 - 0 - 949751 - 08 - 9 </Li> <Li> Peppas , Lynn ( 2013 ) , The Great Victoria Desert , St. Catharines , Ontario Crabtree Publishing Company , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4271 - 9100 - 7 </Li> <Li> Friebe , Marlene ; Matheson , W. E ; South Australia . Department for Environment and Heritage ; Friends of the Great Victoria Desert Parks ( 2006 ) , Shrubs and trees of the Great Victoria Desert , Friends of the Great Victoria Desert Parks with the assistance of the Dept . for Environment and Heritage , ISBN 978 - 0 - 646 - 45948 - 6 </Li> <Li> Friends of the Great Victoria Desert Parks ( S.A. ) ( 2007 ) , Friends of the Great Victoria Desert , The Friends of the Great Victoria Desert Parks , retrieved 25 June 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Online natural history of Great Victoria Desert </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia ( IBRA ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Arnhem Coast </Li> <Li> Arnhem Plateau </Li> <Li> Australian Alps </Li> <Li> Avon Wheatbelt </Li> <Li> Ben Lomond </Li> <Li> Brigalow Belt North </Li> <Li> Brigalow Belt South </Li> <Li> Broken Hill Complex </Li> <Li> Burt Plain </Li> <Li> Cape York Peninsula </Li> <Li> Carnarvon </Li> <Li> Central Arnhem </Li> <Li> Central Kimberley </Li> <Li> Central Mackay Coast </Li> <Li> Central Ranges </Li> <Li> Channel Country </Li> <Li> Cobar Peneplain </Li> <Li> Coolgardie </Li> <Li> Coral Sea </Li> <Li> Daly Basin </Li> <Li> Dampierland </Li> <Li> Darling Riverine Plains </Li> <Li> Darwin Coastal </Li> <Li> Davenport Murchison Ranges </Li> <Li> Desert Uplands </Li> <Li> Einasleigh Uplands </Li> <Li> Esperance Plains </Li> <Li> Eyre Yorke Block </Li> <Li> Finke </Li> <Li> Flinders Lofty Block </Li> <Li> Furneaux </Li> <Li> Gascoyne </Li> <Li> Gawler </Li> <Li> Geraldton Sandplains </Li> <Li> Gibson Desert </Li> <Li> Great Sandy Desert </Li> <Li> Great Victoria Desert </Li> <Li> Gulf Coastal </Li> <Li> Gulf Fall and Uplands </Li> <Li> Gulf Plains </Li> <Li> Hampton </Li> <Li> Indian Tropical Islands </Li> <Li> Jarrah Forest </Li> <Li> Kanmantoo </Li> <Li> King </Li> <Li> Little Sandy Desert </Li> <Li> MacDonnell Ranges </Li> <Li> Mallee </Li> <Li> Mitchell Grass Downs </Li> <Li> Mount Isa Inlier </Li> <Li> Mulga Lands </Li> <Li> Murchison </Li> <Li> Murray Darling Depression </Li> <Li> Nandewar </Li> <Li> Naracoorte Coastal Plain </Li> <Li> New England Tablelands </Li> <Li> Northern Kimberley </Li> <Li> New South Wales North Coast </Li> <Li> New South Wales South Western Slopes </Li> <Li> Nullarbor </Li> <Li> Ord Victoria Plain </Li> <Li> Pacific Subtropical Islands </Li> <Li> Pine Creek </Li> <Li> Pilbara </Li> <Li> Riverina </Li> <Li> Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields </Li> <Li> South East Coastal Plain </Li> <Li> South East Corner </Li> <Li> South Eastern Highlands </Li> <Li> South East Queensland </Li> <Li> Southern Volcanic Plain </Li> <Li> Stony Plains </Li> <Li> Sturt Plateau </Li> <Li> Subantarctic Islands </Li> <Li> Swan Coastal Plain </Li> <Li> Sydney Basin </Li> <Li> Tanami </Li> <Li> Tasmanian Central Highlands </Li> <Li> Tasmanian Northern Midlands </Li> <Li> Tasmanian Northern Slopes </Li> <Li> Tasmanian South East </Li> <Li> Tasmanian Southern Ranges </Li> <Li> Tasmanian West </Li> <Li> Tiwi Cobourg </Li> <Li> Victoria Bonaparte </Li> <Li> Victorian Midlands </Li> <Li> Warren </Li> <Li> Wet Tropics </Li> <Li> Yalgoo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Bioregions of the National Reserve System </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World deserts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Desert </Li> <Li> Desertification </Li> <Li> List of deserts </Li> <Li> List of deserts by area </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Algerian </Li> <Li> Bayuda </Li> <Li> Blue </Li> <Li> Chalbi </Li> <Li> Danakil </Li> <Li> Djurab </Li> <Li> Eastern </Li> <Li> Ferlo </Li> <Li> Farafra ( White ) </Li> <Li> Kalahari </Li> <Li> Libyan </Li> <Li> Moçâmedes </Li> <Li> Namib </Li> <Li> Nubian </Li> <Li> Nyiri </Li> <Li> Owami </Li> <Li> Richtersveld </Li> <Li> Sahara </Li> <Li> Tanezrouft </Li> <Li> Ténéré </Li> <Li> Western </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ad - Dahna </Li> <Li> Akshi </Li> <Li> Arabian </Li> <Li> Aral Karakum </Li> <Li> Aralkum </Li> <Li> Badain Jaran </Li> <Li> Betpak - Dala </Li> <Li> Cholistan </Li> <Li> Dasht - e Kavir </Li> <Li> Dasht - e Khash </Li> <Li> Dasht - e Leili </Li> <Li> Dasht - e Loot </Li> <Li> Dasht - e Margo </Li> <Li> Dasht - e Naomid </Li> <Li>

The Great Victoria Desert is home to the

What kind of animals live in the great victoria desert?

2570826170217451399

Oath of allegiance ( United States ) - wikipedia <H1> Oath of allegiance ( United States ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Oath of allegiance . U.S. military personnel state the Oath of Allegiance aboard the USS Midway museum in November 2010 . 15 people from ten countries take the United States Oath of Allegiance on World Refugee Day in Boise , Idaho in June 2015 . U.S. military personnel take the oath of allegiance at Baghdad 's al - Faw Palace in April 2008 . <P> The United States Oath of Allegiance , officially referred to as the `` Oath of Allegiance , '' 8 C.F.R. Part 337 ( 2008 ) , is an allegiance oath that must be taken by all immigrants who wish to become United States citizens . </P> <P> The Oath of Allegiance may be administered by USCIS officials ; by immigration judges ; and by eligible courts . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Text <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Exemptions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Changing the oath </Li> <Li> 4 Incidents and controversies </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Text ( edit ) </H2> <P> The current oath is as follows : </P> <P> I hereby declare , on oath , that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince , potentate , state , or sovereignty of whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen ; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same ; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law ; that I will perform noncombatant service in the Armed Forces of the United States when required by the law ; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law ; and that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion ; so help me God . </P> <H3> Exemptions ( edit ) </H3> <P> 8 C.F.R. 337.1 provides that the phrase `` so help me God '' is optional and that the words ' on oath ' can be substituted with ' and solemnly affirm ' . </P> <P> 8 U.S.C. § 1448 provides that if the prospective citizen is unable or unwilling to promise to bear arms or perform noncombatant military service because of `` religious training and belief '' , they may request to leave out those clauses . The law specifies : </P> <P> The term `` religious training and belief '' as used in this section shall mean an individual 's belief in a relation to a Supreme Being involving duties superior to those arising from any human relation , but does not include essentially political , sociological , or philosophical views or a merely personal moral code . </P> <P> Qualifying for this exemption may require supporting documentation from the applicant 's religious organization . The applicant is not required to belong to a specific religious group , but must have `` a sincere and meaningful belief that has a place in the applicant 's life that is equivalent to that of a religious belief '' . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the Revolutionary War , oaths of allegiance were administered to officers of the Continental Army , pursuant to a Congressional resolution of February 3 , 1778 . An example appears below . </P> <P> I James Glentworth , Lieut , of 6th Pennya . Reg . do acknowledge </P> <P> the UNITED STATES of AMERICA to be Free , Independent and Sovereign States , and declare that the people thereof owe no allegiance or obedience to George the Third , King of Great Britain ; and I renounce , refuse and abjure any allegiance or obedience to him ; and I do Swear that I will , to the utmost of my power , support , maintain and defend the said United States against the said King George the Third , his heirs and successors , and his or their abettors , assistants and adherents , and will serve the said United States in the office of Lieutenant which I now hold , with fidelity , according to the best of my skill and understanding . </P> <P> JAMES GLENTWORTH . </P> <P> Sworn at the Valley Forge Camp this 11th day of May , 1778 , before me </P> <P> STIRLING , M.G. </P> <P> The Oath of Allegiance for prospective citizens originated with the Naturalization Act of 1790 , which required applicants to take an oath or affirmation `` to support the constitution of the United States '' , but did not provide a text . The Naturalization Act of 1795 added renunciation of the new citizen 's former sovereign to the oath . The Naturalization Act of 1906 added the section of the oath requiring new citizens to defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies , foreign and domestic ; and bear true faith and allegiance to the same . </P> <P> The Oath acquired a standard text in 1929 . Prior to then , spoken oaths were adapted from naturalization law , and each court could develop its own procedures for administering the oath . </P> <P> The Internal Security Act of 1950 added the text about bearing arms and performing noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States . The section about performing work of national importance under civilian direction was added by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 . </P> <H2> Changing the oath ( edit ) </H2> <P> The current exact text of the Oath of Citizenship is established only in the form of an administrative regulation promulgated by the executive branch . Under the Administrative Procedure Act , CIS could theoretically change the text of the oath at any time , so long as the new text reasonably meets the `` five principles '' mandated by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1953 . These principles are : </P> <Ul> <Li> allegiance to the United States Constitution , </Li> <Li> renunciation of allegiance to any foreign country to which the immigrant has had previous allegiances </Li> <Li> defense of the Constitution against enemies `` foreign and domestic '' </Li> <Li> promise to serve in the United States Armed Forces when required by law ( either combat or non-combat ) </Li> <Li> promise to perform civilian duties of `` national importance '' when required by law </Li> </Ul> <P> There has been some controversy about the wording of the oath , parts of which are based on the British Oath of Supremacy which was written in the 16th Century . As a result , some have suggested much of the language is antiquated and confusing . In the fall of 2003 , CIS planned to change the oath of citizenship in time for Citizenship Day ( September 17 ) . The proposed oath was as follows : </P> <P> Solemnly , freely , and without mental reservation , I hereby renounce under oath all allegiance to any foreign state . My fidelity and allegiance from this day forward is to the United States of America . I pledge to support , honor , and be loyal to the United States , its Constitution , and its laws . Where and if lawfully required , I further commit myself to defend the Constitution and laws of the United States against all enemies , foreign and domestic , either by military , noncombatant , or civilian service . This I do solemnly swear , so help me God . </P> <P> The introduction of the new oath was scrapped by the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration , Border Security , and Claims on April 1 , 2004 . </P> <H2> Incidents and controversies ( edit ) </H2> <P> In United States v. Schwimmer ( 1929 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the denial of citizenship to an applicant who declared not to be willing to `` take up arms personally '' in defense of the United States . The applicant , Hungarian - born female suffragist Rosika Schwimmer , had written that she was an `` uncompromising pacifist '' with `` no sense of nationalism , only a cosmic consciousness of belonging to the human family '' . The Court found that persons holding such views were `` liable to be incapable of the attachment for and devotion to the principles of our Constitution '' that are required for naturalization . </P> <P> English writer Aldous Huxley , author of Brave New World , applied for U.S. citizenship in 1953 after having lived in the United States for fourteen years . When asked if he would bear arms and perform noncombatant military service as required by the Oath , Huxley answered in the negative and was summoned before a judge . Huxley explained that his objection was based on philosophical convictions about the evil of war rather than religious beliefs . The judge adjourned proceedings and postponed a decision on Huxley 's application in order to report to Washington . Huxley never received U.S. citizenship . </P> <P> In the 1968 case In re Weitzman , a U.S. district court considered the naturalization petition of Brenda Weitzman , a 25 - year - old mother of two children from South Africa and religious non-believer who had refused to take the part of the Oath requiring her to serve in the Armed Forces . She expressed a total `` objection to warfare and the bearing of arms '' ( conscientious objectorship ) , being `` repulsed by no particular war , but by all killing . '' The court , finding that her stance was `` based on a personal moral code and not on religious training and belief '' and that she did not recognize anything `` tantamount to a God or a Supreme Being '' , denied her petition . </P> <P> The precedent relied upon was United States v. Seeger . However the Supreme Court , in their 1970 ruling on Welsh v. United States , having noted the case factually similar and controlled by United States v. Seeger , determined in respect to the provision in the Universal Military Training and Service Act that exempts from military service persons who by reason of `` religious training and belief '' are conscientiously opposed to war , that the Act : </P> <P> contravenes the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment by exempting those whose conscientious objection claims are founded on a theistic belief , while not exempting those whose claims are based on a secular belief . To comport with that clause , an exemption must be `` neutral '' and include those whose belief emanates from a purely moral , ethical , or philosophical source . </P> -- MR . JUSTICE HARLAN <P> This judgement was used in 2013 to reverse a denial of citizenship to Margaret Doughty , a 65 year old British atheist who had lived in the US for 30 years , unless she could show proof of membership in a church with pacifist beliefs to support her claim that she was a conscientious objector entitled to omit the Oath 's clause about bearing arms . The USCIS retracted their demand after receiving a letter from an atheist group that objected based on Welsh vs. United States . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ideological restrictions on naturalization in U.S. law </Li> <Li> Oath of office ( United States ) </Li> <Li> Pledge of Allegiance </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Section 310 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( A ) of the Immigration and Naturalization Act provides that `` an eligible court

New citizens take the

What is the oath that new citizens take?

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Deni ( Ashley Scott ) , who is now working as a stripper . Later , he notices the craps dealer using loaded dice and demonstrates this to the patrons by placing a bet and calling out the roll before throwing the dice . When the floorman declares no payout , Vaughn instigates a fight . Although he beats down most of the security guards , he is subsequently subdued with a cattle prod and knocked unconscious . The security staff take Vaughn into the basement and Hamilton 's right - hand man and head of security Booth ( Kevin Durand ) tortures him by cutting his torso with a utility knife before dumping him on a roadside . He is found by a trucker and hospitalized , but recovers quickly . </P> <P> Vaughn goes to the sheriff , Stan Watkins ( Michael Bowen ) , to press charges against the guards , but Sheriff Watkins refuses to allow him to do so because the casino is viewed as too important to the town 's economy , stating that because of its position , the casino is considered a `` no fly zone '' . After this , Vaughn also learns that his nephew , Pete ( Khleo Thomas ) , experimented with crystal meth , which was sold to his friends by the casino security guards . Infuriated , Vaughn goes to the casino , and using a piece of lumber as a club , begins destroying casino property , and brutally beats the security guards when they attempt to stop him . Vaughn is apprehended by Sheriff Watkins and his deputies as he is driving away from the scene . </P> <P> In the ensuing trial , all of Hamilton 's security and staff testify against Vaughn . When the judge allows Vaughn to present his defense , he fires his appointed attorney , who is implicitly under Hamilton 's employ . After making a civic speech about the town 's great former self , Vaughn tells the jury and the rest of the town that if he 's cleared of the charges , he will run for sheriff and clean up the town . To further emphasize his plea , Vaughn reveals the grotesque scars on his torso from his being tortured by the casino staff . He is then acquitted and wins the election for sheriff . Upon taking office , he summarily dismisses the entire police force and deputizes his friend , Ray Templeton ( Johnny Knoxville ) , whom Vaughn feels he can trust , as well as help Vaughn learn about narcotics ( Templeton revealed earlier that he served time in prison after becoming a drug addict ) . </P> <P> Vaughn and Templeton find drugs on Booth and they take him into custody . In an attempt to make him reveal information on the town drug operation , they hold him captive in a garage and proceed to strip his truck into pieces in front of him , but he does not talk . Vaughn assigns Templeton to stand watch over his house , as he knows Hamilton will likely target his family . Vaughn himself remains at the sheriff 's office to supervise Booth . He is visited by Deni , stopping by under the pretense of bringing him food and reveals that she quit her job as the casino stripper . The two end up spending the night together in the office . The next morning , Watkins and his deputies arrive at the Sheriff 's office where they blow up Vaughn 's truck and fire upon the building with machine guns . Recognizing his dangerous predicament , Booth pleads for Vaughn to let him out of his cell , prompting Vaughn to use Booth 's perilous situation as leverage for information . Booth reveals that the old mill is where the drugs are being produced , but is immediately killed by the indiscriminate fire of the attackers . Vaughn manages to kill all of the attackers with Deni 's help . </P> <P> Vaughn 's parents ' house is attacked , but Templeton and Vaughn 's father are able to dispatch the gunmen . After ensuring their safety , Vaughn heads for the mill where he discovers a meth lab as well as Hamilton , calmly waiting in a control room . Hamilton attempts to kill Vaughn with the mill equipment by dropping him through a trap door , but Vaughn drags Hamilton down with him and the two fall through a chute . Vaughn , whose leg is injured , manages to tend to his injury in a nearby forest before Hamilton attacks him with an axe . The two fight for their lives , with Vaughn ultimately coming out on top by beating Hamilton with a nearby uprooted tree , breaking his leg . Vaughn repeats what Hamilton said to him earlier `` You 're right , Jay . This does change our relationship . This is my town . You 're under arrest . '' And Hamilton is arrested and taken into custody , with Templeton 's assistance , Vaughn shuts down the casino . In the closing scene it is revealed that the local mill is back in use . </P> <H2> Cast </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dwayne Johnson as Christopher `` Chris '' Vaughn , Jr . </Li> <Li> Johnny Knoxville as Ray Templeton </Li> <Li> Neal McDonough as Jay Hamilton </Li> <Li> Michael Bowen as Sheriff Stan Watkins </Li> <Li> Kevin Durand as Booth </Li> <Li> Kristen Wilson as Michelle Vaughn </Li> <Li> Ashley Scott as Deni </Li> <Li> Khleo Thomas as Pete Vaughn </Li> <Li> John Beasley as Christopher Vaughn Sr . </Li> <Li> Cobie Smulders as Beautiful Eye Candy in car </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production </H2> <P> In the original film , Pusser uses a wooden club to beat the criminals . Director Kevin Bray wanted to update it by making it a baseball bat . There were objections , so the compromise was just to add a handle . Although it was filmed in Squamish , British Columbia , Canada , the setting of this 2004 film is in semi-rural Kitsap County , Washington , and not in the McNairy County , Tennessee , where Buford Pusser originally served as a sheriff . </P> <H2> Reception </H2> <P> The film received mostly negative reviews from critics . Based on 133 reviews collected by the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , 25 % of critics gave Walking Tall a positive review , with an average rating of 4.4 / 10 , with the critics consensus : `` The Rock makes a competent hero , but the movie is content to let a 2 × 4 do all the talking . '' </P> <P> The film grossed $57 million ( worldwide total ) , with a budget of $46 million . </P> <H2> Sequel </H2> <P> Walking Tall : The Payback and Walking Tall : Lone Justice are two direct - to - video sequels that have been released starring Kevin Sorbo . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Vigilante film </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Walking Tall ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Walking Tall ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 18 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Walking Tall on IMDb </Li> <Li> Walking Tall at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Walking Tall at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Walking Tall at Metacritic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Walking Tall </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Originals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walking Tall ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Walking Tall Part 2 ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Walking Tall : Final Chapter ( 1977 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Remakes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walking Tall ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Walking Tall : The Payback ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Walking Tall : Lone Justice ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television productions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Real American Hero ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Walking Tall ( 1981 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buford Pusser </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Kevin Bray </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> All About the Benjamins ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Walking Tall ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Linewatch ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films by WWE Studios </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Co-produced </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Scorpion King </Li> <Li> The Rundown </Li> <Li> Walking Tall </Li> <Li> Behind Enemy Lines : Colombia </Li> <Li> Christmas Bounty </Li> <Li> Scooby - Doo ! 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The movie Walking Tall, starring Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson, was filmed in

Where was walking tall with the rock filmed?

-2325138904790635180

Absorption of water - wikipedia <H1> Absorption of water </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The roots fix the plant in the soil giving it support but the most important and life supporting function of the roots is to absorb </P> <P> ( A ) water and ( B ) mineral nutrients from the soil , and conduct them into the stem for supply to the leaves , flowers , fruits , etc ... </P> <P> A. NEED OF WATER </P> <P> Besides being a constituent of Protoplasm , water is needed inside the plant body for 4 purposes : Photosynthesis , Transpiration , Transportation , Mechanical stiffness . </P> <P> 1 . photosynthesis : water is used up in the Green Leaves as a raw material in the synthesis of glucose . </P> <P> 2. Transpiration : a large quantity of water is passed out as water vapour during transpiration , for cooling in hot weather , for producing a suction force , etc </P> <P> 3 transportation : transportation of substances in water solution from the root upwards into the shoot ( mineral salts ) or from leaves to other parts ( sugar etc ) . </P> <P> 4 Mechanical stiffness : water provides turgidity ( fully distended condition ) which is necessary for the stiffness of plant tissues . </P> <P> B. NEED OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS </P> <P> mineral nutrients required by the plant are absorbed from the soil by the roots only . some of these nutrients are observed as salts ( nitrates , phosphates , sulphates , etc ... ) and some are simply as ions ( potassium , calcium , magnesium , chlorine , etc ... ). These elements are required as constituents of cell and cell organelles as well as in the synthesis of a variety of compounds or enzymes within the cell . </P> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> CHARACTERISTICS OF ROOTS FOR ABSORBING WATER * * </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> The ability of the roots to draw water from the soil is dependent on three characteristics : </P> ( i ) a huge surface area provided by the rootlets and root hairs , ( ii ) root hairs containing the solution ( cell Sap ) at a concentration higher than that of surrounding soil water and ( iii ) Root hairs have thin walls <P> 1. SURFACE AREA OF ROOTS IS ENORMOUS . it is a common experience that even a small Garden plants such as balsam when generally uprooted from the soil shows a thick bunch of rootlets ( branch roots ) . </P> <P> when carefully examined , each rootlets would show hundred of root hairs. If all root hairs of this plant where to be laid end to end , they would cover a length of many kilometres . </P> <P> A botanist H.J. Dittmer ( 1937 ) worked out that a 4 month - old rye plant had an aggregate root length of about 600 km . The number of root hairs in it exceeded 14 billions and their estimated total length would have even exceed 10,000 km . Thus , alltogether , the root of any plant provides a huge surface area to facilitate the absorption of water . </P> <P> 2. ROOT - HAIRS CONTAIN CELL SAP , OF A HIGHER CONCENTRATION THAN THAT OF THE SURROUNDING WATER . Root hairs are the extensions of the outer ( epidermal cells ) of the roots . They also contain large vacuoles filled with a sort of solution called cell Sap . Some salts are dissolved in it and the cell sap , therefore , usually have a concentration higher than that of the surrounding water . This characteristics is an important requirement to draw in the outside water , i.e. for the occurrence of osmosis . </P> <P> 3. ROOT HAIR HAVE THIN WALLS . Like all plant cells , root - hairs also have two Outer layer - a cell wall and a cell membrane . </P> <Ul> <Li> The cell wall is thin and permeable . It allows the movement of water molecules and dissolved substances freely in and out of the cell . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The cell membrane is very thin and semi - permeable which means that it allows water molecules to pass through , but not the larger molecules of the dissolved salts . The secret of the absorption of water from the soil by roots lies mainly in this characteristics . </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Active absorption <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Active osmotic water absorption </Li> <Li> 1.2 Active non-osmotic water absorption </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Passive absorption </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Active absorption ( edit ) </H2> <P> Active absorption refers to the absorption of water by roots with the help of ATP , generated by the root respiration : as the root cells actively take part in the process , it is called active absorption . According to Renner , active absorption takes place in low transpiring and well - watered plants , and 4 % of total water absorption is carried out in this process . The active absorption is carried out by two theories ; active osmotic water absorption and Active non-osmotic water absorption . In this process energy is required . </P> <H3> Active osmotic water absorption ( edit ) </H3> <P> This theory was given by Pari ( 1910 ) and Priestley ( 1921 ) . According to this theory , the root cells behave as an ideal osmotic pressure system through which water moves up from the soil solution to the root xylem along an increasing gradient of D.P.D. ( suction pressure , which is the real force for water absorption ) . If solute concentration is high and water potential is low in the root cells , water can enter from soil to root cells through endosmosis . Mineral nutrients are absorbed actively by the root cells due to utilisation of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . As a result , the concentration of ions ( osmotica ) in the xylem vessels is more in comparison to the soil water . A concentration gradient is established between the root and the soil water . Hence , the solute potential of xylem water is more in comparison to that of soil and correspondingly water potential is low than the soil water. If stated , water potential is comparatively positive in the soil water . This gradient of water potential causes endosmosis . The endosmosis of water continues till the water potential both in the root and soil becomes equal . It is the absorption of minerals that utilise metabolic energy , but not water absorption . Hence , absorption of water is indirectly an active process in a plant 's life. Active transport is in an opposite direction to that of diffusion . </P> <H3> Active non-osmotic water absorption ( edit ) </H3> <P> This theory was given by Thimann ( 1951 ) and Kramer ( 1959 ) . According to the theory , sometimes water is absorbed against a concentration gradient . This requires expenditure of metabolic energy released from respiration of root cells . There is no direct evidence , but some scientists suggest involvement of energy from respiration . In conclusion , it is said that , the evidences supporting active absorption of water are themselves poor . </P> <H2> Passive absorption ( edit ) </H2> <P> This mechanism is carried out without utilisation of metabolic energy . Here , only the roots act as an organ of absorption or passage . Hence , sometimes it is called water absorption ' through roots ' , rather ' by ' roots . It occurs in rapidly transpiring plants during the daytime , because of the opening of stomata and the atmospheric conditions . The force for absorption of water is created at the leaf end i.e. the transpiration pull . The main cause behind this transpiration pull , water is lifted up in the plant axis like a bucket of water is lifted by a person from a well . Transpiration pull is responsible for dragging water at the leaf end , the pull or force is transmitted down to the root through column of water in the xylem elements . The continuity of the water column remains intact due to the cohesion between the molecules and it act as a rope . Roots simply act as a passive organ of absorption . As transpiration proceeds , water absorption occurs simultaneously to compensate the water loss from the leaf end . Most volume of water entering plants is by means of passive absorption . Passive transport is no different from diffusion , it requires no input of energy : there is free movement of molecules from their higher concentration to their lower concentration . The water will enter the plant via the root cells that can be found in the roots where mainly passive absorption occurs . Also , with the absorption of water , minerals and nutrients are also absorbed . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Atkins </Li> <Li> Renner </Li> <Li> Root </Li> <Li> Thimann </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Arya , R.L. , Arya , R , Arya , S. , Kumar , J. ( 2015 ) . Fundamentals Of Agriculture ( Icar - Net , Jrf , Srf , Csir - Net , Upsc & Ifs ) . Scientific Publishers . p. 162 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P.K. Gupta ( 2007 ) . Genetics Classical To Modern . Rastogi Publications . p. 4019 . ISBN 9788171338962 . </Li> </Ol> <Ol> <Li> http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/plant-water-relations/absorption-water-by-plants.php </Li> <Li> http://www.springerlink.com/content/qw62632354v4nm77/ </Li> <Li> https://www.jstor.org/stable/4353618 </Li> <Li> https://web.archive.org/web/20110114111737/http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/70692-Biology-XI-11-Transport-in-plants-4-Mechanism-of-Water-Absorption </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Absorption_of_water&oldid=833319975 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Plant physiology </Li> <Li> Hydrology </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking in - text citations </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles needing style editing </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 21

The active absorption of water from the soil by the root is mainly affected by

Active absorption of water from the soil by the root is mainly affected by?

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Tom Hagen - wikipedia <H1> Tom Hagen </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tom Hagen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Robert Duvall portraying Tom Hagen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> The Godfather </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> The Godfather 's Revenge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Mario Puzo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Robert Duvall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Lawyer / Consigliere </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Corleone family </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Theresa Hagen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Frank Hagen Andrew Hagen Gianna Hagen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> Martin Hagen ( father ) Bridget Hagen ( mother ) unnamed sister Vito Corleone ( adopted father ) Carmela Corleone ( adopted mother ) Sonny Corleone ( adopted brother ) Fredo Corleone ( adopted brother ) Michael Corleone ( adopted brother ) Connie Corleone ( adopted sister ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> See also : Thomas Hayden <P> Thomas `` Tom '' Hagen is a fictional character in Mario Puzo 's novel Godfather and Francis Ford Coppola 's films The Godfather and The Godfather Part II . He is portrayed by Robert Duvall in the films . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Character overview </Li> <Li> 2 Appearances <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The Godfather ( novel and film ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Sequel films <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 The Godfather Part II </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 The Godfather Part III </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Sequel novels <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 The Godfather Returns </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 The Godfather 's Revenge </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Behind the scenes </Li> <Li> 4 Family </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Character overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hagen is the informally adopted son of the mafia don Vito Corleone . He is a qualified lawyer and the consigliere to the Corleone mafia family . Mild - mannered and soft - spoken , he serves as the voice of reason within the family . The novel and first film establish that he is of German - Irish ancestry . </P> <P> Sonny Corleone befriends 11 - year - old Tom , who was living on the street after running away from an orphanage . When Sonny brings Tom home and demands he be taken in , the Corleone family allows him to stay . Hagen considers Vito his true father , although Vito never formally adopts him , believing it would be disrespectful to Hagen 's deceased parents . </P> <P> After law school , Hagen goes to work in the Corleone `` family business '' . His non-Italian ancestry precludes his formal membership in the mafia family , but when the consigliere Genco Abbandando dies , Hagen is given his position . Consequently , the other New York families deride the Corleones as `` The Irish Gang '' . </P> <P> Though Hagen immerses himself in the Sicilian - American lifestyle and speaks Sicilian , he does not look Italian . In fact , his Northern European physical appearance is advantageous to his work , allowing him to travel and conduct family business openly without potential witnesses remembering him . </P> <P> While Hagen loves all the Corleones , he idolizes Sonny and blames himself for Sonny 's murder . When Vito semi-retires in 1954 and his youngest son , Michael , succeeds him as the operating head of the family , Michael removes Hagen as consigliere , preferring his father informally assume the role ; Michael claims Hagen is not a `` war - time '' consigliere . Hagen is thus restricted to handling the family 's legitimate business . </P> <P> The novel and first film portray Hagen aiding Vito and Michael Corleone in warring against the other ruling New York Mafia families . In The Godfather Part II , set in the late 1950s , Hagen serves as Michael 's right - hand man during his power struggle with Hyman Roth . In The Godfather Part III , set in 1979 - 1980 , he is said to have died some years before in an unspecified manner . His role in the story between the second and third films , including his death , is portrayed in Mark Winegardner 's sequel novels , The Godfather Returns and The Godfather 's Revenge . </P> <H2> Appearances ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Godfather ( novel and film ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In both the novel and film , Hagen is introduced as an important member of the Corleone family . As a child he grew up in a broken family , the son of an abusive alcoholic . Sonny Corleone finds the orphaned Hagen living on the street and suffering from a bad eye infection , takes him home , and demands he live with the Corleone family . Vito Corleone becomes a surrogate father to Hagen , but never officially adopts him out of respect for the boy 's father . </P> <P> In the novel , Hagen asks to work for Vito after graduating from law school , knowing full well that his adoptive father is the most powerful Mafia chief in the nation . Vito is more than willing to take Hagen into his employ , having often said that lawyers can steal more than a phalanx of gangsters . Hagen marries an Italian woman , Theresa , with whom he has two sons , Frank and Andrew , and a daughter , Gianna . </P> <P> After Vito 's longtime consigliere Genco Abbandando is diagnosed with terminal cancer , Hagen becomes acting consigliere and succeeds to the post formally after Abbandando 's death . Vito is initially reluctant to give Hagen the post full - time , considering Hagen is not a Sicilian . </P> <P> When famous singer / actor Johnny Fontane seeks his godfather Vito 's help in securing a movie role that could revitalize his sagging career , Vito dispatches Hagen to Hollywood to persuade Jack Woltz , a big - time movie producer , to cast Johnny in his new war film . Hagen offers his benefactor 's help with Woltz 's union problems and also informs him that one of his actors has graduated from marijuana to heroin ; a deleted scene in the movie shows that this information would be used to damage Woltz 's studio . Woltz rebuffs Hagen but becomes cordial after learning he works for the Corleones . Woltz still refuses to cast Fontane , who slept with one of Woltz 's protégées , but offers to do any other favor for Vito Corleone . Hagen declines , and soon afterward , Woltz awakens in bed with his prized racing stallion 's severed head planted under the covers , intimidating him into casting Fontane in the film . </P> <P> Tom arranges a meeting between Vito and drug kingpin Virgil Sollozzo . Sollozzo wants Vito to help finance his narcotics business and provide legal protection and political influence . Sollozzo commends Hagen for discovering that Sollozzo is also collaborating with the Tattaglia Family , a rival to the Corleones . Vito ultimately rejects the deal , however , on the grounds that Vito would lose his influence over the judges and police if they knew he was in the drug trade . </P> <P> Sollozzo has Luca Brasi murdered , Vito shot , and Hagen kidnapped off the street . Sollozzo informs Hagen that Vito has been shot and killed outside his office and tasks Hagen to persuade Sonny to make peace and accept his narcotics deal . Hagen says he 'll do his best but warns Sollozzo that Luca Brasi , the Don 's fanatically loyal bodyguard and hitman , will launch a violent reprisal . Unbeknownst to Hagen , Sollozzo and Bruno Tattaglia have murdered Brasi . The meeting is interrupted when Sollozzo receives word that Vito has survived the shooting , ruining Sollozzo 's original plan . Hagen is allowed to leave unharmed , with Sollozzo telling him to make a deal . </P> <P> Tom meets with Sonny , Michael , and Corleone caporegimes Peter Clemenza and Salvatore Tessio advises that if Vito dies Sonny should agree to Sollozzo 's deal and that the other Mafia families would most likely support Sollozzo to avoid a long , bloody war . Two fish wrapped in Luca Brasi 's bulletproof vest arrives at the Corleone compound revealing that Brasi has been murdered by Sollozzo . Sonny orders Clemenza to execute Vito 's traitorous bodyguard Paulie Gatto . </P> <P> After Michael stops a second assassination attempt on Vito by Sollozzo , he calls the Corleone compound to warn Sonny . Tom goes to the hospital with private detectives that are licensed to carry firearms to protect Vito and stops Captain Mark McCluskey , a corrupt NYPD officer on Sollozzo 's payroll , from taking Michael into police custody . Sonny then orders Bruno Tattaglia , son and underboss of Sollozzo 's ally Philip Tattaglia , to be murdered . Sollozzo requests a meeting and proposes that Michael to be sent to broker a truce . Sonny , believing it is a trick , refuses and demands that the other Mafia families hand over Sollozzo to the Corleone family or else face war . Tom successfully convinces Sonny to wait because McCluskey has agreed to be Sollozzo 's bodyguard and warns Sonny that killing McCluskey would violate a long - standing Mafia rule not to kill members of law enforcement and the backlash from rival Mafia families and law enforcement would be severe . Michael suggests they agree to Sollozzo 's meeting but insists its a public place with people where he will murder Sollozzo and McCluskey , whom Michael successfully argues that is fair game because he is a corrupt cop mixed up in the drug trade and serving as Sollozzo 's bodyguard . Sonny agrees and approves the hit . </P> <P> Tom is unable to find the meeting location in advance and is cautious about putting Michael at risk but Sonny discovers the location from a policeman on the Corleone payroll in McCluskey 's precinct . Sonny suggests they violently shoot up the car prior to the meeting but Tom says Sollozzo might not be in the car and Clemenza warns its too dangerous cause Sollozzo will be on alert for a violent reaction from the Corleones . </P> <P> The killing of Sollozzo and McCluskey and the subsequent Mafia war between the Corleone family and the Five Families sparks a massive crackdown by law enforcement . Michael hides in Sicily and Vito returns home . Tom informs Vito that the police have cracked down on all Mafia operations . The Corleones put material in the newspapers about McCluskey 's ties to Sollozzo and the drug trade . Sonny informs Vito that Fredo is being sent to Las Vegas to learn the casino business . When asked , Tom informs Vito that it was Michael who killed Sollozzo and McCluskey and thus had to flee . Sonny tells Tom to discover Philip Tattaglia 's hideout but Tom advises against further violence and that Vito can negotiate but Sonny disagrees and insults Tom 's abilities as a wartime consigliere but immediately apologizes . At Sunday dinner Sonny tells Tom that the blacks in Harlem are enjoying the Corleone policy banks , driving new Cadillacs and paying 50 % off on bets . </P> <P> Michael 's girlfriend Kay Adams arrives at the Corleone compound wanting to contact Michael . Tom denies knowledge of Michael 's whereabouts and refuses her letter . Tom advises she be patient and that Michael will eventually contact her . </P> <P> Connie 's husband , Carlo Rizzi , helps Corleone rival Emilio Barzini set a trap for Sonny when he has a girlfriend call their apartment and a fight ensues during which Carlo savagely beats up a pregnant Connie

Tom Hagen in the Godfather series was played by

Who played tom hagon in the godfather series?

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Alkali metal - wikipedia <H1> Alkali metal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Alkali metals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Hydrogen </Td> <Td colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> Helium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithium </Td> <Td> Beryllium </Td> <Td colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Boron </Td> <Td> Carbon </Td> <Td> Nitrogen </Td> <Td> Oxygen </Td> <Td> Fluorine </Td> <Td> Neon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sodium </Td> <Td> Magnesium </Td> <Td colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Aluminium </Td> <Td> Silicon </Td> <Td> Phosphorus </Td> <Td> Sulfur </Td> <Td> Chlorine </Td> <Td> Argon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Potassium </Td> <Td> Calcium </Td> <Td> Scandium </Td> <Td colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Titanium </Td> <Td> Vanadium </Td> <Td> Chromium </Td> <Td> Manganese </Td> <Td> Iron </Td> <Td> Cobalt </Td> <Td> Nickel </Td> <Td> Copper </Td> <Td> Zinc </Td> <Td> Gallium </Td> <Td> Germanium </Td> <Td> Arsenic </Td> <Td> Selenium </Td> <Td> Bromine </Td> <Td> Krypton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rubidium </Td> <Td> Strontium </Td> <Td> Yttrium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="13"> </Td> <Td> Zirconium </Td> <Td> Niobium </Td> <Td> Molybdenum </Td> <Td> Technetium </Td> <Td> Ruthenium </Td> <Td> Rhodium </Td> <Td> Palladium </Td> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> Cadmium </Td> <Td> Indium </Td> <Td> Tin </Td> <Td> Antimony </Td> <Td> Tellurium </Td> <Td> Iodine </Td> <Td> Xenon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caesium </Td> <Td> Barium </Td> <Td> Lanthanum </Td> <Td> Cerium </Td> <Td> Praseodymium </Td> <Td> Neodymium </Td> <Td> Promethium </Td> <Td> Samarium </Td> <Td> Europium </Td> <Td> Gadolinium </Td> <Td> Terbium </Td> <Td> Dysprosium </Td> <Td> Holmium </Td> <Td> Erbium </Td> <Td> Thulium </Td> <Td> Ytterbium </Td> <Td> Lutetium </Td> <Td> Hafnium </Td> <Td> Tantalum </Td> <Td> Tungsten </Td> <Td> Rhenium </Td> <Td> Osmium </Td> <Td> Iridium </Td> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> Mercury ( element ) </Td> <Td> Thallium </Td> <Td> Lead </Td> <Td> Bismuth </Td> <Td> Polonium </Td> <Td> Astatine </Td> <Td> Radon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francium </Td> <Td> Radium </Td> <Td> Actinium </Td> <Td> Thorium </Td> <Td> Protactinium </Td> <Td> Uranium </Td> <Td> Neptunium </Td> <Td> Plutonium </Td> <Td> Americium </Td> <Td> Curium </Td> <Td> Berkelium </Td> <Td> Californium </Td> <Td> Einsteinium </Td> <Td> Fermium </Td> <Td> Mendelevium </Td> <Td> Nobelium </Td> <Td> Lawrencium </Td> <Td> Rutherfordium </Td> <Td> Dubnium </Td> <Td> Seaborgium </Td> <Td> Bohrium </Td> <Td> Hassium </Td> <Td> Meitnerium </Td> <Td> Darmstadtium </Td> <Td> Roentgenium </Td> <Td> Copernicium </Td> <Td> Nihonium </Td> <Td> Flerovium </Td> <Td> Moscovium </Td> <Td> Livermorium </Td> <Td> Tennessine </Td> <Td> Oganesson </Td> </Tr> </Table> noble gases ← → alkaline earth metals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> IUPAC group number </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Name by element </Td> <Td> lithium group </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trivial name </Td> <Td> alkali metals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CAS group number ( US , pattern A-B-A ) </Td> <Td> IA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> old IUPAC number ( Europe , pattern A-B ) </Td> <Td> IA </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ↓ Period </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Lithium ( Li ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sodium ( Na ) 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Potassium ( K ) 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Rubidium ( Rb ) 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Caesium ( Cs ) 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Francium ( Fr ) 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Legend </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> primordial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> element by radioactive decay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atomic number color : black = solid </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The alkali metals are a group ( column ) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium ( Li ) , sodium ( Na ) , potassium ( K ) , rubidium ( Rb ) , caesium ( Cs ) , and francium ( Fr ) . This group lies in the s - block of the periodic table of elements as all alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s - orbital : this shared electron configuration results in their having very similar characteristic properties . Indeed , the alkali metals provide the best example of group trends in properties in the periodic table , with elements exhibiting well - characterised homologous behaviour . </P> <P> The alkali metals are all shiny , soft , highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure and readily lose their outermost electron to form cations with charge + 1 . They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness , exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation by atmospheric moisture and oxygen ( and in the case of lithium , nitrogen ) . Because of their high reactivity , they must be stored under oil to prevent reaction with air , and are found naturally only in salts and never as the free elements . Caesium , the fifth alkali metal , is the most reactive of all the metals . In the modern IUPAC nomenclature , the alkali metals comprise the group 1 elements , excluding hydrogen ( H ) , which is nominally a group 1 element but not normally considered to be an alkali metal as it rarely exhibits behaviour comparable to that of the alkali metals . All the alkali metals react with water , with the heavier alkali metals reacting more vigorously than the lighter ones . </P> <P> All of the discovered alkali metals occur in nature as their compounds : in order of abundance , sodium is the most abundant , followed by potassium , lithium , rubidium , caesium , and finally francium , which is very rare due to its extremely high radioactivity ; francium occurs only in the minutest traces in nature as an intermediate step in some obscure side branches of the natural decay chains . Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis of ununennium ( Uue ) , which is likely to be the next member of the group , but they have all met with failure . However , ununennium may not be an alkali metal due to relativistic effects , which are predicted to have a large influence on the chemical properties of superheavy elements ; even if it does turn out to be an alkali metal , it is predicted to have some differences in physical and chemical properties from its lighter homologues . </P> <P> Most alkali metals have many different applications . One of the best - known applications of the pure elements is the use of rubidium and caesium in atomic clocks , of which caesium atomic clocks are the most accurate and precise representation of time . A common application of the compounds of sodium is the sodium - vapour lamp , which emits light very efficiently . Table salt , or sodium chloride , has been used since antiquity . Sodium and potassium are also essential elements , having major biological roles as electrolytes , and although the other alkali metals are not essential , they also have various effects on the body , both beneficial and harmful . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Properties <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Physical and chemical <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Lithium </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Francium </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Nuclear </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Periodic trends <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Atomic and ionic radii </Li> <Li> 2.2 First ionisation energy </Li> <Li> 2.3 Reactivity </Li> <Li> 2.4 Electronegativity </Li> <Li> 2.5 Melting and boiling points </Li> <Li> 2.6 Density </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Compounds <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Hydroxides </Li> <Li> 3.2 Intermetallic compounds </Li> <Li> 3.3 Compounds with the group 13 elements </Li> <Li> 3.4 Compounds with the group 14 elements </Li> <Li> 3.5 Nitrides and pnictides </Li> <Li> 3.6 Oxides and chalcogenides </Li> <Li> 3.7 Halides , hydrides , and pseudohalides </Li> <Li> 3.8 Coordination complexes </Li> <Li> 3.9 Ammonia solutions </Li> <Li> 3.10 Organometallic <Ul> <Li> 3.10. 1 Organolithium </Li> <Li> 3.10. 2 Heavier alkali metals </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Extensions </Li> <Li> 5 Pseudo-alkali metals <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Hydrogen </Li> <Li> 5.2 Ammonium and derivatives </Li> <Li> 5.3 Cobaltocene and derivatives </Li> <Li> 5.4 Thallium </Li> <Li> 5.5 Copper , silver , and gold </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 History </Li> <Li> 7 Occurrence <Ul> <Li> 7.1 In the Solar System </Li> <Li> 7.2 On Earth </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Production and isolation </Li> <Li> 9 Applications </Li> <Li> 10 Biological role and precautions <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Metals </Li> <Li> 10.2 Ions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Notes </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Properties ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Physical and Chemical ( edit ) </H3> <P> The physical and chemical properties of the alkali metals can be readily explained by their having an ns valence electron configuration , which results in weak metallic bonding . Hence , all the alkali metals are soft and have low densities , melting and boiling points , as well as heats of sublimation , vaporisation , and dissociation . They all crystallise in the body - centered cubic crystal structure , and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited . The ns configuration also results in the alkali metals having very large atomic and ionic radii , as well as very high thermal and electrical conductivity . Their chemistry is dominated by the loss of their lone valence electron in the outermost s - orbital to form the + 1 oxidation state , due to the ease of ionising this electron and the very high second ionisation energy . Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group . The chemistry of francium is not well established due to its extreme radioactivity ; thus , the presentation of its properties here is limited . What little is known about francium shows that it is very close in behaviour to caesium , as expected . The physical properties of francium are even sketchier because the bulk element has never been observed ; hence any data that may be found in the literature are certainly speculative extrapolations . </P> <Table> Properties of the alkali metals <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Lithium </Th> <Th> Sodium </Th> <Th> Potassium </Th> <Th> Rubidium </Th> <Th> Caesium </Th> <Th> Francium </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atomic number </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Standard atomic weight ( u ) </Td> <Td> 6.94 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 22.98976928 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 39.0983 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 85.4678 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 132.9054519 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> ( 223 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electron configuration </Td> <Td> ( He ) 2s </Td> <Td> ( Ne ) 3s </Td> <Td> ( Ar ) 4s </Td> <Td> ( Kr ) 5s </Td> <Td> ( Xe ) 6s </Td> <Td> ( Rn ) 7s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melting point ( ° C ) </Td> <Td> 180.54 </Td> <Td> 97.72 </Td> <Td> 63.38 </Td> <Td> 39.31 </Td> <Td> 28.44 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boiling point ( ° C ) </Td> <Td> 1342 </Td> <Td> 883 </Td> <Td> 759 </Td> <Td> 688 </Td> <Td> 671 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Density ( g cm ) </Td> <Td> 0.534 </Td> <Td> 0.968 </Td> <Td> 0.89 </Td> <Td> 1.532 </Td> <Td> 1.93 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heat of fusion ( kJ mol ) </Td> <Td> 3.00 </Td> <Td> 2.60 </Td> <Td> 2.321 </Td> <Td> 2.19 </Td> <Td> 2.09 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heat of vaporisation ( kJ mol ) </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> 97.42 </Td> <Td> 79.1 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 66.1 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heat of formation of monatomic gas ( kJ mol ) </Td> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 89.6 </Td> <Td> 82.0 </Td> <Td> 78.2 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electrical resistivity at 25

Alkali metals are located in

Where are alkali metals located on the periodic table?

1133135656128481203

Mum ( TV series ) - Wikipedia <H1> Mum ( TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Mum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Sitcom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Richard Laxton Stefan Golaszewski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lesley Manville </Li> <Li> Peter Mullan </Li> <Li> Sam Swainsbury </Li> <Li> Lisa McGrillis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> Cups by Lulu and the Lampshades </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of series </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 12 ( to 27 March 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 30 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Big Talk Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> ITV Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> <P> BBC Two ( 2016 - present ) </P> BBC Two HD ( 2016 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 16 : 9 1080i </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Stereo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 13 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mum is a 2016 British sitcom written by Stefan Golaszewski centred around recently widowed , suburban 59 year old Cathy ( played by Lesley Manville ) and her family , during the year following her husband 's death . Each episode is named after a calendar month in this year . Each episode is set in Cathy 's house and features her supportive lifelong friend Michael ( played by Peter Mullan ) , and her family : son Jason and his girlfriend Kelly , Cathy 's brother Derek and his new partner Pauline , and Cathy 's in - laws . </P> <P> In October 2017 , it was recommissioned for a second and third series . The second series premiered on 20 February 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Series 1 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Series 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Broadcast </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lesley Manville as Cathy Bradshaw </Li> <Li> Peter Mullan as Michael </Li> <Li> Sam Swainsbury as Jason </Li> <Li> Lisa McGrillis as Kelly </Li> <Li> Dorothy Atkinson as Pauline </Li> <Li> Ross Boatman as Derek </Li> <Li> Karl Johnson as Reg </Li> <Li> Marlene Sidaway as Maureen </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Series 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in series </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> UK viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` January '' </Td> <Td> Richard Laxton </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> 13 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1.37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Cathy 's family gather at her house on the day of her husband 's funeral . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` February '' </Td> <Td> Richard Laxton </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> 20 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 1.19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> It 's Cathy 's first Valentine 's Day without her husband , and her family come round to keep her company . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` May '' </Td> <Td> Richard Laxton </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> 27 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 0.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> The family help Cathy clear out her garage . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` August '' </Td> <Td> Richard Laxton </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> 3 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 0.80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Cathy gets ready to go for lunch with a new friend . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` October '' </Td> <Td> Richard Laxton </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> 10 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 0.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Kelly is worried about moving to Australia , and Michael and Derek are recovering from a night out . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` December '' </Td> <Td> Richard Laxton </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> 17 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 0.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Cathy hosts a New Year 's Eve party . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In June 2016 , the BBC announced that a second series had been commissioned . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in series </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> UK viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` March '' </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> 20 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> It is Cathy 's 60th birthday and to celebrate the family are going out to lunch . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` April '' </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> 27 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> It is Easter Sunday and Cathy and Michael have plans to clear the front room together . Jason and Kelly have other ideas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` June '' </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> 6 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> It is early summer and Cathy has invited everyone around for a barbecue . Pauline and Derek bring his punk daughter , Danielle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` July '' </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> 13 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Kelly and Jason are leaving early on holiday . Michael has had a bad night . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` September '' </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> 20 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Maureen is in hospital . Cathy sees Michael for the first time in months . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` November '' </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> Stefan Golaszewski </Td> <Td> 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Cathy is having a bonfire . Michael is moving on but Cathy has something to tell him . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The interior shots of Cathy 's house for both Series 1 and 2 were filmed at West London Film Studios . </P> <H2> Broadcast ( edit ) </H2> <P> Internationally , the series premiered on BBC First on 11 October 2016 . The series premiered in New Zealand on TVNZ 1 on 20 July 2016 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ceri Radford ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Telegraph review '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ British Comedy Guide . `` Mum - BBC2 Sitcom - British Comedy Guide '' . Comedy.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/news/2821/mum_series_3/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ British Comedy Guide . `` Mum Series 1 , Episode 1 - January - British Comedy Guide '' . Comedy.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hit BBC Two sitcom Mum to return for a second series '' . BBC Media Centre . 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` April , Mum , Series 2 Episode 2 of 6 '' . BBC . 21 February , 2018 . Retrieved 21 February , 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( 6 October 2016 ) . `` New This Week ( Oct 10 ) : GABO , Divorce , Supergirl , Legends Of Tomorrow , World Cup and live sport '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rampton , James ( 17 July 2016 ) . `` Mum star Lesley Manville on ageism in TV and why she wo n't get plastic surgery '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mum on IMDb </Li> <Li> Mum at TV.com </Li> <Li> Mum at British Comedy Guide </Li> <Li> BBC website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article relating to United Kingdom television is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mum_(TV_series)&oldid=834573384 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2016 British television programme debuts </Li> <Li> 2010s British sitcoms </Li> <Li> BBC television sitcoms </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> Television series about families </Li> <Li> Television series about siblings </Li> <Li> Television series about suburbia </Li> <Li> Television series about widowhood </Li> <Li> Television series by ITV Studios </Li> <Li> Television series by Big Talk Productions </Li> <Li> United Kingdom television stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 errors : dates </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from July 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Italiano </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 13 : 28 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The theme tune to the BBC2 show "Mum" is sung by

Who sings the theme tune to mum on bbc2?

2316447135333271580

I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK TV series ) - wikipedia <H1> I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent series , see I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( UK series 17 ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Reality television , Survival , Game show </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Granada Television ( now part of ITV Studios as ITV Granada ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> LWT James Allen , Natalka Znak , Brent Baker and Stewart Morris . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Ian Hamilton ( 2002 ) Chris Power ( 2003 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> Anthony McPartlin Declan Donnelly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of series </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 182 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Richard Cowles Chris Brogden Becca Walker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Multiple - camera setup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 60 -- 120 mins ( including adverts ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> LWT / Granada Television ( 2002 ) Granada Productions ( 2002 -- 05 ) ITV Productions ( 2006 -- 08 ) ITV Studios ( 2009 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ITV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 16 : 9 ( 2002 -- 09 ) 1080i HDTV ( 2010 -- ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Stereo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 25 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 25 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out Of Here ! ( often shortened to I 'm a Celebrity or I 'm a Celeb ) is a British survival reality television game show , first aired on 25 August 2002 , in which celebrities live in jungle conditions with few creature comforts . The show has been hosted by Ant & Dec since its inception and served as the inspiration for a franchise of the same name . It is filmed in Murwillumbah , New South Wales , Australia and broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom . </P> <P> In the Republic of Ireland , TV3 began simulcasts at the beginning of series 3 in 2004 . The series moved to their sister channel 3e for series 12 , 13 and 14 . The series moved to UTV Ireland in 2015 for series 15 . The show has been contracted to air until at least 2019 , taking it to at least 19 series . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Format <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Bushtucker trial </Li> <Li> 1.2 Dingo Dollar Challenge / Dingo Dimes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Filming location </Li> <Li> 3 Popularity and criticism <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Controversies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Series details </Li> <Li> 5 Main series results <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Series 1 ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> 5.2 Series 2 ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> 5.3 Series 3 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> 5.4 Series 4 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> 5.5 Series 5 ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> 5.6 Series 6 ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> 5.7 Series 7 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 5.8 Series 8 ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 5.9 Series 9 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 5.10 Series 10 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 5.11 Series 11 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 5.12 Series 12 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 5.13 Series 13 ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 5.14 Series 14 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 5.15 Series 15 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 5.16 Series 16 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 5.17 Series 17 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 5.18 Series 18 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 5.19 Series records and statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Series ratings </Li> <Li> 7 I 'm a Celebrity : Extra Camp <Ul> <Li> 7.1 History </Li> <Li> 7.2 Presenters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Format </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In return for their appearance on I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! , the celebrities are asked to nominate a charity to which the producers , ITV Studios , make donations . The celebrities themselves are also paid a fee to compensate them for possible loss of earnings while they are in the jungle . The producers of the show keep the precise details of the celebrities ' contracts private , prompting much speculation from the media . The money is raised by allowing viewers to vote by phone , text message , or the `` red button '' ( a colloquialism popular in the UK for TV interactive services ) for the celebrity they would like to complete a `` Bushtucker Trial '' -- a physical task usually involving snakes , spiders or other creepy - crawlies found in the jungle -- and , later in each series , to vote for the celebrity they would like to see win the show . The last remaining celebrity after all others have been evicted is declared the winner of the show , and is branded `` King / Queen of the Jungle '' . </P> <H3> Bushtucker trial </H3> <P> Bushtucker trials are used in the show to allow the contestants to gain food and treats for camp . Bushtucker Trials take two formats : eating trials , or physical / mental tasks . </P> <P> In the eating trials , contestants are required to eat a variety of different `` jungle '' foods . Each dish successfully eaten will gain the contestants one star , which equals one meal for camp ( although the number of meals per star can vary ) . These trials generate the most viewer responses according to the ITV website . The foods that are required to be eaten can include : crickets ( in a variety of forms , such as cooked into biscuits , blended into drinks or eaten alive or dead ) , green ants , mealworms , witchetty grub , roasted spider or tarantulas , kangaroo testicles , kangaroo penis , kangaroo vaginal parts , crocodile penis , cockroach ( prepared in various ways such as being cooked into biscuits , blended into drinks , eaten alive or dead ) . Other past foods include beach worms , bull 's tongues , the anus of various animals , vomit fruits , cooked pigs ' brains , various animal testicles , raw fish eyes , sheep eyes , blended rats or mice tails . </P> <P> The second type of challenge is more of a physical or mental task that requires the contestants to perform activities to gain stars . These can include searching through dung , going through tunnels , negotiating obstacles on high wires , or performing other tasks . </P> <H3> Dingo Dollar Challenge / Dingo Dimes </H3> <P> One way of camp can earn treats is by doing extra tasks in Bushtucker trials or in general . Dingo Dimes can be used in the vending machine in Croc Creek . Dingo Dimes only featured in the 2015 series . </P> <P> Another way camp can earn treats is to do what is known as the `` Dingo Dollar Challenge '' . This involves two or more celebrities going into the jungle to perform a task that releases an item to open a container with an amount of dingo dollars . Once that has been completed and the dollars have been retrieved , it is taken to a small woodshack shop , with shopkeeper ' Kiosk Keith ' . They can exchange the dollars for a necessity such as a hammock or a treat such as chocolate chip cookies . Kiosk Keith calls camp and the celebrities then have a question usually relating to a celebrity or a piece of trivia . The `` Celebrity Chest '' was abandoned for the first time in the 2012 series , in favour of the Dingo Dollar Challenge , which involves the celebrities collecting ' dingo dollars ' and subsequently answering a question correctly in order to win a treat for the camp , if they win they will receive their prize however if the celebrities get it wrong , Kiosk Keith takes the dingo dollars and shuts up shop , leaving nothing for the camp . </P> <P> Formerly , ' The Celebrity Chest ' had a question with a choice of answers , similar to the Dingo Dollar Challenge , the two celebrities who took part in the challenge would bring the chest back to camp and collaborate over the question with the other camp members . If correct , they would win a treat , if incorrect , they would be told what the treat was . </P> <P> In Dingo Dollars if the camp members answer correctly they get a choice of two treats . </P> <H2> Filming location </H2> On location in the `` Jungle '' in Dungay , north - eastern New South Wales <P> The first series of the show was filmed near Cairns , in Queensland , Australia . Since the second series , the programme has been filmed in Springbrook National Park , near Murwillumbah , New South Wales , Australia . </P> <P> Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which accommodate on - site medical facilities , containers for the storage of props , and other back - stage facilities . Families and friends of the celebrities are housed here each morning during evictions . From this area , a restricted access road climbs to the site of the studios . The road then heads down into a valley via four - wheel drive access to the set of the show . </P> <P> Some of these areas are viewable from Google Earth , although it is difficult to view the suspension bridges and open - air studio that Ant & Dec broadcast from . While the roof of the main building is bright red , when filming is out of season , this whole area is covered with hessian to obscure the aerial view . The creeks and camp areas are situated directly below the main suspension bridges . As they are so close to the celebrities , the crew have to be careful during filming to keep voices and music down . Many of the Bushtucker Trials are not performed here ; in fact , some are performed well away from the area . </P> <P> Once out of the jungle , the contestants stay at the five - star hotel Palazzo Versace Australia . The health and well - being of the celebrities and crew are looked after by medic Bob McCarron and his team from EMS . McCarron is also responsible for all of the creatures and food in the challenges . </P> <H2> Popularity and

The 2017 season of "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!" was filmed in

Where is im a celebrity get me out of here 2017 filmed?

-562973783850376282

Temple of Vesta - wikipedia <H1> Temple of Vesta </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Coordinates : 41 ° 53 ′ 30 '' N 12 ° 29 ′ 11 '' E  /  41.891664 ° N 12.486262 ° E  / 41.891664 ; 12.486262 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Temple of Vesta </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Remains of the Temple of Vesta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Regione VIII Forum Romanum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Built in </Th> <Td> unknown old Kingdom era </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Built by / for </Th> <Td> Unknown builder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type of structure </Th> <Td> Roman Old kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> List of ancient monuments in Rome </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Temple of Vesta </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Temple of Vesta ( Latin Aedes Vestae ; Italian : Tempio di Vesta ) is an ancient edifice in Rome , Italy , located in the Roman Forum near the Regia and the House of the Vestal Virgins . The temple 's most recognizable feature is its circular footprint . Since the worship of Vesta began in private homes , the architecture seems to be a reminder of its history . The extant temple used Greek architecture with Corinthian columns , marble , and a central cella . The remaining structure indicates that there were twenty Corinthian columns built on a podium fifteen meters in diameter . The roof probably had a vent at the apex to allow smoke release . </P> The most prominent feature of the ruins that were once the Temple of Vesta is the hearth . <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Reconstructions </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Modern sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Brick with the emblem of Theodoric the Great , found in the temple of Vesta . <P> All temples to Vesta were round , and had entrances facing east to symbolize connection between Vesta 's fire and the sun as sources of life . The Temple of Vesta represents the site of ancient cult activity as far back as 7th century BCE . Numa Pompilius is believed to have built this temple along with the original Regia and House of the Vestal Virgins in its original form . Around the Temple stood The Sacred Grove , in which also there was a graveyard for the priests and virgins . </P> <P> It was one of the earliest structures located in the Roman Forum although its present reincarnation is the result of subsequent rebuilding . Instead of a cult statue in the cella , there was a hearth which held the sacred flame . The temple was the storehouse for the legal wills and documents of Roman Senators and cult objects such as the Palladium . The Palladium was a statue of Athena ( Roman Minerva ) believed to have been brought by Aeneas from Troy ; the statue was felt to be one of the Pignora Imperii , or pledges of imperium , of Ancient Rome . That the Romans believed that the Sacred fire of Vesta was closely tied to the fortunes of the city and viewed its extinction as a portent of disaster has been agreed on by all ancient accounts . </P> <H2> Reconstructions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The temple was rebuilt many times , for it was destroyed many times . The first destruction of the temple was by the Gauls in 390 BCE . According to Ovid , the second time was in 241 BCE ; after fire destroyed much of Vesta 's temple , Lucius Caecilius Metellus who was Pontifex Maximus at the time , saved the palladium and according to tradition was blinded in the incident . Such fires occurred again in 210 BCE and again in the early first century BCE ; however , the building was safe . It was rebuilt again during the reigns of Augustus and Nero . Finally , it burnt down in 191 CE and was later built for the last time during the reign of Septimius Severus . </P> <P> The Temple of Vesta remained reasonably intact until the Renaissance . However , in 1549 CE , the building was completely demolished and its marble reused in churches and papal palaces . The section standing today was reconstructed in the 1930s during the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The round Temple of Hercules Victor in the Forum Boarium was initially thought to be a temple of Vesta . </Li> <Li> The Temple of Vesta , Tivoli . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Charlotte Anne Eaton , Rome in the Nineteenth Century - 1822 `` At the base of the Palatine Hill , surrounded with the Sacred Grove , and enclosed with a wall , stood the Temple of Vesta , and the House of the Vestal Virgins , to which the Regia of Numa served as a portico . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Middleton 1892 , p. 295 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howatson 2011 , p. 590 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wildfang 2006 , p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Middleton 1886 , p. 395 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ovid Fas . VI 437 - 454 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stamper 2005 , p. 228 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorski & Packer 2015 , p. 317 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brockman 2011 , p. 587 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Modern sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Brockman , Norbert ( 2011 ) , Encyclopedia of Sacred Places , 1 , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 654 - 6 </Li> <Li> Gorski , Gilbert J. ; Packer , James E. ( 2015 ) , The Roman Forum : A Reconstruction and Architectural Guide , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 19244 - 6 </Li> <Li> Howatson , M.C. ( 2011 ) , The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature ( Third ed . ) , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954855 - 2 </Li> <Li> Middleton , John Henry ( 1886 ) . `` The Temple and Atrium of Vesta and the Regia '' . Archaeologia , Or , Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity : 395 . </Li> <Li> Middleton , John Henry ( 1892 ) , The Remains of Ancient Rome , 1 </Li> <Li> Stamper , John W. ( 2005 ) , The Architecture of Roman Temples : The Republic to the Middle Empire , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 521 81068 X </Li> <Li> Wildfang , Robin Lorsch ( 2006 ) , Rome 's Vestal Virgins , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 39795 - 2 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Aedes Vestae - Temple of Vesta - Tempio di Vesta , Reconstructed </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Roman Forum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basilicas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Basilica Aemilia </Li> <Li> Basilica Julia </Li> <Li> Basilica of Maxentius </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arch of Tiberius </Li> <Li> Arch of Titus </Li> <Li> Arch of Septimius Severus </Li> <Li> Arch of Constantine </Li> <Li> Arch of Augustus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Columns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Column Maenia </Li> <Li> Column of Phocas </Li> <Li> Milliarium Aureum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Temples </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Temple of Antoninus and Faustina </Li> <Li> Temple of Divus Augustus </Li> <Li> Temple of Concord </Li> <Li> Temple of Castor and Pollux </Li> <Li> Temple of Caesar </Li> <Li> Temple of Janus ( Roman Forum ) </Li> <Li> Temple of Jupiter Stator ( 8th century BC ) </Li> <Li> Temple of Saturn </Li> <Li> Shrine of Venus Cloacina </Li> <Li> Temple of Venus and Roma </Li> <Li> Temple of Vespasian and Titus </Li> <Li> Temple of Vesta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of monuments of the Roman Forum </Li> <Li> House of the Vestals </Li> <Li> Mamertine Prison </Li> <Li> Cloaca Maxima </Li> <Li> Comitium </Li> <Li> Curia </Li> <Li> Curia Hostilia </Li> <Li> Curia Julia </Li> <Li> Ficus Ruminalis </Li> <Li> Lacus Juturnae </Li> <Li> Lacus Curtius </Li> <Li> Lapis Niger </Li> <Li> Portico Dii Consentes </Li> <Li> Regia </Li> <Li> Rostra </Li> <Li> Gemonian stairs </Li> <Li> Tabularium </Li> <Li> Umbilicus urbis Romae </Li> <Li> Velian Hill </Li> <Li> Via Sacra </Li> <Li> Vicus Jugarius </Li> <Li> Vicus Tuscus </Li> <Li> Vulcanal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Landmarks of Rome </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bridges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pons Cestius </Li> <Li> Pons Fabricius </Li> <Li> Ponte Milvio </Li> <Li> Ponte Sant'Angelo </Li> <Li> Ponte Sisto </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basilicas and churches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> St. Peter 's Basilica <Ul> <Li> Sistine Chapel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Archbasilica of St. John Lateran </Li> <Li> Basilica of San Clemente al Laterano </Li> <Li> Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore </Li> <Li> Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli </Li> <Li> Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls </Li> <Li> Catacombs </Li> <Li> Church of the Gesù </Li> <Li> San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane </Li> <Li> Santa Croce in Gerusalemme </Li> <Li> Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri </Li> <Li> Santa Maria in Cosmedin </Li> <Li> Santa Maria in Trastevere </Li> <Li> Santa Prassede </Li> <Li> Santa Sabina </Li> <Li> Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza </Li> <Li> Santa Maria della Vittoria </Li> <Li> Santa Maria del Popolo </Li> <Li> San Pietro in Vincoli </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roman architecture </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Villas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Villa Farnese </Li> <Li> Villa of Livia </Li> <Li> Villa of the Quintilii </Li> <Li> Villa of the sette bassi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Temples </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pantheon </Li> <Li> Temple of Castor and Pollux </Li> <Li> Temple of Hercules Victor </Li> <Li> Temple of Portunus </Li> <Li> Temple of Saturn </Li> <Li> Temple of Vesta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architecture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Altare della Patria </Li> <Li> Ara Pacis </Li> <Li> Aurelian Walls </Li> <Li> Baths of Caracalla </Li> <Li> Castel Sant'Angelo </Li> <Li> Circus Maximus </Li> <Li> Colosseum </Li> <Li> Column of Marcus Aurelius </Li> <Li> Comitium </Li> <Li> Imperial fora </Li> <Li> Largo di Torre Argentina </Li> <Li> Mausoleum of Augustus </Li> <Li> Obelisks </Li> <Li> Palazzo Barberini </Li> <Li> Palazzo Farnese </Li> <Li> Piazza Navona </Li> <Li> Pyramid of Cestius </Li> <Li> Roman Forum </Li> <Li> Servian Wall </Li> <Li> Spanish Steps </Li> <Li> Theatre of Marcellus </Li> <Li> Theatre of Pompey </Li> <Li> Tiber Island </Li> <Li> Torre dei Capocci </Li> <Li> Torre delle Milizie </Li> <Li> Trajan 's Column </Li> <Li> Trajan 's Market </Li> <Li> Trevi Fountain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Art </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apollo Belvedere </Li> <Li> Augustus of Prima Porta </Li> <Li> La Bocca della Verità </Li> <Li> Laocoön and His Sons </Li> <Li> Ecstasy of Saint Teresa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seven Hills </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aventine </Li> <Li> Caelian </Li> <Li> Capitoline </Li> <Li> Esquiline </Li> <Li> Palatine </Li> <Li> Quirinal </Li> <Li> Viminal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parks and gardens </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Villa Ada </Li> <Li> Villa Borghese gardens </Li> <Li> Villa Doria Pamphili </Li> <Li> Villa Medici </Li> <Li> Villa Torlonia </Li> <Li> Parco degli Acquedotti </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Piazzas and public spaces </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Campo de ' Fiori </Li> <Li> Piazza Colonna </Li> <Li> Piazza d'Aracoeli </Li> <Li> Piazza del Popolo </Li> <Li> Piazza della Minerva </Li> <Li> Piazza della Repubblica </Li> <Li> Piazza Farnese </Li> <Li> Piazza Navona </Li> <Li> Piazza di Spagna </Li> <Li>

The Temple of

Who was the temple of vesta built for?

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horrified after watching it with Monica , which kills the mood for Valentine 's Day . Ross struggles to tell Mona that Rachel is now living with him , and she breaks up with him over his dishonesty . Joey is depressed and in an effort to lighten his mood , Phoebe lends him a dog to cheer him up . However Joey ends up subduing the dog with his depression , and in the end tells Ross about his feelings for Rachel . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 186 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` The One Where Joey Tells Rachel '' </Td> <Td> Ben Weiss </Td> <Td> Andrew Reich & Ted Cohen </Td> <Td> February 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 227416 </Td> <Td> 27.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Ross , shocked at Joey 's declaration , avoids him , but eventually convinces him to tell Rachel . Joey confesses his love for Rachel , but Rachel politely and lovingly turns him down . Phoebe is convinced that a British man called Don is Monica 's soulmate . </P> Guest starring Sam Pancake as the waiter . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 187 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Tea Leaves '' </Td> <Td> Gary Halvorson </Td> <Td> Story by : R. Lee Fleming Jr . Teleplay by : Steven Rosenhaus </Td> <Td> March 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 227417 </Td> <Td> 26.30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Phoebe determines through tea leaves that she 'll soon meet the man of her dreams , which leads her to a disastrous date and then a pleasant meeting with a charming man at the dry cleaners . Rachel invents a crazy work problem to reduce the awkwardness of hanging out with Joey , since he confessed his feelings for her . Ross tries to retrieve his ' faded salmon ' shirt from Mona 's apartment . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 188 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The One in Massapequa '' `` The One with the Zesty Guy '' </Td> <Td> Gary Halvorson </Td> <Td> Story by : Peter Tibbals Teleplay by : Mark Kunerth </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 227418 </Td> <Td> 22.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Monica botches an attempt at giving a heartfelt speech for her parents ' 35th anniversary party . Phoebe dates Parker ( Alec Baldwin ) , who 's very enthusiastic about everything and ultimately annoys the entire group including herself . Ross and Rachel have to pretend to be married and Ross ' `` wedding toast '' stirs feelings in Rachel . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 189 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` The One with Joey 's Interview '' </Td> <Td> Gary Halvorson </Td> <Td> Doty Abrams </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 227424 </Td> <Td> 22.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Joey prepares for an interview with Soap Opera Digest , although he 's afraid of saying something stupid that may jeopardize his career . ( In a previous episode , in an interview , he said he writes a lot of his own lines , which led to his firing from Days of Our Lives . ) Joey enlists his friends to make sure things go well . This is the fourth of Friends ' six clip shows . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 190 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Baby Shower '' </Td> <Td> Kevin S. Bright </Td> <Td> Sherry Bilsing - Graham & Ellen Plummer </Td> <Td> April 25 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 227421 </Td> <Td> 22.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Phoebe and Monica prepare for Rachel 's baby shower and forget to invite Rachel 's mother . During the shower Monica tries desperately to seek forgiveness from Sandra , but to no avail . Rachel realizes she has no idea how to look after the baby after the birth , so her mother insists on staying with her for eight weeks , much to her and Ross ' annoyance . Monica eventually gives Rachel the confidence to be a mom and lets Sandra know she 's furious at her spitefulness . Joey auditions for a job as a host for a new game show called `` Bamboozled '' that makes absolutely no sense , and Chandler and Ross help him practice . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 191 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Cooking Class '' </Td> <Td> Gary Halvorson </Td> <Td> Story by : Dana Klein Borkow Teleplay by : Brian Buckner & Sebastian Jones </Td> <Td> May 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 227419 </Td> <Td> 23.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Monica 's cooking skills get a bad review in The Post . After confronting the critic who wrote it , she decides to join a cooking class , with Joey in tow . Rachel gets jealous when Ross meets a girl who flirts with him at the baby department store . Phoebe helps Chandler prepare for an interview by stopping his natural instinct to make immature jokes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 192 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` The One Where Rachel is Late '' </Td> <Td> Gary Halvorson </Td> <Td> Shana Goldberg - Meehan </Td> <Td> May 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 227420 </Td> <Td> 24.32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Joey invites Chandler to his movie 's premiere but Chandler falls asleep during it . Rachel is very frustrated with the fact that she 's eight days late , and will try anything to induce labor , which leads to a bet between Monica and Phoebe . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 193 194 </Th> <Td> 23 24 </Td> <Td> `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby '' </Td> <Td> Kevin S. Bright </Td> <Td> Scott Silveri Marta Kauffman & David Crane </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 227422 227423 </Td> <Td> 34.91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> Ross and Rachel arrive at the hospital . Judy Geller gives Ross her mother 's engagement ring to propose to Rachel with . Monica and Chandler decide to have a baby . After forty - seven hours of labor , Rachel has her and Ross ' baby , Emma as `` River Of Tears '' by Eric Clapton plays in the background . Joey finds Ross ' engagement ring . Rachel thinks he 's proposing and says `` Okay '' . Monica and Chandler try for a baby in the hospital . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> United states Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No. in series </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Episode title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Weekly rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The One After ' I Do ' '' </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 19.5 / 31 </Td> <Td> 31.70 </Td> <Td> # 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Red Sweater '' </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 18.9 / 31 </Td> <Td> 30.04 </Td> <Td> # 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 173 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The One Where Rachel Tells Ross '' </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 17.9 / 26 </Td> <Td> 29.20 </Td> <Td> # 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 174 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Videotape '' </Td> <Td> October 18 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 16.0 / 25 </Td> <Td> 25.58 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 175 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' </Td> <Td> October 25 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 16.1 / 25 </Td> <Td> 25.64 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Halloween Party '' </Td> <Td> November 1 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 16.8 / 25 </Td> <Td> 26.96 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 177 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Stain '' </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 15.2 / 23 </Td> <Td> 24.24 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 178 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Stripper '' </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 16.1 / 25 </Td> <Td> 26.54 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 179 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Rumor '' </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 12.7 / 25 </Td> <Td> 24.24 </Td> <Td> # 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 180 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The One with Monica 's Boots '' </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 14.0 / 23 </Td> <Td> 22.44 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 181 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` The One with Ross 's Step Forward '' `` The One with The Creepy Holiday Card '' </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 14.9 / 25 </Td> <Td> 23.85 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` The One Where Joey Dates Rachel '' </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 16.1 / 24 </Td> <Td> 25.53 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 183 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` The One Where Chandler Takes a Bath '' </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 17.5 / 27 </Td> <Td> 29.24 </Td> <Td> # 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 184 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Secret Closet '' </Td> <Td> January 31 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 17.8 / 28 </Td> <Td> 28.64 </Td> <Td> # 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 185 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Birthing Video '' </Td> <Td> February 7 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 17.8 / 28 </Td> <Td> 28.64 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 186 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` The One Where Joey Tells Rachel '' </Td> <Td> February 28 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 17.4 / 27 </Td> <Td> 27.52 </Td> <Td> # 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 187 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Tea Leaves '' </Td> <Td> March 7 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 16.3 / 25 </Td> <Td> 26.30 </Td> <Td> # 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 188 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The One in Massapequa '' </Td> <Td> March 28 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 13.7 / 23 </Td> <Td> 22.05 </Td> <Td> # 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` The One with Joey 's Interview '' </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 14.7 / 24 </Td> <Td> 22.59 </Td> <Td> # 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Baby Shower '' </Td> <Td> April 25 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 14.4 / 23 </Td> <Td> 22.24 </Td> <Td> # 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 191 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` The One with the Cooking Class '' </Td> <Td> May 2 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 15.4 / 25 </Td> <Td> 23.97 </Td> <Td> # 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 192 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` The One Where Rachel is Late '' </Td> <Td> May 9 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 15.4 / 26 </Td> <Td> 24.32 </Td> <Td> # 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 193 / 194 </Td> <Td> 23 / 24 </Td> <Td> `` The One Where Rachel Has a Baby '' </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2002 </Td> <Td> 21.1 / 34 </Td> <Td> 34.91 </Td> <Td> # 1 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Season 8 averaged 24.5 million viewers and finished , for the first time , as the most watched show of

Rachel had her baby on Friends on

When did rachel have her baby on friends?

-7160652486125806329

passengers on the Mayflower . <P> Some families traveled together , while some men came alone , leaving families in England and Leiden . Two wives on board were pregnant ; Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth to son Oceanus while at sea , and Susanna White gave birth to son Peregrine in late November while the ship was anchored in Cape Cod Harbor . He is historically recognized as the first European child born in the New England area . One child died during the voyage , and there was one stillbirth during the construction of the colony . </P> <P> According to the Mayflower passenger list , just over a third of the passengers were Puritan Separatists who sought to break away from the established Church of England and create a society along the lines of their religious ideals . Others were hired hands , servants , or farmers recruited by London merchants , all originally destined for the Colony of Virginia . Four of this latter group of passengers were small children given into the care of Mayflower pilgrims as indentured servants . The Virginia Company began the transportation of children in 1618 . Until relatively recently , the children were thought to be orphans , foundlings , or involuntary child labor . At that time , children were routinely rounded up from the streets of London or taken from poor families receiving church relief to be used as laborers in the colonies . Any legal objections to the involuntary transportation of the children were overridden by the Privy Council . For instance it was proven that the four More children were sent to America because they were deemed illegitimate . Three of the four More children died in the first winter in the New World , but Richard lived to be approximately 81 , dying in Salem , probably in 1695 or 1696 . </P> <P> The passengers mostly slept and lived in the low - ceilinged great cabins and on the main deck , which was 75 by 20 feet large ( 23 m × 6 m ) at most . The cabins were thin - walled and extremely cramped , and the total area was 25 ft by 15 ft ( 7.6 m × 4.5 m ) at its largest . Below decks , any person over five feet ( 150 cm ) tall would be unable to stand up straight . The maximum possible space for each person would have been slightly less than the size of a standard single bed . </P> <P> Passengers would pass the time by reading by candlelight or playing cards and games such as Nine Men 's Morris . Meals on board were cooked by the firebox , which was an iron tray with sand in it on which a fire was built . This was risky because it was kept in the waist of the ship . Passengers made their own meals from rations that were issued daily and food was cooked for a group at a time . </P> <P> Upon arrival in America , the harsh climate and scarcity of fresh food were exacerbated by the shortness of provisions due to the delay in departure . Living in these extremely close and crowded quarters , several passengers developed scurvy , a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. At the time the use of lemons or limes to counter this disease was unknown , and the usual dietary sources of vitamin C in fruits and vegetables had been depleted , since these fresh foods could not be stored for long periods without their becoming rotten . Passengers who developed scurvy experienced symptoms such as bleeding gums , teeth falling out , and stinking breath . </P> <P> Passengers consumed large amounts of alcohol such as beer with meals . This was known to be safer than water , which often came from polluted sources causing diseases . All food and drink was stored in barrels known as `` hogsheads '' . </P> <P> The passenger William Mullins brought 126 pairs of shoes and 13 pairs of boots in his luggage . Other items included oiled leather and canvas suits , stuff gowns and leather and stuff breeches , shirts , jerkins , doublets , neckcloths , hats and caps , hose , stockings , belts , piece goods , and haberdasherie . At his death , his estate consisted of extensive footwear and other items of clothing , and made his daughter Priscilla and her husband John Alden quite prosperous . </P> <P> No cattle or beasts of draft or burden were brought on the journey , but there were pigs , goats , and poultry . Some passengers brought family pets such as cats and birds . Peter Browne took his large bitch mastiff , and John Goodman brought along his spaniel . </P> <H2> Mayflower officers , crew , and others </H2> <P> According to author Charles Banks , the officers and crew of the Mayflower consisted of a captain , four mates , four quartermasters , surgeon , carpenter , cooper , cooks , boatswains , gunners , and about 36 men before the mast , making a total of about 50 . The entire crew stayed with the Mayflower in Plymouth through the winter of 1620 -- 1621 , and about half of them died during that time . The remaining crewmen returned to England on the Mayflower , which sailed for London on April 5 , 1621 . </P> <H3> Crew members per various sources </H3> <P> Banks states that the crew totaled 36 men before the mast and 14 officers , making a total of 50 . Nathaniel Philbrick estimates between 20 and 30 sailors in her crew whose names are unknown . Nick Bunker states that Mayflower had a crew of at least 17 and possibly as many as 30 . Caleb Johnson states that the ship carried a crew of about 30 men , but the exact number is unknown . </P> <H3> Officers and crew </H3> <Ul> <Li> Captain : Christopher Jones . About age 50 , of Harwich , a seaport in Essex , England , which was also the port of his ship Mayflower . He and his ship were veterans of the European cargo business , often carrying wine to England , but neither had ever crossed the Atlantic . By June 1620 , he and the Mayflower had been hired for the Pilgrims voyage by their business agents in London , Thomas Weston of the Merchant Adventurers and Robert Cushman . Historical marker in London honoring the Mayflower and Captain Jones . </Li> <Li> Masters Mate : John Clark ( Clarke ) , Pilot . By age 45 in 1620 , Clark already had greater adventures than most other mariners of that dangerous era . His piloting career began in England about 1609 . In early 1611 , he was pilot of a 300 - ton ship on his first New World voyage , with a three - ship convoy sailing from London to the new settlement of Jamestown in Virginia . Two other ships were in that convoy , and the three ships brought 300 new settlers to Jamestown , going first to the Caribbean islands of Dominica and Nevis . While in Jamestown , Clark piloted ships in the area carrying various stores . During that time , he was taken prisoner in a confrontation with the Spanish ; he was taken to Havana and held for two years , then transferred to Spain where he was in custody for five years . In 1616 , he was finally freed in a prisoner exchange with England . In 1618 , he was back in Jamestown as pilot of the ship Falcon . Shortly after his return to England , he was hired as pilot for the Mayflower in 1620 . </Li> <Li> Masters Mate : Robert Coppin , Pilot . Coppin had prior New World experience ; he previously hunted whales in Newfoundland and sailed the coast of New England . He was an early investor in the Virginia Company , being named in the Second Virginia Charter of 1609 . He was possibly from Harwich in Essex , the hometown of Captain Jones . </Li> <Li> Masters Mate : Andrew Williamson </Li> <Li> Masters Mate : John Parker </Li> <Li> Surgeon : Doctor Giles Heale . The surgeon on board the Mayflower was never mentioned by Bradford , but his identity was well established . He was essential in providing comfort to all who died or were made ill that first winter . He was a young man from Drury Lane in the parish of St. Giles in the Field , London who had completed his apprenticeship with the Barber - Surgeons in the previous year . On February 21 , 1621 , he was a witness to the death - bed will of William Mullins . He survived the first winter and returned to London on the Mayflower in April 1621 , where he began his medical practice and worked as a surgeon until his death in 1653 . </Li> <Li> Cooper : John Alden . Alden was a 21 - year - old from Harwich in Essex and a distant relative of Captain Jones . He hired on apparently while the Mayflower was anchored at Southampton Waters . He was responsible for maintaining the ship 's barrels , known as hogsheads , which were critical to the passengers ' survival and held the only source of food and drink while at sea ; tending them was a job which required a crew member 's attention . Bradford noted that Alden was `` left to his own liking to go or stay '' in Plymouth rather than return with the ship to England . He decided to remain . </Li> <Li> Quartermaster : ( names unknown ) , 4 men . These men were in charge of maintaining the ship 's cargo hold , as well as the crew 's hours for standing watch . Some of the `` before the mast '' crewmen may also have been in this section . These quartermasters were also responsible for fishing and maintaining all fishing supplies and harpoons . The names of the quartermasters are unknown , but it is known that three of the four men died the first winter . </Li> <Li> Cook : ( name unknown ) . He was responsible for preparing the crew 's meals and maintaining all food supplies and the cook room , which was typically located in the ship 's forecastle ( front end ) . The unnamed cook died the first winter . </Li> <Li> Master Gunner : ( name unknown ) . He was in charge of the ship 's guns , ammunition , and powder . Some of those `` before the mast '' were likely in his charge . He is recorded as going on an exploration on December 6 , 1620 , and was `` sick unto death and so remained all that day , and the next night '' . He died later that winter . </Li> <Li> Boatswain : ( name unknown ) . He was the person in charge of the ship 's rigging and sails , the anchors , and the ship 's longboat . The majority of the crew members `` before the mast '' were most likely under his supervision , working the sails and rigging . The operation of the ship 's shallop was also probably under his control , a light open boat with oars or sails ( see seaman Thomas English ) . William Bradford made this comment about the boatswain : `` the boatswain ... was a proud young man , who would often curse and scoff at the passengers , but when he grew weak they had compassion on him and helped him . '' But despite such assistance , the unnamed boatswain died the first winter . </Li> <Li> Carpenter : ( name unknown ) . He was responsible for making sure that the hull was well - caulked and the masts were

The captain of the Mayflower, which brought the Pilgrims to Plymouth, was

Who was the captain of the mayflower which brought the pilgrims to plymouth?

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History of the New York Jets - wikipedia <H1> History of the New York Jets </H1> Jump to : navigation , search 1968 game program cover , depicting a Jets helmet during their AFL years . From the Heidi Game on November 17 , 1968 . <P> The history of the New York Jets American football team began in 1959 with the founding of the Titans of New York , an original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) ; they began actual play the following year . The team had little success in its early years . After playing three seasons at the Polo Grounds , the team changed its name to the New York Jets , and moved into newly built Shea Stadium in 1964 . In January 1965 , the Jets signed University of Alabama quarterback Joe Namath to a then - record contract . The team showed gradual improvement in the late 1960s , posting its first winning record in 1967 and winning its only American Football League championship in 1968 . By winning the title , New York earned the right to play in Super Bowl III against the champions of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the Baltimore Colts . The Jets defeated the Colts in the game ; in the aftermath of the upset , the AFL was deemed a worthy partner to the NFL as the two leagues merged . </P> <P> Following the merger , the Jets fell into mediocrity ; Namath was dogged by injuries through much of his later career . In 1981 , New York qualified for the playoffs for the first time in the post-Namath era . They reached the AFC Championship Game in 1982 ; they were defeated on a rain - soaked Orange Bowl field by the Miami Dolphins . Beginning with the 1984 season , the team played in New Jersey 's Giants Stadium . The team started the 1986 season with a 10 -- 1 record , but the injury - plagued Jets lost their last five regular season games and relinquished a ten - point fourth quarter lead to lose in double overtime to the Cleveland Browns in the playoffs . </P> <P> In the following eleven seasons , New York had limited success , reaching the playoffs only once and enduring a string of disastrous seasons , including a 1 -- 15 record in 1996 . The following year , the Jets hired two - time Super Bowl winning coach Bill Parcells . The new coach guided the team to its most successful season since the merger in 1998 ; the Jets finished 12 -- 4 and reached the AFC Championship Game , in which they fell to the Denver Broncos . The team made five playoff appearances in the 2000s , their most of any decade . In 2009 and 2010 , the Jets achieved back - to - back appearances in the AFC Championship Game , losing to the Indianapolis Colts and Pittsburgh Steelers . In 2010 , the team began to play in MetLife Stadium , constructed near the now - demolished Giants Stadium . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origins and the Polo Grounds era ( 1959 -- 1964 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Organization and first season </Li> <Li> 1.2 Bankruptcy and recovery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 `` Broadway Joe '' era ( 1965 -- 1976 ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Road to Super Bowl III </Li> <Li> 2.2 Super Bowl III </Li> <Li> 2.3 Decline and Namath 's departure </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Rebuilding and modest success ( 1977 -- 1989 ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Final years at Shea </Li> <Li> 3.2 Early Meadowlands years </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Search for success ( 1990 -- 1996 ) </Li> <Li> 5 Return to respectability ( 1997 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Bill Parcells era </Li> <Li> 5.2 Herman Edwards takes over </Li> <Li> 5.3 Eric Mangini : initial success , eventual firing </Li> <Li> 5.4 Rex Ryan era ; Todd Bowles takes over </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origins and the Polo Grounds era ( 1959 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Organization and first season ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1959 , young oilmen Lamar Hunt and Bud Adams sought a National Football League franchise . They found that NFL expansion required a unanimous vote of existing team owners , so there was little likelihood of convincing the NFL to expand . The two men attempted to acquire the Chicago Cardinals , intending to move the franchise to Dallas , where there was no NFL team . Cardinals co-owner Walter Wolfner , who owned the team with his wife , Violet Bidwill Wolfner , was unwilling to sell majority control . During the discussions , Walter Wolfner mentioned the names of other wealthy bidders seeking to acquire the Cardinals . On the flight home , Hunt and Adams decided to recruit the other bidders as owners of teams in a new professional football league . </P> <P> New York City attorney William Shea was attempting to create the Continental League , a rival league to Major League Baseball . Hunt met with him , and Shea suggested Harry Wismer , a minority shareholder in both the Washington Redskins and Detroit Lions , as a potential New York franchise owner for the new football league . Wismer was willing ; he was feuding at the time with the Redskins ' principal owner , George Preston Marshall , and realized he would never own the Washington franchise . Wismer , while wealthy , was not nearly as rich as the other potential team owners . </P> Game program cover for the Titans , 1960 , depicting Coach Sammy Baugh . He posted a . 500 record with the Titans , for thirty - five years the franchise 's best . <P> On August 14 , 1959 , the league held an organizational meeting and announced its plans ; eight days later it announced its name : the American Football League ( AFL ) , the fourth league to take that name . On November 24 , 1959 , the AFL held its first draft ; the `` Titans of New York '' , as the franchise awarded to Wismer was dubbed , selected Notre Dame quarterback George Izo as their first pick . The league announced a policy , formulated by Wismer , that it would negotiate with a network for a single television contract to cover all the teams , the first league to do so . On December 7 , the Titans hired Steve Sebo as general manager . Sebo had just been fired as coach at the University of Pennsylvania , despite taking the Quakers to the Ivy League championship . On December 17 , the Titans announced at a press conference that `` one of the biggest names in the history of football '' would be soon be named as their head coach . Although Wismer was prone to hyperbole , in this case he told the truth : New York had persuaded a former NFL great , quarterback and punter Sammy Baugh , to be its coach . Since his retirement as a player , Baugh had coached at tiny Hardin -- Simmons University , where he built a strong football program that sent a team to the 1958 Sun Bowl . Before appearing at the press conference , Baugh demanded his entire salary of $20,000 for 1960 , in cash . The Titans accommodated him . </P> <P> Wismer sought a place for his team to play , but was only able to secure the decrepit Polo Grounds , which had been without a major tenant since the departure of the New York Giants baseball team in 1957 . The stadium stood on the northern tip of Manhattan , across the Harlem River from Yankee Stadium , where the New York Giants NFL team played . </P> <P> Baugh invited some 100 players to the Titans ' first training camp , which opened at the University of New Hampshire on July 9 , 1960 . As NFL teams cut players from their training camps , many were invited to the Titans ' or other AFL training camps as the teams sought to fill their 35 - man rosters . The franchise 's first preseason game took place on August 6 , 1960 , against the Los Angeles Chargers at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The Titans kicked off to begin the game , and Chargers running back Paul Lowe returned the kick 105 yards for a touchdown . New York lost , 27 -- 7 . On September 11 , 1960 , the opening regular season game was played in a heavy downpour , the remains of Hurricane Diana . Water poured off Coogan 's Bluff , situated above the Polo Grounds , swamping the field , which had poor drainage . The Titans ' offense was less affected by the mud than that of the visiting Buffalo Bills . The Titans won the game 27 -- 3 before a crowd of 9,607 ( 5,727 paid attendance ) . The following week New York played another home game , against the Boston Patriots . On the first of many occasions when the team would lose a game after taking a big lead , the Titans were ahead 24 -- 7 in the second half . With the lead reduced to 24 -- 21 , the Titans punted from deep in their own territory with seconds left . The punter , Rick Sapienza , fumbled the snap , and the Patriots recovered in the end zone for the victory . The following week , with the Titans playing at the Denver Broncos , New York blocked a punt on the final play to win the game . In their fourth game , New York had a two - point lead when it fumbled with fifteen seconds left against the Dallas Texans . This set off a scramble for the ball , which the Titans recovered as time ran out . Viewers in New York were spared the harrowing ending ; in a prelude to the Heidi Game eight years later , the local ABC station had switched to a Walt Disney Davey Crockett special at 6 : 30 p.m. Many viewers called to complain . </P> <P> Five weeks into the season , guard Howard Glenn broke his neck during a loss to the Houston Oilers , and died a few hours later , becoming the first player in professional football to die from injuries sustained on the field . New York suffered other injuries as the season progressed , and Wismer lacked the money to replace the injured players . Several players had to play both offense and defense . Wismer had arranged for the Titans to play three home games before their cross-river rivals , the Giants , started their season . This meant the Titans had to play their final three games on the road , and Wismer claimed to have lost $150,000 on the trip . The Titans finished their first season 7 -- 7 ; according to attendance figures released by the team , the Titans drew an average of 16,375 fans per game . This claim was mocked by the New York press , which reported that the fans had disguised themselves as empty seats . The New York Times estimated that the team had lost $450,000 for the season ; in his autobiography , Wismer set the figure at $1.2 million . </P> <H3> Bankruptcy and recovery ( edit ) </H3> The move to then - modern Shea Stadium , as the Flushing stadium was named , with its promise of ample restrooms and dining , from the decrepit Polo Grounds was a selling point for Titans ( and later Jets ) tickets . This is reproduced from the 1962 Titans ticket order form . <P> New

The last time the Jets won a playoff game was in

When was the last time the jets won a playoff game?

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Rough Riders - wikipedia <H1> Rough Riders </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about late 19th century US Cavalry . For other uses , see Rough Riders ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Active </Th> <Td> 1898 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States of America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Branch </Th> <Td> United States Army </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Cavalry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rough Riders </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Engagements </Th> <Td> <P> Spanish -- American War </P> <Ul> <Li> Battle of Las Guasimas </Li> <Li> Battle of San Juan Hill </Li> <Li> Siege of Santiago </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable commanders </Th> <Td> Leonard Wood Theodore Roosevelt </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Rough Riders was a nickname given to the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry , one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish -- American War and the only one of the three to see action . The United States Army was small and understaffed in comparison to its status during the American Civil War roughly thirty years prior . As a measure towards rectifying this situation President William McKinley called upon 125,000 volunteers to assist in the war efforts . The regiment was also called `` Wood 's Weary Walkers '' in honor of its first commander , Colonel Leonard Wood . This nickname served to acknowledge that despite being a cavalry unit they ended up fighting on foot as infantry . </P> <P> Wood 's second in command was former Assistant Secretary of the Navy , Theodore Roosevelt , a man who had pushed for American involvement in the Cuban War of Independence . When Colonel Wood became commander of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade , the Rough Riders then became `` Roosevelt 's Rough Riders . '' That term was familiar in 1898 , from Buffalo Bill who called his famous western show `` Buffalo Bill 's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World . '' The Rough Riders were mostly made of college athletes , cowboys , ranchers , miners , and other outdoorsmen . With these men being from southwestern ranch country , they were quite skilled in horsemanship . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Formation and early history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Equipment </Li> <Li> 1.2 Training </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Spanish -- American War <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Departure from the United States </Li> <Li> 2.2 Battle of Las Guasimas </Li> <Li> 2.3 Battle of San Juan Hill </Li> <Li> 2.4 Siege of Santiago </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Return home </Li> <Li> 3.2 Disbandment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Last survivors </Li> <Li> 5 World War I </Li> <Li> 6 Muster roll </Li> <Li> 7 Theatrical productions </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Formation and early History ( edit ) </H2> Colonel Theodore Roosevelt in his Rough Riders uniform on October 26 , 1898 , by Rockwood . <P> The volunteers were gathered in four areas : Arizona , New Mexico , Oklahoma and Texas . They were gathered mainly from the southwest because the hot climate region that the men were used to was similar to that of Cuba where they would be fighting . `` The difficulty in organizing was not in selecting , but in rejecting men . '' The allowed limit set for the volunteer cavalry men was promptly met . They gathered a diverse bunch of men consisting of cowboys , gold or mining prospectors , hunters , gamblers , Native Americans and college boys -- all of whom were able - bodied and capable on horseback and in shooting . Among these men were also police officers and military veterans who wished to see action again , most of whom had already retired . Men who had served in the regular army during campaigns against Native Americans or during the Civil War would serve as higher ranking officers , since they already had the knowledge and experience to lead and train the men . The unit thus would not be without experience . Leonard Wood , an Army doctor who served as the medical adviser for both the President and Secretary of War , was appointed colonel of The Rough Riders , with Roosevelt serving as lieutenant colonel . One particularly famous spot where volunteers were gathered was in San Antonio , Texas , at the Menger Hotel Bar . The bar is still open and serves as a tribute to the Rough Riders , containing much of their , and Theodore Roosevelt 's , uniforms and memorabilia . </P> <H3> Equipment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before training began , Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt used his political influence as Assistant Secretary of the Navy to ensure that his volunteer regiment would be properly equipped to serve as any regular Army unit . The Rough Riders were armed with Model 1896 Carbines in caliber . 30 US . `` They succeeded in getting their cartridges , Colt Single Action Army revolvers , clothing , shelter - tents , and horse gear ... and in getting the regiment armed with the Krag -- Jørgensen carbine used by the regular cavalry . '' The Rough Riders also used Bowie knives . A last - minute gift from a wealthy donor were a pair of modern tripod mounted , gas - operated M1895 Colt -- Browning machine guns in 7mm Mauser caliber . </P> <P> In contrast , the uniforms of the regiment were designed to set the unit apart : `` The Rough Rider uniform was a slouch hat , blue flannel shirt , brown trousers , leggings , and boots , with handkerchiefs knotted loosely around their necks . They looked exactly as a body of cowboy cavalry should look . '' This `` rough and tumble '' appearance contributed to earning them the title of `` The Rough Riders . '' </P> <H3> Training ( edit ) </H3> <P> Training was very standard , even for a cavalry unit . They worked on basic military drills , protocol , and habits involving conduct , obedience and etiquette . The men proved eager to learn what was necessary , and the training went smoothly . It was decided that the men would not be trained to use the saber as cavalry often did , as they had no experience with it . Instead , they used their carbines and revolvers as primary and secondary weapons . Although the men , for the most part , were already experienced horsemen , the officers refined their techniques in riding , shooting from horseback , and practicing in formations and in skirmishes . Along with these practices , the high - ranking men heavily studied books filled with tactics and drills to better themselves in leading the others . During times which physical drills could not be run , either because of confinement on board the train , ship , or during times where space was inadequate , there were some books that were read further as to leave no time wasted in preparation for war . The competent training that the volunteer men received prepared them best as possible for their duty . They were not simply handed weapons and given vague directions to engage in a disorderly brawl . </P> <H2> Spanish -- American War ( edit ) </H2> Rough Riders heading to Cuba aboard the steamship Yucatan . <H3> Departure from the United States ( edit ) </H3> <P> On May 29 , 1898 , 1060 Rough Riders and 1258 of their horses and mules made their way to the Southern Pacific railroad to travel to Tampa , Florida where they would set off for Cuba . The lot awaited orders for departure from Major General William Rufus Shafter . Under heavy prompting from Washington D.C. , General Shafter gave the order to dispatch the troops early before sufficient traveling storage was available . Due to this problem , only eight of the twelve companies of The Rough Riders were permitted to leave Tampa to engage in the war , and many of the horses and mules were left behind . Aside from Lieutenant - Colonel Roosevelt 's first hand mention of deep , heartfelt sorrow from the men left behind , this situation resulted in a premature weakening of the men . Approximately one fourth of them who received training had already been lost , most dying of malaria and yellow fever . This sent the remaining troops into Cuba with a significant loss in men and morale . </P> <P> Upon arrival on Cuban shores on June 23 , 1898 , the men promptly unloaded themselves and the small amount of equipment they carried with them . Camp was set up nearby and the men were to remain there until further orders had been given to advance . Further supplies were unloaded from the ships over the next day including the very few horses that were allowed on the journey . `` The great shortcoming throughout the campaign was the utterly inadequate transportation . If they had been allowed to take our mule - train , they could have kept the whole cavalry division supplied . '' Each man was only able to carry a few days worth of food which had to last them longer and fuel their bodies for rigorous tasks . Even after only seventy - five percent of the total number of cavalry men was allowed to embark into Cuba they were still without most of the horses they had so heavily been trained and accustomed to using . They were not trained as infantry and were not conditioned to doing heavy marching , especially long distance in hot , humid , and dense jungle conditions . This ultimately served as a severe disadvantage to the men who had yet to see combat . </P> <H3> Battle of Las Guasimas ( edit ) </H3> `` The Battle of Las Guasimas , June 24 - The heroic stand of the ' Rough Riders ' '' in Harper 's Pictorial History of the War with Spain . Main article : Battle of Las Guasimas <P> Within another day of camp being established , men were sent forward into the jungle for reconnaissance purposes , and before too long they returned with news of a Spanish outpost , Las Guasimas . By afternoon , The Rough Riders were given the command to begin marching towards Las Guasimas , to eliminate opposition and secure the area which stood in the path of further military advance . Upon arrival at their relative destination , the men slept through the night in a crude encampment nearby the Spanish outpost they would attack early the next morning . </P> <P> The Spanish held an advantage over the Americans by knowing their way through the complicated trails in the area of combat . They predicted where the Americans would be traveling on foot and exactly what positions to fire on . They also were able to utilize the land and cover in such a way that they were difficult to spot . Along with this , their guns used smokeless powder which did not give away their immediate position upon firing as other gunpowders would have . This increased the difficulty of finding the opposition for the U.S. soldiers . In some locations the jungle was too thick to see very far . </P> <P> General Young , who was in command of the regulars and cavalry , began the attack in the early morning . Using long - range , large - caliber Hotchkiss guns he fired at the opposition , who were reportedly concealed along trenches , roads , ridges , and jungle cover . Colonel Wood 's men , accompanied by Lieutenant - Colonel Roosevelt , were not yet in the

The Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War were

What were rough riders in the spanish american war?

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Colby cheese - wikipedia <H1> Colby cheese </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Colby </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other names </Th> <Td> Longhorn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region , town </Th> <Td> Colby , Wisconsin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source of milk </Th> <Td> Cows </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Texture </Th> <Td> Semi-hard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aging time </Th> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Related media on Wikimedia Commons </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Colby is a semi-hard cow 's milk cheese from the United States . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Properties </Li> <Li> 3 Uses </Li> <Li> 4 Derivatives </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Original factory southwest of the city of Colby A marker in Colby , Wisconsin , notes the town 's relationship to the cheese <P> In 1885 , Joseph F. Steinwand developed a new type of cheese at his father 's cheese factory near Colby , Wisconsin . The cheese was named after the village , which had been founded three years earlier . While Colby cheese is still widely available , it is no longer produced in Colby . A festival commemorating the cheese is held every year in mid-July where all local food booths offer free Colby cheese . On August 12 , 2015 , the original cheese factory was torn down leaving only the foundations of the building . </P> <P> An 1898 issue of the Colby Phonograph noted that `` A merchant in Phillips gives as one of the 13 reasons why people should trade with him , that he sells the genuine Steinwand Colby Cheese . '' </P> <H2> Properties ( edit ) </H2> <P> Colby is similar to Cheddar , but does not undergo the cheddaring process . Considered a semi-hard cheese , Colby is softer , moister , and milder than cheddar because it is produced through a washed - curd process . During this process , the whey is replaced with water during the cooking time , reducing the curd 's acidity , and resulting in Colby 's characteristically mild flavor . As with most other cheeses , it takes a little more than a U.S. gallon of milk to produce one pound ( just over 8 liters for a kilogram ) of cheese . Monterey Jack cheese is produced almost identically to Colby , but Colby is seasoned with annatto which gives it a sweet nutty flavor and its orange color . </P> <P> Longhorn is the best known style of the American Colby cheeses . `` Longhorn '' refers to the long orange cylindrical shape of the cheese . Colby is available in both its original shape and in rectangles and half rounds . Colby is not aged and dries out quickly . </P> <H2> Uses ( edit ) </H2> <P> Because it is such a mild cheese , Colby is seldom used in cooking . It is typically used as a table cheese , for grating and grilling , and in snacks and salads . </P> <H2> Derivatives ( edit ) </H2> <P> Colby is sometimes mixed with Monterey Jack to produce a marbled cheese often called Colby - Jack or Co-Jack . </P> <P> Pinconning cheese is a sharp aged relative of Colby cheese . </P> <P> In 2015 , artist John Riepenhoff and cheesemaker Bob Wills created a Double Cream Colby . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dairy Good : Home '' . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History : The Home of Colby Cheese Archived 2007 - 03 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Frank Kosikowski ; Vikram V Mistry . Cheese and Fermented Milk Foods . 3rd ed , Westport , Conn. : Author , 1997 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colby cheese at Wisconsin FFA </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Colby cheese at truestarhealth.com Archived 2007 - 01 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ehler , James T. `` Longhorn Cheese : Food Facts & Trivia '' . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Annual Nohl Fellowship Exhibition Opens at INOVA , October 9 '' . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colby cheese . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Nutrition facts for Land O'Lakes Colby cheese . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> American cheeses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Types </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baby Swiss </Li> <Li> Bergenost </Li> <Li> Brick </Li> <Li> Buffalo mozzarella </Li> <Li> Cheese curd </Li> <Li> Colby </Li> <Li> Colby - Jack </Li> <Li> Cougar Gold </Li> <Li> Cream cheese </Li> <Li> Creole cream cheese </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> D'Isigny </Li> <Li> Farmer </Li> <Li> Hoop </Li> <Li> Humboldt Fog </Li> <Li> Kunik </Li> <Li> Liederkranz </Li> <Li> Maytag Blue </Li> <Li> Monterey Jack </Li> <Li> Muenster </Li> <Li> Parmesan </Li> <Li> Pepper jack </Li> <Li> Pinconning </Li> <Li> Red Hawk </Li> <Li> String </Li> <Li> Swiss </Li> <Li> Teleme </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wisconsin cheese </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colby_cheese&oldid=801791286 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> American cheeses </Li> <Li> Cow 's - milk cheeses </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Articles with hRecipes </Li> <Li> Articles with Adr microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 21 : 48 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

Colby cheese is named after a town in

Colby chees is named after a town in what state?

-7311294886604391994

Carpenter ant - wikipedia <H1> Carpenter ant </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Carpenter ant Temporal range : Eocene -- Recent 52.2 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Camponotus sp . ( worker ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Scientific classification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom : </Td> <Td> Animalia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clade : </Td> <Td> Euarthropoda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Class : </Td> <Td> Insecta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Order : </Td> <Td> Hymenoptera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Family : </Td> <Td> Formicidae </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subfamily : </Td> <Td> Formicinae </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tribe : </Td> <Td> Camponotini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Genus : </Td> <Td> Camponotus Mayr , 1861 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Type species </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Formica ligniperda Latreille , 1802 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Diversity </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> > 1,000 species </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Synonyms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Condylomyrma Santschi , 1928 </Li> <Li> Dolophra Wu , J. & Wang , 1994 </Li> <Li> Myrmocamelus Forel , 1914 </Li> <Li> Myrmolophus Emery , 1920 </Li> <Li> Myrmosaga Forel , 1912 </Li> <Li> Myrmoturba Forel , 1912 </Li> <Li> Neocolobopsis Borgmeier , 1928 </Li> <Li> Neomyrmamblys Wheeler , W.M. , 1921 </Li> <Li> Orthonotus Ashmead , 1905 </Li> <Li> Paleosminthurus Pierce & Gibron , 1962 </Li> <Li> Paracolobopsis Emery , 1920 </Li> <Li> Shanwangella Zhang , J. , 1989 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Carpenter ants ( Camponotus spp . ) are large ( 0.3 to 1.0 in or 0.76 to 2.54 cm ) ants indigenous to many forested parts of the world . </P> <P> They build nests inside wood consisting of galleries chewed out with their mandibles , preferably in dead , damp wood . They do not consume the wood , however , unlike termites . Sometimes , carpenter ants hollow out sections of trees . They also commonly infest wooden buildings and structures , and are a widespread nuisance and major cause of structural damage . However , their ability to excavate wood helps in forest decomposition . One of the most familiar species associated with human habitation in the United States is the black carpenter ant ( Camponotus pennsylvanicus ) . The genus includes over 1,000 species . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Habitat <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Food </Li> <Li> 1.2 Symbionts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Behavior and ecology <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Nesting <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Nuptial flight </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Relatedness </Li> <Li> 2.3 Kin recognition </Li> <Li> 2.4 Kin altruism </Li> <Li> 2.5 Pheromones </Li> <Li> 2.6 Social immunity </Li> <Li> 2.7 Oligogyny </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Exploding ants </Li> <Li> 4 Selected species </Li> <Li> 5 Relationship with humans <Ul> <Li> 5.1 As pests </Li> <Li> 5.2 As food </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Cited texts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Habitat ( edit ) </H2> Carpenter ant cleaning antennae <P> Carpenter ant species reside both outdoors and indoors in moist , decaying , or hollow wood , most commonly in forest environments . They cut `` galleries '' into the wood grain to provide passageways for movement from section to section of the nest . Certain parts of a house , such as around and under windows , roof eaves , decks and porches , are more likely to be infested by carpenter ants because these areas are most vulnerable to moisture . </P> Carpenter ants carrying a dead bee <P> Carpenter ants have been known to construct extensive underground tunneling systems . These systems often lead to an end at some food source -- often aphid colonies , where the ants extract and feed on honeydew . These tunneling systems also often exist in trees . The colonies typically include a central `` parent '' colony surrounded and supplemented by smaller satellite colonies . </P> <H3> Food ( edit ) </H3> A major worker of Camponotus sp . <P> Carpenter ants are considered both predators and scavengers . These ants are foragers that typically eat parts of other dead insects or substances derived from other insects . Common foods for them include insect parts , `` honeydew '' produced by aphids , or extrafloral nectar from plants . They are also known for eating other sugary liquids such as honey , syrup , or juices . Carpenter ants can increase the survivability of aphids when they tend them . They tend many aphid species but can also express preference for specific ones . </P> <P> Most species of carpenter ants forage at night . When foraging , they usually collect and consume dead insects . Some species less commonly collect live insects . When they discover a dead insect , workers surround it and extract its bodily fluids to be carried back to the nest . The remaining chitin - based shell is left behind . Occasionally , the ants bring the chitinous head of the insect back to the nest , where they also extract its inner tissue . The ants can forage individually or in small or large groups , though they often opt to do so individually . Different colonies in close proximity may have overlapping foraging regions , though they typically do not assist each other in foraging . Their main food sources normally include proteins and carbohydrates . Instances of carpenter ants bleeding Chinese elm trees for the sap have been observed in the northern Arizona region . These instances may be rare as the colonies vastly exceeded the standard size of carpenter ant colonies else where . When workers find food sources , they communicate this information to the rest of the nest . They use biochemical pheromones to mark the shortest path that can be taken from the nest to the source . When a sizable number of workers follows this trail , the strength of the cue increases and a foraging trail is established . This ends when the food source is depleted . The workers will then feed the queen and the larvae by consuming the food they have found , and regurgitating the food at the nest . Foraging trails can either be under or above ground . </P> <P> Although carpenter ants do not tend to be extremely aggressive , they have developed mechanisms to maximize their provision from a food source when that same food source is visited by a competing organism . This is accomplished in different ways . Sometimes they colonize an area near a relatively static food supply . More often , they develop a systemic way to visit the food source with alternating trips by different individual ants or groups . This allows them to decrease the gains of intruders because the intruders tend to visit in a scattered , random , and unorganized manner . The ants , however , visit the sources systematically such that they lower the mean standing crop . They tend to visit more resource - dense food areas in an attempt to minimize resource availability for others . That is , the more systematic the foraging behavior of the ants , the more random that of its competitors . </P> <P> Contrary to popular belief , carpenter ants do not actually eat wood because they are unable to digest cellulose . They only create tunnels and nests within it . </P> <H3> Symbionts ( edit ) </H3> <P> All ants in this genus , and some related genera , possess an obligate bacterial endosymbiont called Blochmannia . This bacterium has a small genome , and retains genes to biosynthesize essential amino acids and other nutrients . This suggests the bacterium plays a role in ant nutrition . Many Camponotus species are also infected with Wolbachia , another endosymbiont that is widespread across insect groups . </P> <H2> Behavior and Ecology ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Nesting ( edit ) </H3> Play media Carpenter ant colony in an old fir stump <P> Carpenter ants work to build the nests that house eggs in environments with usually high humidity due to their sensitivity to environmental humidity . These nests are called primary nests . Satellite nests are constructed once the primary nest is established and has begun to mature . Residents of satellite nests include older larvae , pupae , and some winged individuals . Only eggs , the newly hatched larvae , workers , and the queen reside in the primary nests . As satellite nests do not have environmentally sensitive eggs , the ants can construct them in rather diverse locations that can actually be relatively dry . Some species , like Camponotus vagus , builds the nest in a dry place , usually in wood . </P> Nuptial flight ( edit ) <P> When conditions are warm and humid , winged males and females participate in a nuptial flight . They emerge from their satellite nests and females mate with a number of males while in flight . The males die after mating . These newly fertilized queens discard their wings and search for new areas to establish primary nests . The queens build new nests and deposit around 20 eggs , nurturing them as they grow until worker ants emerge . The worker ants eventually assist her in caring for the brood as she lays more eggs . After a few years , reproductive winged ants are born , allowing for the making of new colonies . Again , satellite nests will be established and the process will repeat itself . </P> <H3> Relatedness ( edit ) </H3> <P> Relatedness is the probability that a gene in one individual is an identical copy , by descent , of a gene in another individual . It is essentially a measure of how closely related two individuals are with respect to a gene . It is quantified by the coefficient of relatedness , which is a number between zero and one . The larger the value , the more two individuals are `` related '' . Carpenter ants are social hymenopteran insects . This means the relatedness between offspring and parents is disproportionate . Females are more closely related to their sisters than they are to their offspring . Between full sisters , the coefficient of relatedness is r > 0.75 ( due to their haplodiploid genetic system ) . Between parent and offspring , the coefficient of relatedness is r = 0.5 , because , given the event in meiosis , a certain gene has a 50 % chance of being passed on to the offspring . The level of relatedness is an important dictator of individual interactions . </P> <H3> Kin recognition ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Hamilton 's rule for relatedness , for relative - specific interactions to occur , such as kin altruism , a high level of relatedness is necessary between two individuals . Carpenter ants , like many social insect species , have mechanisms by which individuals determine whether others are nestmates or not . They are useful because they explain the presence or absence of altruistic behavior between individuals . They also act as evolutionary strategies to help prevent incest and promote kin selection . Social carpenter ants recognize their kin in many ways . These methods of recognition are largely chemical in nature , and include environmental odors , pheromones , `` transferable labels '' , and labels from the queen that are distributed to and among nest members . Because they have a chemical basis for emission and recognition , odors are useful because many ants can detect such changes in their environment through their antennae . This allows acceptance of nestmates and rejection of non-nestmates . </P> <P> The actual process of recognition for carpenter ants requires two events . First , a cue must be present on a `` donor animal '' . These cues are called `` labels '' . Next , the receiving animal must be able to recognize and process the cue . In order

Carpenter ants are

Where do carpenter ants live in the world?

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Henry Classification System - wikipedia <H1> Henry Classification System </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Henry Classification System is a long - standing method by which fingerprints are sorted by physiological characteristics for one - to - many searching . Developed by Hem Chandra Bose , Azizul Haque and Sir Edward Henry in the late 19th century for criminal investigations in British India , it was the basis of modern - day AFIS ( Automated Fingerprint Identification System ) classification methods up until the 1990s . In recent years , the Henry Classification System has generally been replaced by ridge flow classification approaches . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History and development </Li> <Li> 2 Explanation </Li> <Li> 3 Impact on current biometric systems </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History and development ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although fingerprint characteristics were studied as far back as the mid-1600s , the use of fingerprints as a means of identification did not occur until the mid-19th century . In roughly 1859 , Sir William James Herschel discovered that fingerprints remain stable over time and are unique across individuals ; as Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor , India , in 1877 he was the first to institute the use of fingerprints and handprints as a means of identification , signing legal documents , and authenticating transactions . The fingerprint records collected at this time were used for one - to - one verification only ; as a means in which records would be logically filed and searched had not yet been invented . </P> <P> In 1880 , Dr. Henry Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin , explaining a system for classifying fingerprints , asking for his assistance in their development . Darwin was unable to assist Dr. Faulds , but agreed to forward the letter to his cousin , Sir Francis Galton . Dr. Henry Faulds and Sir Francis Galton did not engage in much correspondence , but in the following decade , they devised very similar fingerprint classification systems . It is unclear whom to credit for the classification system . However , we do know that Dr. Henry Faulds was the first European to publish the notion of scientific use of fingerprints in the identification of criminals . In 1892 , Sir Francis Galton published his highly influential book , Finger Prints in which he described his classification system that include three main fingerprint patterns - loops , whorls and arches . </P> <P> At the time , the alternative to fingerprints was Bertillonage , also known as Anthropometry . Developed by Alphonse Bertillon in 1879 , Bertillonage consists of a meticulous method of measuring body parts for the use of identifying criminals . In 1892 , the British Indian police force adopted Anthropometry . Two years later , Sir Edward Henry , Inspector General of the Bengal Police in India became interested in the use of fingerprints for the use of criminal identification . </P> <P> Influenced by Galton 's Finger Prints , the men corresponded regularly in 1894 ; and in January 1896 , Sir Henry ordered the Bengali Police to collect prisoners ' fingerprints in addition to their anthropometric measurements . Expanding on Galton 's classification system , Sir Henry developed the Henry Classification System between the years 1896 and 1925 . He was primarily assisted by Azizul Haque who developed a mathematical formula to supplement Henry 's idea of sorting in 1024 pigeon holes based on fingerprint patterns , and Hem Chandra Bose , another Henry 's assistant also helped refine the system , and both , on the recommendation of Henry received recognition years later by the British Government for their contribution . The Henry Classification System was to find worldwide acceptance in 1899 . In 1897 a commission was established to compare Anthropometry to the Henry Classification System . As the results were overwhelmingly in favor of fingerprints , fingerprinting was introduced to British India by the Governor General , and in 1900 , replaced Anthropometry . Also in 1900 , Henry was sent to Natal , South Africa to assist in the reorganization of the local police force and establish a fingerprint bureau . His efforts in South Africa were highly successful ; and in 1901 Sir Henry returned to Britain and was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard , head of the Criminal Investigation Department ( CID ) . In the same year , the first UK fingerprint bureau was established at Scotland Yard . ( Harling 1996 ) ( Met ) ( Early ) </P> <H2> Explanation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Henry Classification System allows for logical categorization of ten - print fingerprint records into primary groupings based on fingerprint pattern types . This system reduces the effort necessary to search large numbers of fingerprint records by classifying fingerprint records according to gross physiological characteristics . Subsequent searches ( manual or automated ) utilizing granular characteristics such as minutiae are greatly simplified . The Henry Classification System is a method to classify fingerprints and exclude potential candidates . This system should NEVER be used for individualization . </P> <P> The Henry Classification System assigns each finger a number according to the order in which it is located in the hand , beginning with the right thumb as number 1 and ending with the left pinky as number 10 . The system also assigns a numerical value to fingers that contain a whorl pattern ; fingers 1 and 2 each have a value of 16 , fingers 3 and 4 have a value of 8 , fingers 5 and 6 have a value of 4 , fingers 7 and 8 have a value of 2 , and the final two fingers having a value of 1 . Fingers with a non-whorl pattern , such as an arch or loop pattern , have a value of zero . The sum of the even finger value is then calculated and placed in the numerator of a fraction . The sum of the odd finger values is placed in the denominator . The value of 1 is added to each sum of the whorls with the maximum obtainable on either side of the fraction being 32 . Thus , the primary classification is a fraction between 1 / 1 to 32 / 32 , where 1 / 1 would indicate no whorl patterns and 32 / 32 would mean that all fingers had whorl patterns . </P> <P> Example of a Henry Classification : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Key </Th> <Th> Major </Th> <Th> Primary </Th> <Th> Secondary </Th> <Th> Sub-Secondary </Th> <Th> Final </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> IIO </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> U </Td> <Td> OOI </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Key - Ridge count first loop </P> <P> Major - Value of the ridge counts or the tracings of fingers # 1 , # 6 </P> <P> Primary - Summation of the value of : Whorl type patterns fingers ( # 2 , # 4 , # 6 , # 8 , # 10 for Numerator ) , ( # 1 , # 3 , # 5 , # 7 , # 9 for Denominator ) ; Value of fingers as whorls : # 1 & # 2 ( 16 ) , # 3 & # 4 ( 8 ) , # 5 & # 6 ( 4 ) , # 7 & # 8 ( 2 ) , # 9 & # 10 ( 1 ) ; Plus 1 in both Numerator and Denominator . </P> <P> Secondary - Pattern types in fingers # 2 and # 7 , ( U ) Ulna Loop , ( R ) Radial Loop , ( W ) Whorl , and ( A ) Arch </P> <P> Sub-Secondary - Value of ridge counts or tracing - fingers # 2 , # 3 , # 4 in Numerator ; # 7 , # 8 , # 9 in Denominator . </P> <P> Final - is the ridge count of the loops or whorls in both little fingers expressed in numbers . The right little is used as the numerator and the left little as the denominator . If a loop appears in one finger and a whorl in the other , enumerate both their ridge counts by treating the whorl as an ulnar loop . </P> <H2> Impact on current biometric systems ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Henry Classification System has been a highly influential force in the formation of current AFIS technology ( Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System ) . When AFIS technology was first introduced , it was primarily envisioned to be used as a tool to expedite the manual searching of fingerprint records , eventually reducing matching time requirements from months to hours . At that time , most forensic hardcopy fingerprint files were sorted according to the Henry Classification System and the first AFIS solutions attempted to emulate the Henry process . </P> <P> Up until the mid-1990s , it was not unusual for a state or city to continue to maintain its physical file of Henry - sorted fingerprint cards just in case a disaster occurred in the AFIS . As processing speeds , network throughput capacities , and system reliability increased , it was no longer necessary for automated fingerprint matching to mirror what had been the manual processes . AFIS began to classify fingerprints according to the distance between the core and delta , minutiae locations , and pattern type ; the later being based on the Henry Classification System . Presently , there are some forensic AFIS solutions ( e.g. state and local ) that still employ a Henry Classification System based manual fingerprint filing . However , other than for legacy systems , the Henry Classification System is not essential for automated systems . ( Carlton ) </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Tewari RK , Ravikumar KV . History and development of forensic science in India . J. Postgrad Med 2000 , 46 : 303 - 308 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J.S. Sodhi & Jasjeed Kaur The forgotten Indian pioneers of fingerprint science , Current Science 2005 , 88 ( 1 ) : 185 - 191 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colin Beavan : Fingerprints : The Origins of Crime Detection and Murder Case that Launched Forensic Science , Hyperion , NY , USA , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harling 1996 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Henry Classification System </Li> <Li> Javascript implementation of Henry Classification </Li> <Li> http://ridgesandfurrows.homestead.com </Li> <Li> http://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/dcjs/html/nyidbur2.html </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Classification_System&oldid=808333578 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Biometrics </Li> <Li> Fingerprints </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from April 2008 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3>

The fingerprint classification still used today in Europe and the US was devised by

Who devised the fingerprint classification still used today in europe and the us?

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List of highest - income counties in the United States - wikipedia <H1> List of highest - income counties in the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Income in the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Topics ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> Household </Li> <Li> Personal </Li> <Li> Affluence </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Social class </Li> <Li> Income inequality <Ul> <Li> gender pay gap </Li> <Li> ethnic wage gap </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lists by income ( show ) <Ul> <Li> States ( by equality ( Gini ) ) </Li> <Li> Counties ( highest / lowest ) </Li> <Li> Locations ( lowest ) </Li> <Li> Metropolitan statistical areas </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Urban areas </Li> <Li> ZIP Code Tabulation Areas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Per capita income by county <P> There are 3,144 counties and county - equivalents in the United States . The source of the data is the U.S. Census Bureau and the data is current as of the indicated year . Independent cities are considered county - equivalent by the Census Bureau . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Summary </Li> <Li> 2 Median household income <Ul> <Li> 2.1 American Community Survey </Li> <Li> 2.2 2010 Census </Li> <Li> 2.3 2000 Census </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Per capita income <Ul> <Li> 3.1 2010 Census </Li> <Li> 3.2 2000 Census </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Highest - income counties and places by state </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Notes and references </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> Before the American Civil War , the wealthiest counties were primarily located in Louisiana and Mississippi . </P> <P> The Loudoun County , Virginia suburb of Washington , D.C. is the highest - income county by median household income . Another Washington suburb , Arlington County , Virginia , ranks as the highest - income county by median family income . </P> <P> Many of the top counties in the following lists are found in the Northeast Megalopolis , particularly in the Washington metropolitan area and the New York metropolitan area . </P> <H2> Median household income ( edit ) </H2> <H3> American Community Survey ( edit ) </H3> <P> Presented below are the 25 highest - income counties ( with populations of 65,000 or greater ) in the United States by median household income according to the 2016 American Community Survey prepared by the US Census Bureau . Five of the counties are located in the state of Maryland , five are in Virginia , four in California , three in New Jersey , two in New York , and one each in : Colorado , Georgia , Massachusetts , Ohio , Tennessee , and Texas . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> County </Th> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Median Household Income </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Loudoun County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $134,464 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Howard County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $120,941 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fairfax County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $115,717 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hunterdon County </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> $113,684 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Santa Clara County </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> $111,069 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Arlington County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $110,388 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Douglas County </Td> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> $109,292 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> San Mateo County </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> $108,627 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Morris County </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> $106,985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Williamson County </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> $106,054 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Nassau County </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> $105,870 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Somerset County </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> $104,478 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Marin County </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> $103,845 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> San Francisco County </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> $103,801 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Delaware County </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> $101,693 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Forsyth County </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> $100,909 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Montgomery County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $99,763 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Calvert County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $98,732 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Prince William County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $97,986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Stafford County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $97,484 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Putnam County </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> $96,992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Anne Arundel County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $96,483 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Charles County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $95,735 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Rockwall County </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> $95,731 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Middlesex County </Td> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> $95,249 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) 2011 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> County </Th> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Median Household Income </Th> <Th> Population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Loudoun County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $119,134 </Td> <Td> 325,405 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fairfax County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $105,797 </Td> <Td> 1,100,692 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arlington County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $100,735 </Td> <Td> 216,004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hunterdon County </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> $99,099 </Td> <Td> 128,038 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Howard County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $98,953 </Td> <Td> 293,142 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Somerset County </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> $96,360 </Td> <Td> 324,893 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Prince William County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $95,146 </Td> <Td> 419,096 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Fauquier County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $93,762 </Td> <Td> 66,320 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Douglas County </Td> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> $93,573 </Td> <Td> 292,167 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Montgomery County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $92,909 </Td> <Td> 989,794 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Charles County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $91,733 </Td> <Td> 149,130 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Nassau County </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> $91,414 </Td> <Td> 1,344,436 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Stafford County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $91,348 </Td> <Td> 132,133 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Morris County </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> $91,332 </Td> <Td> 494,976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Putnam County </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> $90,735 </Td> <Td> 99,933 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Calvert County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $89,393 </Td> <Td> 89,256 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Williamson County </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> $86,962 </Td> <Td> 188,560 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Delaware County </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> $85,365 </Td> <Td> 178,341 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Santa Clara County </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> $84,895 </Td> <Td> 1,809,378 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Oldham County </Td> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> $84,447 </Td> <Td> 64,800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> York County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $84,167 </Td> <Td> 66,134 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Anne Arundel </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $84,138 </Td> <Td> 544,403 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Carroll County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $84,117 </Td> <Td> 167,288 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Suffolk County </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> $84,106 </Td> <Td> 1,498,816 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Sussex County </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> $83,839 </Td> <Td> 148,517 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Carver County </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> $83,348 </Td> <Td> 92,638 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Alexandria City </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $82,748 </Td> <Td> 144,301 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Fort Bend County </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> $82,271 </Td> <Td> 606,953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Collin County </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> $82,237 </Td> <Td> 812,226 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Rockland County </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> $82,217 </Td> <Td> 315,158 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Forsyth County </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> $82,209 </Td> <Td> 181,840 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Rockwall County </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> $82,061 </Td> <Td> 81,290 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Norfolk County </Td> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> $81,889 </Td> <Td> 675,436 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> San Mateo County </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> $81,657 </Td> <Td> 727,209 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> St. Mary 's County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $81,657 </Td> <Td> 107,484 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Hamilton County </Td> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> $80,999 </Td> <Td> 282,810 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Scott County </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> $80,864 </Td> <Td> 132,556 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Kendall County </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> $80,655 </Td> <Td> 116,631 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Monmouth County </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> $79,334 </Td> <Td> 631,020 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Bergen County </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> $79,272 </Td> <Td> 911,004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Chester County </Td> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> $79,160 </Td> <Td> 503,897 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Tolland County </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> $78,210 </Td> <Td> 152,507 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Harford County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $78,123 </Td> <Td> 246,489 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Frederick County </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> $77,791 </Td> <Td> 236,745 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Fairfield County </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> $77,289 </Td> <Td> 925,899 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Middlesex County </Td> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> $77,193 </Td> <Td> 166,043 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Marin County </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> $77,168 </Td> <Td> 255,031 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Westchester County </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> $77,006 </Td> <Td> 955,899 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Middlesex County </Td> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> $76,978 </Td> <Td> 1,518,171 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Washington County </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> $76,491 </Td> <Td> 241,280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Spotsylvania County </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> $76,475 </Td> <Td> 124,327 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Montgomery County </Td> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> $76,220 </Td> <Td> 804,210 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Rockingham County </Td> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> $75,982 </Td> <Td> 296,207 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Ventura County </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> $74,623 </Td> <Td> 831,771 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Middlesex County </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> $74,522 </Td> <Td> 814,217 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Contra Costa County </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> $74,353 </Td> <Td> 1,066,096 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Lake County </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> $74,266 </Td> <Td> 706,222 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> DuPage County </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> $74,072 </Td> <Td> 923,222 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Mercer County </Td> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> $73,890 </Td> <Td> 367,063 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Ozaukee County </Td> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> $73,703 </Td> <Td> 86,568 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Fayette County </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> $72,962

The highest average incomes in North America are found in

Where are the highest average incomes found in north america?

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Oona Chaplin - wikipedia <H1> Oona Chaplin </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the actress . For the fourth wife of Charlie Chaplin , see Oona O'Neill . This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Castilla and the second or maternal family name is Chaplin . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Oona Chaplin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Oona Chaplin in 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Oona Castilla Chaplin ( 1986 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1986 ( age 31 ) Madrid , Spain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> Spanish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> Royal Academy of Dramatic Art </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2007 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent ( s ) </Th> <Td> Patricio Castilla Geraldine Chaplin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> See Chaplin family </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Oona Castilla Chaplin ( ˈuna kasˈtija ˈt͡ʃaplin ) ( born 4 June 1986 ) , known professionally as Oona Chaplin , is a Spanish actress . Her roles include Talisa Maegyr in the HBO TV series Game of Thrones , The Crimson Field and the series Taboo . </P> <P> A member of the Chaplin family , she is the daughter of actress Geraldine Chaplin , the granddaughter of English filmmaker and actor Charlie Chaplin , and the great - granddaughter of American playwright Eugene O'Neill . She was named after her maternal grandmother Oona O'Neill , Charlie 's wife . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Ancestry </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film </Li> <Li> 4.2 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Oona Chaplin was born in Madrid to Anglo - American actress Geraldine Chaplin and Chilean cinematographer Patricio Castilla . Her paternal grandmother is Mapuche . She was named after her maternal grandmother , Oona O'Neill Chaplin . She spent her childhood mostly in Spain , Great Britain , Switzerland , and Cuba , but also travelled often because of her mother 's film career . She started dancing ballet , salsa and flamenco at an early age . </P> <P> When Chaplin was fifteen , she began studying at Gordonstoun School in Scotland on a drama scholarship . During her time there , she appeared in several school plays , touring the United Kingdom in an adaptation of Romeo and Juliet and impersonating her grandfather in the role of Bottom in an adaptation of A Midsummer Night 's Dream , which was performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe . After leaving Gordonstoun , she was accepted to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , from which she graduated in 2007 . Oona has a half - brother named Shane from her mother 's previous relationship with film director , Carlos Saura . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since graduating from RADA , Chaplin has acted in mainly British and Spanish short and feature films . She has played alongside her mother in three feature films : Inconceivable , ¿ Para qué sirve un oso ? and Imago Mortis . Chaplin has also had several supporting roles in British and American television . In 2010 , she appeared as a Brazilian cage dancer in ITV 's Married Single Other ( 2010 ) , followed by roles as the wife of one of the main characters , Hector Madden , in the BBC period drama The Hour ( 2011 -- 2012 ) , as Dr. John Watson 's girlfriend in an episode of BBC 's Sherlock ( 2012 ) and as Talisa Maegyr in HBO 's Game of Thrones ( 2012 -- 2013 ) . </P> <P> She plays Kitty Trevelyan , a lead character , in the BBC drama The Crimson Field ( 2014 ) and Ruth Levinson , wife of Ira Levinson , in The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) . </P> <P> Chaplin stars as Zilpha Geary in the eight - part historical fiction series Taboo ( 2017 ) on BBC One and FX . </P> <P> Chaplin joined the cast of James Cameron 's Avatar sequels in June 2017 . Her character , named Varang , is described as `` a strong and vibrant central character who spans the entire saga of the sequels '' . </P> <H2> Ancestry ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Ancestors of Oona Chaplin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 2 . Patricio Castilla </Td> <Td colspan="11"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 1 . Oona Chaplin </Td> <Td colspan="15"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 24 . Spencer Chaplin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 12 . Charles Chaplin Sr </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 25 . Ellen Elizabeth Smith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 6 . Charlie Chaplin </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 26 . Charles Frederick Hill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 13 . Hannah Harriet Pedlingham Hill </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 27 . Mary Ann </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 3 . Geraldine Chaplin </Td> <Td colspan="11"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 28 . James O'Neill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 14 . Eugene O'Neill </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 29 . Ella Quinlan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 7 . Oona O'Neill </Td> <Td colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 30 . Edward William Boulton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 15 . Agnes Boulton </Td> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="4"> 31 . Cecil Maud Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> Oona Chaplin at a red carpet premiere in 2013 <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Inconceivable </Td> <Td> Laura Chappel </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> First , Love ? </Td> <Td> Laura -- Flower Girl </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Quantum of Solace </Td> <Td> Perla de las Dunas receptionist </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Imago Mortis </Td> <Td> Arianna </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Pelican Blood </Td> <Td> Linda </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> High and Dry </Td> <Td> Sandra </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vampyre compendium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> ¿ Para qué sirve un oso ? </Td> <Td> Rosa </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Devil 's Double , The The Devil 's Double </Td> <Td> Beauty </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Salar </Td> <Td> Sandra </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> The Sorrows </Td> <Td> Sarah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Powder Room </Td> <Td> Jess </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> What if ... </Td> <Td> Julianne </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Aloft </Td> <Td> Alice </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> The Longest Ride </Td> <Td> Ruth </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Purgatorio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Realive </Td> <Td> Naomi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> As We Like It </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2020 </Td> <Td> Avatar 2 </Td> <Td> Varang </Td> <Td> Filming </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2021 </Td> <Td> Avatar 3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Spooks </Td> <Td> Kate </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Virus ( Part 2 ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Spooks : Code 9 </Td> <Td> Kate </Td> <Td> Episode 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Married Single Other </Td> <Td> Fabiana </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> El Gordo : Una historia verdadera </Td> <Td> Silvia </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> Hour , The The Hour </Td> <Td> Marnie Madden </Td> <Td> 12 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Sherlock </Td> <Td> Jeanette </Td> <Td> Episode : `` A Scandal in Belgravia '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Game of Thrones </Td> <Td> Talisa Maegyr </Td> <Td> 11 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Dates </Td> <Td> Mia </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr>

In the popular HBO series Game of Thrones, the role of Lady Talisa Maegyr is played by

Who plays lady talisa in game of thrones?

-5496940747878896103

US Route 66 in California - wikipedia <H1> US Route 66 in California </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the section of U.S. Route 66 in California . For the entire route , see U.S. Route 66 . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> U.S. Route 66 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Will Rogers Highway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Route information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 315 mi ( 507 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Existed </Th> <Td> November 11 , 1926 ( 1926 - 11 - 11 ) -- June 25 , 1979 ( 1979 - 06 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Major junctions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West end </Th> <Td> US 101 Alt. in Santa Monica </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I - 405 in Los Angeles </Li> <Li> US 101 in Los Angeles </Li> <Li> I - 5 / SR 110 in Los Angeles </Li> <Li> I - 210 in Monrovia </Li> <Li> I - 15 in Fontana </Li> <Li> I - 215 in San Bernardino </Li> <Li> I - 15 in San Bernardino </Li> <Li> I - 40 in Barstow </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East end </Th> <Td> US 66 at Arizona state line </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Highway system </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> United States Numbered Highway System </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List </Li> <Li> Special </Li> <Li> Divided </Li> <Li> Replaced </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> State highways in California </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Interstate </Li> <Li> U.S. </Li> <Li> State <Ul> <Li> Pre-1964 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Unconstructed </Li> <Li> Deleted </Li> <Li> Freeway </Li> <Li> Scenic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← SR 65 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> SR 66 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> U.S. Route 66 ( US 66 , Route 66 ) is a part of a former United States Numbered Highway in the state of California that ran from the west in Santa Monica on the Pacific Ocean through Los Angeles and San Bernardino to Needles at the Arizona state line . It was truncated during the 1964 renumbering and its signage removed in 1974 . The highway is now mostly replaced with several streets in Los Angeles , State Route 66 ( SR 66 ) , Interstate 15 ( I - 15 ) and I - 40 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Old Trails Highway </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Route description <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Santa Monica to San Bernardino </Li> <Li> 2.2 San Bernardino to the Arizona state line </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Major intersections </Li> <Li> 4 Structures <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Restaurants </Li> <Li> 4.2 Camps , motor courts , and motels </Li> <Li> 4.3 Museums </Li> <Li> 4.4 Bridges </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> US 66 was assigned by the American Association of State Highway Officials in November 1926 and signed in 1928 by the Automobile Club of Southern California ; however historic US 66 shields and even present day US 66 shields remain . US 66 continued to be signed east of Pasadena until 1974 , when it was removed , and the remaining separate section became SR 66 . </P> <P> In 1977 , `` Hotel California '' alluded to Route 66 in its opening lines , `` On a dark desert highway , cool wind in my hair , Warm smell of colitas rising up through the air , Up ahead in the distance , I saw a shimmering light , My head grew heavy and my sight grew dim , I had to stop for the night '' . According to Eagles guitarist Don Felder , `` Everybody had driven into Los Angeles on what used to be Route 66 . And as you drive in through the desert at night , you can see the glow of Los Angeles from a hundred miles away . The closer and closer you get , you start seeing all of these images , and these things pounded into our heads : the stars on Hollywood Boulevard , movie stars , palm trees , beaches and girls in bikinis . '' </P> <P> Nationally , Route 66 has been a decommissioned highway since 1985 , with the last section through Williams , Arizona , bypassed by I - 40 in 1984 . The first efforts to return the route to maps as `` Historic Route 66 '' date to 1987 and Angel Delgadillo 's Arizona Historic Route 66 Association . This initiative was soon followed in all eight US 66 states , including California . </P> <P> The California Historic Route 66 Association , established in December 1990 to advocate the preservation , restoration and promotion of historic Route 66 in California , is the youngest of the eight state - level Route 66 Associations . </P> <H3> Old Trails highway ( edit ) </H3> 1916 Trails Arch Bridge spanning the Colorado River <P> From San Bernardino to the Arizona state line US 66 followed the old National Old Trails Highway . The old highway veers away from I - 15 between Victorville and Barstow , following the railroad through Oro Grande , Helendale , and Lenwood . Through Barstow , it is Main Street . East of Barstow , the National Old Trails Highway passes through a Marine Corps base , limiting public access and forcing traffic onto I - 40 . From Daggett , Historic 66 leaves I - 40 , crossing it three times before winding away through Bagdad , Amboy , and Essex . US 66 was all paved in California by 1935 . </P> <P> This area is desert ; towns like Amboy originated as Atlantic and Pacific Railroad stops and were sustained by Route 66 traffic during the Mother Road 's heyday , then became ghost towns when I - 40 bypassed them to the north . From Essex the highway was Goffs Road through Goffs until about 1931 , joining I - 40 at the US 95 exit . The later alignment is now I - 40 east of Essex . The original highway winds around I - 40 in the Needles area , before crossing the Colorado River into Arizona . </P> <H2> Route description ( edit ) </H2> Will Rogers Monument at the western terminus of Route 66 in Santa Monica <H3> Santa Monica to San Bernardino ( edit ) </H3> <P> Starting in Santa Monica , California , US 66 originally started at the southwest end of Santa Monica Boulevard , which was , from the Santa Monica city line with Los Angeles up to US 101 , added to SR 2 during the 1964 renumbering , the same name it had before 1936 . In today 's terms , it followed Santa Monica Boulevard until the east end , where it continued to the southeast as Sunset Boulevard up to SR 110 ( Arroyo Seco Parkway ) , at the interchange with US 101 . </P> <P> Running northwards on SR 110 to the northern terminus in Pasadena , the highway continued east onto Colorado Boulevard . When crossing North Baldwin Avenue , Colorado Boulevard becomes Colorado Street , and after 0.3 miles ( 0.48 km ) it changes again to Colorado Place . </P> <P> In Arcadia the highway continues eastwards through Arcadia , Monrovia , and Duarte as Huntington Drive , which it follows until the road crosses the San Gabriel River into Irwindale , becoming Foothill Boulevard after 5.7 miles ( 9.2 km ) . In Azusa , the highway veers away from Foothill Boulevard , becoming Alosta Avenue . The city of Glendora renamed their segment of Alosta Avenue to Route 66 ; the highway is known as Foothill Boulevard again when it enters into San Dimas . </P> <P> Foothill Boulevard is numbered SR 66 from the interchange with SR 210 in La Verne onward until the road crosses into San Bernardino , where it becomes 5th Street . SR 66 ends at the 5th Street interchange with I - 215 in San Bernardino . </P> <H3> San Bernardino to the Arizona state line ( edit ) </H3> CR 66 sign near Amboy Route 66 highway sign , near Needles . <P> US 66 originally exited San Bernardino on Mount Vernon Avenue and Cajon Boulevard , which meandered its way up to Cajon Pass . US 66 originally followed 7th Street and D Street through Victorville then the National Old Trails Highway through Barstow , California ( where it took on the name `` Main Street '' ) and across the Mojave Desert to Needles . US 66 followed Broadway Street through Needles , then crossed into Arizona on the Trails Arch Bridge ( 1916 - 1946 ) or the Red Rock Bridge ( converted from railroad bridge in 1946 , abandoned 1966 , dismantled 1976 ) . </P> <P> By 1964 , most or all of this part of the route had been replaced by three Interstate highways , the first being I - 215 , known as I - 15 in 1964 . It followed I - 215 from SR 66 up to I - 15 . After I - 15 , the highway followed I - 40 until it got to the state line with Arizona in Needles . </P> <H2> Major intersections ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> County </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> mi </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles </Td> <Td> Santa Monica </Td> <Th> 0 </Th> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> US 101 Alt . ( Lincoln Boulevard / Roosevelt Highway ) / SR 26 east ( Olympic Boulevard ) -- Oxnard </Td> <Td> now SR 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles </Td> <Th> 3.9 </Th> <Td> 6.3 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> SR 7 ( Sepulveda Boulevard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11.0 </Th> <Td> 17.7 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Highland Avenue ( Legislative Route 160 ) </Td> <Td> now SR 170 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14.4 </Th> <Td> 23.2 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> US 101 north ( Sunset Boulevard ) -- Sacramento </Td> <Td> west end of US 101 overlap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15.9 </Th> <Td> 25.6 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> SR 2 east </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17.5 </Th> <Td> 28.2 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> US 6 west / SR 11 south ( Figueroa Street ) / US 99 south / US 101 south ( Macy Street ) -- Santa Ana , San Pedro </Td> <Td> east end of US 101 overlap ; west end of US 6 / US 99 / SR 11 overlap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18.9 </Th> <Td> 30.4 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Figueroa Street Tunnels under Elysian Park </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Riverside Drive -- Griffith Park , Burbank </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Figueroa Street Viaduct over Los Angeles River </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19.7 </Th> <Td> 31.7 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> US 6 east / US 99 north ( Avenue 26 / Legislative Route 4 ) -- Sacramento </Td> <Td> east end of US 6 / US 99 overlap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26.9 </Th> <Td> 43.3 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> SR 134 west ( Colorado Boulevard ) -- Ventura </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pasadena </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Colorado Street Bridge over Arroyo Seco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> SR 11 north ( Linda Vista Avenue ) </Td> <Td> interchange ; east end of SR 11 overlap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> SR 118 west ( Fair Oaks Avenue ) -- San Fernando </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Broadway ( Legislative Route 205 ) </Td> <Td> post-1940 US 66 west ( via Arroyo Seco Parkway ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29.7 </Th> <Td> 47.8 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Altadena Drive ( Legislative Route 9 east ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> East Pasadena

Route 66 starts on the West Coast in

Where does route 66 start on the west coast?

-4214921462173737741

out along with Deacon and Spence . Danny even becomes Spence 's roommate in a small apartment . The two fight like a married couple , and many of the jokes revolve around what looks to their friends like a romantic relationship . At one point , they legally marry in order to get a free TV from a sales pitch for which only married couples are eligible . Danny also used to own a pizza place , and he is divorced from a woman named Eva . He once had the nickname `` Stumpy '' , which was given to him by Doug . Episodes `` Silent Mite '' and `` Paint Misbehavin ' '' reveal that Danny has asthma and uses an inhaler . Gary Valentine and Kevin James are brothers in real life . They both created last names for acting . Valentine is their father 's middle name . </Li> <Li> Holly Shumpert ( seasons 3 -- 9 ; played by Nicole Sullivan ) is a polite , yet timid dog - walker who along with the Heffernans lives in Queens , where she was hired by Doug and Carrie to walk Arthur . She is often seen arriving at the Heffernan house to pick up Arthur but is also a family friend of the Heffernans . She is often viewed as strange because of her habits , the men she dates and her habit of overdrinking , to which she openly confesses . Holly is a gentle soul , especially as she puts up with Arthur 's antics , and is kind to Carrie despite the fact that Carrie often mistreats her . Holly was written out of the series at the beginning of season eight , but she later returned , pregnant , for one last appearance in the series finale ( `` China Syndrome '' ) . Sullivan appeared as a different character in the season 3 episode `` Pregnant Pause '' . </Li> <Li> Sara Spooner ( season 1 ; played by Lisa Rieffel ) is Carrie 's younger half - sister , an irresponsible aspiring actress . She appears in only five of the first six episodes . She was only mentioned one other time ( although not by name ) in episode 52 ( `` Roast Chicken '' ) by Doug as an excuse to his boss to get out of performing a roast . After the show became more popular , Kevin James was asked to explain what happened to Sara during an interview . According to James , the producers could not think of any storylines to develop Rieffel 's character , so she was discontinued . During the pilot she was on camera for roughly half the episode . However , in the other episodes in which she was included , her character did not have much to say or do . Subsequent dialogue suggests that Sara Spooner never existed , and that Carrie is an only child . ( The disappearance of her character , coupled with the show 's subsequent contention that the character never existed , is an example of the `` Chuck Cunningham Syndrome '' . ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Kelly Palmer , Deacon 's wife ( played by Merrin Dungey ) is Carrie 's best friend . She has two children with Deacon . Kelly and Deacon experience some serious relationship problems , much more serious than the petty arguments between Doug and Carrie . On one occasion , Deacon mentions being hit in the head with a frying pan . She was absent from the show in 2002 because she needed to take a break from the series ; during this period , her character was estranged from Deacon and engaged in a brief affair . </Li> <Li> Lou Ferrigno ( seasons 3 -- 9 ; himself ) is the actor known for his role as The Incredible Hulk . Ferrigno and his wife are neighbors of the Heffernans . A running gag on the series is that the neighbors ( including the Heffernans ) are fascinated by him and it gets on his nerves . Lou does not like people telling him Hulk jokes . Other characters often make reference to his previous role as the Hulk . For example , at one point Doug is angry and Lou tries to calm him down ; Doug retorts with the famous line from the Hulk series `` Do n't make me angry ; you would n't like me when I am angry '' . Also , in the episode `` Gym Neighbors '' , it is revealed that he has a video game addiction . </Li> <Li> Supervisor Patrick O'Boyle ( seasons 3 -- 9 ; played by Sam McMurray ) is section supervisor for the fictional International Parcel Service . He is Doug 's boss and friend throughout most of the show , whom he mostly refers to as `` Heffernan '' . He is in most IPS scenes throughout the show . He is also a recovering alcoholic and gambling addict . A character named Supervisor Jack O'Boyle ( played by John F. O'Donohue ) appears in an episode from season one ( `` White Collar '' , 1999 ) . </Li> <Li> Raymond `` Ray '' Barone ( seasons 1 , 2 & 8 ; 5 episodes ; played by Ray Romano ) is Doug 's Long Island friend . Romano and James appearing on each other 's shows was part of a network program crossover , as CBS aired both Everybody Loves Raymond and The King of Queens . Romano 's appearance was successful enough to warrant all other lead characters ( Patricia Heaton , Brad Garrett , Doris Roberts , and Peter Boyle ) to appear as their respective characters as well . Appropriately , the four episodes featuring Romano contained `` Ray '' in their titles ( `` Road Rayge '' , `` Rayny Day '' , `` Dire Strayts '' , and `` Raygin ' Bulls '' ) . </Li> <Li> Doug Pruzan ( season 2 -- 6 ; played by Alex Skuby ) is Carrie 's boss and a lawyer at a Manhattan law firm . </Li> <Li> Veronica Olchin ( season 1 ; played by Grace Zabriskie , seasons 5 -- 9 played by Anne Meara ) Spence 's mother . She is portrayed by Zabriske in her first appearance in `` S'aint Valentines '' , but portrayed by Meara for the rest of the series . Veronica has an on - again / off - again relationship with Arthur , who is portrayed by Meara 's real - life husband , Jerry Stiller . Meara had previously appeared in `` S'aint Valentines '' as a woman who flirts with Arthur . Arthur and Veronica marry in the series finale , but divorced a year later . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Series background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Based on the lives of blue - collar couple Doug and Carrie Heffernan , The King of Queens debuted on CBS on September 21 , 1998 . During its run , it brought in solid ratings ( usually ranking in the Top 40 ) for the most part and was a Monday night staple , competing with shows such as the long - running drama 7th Heaven . In 2003 , when scheduled against The West Wing and Nanny 911 , it began to drop in the ratings . The final episode aired on May 14 , 2007 . The series was shot at Sony Pictures Studios ' Stage 28 in Culver City , California . The character of Arthur was conceived with Jerry Stiller in mind , but he initially turned down the role . Veteran comedian Jack Carter was then cast and a pilot was shot . Soon afterward , Stiller changed his mind and took the part , which required re-shooting of scenes featuring Carter . </P> <P> The King of Queens was partly inspired by the classic television sitcom The Honeymooners , as the characters of Doug and Carrie are based on the Kramden couple , with similar mannerisms and deadpan expressions . In a 2001 episode of the show ( `` Inner Tube '' ) , the show pays homage to The Honeymooners , as a distraught Doug dreams that he is Ralph Kramden , his wife Carrie is Alice Kramden , and his friend Deacon is Ed Norton . The sequence was filmed in black - and - white and the audio quality ( including the audience ) matches a 1950s style . </P> <P> The show is currently in syndication worldwide and airs on TBS and TV Land in the United States . and on TVTropolis and OMNI in Canada . In Sweden , Germany , Ireland , Romania , Denmark , the UK and Poland it runs on the ComedyCentral network . In April 2014 , the show began running weekdays on Channel 4 at 7 : 35am in the UK and Ireland. . In 2017 , it began running again in Austria on Puls4 , weekdays from about 1 P.M. - 2P. M . </P> <H2> Theme song and opening sequences ( edit ) </H2> <P> The season one main opening was a simple eight - second sequence which showed the window of a subway train with moving through and quickly stopping at the original show logo , which then peeled off to reveal the names of the show 's creators . </P> <P> Starting with season two , the show added a new theme song called `` Baby All My Life I Will Be Driving Home to You '' , which was written by series writers Josh Goldsmith and Cathy Yuspa , composed by Jonathan Wolff and Scott Clausen , and performed by Billy Vera and the Beaters . An instrumental version was used as the closing theme during season two , but was replaced in season three with a new closing theme composed by Kurt Farquhar . </P> <P> The opening credits from seasons two through nine featured an opening shot of Doug getting into an IPS truck , which then cuts to a long shot of an elevated subway station , ( Which is the 111 Street Station on the IRT Flushing Line which is on the 7 Line of the New York City Subway ) where he drives under the subway station onto which the show 's logo is digitally placed , as if it 's a street sign . It then cuts to scenes of Doug , Carrie and Arthur spending time around Queens . In the season two sequence , Kevin James ' starring credit was placed over a shot of the Brooklyn Bridge with the Manhattan skyline , but was re-edited after the September 11 attacks that felled the World Trade Center . Two short versions of the sequence exist : in original airings where the opening was shortened due to time constraints and in some syndicated airings , the opening featured the shot of the IPS truck going under the bridge , then to the final shot of the credits where Doug and Carrie get ices at the Lemon Ice King of Corona on 108th St in Queens . The second version used in U.S. syndicated airings since 2007 simply features the first eight seconds of the full sequence with the opening establishing shots of Queens placed before the truck scene . In syndicated airings of season one episodes that have aired in the U.S. since the fall of 2007 , this version replaced the standard season one sequence in all episodes for unknown reasons . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of The King of Queens episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Nielsen ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> <Th> Tied with </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 25 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 1999 ( 1999 -

On the TV show King of Queens, Carrie's boss is played by

Who plays carrie's boss on king of queens?

-765448266799898575

MacBook Pro - Wikipedia <H1> MacBook Pro </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Mac Pro . <Table> MacBook Pro <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Space Grey 15 - inch MacBook Pro Late 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer </Th> <Td> Apple Inc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> Foxconn Pegatron </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Product family </Th> <Td> MacBook family </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Laptop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> January 10 , 2006 ; 11 years ago ( 2006 - 01 - 10 ) ( Original ) </Li> <Li> June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) ( Current ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating system </Th> <Td> macOS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessor </Th> <Td> PowerBook G4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> MacBook , MacBook Air </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.apple.com/macbook-pro </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The MacBook Pro ( sometimes abbreviated MBP ) is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in January 2006 by Apple Inc . Replacing the PowerBook G4 , the MacBook Pro was the second model to be announced during the Apple -- Intel transition , after the iMac . It is the high - end model of the MacBook family and is currently available in 13 - and 15 - inch screen sizes . A 17 - inch version was available between April 2006 and June 2012 . </P> <P> The first generation MacBook Pro appeared externally similar to the PowerBook G4 , but used Intel Core processors instead of PowerPC G4 chips . The 15 - inch model was introduced first , in January 2006 ; the 17 - inch model followed in April . Both received several updates and Core 2 Duo processors later that year . </P> <P> The product 's second iteration , known as the `` unibody '' model , has a casing made from a single piece of aluminum . It debuted in October 2008 in 13 - and 15 - inch screen sizes . In January 2009 , the 17 - inch model was updated with the same unibody design . Subsequent updates brought upgraded Intel Core i5 and i7 processors and introduced Intel 's Thunderbolt technology . </P> <P> Apple released the third generation of MacBook Pro with a 15 - inch screen during WWDC 2012 and discontinued the 17 - inch variant . The previous generation 13 - and 15 - inch unibody models continued to sell with updated processors . The third generation model was a quarter thinner than its predecessor and introduced the Retina Display with a much higher screen resolution . A 13 - inch variant was released in October 2012 . </P> <P> The fourth generation MacBook Pro was announced on October 27 , 2016 . It replaced the function keys with an interactive , multi-touch `` Touch Bar '' and a Touch ID sensor integrated into the Power button . The 15 - inch notebook started at $2,399 , compared to $1,999 for the previous iteration . On June 5 , 2017 , Apple upgraded the internals of the MacBook Pro , such as enhanced Iris Plus and AMD Radeon graphics , Kaby Lake processors , and added memory . Additionally , the 13 - inch MacBook Pro now comes with a 128GB storage option ( down from the base 256GB storage ) with a lowered starting price of $1299 . All other configurations of the MacBook Pro have the same price as last year , barring the incremental upgrades in processors and graphics . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 First generation <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Updates </Li> <Li> 1.2 Reception </Li> <Li> 1.3 Technical specifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Second generation ( Unibody ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Design </Li> <Li> 2.2 Updates </Li> <Li> 2.3 Reception </Li> <Li> 2.4 Technical specifications </Li> <Li> 2.5 Early and Late 2011 model GPU Issues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Third generation ( Retina ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Design </Li> <Li> 3.2 Reception </Li> <Li> 3.3 Technical specifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Fourth generation ( Touch Bar ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Design and usability </Li> <Li> 4.2 Reception </Li> <Li> 4.3 Technical specifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Software and operating systems </Li> <Li> 6 Timeline of the MacBook family </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> First generation ( edit ) </H2> The MacBook Pro 15 inch <P> The original 15 - inch MacBook Pro was announced on January 10 , 2006 by Steve Jobs at the Macworld Conference & Expo . The 17 - inch model was unveiled on April 24 , 2006 . The first design was largely a carryover from the PowerBook G4 , but uses Intel Core CPUs instead of PowerPC G4 chips . The 15 - inch MacBook Pro weighs the same as the 15 - inch aluminum PowerBook G4 , but is 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) deeper , 0.4 inches ( 1.0 cm ) wider , and 0.1 inches ( 0.25 cm ) thinner . Other changes from the PowerBook include a built - in iSight webcam and the inclusion of MagSafe , a magnetic power connector designed to detach easily when yanked . These features were later brought over to the MacBook . The optical drive was reduced in size in order to fit into the slimmer MacBook Pro , hence it runs slower than the optical drive in the PowerBook G4 and can not write to dual layer DVDs . </P> <P> Both the original 15 - and 17 - inch model MacBook Pros come with ExpressCard / 34 slots , which replace the PC Card slots found in the PowerBook G4 . All first generation 15 - inch models have two USB 2.0 ports and one FireWire 400 port , while the 17 - inch models have three USB 2.0 ports as well as one FireWire 400 port . When first introduced , the MacBook Pro did not come with FireWire 800 or S - Video ports , although FireWire 800 was added in the next 15 - inch model revision and is present in every version of the 17 - inch design . S - Video capability can be attained through the use of a DVI to S - Video adapter . External displays with up to a 2,560 × 1,600 pixel resolution are supported through a dual - link DVI port . All models include a built - in Gigabit Ethernet port , Bluetooth 2.0 , and 802.11 a / b / g . Later models include support for the draft 2.0 specification of 802.11 n and Bluetooth 2.1 . </P> <H3> Updates ( edit ) </H3> <P> Apple refreshed the entire MacBook Pro line on October 24 , 2006 to include Intel Core 2 Duo processors . Memory capacity was doubled for each model , to 1 GB on the low - end 15 - inch and 2 GB for the high - end 15 - and 17 - inch models . FireWire 800 was added to the 15 - inch models . Hard drive capacity was increased , although video card options stayed the same . The MacBook Pro line received a second update on June 5 , 2007 with new Nvidia Geforce 8600M GT video cards and faster processor options . LED backlighting was added to the 15 - inch model 's screen , and its weight was reduced from 5.6 pounds ( 2.5 kg ) to 5.4 pounds ( 2.4 kg ) . Furthermore , the speed of the front - side bus was increased from 667 MHz to 800 MHz . On November 1 , 2007 , Apple added the option of a 2.6 GHz Santa Rosa platform Core 2 Duo CPU as well as reconfigured hard drive options . </P> First - generation 17 - inch MacBook Pro <P> On February 26 , 2008 , the MacBook Pro line was again updated . LED backlighting was added as an option for the 17 - inch model . Processors were updated to `` Penryn '' cores , which are built on the 45 nanometer process ( 65 nanometer `` Merom '' cores were previously used ) , and hard drive and memory capacities were increased . Multi-touch capabilities , first introduced with the MacBook Air earlier that year , were brought over to the MacBook Pro 's trackpad . When the 15 - inch unibody MacBook Pro was introduced on October 14 , 2008 , the pre-unibody model with the same screen size was discontinued , while the 17 - inch pre-unibody model continued to be sold . The original case design was discontinued on January 6 , 2009 , when the 17 - inch MacBook Pro was also updated with unibody construction . </P> <H3> Reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some reviewers applauded the MacBook Pro for its doubling or tripling the speed of the PowerBook G4 in some areas . For example , the 3D rendering program Cinema 4D XL was 3.3 times as fast ( 2.3 times faster ) , and its boot - up time was more than twice as quick . The MacBook Pro generally outperformed the PowerBook G4 in performance analyzer utility tests XBench and Cinebench . Reviewers lauded the screen 's maximum brightness , 67 percent higher than the PowerBook G4 ; the excellent horizontal viewing angles ; the matte options ; and the bright , crisp , and true colors . Although the screen offered fewer vertical pixels ( 1,440 × 900 in the MacBook Pro instead of 1,440 × 960 in the PowerBook ) , one reviewer called the screen `` nothing less than stellar '' . Reviewers praised the new MagSafe power adapter , although one reviewer said it disconnected too easily in some instances . They also praised the backlit keyboard , large trackpad , and the virtually silent operation of the machine . The new laptop also offered better wireless performance . </P> <P> One reviewer criticized the decision to underclock the ATI Mobility Radeon X1600 graphics card by about 30 percent its original speed . The notebook was also noted for running hot . Users complained that upgrading system memory was harder than in older Apple notebooks . Since the dimensions for the 15 - inch MacBook Pro were tweaked slightly from the 15 - inch PowerBook G4 , older accessories such as notebook sleeves did not work with the new models . Some users noted a slight flickering when the screen was on lower brightness settings . Apple increased the battery capacity by 10 Wh , going from 50 in the PowerBook G4 to 60 , but the more powerful Core Duo CPU required more power . Battery life therefore remained about the same as in previous models , at three - plus hours . </P> <H3> Technical Specifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Obsolete </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> ( show ) Table of first generation MacBook Pro models </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Component </Th> <Th> Intel Core Duo </Th> <Th colspan="5"> Intel Core 2 Duo </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Model </Th> <Th> Early 2006 </Th> <Th> Late 2006 </Th> <Th> Mid 2007 </Th> <Th> Late 2007 </Th> <Th> Early 2008 </Th> <Th> Late 2008 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Release date ( s ) </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2006 ( 15 `` ) , April 24 , 2006 ( 17 '' ) </Td> <Td> October 24 , 2006 </Td> <Td> June 5 , 2007 </Td> <Td> November 1 , 2007 </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2008 </Td> <Td> October 14 , 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apple order number ( s ) </Td> <Td> MA463 * / A or MA464 * / A ; MA600 * or MA601 * ; MA092 * / A </Td> <Td> MA609 * , MA610 * , or MA611 * / A </Td> <Td>

The newest MacBook Pro was released on

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Sara Gilbert - wikipedia <H1> Sara Gilbert </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Sara Gilbert </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Gilbert at Comedies Premiere Party Area in Los Angeles , California on September 17 , 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sara Rebecca Abeles ( 1975 - 01 - 29 ) January 29 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Santa Monica , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> Yale University </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1984 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Linda Perry ( m . 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Partner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Allison Adler ( 2001 -- 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sara Gilbert ( born Sara Rebecca Abeles ; January 29 , 1975 ) is an American actress , best known for her role as Darlene Conner on the ABC sitcom Roseanne from 1988 to 1997 , for which she received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations . Gilbert will reprise the role in 2018 for an eight episode revival . She is also co-host and creator of the CBS daytime talk show The Talk and has had a recurring role as Leslie Winkle on CBS 's The Big Bang Theory . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life and education </Li> <Li> 2 Television career </Li> <Li> 3 Film career </Li> <Li> 4 Personal life </Li> <Li> 5 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Film </Li> <Li> 5.2 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life and education ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gilbert was born Sara Rebecca Abeles in Santa Monica , California , the daughter of Barbara Cowan ( née Crane ) and Harold Abeles . Both her parents are Jewish . Her maternal grandfather is The Honeymooners creator Harry Crane . Gilbert has four older siblings . Her two older siblings on her mother 's side , Melissa Gilbert and Jonathan Gilbert , were stars of Little House on the Prairie . In 1984 , Sara took the last name Gilbert for Paul Gilbert , her mother 's first husband . Gilbert also has two older siblings on her father 's side , sister Patrice and brother Joseph . </P> <P> Gilbert graduated from Yale University in 1997 with honors , majoring in art with an emphasis on photography . </P> <H2> Television career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following appearances in television movies and a commercial for Kool - Aid , at 13 she landed the role of Darlene Conner , the sarcastic middle child , in Roseanne . Sara was a cast member in the show 's nine - year run ( 1988 -- 97 ) , for which she wrote a fourth - season episode story ( the teleplay was written by the Guild Writers for the show ) called `` Do n't Make Me Over '' . Her contribution was considered so important to Roseanne that the show 's producers juggled storylines and taping schedules to allow her to study at Yale University while remaining in the cast , shooting remote segments of Darlene at a soundstage in New York . </P> <P> Gilbert has appeared on The Simpsons , 24 , Will & Grace , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit and Private Practice . Starting in 2004 , she had a recurring role as smart but sarcastic medical student Jane Figler on the long - running hospital drama ER ; her appearances spanned seasons 11 - 13 . </P> The Talk co-hosts Julie Chen , Aisha Tyler , Sharon Osbourne , Gilbert and Sheryl Underwood in 2012 . <P> Gilbert returned to prime time television in the fall of 2005 in the sitcom Twins on The WB network . The sitcom was canceled after one season , when the WB and UPN networks merged as The CW and dropped a number of shows . She also had a recurring role on the short - lived CBS sitcom The Class as Fern Velch . </P> <P> From 2007 to 2010 , Gilbert appeared in episodes of the CBS TV series The Big Bang Theory as Leslie Winkle , a scientist friend of Leonard Hofstadter played by Johnny Galecki , who had previously played Gilbert 's love interest David Healy on Roseanne . In the second episode of the second season of The Big Bang Theory , Gilbert was elevated to the show 's main cast , portraying again a potential love interest of Galecki 's character , and at one point a love interest to Howard Wolowitz ( Simon Helberg ) . By January 2009 , it was announced that the writers did not know how to write for her character full - time , and her status was reduced from regular to recurring . Winkle got discontinued after Amy Farrah Fowler and Bernadette Rostenkowski became prominent characters . </P> <P> Gilbert is a co-host and executive producer of The Talk , a talk show that premiered October 18 , 2010 . Gilbert appears alongside Julie Chen , Sharon Osbourne , Sheryl Underwood and Aisha Tyler . Gilbert won a Daytime Emmy in 2016 for Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show as producer and creator of the show . </P> <P> It was announced on April 28 , 2017 that Gilbert along with most of the original cast will be returning for an eight episode revival series of Roseanne . Gilbert will also serve as an executive producer . It was confirmed on May 16 , 2017 that the eight episodes have been picked up by ABC would air mid-season in 2018 . </P> <H2> Film career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gilbert appeared in two films alongside Drew Barrymore , in Poison Ivy in 1992 and Riding In Cars With Boys in 2001 . Gilbert also had a feature role in Light It Up in 1999 . She has had several minor roles following Roseanne , including the short film $30 ( aka 30 Bucks ) as part of the Boys Life 3 feature , and High Fidelity . She directed her short film Persona Non Grata in 1998 . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> Gilbert with her wife Linda Perry at the Los Angeles LGBT Center 's An Evening with Women event in 2014 <P> As a teenager , Gilbert dated her Roseanne ( and later The Big Bang Theory ) co-star Johnny Galecki . During their relationship she realized she was a lesbian . She remains close friends with Galecki . </P> <P> In 2001 , Gilbert began a relationship with television producer Allison Adler . They have two children -- a son , Levi Hank , born to Adler in October 2004 , and a daughter , Sawyer Jane , born to Gilbert in August 2007 . For many years , Gilbert remained private about her sexuality , choosing not to publicly discuss her personal life . In July 2010 , as she prepared to launch her talk show , The Talk , Gilbert confirmed that she was a lesbian . In August 2011 , Gilbert announced that she and Adler had separated amicably . </P> <P> Following the breakup , Gilbert began a relationship with songwriter , music producer and former 4 Non Blondes frontwoman Linda Perry . Gilbert announced their engagement in April 2013 , and the pair married on March 30 , 2014 . Gilbert gave birth to their son , Rhodes Emilio Gilbert Perry , on February 28 , 2015 . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Poison Ivy </Td> <Td> Sylvie Cooper </Td> <Td> Nominated -- Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Dead Beat </Td> <Td> Martha </Td> <Td> Film is based on the killings of Charles Schmid . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Walkin ' on Sunshine : The Movie </Td> <Td> NeuralNurse 256 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Desert Blue </Td> <Td> Sandy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Light It Up </Td> <Td> Lynn Sabatini </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> The Big Tease </Td> <Td> Gretle Dickens </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> High Fidelity </Td> <Td> Annaugh Moss </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Boys Life 3 </Td> <Td> Emily / Michelle </Td> <Td> Short film ; Segment : `` $30 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Riding in Cars with Boys </Td> <Td> Tina Barr </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Laws of Attraction </Td> <Td> Gary Gadget 's Assistant </Td> <Td> Cameo </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Calamity Jane </Td> <Td> Jean </Td> <Td> TV - Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ABC Weekend Special </Td> <Td> Stephie </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Runaway Ralph '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 -- 1997 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Roseanne </Td> <Td> Darlene Conner - Healy </Td> <Td> 184 episodes 2x Young Artist Award for Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television Series TV Land Award for Innovator Award Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Comedy Series ( 1993 - 1994 ) Nominated -- TV Land Award for Character Most Desperately in Need of a Timeout Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress Supporting Role in a Television Series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sudie and Simpson </Td> <Td> Sudie Harrigan </Td> <Td> TV Movie <P> Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Cable Special </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> The Simpsons </Td> <Td> Laura Powers </Td> <Td> Voice only Episode : `` New Kid on the Block '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Saturday Night Live </Td> <Td> Herself -- Host </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Sara Gilbert / Counting Crows '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ABC Afterschool Special </Td> <Td> Jessie </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Me and My Hormones '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Broken Record </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> TV Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> Welcome to New York </Td> <Td> Amy Manning </Td> <Td> 13 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Paula Schaeffer </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Will & Grace </Td> <Td> Cheryl </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Fanilow '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Strong Medicine </Td> <Td> Charlayne </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Cinderella in Scrubs '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> ER </Td> <Td> Dr. Jane Figler </Td> <Td> 15 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> In the Game </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Unsold TV - Pilot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> The Clinic </Td> <Td> Mrs. Jennings </Td> <Td> Episode : 3.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> Twins </Td> <Td> Mitchee Arnold </Td> <Td> 18 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Girls on the Bus </Td> <Td> Helen </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Pilot '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> The Class </Td> <Td> Fern Velch </Td> <Td> 6 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Private Practice </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Episode : `` In Which Sam Gets Taken For a Ride '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2007 -- 10 ; </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> The Big Bang Theory </Td> <Td> Leslie Winkle </Td> <Td> 9 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Td> <Td> Caitlyn Ryan </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Trials '' </Td>

The girl who played Darlene in Roseanne is

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Incudomalleolar joint - wikipedia <H1> Incudomalleolar joint </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Incudomallear joint </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> Articulatio incudomallearis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A15. 3.02. 050 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 60064 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Incudomalleolar joint ( more correctly called incudomallear joint ) or articulatio incudomallearis is a small synovial joint between the malleus ( hammer ) and the incus ( anvil ) . The joint 's function is to transfer vibrations between the ossicles in the middle ear , which is perceived as sound . Contrary to other synovial joints the movement is very limited . All of the ossicles move more or less as a unit , at least at low frequencies . </P> <P> When the eardrum is moved inward due to sound vibrations , transferred through the outer ear , it transmits to the handle or manubrium of the malleus which is connected to the ear drum . The head of the malleus ( caput mallei ) moves with it and transfers energy / movement to the corpus of the incus ( corpus incudis ) , which is located directly behind . The sound vibrations are then transferred to the stapes ( stirrup ) through the incudostapedial joint . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <P> Incudostapedial joint </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Rostgaard , Jørgen ; Tranum - Jensen , Jørgen ; Qvortrup , Klaus ; Holm - Nielsen , Peter ( 2009 ) . Hovedets , halsens & de indre organers anatomi ( The Head , Neck & Internal organs anatomy ) ( in Danish ) ( 10th ed . ) . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 628 - 0534 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Joints and ligaments of the head and neck </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Temporomandibular </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Capsule </Li> <Li> Articular disk </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Lateral <Ul> <Li> Temporomandibular ligament </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Medial <Ul> <Li> Sphenomandibular ligament </Li> <Li> Stylomandibular ligament </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Atlanto - occipital </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> capsule </Li> <Li> membranes ( anterior atlantoöccipital membrane </Li> <Li> posterior atlantoöccipital membrane ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incudomalleolar_joint&oldid=835135430 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Joints of the head and neck </Li> <Li> Ear </Li> <Li> Joints </Li> <Li> Human head and neck </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with unresolved properties </Li> <Li> CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 19 : 42 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The type of joint that connects the incus with the malleus is the

What type of joint connects the incus with the malleus?

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List of presidents of Pakistan - wikipedia <H1> List of presidents of Pakistan </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Dl> <Dd> The head of state of Pakistan from independence until Pakistan became a republic in 1956 was the British monarch . For the Governor - Generals who represented them from 1947 to 1956 , see Governor - General of Pakistan . </Dd> </Dl> Flag of the President of Pakistan <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pakistan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parliament ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Senate <Dl> <Dd> Chairman : Raza Rabbani </Dd> <Dd> Deputy Chairman : Abdul Ghafoor Haideri </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> National Assembly <Dl> <Dd> Speaker : Sardar A. Sadiq </Dd> <Dd> Deputy Speaker : Murtaza Javed Abbasi </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> President ( list ) <Dl> <Dd> Mamnoon Hussain </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Prime Minister ( list ) <Dl> <Dd> Shahid Khaqan Abbasi </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Federal Cabinet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Judicial Council </Li> <Li> Supreme Court <Dl> <Dd> Chief Justice </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Federal Shariat Court </Li> <Li> Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit - Baltistan <Dl> <Dd> Chief Justices </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Islamabad High Court </Li> <Li> Provincial High Courts </Li> <Li> Chief Court Gilgit - Baltistan </Li> <Li> District Courts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Governors ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Punjab <Dl> <Dd> Malik Muhammad Rafique Rajwana </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Balochistan <Dl> <Dd> Muhammad Khan Achakzai </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Sindh <Dl> <Dd> Mohammad Zubair </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Khyber Pakhtunkhwa <Dl> <Dd> Iqbal Zafar Jhagra </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Gilgit -- Baltistan <Dl> <Dd> Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chief Ministers ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Punjab <Dl> <Dd> Shahbaz Sharif </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Sindh <Dl> <Dd> Murad Ali Shah </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Khyber Pakhtunkhwa <Dl> <Dd> Pervez Khattak </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Balochistan <Dl> <Dd> Sanaullah Zehri </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Gilgit - Baltistan <Dl> <Dd> Hafiz Hafeezur Rehman </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Political parties ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Muttahida Majlis - e-Amal </Li> <Li> Muttahida Qaumi Movement </Li> <Li> Pakistan Peoples Party </Li> <Li> Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) </Li> <Li> Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) </Li> <Li> Jamaat - e-Islami </Li> <Li> Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf </Li> <Li> Awami National Party </Li> <Li> Minor parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Election Commission </Li> <Li> Electoral College </Li> <Li> Recent elections <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Presidential : 2013 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> General : 2013 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Administrative units ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> Khyber Pakhtunkhwa </Li> <Li> Punjab </Li> <Li> Sindh </Li> <Li> Capital Territory </Li> <Li> Tribal areas </Li> <Li> Azad Kashmir </Li> <Li> Gilgit -- Baltistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Local government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Divisions </Li> <Li> Districts </Li> <Li> Tehsils </Li> <Li> Union councils </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foreign relations ( show ) <Ul> <Li> China - Pakistan relations </Li> <Li> India -- Pakistan relations </Li> <Li> Pakistan United States relations </Li> <Li> Kashmir conflict </Li> <Li> Embassies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The President of Pakistan is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . According to the Constitution of Pakistan , the President has `` powers , subject to Supreme Court approval or veto , to dissolve the National Assembly , triggering new elections , and thereby dismissing the Prime Minister '' . These powers were repeatedly modified through amendments to the constitution , which were introduced as the results of military coups and changes in government . Since the 18th Amendment to the Constitution was passed in 2010 , Pakistan has been shifted back from semi-presidential to a parliamentary democratic republic . Under that system , the president has limited ruling powers , and performs ceremonial duties while the Prime Minister enjoys more powers to execute decisions . The president is chosen by the Electoral College composed of the Senate , the National Assembly and the Provincial Assemblies . </P> <P> There have been eleven presidents of Pakistan since the introduction of the post in 1956 . The office was established when Pakistan was declared as a republic with the adoption of the 1956 constitution , and JB Talha Khan became the first president of the country . Apart from these eleven , two acting presidents have also been in office for short periods of time . One of them , Wasim Sajjad , served as acting president on two non-consecutive occasions during 1993 and 1997 -- 98 . The president may remain in office for a tenure of five years . In the case where a president 's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president , the Chairman of the Senate assumes office . </P> <P> Six presidents have been members of a political party and four of them were active party members of the Pakistan People 's Party ( PPP ) . The first president was a retired military officer , four others were incumbent military officers of which three gained power through successful military coups in Pakistan 's history -- Ayub Khan in 1958 , Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq in 1977 and Pervez Musharraf in 1999 . President Zia died in office when his aircraft crashed while returning from Bahawalpur to Islamabad on 17 August 1988 . Khan , during his two terms , remained in the office for the longest period with ten years and five months approximately . </P> <P> The current president of Pakistan iMamnoon Hussain of Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Key </Li> <Li> 2 Presidents </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Key ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Key for presidents ' list <Tr> <Th> Symbols / Colours </Th> <Th> Meaning </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Acting president </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republican Party </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pakistan Armed Forces </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pakistan Muslim League ( C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pakistan People 's Party </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Independent </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Presidents ( edit ) </H2> <Table> List of Presidents of Pakistan <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Name ( Birth -- death ) </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Elections </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Political party </Th> <Th> Note ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> Iskander Mirza ( 1899 -- 1969 ) </Th> <Td> 23 March 1956 </Td> <Td> 27 October 1958 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Republican Party </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mirza served as the last Governor - General of Pakistan and became its first president after the 1956 Constitution was promulgated , which established a republic . He was deposed in a 1958 coup d'état by General Ayub Khan , whom Mirza had appointed as the Chief Martial Law Administrator in 1957 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> Ayub Khan ( 1907 -- 1974 ) </Th> <Td> 27 October 1958 </Td> <Td> 8 June 1962 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ayub took control over the country after the 1958 coup d'état . He led Pakistan into the 1965 war against India . In 1969 , Ayub resigned under pressure from opposition and handed over power to General Yahya Khan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 June 1962 </Td> <Td> 25 March 1969 </Td> <Td> 2 January 1965 </Td> <Td> Pakistan Muslim League ( C ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> Yahya Khan ( 1917 -- 1980 ) </Th> <Td> 25 March 1969 </Td> <Td> 20 December 1971 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yahya took office after the resignation of Ayub Khan in 1969 . He resigned after Pakistan 's defeat to India in the 1971 war . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( 1928 -- 1979 ) </Th> <Td> 20 December 1971 </Td> <Td> 13 August 1973 </Td> <Td> 20 December 1971 </Td> <Td> Pakistan People 's Party </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bhutto resigned as president to become the Prime Minister after the 1973 Constitution was promulgated , which established a parliamentary system of government . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Muhammad Ali Khan </Td> <Th> Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry ( 1904 -- 1982 ) </Th> <Td> 14 August 1973 </Td> <Td> 16 September 1978 </Td> <Td> 14 August 1973 </Td> <Td> Pakistan People 's Party </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chaudhry was the constitutional president , whose authority was exercised by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . Chaudhry resigned in 1978 and handed over the presidency to General Zia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq ( 1924 -- 1988 ) </Th> <Td> 16 September 1978 </Td> <Td> 17 August 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Zia took de facto control over the country by leading the 1977 coup d'état . He served as the Chief Martial Law Administrator until 1979 . He was killed in a plane crash , becoming the only president to die in office . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> Ghulam Ishaq Khan ( 1915 -- 2006 ) </Th> <Td> 17 August 1988 </Td> <Td> 18 July 1993 </Td> <Td> 13 December 1988 </Td> <Td> Independent </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Khan took office after the Zia 's 1988 death . He attempted to dismiss the Nawaz Sharif government in 1993 , but the Supreme Court overturned the president 's decision . Khan eventually resigned , along with Sharif , in an agreement brokered by the Armed Forces . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> Wasim Sajjad ( 1941 -- ) </Th> <Td> 18 July 1993 </Td> <Td> 14 November 1993 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> He was Chairman of the Senate , serving his first term as acting President . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> Farooq Leghari ( 1940 -- 2010 ) </Th> <Td> 14 November 1993 </Td> <Td> 2 December 1997 </Td> <Td> 14 November 1993 </Td> <Td> Pakistan People 's Party </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leghari was elected president in 1993 , after the resignation of Ghulam Ishaq Khan . Afterwards , Leghari clashed with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif , and he finally resigned after being forced by the conservatives and persuaded by the Armed Forces . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> Wasim Sajjad ( 1941 -- ) </Th> <Td> 2 December 1997 </Td> <Td> 1 January 1998 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> He was Chairman of the Senate , serving his second term as acting President . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Th> Muhammad Rafiq Tarar ( 1929 -- ) </Th> <Td> 1 January 1998 </Td> <Td> 20 June 2001 </Td> <Td> 31 December 1997 </Td> <Td> Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tarar was the constitutional president , whose authority was exercised by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif . Tarar

The first elected president of Pakistan was Iskandar Ali Khan, not

Who was the first elected president of pakistan?

-8018250362266975473

</Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> L'Escargot </Td> <Td> Red Rum </Td> <Td> Spanish Steps </Td> <Td> Money Market </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Rag Trade </Td> <Td> Red Rum </Td> <Td> Eyecatcher </Td> <Td> Barona </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Red Rum </Td> <Td> Churchtown Boy </Td> <Td> Eyecatcher </Td> <Td> The Pilgarlic </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Lucius </Td> <Td> Sebastian V </Td> <Td> Drumroan </Td> <Td> Coolishall </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Rubstic </Td> <Td> Zongalero </Td> <Td> Rough and Tumble </Td> <Td> The Pilgarlic </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Ben Nevis </Td> <Td> Rough and Tumble </Td> <Td> The Pilgarlic </Td> <Td> Royal Stuart </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Aldaniti </Td> <Td> Spartan Missile </Td> <Td> Royal Mail ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Three to One </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Grittar </Td> <Td> Hard Outlook </Td> <Td> Loving Words </Td> <Td> Delmoss </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Corbiere </Td> <Td> Greasepaint </Td> <Td> Yer Man </Td> <Td> Hallo Dandy </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Hallo Dandy </Td> <Td> Greasepaint </Td> <Td> Corbiere </Td> <Td> Lucky Vane </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Last Suspect </Td> <Td> Mr Snugfit </Td> <Td> Corbiere </Td> <Td> Greasepaint </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> West Tip </Td> <Td> Young Driver </Td> <Td> Classified </Td> <Td> Mr Snugfit </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maori Venture </Td> <Td> The Tsarevich </Td> <Td> Lean Ar Aghaidh </Td> <Td> West Tip </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Rhyme ' n ' Reason </Td> <Td> Durham Edition </Td> <Td> Monanore </Td> <Td> West Tip </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Little Polveir </Td> <Td> West Tip </Td> <Td> The Thinker </Td> <Td> Lastofthebrownies </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Mr Frisk </Td> <Td> Durham Edition </Td> <Td> Rinus </Td> <Td> Brown Windsor </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Seagram </Td> <Td> Garrison Savannah </Td> <Td> Auntie Dot </Td> <Td> Over the Road </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Party Politics </Td> <Td> Romany King </Td> <Td> Laura 's Beau </Td> <Td> Docklands Express </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Race void </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Miinnehoma </Td> <Td> Just So </Td> <Td> Moorcroft Boy </Td> <Td> Ebony Jane </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Royal Athlete </Td> <Td> Party Politics </Td> <Td> Over the Deel </Td> <Td> Dubacilla </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rough Quest </Td> <Td> Encore un Peu </Td> <Td> Superior Finish </Td> <Td> Sir Peter Lely </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Lord Gyllene </Td> <Td> Suny Bay </Td> <Td> Camelot Knight </Td> <Td> Buckboard Bounce </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Earth Summit </Td> <Td> Suny Bay </Td> <Td> Samlee </Td> <Td> St Mellion Fairway </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Bobbyjo </Td> <Td> Blue Charm </Td> <Td> Call It a Day </Td> <Td> Addington Boy </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Papillon </Td> <Td> Mely Moss </Td> <Td> Niki Dee </Td> <Td> Brave Highlander </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Red Marauder </Td> <Td> Smarty </Td> <Td> Blowing Wind </Td> <Td> Papillon </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Bindaree </Td> <Td> What 's Up Boys </Td> <Td> Blowing Wind </Td> <Td> Kingsmark </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Monty 's Pass </Td> <Td> Supreme Glory </Td> <Td> Amberleigh House </Td> <Td> Gunner Welburn </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Amberleigh House </Td> <Td> Clan Royal </Td> <Td> Lord Atterbury </Td> <Td> Monty 's Pass </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Hedgehunter </Td> <Td> Royal Auclair </Td> <Td> Simply Gifted </Td> <Td> It Takes Time </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Numbersixvalverde </Td> <Td> Hedgehunter </Td> <Td> Clan Royal </Td> <Td> Nil Desperandum </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Silver Birch </Td> <Td> McKelvey </Td> <Td> Slim Pickings </Td> <Td> Philson Run </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Comply or Die </Td> <Td> King Johns Castle </Td> <Td> Snowy Morning </Td> <Td> Slim Pickings </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Mon Mome </Td> <Td> Comply or Die </Td> <Td> My Will </Td> <Td> State of Play </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Do n't Push It </Td> <Td> Black Apalachi </Td> <Td> State of Play </Td> <Td> Big Fella Thanks </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Ballabriggs </Td> <Td> Oscar Time </Td> <Td> Do n't Push It </Td> <Td> State of Play </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Neptune Collonges </Td> <Td> Sunnyhillboy </Td> <Td> Seabass </Td> <Td> Cappa Bleu </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Auroras Encore </Td> <Td> Cappa Bleu </Td> <Td> Teaforthree </Td> <Td> Oscar Time </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Pineau de Re </Td> <Td> Balthazar King </Td> <Td> Double Seven </Td> <Td> Alvarado </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Many Clouds </Td> <Td> Saint Are </Td> <Td> Monbeg Dude </Td> <Td> Alvarado </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Rule The World </Td> <Td> The Last Samuri </Td> <Td> Vics Canvas </Td> <Td> Gilgamboa </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> One For Arthur </Td> <Td> Cause of Causes </Td> <Td> Saint Are </Td> <Td> Blaklion </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Tiger Roll </Td> <Td> Pleasant Company </Td> <Td> Bless The Wings </Td> <Td> Anibale Fly </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H2> Horses placed more than once ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> A list of horses which have achieved a first - four placing in the Grand National on more than one occasion . <P> Shading indicates a horse placed in an unofficial 1830s precursor or a wartime substitute race . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> Period </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Placed six times </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manifesto </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1895 -- 1903 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Placed five times </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Red Rum </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Placed four times </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frigate </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1884 -- 89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Tip </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wyndburgh </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Placed three times </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Duke </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1836 -- 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Lamb </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1868 -- 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cloister </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1891 -- 93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Huntsman </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1859 -- 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> L'Escargot </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Royal Tan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Liberator </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1877 -- 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Why Not </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1889 -- 94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kirkland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1903 -- 05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corbiere </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ilex </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1890 -- 92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr What </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alcibiade </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1865 -- 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roquefort </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1884 -- 91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sergeant Murphy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1920 -- 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sprig </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1925 -- 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greasepaint </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Simple ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1841 -- 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tiberetta </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chimney Sweep </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1874 -- 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cooleen </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1937 -- 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jackal </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1875 -- 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Xanthus </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1858 -- 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carsey </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1910 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spanish Steps </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State of Play </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Pilgarlic </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 80 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Placed twice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abd - el - Kader </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1850 -- 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Simple ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1849 -- 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poethlyn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1918 -- 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reynoldstown </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1935 -- 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Colonel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1869 -- 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Comply or Die </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cortolvin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1866 -- 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drumcree </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1901 -- 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Father O'Flynn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1892 -- 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Freetrader </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1855 -- 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gay Trip </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gregalach </Td>

The winners of the Grand National, in order, were

Who came first second and third on the grand national?

3229334577759874370

Airtel Payments Bank Limited - Wikipedia <H1> Airtel Payments Bank Limited </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guidelines for companies and organizations . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Airtel Payments Bank Limited '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( January 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Airtel Payments Bank Limited <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Public company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Financial services </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> New Delhi India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> Shashi Arora ( MD & CEO ) ( resigned ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> Banking </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent </Th> <Td> Bharti Airtel Limited </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Airtel Payments Bank Limited is a public limited company . It was the first company in India to receive a payments bank license from the Reserve Bank of India . The license was received on April 11 , 2016 . </P> <P> A Payments Bank is a differentiated bank that provides essential financial services to its customers and is a giant leap towards making financial inclusion a reality for every Indian . </P> <P> Airtel Payments Bank is the first entity to get the final licence from Reserve Bank of India for launching a Payments Bank . Kotak Mahindra Bank Limited also has a stake in the bank . Airtel Payments Bank Limited will leverage the distribution network of Bharti Airtel spread across 1.5 million outlets , with network presence spreading across 87 % of the country , covering more than 400,000 villages and 5,000 census towns . But before opening up an account you have to see these benefits and terms & conditions . Which are : ( 1 ) Your Airtel mobile number is also your account number . ( 2 ) Earn 7.25 % interest on your bank account . ( 3 ) For every Rupee that you deposit , you get equivalent talk time ( Offer is valid only for the time of opening the account ) . ( 4 ) Free personal accident insurance cover of Rs . One Lac. ( 5 ) Withdraw cash at any of Airtel Banking Points or transfer amounts to other bank accounts or othe airtel payments bank account through My Airtel app . ( 6 ) At the time of withdrawal you will have to pay 0.65 % of the amount . ( 7 ) If you transfer money to any other bank account you have to pay 0.5 % of the amount . This is not applicable if you send money to an Airtel Payments Bank account . ( 8 ) You will get a Virtual Debit Card to shop online . ( 9 ) But a maximum amount of 1 lakh Indian Rupees can be deposited in a single account . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 eKYC licence suspension </Li> <Li> 2 Investment </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> EKYC licence suspension ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Unique Identification Authority of India ( UIDAI ) suspended Bharti Airtel and Airtel Payment Bank 's licence for eKYC of Aadhar on 16 December 2017 , following complaints from customers that their accounts were being opened without their consent . Some even received their LPG subsidies in their Airtel Payment Bank accounts . </P> <H2> Investment ( edit ) </H2> <P> The bank 's capital at its establishment was ₹ 3,000 crore ( $441 million ) . Airtel Payments Bank reported deposits of Rs 68.33 crore at the end of the financial year ended 31st March 2017 , which was its first year of operation . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://m.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/airtel-payments-bank-head-shashi-arora-quits/article10000538.ece </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Airtel M - Commerce Services Ltd rechristened as Airtel Payments Bank Ltd Company unveils new brand identity '' . Bharti.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UIDAI suspends Airtel , Airtel Payments Bank 's eKYC licence '' . The Indian Express . 16 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pahwa , Nikhil ( 2017 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Airtel Payments Bank reports deposits of Rs 68.33 crore at end of FY17 '' . MediaNama . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bharti Airtel to spend $441 million to set up payments bank '' . Economictimes.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Airtel Launches India 's first Payment Bank '' . Mint . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airtel_Payments_Bank_Limited&oldid=818782914 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Banks of India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with topics of unclear notability from July 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with topics of unclear notability </Li> <Li> Orphaned articles from January 2017 </Li> <Li> All orphaned articles </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 15 : 24 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The account number of Airtel Payment Bank is

What is the account number of airtel payment bank?

-7745677391789794853

12 </Td> <Td> 10 - 03 </Td> <Td> Willie Robinson </Td> <Td> Fulke Walwyn </Td> <Td> John Goodman </Td> <Td> 1018 18 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 46.8 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Jay Trump </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 11 - 05 </Td> <Td> Tommy Smith </Td> <Td> Fred Winter </Td> <Td> Mary Stephenson </Td> <Td> 1016.6666666667 100 / 6 </Td> <Td> 9m 30.6 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Anglo </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 - 00 </Td> <Td> Tim Norman </Td> <Td> Fred Winter </Td> <Td> Stuart Levy </Td> <Td> 1050 50 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 52.8 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Foinavon </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 - 00 </Td> <Td> John Buckingham </Td> <Td> John Kempton </Td> <Td> Cyril Watkins </Td> <Td> 1100 100 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 49.6 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Red Alligator </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 - 00 </Td> <Td> Brian Fletcher </Td> <Td> Denys Smith </Td> <Td> John Manners </Td> <Td> 1014.2857142857 100 / 7 </Td> <Td> 9m 28.8 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Highland Wedding </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 - 04 </Td> <Td> Eddie Harty , Sr . </Td> <Td> Toby Balding </Td> <Td> Thomas McCoy , Jr . ( USA ) & Charles Burns ( CAN ) </Td> <Td> 1011.1111111111 100 / 9 </Td> <Td> 9m 30.8 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Gay Trip </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 11 - 05 </Td> <Td> Pat Taaffe </Td> <Td> Fred Rimell </Td> <Td> Tony Chambers </Td> <Td> 1015 15 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 38s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Specify </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 - 13 </Td> <Td> John Cook </Td> <Td> John Sutcliffe </Td> <Td> Fred Pontin </Td> <Td> 1028 28 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 34.2 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Well to Do </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 - 01 </Td> <Td> Graham Thorner </Td> <Td> Tim Forster </Td> <Td> Tim Forster </Td> <Td> 1014 14 / 1 </Td> <Td> 10m 8.4 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Red Rum </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 - 05 </Td> <Td> Brian Fletcher </Td> <Td> Ginger McCain </Td> <Td> Noel Le Mare </Td> <Td> 1009 9 / 1 JF </Td> <Td> 9m 1.9 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Red Rum </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 12 - 00 </Td> <Td> Brian Fletcher </Td> <Td> Ginger McCain </Td> <Td> Noel Le Mare </Td> <Td> 1011 11 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 20.3 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> L'Escargot </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 11 - 03 </Td> <Td> Tommy Carberry </Td> <Td> Dan Moore </Td> <Td> Raymond R. Guest ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 1006.5 13 / 2 </Td> <Td> 9m 31.1 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Rag Trade </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 - 12 </Td> <Td> John Burke </Td> <Td> Fred Rimell </Td> <Td> Pierre Raymond </Td> <Td> 1014 14 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 20.9 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Red Rum </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 11 - 08 </Td> <Td> Tommy Stack </Td> <Td> Ginger McCain </Td> <Td> Noel Le Mare </Td> <Td> 1009 9 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 30.3 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Lucius </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 - 09 </Td> <Td> Bob Davies </Td> <Td> Gordon W. Richards </Td> <Td> Fiona Whitaker </Td> <Td> 1014 14 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 33.9 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Rubstic </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 - 00 </Td> <Td> Maurice Barnes </Td> <Td> John Leadbetter </Td> <Td> John Douglas </Td> <Td> 1025 25 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 52.9 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Ben Nevis </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 - 12 </Td> <Td> Mr Charlie Fenwick ( USA ) </Td> <Td> Tim Forster </Td> <Td> R.C. Stewart , Jr . ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 1040 40 / 1 </Td> <Td> 10m 17.4 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Aldaniti </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 - 13 </Td> <Td> Bob Champion </Td> <Td> Josh Gifford </Td> <Td> Nick Embiricos </Td> <Td> 1010 10 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 47.2 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Grittar </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11 - 05 </Td> <Td> Mr Dick Saunders </Td> <Td> Frank Gilman </Td> <Td> Frank Gilman </Td> <Td> 1007 7 / 1 F </Td> <Td> 9m 12.6 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Corbiere </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 11 - 04 </Td> <Td> Ben de Haan </Td> <Td> Jenny Pitman </Td> <Td> Bryan Burrough </Td> <Td> 1013 13 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 47.4 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Hallo Dandy </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 - 02 </Td> <Td> Neale Doughty </Td> <Td> Gordon W. Richards </Td> <Td> Richard Shaw </Td> <Td> 1013 13 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 21.4 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Last Suspect </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 - 05 </Td> <Td> Hywel Davies </Td> <Td> Tim Forster </Td> <Td> Anne , Duchess of Westminster </Td> <Td> 1050 50 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 42.7 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> West Tip </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 - 11 </Td> <Td> Richard Dunwoody </Td> <Td> Michael Oliver </Td> <Td> Peter Luff </Td> <Td> 1007.5 15 / 2 </Td> <Td> 9m 33.0 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Maori Venture </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 - 13 </Td> <Td> Steve Knight </Td> <Td> Andrew Turnell </Td> <Td> Jim Joel </Td> <Td> 1028 28 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 19.3 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Rhyme ' n ' Reason </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11 - 00 </Td> <Td> Brendan Powell </Td> <Td> David Elsworth </Td> <Td> Juliet Reed </Td> <Td> 1010 10 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 53.5 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Little Polveir </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 - 03 </Td> <Td> Jimmy Frost </Td> <Td> Toby Balding </Td> <Td> Edward Harvey </Td> <Td> 1028 28 / 1 </Td> <Td> 10m 6.9 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Mr Frisk </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 - 06 </Td> <Td> Mr Marcus Armytage </Td> <Td> Kim Bailey </Td> <Td> Lois Duffey ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 1016 16 / 1 </Td> <Td> 8m 47.8 s ( record ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Seagram </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 - 06 </Td> <Td> Nigel Hawke </Td> <Td> David Barons </Td> <Td> Sir Eric Parker </Td> <Td> 1012 12 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 29.9 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Party Politics </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 - 07 </Td> <Td> Carl Llewellyn </Td> <Td> Nick Gaselee </Td> <Td> Patricia Thompson </Td> <Td> 1014 14 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 6.4 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1941 1993 race void </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Miinnehoma </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 - 08 </Td> <Td> Richard Dunwoody </Td> <Td> Martin Pipe </Td> <Td> Freddie Starr </Td> <Td> 1016 16 / 1 </Td> <Td> 10m 18.8 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Royal Athlete </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 - 06 </Td> <Td> Jason Titley </Td> <Td> Jenny Pitman </Td> <Td> G. & L. Johnson </Td> <Td> 1040 40 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 4.1 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rough Quest </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 - 07 </Td> <Td> Mick Fitzgerald </Td> <Td> Terry Casey </Td> <Td> Andrew Wates </Td> <Td> 1007 7 / 1 F </Td> <Td> 9m 0.8 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Lord Gyllene </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 - 00 </Td> <Td> Tony Dobbin </Td> <Td> Steve Brookshaw </Td> <Td> Stan Clarke </Td> <Td> 1014 14 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 5.9 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Earth Summit </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 - 05 </Td> <Td> Carl Llewellyn </Td> <Td> Nigel Twiston - Davies </Td> <Td> Summit Partnership </Td> <Td> 1007 7 / 1 F </Td> <Td> 10m 51.5 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Bobbyjo </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 - 00 </Td> <Td> Paul Carberry </Td> <Td> Tommy Carberry </Td> <Td> Bobby Burke </Td> <Td> 1010 10 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 14.1 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Papillon </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 - 12 </Td> <Td> Ruby Walsh </Td> <Td> Ted Walsh </Td> <Td> Mrs J. Maxwell Moran ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 1010 10 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 9.7 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Red Marauder </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 - 11 </Td> <Td> Richard Guest </Td> <Td> Norman Mason </Td> <Td> Norman Mason </Td> <Td> 1033 33 / 1 </Td> <Td> 11m 0.1 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Bindaree </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 - 04 </Td> <Td> Jim Culloty </Td> <Td> Nigel Twiston - Davies </Td> <Td> Raymond Mould </Td> <Td> 1020 20 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 8.6 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Monty 's Pass </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 - 07 </Td> <Td> Barry Geraghty </Td> <Td> Jimmy Mangan </Td> <Td> Dee Racing Syndicate </Td> <Td> 1016 16 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 21.7 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Amberleigh House </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 - 10 </Td> <Td> Graham Lee </Td> <Td> Ginger McCain </Td> <Td> Halewood Int. Ltd </Td> <Td> 1016 16 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 20.3 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Hedgehunter </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11 - 01 </Td> <Td> Ruby Walsh </Td> <Td> Willie Mullins </Td> <Td> Trevor Hemmings </Td> <Td> 1007 7 / 1 F </Td> <Td> 9m 20.8 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Numbersixvalverde </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 - 08 </Td> <Td> Niall Madden </Td> <Td> Martin Brassil </Td> <Td> Bernard Carroll </Td> <Td> 1011 11 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 41.0 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Silver Birch </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 - 06 </Td> <Td> Robbie Power </Td> <Td> Gordon Elliott </Td> <Td> Brian Walsh </Td> <Td> 1033 33 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 13.6 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Comply or Die </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 - 09 </Td> <Td> Timmy Murphy </Td> <Td> David Pipe </Td> <Td> David Johnson </Td> <Td> 1007 7 / 1 JF </Td> <Td> 9m 16.6 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Mon Mome </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11 - 00 </Td> <Td> Liam Treadwell </Td> <Td> Venetia Williams </Td> <Td> Vida Bingham </Td> <Td> 1100 100 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 32.9 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Do n't Push It </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11 - 05 </Td> <Td> Tony McCoy </Td> <Td> Jonjo O'Neill </Td> <Td> J.P. McManus </Td> <Td> 1010 10 / 1 JF </Td> <Td> 9m 4.6 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Ballabriggs </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11 - 00 </Td> <Td> Jason Maguire </Td> <Td> Donald McCain , Jr . </Td> <Td> Trevor Hemmings </Td> <Td> 1014 14 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 1.2 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Neptune Collonges </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 11 - 06 </Td> <Td> Daryl Jacob </Td> <Td> Paul Nicholls </Td> <Td> John Hales </Td> <Td> 1033 33 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 5.1 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Auroras Encore </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 - 03 </Td> <Td> Ryan Mania </Td> <Td> Sue Smith </Td> <Td> Douglas Pryde , Jim Beaumont and David P van der Hoeven </Td> <Td> 1066 66 / 1 </Td> <Td> 9m 12.0 s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Pineau De Re </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 - 06 </Td> <Td> Leighton Aspell </Td> <Td> Richard Newland </Td> <Td> John

Little Polveir won the Grand National in

When did little polveir win the grand national?

3886074985605209321

Find Out Who Your Friends Are - wikipedia <H1> Find Out Who Your Friends Are </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Tracy Lawrence </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album For the Love </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> August 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single , 7 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Rocky Comfort </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Casey Beathard Ed Hill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Flip Anderson Julian King Tracy Lawrence </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tracy Lawrence singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` If I Do n't Make It Back '' ( 2005 ) </Td> <Td> `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Til I Was a Daddy Too '' ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` If I Do n't Make It Back '' ( 2005 ) </Td> <Td> `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Til I Was a Daddy Too '' ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' is a song written by Casey Beathard and Ed Hill , and recorded by American country music artist Tracy Lawrence . It was the lead - off single for his album For the Love , which was released in early 2007 on Rocky Comfort Records , a label which Lawrence owns . The song was originally released to radio stations on August 21 , 2006 , ahead of its album release on January 30 , 2007 . The single did not enter the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart until January 2007 . </P> <P> After the release of For the Love , radio stations began to play an alternate version of the song which featured guest vocals from Tim McGraw and Kenny Chesney , thus helping to boost the song to Number One on both the Billboard and Mediabase country singles charts . Upon reaching Number One in June 2007 , `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' set a new record for the slowest - climbing Number One single in the history of the Billboard country music chart , as well as the second - slowest climbing on any Billboard singles chart . In addition , it became Lawrence 's first Billboard Number One since 1996 's `` Time Marches On '' , ten years earlier . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Content </Li> <Li> 2 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 3 Cease and desist order </Li> <Li> 4 Music video </Li> <Li> 5 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Content ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' is a mid-tempo in which the narrator tells of various situations where a person might be in trouble , and thus might need a friend 's help -- such as having a car stuck in a ditch , or being short on money . The song 's chorus states that in such moments , a person finds out who his or her friends are . </P> <P> Upon hearing the song , Lawrence said that he immediately identified with its message , and thought that it would be a good choice for a lead - off single to his album . According to him , `` The message is universal for everybody you know ( ... ) I enjoy singing stuff that has a good message . '' </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' made its debut on the Hot Country Songs chart dated September 19 , 2006 . The song did not enter Top 40 until the chart dated for January 13 , 2007 , although it fell out of the Top 40 a week later . By the January 27 charts , the song had re-entered . </P> <P> It reached Number One on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated June 23 , 2007 , where it stayed for one week . The song became Lawrence 's first Billboard Number One single since `` Time Marches On '' in 1996 , and his first Number One on any major trade chart since 1997 's `` Is That a Tear '' , which reached Number One on the former Radio & Records country chart . </P> <P> Having reached the top of the chart in its 41st chart week , the song also set a new record for the slowest climb to Number One on the country chart , as well as a record for the second - slowest climb for a Number One single on any Billboard chart . `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' also replaced Emerson Drive 's `` Moments '' at Number One , marking the first time since 1950 that two artists on independently distributed labels reached Number One back - to - back on the singles chart . In addition , Lawrence became the first artist to reach Number One with the first release from a self - owned record label . </P> <H2> Cease and desist order ( edit ) </H2> <P> Lawrence 's album For the Love features two versions of the song : one version sung by Lawrence himself , and a remixed version featuring guest vocals from country music artists Tim McGraw and Kenny Chesney , both of whom are friends of Lawrence 's . Only the solo version was released to radio as a single ; however , upon the release of Lawrence 's album , several radio stations began playing the version with McGraw and Chesney 's vocals instead . ( Both versions were counted as one song when the singles charts were tabulated . ) </P> <P> The week before the single reached Number One , Sony BMG ( the parent company of BNA Records , the label to which Chesney was signed at the time ) e-mailed a cease - and - desist order to several radio stations that were monitored by Billboard , demanding that these stations cease playing the version featuring McGraw and Chesney 's vocals . According to the letter , which was written by Sony BMG 's president , Sony BMG `` did not grant ' singles ' rights to Rocky Comfort with respect to the album versions of this song and has not authorized any radio station to play this recording '' . Despite the demands from Sony BMG , radio stations did not stop playing the version with McGraw and Chesney . One day after the release of that letter , Sony BMG issued a formal apology to the radio stations to which the cease - and - desist order had been sent . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> A music video for the song debuted on the television network CMT on August 16 , 2007 , at which point the song had fallen from the charts and entered recurrent rotation . In the video , a man ( Ronnie Gilley of Enterprise , AL ) hits a circumstance similar to the lyrics of the song and finds himself stranded `` in the middle of nowhere . '' Though his cellular reception is very poor , he is able to contact George Jones , who then calls Darryl Worley ( who is relaxing in a pool with several women ) and several others . Worley then calls Roy Oswalt who is working out with several other athletes ; everyone contacted arrives in a cavalcade of vehicles to help with the predicament . Larry the Cable Guy makes a cameo in the video . The video is directed by Flick Wiltshire . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2006 - 2007 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Pop 100 </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2007 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Moments '' by Emerson Drive </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single June 23 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Ticks '' by Brad Paisley </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Tracy Lawrence Make History With Hit Single `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' `` . Top40-Charts.com. 2007 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tracy Lawrence Identified Immediately With `` Friends '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rihanna 's Hot 100 hat trick with ' Umbrella ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chart Beat Chat </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ T - Pain toasts first No. 1 album </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tracy Lawrence finds out he 's number one </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tracy Lawrence Makes History on Country Singles Chart </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sony BMG Nashville ' Demands ' Radio Stop Playing Album Cut </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sony BMG Nashville Demands Radio Cease Playing Song </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sony BMG Nashville Apologizes To Radio </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tracy Lawrence Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tracy Lawrence Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tracy Lawrence Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best of 2007 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' video at CMT.com </Li> <Li> Song lyrics at CMT.com </Li> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tracy Lawrence </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sticks and Stones </Li> <Li> Alibis </Li> <Li> I See It Now </Li> <Li> Time Marches On </Li> <Li> The Coast Is Clear </Li> <Li> Lessons Learned </Li> <Li> Tracy Lawrence </Li> <Li> Strong </Li> <Li> For the Love </Li> <Li> All Wrapped Up in Christmas </Li> <Li> The Rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tracy Lawrence Live and Unplugged </Li> <Li> The Best of Tracy Lawrence </Li> <Li> Then & Now : The Hits Collection </Li> <Li> The Very Best of Tracy Lawrence </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Sticks and Stones '' </Li> <Li> `` Today 's Lonely Fool '' </Li> <Li> `` Runnin ' Behind '' </Li> <Li> `` Somebody Paints the Wall '' </Li> <Li> `` Alibis '' </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Break It to My Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` My Second Home '' </Li> <Li> `` If the Good Die Young '' </Li> <Li> `` Renegades , Rebels and Rogues '' </Li> <Li> `` I See It Now '' </Li> <Li> `` As Any Fool Can See '' </Li> <Li> `` Texas Tornado '' </Li> <Li> `` If the World

The song "Find Out Who Your Friends Are" is a duet featuring Tracy Lawrence and

Who sings find out who your friends are with tracy lawrence?

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Spirit in the Sky - wikipedia <H1> Spirit in the Sky </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Spirit in the Sky ( disambiguation ) . For a deity whose portfolio includes or is limited to the sky , see Spirit of the sky . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Spirit in the Sky '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Norman Greenbaum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Spirit in the Sky </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Milk Cow '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1969 , 1970 , 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Psychedelic rock , hard rock , gospel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Reprise 0885 Reprise RS20885 ( UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Norman Greenbaum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Erik Jacobsen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Audio sample </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> file </Li> <Li> help </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Spirit in the Sky '' is a song written and originally recorded by Norman Greenbaum and released in late 1969 . The single became a gold record , selling two million copies from 1969 to 1970 and reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart ( April 18 , 1970 ) , where it lasted for 15 weeks in the Top 100 . Billboard ranked the record the No. 22 song of 1970 . It also climbed to number one on the UK , Australian and Canadian charts in 1970 . Rolling Stone ranked `` Spirit in the Sky '' No. 333 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song was featured on the 1969 album of the same name . Cover versions by Doctor and the Medics and Gareth Gates have also made the number 1 spot in the UK . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Original version by Norman Greenbaum </Li> <Li> 2 Cultural impact </Li> <Li> 3 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Cover versions and samples <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Doctor & the Medics version </Li> <Li> 4.2 Gareth Gates ( with the Kumars ) version <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Track listing </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Original version by Norman Greenbaum ( edit ) </H2> <P> Greenbaum had previously been a member of psychedelic jug band Dr. West 's Medicine Show and Junk Band . When they split up he won a solo contract with producer Erik Jacobsen , who had previously worked successfully with The Lovin ' Spoonful . He was inspired to write the song after watching Porter Wagoner on TV singing a gospel song . Greenbaum later said : `` I thought , ' Yeah , I could do that , ' knowing nothing about gospel music , so I sat down and wrote my own gospel song . It came easy . I wrote the words in 15 minutes . '' </P> <P> `` Spirit in the Sky '' contains lyrics about the afterlife , making several references to Jesus , although Greenbaum is Jewish . ( In a VH1 episode about famous one - hit wonders , Alice Cooper said that he was surprised to hear someone with a Jewish - sounding last name performing a song that seemed to be about Jesus . ) Greenbaum recorded his first solo album with Jacobsen for Reprise Records . The song 's arrangement came together in the studio in San Francisco where lead guitarist Russell DaShiell , bass player Doug Killmer from the band Crowfoot and drummer Norman Mayell worked with Greenbaum . According to one source and to DaShiell , Greenbaum used a Fender Telecaster with a fuzz box built into the body to generate the song 's characteristic guitar sound . Moreover , DaShiell explained how he created the song 's distinctive `` beeping '' fills : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` I actually played the lead guitar parts on Spirit , using a 61 - 62 SG Les Paul , a 68 Marshall Plexi 100w half stack and a home - made overdrive box in front of the Marshall . Regarding the ' beep beeps ' as I call them , when the producer asked me to play some fills in between the verses , as a joke I said how about something spacey like this and I did the pickup switch / string bending thing . I saw him stand up in the control booth and he said `` that 's it ! let 's record that ! '' so we did . ( There was no slide involved , just my fingers , and I used the bridge humbucker and the pickup switch . ) The fuzz part is Norman with a built - in overdrive circuit built into his Tele pickguard . '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I 've been asked a lot over the years how I did the ' beep beep ' guitar parts on Spirit , so for any guitar players out there who would like to learn how , try the following : Using a 2 - pickup Gibson , set the neck pickup volume to zero , bridge pickup volume to max , with the pickup switch in the middle position ( with Gibson wiring this gives you silence in the middle position ) . Do a string bend , picking the B & E strings together with one hit , just ahead of the beat , then use the pickup switch to kick in the bridge pickup in triplets ( 6 per bar ) as you let the B string bend down two frets . '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I mainly used two positions on Spirit , which is in the key of A. For the low position , fret a stationary C note ( 8th fret ) on the E string while bending the B string up to an A note for your starting - position , then pick the two strings together once while the guitar is silent and work the pickup switch as you let the A note bend downwards to a G. For the high position , do the same thing at the 15th fret holding a stationary high G note on the E string while bending down from E to D on the B string . '' </Dd> <Dd> `` I must give credit to Jimi Hendrix as my inspiration for this technique ( as well as for the double - string riffs I did at the beginning of the Spirit solo tail section ) . I saw him perform live in a small club in Madison , Wisconsin and loved the way he used his Strat pickup switch to create staccato feedback on songs like Voodoo Child . The difference is , on a Gibson you can start from silence and create the on / off effect , which worked well with the downward string bending thing I did on Spirit . '' </Dd> </Dl> <P> The resulting sound was an innovative and compelling combination of gospel and psychedelic rock music , with loud drums , distorted electric guitar , clapping hands , and tambourines . The production team brought in the Stovall Sisters , an Oakland - based gospel trio , to sing backing vocals . Because of its unusual lyrics and style , the record company was initially reluctant to issue it , but was finally released as a single after two other singles from the album had poor sales . `` Spirit in the Sky '' became a worldwide hit , and was at the time the best - selling single ever for the Reprise label . </P> <P> There is a music video with Greenbaum singing the song . </P> <P> Of the song , Greenbaum observed : `` It sounds as fresh today as when it was recorded . I 've gotten letters from funeral directors telling me that it 's their second-most - requested song to play at memorial services , next to ' Danny Boy ' . '' </P> <H2> Cultural impact ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> During John Lennon 's scathing 1970 Rolling Stone `` Beatles break - up '' interview with Jann S. Wenner , while highly critical of the recent work of many of his peers , including Bob Dylan and ex-band mate Paul McCartney , Lennon professed to liking the then - current radio single , `` Spirit in the Sky '' , stating that he `` always liked simple rock and nothing else '' . </P> <P> It was included on the list of songs deemed `` questionable '' by Clear Channel following the September 11 , 2001 attacks . </P> <P> In the Ron Howard movie Apollo 13 , the Fred Haise character opened the TV broadcast to Earth from the Odyssey Command Module with `` Spirit in the Sky '' instead of the planned theme from 2001 A Space Odyssey . </P> <P> The song appears in the second trailer for Guardians of the Galaxy , as well as the soundtrack album , but is not heard in the film . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1969 -- 70 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian RPM Top Singles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1970 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cover versions and samples ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Spirit in the Sky '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Doctor and the Medics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Laughing at the Pieces </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Laughing at the Pieces '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 in </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Neo-psychedelia , new wave </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Norman Greenbaum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Doctor and the Medics singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Spirit in the Sky '' ( 1986 ) </Td> <Td> `` Burn '' ( 1986

The original "Spirit in the Sky" was written and recorded by

Who did the original spirit in the sky?

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Caroline Brent , an elderly , religiously rigid , socially respectable spinster who accepted the vacation on Soldier Island largely due to financial constraints . Years earlier , she had dismissed her young maid , Beatrice Taylor , for becoming pregnant out of wedlock . Beatrice , who had already been rejected by her parents for the same reason , drowned herself , which Miss Brent considered an even worse sin . She refuses to discuss the matter with the gentlemen , telling them , `` I have always acted in accordance with the dictates of my conscience . I have nothing with which to reproach myself . '' Later , she confides what happened regarding Beatrice Taylor to Vera Claythorne , who tells the others shortly before Miss Brent is found dead herself . She was sedated with chloral hydrate in her coffee , leaving her disorientated , before being injected in the neck with potassium cyanide while left alone in the kitchen , with one of Dr Armstrong 's hypodermic syringes . The murderer also put a bee into the room . ( `` A bumblebee stung one ... '' ) </Li> <Li> Dr Edward George Armstrong , a Harley Street doctor , responsible for the death of a patient , Louisa Mary Clees , after he operated on her while drunk many years earlier . Armstrong is asked by Justice Wargrave to help fake his death , on the pretext that this will leave the judge free to find the killer , but is fooled in doing so -- while rendezvousing with the judge at night on a rocky cliff , the judge asks him if he sees a cave . When Armstrong looks , he is pushed by the other man into the sea , and is killed . ( `` A red herring swallowed one ... '' ) . His body goes missing for a while , leading the others to believe that he is the killer , but his corpse washes ashore at the end of the novel , sparking the final confrontation between Vera Claythorne and Philip Lombard in which the latter is killed . </Li> <Li> William Henry Blore , a former police inspector and now a private investigator , was accused of falsifying his testimony in court for a bribe from a dangerous criminal gang , which resulted in an innocent man , James Landor , being convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment . Landor , who had a wife and young child , died shortly afterwards in prison . Using the alias `` Davis '' and claiming to have arrived from South Africa , as he was instructed to do , he is on the island for `` security work '' . His true name is revealed on the gramophone recording . He denies the accusation against him from the gramophone recording , but later privately admits the truth to Lombard . He was crushed by a bear - shaped clock dropped from Vera 's bedroom window onto the terrace below . ( `` A big bear hugged one ... '' ) </Li> <Li> Philip Lombard , a soldier of fortune . Literally down to his last square meal , he comes to the island with a loaded revolver , as suggested by his invitation letter . Lombard is accused of causing the deaths of a number of East African tribesmen , after stealing their food and abandoning them to their deaths . He and Marston are the only guests to openly and immediately confirm that the accusations against them are true ; neither feels any remorse . ( `` Story 's quite true ! I left ' em ! Matter of self - preservation . We were lost in the bush . I and a couple of other fellows took what food there was and cleared out ... Not quite the act of a pukka sahib , I 'm afraid . But self - preservation 's a man 's first duty . And natives do n't mind dying , you know . They do n't feel about it as Europeans do . '' ) Lombard fulfilled the ninth referenced verse of the rhyme , shot to death on the beach by Vera , ( `` One got frizzled up ... '' ) who believed him to be the murderer . Of all the `` guests '' he is the only one to theorize that `` U.N. Owen '' might be Wargrave , but the others reject this and it does him no good . He and Vera are the only guests not killed by Justice Wargrave . Technically he is the 8th person to die out of the ten guests . </Li> <Li> Vera Elizabeth Claythorne , a cool , efficient , resourceful young woman who is on leave from her position as a sports mistress at a third - rate girls ' school . She has largely worked at secretarial jobs ever since her job as a governess was ended by the death of her charge , Cyril Hamilton . Claythorne let the boy drown so his uncle Hugo Hamilton could inherit the family estate and marry her , but Hugo rejected her when he suspected her crime . In the penultimate scene of the novel , she manages to take Lombard 's gun , and shoot him dead in what she believed was self - defence . She returns to the house , relieved she has survived . When she goes to her room , she finds a readied noose , complete with chair beneath it , suspended from a hook hanging from the ceiling . She , in what Wargrave , hidden from her sight , describes first hand as a post-traumatic state , sees and hears Hugo , her former lover , encouraging her . She adjusts the noose round her neck and kicks the chair away , fulfilling the rhyme 's final verse ( `` One little Soldier Boy left all alone ; He went and hanged himself and then there were none . '' ) </Li> <Li> Justice Lawrence John Wargrave , a retired judge , known as a `` hanging judge '' for liberally awarding the death penalty in murder cases . Wargrave is accused of influencing the jury to hand a guilty verdict to Edward Seton , a man many thought was innocent of his crime of killing an old woman , and sentencing him to death unfairly . However , as the two policemen discuss at Scotland Yard , new evidence after Seton 's execution proved he was unmistakably guilty . He admits in his postscript that he has a lifelong hidden sadistic urge to cause death , but felt bound only to indulge it with guilty persons , and a lifelong wish to create a masterpiece of a mystery . Finding himself terminally ill , he creates a game in which , as island owner `` U.N. Owen '' ( i.e. , `` Unknown '' ) , he entices to an island various people who have been responsible for the deaths of other people , but escaped justice , through a third party agent , Isaac Morris , in order to be a murderer himself , and kill his `` guests '' in a way that would leave an almost - unsolvable mystery . After the deaths , he arranges the island so that each death appears to have a survivor . However out of what he admits is a `` pitiful human need '' for recognition , he also writes a confession , which he throws in the sea , and leaves to chance whether it will be found . His final act is to shoot himself in a way that matches the description of his death in some of the other guests ' diaries , by using a rubber cord and handkerchief wrapped around the gun when he shoots himself in the head ; the elastic will separate and attract no attention , and the gun and cloth will recoil a sufficient distance from him to avoid any suspicion of the true circumstances by the police . </Li> <Li> Isaac Morris is an unethical lawyer hired by Wargrave to purchase the island ( under the name `` U.N. Owen '' ) , arrange the gramophone recording , and make various necessary arrangements on his behalf , including gathering information on the near destitute Philip Lombard , to whom he gave some money to get by ( with the promise of more to come ) and recommended Lombard bring his gun to the island ( a fateful proposition , without which events could not have developed as they did to make Wargrave 's gambit successful ) . Morris 's is actually the first death chronologically , as he died before the guests arrived on the island . Morris was responsible for the addiction and suicide of a young woman through his narcotics activities . The victim by chance was the daughter of a friend of Wargrave . A hypochondriac , he trusted `` Mr Owen '' sufficiently to accept the latter 's lethal cocktail of pills , assured they would improve his health , although Wargrave would have had to get rid of him in any event . </Li> <Li> Fred Narracott , the boatman who delivered the guests to the island . After doing so , he does not appear again in the story , although Inspector Maine notes it was Narracott who , sensing something seriously amiss , returned to the island as soon as the weather allowed , before he was scheduled to do , and found the bodies . Maine speculates that it was the normalcy and ordinariness of the guests that convinced Narracott to do so and ignore his orders to dismiss any signals requesting help . </Li> <Li> Sir Thomas Legge and Inspector Maine , two Scotland Yard detectives who discuss the case in the epilogue . In their conversation , which takes place an unspecified amount of time after the events of the book ( but before Wargrave 's confession is found ) , they attempt to reason out the events of the case , but are dumbfounded and unable to solve the mystery . The name Legge is a symbolic name , because , in Italian , it means Law . </Li> </Ul> <H2> History of the publication 's title ( edit ) </H2> <H3> English - language versions ( edit ) </H3> Cover of first US 1940 edition with current title for all English - language versions . <P> The novel was originally published in 1939 and early 1940 almost simultaneously , in the United Kingdom and the United States . In the UK it appeared under the title Ten Little Niggers , in book and newspaper serialized formats . The serialization was in 23 parts in the Daily Express from Tuesday 6 June to Saturday 1 July 1939 . All of the instalments carried an illustration by `` Prescott '' with the first having an illustration of Burgh Island in Devon which inspired the setting of the story . The serialized version did not contain any chapter divisions . The book retailed for seven shillings and six pence . </P> <P> In the United States it was published under the title And Then There Were None , again in both book and serial formats . Both of the original US publications changed the title from that originally used in the UK , due to the offensiveness of the word in American culture , where it was more widely perceived as a racially loaded ethnic slur or insult compared to contemporary UK culture , and because of the pejorative connotations of the original blackface rhyme . The serialized version appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in seven parts from 20 May ( Volume 211 , Number 47 ) to 1 July 1939 ( Volume 212 , Number 1 ) with illustrations by Henry Raleigh , and the book was published in January 1940 by Dodd , Mead and Company for $2 . </P> <P> In the original UK novel all references to `` Indians '' or ``

In Agatha Christie's novel "And Then There Were None", Mr. Owen was actually

Who was mr.owen in and then there were none?

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Massachusetts . </Li> </Ul> <H3> 21st century ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> June 17 , 2001 -- Tropical Storm Allison brushed southern New England as a subtropical storm . In Connecticut , rainfall peaked at 7.2 inches ( 183 mm ) in Pomfret , closing several roads , causing minor damage to numerous houses . In Rhode Island , the rainfall washed out several roads . </Li> <Li> September 11 , 2002 -- The interaction between Hurricane Gustav and the non-tropical system caused strong winds that affected areas of coastal New England , mainly in eastern New York and Massachusetts . The winds downed trees and power lines , and several homes and cars were damaged by falling trees ; about 19,000 homes lost power in Massachusetts . </Li> <Li> September 2002 -- The remnants of Tropical Storm Hanna contributed to around 1 in ( 25 mm ) of rainfall in Vermont . </Li> <Li> September 28 , 2002 -- The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Isidore produced widespread light rainfall across the region . No damage or flooding was reported . </Li> <Li> September 2003 -- Hurricane Fabian produced moderate surfing conditions along the East Coast of the United States . </Li> <Li> September 4 , 2003 -- The remnants of Tropical Storm Grace dropped light to moderate rainfall throughout the region , though no significant damages were reported . </Li> <Li> September 17 , 2003 -- The dissipating remnants of Tropical Storm Henri produced light rainfall . </Li> <Li> September 19 , 2003 -- Hurricane Isabel passed far to the west , though rainfall reached 1 inch ( 25 mm ) in portions of western Connecticut and Massachusetts , and in portions of New Hampshire and Maine . Falling trees from moderate winds downed power lines across the region , causing sporadic power outages . Two people died as a result of the hurricane , both due to the rough surf . Damage in Vermont totals about $100,000 ( 2003 USD , $117,000 in 2008 USD ) . </Li> <Li> October 2003 -- The interaction between Hurricane Kate and a high pressure area to its north produced 3 to 4 foot ( 1 m ) waves along the coast . </Li> <Li> August 14 , 2004 -- The extratropical remnants of Tropical Storm Bonnie produced heavy rainfall , with localized totals of up to 10 inches ( 250 mm ) . The rainfall flooded or washed out roads across the eastern Maine . In Aroostook County , Maine , the rainfall caused a mudslide , narrowing a county road to one lane . </Li> <Li> August 15 , 2004 -- Tropical Storm Charley dissipated near southern Massachusetts , though the remnant moisture produced up to 5 in ( 130 mm ) of rainfall , particularly in Maine . In Rhode Island , one man drowned in a rip current generated by the system . </Li> <Li> August 31 , 2004 -- Moisture from Hurricane Gaston dropped up to 3.69 in ( 94 mm ) of rainfall . </Li> <Li> August 31 , 2004 -- Tropical Storm Hermine comes ashore near New Bedford , Massachusetts as a minimal tropical storm . Damage was minimal , and effects were limited to gusty winds and light rainfall . </Li> <Li> September 10 , 2004 -- The remnants of Hurricane Frances produced light , yet widespread rainfall ; the system eventually crossed northern Maine . </Li> <Li> September 19 , 2004 -- A plume of moisture broke off from the remnants of Hurricane Ivan and progressed northward , producing heavy rainfall across portions of the Mid-Atlantic and New England . The rain caused extensive roadway flooding in Connecticut , and resulted in minor river flooding in other areas . </Li> <Li> September 29 , 2004 -- Moisture from the remnants of Hurricane Jeanne storm produced light to heavy rainfall , with totals of over 7 inches ( 175 mm ) on Nantucket . </Li> <Li> June 15 , 2005 -- After being absorbed into a frontal wave , the remnants of Tropical Storm Arlene drop light rainfall in Northern New England . </Li> <Li> July 8 , 2005 -- The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Cindy produced moderate rainfall in northern Vermont , generally within the range of 1 to 3 in ( 25 to 76 mm ) . </Li> <Li> August 31 , 2005 -- The remnants of Hurricane Katrina dropped up to 4.17 in ( 106 mm ) of rain and cause gusty winds that blew down trees and tree limbs , primarily across Vermont , New Hampshire , and Massachusetts . </Li> <Li> September 17 , 2005 -- Tropical Storm Ophelia brushed Massachusetts with gusty winds and heavy rainfall . </Li> </Ul> Flooding in Bar Harbor , Maine from the Northeast U.S. flooding of October 2005 <Ul> <Li> October 7 - 12 , 2005 -- The remnants of Tropical Storm Tammy and Subtropical Depression Twenty - Two contributed to the Northeast U.S. flooding of October 2005 , which killed 10 people and contributed to the wettest month on record in locations throughout the Northeastern United States . </Li> <Li> June 15 , 2006 -- The extratropical remnants of Tropical Storm Alberto dropped rainfall throughout the region , peaking at 1.98 in ( 50 mm ) at Windsor Locks , Connecticut . </Li> <Li> July 21 , 2006 -- Tropical Storm Beryl makes landfall on Nantucket , generating waves 10 feet ( 3 m ) in height as the storm approached the island . Light rainfall and gusty winds were also reported there , and in portions of Massachusetts . </Li> <Li> September 3 , 2006 -- The extratropical remnants of Hurricane Ernesto dropped light rainfall ; 1.72 in ( 44 mm ) of precipitation was reported at Marlboro , Vermont . </Li> <Li> June 4 , 2007 -- The extratropical remnants of Tropical Storm Barry entered the region , producing moderate rainfall that peaked at 3.19 inches ( 81 mm ) at Taunton , Massachusetts . </Li> </Ul> Animation of Hurricane Noel undergoing extratropical transition one day prior to hitting New England <Ul> <Li> November 3 , 2007 -- As a powerful extratropical storm , Hurricane Noel hit coastal Massachusetts , Rhode Island and Maine with hurricane - force wind - gusts of up to 89 mph ( 143 km / h ) , with sustained winds topping out at 59 mph ( 95 km / h ) . Power outages were widespread ; about 80,000 customers in Massachusetts and 9,000 in Maine lost electric power , mostly on Cape Cod . Heavy rainfall , high seas , and coastal flooding also occurred . </Li> <Li> September 6 , 2008 -- Tropical Storm Hanna made landfall at Myrtle Beach , South Carolina and proceeded northeastward through the Mid Atlantic states and New England , dropping moderate to heavy rainfall and spawning gusty winds across southern New England . </Li> <Li> September 15 , 2008 -- The remnants of Hurricane Ike reached northern New England , though no effects were reported . </Li> <Li> September 28 , 2008 -- Hurricane Kyle passed to the east as it heads towards Canada , affecting Maine with heavy rainfall and gusty winds that caused scattered power outages . Up to 7.15 in ( 182 mm ) of precipitation falls in Hancock County , Maine . </Li> <Li> August 21 , 2009 -- Hurricane Bill passed just offshore of New England causing very heavy surf , and a period of rain and gusty winds over Southeastern Massachusetts . </Li> <Li> August 29 , 2009 -- Tropical Storm Danny passes over Nantucket as an extratropical storm , causing up to 2 inches of rain in Massachusetts and Rhode Island , and bringing wind gusts up to 60 mph off the coast of Nantucket and Maine . </Li> <Li> November 12 , 2009 -- Hurricane Ida , after hitting the northeast gulf coast as a tropical storm , redeveloped off the Carolina coast as a strong nor'easter , bringing severe damage as far north as New Jersey , where severe flooding , beach erosion , and strong winds were reported . As the center of the storm moved out to sea , a batch of moisture broke off it , and moved north , bringing moderate rain to New England . The storm caused millions of dollars in damage . </Li> <Li> September 4 , 2010 -- Hurricane Earl passed about 90 miles offshore , but still brought heavy rain , large waves , and tropical storm force gusts to Cape Cod . The heaviest rain affected areas such as Nantucket , Martha 's Vineyard , and areas over Maine , while the strongest wind was a recorded gust of 58 mph near Hyannis , Massachusetts . Sustained winds were of 29 to 35 miles per hour , just at and below tropical storm force . </Li> <Li> August 28 , 2011 -- Hurricane Irene weakened to a tropical storm just before landfall , striking with winds of 70 mph . Irene produced high winds , heavy rains , and flash flooding especially in western New England . The storm left at least 16 people dead throughout New England , including ten deaths in Connecticut . The eastern quadrant of the Irene remained intact , as that section had never transversed land and moved north - northeast across southern Bristol and Plymouth counties in Massachusetts . Winds at times reached hurricane force from Westport east to Woods Hole on the south coast . </Li> <Li> October 29 - 30 , 2012 -- Hurricane Sandy affected Southern New England with its outer bands producing heavy storm surge , winds , and rainfall before the storm 's landfall in New Jersey . Sandy devastated the Jersey Shore , New York City , parts of Long Island and the Connecticut and Rhode Island coastlines . Flooding and power outages ( roughly nine million customers total ) lasted several days , while thousands of trees , telephone poles and traffic light stanchions were snapped . A total of approximately $71.4 billion in property damage was left in Sandy 's wake after it made landfall and its center went over Pennsylvania and New York . Sandy killed 5 people in New England ( 4 in Connecticut and 1 in New Hampshire ) . To the west , Sandy dumped 2 to 4 feet of snow in the Appalachian Mountain region and flatlands . </Li> <Li> October 2 - 5 , 2015 -- Hurricane Joaquin , at one point forecast to make a landfall in New England , eventually passed offshore and produced high surf along Cape Cod and Nantucket . </Li> <Li> September 19 - 22 , 2017 -- Tropical Storm Jose stalled to the south of New England , meandering offshore for several days . This resulted in major rainfall and high winds throughout the region , particularly on Cape Cod , Martha 's Vineyard , and Nantucket . Rainfall peaked at 6.41 inches on Nantucket , and maximum sustained winds reached 53 miles per hour in Cuttyhunk , with gusts up to 62 miles per hour recorded on Martha 's Vineyard and Nantucket . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Landfalls ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Defining `` landfall '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> A landfall in New England occurs only if the center of the storm comes ashore in Maine , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , or Connecticut as they all share a coastline . Tropical cyclones that made landfall outside of New England , but subsequently passed through the region , are excluded from this category . For example , the 1893 New York hurricane , Tropical Storm Doria of 1971 , and Hurricane Irene of 2011 all made landfall in New York City , but failed to cross Long Island Sound and enter Connecticut along its coastline . In addition , other systems such as the 1876 San Felipe hurricane , 1888 Louisiana hurricane , 1893 Sea Islands hurricane , and Hurricane Able of 1952 all passed through New York , to the north of New York City , before entering New England . </P> <P> A landfall is also distinct from a direct

The last time a hurricane hit Massachusetts was on

When was the last time a hurricane hit massachusetts?

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The Sims 4 would be released on February 17 . </P> <H3> Features controversy ( edit ) </H3> <P> On June 25 , 2014 , EA and Maxis announced the omission of several gameplay features in The Sims 4 that had been included in previous games . These omitted features include swimming pools , swimming wear , and the `` toddler '' life stage ; this announcement also noted the lack of an open - world found in The Sims 3 , stating neighborhood gameplay would be separated by loading screens . Earlier in the development process , a fan - site interview with a producer had revealed Create - a-Style ( CAS ) , a customization feature introduced in the previous Sims game , would not be added to The Sims 4 in lieu of other features . The developers then announced through a series of tweets that the game would ship with a ' stripped - down ' version of story - progression ( a gameplay mechanic controlling neighborhood autonomy ) , and that basements , grocery stores , and school and work locations would not be featured in the game . While careers and schools would still be featured , they would be represented differently from The Sims 3 , more akin to the way they were featured in The Sims 2 . </P> <P> These announcements sparked unrest among many fans who speculated that the exclusion of arguably core features were intended by the developers or parent company to be left out for later paid content , or in order to make rushed deadlines . A petition was launched by some fans to have the features restored for the initial release , even if the release date were to be pushed back . </P> <P> Maxis contended that it was not possible to include every feature in the new game that had been added over time in the six years The Sims 3 was in development , and that these could always be added at a later date , although they did not confirm exactly how this would be done , or whether it would be free or at a cost . Some have speculated that many new features would be released through paid expansion packs , but others speculated that some of the more `` basic , core '' content ( i.e. pools , toddlers ) may be released as free patch updates , similar to how some new features were patched free into The Sims 3 , such as basement features . </P> <P> Questioned as to why some features , such as a cupcake machine , were implemented over what many viewed as key gameplay , Maxis and The Sims producer Graham Nardone attributed the sacrifice to time constraints , the workload and distribution of developers ( and the comparative lack of available developers to some areas of production to other areas ) , as well as risk factors : </P> <P> You ca n't weigh features by how much you want them in the game , you have to consider how many development resources it takes to create them . The tram ? A couple of days from one of our FX guys and it 's finished ... very low risk , very low complexity ( using entirely existing tech ) , and adds a nice visual punch to the neighborhood . I ca n't recall ever scoping against FX ... they always have time to be adding more stuff . </P> <P> Our FX folks submitted their own long list of things they wanted to work on because there was n't enough for them to do . Now , you ca n't take the FX team and ask them to add pools to the game . They do n't have the work skills to do it ; neither do I. Pools , toddlers ... they 're extremely complex features that require months of man hours of work across multiple disciplines and introduce significant risk . </P> <P> If we were to have added one of those to the game , there would have been two choices for us ... cut many small features , or cut one other significantly large feature . </P> <P> Maxis and The Sims producer Rachel Rubin Franklin later elaborated in an official blog post , acknowledging the concerns of fans , and explained the issue on the developer 's focus on The Sims 4 's new core game engine technologies , and that the sacrifices the team had to make were a `` hard pill to swallow '' : </P> <P> It begins with new technology and systems that we built for this new base game for The Sims ... the vision for The Sims 4 is a new experience ... to do that , our technology base needed a major upgrade . </P> <P> ... when we sat down and looked at everything we wanted to do for this game , all the new tech we wanted to build into it , the fact was that there would be trade - offs , and these would disappoint some of our fans . Hard pill to swallow , believe me , but delivering on the vision set out for The Sims 4 required focus . </P> <P> Franklin stated new features such as Sim emotions , advanced Sim animation , interaction and behaviours , as well as the new Create - a-Sim and build mode tools as a large part of the reason that detracted focus from features such as swimming pools and the toddler life stage . </P> <P> However , on October 1 , 2014 , Maxis confirmed that one of its missing features , swimming pools , along with other new updates and features , would be added into the game for free in November , and this happened in the form of a game patch . Other features like basements have later been added in subsequent patches , and the missing `` toddler '' life stage was eventually added for free in a patch released on January 12 , 2017 . </P> <Table> Significant features added via game patches <Tr> <Th> Patch release date </Th> <Th> Significant features added </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 1 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Ghost , a new type of sim that is an optional addition to the game , the Deathflower plant , and the `` Ambrosia '' cooking recipe ; Star Wars costumes : Yoda , Princess Leia , Luke Skywalker , and Darth Vader . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 4 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Swimming pools ; various swimwear . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 16 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Two new active careers : Business and Athletic ; Paid Time Off and Family Leave options . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 3 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Genealogy panel , displaying a Sim 's family tree . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 26 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Basements , down to two levels down , and an additional above ground floor , bringing the total floors available to six ; the Notebook feature on the phone , which catalogs a Sim 's gardening or fishing discoveries ; Paint by Reference option on the easel . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 4 , 2015 </Td> <Td> New Star Wars costumes : Boba Fett , Darth Maul , and Aayla Secura ; Revamped the loading screen . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 11 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Newcrest , a new world containing fifteen empty lots within three new neighborhoods ; the Welcome Wagon from new neighbors ; the Custom Room Tool . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July 9 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Half walls ; locked doors ; King 's and Queen 's Door , which allow only just the men or women to pass through it , respectively ; towel full body outfits . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 6 , 2015 </Td> <Td> A dishwasher is added to the appliances , which needs to be slotted into an existing non-island counter . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 24 , 2015 </Td> <Td> New Trait : Jealous ; Limited Interaction Trick or Treat ; Claiming beds ; Resizeable rugs ; Underground Saunas . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 3 , 2015 </Td> <Td> New Hire Service : Repair Man . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 4 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 64 - bit executable ; Automatically disable mods after patch ; Change in Sims groups ; New NPC Interaction ; Fire and Death Reaction Systems ; New Venue Type : Pool and New Option to color water ; World maps updated ; Put grills in inventory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> New Trait : Kleptomaniac ; New Hire Service : Gardener ; New Aspiration ; New Content in Build Mode . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Returning NPC : Tragic Clown . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 3 , 2016 </Td> <Td> All Create - a-Sim content is available to both sexes , as well as gender customization . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 23 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Child Sims can now experience a ' Monster - Under - The - Bed ' , appearing as tentacles which children can either befriend or ask Adults to Spray . Adults can not see this Monster , however . A light for warding away the Monster has also been added , which features an image of the new character ' Coolala ' . This character appears in the new Kids Room Stuff as well , released June 28 , 2016 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July 14 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Nannies have been added , and the ability to adjust all lights in a room in one go has been introduced . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 18 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Sim Cell Phone covers can be customised . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Mexican ' Day of the Dead ' CAS Items are added ; A Mexican dish , Pan De Muerto , is added to the cooking recipes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 27 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Eight new lot traits have been added to the base game ; A copy paste function for build mode has been added . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> The Toddler age group , along with unique Toddler traits , skills , outfits , objects and the ability to customize your sims teeth ( includes the other life stages ) , have been added with a free game update . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Redesigned the Main Menu . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Updated the Load / Save menu . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 11 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Four new roofs are added in Build Mode : Pentagonal , Hexagonal , Octagonal , and Round Roofs ; Advanced roof curvature mode and additional manipulation points to Gabled and Hipped roofs ; Photography is made available to all players ; A new Maximum Sim Count option in Gameplay Options ; Objects can be shrunk using the Size Down cheat . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> New female hairstyle and ten new skin tones were added in addition to an anniversary T - shirt . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Marketing and release ( edit ) </H2> <P> SteelSeries and Electronic Arts announced a series of themed peripherals to promote The Sims 4 , including a pair of headphones , a computer mouse that lights up in accordance with Sims ' in - game emotional states , and a mousepad featuring a render of various Sim groups . </P> <P> A demo was released to the public displaying the new Create a Sim partition of the game in which is supplied , free of charge to anyone . TV spots were also produced narrated by actor Charlie Day . </P> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <P> On May 9 , 2014 ,

The Sims 4 toddlers were released on

When did the sims 4 toddlers come out?

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Use case - wikipedia <H1> Use case </H1> Jump to : navigation , search A very simple use case diagram of a Wiki system . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Software development </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Core activities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Processes </Li> <Li> Requirements </Li> <Li> Design </Li> <Li> Engineering </Li> <Li> Construction </Li> <Li> Testing </Li> <Li> Debugging </Li> <Li> Deployment </Li> <Li> Maintenance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paradigms and models </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agile </Li> <Li> Cleanroom </Li> <Li> Incremental </Li> <Li> Prototyping </Li> <Li> Spiral </Li> <Li> Waterfall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Methodologies and frameworks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DevOps </Li> <Li> DSDM </Li> <Li> FDD </Li> <Li> IID </Li> <Li> Kanban </Li> <Li> Lean SD </Li> <Li> MDD </Li> <Li> MSF </Li> <Li> PSP </Li> <Li> RAD </Li> <Li> SAFe </Li> <Li> Scrum </Li> <Li> SEMAT </Li> <Li> TSP </Li> <Li> UP </Li> <Li> V - Model </Li> <Li> XP </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supporting disciplines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Configuration management </Li> <Li> Documentation </Li> <Li> Software quality assurance ( SQA ) </Li> <Li> Project management </Li> <Li> User experience </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Practices </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ATDD </Li> <Li> BDD </Li> <Li> CCO </Li> <Li> CI </Li> <Li> CD </Li> <Li> DDD </Li> <Li> PP </Li> <Li> Stand - up </Li> <Li> TDD </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tools </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Compiler </Li> <Li> Debugger </Li> <Li> Profiler </Li> <Li> GUI designer </Li> <Li> Modeling </Li> <Li> IDE </Li> <Li> Build automation </Li> <Li> Release automation </Li> <Li> Infrastructure as Code </Li> <Li> Testing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Standards and BOKs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CMMI </Li> <Li> IEEE standards </Li> <Li> ISO 9001 </Li> <Li> ISO / IEC standards </Li> <Li> SWEBOK </Li> <Li> PMBOK </Li> <Li> BABOK </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In software and systems engineering , a use case is a list of actions or event steps typically defining the interactions between a role ( known in the Unified Modeling Language as an actor ) and a system to achieve a goal . The actor can be a human or other external system . In systems engineering use cases are used at a higher level than within software engineering often representing missions or stakeholder goals . The detailed requirements may then be captured in the Systems Modeling Language ( SysML ) or as contractual statements . </P> <P> Use case analysis is an important and valuable requirement analysis technique that has been widely used in modern software engineering since its formal introduction by Ivar Jacobson in 1992 . Use case driven development is a key characteristic of many process models and frameworks such as ICONIX , the Unified Process ( UP ) , the IBM Rational Unified Process ( RUP ) , and the Oracle Unified Method ( OUM ) . With its inherent iterative , incremental and evolutionary nature , use case also fits well for agile development . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Templates <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cockburn style <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Design scopes </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Goal levels </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Fully dressed </Li> <Li> 2.1. 4 Casual </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Fowler style </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Actors </Li> <Li> 4 Business Use Case </Li> <Li> 5 Visual modeling </Li> <Li> 6 Examples </Li> <Li> 7 Advantages </Li> <Li> 8 Limitations </Li> <Li> 9 Misconceptions </Li> <Li> 10 Tools </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1986 , Ivar Jacobson first formulated textual , structural , and visual modeling techniques for specifying use cases . In 1992 his co-authored book Object - Oriented Software Engineering - A Use Case Driven Approach helped to popularize the technique for capturing functional requirements , especially in software development . Originally he had used the terms usage scenarios and usage case -- the latter a direct translation of his Swedish term användningsfall -- but found that neither of these terms sounded natural in English , and eventually he settled on use case . </P> <P> Since then , other experts have also contributed a great deal to the technique , notably Alistair Cockburn , Larry Constantine , Dean Leffingwell , Kurt Bittner and Gunnar Overgaard . </P> <P> In 2011 , Jacobson published an update to his work , called Use Case 2.0 , with the intention of incorporating many of his practical experiences of applying use cases since the original inception of the concept . </P> <H2> Templates ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are many ways to write a use case in text , from use case brief , casual , outline , to fully dressed etc. , and with varied templates . Writing use cases in templates devised by various vendors or experts is a common industry practice to get high - quality functional system requirements . </P> <H3> Cockburn style ( edit ) </H3> <P> The template defined by Alistair Cockburn in his popular book Writing Effective Use Cases has been one of the most widely used writing styles of use cases . </P> Design scopes ( edit ) <P> Cockburn suggests annotating each use case with a symbol to show the `` Design Scope '' , which may be black - box ( internal detail is hidden ) or white - box ( internal detail is shown ) . Five symbols are available : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Scope </Th> <Th> Icon </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organization ( black - box ) </Td> <Td> Filled House </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organization ( white - box ) </Td> <Td> Unfilled House </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> System ( black - box ) </Td> <Td> Filled Box </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> System ( white - box ) </Td> <Td> Unfilled Box </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Component </Td> <Td> Screw or Bolt </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Other authors sometimes call use cases at Organization level `` Business use cases '' . </P> Goal levels ( edit ) Hierarchy of goal levels <P> Cockburn suggests annotating each use case with a symbol to show the `` Goal Level '' ; the preferred level is `` User - goal '' ( or colloquially `` sea level '' ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Goal Level </Th> <Th> Icon </Th> <Th> Symbol </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Very High Summary </Td> <Td> Cloud </Td> <Td> + + </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Summary </Td> <Td> Flying Kite </Td> <Td> + </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> User Goal </Td> <Td> Waves at Sea </Td> <Td> ! </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subfunction </Td> <Td> Fish </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Too Low </Td> <Td> Seabed Clam - Shell </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sometimes in text writing , a use - case name followed by an alternative text symbol ( ! , + , - , etc . ) is a more concise and convenient way to denote levels , e.g. place an order ! , login - . </P> Fully dressed ( edit ) <P> Cockburn describes a more detailed structure for a use case , but permits it to be simplified when less detail is needed . His fully dressed use case template lists the following fields : </P> <Ul> <Li> Title : `` an active - verb goal phrase that names the goal of the primary actor '' </Li> <Li> Primary Actor </Li> <Li> Goal in Context </Li> <Li> Scope </Li> <Li> Level </Li> <Li> Stakeholders and Interests </Li> <Li> Precondition </Li> <Li> Minimal Guarantees </Li> <Li> Success Guarantees </Li> <Li> Trigger </Li> <Li> Main Success Scenario </Li> <Li> Extensions </Li> <Li> Technology & Data Variations List </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition , Cockburn suggests using two devices to indicate the nature of each use case : icons for design scope and goal level . </P> <P> Cockburn 's approach has influenced other authors ; for example , Alexander and Beus - Dukic generalize Cockburn 's `` Fully dressed use case '' template from software to systems of all kinds , with the following fields differing from Cockburn : </P> <Ul> <Li> Variation scenarios `` ( maybe branching off from and maybe returning to the main scenario ) '' </Li> <Li> Exceptions `` i.e. exception events and their exception - handling scenarios '' </Li> </Ul> Casual ( edit ) <P> Cockburn recognizes that projects may not always need detailed `` fully dressed '' use cases . He describes a Casual use case with the fields : </P> <Ul> <Li> Title ( goal ) </Li> <Li> Primary Actor </Li> <Li> Scope </Li> <Li> Level </Li> <Li> ( Story ) : the body of the use case is simply a paragraph or two of text , informally describing what happens . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Fowler style ( edit ) </H3> <P> Martin Fowler states `` There is no standard way to write the content of a use case , and different formats work well in different cases . '' He describes `` a common style to use '' as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Title : `` goal the use case is trying to satisfy '' </Li> <Li> Main Success Scenario : numbered list of steps <Ul> <Li> Step : `` a simple statement of the interaction between the actor and a system '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Extensions : separately numbered lists , one per Extension <Ul> <Li> Extension : `` a condition that results in different interactions from ... the main success scenario '' . An extension from main step 3 is numbered 3a , etc . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> The Fowler style can also be viewed as a simplified variant of the Cockburn template . </P> <H2> Actors ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Actor ( UML ) <P> A use case defines the interactions between external actors and the system under consideration to accomplish a goal . Actors must be able to make decisions , but need not be human : `` An actor might be a person , a company or organization , a computer program , or a computer system -- hardware , software , or both . '' Actors are always stakeholders , but not all stakeholders are actors , since they `` never interact directly with the system , even though they have the right to care how the system behaves . '' For example , `` the owners of the system , the company 's board of directors , and regulatory bodies such as the Internal Revenue Service and the Department of Insurance '' could all be stakeholders but are unlikely to be actors . </P> <P> Similarly , a person using a system may be represented as different actors because he is playing different roles . For example , user `` Joe '' could be playing the role of a Customer when using an Automated Teller Machine to withdraw cash from his own account , or playing the role of a Bank Teller when using the system to restock the cash drawer on behalf of the bank . </P> <P> Actors are often working on behalf of someone else . Cockburn writes that `` These days I write ' sales rep for the customer ' or ' clerk for the marketing department ' to capture that the user of the system is acting for someone else . '' This tells the project that the `` user interface and security clearances '' should be designed for the sales rep and clerk , but that the customer and marketing department are the roles concerned about the results . </P> <P> A stakeholder may play both an active and an inactive role :

A use case model in software engineering is

What is use case model in software engineering?

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icosatetragon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> icosikaipentagon </Td> <Td> icosipentagon </Td> <Td> icosapentagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> icosikaihexagon </Td> <Td> icosihexagon </Td> <Td> icosahexagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> icosikaiheptagon </Td> <Td> icosiheptagon </Td> <Td> icosaheptagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> icosikaioctagon </Td> <Td> icosioctagon </Td> <Td> icosaoctagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> icosikaienneagon </Td> <Td> icosienneagon </Td> <Td> icosaenneagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Th> triacontagon </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> triacontakaihenagon </Td> <Td> triacontahenagon </Td> <Td> tricontahenagon </Td> <Td> tricontaisagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> triacontakaidigon </Td> <Td> triacontadigon </Td> <Td> tricontadigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> triacontakaitrigon </Td> <Td> triacontatrigon </Td> <Td> tricontatrigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> triacontakaitetragon </Td> <Td> triacontatetragon </Td> <Td> tricontatetragon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> triacontakaipentagon </Td> <Td> triacontapentagon </Td> <Td> tricontapentagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> triacontakaihexagon </Td> <Td> triacontahexagon </Td> <Td> tricontahexagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> triacontakaiheptagon </Td> <Td> triacontaheptagon </Td> <Td> tricontaheptagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> triacontakaioctagon </Td> <Td> triacontaoctagon </Td> <Td> tricontaoctagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> triacontakaienneagon </Td> <Td> triacontaenneagon </Td> <Td> tricontaenneagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Th> tetracontagon </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> tessaracontagon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> tetracontakaihenagon </Td> <Td> tetracontahenagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> tetracontakaidigon </Td> <Td> tetracontadigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> tetracontakaitrigon </Td> <Td> tetracontatrigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> tetracontakaitetragon </Td> <Td> tetracontatetragon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> tetracontakaipentagon </Td> <Td> tetracontapentagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> tetracontakaihexagon </Td> <Td> tetracontahexagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> tetracontakaiheptagon </Td> <Td> tetracontaheptagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> tetracontakaioctagon </Td> <Td> tetracontaoctagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> tetracontakaienneagon </Td> <Td> tetracontaenneagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Th> pentacontagon </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> pentecontagon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> pentacontakaihenagon </Td> <Td> pentacontahenagon </Td> <Td> pentecontahenagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> pentacontakaidigon </Td> <Td> pentacontadigon </Td> <Td> pentecontadigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> pentacontakaitrigon </Td> <Td> pentacontatrigon </Td> <Td> pentecontatrigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> pentacontakaitetragon </Td> <Td> pentacontatetragon </Td> <Td> pentecontatetragon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> pentacontakaipentagon </Td> <Td> pentacontapentagon </Td> <Td> pentecontapentagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> pentacontakaihexagon </Td> <Td> pentacontahexagon </Td> <Td> pentecontahexagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> pentacontakaiheptagon </Td> <Td> pentacontaheptagon </Td> <Td> pentecontaheptagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> pentacontakaioctagon </Td> <Td> pentacontaoctagon </Td> <Td> pentecontaoctagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> pentacontakaienneagon </Td> <Td> pentacontaenneagon </Td> <Td> pentecontaenneagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60 </Th> <Th> hexacontagon </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> hexecontagon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> hexacontakaihenagon </Td> <Td> hexacontahenagon </Td> <Td> hexecontahenagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> hexacontakaidigon </Td> <Td> hexacontadigon </Td> <Td> hexecontadigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> hexacontakaitrigon </Td> <Td> hexacontatrigon </Td> <Td> hexecontatrigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> hexacontakaitetragon </Td> <Td> hexacontatetragon </Td> <Td> hexecontatetragon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> hexacontakaipentagon </Td> <Td> hexacontapentagon </Td> <Td> hexecontapentagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> hexacontakaihexagon </Td> <Td> hexacontahexagon </Td> <Td> hexecontahexagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> hexacontakaiheptagon </Td> <Td> hexacontaheptagon </Td> <Td> hexecontaheptagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> hexacontakaioctagon </Td> <Td> hexacontaoctagon </Td> <Td> hexecontaoctagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> hexacontakaienneagon </Td> <Td> hexacontaenneagon </Td> <Td> hexecontaenneagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70 </Th> <Th> heptacontagon </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> hebdomecontagon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> heptacontakaihenagon </Td> <Td> heptacontahenagon </Td> <Td> hebdomecontahenagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> heptacontakaidigon </Td> <Td> heptacontadigon </Td> <Td> hebdomecontadigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> heptacontakaitrigon </Td> <Td> heptacontatrigon </Td> <Td> hebdomecontatrigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> heptacontakaitetragon </Td> <Td> heptacontatetragon </Td> <Td> hebdomecontatetragon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> heptacontakaipentagon </Td> <Td> heptacontapentagon </Td> <Td> hebdomecontapentagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> heptacontakaihexagon </Td> <Td> heptacontahexagon </Td> <Td> hebdomecontahexagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> heptacontakaiheptagon </Td> <Td> heptacontaheptagon </Td> <Td> hebdomecontaheptagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> heptacontakaioctagon </Td> <Td> heptacontaoctagon </Td> <Td> hebdomecontaoctagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> heptacontakaienneagon </Td> <Td> heptacontaenneagon </Td> <Td> hebdomecontaenneagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 </Th> <Th> octacontagon </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> ogdoecontagon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> octacontakaihenagon </Td> <Td> octacontahenagon </Td> <Td> ogdoecontahenagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> octacontakaidigon </Td> <Td> octacontadigon </Td> <Td> ogdoecontadigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> octacontakaitrigon </Td> <Td> octacontatrigon </Td> <Td> ogdoecontatrigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> octacontakaitetragon </Td> <Td> octacontatetragon </Td> <Td> ogdoecontatetragon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> octacontakaipentagon </Td> <Td> octacontapentagon </Td> <Td> ogdoecontapentagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> octacontakaihexagon </Td> <Td> octacontahexagon </Td> <Td> ogdoecontahexagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> octacontakaiheptagon </Td> <Td> octacontaheptagon </Td> <Td> ogdoecontaheptagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> octacontakaioctagon </Td> <Td> octacontaoctagon </Td> <Td> ogdoecontaoctagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> octacontakaienneagon </Td> <Td> octacontaenneagon </Td> <Td> ogdoecontaenneagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 90 </Th> <Th> enneacontagon </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> enenecontagon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> enneacontakaihenagon </Td> <Td> enneacontahenagon </Td> <Td> enenecontahenagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> enneacontakaidigon </Td> <Td> enneacontadigon </Td> <Td> enenecontadigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> enneacontakaitrigon </Td> <Td> enneacontatrigon </Td> <Td> enenecontatrigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> enneacontakaitetragon </Td> <Td> enneacontatetragon </Td> <Td> enenecontatetragon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> enneacontakaipentagon </Td> <Td> enneacontapentagon </Td> <Td> enenecontapentagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> enneacontakaihexagon </Td> <Td> enneacontahexagon </Td> <Td> enenecontahexagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> enneacontakaiheptagon </Td> <Td> enneacontaheptagon </Td> <Td> enenecontaheptagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> enneacontakaioctagon </Td> <Td> enneacontaoctagon </Td> <Td> enenecontaoctagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> enneacontakaienneagon </Td> <Td> enneacontaenneagon </Td> <Td> enenecontaenneagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 100 </Th> <Th> hectogon </Th> <Th> hecatontagon </Th> <Th> hecatogon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> dihectagon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> diacosigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 300 </Td> <Td> trihectagon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> triacosigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 400 </Td> <Td> tetrahectagon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> tetracosigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 500 </Td> <Td> pentahectagon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> pentacosigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 600 </Td> <Td> hexahectagon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> hexacosigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 700 </Td> <Td> heptahectagon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> heptacosigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 800 </Td> <Td> octahectagon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> octacosigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 900 </Td> <Td> enneahectagon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> enacosigon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 </Th> <Th> chiliagon </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2000 </Td> <Td> dischiliagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3000 </Td> <Td> trischiliagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4000 </Td> <Td> tetrakischiliagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5000 </Td> <Td> pentakischiliagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7003600000000000000 ♠ 6000 </Td> <Td> hexakischiliagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7003700000000000000 ♠ 7000 </Td> <Td> heptakischiliagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7003800000000000000 ♠ 8000 </Td> <Td> octakischiliagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7003900000000000000 ♠ 9000 </Td> <Td> enakischiliagon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7004100000000000000 ♠ 10 000 </Th> <Th> myriagon </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1000000 </Th> <Th> megagon </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ∞ </Th> <Th> apeirogon </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Platonic solid </Li> <Li> Dice </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Greek and Latin words for numbers '' . AWE . Hull University . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lozac'h , N. ( 1983 ) . `` Extension of Rules A-1.1 and A-2.5 Concerning Numerical Terms used in Organic Chemical Nomenclature '' ( PDF ) . iupac.org . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naming Polygons and Polyhedra '' . The Math Forum . Drexel University . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naming Polygons '' . The Math Forum . Drexel University . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> NAMING POLYGONS </Li> <Li> Benjamin Franklin Finkel , A Mathematical Solution Book Containing Systematic Solutions to Many of the Most Difficult Problems , 1888 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Polygons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Regular </Li> <Li> List </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 -- 10 sides </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monogon </Li> <Li> Digon </Li> <Li> Triangle <Ul> <Li> Equilateral </Li> <Li> Isosceles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Quadrilateral <Ul> <Li> Square </Li> <Li> Rectangle </Li> <Li> Rhombus </Li> <Li> Parallelogram </Li> <Li> Trapezoid </Li> <Li> Kite </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pentagon </Li> <Li> Hexagon </Li> <Li> Heptagon </Li> <Li> Octagon </Li> <Li> Nonagon ( Enneagon ) </Li> <Li> Decagon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 -- 20 sides </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hendecagon </Li> <Li> Dodecagon </Li> <Li> Tridecagon </Li> <Li> Tetradecagon </Li> <Li> Pentadecagon </Li> <Li> Hexadecagon </Li> <Li> Heptadecagon </Li> <Li> Octadecagon </Li> <Li> Enneadecagon </Li> <Li> Icosagon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 -- 100 sides ( selected ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Icosidigon ( 22 ) </Li> <Li> Icositetragon ( 24 ) </Li> <Li> Icosihexagon ( 26 ) </Li> <Li> Icosioctagon ( 28 ) </Li> <Li> Triacontagon ( 30 ) </Li> <Li> Triacontadigon ( 32 ) </Li> <Li> Triacontatetragon ( 34 ) </Li> <Li> Tetracontagon ( 40 ) </Li> <Li> Tetracontadigon ( 42 ) </Li> <Li> Tetracontaoctagon ( 48 ) </Li> <Li> Pentacontagon ( 50 ) </Li> <Li> Hexacontagon ( 60 ) </Li> <Li> Hexacontatetragon ( 64 ) </Li> <Li> Heptacontagon ( 70 ) </Li> <Li> Octacontagon ( 80 ) </Li> <Li> Enneacontagon ( 90 ) </Li> <Li> Enneacontahexagon ( 96 ) </Li> <Li> Hectogon ( 100 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> > 100 sides </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 120 - gon </Li> <Li> 257 - gon </Li> <Li> 360 - gon </Li> <Li> Chiliagon ( 1,000 ) </Li> <Li> Myriagon ( 10,000 ) </Li> <Li> 65537 - gon </Li> <Li> Megagon ( 1,000,000 ) </Li> <Li> Apeirogon ( ∞ ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Star polygons ( 5 -- 12 sides ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pentagram </Li> <Li> Hexagram </Li> <Li> Heptagram </Li> <Li> Octagram </Li> <Li> Enneagram </Li> <Li> Decagram </Li> <Li> Hendecagram </Li> <Li> Dodecagram </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_polygons&oldid=832651067 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Polygons </Li> <Li> Mathematics - related lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 07 : 09 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The shape with 100 sides is called a

What is the name of the shape with 100 sides?

-6757338201273100774

World Cup of Hockey - wikipedia <H1> World Cup of Hockey </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the NHL sanctioned hockey world cup . For the field hockey world cup , see Hockey World Cup . For the annual IIHF - run ice hockey tournament , see Ice Hockey World Championships . For other hockey World Cups , see World Cup . <Table> World Cup of Hockey <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Logo of 2016 event </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tournament information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sport </Th> <Td> Ice hockey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Established </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of tournaments </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Teams </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.wch2016.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Current champion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Canada ( 2nd title ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Most recent tournament </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 2016 World Cup of Hockey </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The World Cup of Hockey is an international ice hockey tournament . Inaugurated in 1996 , it is the successor to the Canada Cup , which ran from 1976 to 1991 and was the first international hockey championship to allow nations to field their top players . The World Cup has occurred thrice before on an irregular basis , with the United States winning in 1996 and Canada winning in 2004 and 2016 . Following the 2016 tournament , plans exist for future tournaments to be held on a regular basis every four years . </P> <P> The World Cup of Hockey is organized by the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and the National Hockey League Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) , unlike the annual World Ice Hockey Championships and quadrennial Olympic tournament , both run by the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) . World Cup games are played under NHL rules and not those of the IIHF , and the tournament occurs prior to the NHL pre-season , allowing all the NHL 's players to be available , unlike the World Championships , which overlaps with the NHL 's Stanley Cup playoffs . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Canada Cup </Li> <Li> 1.2 World Cup of Hockey </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Trophy </Li> <Li> 3 Tournaments </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Canada Cup ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Canada Cup <P> The World Cup of Hockey was preceded by the Canada Cup , which began in 1976 in a combined effort from Doug Fisher of Hockey Canada and Alan Eagleson of the NHL Players ' Association . Taking inspiration from soccer 's FIFA World Cup , Eagleson proposed a new tournament that would bring together all the top hockey -- playing nations . After successful negotiations with hockey officials from the Soviet Union in September 1974 , Eagleson began arranging the Canada Cup tournament , which debuted in 1976 . It was the first international ice hockey tournament that allowed hockey nations to field their top players , as the Winter Olympics was a strictly amateur competition and the annual World Championships clashed with the Stanley Cup playoffs . </P> <P> The tournaments , held every three to five years , took place in North American venues prior to the start of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) regular season . Six teams competed in each edition . Of the five Canada Cup tournaments , four were won by Canada , while the Soviet Union won one in 1981 . </P> <H3> World Cup of Hockey ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1996 , the Canada Cup was officially replaced by the World Cup of Hockey . The Canada Cup trophy was retired . The tournament expanded to eight teams : as the national teams of Canada , United States , Czech Republic , Finland , Russia and Sweden , popularly dubbed as the Big Six , were joined by Germany and Slovakia . The United States defeated Canada to win the inaugural event . </P> <P> Eight years later , the second installment of the World Cup of Hockey took place in 2004 , just prior to the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Canada won its first tournament championship , defeating the Czech Republic in the semifinals and Finland in the final match . </P> <P> On January 24 , 2015 , NHL commissioner Gary Bettman announced the 2016 World Cup of Hockey to be held in September 2016 at Air Canada Centre in Toronto . The 2016 edition featured a slightly modified format : alongside the Big Six countries , there were two all - star teams , consisting of Team Europe and an under - 23 Team North America . Canada again won the championship , defeating Team Europe in the finals . </P> <P> For the 2020 edition , the all - star teams will be replaced by qualifying teams . There are also plans for a spin - off event beginning in 2018 , which would pit a European all - star team against a North American all - star team in a five or seven - game series . This event would also occur every four years , alternating biannually with the World Cup of Hockey . These moves are intended , primarily , to help expand the international prominence of the NHL . </P> <H2> Trophy ( edit ) </H2> 1996 World Cup trophy <P> In 2004 , Canadian American architect Frank Gehry designed a new trophy for the tournament . It is made from a composite alloy of copper and nickel as well as solid cast urethane plastic . The trophy was criticized by the sports community , noting the Toronto Sun 's headline `` What is that ? '' </P> <H2> Tournaments ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Final host </Th> <Th> Champion </Th> <Th> Runner - up </Th> <Th> Final score </Th> <Th> Semi-finalists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Montreal </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 ( OT ) , 5 -- 2 , 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Russia and Sweden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Toronto </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Czech Republic and United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Toronto </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Russia and Sweden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2020 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Hockey League </Li> <Li> International Ice Hockey Federation </Li> <Li> Ice Hockey World Championships </Li> <Li> World Professional Hockey Championships </Li> <Li> List of international ice hockey competitions featuring NHL players </Li> <Li> 1972 Summit Series </Li> <Li> 1974 Summit Series </Li> <Li> Canada Cup </Li> <Li> Ice hockey at the Olympic Games </Li> <Li> Super Series ' 76 - 77 </Li> <Li> Super Series </Li> <Li> Subway Super Series </Li> <Li> 2007 Super Series </Li> <Li> NHL Challenge </Li> <Li> Rendez - vous ' 87 </Li> <Li> Victoria Cup </Li> <Li> List of KHL vs NHL games </Li> <Li> List of international ice hockey competitions featuring NHL players </Li> <Li> List of international games played by NHL teams </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Cup of Hockey . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canada Cup ( World Cup of Hockey ) '' . Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Canada Cup of Hockey Fact and Stat Book , p. 2 , H.J. Anderson , ISBN number : 1412055121 , 9781412055123 , Publisher : Trafford Publishing , 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NHL announces World Cup of Hockey for 2016 '' . The Canadian Press . 2015 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New - look World Cup of hockey back for 2016 '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baurick , Tristan ( May 13 , 2004 ) . `` Architect 's love of the game inspiration behind Cup trophy '' , Ottawa Citizen , p . C2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Noah ( September 3 , 2004 ) . `` Frank Gehry 's World Cup of Hockey Trophy '' ( Radio Interview . ) . National Public Radio . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Müller , Stephan : International Ice Hockey Encyclopedia 1904 - 2005 / BoD GmbH Norderstedt , 2005 ISBN 3 - 8334 - 4189 - 5 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Summit Series / Canada Cup / World Cup of Hockey </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summit Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada Cup </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1976 <Ul> <Li> rosters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1981 <Ul> <Li> rosters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1984 <Ul> <Li> rosters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> rosters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1991 <Ul> <Li> rosters </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Cup of Hockey </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> rosters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> rosters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2016 <Ul> <Li> rosters </Li> <Li> statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Canada Cup / World Cup of Hockey Finals venues </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada Cup </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1976 : Maple Leaf Gardens & Montreal Forum </Li> <Li> 1981 : Montreal Forum </Li> <Li> 1984 : Olympic Saddledome & Northlands Coliseum </Li> <Li> 1987 : Montreal Forum & Copps Coliseum </Li> <Li> 1991 : Montreal Forum & Copps Coliseum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World Cup of Hockey </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1996 : CoreStates Center & Molson Centre </Li> <Li> 2004 : Air Canada Centre </Li> <Li> 2016 : Air Canada Centre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> List of NHL - related topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-NHL seasons </Li> <Li> National Hockey Association </Li> <Li> 1917 -- 42 </Li> <Li> 1942 -- 67 </Li> <Li> 1967 -- 92 </Li> <Li> 1992 -- present </Li> <Li> All - time standings </Li> <Li> All - time team performance </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Most frequent playoff series </Li> <Li> Retired numbers </Li> <Li> First NHL player by country </Li> <Li> Ice hockey in Canada </Li> <Li> Ice hockey in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Personnel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Famous linemates </Li> <Li> Captains </Li> <Li> Head coaches </Li> <Li> General managers </Li> <Li> Owners </Li> <Li> Notable families </Li> <Li> Presidents and Commissioners </Li> <Li> Referees and linesmen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Records </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> League records ( individual , team ) </Li> <Li> Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) </Li> <Li> Points , career ( min . 1000 ) </Li> <Li> Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) </Li> <Li> Goals , career ( min . 500 ) </Li> <Li> Points , season ( min . 100 ) </Li> <Li> Goals , season ( min . 50 ) </Li> <Li> 50 goals in 50 games </Li> <Li> Games , career ( min . 1000 ) </Li> <Li> Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) </Li> <Li> PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) </Li> <Li> 5 + goals , game </Li> <Li> 8 + points , game </Li> <Li> Goaltender wins , career ( min . 300 ) </Li> <Li> Goaltenders who have scored </Li> <Li> Wayne Gretzky 's records

The World Cup of Hockey starts in

When does the world cup of hockey start?

-4921420410948763600

place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laura Hamilton </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Colin Ratushniak </Td> <Td> Second place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Attwater </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 7 ( 2012 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 7 ) <P> The seventh series started on 8 January 2012 . The celebrities were revealed on 3 January 2012 . Phillip Schofield returned as presenter and was joined by Christine Bleakley following the departure of Holly Willoughby , with Christopher Dean , Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returning to mentor the celebrities . Robin Cousins was the only judge from series 6 to return , with six consecutive European champion Katarina Witt and choreographer Louie Spence replacing Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner . </P> <P> The contestants for the seventh series are as follows . Singer Chesney Hawkes was originally part of the line - up , but withdrew after sustaining an injury . His replacement was The X Factor contestant Chico Slimani . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andy Akinwolere </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laila Morse </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Łukasz Różycki </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Rhodes </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Frankie Poultney </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corey Feldman </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Brooke Castile </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlene Tilton </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Matthew Gonzalez </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rosemary Conley </Td> <Td> Businesswoman & author </Td> <Td> Mark Hanretty </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sébastien Foucan </Td> <Td> Freerunner </Td> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td> Eliminated 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heidi Range </Td> <Td> Singer ( Sugababes ) </Td> <Td> Andrei Lipanov </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Nixon </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Alexandra Schauman </Td> <Td> Eliminated 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andy Whyment </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Vicky Ogden </Td> <Td> Eliminated 10th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chemmy Alcott </Td> <Td> Alpine ski racer </Td> <Td> Sean Rice </Td> <Td> Eliminated 11th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jennifer Ellison </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Eliminated 12th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chico Slimani </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> Jodeyne Higgins </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jorgie Porter </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Second place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matthew Wolfenden </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Nina Ulanova </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 8 ( 2013 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 8 ) <P> The eighth series started on 6 January 2013 . </P> <P> The line - up was officially announced on 18 December 2012 . Consisting of twelve couples , series 8 was the shortest series to air , and had the lowest number of couples since series 3 in 2008 . </P> <P> Christopher Dean , Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities , with Barber returning to The Ice Panel after two series away . Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present . Head judge Robin Cousins and Barber were joined on The Ice Panel by former judge Jason Gardiner and former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts , who replaced Louie Spence and Katarina Witt . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pamela Anderson </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lauren Goodger </Td> <Td> Reality TV star </Td> <Td> Michael Zenezini </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oona King </Td> <Td> Politician </Td> <Td> Mark Hanretty </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anthea Turner </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Andrew Buchanan </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shayne Ward </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Pasquale </Td> <Td> Comedian </Td> <Td> Vicky Ogden </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keith Chegwin </Td> <Td> TV presenter </Td> <Td> Olga Sharutenko </Td> <Td> Eliminated 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samia Ghadie </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Sylvain Longchambon </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gareth Thomas </Td> <Td> Retired rugby player </Td> <Td> Robin Johnstone </Td> <Td> Withdrew </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luke Campbell </Td> <Td> Boxer </Td> <Td> Jenna Smith </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt Lapinskas </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td> Second place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beth Tweddle </Td> <Td> Olympic gymnast </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 9 : all -- Stars ( 2014 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 9 ) <P> The ninth series of Dancing on Ice began airing on 5 January 2014 . It was announced on 21 May 2013 by Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill that it would be their last time as coaches , and ITV 's Director of Television , Peter Fincham , confirmed that the programme would be cancelled after this . On 24 June 2013 , it was reported that Dancing on Ice could continue with new coaches , however , on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that this series will be the show 's last series . </P> <P> It was later announced that the ninth series would be an `` all -- star '' series , featuring former winners and other contestants from the eight previous series . The 14 - strong line up was revealed on 11 December 2013 , included 6 former champions , 6 other top - four finishers , plus Joe Pasquale and Todd Carty . </P> <P> Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present . Dean , Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities . Robin Cousins , Jason Gardiner , Barber and Ashley Roberts returned for their respective ninth , eighth , seventh and second series on The Ice Panel . Cousins was absent for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentating the 2014 Winter Olympics , so former judge Nicky Slater returned in his place and Barber was temporary head judge . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Original series </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jorgie Porter </Td> <Td> Series 7 -- 2nd </Td> <Td> Sylvain Longchambon </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Pasquale </Td> <Td> Series 8 -- 7th </Td> <Td> Robin Johnstone </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Seaman </Td> <Td> Series 1 -- 4th </Td> <Td> Frankie Poultney </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gary Lucy </Td> <Td> Series 5 -- 2nd </Td> <Td> Katie Stainsby </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Todd Carty </Td> <Td> Series 4 -- 9th </Td> <Td> Alexandra Schauman </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zaraah Abrahams </Td> <Td> Series 3 -- 3rd </Td> <Td> Andrew Buchanan </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bonnie Langford </Td> <Td> Series 1 -- 3rd </Td> <Td> Andrei Lipanov </Td> <Td> Eliminated 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gareth Gates </Td> <Td> Series 3 -- 4th </Td> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suzanne Shaw </Td> <Td> Series 3 -- 1st </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Eliminated 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyran Bracken </Td> <Td> Series 2 -- 1st </Td> <Td> Nina Ulanova </Td> <Td> Eliminated 10th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Attwater </Td> <Td> Series 6 -- 1st </Td> <Td> Vicky Ogden </Td> <Td> Eliminated 11th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beth Tweddle </Td> <Td> Series 8 -- 1st </Td> <Td> Łukasz Różycki </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hayley Tamaddon </Td> <Td> Series 5 -- 1st </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Runner up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ray Quinn </Td> <Td> Series 4 -- 1st </Td> <Td> Maria Filippov </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 10 ( 2018 ) </H3> Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 10 ) <P> On 4 September 2017 , it was announced on This Morning that Dancing on Ice would return with Willoughby and Schofield as presenters , and Torvill and Dean returning in new roles of head judges . It was also revealed that Jason Gardiner would be returning to the Ice Panel , along with Diversity member Ashley Banjo . With the announcement of the new series it was confirmed that the show would have a new set , new graphics , a new logo and a new theme tune , including the contestants and professionals faces for the first time . The show 's new logo was released on the official Twitter account . The series will be filmed at RAF Bovingdon . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Celebrity </Th> <Th> Known for </Th> <Th> Professional partner </Th> <Th> Status </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Candice Brown </Td> <Td> The Great British Bake Off winner </Td> <Td> Matt Evers </Td> <Td> Eliminated 1st </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephanie Waring </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Sylvain Longchambon </Td> <Td> Eliminated 2nd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perri Shakes - Drayton </Td> <Td> Athlete </Td> <Td> Hamish Gaman </Td> <Td> Eliminated 3rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cheryl Baker </Td> <Td> Singer ( Bucks Fizz ) & TV presenter </Td> <Td> Daniel Whiston </Td> <Td> Eliminated 4th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lemar </Td> <Td> Singer , songwriter & producer </Td> <Td> Melody Le Moal </Td> <Td> Eliminated 5th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antony Cotton </Td> <Td> Actor </Td> <Td> Brandee Malto </Td> <Td> Eliminated 6th & 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donna Air </Td> <Td> Actress & TV presenter </Td> <Td> Mark Hanretty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Beresford </Td> <Td> Weather forecaster </Td> <Td> Brianne Delcourt </Td> <Td> Eliminated 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kem Cetinay </Td> <Td> Reality TV star </Td> <Td> Alex Murphy </Td> <Td> Eliminated 9th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Max Evans </Td> <Td> Rugby union player </Td> <Td> Ale Izquierdo </Td> <Td> Third place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brooke Vincent </Td> <Td> Actress </Td> <Td> Matej Silecky </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Quickenden </Td> <Td> Singer & reality TV star </Td> <Td> Vanessa Bauer </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Series 11 ( 2019 ) </H3> <P> It was announced on 25 January 2018 that Dancing on Ice would return for an eleventh series in 2019 . The presenters , judges and participating celebrities are yet to be confirmed by ITV . </P> <H2> Series averages </H2> <P> All information in this table comes from BARB . including figures from ITV + 1 and ITV HD channels </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Th> Day </Th> <Th> # Ep . </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Premiere </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Final </Th> <Th> Aired </Th> <Th> Average viewers ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Saturdays </Td> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 14 January 2006 </Td> <Th> 9.83 </Th> <Td> 4 March 2006 </Td> <Th> 11.68 </Th> <Th> 2006 </Th> <Th> 9.12 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 20 January 2007 </Td> <Th> 9.08 </Th> <Td> 17 March 2007 </Td> <Th> 9.14 </Th> <Th> 2007 </Th> <Th> 8.00 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sundays </Td> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 13 January 2008 </Td> <Th> 9.34 </Th> <Td> 16 March 2008 </Td> <Th> 12.08 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> 8.93 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 11 January 2009 </Td> <Th> 8.83 </Th> <Td> 22 March 2009 </Td> <Th> 11.31 </Th> <Th> 2009 </Th> <Th> 8.86 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> 10 January 2010 </Td> <Th> 9.64 </Th> <Td> 28 March 2010 </Td> <Th> 9.42 </Th> <Th>

The judges on Dancing on Ice in 2014 were

Who were the judges on dancing on ice 2014?

7824942145194220912

Some Like It Hot - wikipedia <H1> Some Like It Hot </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Some Like It Hot ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Some Like It Hot </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Billy Wilder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Billy Wilder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Billy Wilder I.A.L. Diamond </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> Robert Thoeren Michael Logan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Marilyn Monroe Tony Curtis Jack Lemmon George Raft Joe E. Brown Pat O'Brien </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Adolph Deutsch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Charles Lang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Arthur P. Schmidt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Mirisch Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> United Artists </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> March 29 , 1959 ( 1959 - 03 - 29 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 121 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $2.9 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $40 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Some Like It Hot is a 1959 American romantic comedy film set in 1929 , directed and produced by Billy Wilder , starring Marilyn Monroe , Tony Curtis , and Jack Lemmon . The supporting cast includes George Raft , Pat O'Brien , Joe E. Brown , Joan Shawlee , and Nehemiah Persoff . The screenplay by Billy Wilder and I.A.L. Diamond is based on a screenplay by Billy Wilder and Michael Logan from the French film Fanfare of Love . The film is about two musicians who dress in drag in order to escape from mafia gangsters whom they witnessed commit a crime inspired by the Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre . The film was produced in black and white , even though color films were increasing in popularity . Despite Monroe 's contract requiring color film , she agreed to film in black and white after seeing that Curtis and Lemmon 's makeup gave them a `` ghoulish '' appearance on color film . </P> <P> Some Like It Hot opened to largely positive reviews and is today considered to be one of the greatest films of all time . It was voted as the top comedy film by the American Film Institute on their list on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs poll in 2000 . In 2017 , the film was voted the best comedy of all time in a poll of 253 film critics from 52 countries conducted by the BBC in 2017 . In 2005 , the British Film Institute included this film on British Film Institute list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . </P> <P> The film is also notable for featuring cross dressing , and for playing with the idea of homosexuality , which led to its being produced without approval from the Motion Picture Production Code . The code had been gradually weakening in its scope during the early 1950s , due to increasing social tolerance for previously taboo topics in film , but it was still officially enforced . The overwhelming success of Some Like It Hot is considered one of the final nails in the coffin for the Hays Code . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Pre-production </Li> <Li> 4.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 4.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 4.4 Style </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 Awards and honors </Li> <Li> 7 Adaptations </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> It is February 1929 in the city of Chicago , during the era of prohibition . Joe ( Tony Curtis ) is an irresponsible jazz saxophone player , gambler and ladies ' man ; his friend Jerry ( Jack Lemmon ) is a sensible jazz double - bass player ; both are working in a speakeasy ( disguised as a funeral home ) owned by mob gangster `` Spats '' Colombo ( George Raft ) . When the joint is raided by the police after being tipped off by informant `` Toothpick '' Charlie ( George E. Stone ) , Joe and Jerry flee -- only to accidentally witness Spats and his henchmen exacting his revenge on `` Toothpick '' and his own gang ( inspired by the real - life Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre ) . Penniless and in a mad rush to get out of town , the two musicians take a job with Sweet Sue ( Joan Shawlee ) and her Society Syncopators , an all - female band headed to Miami . Disguised as women and renaming themselves Josephine and Daphne , they board a train with the band and their male manager , Bienstock . Before they board the train , Joe and Jerry notice Sugar Kane ( Marilyn Monroe ) , the band 's vocalist and ukulele player . </P> <P> Joe and Jerry become enamored of Sugar and compete for her affection while maintaining their disguises . Sugar confides to Joe that she has sworn off male saxophone players , who have stolen her heart in the past and left her with `` the fuzzy end of the lollipop '' . She has set her sights on finding a sweet , bespectacled millionaire in Florida . During the forbidden drinking and partying on the train , Josephine and Daphne become intimate friends with Sugar , and have to struggle to remember that they are supposed to be girls and can not make a pass at her . </P> <P> Once in Miami , Joe woos Sugar by assuming a second disguise as a millionaire named Junior , the heir to Shell Oil , while feigning disinterest in Sugar . An actual millionaire , the much - married aging mama 's boy Osgood Fielding III , ( Joe E. Brown ) tries repeatedly to pick up Daphne , who rebuffs him . Osgood invites Daphne for a champagne supper on his yacht . Joe convinces Daphne to keep Osgood occupied onshore so that Junior can take Sugar to Osgood 's yacht , passing it off as his . Once on the yacht , Junior explains to Sugar that , due to psychological trauma , he is impotent and frigid , but that he would marry anyone who could change that . Sugar tries to arouse some sexual response in Junior , and begins to succeed . Meanwhile , Daphne and Osgood dance the tango ( `` La Cumparsita '' ) till dawn . When Joe and Jerry get back to the hotel , Jerry explains that Osgood has proposed marriage to Daphne and that he , as Daphne , has accepted , anticipating an instant divorce and huge cash settlement when his ruse is revealed . Joe convinces Jerry that he can not actually marry Osgood . </P> <P> The hotel hosts a conference for `` Friends of Italian Opera '' , which is in fact a front for a major meeting of various branches of La Cosa Nostra . Spats and his gang from Chicago recognize Joe and Jerry as the witnesses to the Valentine 's Day murders . Joe and Jerry , fearing for their lives , realize they must quit the band and leave the hotel . Joe breaks Sugar 's heart by telling her that he , Junior , has to marry a woman of his father 's choosing and move to Venezuela . After several chases , Joe and Jerry witness additional mob killings , this time of Spats and his boys . Joe , dressed as Josephine , sees Sugar onstage singing that she will never love again . He kisses her before he leaves , and Sugar realizes that Joe is both Josephine and Junior . </P> <P> Sugar runs from the stage at the end of her performance and manages to jump into the launch from Osgood 's yacht New Caledonia just as it is leaving the dock with Joe , Jerry , and Osgood . Joe tells Sugar that he is not good enough for her , that she would be getting the `` fuzzy end of the lollipop '' yet again , but Sugar wants him anyway . Jerry , for his part , comes up with a list of reasons why he and Osgood can not get married , ranging from a smoking habit to infertility . Osgood dismisses them all ; he loves Daphne and is determined to go through with the marriage . Exasperated , Jerry removes his wig and shouts , `` I 'm a man ! '' . Osgood , unfazed , simply responds , `` Well , nobody 's perfect . '' </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> Tony Curtis and Marilyn Monroe in Some Like It Hot <Ul> <Li> Marilyn Monroe as Sugar `` Kane '' Kowalczyk , a ukulele player and singer </Li> <Li> Tony Curtis as Joe / `` Josephine '' / `` Shell Oil Junior '' , a saxophone player </Li> <Li> Jack Lemmon as Jerry ( Gerald ) / `` Daphne '' , a double bass player </Li> <Li> George Raft as `` Spats '' Colombo , a mobster from Chicago </Li> <Li> Pat O'Brien as Detective Mulligan </Li> <Li> Joe E. Brown as Osgood Fielding III </Li> <Li> Nehemiah Persoff as `` Little Bonaparte , '' a mobster </Li> <Li> Joan Shawlee as Sweet Sue , the bandleader of `` Sweet Sue and Her Society Syncopators '' </Li> <Li> Dave Barry as Mister Beinstock , the band manager for `` Sweet Sue and Her Society Syncopators '' </Li> <Li> Billy Gray as Sig Poliakoff , Joe and Jerry 's agent in Chicago </Li> <Li> Barbara Drew as Nellie Weinmeyer , Poliakoff 's secretary </Li> <Li> George E. Stone as `` Toothpick '' Charlie , a gangster who is killed by `` Spats '' Colombo </Li> <Li> Mike Mazurki as Spats 's henchman </Li> <Li> Harry Wilson as Spats 's henchman </Li> <Li> Edward G. Robinson Jr. as Johnny Paradise , a gangster who kills `` Spats '' Colombo </Li> <Li> Beverly Wills as Dolores , a trombone player , and Sugar 's apartment friend </Li> <Li> Al Breneman as the fresh bellboy ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Tito Vuolo as Mr. Mozzarella , funeral director ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Tom Kennedy as Mozzarella 's bouncer ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Grace Lee Whitney as Rosella ( uncredited ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Some Like It Hot : Original MGM Motion Picture Soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 24 February 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soundtrack Jazz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 32 : 22 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The soundtrack features 4 songs performed by Marilyn Monroe for the movie , 9 songs composed by Adolph Deutsch , as well as 2 songs performed by jazz artist Matty Malneck . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Runnin ' Wild '' ( Marilyn Monroe ) </Td> <Td> 1 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Medley : Sugar Blues / Running Wild '' ( Adolph Deutsch & His Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> 1 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Down Among the Sheltering Palms '' ( Adolph Deutsch & His Orchestra ) </Td> <Td> 1 : 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td>

The classic movie "Some Like It Hot" takes place in

Where does some like it hot take place?

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system . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Attributes </Li> <Li> 2 Service ports </Li> <Li> 3 Packet structure </Li> <Li> 4 Checksum computation <Ul> <Li> 4.1 IPv4 Pseudo Header </Li> <Li> 4.2 IPv6 Pseudo Header </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reliability and congestion control solutions </Li> <Li> 6 Applications </Li> <Li> 7 Comparison of UDP and TCP </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes and references <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 9.2 RFC references </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Attributes ( edit ) </H2> <P> UDP is a minimal message - oriented transport layer protocol that is documented in RFC 768 . UDP provides no guarantees to the upper layer protocol for message delivery and the UDP layer retains no state of UDP messages once sent . For this reason , UDP sometimes is referred to as Unreliable Datagram Protocol . </P> <P> A number of UDP 's attributes make it especially suited for certain applications . </P> <Ul> <Li> It is transaction - oriented , suitable for simple query - response protocols such as the Domain Name System or the Network Time Protocol . </Li> <Li> It provides datagrams , suitable for modeling other protocols such as IP tunneling or Remote Procedure Call and the Network File System . </Li> <Li> It is simple , suitable for bootstrapping or other purposes without a full protocol stack , such as the DHCP and Trivial File Transfer Protocol . </Li> <Li> It is stateless , suitable for very large numbers of clients , such as in streaming media applications such as IPTV . </Li> <Li> The lack of retransmission delays makes it suitable for real - time applications such as Voice over IP , online games , and many protocols built on top of the Real Time Streaming Protocol . </Li> <Li> It works well in unidirectional communication and is suitable for broadcast information such as in many kinds of service discovery and shared information such as broadcast time or Routing Information Protocol . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Service ports ( edit ) </H2> See also : Port ( computer networking ) <P> Applications can use datagram sockets to establish host - to - host communications . An application binds a socket to its endpoint of data transmission , which is a combination of an IP address and a service port . A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number , a 16 bit integer value , allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65535 . Port 0 is reserved , but is a permissible source port value if the sending process does not expect messages in response . </P> <P> UDP provides application multiplexing ( via port numbers ) and integrity verification ( via checksum ) of the header and payload . If transmission reliability is desired , it must be implemented in the user 's application . </P> <P> The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) has divided port numbers into three ranges . Port numbers 0 through 1023 are used for common , well - known services . On Unix - like operating systems , using one of these ports requires superuser operating permission . Port numbers 1024 through 49151 are the registered ports used for IANA - registered services . Ports 49152 through 65535 are dynamic ports that are not officially designated for any specific service , and may be used for any purpose . They also are used as ephemeral ports , from which software running on the host may randomly choose a port in order to define itself . In effect , they are used as temporary ports primarily by clients when communicating with servers . </P> <H2> Packet structure ( edit ) </H2> <Table> UDP Header <Tr> <Th> Offsets </Th> <Th> Octet </Th> <Th colspan="8"> 0 </Th> <Th colspan="8"> </Th> <Th colspan="8"> </Th> <Th colspan="8"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Octet </Th> <Th> Bit </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> 1 </Th> <Th> 2 </Th> <Th> 3 </Th> <Th> 4 </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> <Th> 19 </Th> <Th> 20 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> <Th> 25 </Th> <Th> 26 </Th> <Th> 27 </Th> <Th> 28 </Th> <Th> 29 </Th> <Th> 30 </Th> <Th> 31 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> Source port </Td> <Td colspan="16"> Destination port </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> Length </Td> <Td colspan="16"> Checksum </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The UDP header consists of 4 fields , each of which is 2 bytes ( 16 bits ) . The use of the fields `` Checksum '' and `` Source port '' is optional in IPv4 ( pink background in table ) . In IPv6 only the source port is optional ( see below ) . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Source port number </Dt> <Dd> This field identifies the sender 's port when meaningful and should be assumed to be the port to reply to if needed . If not used , then it should be zero . If the source host is the client , the port number is likely to be an ephemeral port number . If the source host is the server , the port number is likely to be a well - known port number . </Dd> <Dt> Destination port number </Dt> <Dd> This field identifies the receiver 's port and is required . Similar to source port number , if the client is the destination host then the port number will likely be an ephemeral port number and if the destination host is the server then the port number will likely be a well - known port number . </Dd> <Dt> Length </Dt> <Dd> A field that specifies the length in bytes of the UDP header and UDP data . The minimum length is 8 bytes because that is the length of the header . The field size sets a theoretical limit of 65,535 bytes ( 8 byte header + 65,527 bytes of data ) for a UDP datagram . However the actual limit for the data length , which is imposed by the underlying IPv4 protocol , is 65,507 bytes ( 65,535 − 8 byte UDP header − 20 byte IP header ) . </Dd> <Dd> In IPv6 jumbograms it is possible to have UDP packets of size greater than 65,535 bytes . RFC 2675 specifies that the length field is set to zero if the length of the UDP header plus UDP data is greater than 65,535 . </Dd> <Dt> Checksum </Dt> <Dd> The checksum field may be used for error - checking of the header and data . This field is optional in IPv4 , and mandatory in IPv6 . The field carries all - zeros if unused . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Checksum computation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The method used to compute the checksum is defined in RFC 768 : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Checksum is the 16 - bit one 's complement of the one 's complement sum of a pseudo header of information from the IP header , the UDP header , and the data , padded with zero octets at the end ( if necessary ) to make a multiple of two octets . </Dd> </Dl> <P> In other words , all 16 - bit words are summed using one 's complement arithmetic . Add the 16 - bit values up . On each addition , if a carry - out ( 17th bit ) is produced , swing that 17th carry bit around and add it to the least significant bit of the running total . Finally , the sum is then one 's complemented to yield the value of the UDP checksum field . </P> <P> If the checksum calculation results in the value zero ( all 16 bits 0 ) it should be sent as the one 's complement ( all 1s ) . </P> <P> The difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is in the data used to compute the checksum . </P> <P> </P> <H3> IPv4 pseudo header ( edit ) </H3> <P> When UDP runs over IPv4 , the checksum is computed using a `` pseudo header '' that contains some of the same information from the real IPv4 header . The pseudo header is not the real IPv4 header used to send an IP packet , it is used only for the checksum calculation . </P> <Table> IPv4 Pseudo Header Format <Tr> <Th> Offsets </Th> <Th> Octet </Th> <Th colspan="8"> 0 </Th> <Th colspan="8"> </Th> <Th colspan="8"> </Th> <Th colspan="8"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Octet </Th> <Th> Bit </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> <Th> 19 </Th> <Th> 20 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> <Th> 25 </Th> <Th> 26 </Th> <Th> 27 </Th> <Th> 28 </Th> <Th> 29 </Th> <Th> 30 </Th> <Th> 31 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Td colspan="32"> Source IPv4 Address </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td colspan="32"> Destination IPv4 Address </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td colspan="8"> Zeroes </Td> <Td colspan="8"> Protocol </Td> <Td colspan="16"> UDP Length </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 96 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> Source Port </Td> <Td colspan="16"> Destination Port </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 128 </Th> <Td colspan="16"> Length </Td> <Td colspan="16"> Checksum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Th> 160 + </Th> <Td colspan="32"> Data </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The source and destination addresses are those in the IPv4 header . The protocol is that for UDP ( see List of IP protocol numbers ) : 17 ( 0x11 ) . The UDP length field is the length of the UDP header and data . The field data stands for the transmitted data . </P> <P> UDP checksum computation is optional for IPv4 . If a checksum is not used it should be set to the value zero . </P> <P> </P> <H3> IPv6 pseudo header ( edit ) </H3> <P> When UDP runs over IPv6 , the checksum is mandatory . The method used to compute it is changed as documented in RFC 2460 : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Any transport or other upper - layer protocol that includes the addresses from the IP header in its checksum computation must be modified for use over IPv6 to include the 128 - bit IPv6 addresses . </Dd> </Dl> <P> When computing the checksum , again a pseudo header is used that mimics the real IPv6 header : </P> <Table> IPv6 Pseudo Header Format <Tr> <Th> Offsets </Th> <Th> Octet </Th> <Th colspan="8"> 0 </Th> <Th colspan="8"> </Th> <Th colspan="8"> </Th> <Th colspan="8"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Octet </Th> <Th> Bit </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> <Th> 19 </Th> <Th> 20 </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> <Th> 25 </Th> <Th> 26 </Th> <Th> 27 </Th> <Th> 28 </Th> <Th> 29 </Th> <Th> 30 </Th> <Th> 31 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0 </Th> <Th> 0 </Th> <Td colspan="32"> Source IPv6 Address </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> 32 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 64 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 96 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 128 </Th> <Td colspan="32"> Destination IPv6 Address </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Th> 160 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Th> 192 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Th> 224 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Th> 256 </Th>

The minimum size of a UDP datagram is

What is the minimum size of a udp datagram?

6009524706907434549

Seattle Seahawks - wikipedia <H1> Seattle Seahawks </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Seahawks '' redirects here . For other uses , see Seahawk ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Seattle Seahawks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Established June 4 , 1974 ; 43 years ago ( 1974 - 06 - 04 ) First season : 1976 Play in CenturyLink Field Seattle , Washington Headquartered in the Virginia Mason Athletic Center Renton , Washington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Logo </Td> <Td> Wordmark </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> League / conference affiliations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> National Football League ( 1976 -- present ) </P> <Ul> <Li> American Football Conference ( 1977 -- 2001 ) <Ul> <Li> AFC West ( 1977 -- 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National Football Conference ( 1976 , 2002 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> NFC West ( 1976 , 2002 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current uniform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team colors </Th> <Td> <P> College Navy , Action Green , Wolf Grey </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascot </Th> <Td> Blitz , Boom , Taima the Hawk ( live Augur hawk ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Personnel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Paul Allen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chairman </Th> <Td> Paul Allen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CEO </Th> <Td> Peter McLoughlin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Peter McLoughlin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General manager </Th> <Td> John Schneider </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Pete Carroll </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Team history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Seattle Seahawks ( 1976 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Team nicknames </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The ' Hawks </Li> <Li> The Blue Wave ( 1984 -- 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Legion of Boom ( secondary , 2011 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> League championships ( 1 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Conference championships ( 3 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFC : 2005 , 2013 , 2014 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Division championships ( 10 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> AFC West : 1988 , 1999 </Li> <Li> NFC West : 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Playoff appearances ( 16 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> NFL : 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Home fields </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Kingdome ( 1976 -- 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Husky Stadium ( 2000 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> CenturyLink Field ( 2002 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football franchise based in Seattle , Washington . The Seahawks compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The Seahawks joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team . The Seahawks are owned by Paul Allen and are currently coached by Pete Carroll . Since 2002 , the Seahawks have played their home games at CenturyLink Field ( formerly Qwest Field ) , located south of downtown Seattle . The Seahawks previously played home games in the Kingdome ( 1976 -- 1999 ) and Husky Stadium ( 1994 , 2000 -- 2001 ) . </P> <P> The Seahawks are the only NFL franchise based in the Pacific Northwest region of North America , and thus attract support from a wide geographical area , including some parts of Oregon , Montana , Idaho , and Alaska , as well as Canadian fans in British Columbia and Alberta . </P> <P> Seahawks fans have been referred to collectively as the `` 12th Man '' , `` 12th Fan '' , or `` 12s '' . The Seahawks ' fans have twice set the Guinness World Record for the loudest crowd noise at a sporting event , first on September 15 , 2013 , registering 136.6 dB during a game against the San Francisco 49ers and again on December 2 , 2013 , during a Monday Night Football game against the New Orleans Saints , with a then record - setting 137.6 dB . </P> <P> Over the years several notable players have been Seahawks , including Shaun Alexander , Michael Bennett , Brian Blades , Brian Bosworth , Nate Boyer , Chad Brown , Dave Brown , Nate Burleson , Kenny Easley , Joey Galloway , Jimmy Graham , Jacob Green , Matt Hasselbeck , Steve Hutchinson , Walter Jones , Cortez Kennedy , Dave Krieg , Steve Largent , Marshawn Lynch , Joe Nash , Paul Richardson , Sheldon Richardson , Eugene Robinson , Michael Robinson , Sidney Rice , Richard Sherman , Michael Sinclair , Mack Strong , Golden Tate , Lofa Tatupu , Marcus Trufant , Curt Warner , Chris Warren , Fredd Young and Jim Zorn as well as , for a brief time , Hall of Famers Carl Eller , Franco Harris , Warren Moon , John Randle , and Jerry Rice . Largent ( 1995 ) , Kennedy ( 2012 ) , Jones ( 2014 ) , and Easley ( 2017 ) have been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame primarily or wholly for their accomplishments as Seahawks . Brown , Easley , Green , Jones , Kennedy , Krieg , Largent , Warner , and Zorn have been inducted into the Seahawks Ring of Honor along with Pete Gross ( radio announcer ) and Chuck Knox ( head coach ) . </P> <P> The Seahawks have won 10 division titles and three conference championships . They are the only team to have played in both the AFC and NFC Championship Games . They have appeared in three Super Bowls : losing 21 -- 10 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL , defeating the Denver Broncos 43 -- 8 for their first championship in Super Bowl XLVIII , and losing 28 -- 24 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX . They are also the first , and to date only , post-merger expansion team in NFL history to play in consecutive Super Bowl games . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Franchise history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1976 -- 1982 : Expansion era </Li> <Li> 1.2 1983 -- 1991 : Chuck Knox era </Li> <Li> 1.3 1990s era </Li> <Li> 1.4 1999 -- 2008 : Mike Holmgren era </Li> <Li> 1.5 2009 : Jim Mora 's single season </Li> <Li> 1.6 2010 -- present : Pete Carroll era <Ul> <Li> 1.6. 1 2013 : First Super Bowl championship </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Rivalries <Ul> <Li> 2.1 San Francisco 49ers </Li> <Li> 2.2 Carolina Panthers </Li> <Li> 2.3 Denver Broncos </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Super Bowl appearances </Li> <Li> 4 Headquarters and training camps </Li> <Li> 5 Logos and uniforms </Li> <Li> 6 Seasons and overall records </Li> <Li> 7 Team records </Li> <Li> 8 Players of note <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Current roster </Li> <Li> 8.2 35th Anniversary Team ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 8.3 Retired numbers </Li> <Li> 8.4 Pro Football Hall of Famers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Front office and coaching staff <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Current staff </Li> <Li> 9.2 Previous head coaches </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Sea Gals ( cheerleaders ) </Li> <Li> 11 12th Man </Li> <Li> 12 Traditions </Li> <Li> 13 Team owners </Li> <Li> 14 Radio and television <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Radio affiliates <Ul> <Li> 14.1. 1 Washington </Li> <Li> 14.1. 2 Alaska </Li> <Li> 14.1. 3 Idaho </Li> <Li> 14.1. 4 Montana </Li> <Li> 14.1. 5 Oregon </Li> <Li> 14.1. 6 British Columbia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 See also </Li> <Li> 16 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 17 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Franchise history ( edit ) </H2> Further information : History of the Seattle Seahawks Further information : List of Seattle Seahawks seasons <H3> 1976 -- 1982 : expansion era ( edit ) </H3> <P> As per one of the agreed parts of the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger , the NFL began planning to expand from 26 to 28 teams . In June 1972 , Seattle Professional Football Inc. , a group of Seattle business and community leaders , announced its intention to acquire an NFL franchise for the city of Seattle . In June 1974 , the NFL gave the city an expansion franchise . That December , NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle announced the official signing of the franchise agreement by Lloyd W. Nordstrom , representing the Nordstrom family as majority partners for the consortium . </P> <P> In March 1975 , John Thompson , former Executive Director of the NFL Management Council and a former Washington Huskies executive , was hired as the general manager of the new team . The name Seattle Seahawks ( `` Seahawk '' is another name for Osprey ) was selected on June 17 , 1975 after a public naming contest which drew more than 20,000 entries and over 1,700 names . </P> <P> Thompson recruited and hired Jack Patera , a Minnesota Vikings assistant coach , to be the first head coach of the Seahawks ; the hiring was announced on January 3 , 1976 . The expansion draft was held March 30 -- 31 , 1976 , with Seattle and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers alternating picks for rounds selecting unprotected players from the other 26 teams in the league . The Seahawks were awarded the 2nd overall pick in the 1976 draft , a pick they used on defensive tackle Steve Niehaus . The team took the field for the first time on August 1 , 1976 in a pre-season game against the San Francisco 49ers in the then newly constructed Kingdome . </P> Hall of Fame safety Kenny Easley , a defensive unit leader for Seattle in the 1980s , was a top defensive player in the NFL and one of the Seahawks ' all - time greatest players . <P> The Seahawks are the only NFL team to switch conferences twice in the post-merger era . The franchise began play in 1976 in the aforementioned NFC West but switched conferences with the Buccaneers after one season and joined the AFC West . This realignment was dictated by the league as part of the 1976 expansion plan , so that both expansion teams could play each other twice and every other NFL franchise once ( the ones in their conference at the time ) during their first two seasons . The Seahawks won both matchups against the Buccaneers in their first two seasons , the former of which was the Seahawks ' first regular season victory . </P> <H3> 1983 -- 1991 : Chuck Knox era ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1983 , the Seahawks hired Chuck Knox as head coach . Finishing with a 9 -- 7 record , the Seahawks made their first post-season appearance , defeating the Denver Broncos in the Wild Card Round , and then the Miami Dolphins , before losing in the AFC Championship to the Los Angeles Raiders . The following season , the Seahawks had their best season before 2005 , finishing 12 -- 4 . Knox won the NFL Coach of the Year Award . </P> <P> In 1988 , Ken Behring and partner Ken Hofmann purchased the team for $79 million or $99 million ( both numbers have been reported ) . The Seahawks won their first division title in 1988 , but from 1989 to 1998 had poor records ; their

The Seattle Seahawks last won the Super Bowl in

When was the last time the seattle seahawks won the superbowl?

-5078055539725886297

Hero Fiennes - Tiffin - wikipedia <H1> Hero Fiennes - Tiffin </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Hero Fiennes - Tiffin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Hero Beauregard Fiennes - Tiffin ( 1997 - 11 - 06 ) 6 November 1997 ( age 20 ) London , England , UK </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2008 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent ( s ) </Th> <Td> George Tiffin Martha Fiennes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> Mark Fiennes ( grandfather ) Jennifer Lash ( grandmother ) Ralph Fiennes ( uncle ) Magnus Fiennes ( uncle ) Sophie Fiennes ( aunt ) Joseph Fiennes ( uncle ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Hero Beauregard Fiennes - Tiffin ( born 6 November 1997 ) is an English actor best known for his role as the 11 - year - old Tom Riddle , the young version of antagonist Lord Voldemort ( played in the films by his uncle , Ralph Fiennes ) , in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince , the sixth installment of the Harry Potter films . He also played the role of `` younger Charlie '' in the war based film Private Peaceful . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Filmography </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fiennes - Tiffin was born on 6 November 1997 in London , to film directors George Tiffin and Martha Fiennes , and educated at Emanuel School . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fiennes - Tiffin made his first film appearance as Spartak in the 2008 drama , Bigga Than Ben . Fiennes - Tiffin earned the part of young Voldemort even though thousands of young actors auditioned for the role ; at least one publication , however , has alleged his family relation alone landed him the part . David Yates , director of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , said Fiennes - Tiffin was cast as Tom Riddle due to his ability to find `` the darker space '' in his line readings . Yates said he did not get the role due to his relation to Ralph Fiennes , who was his maternal uncle , but admitted the family resemblance was `` a clincher '' . Yates described the actor as `` very focused and disciplined '' and said he `` got the corners and dark moods and odd spirit of the character '' and had a `` wonderful haunted quality that seemed to bring Tom Riddle alive on - screen for us . '' </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Role </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Bigga Than Ben </Td> <Td> Spartak </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince </Td> <Td> Tom Riddle ( aged 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Private Peaceful </Td> <Td> Young Charlie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> ERDEM X H&M The Secret Life of Flowers short film </Td> <Td> Adam </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Casting Is Complete on ' Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . ' '' Distributed by PR Newswire on behalf of Warner Bros. Pictures , 16 November 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A genealogical survey of the peerage of Britain as well as the royal families of Europe '' . The Peerage . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alberge , Dalya . `` Voldemort 's nephew has the villainous blood for film role . '' The Times , 17 November 2007 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez Elected ' Governess ' '' . New York . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff . `` There Will Be ' Half - Blood . ' '' . Entertainment Weekly , Iss. # 1007 / 1008 , 22 / 29 August 2008 . pg. 39 . Retrieved on 2008 - 08 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Puig , Claudia . `` ' Potter ' trailer unveils a young Voldemort . '' USA Today , Life section , 30 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hero Fiennes - Tiffin on IMDb </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hero_Fiennes-Tiffin&oldid=818997642 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1997 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> English male child actors </Li> <Li> English male film actors </Li> <Li> Fiennes family </Li> <Li> Male actors from London </Li> <Li> 21st - century English male actors </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from July 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 20 : 32 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

In the Harry Potter film "The Half-Blood Prince", the role of young Voldemort is played by

Who plays young voldemort in the half blood prince?

-506675028665759748

series , Goku ( renamed `` Zero '' ) was voiced by Barbara Goodson . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> In Ocean Productions ' dub of the anime , Goku was voiced by Saffron Henderson in the first 13 episodes of the original Dragon Ball series ( produced by Funimation and BLT Productions ) , and by Ian James Corlett , Peter Kelamis and Kirby Morrow in Dragon Ball Z ( produced initially by Funimation and Saban , and later by AB Groupe and Westwood Media exclusively for Canadian and European broadcast ) . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> In Blue Water Studios ' dub of the anime ( also produced by AB Groupe and Westwood Media exclusively for Canadian and European broadcast ) , Goku was voiced by Zoe Slusar as a child in both Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball GT , by Jeffrey Watson as an older teen in Dragon Ball , and by Jeremiah Yurk as an adult and Super Saiyan 4 in Dragon Ball GT . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> In Bang Zoom 's dub of the first 27 episodes of Dragon Ball Super ( produced exclusively for Toonami Asia 's broadcast ) , Goku was voiced by Lex Lang . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> In Funimation 's in - house dub , Goku was voiced by Stephanie Nadolny as a child in both Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball GT , and has been consistently voiced by Sean Schemmel as an adult throughout the entire Dragon Ball franchise . Since Dragon Ball Z Kai , Colleen Clinkenbeard has voiced Kid Goku for Funimation . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Appearances ( edit ) </H2> <H3> In Dragon Ball ( edit ) </H3> Cover of Weekly Shōnen Jump No. 51 , 1984 featuring Goku and Bulma in their first appearances . <P> Goku first appears in Dragon Ball as a monkey - tailed child adopted by the hermit Gohan . Before the series ' narrative begins , he accidentally and unknowingly kills Gohan on a full - moon night when he temporarily transforms into the mighty Ōzaru after staring at a full moon . However , Goku loses the ability when his friends cut off his tail . Living alone with an item known as a Dragon Ball which he keeps as a memento of Gohan , Goku befriends a teenage girl named Bulma . He joins her to find the seven Dragon Balls , which , when gathered , summon the wish - granting dragon Shenron . They encounter the desert bandit Yamcha and two shapeshifters named Oolong and Puar , who also join their quest . Goku is later trained by the martial artist Master Roshi , alongside a Shaolin monk named Krillin , who becomes his best friend . It is Roshi who gives Goku the Nimbus cloud ( as a reward for saving his pet sea turtle ) , which becomes Goku 's primary source of flight travel across the world . Goku 's first shown martial arts attack as a child is Jan ken ( ジャン 拳 ) , three physical blows modeled after the hand signs in rock - paper - scissors . As a child , he also wields the Nyoi - bō ( 如意 棒 , lit . `` Mind Stick '' , renamed `` Power Pole '' in Funimation 's dub ) , a magic staff that extends and retracts on command ; given to him by his late grandfather . However , Goku 's signature attack is the Kamehameha , which he learned from Master Roshi . The Kamehameha is a concentration of Ki , released as a concussive beam . Roshi spent about 50 years developing and perfecting the technique , but , as a child , Goku is able to understand and copy the technique immediately after only one demonstration . After training with the Earth 's god , Kami , Goku learns to fly by virtue of the technique Bukū - jutsu ( 舞 空 術 , lit . `` Air Dance Technique '' ) and uses the Nimbus less frequently for flight travel . While participating in the World Martial Arts Tournament that attracts the most powerful fighters in the world , Goku battles foes , later turned allies , such as Tien Shinhan and Chiaotzu , as well as the Namekian Piccolo . After becoming the runner - up champion of the 21st and 22nd tournaments , Goku finally wins in the 23rd with Piccolo 's defeat , and marries Chi - Chi soon after . </P> <P> Five years later , Goku meets his evil older brother Raditz and sacrifices himself to defeat Raditz after he learns about his heritage . Goku comes from a race of extraterrestrials called Saiyans , himself having been sent from their home planet to prepare Earth for sale on the intergalactic market by destroying all its life . While Grandpa Gohan was taking care of him , Goku suffered a severe head injury and forgets his mission to conquer Earth . In order to fight the Saiyans invading Earth , Goku trains with King Kai in the afterlife . He teaches Goku the Kaiō - ken ( 界 王 拳 , lit . `` World King Fist '' ) , which multiplies his ki and strength for an instant , but with possible strain to the body . It is also from King Kai that Goku learns his most powerful attack : the Genki - Dama ( 元気 玉 , lit . `` Energy Sphere '' , renamed `` Spirit Bomb '' in Funimation 's dub ) , an energy sphere created by gathering ki from surrounding animals , nature and humans . After being revived by the Dragon Balls , Goku faces off with the Saiyan prince Vegeta , who eventually becomes another ally . On his journey to Planet Namek in order to aid his friends in gathering the Namekian Dragon Balls to revive the ones killed by the Saiyans , Goku fights the galactic tyrant Frieza , who destroyed the Saiyans ' home planet and nearly the entire race . During his epic battle with Frieza , Goku becomes the first Saiyan in a thousand years to transform into a fabled Super Saiyan . </P> <P> After defeating Frieza and barely escaping the destruction of Namek , Goku learns a teleportation skill called Shunkan Idō ( 瞬間 移動 , lit . `` Instant Teleport '' , renamed `` Instant Transmission '' in Funimation 's dub ) , taught by the inhabitants of the planet Yardrat . However , Goku contracts a heart virus whereof the time - traveler Trunks warns him , but recovers after taking medicine provided by Trunks . Later , Goku trains his first son Gohan to be his successor and sacrifices himself again during the battle against the evil bio-android Cell . Goku is temporarily resurrected on Earth seven years later and meets his second son Goten . Goku also battles Vegeta again after Vegeta falls under the control of the wizard Babidi . Shortly after , he is drawn into a battle for the universe against the monster Majin Buu . Despite having mastered two new Super Saiyan transformations , Goku teaches Goten and Trunks to take his place . After his life is permanently restored , Goku attempts to fuse with Gohan in order to defeat Buu , but this fails when the latter is temporarily absorbed by Buu and so he persuades the newly arrived Vegeta to fuse with him , creating Vegito ( ベジット , Bejitto , `` Vegerot '' in Viz Media 's manga translation ) . Eventually , Goku destroys Buu with a Spirit Bomb attack . Ten years later , during another World Martial Arts Tournament , Goku meets Uub , Buu 's human reincarnation , and leaves with him , intending to train him as the new protector of Earth . </P> <H3> In Dragon Ball Super ( edit ) </H3> <P> After defeating Majin Buu , Goku meets a new opponent known as Beerus , the God of Destruction in the film Battle of Gods . An alternative , more innately powerful form known as the Super Saiyan God ( 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ) is reached by Goku during this film . Though the temporary transformation wears off , Goku manages to harness its godly powers in his base Super Saiyan form . In its sequel film Resurrection ' F ' , Goku manages to achieve a blue - haired evolution of Super Saiyan God under Whis 's tutelage , known as the Super Saiyan God Super Saiyan ( 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド SS ( スーパー サイヤ 人 ) , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo Sūpā Saiya - jin ) or `` Super Saiyan Blue '' for short , which Goku uses to battle the newly revived Frieza . These forms also appear in Dragon Ball Super and its manga tie - in , which expand upon the stories from the two films , and replace them as the new canon . </P> <P> Afterwards , Goku and his friends participate in a fighting tournament set between Beerus and his brother Champa , facing warriors from the universe Champa oversees as its God of Destruction . During this tournament , Goku reveals that he has learned to combine the perfect ki control of his Super Saiyan Blue form with his older technique , the Kaiō - ken ; creating a variation called `` Super Saiyan Blue Kaiō - ken '' . Although Goku gives up after fighting his opponent , Hit , his team ends up winning the tournament . After meeting with the omnipotent being known as Zeno , Goku encounters an evil look - a-like of himself called `` Goku Black '' , who is terrorizing Future Trunks ' timeline . Black is eventually revealed to be a rogue Kai named Zamasu , who has stolen Goku 's body from yet another alternate timeline and teamed up with the Zamasu of Future Trunks ' timeline to fulfill their `` Zero Mortals Plan '' . After Zamasu and Black become even more dangerous by undergoing Potara Fusion during the battle in Future Trunks ' timeline , Goku ultimately summons the future version of Zeno who erases the entire universe and Zamasu . Goku and the others present there manage to escape in their time machine , and later Goku and Future Trunks use the time machine again to bring Future Zeno to the present timeline . </P> <P> Shortly afterwards , Goku causes the Zenos to decide to hold a multi-universal martial arts tournament with the losing universes wiped from existence . After enlisting nine of his allies to fight alongside him in the `` Tournament of Power '' , Goku ends up recruiting Frieza as well . Across the tournament , Goku defeats multiple warriors , but is nearly killed by one named Jiren . During this fight , Goku reaches and eventually masters a powered - up new form labeled as Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 ) . All of a sudden , Jiren fires an energy blast at the stands housing the remaining members of the tournament . Goku immediately gets in the way of the attack , and deflects the energy blast away from his friends . Goku then overwhelms Jiren in a fit of rage until succumbing to his power 's immense pressure as it fades , causing his body to spasm while appearing to be defeated . Luckily , Android 17 and Frieza are still in the tournament as they team up with only the former left in the ring . Goku and Frieza actually work together to force Jiren out of bounds in a triple elimination . After Android 17 uses his wish on the Super Dragon Balls to restore the erased universes , Goku and his team part ways with a fully revived Frieza and return to their `` normal '' lives on Earth . </P> <H3> In Dragon Ball GT and other films ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the film Fusion Reborn , Goku and Vegeta

Goku first went Super Saiyan 4

When did goku first go super saiyan 4?

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Skyline Drive - wikipedia <H1> Skyline Drive </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the road in Shenandoah National Park . For other roads named `` Skyline Drive '' , see Skyline Drive ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <P> </P> Skyline Drive </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Road map of Skyline Drive showing nearby major roads and cities in west - central and northwestern Virginia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Route information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Maintained by National Park Service </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 105.5 mi ( 169.8 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Existed </Th> <Td> 1939 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Major junctions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North end </Th> <Td> US 340 near Front Royal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> US 211 in Thornton Gap </Li> <Li> US 33 in Swift Run Gap </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South end </Th> <Td> US 250 in Rockfish Gap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties </Th> <Td> Warren , Rappahannock , Page , Madison , Greene , Rockingham , Albemarle , Augusta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Highway system </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> National Scenic Byways <Table> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Skyline Drive Historic District </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> U.S. National Historic Landmark District </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Virginia Landmarks Register </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> View from Skyline Drive near Hawksbill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Show map of Virginia Show map of the US Show all </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nearest city </Th> <Td> Front Royal , Virginia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 38 ° 32 ′ 54 '' N 78 ° 27 ′ 38 '' W  /  38.54833 ° N 78.46056 ° W  / 38.54833 ; - 78.46056 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Built </Th> <Td> 1931 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architect </Th> <Td> multiple </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architectural style </Th> <Td> Other </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MPS </Th> <Td> Historic Park Landscapes in National and State Parks MPS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NRHP reference # </Th> <Td> 97000375 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VLR # </Th> <Td> 069 - 0234 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Significant dates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Added to NRHP </Th> <Td> April 28 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated NHLD </Th> <Td> October 6 , 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designated VLR </Th> <Td> December 4 , 2006 ; July 2 , 1997 ; June 18 , 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Skyline Drive is a 105 - mile ( 169 km ) road that runs the entire length of the National Park Service 's Shenandoah National Park in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia , generally along the ridge of the mountains . The drive 's northern terminus is at an intersection with U.S. Route 340 ( US 340 ) near Front Royal , and the southern terminus is at an interchange with US 250 near Interstate 64 ( I - 64 ) in Rockfish Gap , where the road continues south as the Blue Ridge Parkway . The road has intermediate interchanges with US 211 in Thornton Gap and US 33 in Swift Run Gap . Skyline Drive is part of Virginia State Route 48 , which also includes the Virginia portion of the Blue Ridge Parkway , but this designation is not signed . </P> <P> A park entrance fee is charged at the four access points to the drive . Skyline Drive is a two - lane road that has 75 overlooks providing views of the Shenandoah Valley to the west and the Piedmont to the east . The drive provides access to numerous trails , including the Appalachian Trail , and it is also used for biking and horseback riding . Skyline Drive is the main road through Shenandoah National Park and has access to campgrounds , visitor centers , and resorts such as Skyland Resort and Big Meadows . The scenic drive is particularly popular in the fall for leaf peeping when the leaves are changing colors . Skyline Drive is designated a National Scenic Byway and a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . </P> <P> Plans for the road date back to 1924 when a national park was planned in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia and the main feature was to be a `` sky - line drive '' providing views of the surrounding land . President Herbert Hoover , who had a summer home at Rapidan Camp , called for the construction of the road . Groundbreaking for Skyline Drive took place in 1931 . The first section , which originally was to run from Rapidan Camp to Skyland , was extended between Swift Run Gap and Thornton Gap and opened in 1934 . Skyline Drive was extended north to Front Royal in 1936 and south to Jarman Gap in 1939 . The road between Jarman Gap and Rockfish Gap was built as part of the Blue Ridge Parkway in 1939 and was incorporated into Skyline Drive in 1961 . The Civilian Conservation Corps played a large part in constructing Skyline Drive . Improvements have been made to the roadway since it was built . Skyline Drive was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 , became a National Scenic Byway in 2005 , and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2008 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Route description <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Front Royal to Thornton Gap </Li> <Li> 1.2 Thornton Gap to Swift Run Gap </Li> <Li> 1.3 Swift Run Gap to Rockfish Gap </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Entrance fees </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 Points of interest </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Route description ( edit ) </H2> <P> Skyline Drive takes a winding north -- south path along the mountaintops of the Blue Ridge Mountains east of the Shenandoah River from Front Royal to Rockfish Gap , serving as the only public road through Shenandoah National Park . There are four entrance points to Skyline Drive located at US 340 near I - 66 in Front Royal , US 211 in Thornton Gap , US 33 in Swift Run Gap and US 250 near I - 64 in Rockfish Gap . At the south end in Rockfish Gap it connects to the northern terminus of the Blue Ridge Parkway , a free - access road that continues southward along the Blue Ridge Mountains . On the west side of the drive , mileposts are present . They are numbered from 0 to 105 ( north to south ) and serve as reference points to directions in the drive . There are 75 overlooks throughout the drive , providing views of the Shenandoah Valley to the west and the Piedmont to the east . </P> <P> The speed limit is 35 miles per hour ( 56 km / h ) , due to curves , wildlife and tourists . Bicycles , motor vehicles , and pedestrians share the road . There are also deer , black bears , turkey , and other wildlife , which may appear and cross the road without warning . These all require extra precautions . The speed limit within the park is strictly enforced by park rangers . Numerous trails can be accessed along the drive , including a portion of the Appalachian Trail , which follows the road 's path . </P> <P> Biking and horseback riding are other recreational activities that are allowed on the road . The drive is popular in the fall months for leaf peeping to view fall foliage . Skyline Drive is closed from dusk to dawn from November to early January to ensure rangers can control illegal hunting . The drive can also close for a short time following snow or ice storms . Skyline Drive is designated a National Scenic Byway . </P> <H3> Front Royal to Thornton Gap ( edit ) </H3> Skyline Drive northbound at the Indian Run Overlook <P> Skyline Drive begins at an intersection with US 340 south of Front Royal in Warren County , heading east into dense forests in Shenandoah National Park as a two - lane undivided road . The road curves south and passes through the Front Royal Entrance Station , where a ranger station is located . At this point , the drive winds south and ascends the Blue Ridge Mountains . The roadway heads southwest and comes to the Shenandoah Valley Overlook on the west side of the road . </P> <P> Skyline Drive winds south and reaches the Dickey Ridge Visitor Center , which has a ranger station , picnic grounds , and restrooms . Farther south , the roadway reaches Dickey Hill . The road continues southerly to the Gooney Knob Overlook facing southwest , at which point it turns to the east and winds through Low Gap . The drive heads east to an overlook at Compton Gap , where it bends south along a winding path , straddling the border of Warren and Rappahannock counties , and runs parallel to the Appalachian Trail , which closely follows Skyline Drive for the remainder of its route . The road curves southwest and reaches the summit of North Marshall . Upon reaching the south - facing Range View Overlook , the roadway turns to the west along a winding path , bending southwest The drive passes the Mount Marshall Overlook on the east side , at which point it heads west . </P> <P> Skyline Drive reaches the Hogback Overlook on Hogback Mountain that faces northwest and turns southerly . The roadway heads west and straddles the boundary between Page and Rappahannock counties , coming to Mathews Arm , where a campground and ranger station are located . The drive turns to the south and comes to Elkwallow , which hosts restrooms , picnic grounds , a camp store , and food service . Skyline Drive continues along and comes to the Jeremys Run Overlook on the west side of the road before it winds to the east . The roadway comes to the east - facing Thornton Hollow Overlook and heads back to the south , coming to the Beahms Gap Parking on the west side of the road . The drive traverses Pass Mountain as it continues to the south . Skyline Drive comes to an interchange with US 211 at the Thornton Gap Entrance Station , which is located in Thornton Gap to the east of Luray and the west of Sperryville . A ranger station is present at the entrance station . </P> <H3> Thornton Gap to Swift Run Gap ( edit ) </H3> Marys Rock Tunnel <P> Past the US 211 interchange , Skyline Drive continues to the southeast past Panorama , which is site of restrooms . The road passes through the Marys Rock Tunnel under Mary 's Rock and winds to the south . The roadway passes west of the Meadow Spring Parking before coming to the south - facing Pinnacles Overlook , where it winds to the west . Skyline Drive reaches the Jewell Hollow Overlook that faces to the west and heads southwest straddling the border of Page and Madison counties . The road passes Pinnacles , where restrooms and picnic grounds are located , and runs through the Hughes River Gap . The drive continues to the south and passes the Stony Man Overlook and the Little Stony Man Parking on the west side of the road , where a trail leads to Stony Man Mountain . Farther along , the roadway bends to the west along a winding stretch . Skyline Drive reaches its highest point at an elevation of 3,680 feet ( 1,120 m ) and continues southwesterly . The road reaches Skyland , where the Skyland Resort is located offering food , lodging ,

The Skyline Drive begins and ends

Where does the skyline drive begin and end?

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2017 United States Marine Corps KC - 130 crash - wikipedia <H1> 2017 United States Marine Corps KC - 130 crash </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> 2017 United States Marine Corps KC - 130 Crash <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The Lockheed KC - 130T involved in the crash , shown at Stuttgart , Germany , in 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> summary </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summary </Th> <Td> Possible inflight explosion , under investigation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Site </Th> <Td> Soybean farm in Leflore County , Mississippi 33 ° 28 ′ 23 '' N 90 ° 26 ′ 56 '' W  /  33.473 ° N 90.449 ° W  / 33.473 ; - 90.449 Coordinates : 33 ° 28 ′ 23 '' N 90 ° 26 ′ 56 '' W  /  33.473 ° N 90.449 ° W  / 33.473 ; - 90.449 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passengers </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crew </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fatalities </Th> <Td> 16 ( all ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Survivors </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aircraft type </Th> <Td> Lockheed KC - 130T Hercules </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operator </Th> <Td> United States Marine Corps </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Registration </Th> <Td> 165000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Flight origin </Th> <Td> Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point , North Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Destination </Th> <Td> Naval Air Facility El Centro , California </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2017 United States Marine Corps KC - 130 crash occurred around 4 P.M. on Monday , July 10 , 2017 , when a Lockheed KC - 130T Hercules aircraft of the United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) crashed , killing all 16 people on board . The aircraft was from Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadron 452 ( VMGR - 452 ) based at Stewart Air National Guard Base , New York . Debris from the aircraft was found in Leflore County , Mississippi . It is currently under investigation . The USMC released a statement calling the event a `` mishap . '' </P> <P> The crash and the 2016 Lockhart hot air balloon crash ( in which 16 people were also killed ) are the deadliest aviation accidents in the United States since the crash of Colgan Air Flight 3407 in 2009 , which killed 50 people . It is also the deadliest aviation disaster in Mississippi since the National Transportation Safety Board began keeping records in 1962 , and the deadliest Marine Corps disaster since 2005 , when a U.S. Marine Corps Sikorsky CH - 53E Super Stallion helicopter crashed in Iraq , killing 31 people . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Aircraft </Li> <Li> 2 Accident </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Aircraft ( edit ) </H2> <P> The aircraft involved was a Lockheed KC - 130T Hercules tanker / transport of the United States Marine Corps built in 1993 , with Bureau Number ( BuNo . ) 165000 . The aircraft was nicknamed Triple Nuts because of the abbreviated number `` 000 '' on its nose . The aircraft was initially delivered to the United States Air Force in 1993 and later was transferred to the United States Navy and then assigned to the U.S. Marine Corps . It was damaged on the ground during a storm on 1 June 2004 at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth , Texas . As a result of the storm , it was flipped onto its port wingtip , damaging a refueling pod . It was quickly repaired and placed back into service . </P> <H2> Accident ( edit ) </H2> <P> The accident aircraft was reported to have suffered an in - flight explosion and mid-air break up at an altitude around 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) while en - route from Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point in North Carolina to Naval Air Facility El Centro in California , before it crashed 85 miles ( 137 km ) north of Jackson , Mississippi , killing all sixteen occupants . Debris was spread in a 5 - mile ( 8 km ) radius from the crash site and firefighters attending the crash site used 4,000 US gallons ( 15,000 l ) of foam to extinguish the post-crash fire . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lists of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ DICKSTEIN , COREY ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` General : Plane developed in air problems that led to fatal crash '' ( July 13 , 2017 ) . STARS AND STRIPES . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` KC - 130 crash : Plane developed problems high in the air , general says '' . CBS / AP . July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ LeBlanc , Paul ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Military plane crashes in Mississippi , 16 dead '' . CNN . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Marine Corps plane crashes in Mississippi , fatalities confirmed '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marines , U.S. ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) . `` A USMC KC - 130 mishap occurred the evening of July 10 . Further information will be released as available . '' . @ USMC . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marine Corps plane crashes in Mississippi , killing 16 people '' . BNO News . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Aviation Results '' . National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pettus , Emily ; Solis , Rogelio. `` 16 dead in Mississippi in worst Marine crash since 2005 '' . ABC News . The Associated Press . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fentress , Ellen Ann , Richard Pérez - Peña and Dave Philipps ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Marine Plane Had Emergency at High Altitude , General Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps cargo aircraft crashes in Mississippi killing at least 16 crew '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Military plane crash kills 16 in rural Mississippi '' . The Guardian . 11 July 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hartley - Parkinson , Richard . `` 16 dead after military plane carrying weapons explodes mid-air then crashes '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mississippi crash : Sixteen dead in Marines Corps plane incident '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Accident description '' . Aviation Safety Network . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> ← 2016 </Li> <Li> Aviation accidents and incidents in 2017 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Jan 16 Turkish Airlines Flight 6491 </Li> <Li> Feb 21 Essendon Airport Beechcraft King Air crash </Li> <Li> Mar 10 Swan Aviation Sikorsky S - 76 crash </Li> <Li> Mar 14 Irish Coast Guard Rescue 116 crash </Li> <Li> Mar 20 South Supreme Airlines Antonov An - 26 crash </Li> <Li> Mar 28 Peruvian Airlines Flight 112 </Li> <Li> Apr 13 Lesotho Defence Force EC - 135 crash </Li> <Li> Apr 29 Aerogaviota Antonov An - 26 crash </Li> <Li> May 27 Summit Air Flight 409 </Li> <Li> Jun 7 Myanmar Air Force Shaanxi Y - 8 crash </Li> <Li> Jul 7 Air Canada Flight 759 </Li> <Li> Jul 10 United States Marine Corps KC - 130 crash </Li> <Li> Sep 30 Air France Flight 66 </Li> <Li> Oct 14 Valan International An - 26 crash </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 2010s portal </Li> <Li> Aviation portal </Li> <Li> Disasters portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_United_States_Marine_Corps_KC-130_crash&oldid=807271945 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 in Mississippi </Li> <Li> Accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed Hercules </Li> <Li> Aviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 2017 </Li> <Li> Aviation accidents and incidents in Mississippi </Li> <Li> Accidents and incidents involving United States Navy and Marine Corps aircraft </Li> <Li> Leflore County , Mississippi </Li> <Li> July 2017 events in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 23 : 43 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The military plane crashed in Mississippi around 4 P.M. on

When did the military plane crash in mississippi?

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Aluminum building wiring - wikipedia <H1> Aluminum building wiring </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Aluminum building wiring is a type of electrical wiring for residential construction or houses that uses aluminum electrical conductors . Aluminum provides a better conductivity to weight ratio than copper , and therefore is also used for wiring power grids , including overhead power transmission lines and local power distribution lines , as well as for power wiring of some airplanes . Utility companies have used aluminum wire for electrical transmission in power grids since around the late 1800s to the early 1900s . It has cost and weight advantages over copper wires . Aluminum wire in power transmission and distribution applications is still the preferred material today . </P> <P> In North American residential construction , aluminum wire was used for wiring entire houses for a short time from the 1960s to the mid-1970s during a period of high copper prices . Electrical devices ( outlets , switches , lighting , fans , etc . ) at the time were not designed with the particular properties of the aluminum wire being used in mind , and there were some issues related to the properties of the wire itself , making the installations with aluminum wire much more susceptible to problems . Revised manufacturing standards for both the wire and the devices were developed to reduce the problems . Existing homes with this older aluminum wiring used in branch circuits present a potential fire hazard . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Aluminum wire materials </Li> <Li> 2 Aluminum wiring in modern building construction </Li> <Li> 3 Aluminum wiring in older homes </Li> <Li> 4 Problems with aluminum wiring <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Improper installations </Li> <Li> 4.2 Coefficient of expansion and creep </Li> <Li> 4.3 Problems with electrical device ratings </Li> <Li> 4.4 Aluminum oxidation </Li> <Li> 4.5 Joining aluminum and copper wires </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Aluminum wiring upgrades / repairs </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Aluminum wire materials ( edit ) </H2> New York City utility lines in 1890 . <P> Aluminum wire has been used as an electrical conductor for a considerable period of time , particularly by electrical utilities related to power transmission lines in use shortly after the beginning of modern power distribution systems being constructed starting in the late 1880s . In the early 1960s when there was a housing construction boom in North America and the price of copper spiked , aluminum building wire was manufactured using utility grade AA - 1350 aluminum alloy in sizes small enough to be used for lower load branch circuits in homes . Aluminum wire requires a larger wire gauge than copper wire to carry the same load or current , but was still less expensive than copper wire for a particular branch circuit . </P> <P> In particular , aluminum alloys used for wiring are approximately 61 % as conductive as copper of the same cross-section . But because aluminum 's density is 30.5 % that of copper , aluminum is almost exactly twice as conductive by weight . Since copper costs three times as much as aluminum by weight ( roughly USD $3 / lb vs. USD $1 / lb as of 2017 ) , equivalent aluminum wire is one - sixth the cost of copper . </P> <P> In the late 1960s problems and failures related to branch circuit connections for the newer building wire made with the utility grade AA - 1350 alloy aluminum began to surface , resulting in a re-evaluation of the use of that alloy for building wire and an identification of the need for newer alloys to produce aluminum building wire . The first 8000 series electric conductor alloy , still widely used in some applications , was developed and patented in 1972 by Aluminum Company of America ( ALCOA ) . This alloy , along with AA - 8030 ( patented by Olin in 1973 ) and AA - 8176 ( patented by Southwire in 1975 and 1980 ) perform mechanically like copper . </P> <P> Unlike the older AA - 1350 alloy previously used , these AA - 8000 series alloys also retain their tensile strength after the standard current cycle test or the Current Cycle Submersion Test ( CCST ) , as described in ANSI C119. 4 : 2004 . Depending on the annealing grade , AA - 8176 may elongate up to 30 % with less springback effect and possesses a higher yield strength ( 19.8 KSI for a cold worked AA - 8076 wire ) . </P> <P> A home with aluminum wiring installed prior to the mid-1970s ( as the stock of pre-1972 aluminum wire was permitted to be used up ) probably has wire made with the older AA - 1350 alloy that was developed for power transmission . The AA - 1350 aluminum alloy was more prone to problems related to branch circuit wiring in homes due to mechanical properties that made it more susceptible to failures resulting from the electrical devices being used at that time combined with poor workmanship . </P> <H2> Aluminum wiring in modern building construction ( edit ) </H2> Larger electrical cable with stranded aluminum wires <P> Aluminum building wiring for modern building construction used for electrical service and distribution wiring is manufactured with the newer AA - 8000 series aluminum alloy wire as specified by the National Electrical Code ( NEC ) . Aluminum has roughly twice the resistance of copper for a given wire cross-section . This causes heating of the conductor along its length proportional to the square of the current ( P = I squared R , Ohm 's Law ) . It should never be used for branch circuits subject to high current loads such as receptacles supplying high - current devices . Size # 12 AWG from `` old work '' wiring is acceptable in residential circuits supplying standard lighting fixtures as it has roughly the same conductivity as # 14 AWG copper and is thus sufficient for up to 15 Amps per National Electrical Code ( NEC ) . </P> <P> For modern residential construction the use of larger gauge stranded aluminum wire is fairly common in much of North America . Larger aluminum wire is used in residential applications for lower voltage service feeders from the utility to the building . Also , larger aluminum building wire made with the newer AA - 8000 series alloy of aluminum is commonly used for electrical services ( e.g. service entrance conductors from the utility connection to the service breaker panel ) and for larger branch circuits with higher loads such as those for sub-panels , ranges , clothes dryers and air - conditioning units . </P> <P> Aluminum wire sizes smaller than # 8 AWG have been banned in more recent revisions of the National Electrical Code ( NEC ) for `` new work '' . </P> <H2> Aluminum wiring in older homes ( edit ) </H2> <P> When utility grade AA - 1350 alloy aluminum wire was first used in branch circuit wiring in the early 1960s , solid aluminum wire was installed the same way as copper wire with the same electrical devices . </P> <P> For smaller branch circuits with solid wires ( 15A / 20A circuits ) typical connections of an electrical wire to an electrical device are usually made by wrapping the wire around a screw on the device , also called a terminal , and then tightening the screw . At around the same time the use of steel screws became more common than brass screws for electrical devices . </P> <P> Over time , many of these terminations with solid aluminum wire began to fail due to improper connection techniques and the dissimilar metals having different resistances and significantly different coefficients of thermal expansion , as well as problems with properties of the solid wires . These connection failures generated heat under electrical load and caused overheated connections . </P> <P> The larger size stranded aluminum wires do n't have the same historical problems as solid aluminum wires , and the common terminations for larger size wires are dual - rated terminations called lugs . These lugs are typically made with a coated aluminum alloy , which can accommodate either an aluminum wire or a copper wire . Larger stranded aluminum wiring with proper terminations is generally considered safe , since long - term installations have proven its reliability . </P> <H2> Problems with aluminum wiring ( edit ) </H2> <P> The use of older solid aluminum wiring in residential construction has resulted in failures of connections at electrical devices , has been implicated in house fires according to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission ( CPSC ) , and in some areas it may be difficult to obtain homeowners insurance for a house with older aluminum wiring . There are several possible reasons why these connections failed . The two main reasons were improper installations ( poor workmanship ) and the differences in the coefficient of expansion between aluminum wire used in the 1960s to mid-1970s and the terminations , particularly when the termination was a steel screw on an electrical device . The reported hazards are associated with older solid aluminum branch circuit wiring ( smaller than No. 8 AWG ) </P> <H3> Improper installations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many terminations of aluminum wire installed in the 1960s and 1970s that were properly installed continue to operate with no problems . However , problems can develop in the future , particularly if connections were not properly installed initially . </P> <P> Improper installation , or poor workmanship , includes : not abrading the wires and applying a corrosion inhibitor ; not wrapping wires around terminal screws ; wrapping wires around terminal screws the wrong way ; and inadequate torque on the connection screws . There can also be problems with connections made with too much torque on the connection screw as it causes damage to the wire , particularly with the softer aluminum wire . </P> <H3> Coefficient of expansion and creep ( edit ) </H3> Thermal expansion rates of wiring metals : Aluminum ( highest ) , brass , copper and steel ( lowest ) <P> Most of the problems related to aluminum wire are typically associated with older ( pre-1972 ) AA - 1350 alloy solid aluminum wire , sometimes referred to as `` old technology '' aluminum wiring , as the properties of that wire result in significantly more expansion and contraction than copper wire or modern day AA - 8000 series aluminum wire . Older solid aluminum wire also had some problems with a property called creep , which results in the wire permanently deforming or relaxing over time under load . </P> <P> Aluminum wire used before the mid-1970s had a somewhat higher rate of creep , but a more significant issue was that aluminum wire critically had a coefficient of expansion that varied significantly from steel screws commonly used in lieu of brass screws around this time for terminations at devices such as outlets and switches . Aluminum and steel expand and contract at significantly different rates under thermal load , so a connection can become loose , particularly for older terminations initially installed with inadequate torque of the screws combined with creep of the aluminum over time . Loose connections get progressively worse over time . </P> <P> This cycle results from the connection loosening slightly , with a reduced contact area at the connection leading to overheating , and allowing intermetallic steel / aluminum compounds to be formed between the conductor and the terminal screw . This resulted in a higher resistance junction , leading to additional overheating . Although many believe that oxidation was the issue , studies have shown that oxidation was not significant in these cases . </P> <H3> Problems with electrical device ratings ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many electrical devices used in the 1960s had smaller plain steel terminal screws , which made the attachment of the aluminum wires being used at

They stopped using aluminum wiring in Ontario in the

When did they stop using aluminum wiring in ontario?

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Parle - G - wikipedia <H1> Parle - G </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Parle - G <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Parle Products </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Markets </Th> <Td> Worldwide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tagline </Th> <Td> The Tasty Healthy Food : World 's Largest Selling Biscuit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> parleproducts.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Parle - G is a brand of biscuits manufactured by Parle Products in India . According to a Nielsen survey of 2011 , it is the best - selling brand of biscuits in the world . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Popularity </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Further reading </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Parle Products was established as a confectionery maker in the Vile Parle suburb of Mumbai , in 1929 . It began manufacturing biscuits in 1939 . In 1947 , when India became independent , the company launched an ad campaign , showcasing its Gluco brand of biscuits as an Indian alternative to British - branded biscuits . </P> <P> Parle - G biscuits were earlier called ' Parle Gluco ' Biscuits until the 1980s . The `` G '' in the name Parle - G originally stood for `` Glucose '' , though a later brand slogan also stated `` G for Genius '' . </P> <P> In 2013 , Parle - G became India 's first domestic FMCG brand to cross the ₹ 5,000 crore mark in retail sales . </P> <H2> Popularity ( edit ) </H2> <P> Primarily eaten as a tea - time snack , Parle - G is one of the oldest brand names in India . For decades , the product was instantly recognized by its iconic white and yellow wax paper wrapper . The wrapper features a young girl ( an illustration by Everest creative Maganlal Daiya back in the 1960s ) . </P> <P> Parle - G has recently become available in plastic wrapping . The modern packaging retains its traditional design . The change in materials was promoted with advertisements showing a Parle - G packet placed into a fish tank . </P> <P> As of January 2013 , Parle - G 's strong distribution network covered over 6 million retail stores in India . The Brand Trust Report ranked Parle - G as the 42nd most trusted brand of India in 2014 . </P> <P> The low price is another important factor in Parle - G 's popularity . Outside India , it is sold for 99 cents for a 418 gram pack as of 2012 . A more common 80 gram `` snack pack '' is sold for as low as 15 cents ( 5 INR ) at Indian grocers , and 40 cents at major retailers . By 2016 , smaller 56.4 gram packs were being sold as eight for one dollar at Indian grocers in the United States . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mangharam Biscuit </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Parle - G world 's No 1 selling biscuit : Nielsen '' . Economic Times . 2011 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jill Didur ( 2006 ) . Unsettling partition : literature , gender , memory . University of Toronto Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 7997 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Loading '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 08 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 73 - year - old biscuit pioneer , Parle - G becomes India 's first homegrown Rs 5K crore FMCG brand . Economic Times , 13 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shephali Bhatt . ET Bureau ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` The Chronicles of Parle - G '' . timesofindia - economictimes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Will Parle - G be relevant to the next generation ? by Preethi Chamikutty . Economic Times , 16 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India 's Most Trusted Brands 2014 '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Parle - G : The journey of a biscuit for masses '' . The Economic Times . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parle-G&oldid=837042236 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Indian brands </Li> <Li> Brand name biscuits ( British style ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> ગુજરાતી </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 10 : 59 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The girl on the Parle G biscuit pack is

Who is the girl on parle g biscuit pack?

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2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia <H1> 2018 Winter Olympics </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` PyeongChang 2018 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2018 Winter Paralympics . <Table> XXIII Olympic Winter Games <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Host city </Th> <Td> Pyeongchang , South Korea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motto </Th> <Td> Passion . Connected . Korean : 하나 된 열정 . ( Hanadoen Yeoljeong ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nations participating </Th> <Td> 90 ( estimated ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> 102 in 7 sports ( 15 disciplines ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening ceremony </Th> <Td> 9 February ( 31 days from now ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Closing ceremony </Th> <Td> 25 February </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadium </Th> <Td> Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Winter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> < Sochi 2014 </Th> <Th> Beijing 2022 > </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Summer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> < Rio de Janeiro 2016 </Th> <Th> Tokyo 2020 > </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Pyeongchang Location in South Korea <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Pyeongchang Winter Olympics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hangul </Th> <Td> 평창 동계 올림픽 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hanja </Th> <Td> 平 昌 冬季 올림픽 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revised Romanization </Th> <Td> Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> McCune -- Reischauer </Th> <Td> P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 Winter Olympics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Bid process ( bid details ) </Li> <Li> Venues </Li> <Li> Torch relay </Li> <Li> Mascots </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) </Li> <Li> Chronological summary </Li> <Li> Medal table ( medalists ) </Li> <Li> World and Olympic records </Li> <Li> Concerns and controversies </Li> <Li> Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) </Li> <Li> Paralympics </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> IOC </Li> <Li> KOC </Li> <Li> POCOG </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIIèmes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Hangul : 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 ; RR : Je - isipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 ( ( phjʌŋ. tɕhaŋ ) ) , is a major international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , South Korea . </P> <P> The elected host city was announced on 6 July 2011 by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . Pyeongchang won its bid on the first round of voting , receiving more votes than both Munich , Germany and Annecy , France combined . </P> <P> These will be South Korea 's second Olympic Games and its first Winter Games ; Seoul hosted the Summer Games in 1988 . Pyeongchang will be the third Asian city to host the Winter Games ; the first two were in Japan , at Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Bidding <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Host city election </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Tickets </Li> <Li> 3 Preparations <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Torch relay </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Venues <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Pyeongchang ( Mountain cluster ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Alpensia Sports Park </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Stand - alone venues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Gangneung ( Coastal cluster ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Sports </Li> <Li> 6 Participating National Olympic Committees </Li> <Li> 7 Calendar </Li> <Li> 8 Marketing <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Branding </Li> <Li> 8.2 Mascots </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Broadcasting rights </Li> <Li> 10 Concerns and controversies <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Security </Li> <Li> 10.2 Jeongseon Alpine Centre Ecological Issues </Li> <Li> 10.3 Russian doping <Ul> <Li> 10.3. 1 Official sanctions </Li> <Li> 10.3. 2 Reaction in Russia </Li> <Li> 10.3. 3 Criticism </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Bidding ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics <P> Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympic Games but lost in the final rounds of voting by three and four votes respectively . Pyeongchang won its bid for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in the first round of voting , receiving 63 of the 95 votes cast , giving it the majority required to be elected host city . </P> <P> Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received 25 votes . Annecy ( in southeastern France ) launched a bid , but failed to secure public support from local citizens . Their bid received seven votes . </P> <H3> Host city election ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> 2018 Winter Olympics bidding results </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Nation </Th> <Th> Votes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pyeongchang </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Munich </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Annecy </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Tickets ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and went on sale in October 2016 , ranging from ₩ 20,000 ( approximately US $ 17 ) to ₩ 900,000 ( US $776 ) . Tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies range from ₩ 220,000 ( US $190 ) to ₩ 1.5 million ( US $1293 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets are expected to cost about ₩ 80,000 ( US $69 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , will be made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the men 's hockey gold - medal game carry the most expensive tickets of the Games . </P> <P> As of 11 October 2017 , domestic ticket sales for the Games have been slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % have been sold . International sales have been better , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . In total , 61 % of tickets have been sold . Sales of tickets to the Paralympic Games are increasing slowly , with 37 % of them sold . </P> <H2> Preparations ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that will connect Pyeongchang to Seoul . </P> Olympic venues 2018 <P> The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 . </P> <P> On 27 June 2014 the Pyeongchang Olympic Committee announced their mascot selection contest . The contest ran from 15 September 2014 to 30 September 2014 . The 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang . </P> <P> The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles . </P> <H3> Torch relay ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay <H2> Venues ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley Ski Resort <H3> Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit ) </H3> Alpensia sports park ( edit ) <P> The Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon will be the focus of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics . </P> <Ul> <Li> Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium -- opening and closing ceremonies </Li> <Li> Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre -- ski jumping , Nordic combined , snowboarding ( big air ) </Li> <Li> Alpensia Biathlon Centre -- biathlon </Li> <Li> Alpensia Cross-Country Centre -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined </Li> <Li> Alpensia Sliding Centre -- luge , bobsleigh , and skeleton </Li> <Li> Olympic Village </Li> <Li> Yongpyong Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( slalom , giant slalom ) </Li> </Ul> Stand - alone venues ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Bokwang Snow Park -- freestyle skiing and snowboard </Li> <Li> Jeongseon Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( downhill , super-G , and combined ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The coastal cluster is located in the city of Gangneung . The Gangneung Olympic Park will include the following four venues : </P> <Ul> <Li> Gangneung Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( men competition ) </Li> <Li> Gangneung Curling Centre -- curling </Li> <Li> Gangneung Oval -- speed skating </Li> <Li> Gangneung Ice Arena -- short track speed skating and figure skating </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition , a stand - alone venue is located on the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University : </P> <Ul> <Li> Kwandong Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( women competition ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sports ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 2018 Winter Olympics will feature 102 events in 15 sports . Four new disciplines in existing sports will be introduced in Pyeongchang , including big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . </P> <P> For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League will not provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participate in the Games . Although it did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the IOC was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC , who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters . </P> <P> Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sports discipline . </P> <Ul> <Li> Alpine skiing ( 11 ) ( details ) </Li> <Li> Biathlon ( 11

The 2018 Winter Olympics will be hosted by

Who is going to host the 2018 winter olympics?

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List of men 's footballers with 50 or more international goals - wikipedia <H1> List of men 's footballers with 50 or more international goals </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Ali Daei ( pictured in 2016 ) is the only male player to score over 100 goals in international football . <P> As of 27 March 2018 , a total of 60 male players have each scored fifty or more goals in official international association football matches . The only male player to score more than a hundred goals is Ali Daei , who scored 109 goals for Iran . </P> <H2> List ( edit ) </H2> <P> This list is sorted by the number of goals . Players with the same number of goals scored are sorted by the goals - per - match average . Players who are currently active at international level are indicated in bold type . </P> <P> As of March 27 , 2018 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indicates the FIFA world top scorer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indicates the top scorer of the respective confederation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Indicates the top scorer of the respective nation . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Nation </Th> <Th> Confederation </Th> <Th> International goals </Th> <Th> Caps </Th> <Th> Goals per match </Th> <Th> Career span </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ali Daei </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> 0.73 </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ferenc Puskás </Td> <Td> Hungary Spain </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 0.94 </Td> <Td> 1945 -- 1956 1961 -- 1962 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cristiano Ronaldo </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> 0.54 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kunishige Kamamoto </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 0.95 </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Godfrey Chitalu </Td> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> CAF </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 0.71 </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1980 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Hussein Saeed </Td> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> 0.57 </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 1990 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Pelé </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> CONMEBOL </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Sándor Kocsis </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 1.10 </Td> <Td> 1948 -- 1956 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bashar Abdullah </Td> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 0.56 </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Kinnah Phiri </Td> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> CAF </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> 0.62 </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Majed Abdullah </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> 0.61 </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kiatisuk Senamuang </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 134 </Td> <Td> 0.53 </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miroslav Klose </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> 0.52 </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Stern John </Td> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> CONCACAF </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> 0.61 </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Piyapong Pue - on </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 0.70 </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hossam Hassan </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> CAF </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> 0.41 </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Gerd Müller </Td> <Td> West Germany </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 1.10 </Td> <Td> 1966 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carlos Ruiz </Td> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> CONCACAF </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> 0.52 </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robbie Keane </Td> <Td> Republic of Ireland </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 146 </Td> <Td> 0.46 </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Didier Drogba </Td> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> CAF </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> 0.61 </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Ronaldo </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> CONMEBOL </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 0.63 </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zlatan Ibrahimović </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> 0.53 </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ahmed Radhi </Td> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> 0.51 </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Lionel Messi </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> CONMEBOL </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> 0.50 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> David Villa </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 0.60 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Imre Schlosser </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 0.87 </Td> <Td> 1906 -- 1927 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Cha Bum - kun </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> 0.42 </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Carlos Pavón </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> CONCACAF </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 0.56 </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clint Dempsey </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> CONCACAF </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> 0.40 </Td> <Td> 2004 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Younis Mahmoud </Td> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 0.39 </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Landon Donovan </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> CONCACAF </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> 0.36 </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Sunil Chhetri </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> 0.58 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Romário </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> CONMEBOL </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 0.79 </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazuyoshi Miura </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 0.62 </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jan Koller </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 0.60 </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fandi Ahmad </Td> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 0.55 </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Gabriel Batistuta </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> CONMEBOL </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 0.70 </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samuel Eto'o </Td> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> CAF </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 118 </Td> <Td> 0.46 </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Neymar </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> CONMEBOL </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 0.65 </Td> <Td> 2010 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joachim Streich </Td> <Td> East Germany </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 0.54 </Td> <Td> 1969 -- 1984 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wayne Rooney </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> 0.44 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Poul Nielsen </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 1.37 </Td> <Td> 1910 -- 1925 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ali Ashfaq </Td> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 0.66 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edin Džeko </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 0.59 </Td> <Td> 2007 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Lewandowski </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 0.56 </Td> <Td> 2008 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jon Dahl Tomasson </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> 0.46 </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adnan Al Talyani </Td> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> 0.32 </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Lajos Tichy </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 0.71 </Td> <Td> 1955 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lê Công Vinh </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 0.61 </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asamoah Gyan </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> CAF </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 0.48 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hakan Şükür </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> 0.46 </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thierry Henry </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> 0.41 </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bader Al - Mutawa </Td> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 159 </Td> <Td> 0.32 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Karim Bagheri </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 0.58 </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luis Suárez </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> CONMEBOL </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> 0.52 </Td> <Td> 2007 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phil Younghusband </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> 0.52 </Td> <Td> 2006 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robin van Persie </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> UEFA </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 0.49 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hwang Sun - hong </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> 0.49 </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tim Cahill </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> 0.49 </Td> <Td> 2004 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shinji Okazaki </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 0.46 </Td> <Td> 2008 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Association football portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of men 's footballers with 500 or more goals </Li> <Li> List of top international association football goal scorers by country </Li> <Li> List of footballers with 100

As of 2018, the player with the most goals in soccer is

Who has the most goals in soccer 2018?

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sills , tidal oscillations only affect the water down to the depth of the sill , and the waters deeper than that may remain stagnant for a very long time , so there is only an occasional exchange of the deep water of the estuary with the ocean . If the sill depth is deep , water circulation is less restricted , and there is a slow but steady exchange of water between the estuary and the ocean . Fjord - type estuaries can be found along the coasts of Alaska , the Puget Sound region of western Washington state , British Columbia , eastern Canada , Greenland , Iceland , New Zealand , and Norway . </P> <H3> Tectonically produced ( edit ) </H3> <P> These estuaries are formed by subsidence or land cut off from the ocean by land movement associated with faulting , volcanoes , and landslides . Inundation from eustatic sea level rise during the Holocene Epoch has also contributed to the formation of these estuaries . There are only a small number of tectonically produced estuaries ; one example is the San Francisco Bay , which was formed by the crustal movements of the San Andreas fault system causing the inundation of the lower reaches of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers . </P> <H2> Classification based on water circulation ( edit ) </H2> See also : Estuarine water circulation <H3> Salt wedge ( edit ) </H3> <P> In this type of estuary , river output greatly exceeds marine input and tidal effects have a minor importance . Fresh water floats on top of the seawater in a layer that gradually thins as it moves seaward . The denser seawater moves landward along the bottom of the estuary , forming a wedge - shaped layer that is thinner as it approaches land . As a velocity difference develops between the two layers , shear forces generate internal waves at the interface , mixing the seawater upward with the freshwater . An example of a salt wedge estuary is the Mississippi River . </P> <H3> Partially mixed ( edit ) </H3> <P> As tidal forcing increases , river output becomes less than the marine input . Here , current induced turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically , leading to a moderately stratified condition . Examples include the Chesapeake Bay and Narragansett Bay . </P> <H3> Well - mixed ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tidal mixing forces exceed river output , resulting in a well mixed water column and the disappearance of the vertical salinity gradient . The freshwater - seawater boundary is eliminated due to the intense turbulent mixing and eddy effects . The lower reaches of Delaware Bay and the Raritan River in New Jersey are examples of vertically homogenous estuaries . </P> <H3> Inverse ( edit ) </H3> <P> Inverse estuaries occur in dry climates where evaporation greatly exceeds the inflow of fresh water . A salinity maximum zone is formed , and both riverine and oceanic water flow close to the surface towards this zone . This water is pushed downward and spreads along the bottom in both the seaward and landward direction . An example of an inverse estuary is Spencer Gulf , South Australia . </P> <H3> Intermittent ( edit ) </H3> <P> Estuary type varies dramatically depending on freshwater input , and is capable of changing from a wholly marine embayment to any of the other estuary types . </P> <H2> Physiochemical variation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The most important variable characteristics of estuary water are the concentration of dissolved oxygen , salinity and sediment load . There is extreme spatial variability in salinity , with a range of near zero at the tidal limit of tributary rivers to 3.4 % at the estuary mouth . At any one point the salinity will vary considerably over time and seasons , making it a harsh environment for organisms . Sediment often settles in intertidal mudflats which are extremely difficult to colonize . No points of attachment exist for algae , so vegetation based habitat is not established . Sediment can also clog feeding and respiratory structures of species , and special adaptations exist within mudflat species to cope with this problem . Lastly , dissolved oxygen variation can cause problems for life forms . Nutrient - rich sediment from man - made sources can promote primary production life cycles , perhaps leading to eventual decay removing the dissolved oxygen from the water ; thus hypoxic or anoxic zones can develop . </P> <H2> Implications for marine life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Estuaries provide habitats for a large number of organisms and support very high productivity . Estuaries provide habitats for many fish nurseries , depending upon their locations in the world , such as salmon and sea trout . Also , migratory bird populations , such as the black - tailed godwit , make essential use of estuaries . </P> <P> Two of the main challenges of estuarine life are the variability in salinity and sedimentation . Many species of fish and invertebrates have various methods to control or conform to the shifts in salt concentrations and are termed osmoconformers and osmoregulators . Many animals also burrow to avoid predation and to live in the more stable sedimental environment . However , large numbers of bacteria are found within the sediment which have a very high oxygen demand . This reduces the levels of oxygen within the sediment often resulting in partially anoxic conditions , which can be further exacerbated by limited water flux . </P> <P> Phytoplankton are key primary producers in estuaries . They move with the water bodies and can be flushed in and out with the tides . Their productivity is largely dependent upon the turbidity of the water . The main phytoplankton present are diatoms and dinoflagellates which are abundant in the sediment . </P> <P> It is important to remember that a primary source of food for many organisms on estuaries , including bacteria , is detritus from the settlement of the sedimentation . </P> <H2> Human impact ( edit ) </H2> <P> Of the thirty - two largest cities in the world in the early 1990s , twenty - two were located on estuaries . </P> <P> As ecosystems , estuaries are under threat from human activities such as pollution and overfishing . They are also threatened by sewage , coastal settlement , land clearance and much more . Estuaries are affected by events far upstream , and concentrate materials such as pollutants and sediments . Land run - off and industrial , agricultural , and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into estuaries . Contaminants can be introduced which do not disintegrate rapidly in the marine environment , such as plastics , pesticides , furans , dioxins , phenols and heavy metals . </P> <P> Such toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called bioaccumulation . They also accumulate in benthic environments , such as estuaries and bay muds : a geological record of human activities of the last century . The elemental composition of biofilm reflect areas of the estuary impacted by human activities , and over time may shift the basic composition of the ecosystem , and the reversible or irreversible changes in the abiotic and biotic parts of the systems from the bottom up . </P> <P> For example , Chinese and Russian industrial pollution , such as phenols and heavy metals , has devastated fish stocks in the Amur River and damaged its estuary soil . </P> <P> Estuaries tend to be naturally eutrophic because land runoff discharges nutrients into estuaries . With human activities , land run - off also now includes the many chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans . Excess oxygen - depleting chemicals in the water can lead to hypoxia and the creation of dead zones . This can result in reductions in water quality , fish , and other animal populations . Overfishing also occurs . Chesapeake Bay once had a flourishing oyster population that has been almost wiped out by overfishing . Oysters filter these pollutants , and either eat them or shape them into small packets that are deposited on the bottom where they are harmless . Historically the oysters filtered the estuary 's entire water volume of excess nutrients every three or four days . Today that process takes almost a year , and sediment , nutrients , and algae can cause problems in local waters . </P> <H2> Examples ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Africa ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Orange River Estuary </Li> </Ul> <H3> Asia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Gulf of Ob </Li> <Li> Yenisei Gulf </Li> <Li> Puerto Princesa Underground River </Li> <Li> Hàn River </Li> </Ul> <H3> Europe ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Gironde </Li> <Li> Golden Horn </Li> <Li> The Humber </Li> <Li> Severn Estuary </Li> <Li> Shannon Estuary </Li> <Li> Thames Estuary </Li> <Li> The Wash </Li> <Li> Unterelbe </Li> <Li> Western Scheldt </Li> </Ul> <H3> North America ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Chesapeake Bay including Hampton Roads </Li> <Li> Columbia River Estuary </Li> <Li> Delaware Bay </Li> <Li> Drake 's Estero </Li> <Li> Great Bay </Li> <Li> Gulf of Saint Lawrence </Li> <Li> Indian River Lagoon </Li> <Li> Laguna Madre </Li> <Li> Lake Borgne </Li> <Li> Lake Merritt </Li> <Li> Lake Pontchartrain </Li> <Li> Long Island Sound </Li> <Li> Mobile Bay </Li> <Li> Narragansett Bay </Li> <Li> New York - New Jersey Harbor </Li> <Li> Puget Sound </Li> <Li> Pamlico Sound </Li> <Li> San Francisco Bay </Li> <Li> Tampa Bay </Li> </Ul> <H3> Oceania ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Gippsland Lakes </Li> <Li> Port Jackson ( Sydney Harbour ) </Li> <Li> Spencer Gulf </Li> </Ul> <H3> South America ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Amazon River </Li> <Li> Iguape - Cananéia - Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex </Li> <Li> Lagoa dos Patos and Lagoon Mirim </Li> <Li> Rio de la Plata </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Water portal </Li> <Li> Environment portal </Li> <Li> Wetlands portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bay mud </Li> <Li> Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation </Li> <Li> Estuarine acidification </Li> <Li> Estuarine fish </Li> <Li> Firth </Li> <Li> Freshwater inflow </Li> <Li> Liman </Li> <Li> List of estuaries of England </Li> <Li> List of estuaries of South Africa </Li> <Li> List of waterways </Li> <Li> National Estuarine Research Reserve </Li> <Li> Region of freshwater influence </Li> <Li> River delta </Li> <Li> Shell growth in estuaries </Li> <Li> Tidal bore </Li> <Li> Tidal prism </Li> <Li> Wetland </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pritchard , D.W. ( 1967 ) . `` What is an estuary : physical viewpoint '' . In Lauf , G.H. Estuaries . A.A.A.S. Publ. 83 . Washington , DC . pp. 3 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McLusky , D.S. ; Elliott , M. ( 2004 ) . The Estuarine Ecosystem : Ecology , Threats and Management . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 852508 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wolanski , E. ( 2007 ) . Estuarine Ecohydrology . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53066 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silva , S. , Lowry , M. , Macaya - Solis , C. , Byatt , B. , & Lucas , M.C. ( 2017 ) . Can navigation locks be used to help migratory fishes with poor swimming performance pass tidal barrages ? A test with lampreys . Ecological Engineering , 102 , 291 - 302 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kunneke , J.T. ; Palik , T.F. ( 1984 ) . `` Tampa Bay environmental atlas '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Fish Wildl . Serv. Biol. Rep. 85 ( 15 ) : 3 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up

The main source of nutrients in an estuary is

What is the main source of nutrients in an estuary?

-5575610778325611586

three consecutive World Cups . </P> <P> During the 2014 World Cup , the U.S. won their first match against Ghana , 2 -- 1 . Clint Dempsey scored in the first minute of the match giving the U.S. the early lead . Ghana did not respond until the 82nd minute scoring the equalizer goal . The U.S. then reclaimed the lead , thanks to John Brooks scoring the game - winning goal off his head just four minutes later in the 86th minute to regain the lead and take the match . The U.S. gained three points for their win and was off to a great start in the `` Group of Death '' claimed by critics for the teams the U.S. would have to go through ( Germany , Ghana , and Portugal ) . </P> <P> The second match of the World Cup for the U.S. was a different story . Portugal claimed the early lead , with Nani scoring in the 5th minute to take the early 1 -- 0 lead . It was n't till the 64th minute till the U.S. scored the equalizing goal , thanks to Jermaine Jones , tying the match at 1 apiece . The U.S. then claimed the lead on a goal by Clint Dempsey again , scoring in the 81st minute to take a 2 -- 1 lead . However , in the final minute of extra time , the world player of the year , Cristiano Ronaldo drilled a perfect cross to teammate Silvestre Varela who headed in the tying goal , making the final score 2 -- 2 . The tie gave each team a point in the overall standings , bringing the U.S. to 4 points total , and gave Portugal their first point of the World Cup having lost their opening match to Germany , 4 -- 0 . The U.S. claimed a spot in the knockout round in spite of a 1 -- 0 loss to eventual champion Germany in their final group game due to them winning the tiebreaker with Portugal . However , they bowed out the tournament in the round of 16 in a 2 -- 1 loss to Belgium . Goalkeeper Tim Howard helped the U.S. keep a 0 -- 0 tie at full time . In extra time , there were two Belgian goals . The U.S. struck back with a goal by 19 - year - old phenom Julian Green but could not manage another goal . Klinsman was let go as USMNT Director of Coaching and was replaced by Bruce Arena in November 2016 . </P> <P> The U.S. finished in fifth place in the fifth round of the CONCACAF qualification tournament for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , which concluded in October 2017 . This marks the first time that the U.S. failed to qualify for the World Cup since 1986 . As a result of the fifth - place finish , Bruce Arena was let go as USMNT Director of Coaching later that month . </P> <H3> U.S. Women 's national team ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States women 's national soccer team <P> The women 's national team has won three FIFA Women 's World Cup tournaments in 1991 , 1999 and 2015 ( placing second in 2011 and third in 1995 , 2003 , and 2007 ) ; the Olympic Gold Medal in 1996 , 2004 , 2008 , and 2012 ; and seven Algarve Cups and six CONCACAF Women 's Gold Cups . </P> <P> The FIFA Women 's World Cup was inaugurated in 1991 , and the women 's national team became the first team to win the prize after beating Norway in the final . </P> <P> In 1999 , the United States hosted the FIFA Women 's World Cup for the first time . During their tournament run , the women 's national team established a new level of popularity for the women 's game , culminating in a final against China that drew 90,185 fans , an all - time attendance record for a women 's sports event , to a sold - out Rose Bowl . After neither team scored in regulation or extra time , the final went to a penalty shootout , which the United States won 5 -- 4 . The celebration by Brandi Chastain after she converted the winning penalty , in which she took off her shirt , revealing her sports bra in the process , is one of the more famous images in U.S. women 's sports . </P> <H3> Youth national teams ( edit ) </H3> <P> U.S. Soccer Federation oversees and promotes the development of the following national youth teams : </P> <Ul> <Li> U.S. Under - 23 Men </Li> <Li> U.S. Under - 23 Women </Li> <Li> U.S. Under - 20 Men </Li> <Li> U.S. Under - 20 Women </Li> <Li> U.S. Under - 18 Men </Li> <Li> U.S. Under - 18 Women </Li> <Li> U.S. Under - 17 Men </Li> <Li> U.S. Under - 17 Women </Li> <Li> U.S. Under - 15 Boys </Li> <Li> U.S. Under - 15 Girls </Li> <Li> U.S. Under - 14 Boys </Li> <Li> U.S. Under - 14 Girls </Li> </Ul> <H3> U.S. Paralympic national team ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States men 's Paralympic soccer team <P> The U.S. Paralympic Soccer Team is an elite level program for men that selects players from across the United States in preparation for International standard competition . The team competes in 7 - a-side football . The squad is composed of athletes who have cerebral palsy or have suffered a stroke or traumatic brain injury . The program is Coached by Stuart Sharp under the oversight of the U.S. Soccer Federation . </P> <H2> Headquarters and national Training Center ( edit ) </H2> <P> U.S. Soccer House is located in two refurbished mansions at 1801 South Prairie Avenue in Chicago , Illinois and serves as the headquarters for the U.S. Soccer Federation . </P> <P> In 2003 , U.S. Soccer opened their National Training Center at StubHub Center in Carson , California . The $130 million facility includes a soccer - specific stadium , home to the MLS team Los Angeles Galaxy . Additionally , four grass soccer fields , a FieldTurf soccer field and a general training area are specifically dedicated to U.S. Soccer . Both the senior and youth men 's and women 's US national teams hold regular camps at StubHub Center . </P> <P> U.S. Soccer was also exploring a possibility of building the National Training and Coaching Development Center in Kansas City , Kansas . On April 9 , 2015 , the Training Center received final approval from the local governments . U.S. Soccer agreed to a 20 - year lease , with the project set to break ground in 2016 and finishing some time in 2017 . </P> <H2> Professional leagues ( edit ) </H2> <P> Despite the growth of men 's and women 's professional soccer in the United States in the last few decades , by far the largest category of soccer in the United States , at least in terms of participation , is boys and girls youth soccer . Though organized locally by organizations all over the United States , there are two main youth soccer organizations working nationwide through affiliated local associations . The United States Youth Soccer Association boasts over three million players between the ages of five and 19 , while American Youth Soccer Organization has more than 300,000 players between the ages of four and 19 . This makes soccer one of the most played sports by children in the United States . </P> <H3> Men ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Major League Soccer , North American Soccer League , and United Soccer League <P> The professional first - division league in North America is Major League Soccer which , as of the 2016 season , had 17 teams in the U.S. and 3 in Canada . The league expanded to 22 teams for the 2017 season with the addition of Atlanta United FC and Minnesota United FC . The league operates as a single - entity league , which means MLS , and not the individual teams , holds the contracts on players . </P> <P> The two sanctioned second - division men 's outdoor soccer leagues are the North American Soccer League ( NASL ) and the United Soccer League ( USL ) . The new NASL has no official tie to the former NASL that operated from 1968 to 1984 ; though , some of the teams share names with their historic counterparts . Unlike MLS that is a single - entity operation , the new NASL , like the old NASL , has no salary cap and players are contracted by the individual teams . The season is a split format ( similar to that of many leagues in Latin America ) that features seven teams , including one Puerto Rican team . Previous to the reorganization of the NASL in 2009 , the USL First Division operated as the professional second - division league in the United States . However , a dispute among its teams and ownership led to the creation of the NASL which applied for and was awarded by USSF second division status . The 2010 season was played as a combined USL / NASL league format before NASL officially separated in 2011 . </P> <P> The United Soccer Leagues ( USL ) were a collection of five leagues spanning the lower divisions of men 's professional soccer , as well as women 's soccer and youth soccer . After the 2010 season , the USL folded its former First and Second Divisions into a new professional third - division league , USL Pro , that launched in 2011 . At launch , it had 15 teams : 11 on the U.S. mainland , three in Puerto Rico , and one in Antigua and Barbuda . The Puerto Rican teams , plagued by ownership and economic issues , were dropped from the league after 2011 , and the Antigua team discontinued operations after a winless 2013 season . In January 2013 , USL and MLS reached an agreement to integrate USL Pro league competition with the MLS Reserve League spawning the creation of secondary teams directly affiliated with MLS franchises . This was done primarily to improve player development in North America , strengthen league competition and build ties between divisions in the American soccer pyramid . This multi-year deal encourages MLS and USL Pro team affiliations and player loans , and it will lead to more games for teams and to the development of American players . The deal has proven to be a boon for USL Pro , and in 2015 , after a rebrand to USL , 24 teams were participating in a healthy and stable 3rd division . USL was provisionally sanctioned as a second - division league for 2017 , claiming that their final applications met all the standards for second - division sanctioning . </P> <P> There are currently no sanctioned third - division leagues . Two leagues have indicated that they will seek third - division status . United Soccer Leagues , administrator of the USL and PDL leagues , announced that they would start a new league , tentatively called D3 , and seek third - division certification and targeting 2019 as the first season for the new league . National Independent Soccer Association ( NISA ) led by former Chicago Fire general manager Peter Wilt plans on fielding 8 - 10 teams in 2018 and has stated that it will seek third - division certification . </P> <P> A fourth - division league in the United States is the USL Premier Development League , which as of 2015 is expected to have 58 U.S. teams , and six Canadian teams . Though the PDL does have some paid players , it also has many teams that are made up entirely or almost entirely of college soccer players who use the league as an

The US men's national soccer team practices at the

Where does the us men's national soccer team practice?

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To Kill a Mockingbird - wikipedia <H1> To Kill a Mockingbird </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the film based on the novel , see To Kill a Mockingbird ( film ) . <Table> To Kill a Mockingbird <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> First edition cover -- late printing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Harper Lee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Southern Gothic , Bildungsroman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> July 11 , 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> J.B. Lippincott & Co . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 281 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960 . It was immediately successful , winning the Pulitzer Prize , and has become a classic of modern American literature . The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee 's observations of her family , her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville , Alabama , in 1936 , when she was 10 years old . The story is told by the six - year - old Jean Louise Finch . </P> <P> The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor , despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality . The narrator 's father , Atticus Finch , has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers . One critic explains the novel 's impact by writing , `` In the twentieth century , To Kill a Mockingbird is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America , and its protagonist , Atticus Finch , the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism . '' </P> <P> As a Southern Gothic novel and a Bildungsroman , the primary themes of To Kill a Mockingbird involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence . Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class , courage , compassion , and gender roles in the American Deep South . The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice . Despite its themes , To Kill a Mockingbird has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms , often challenged for its use of racial epithets . </P> <P> Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication . Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education , literary analysis of it is sparse . Author Mary McDonough Murphy , who collected individual impressions of To Kill a Mockingbird by several authors and public figures , calls the book `` an astonishing phenomenon '' . In 2006 , British librarians ranked the book ahead of the Bible as one `` every adult should read before they die '' . It was adapted into an Academy Award - winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan , with a screenplay by Horton Foote . Since 1990 , a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee 's hometown . </P> <P> To Kill a Mockingbird was Lee 's only published book until Go Set a Watchman , an earlier draft of To Kill a Mockingbird , was published on July 14 , 2015 . Lee continued to respond to her work 's impact until her death in February 2016 , although she had refused any personal publicity for herself or the novel since 1964 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Biographical background and publication </Li> <Li> 2 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 3 Autobiographical elements </Li> <Li> 4 Style <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Genres </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Themes <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Southern life and racial injustice </Li> <Li> 5.2 Class </Li> <Li> 5.3 Courage and compassion </Li> <Li> 5.4 Gender roles </Li> <Li> 5.5 Laws , written and unwritten </Li> <Li> 5.6 Loss of innocence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Atticus Finch and the legal profession </Li> <Li> 6.2 Social commentary and challenges </Li> <Li> 6.3 Honors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 7.1 1962 film </Li> <Li> 7.2 Play </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Go Set a Watchman </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Biographical background and publication </H2> <P> Born in 1926 , Harper Lee grew up in the Southern town of Monroeville , Alabama , where she became close friends with soon - to - be famous writer Truman Capote . She attended Huntingdon College in Montgomery ( 1944 -- 45 ) , and then studied law at the University of Alabama ( 1945 -- 49 ) . While attending college , she wrote for campus literary magazines : Huntress at Huntingdon and the humor magazine Rammer Jammer at the University of Alabama . At both colleges , she wrote short stories and other works about racial injustice , a rarely mentioned topic on such campuses at the time . In 1950 , Lee moved to New York City , where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation ; there , she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville . Hoping to be published , Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote . An editor at J.B. Lippincott , who bought the manuscript , advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing . </P> <P> Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterrupted for a year . After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott , the manuscript , at that point titled `` Go Set a Watchman '' , fell into the hands of Therese von Hohoff Torrey , known professionally as Tay Hohoff . Hohoff was impressed , `` ( T ) he spark of the true writer flashed in every line , '' she would later recount in a corporate history of Lippincott , but as Hohoff saw it , the manuscript was by no means fit for publication . It was , as she described it , `` more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel . '' During the following two and a half years , she led Lee from one draft to the next until the book finally achieved its finished form . </P> <P> After the `` Watchman '' title was rejected , it was re-titled Atticus but Lee renamed it To Kill a Mockingbird to reflect that the story went beyond a character portrait . The book was published on July 11 , 1960 . The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies . In 1964 , Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said , `` I never expected any sort of success with ' Mockingbird . ' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but , at the same time , I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement . Public encouragement . I hoped for a little , as I said , but I got rather a whole lot , and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick , merciful death I 'd expected . '' Instead of a `` quick and merciful death '' , Reader 's Digest Condensed Books chose the book for reprinting in part , which gave it a wide readership immediately . Since the original publication , the book has never been out of print . </P> <H2> Plot summary </H2> See also : List of To Kill a Mockingbird characters <P> The story takes place during three years ( 1933 -- 35 ) of the Great Depression in the fictional `` tired old town '' of Maycomb , Alabama , the seat of Maycomb County . It focuses on six - year - old Jean Louise Finch ( nicknamed Scout ) , who lives with her older brother , Jeremy ( nicknamed Jem ) , and their widowed father , Atticus , a middle - aged lawyer . Jem and Scout befriend a boy named Dill , who visits Maycomb to stay with his aunt each summer . The three children are terrified yet fascinated by their neighbor , the reclusive Arthur `` Boo '' Radley . The adults of Maycomb are hesitant to talk about Boo , and few of them have seen him for many years . The children feed one another 's imagination with rumors about his appearance and reasons for remaining hidden , and they fantasize about how to get him out of his house . After two summers of friendship with Dill , Scout and Jem find that someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place . Several times the mysterious Boo makes gestures of affection to the children , but , to their disappointment , he never appears in person . </P> <P> Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson , a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman , Mayella Ewell . Although many of Maycomb 's citizens disapprove , Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability . Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus 's actions , calling him a `` nigger - lover '' . Scout is tempted to stand up for her father 's honor by fighting , even though he has told her not to . Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom . This danger is averted when Scout , Jem , and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus ' and Tom 's perspective . </P> <P> Atticus does not want Jem and Scout to be present at Tom Robinson 's trial . No seat is available on the main floor , so by invitation of the Rev. Sykes , Jem , Scout , and Dill watch from the colored balcony . Atticus establishes that the accusers -- Mayella and her father , Bob Ewell , the town drunk -- are lying . It also becomes clear that the friendless Mayella made sexual advances toward Tom , and that her father caught her and beat her . Despite significant evidence of Tom 's innocence , the jury convicts him . Jem 's faith in justice becomes badly shaken , as is Atticus ' , when the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison . </P> <P> Despite Tom 's conviction , Bob Ewell is humiliated by the events of the trial , Atticus explaining that he `` destroyed ( Ewell 's ) last shred of credibility at that trial . '' Ewell vows revenge , spitting in Atticus ' face , trying to break into the judge 's house , and menacing Tom Robinson 's widow . Finally , he attacks the defenseless Jem and Scout while they walk home on a dark night after the school Halloween pageant . Jem suffers a broken arm in the struggle , but amid the confusion someone comes to the children 's rescue . The mysterious man carries Jem home , where Scout realizes that he is Boo Radley . </P> <P> Sheriff Tate arrives and discovers that Bob Ewell has died during the fight . The sheriff argues with Atticus about the prudence and ethics of charging Jem ( whom Atticus believes to be responsible ) or Boo ( whom Tate believes to be responsible ) . Atticus eventually accepts the sheriff 's story that Ewell simply fell on his own knife . Boo asks Scout to walk him home , and after she says goodbye to him at his front door he disappears again . While standing on the Radley porch , Scout imagines life from Boo 's perspective , and regrets

"To Kill a Mockingbird" became popular in

When did to kill a mockingbird become popular?

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treatment process is simpler than in other American cities . One advantage of the system is that 95 % of the total water supply is supplied by gravity . The other 5 % needs to be pumped to maintain pressure , but this is sometimes increased in times of drought when the reservoirs are at lower than normal levels . </P> <P> The city has sought to restrict development throughout its watershed . One of its largest watershed protection programs is the Land Acquisition Program , under which the New York City Department of Environmental Protection ( DEP ) has purchased or protected , through conservation easement , over 130,000 acres ( 53,000 ha ) since 1997 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Responsibility for water supply , sewerage and wastewater treatment <Ul> <Li> 1.1 New York City Department of Environmental Protection </Li> <Li> 1.2 New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority </Li> <Li> 1.3 New York City Water Board </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Overview of infrastructure <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Reservoirs and aqueducts </Li> <Li> 2.2 Brooklyn Reservoirs </Li> <Li> 2.3 Tunnels and distribution system </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Ongoing repairs and upgrades <Ul> <Li> 3.1 The Croton Water Filtration Plant Project </Li> <Li> 3.2 Delaware Aqueduct repair </Li> <Li> 3.3 Water tunnel No. 3 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Responsibility for water supply , sewerage and wastewater treatment ( edit ) </H2> <P> Responsibility for the city water supply is shared among three institutions : the New York City Department of Environmental Protection ( `` DEP '' ) , which operates and maintains the system and is responsible for investment planning ; the New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority ( `` NYW '' ) , which raises debt financing in the market to underwrite the system 's costs ; and the Water Board , which sets rates and collects user payments . </P> <H3> New York City Department of Environmental Protection ( edit ) </H3> Main article : New York City Department of Environmental Protection § Wastewater treatment <P> The DEP has a workforce of over 6,000 employees . It includes three bureaus in charge of , respectively , the upstate water supply system , New York City 's water and sewer operations , and wastewater treatment : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Bureau of Water Supply manages , operates and protects New York City 's upstate water supply system to ensure the delivery of a sufficient quantity of high quality drinking water . The Bureau is also responsible for the overall management and implementation of the provisions of the city 's $1.5 billion Watershed Protection Program . </Li> <Li> In addition to operating and maintaining the water supply and sewerage system , the Bureau of Water and Sewer Operations is also responsible for the operation of the Staten Island Bluebelt , an ecologically sound , cost - effective natural alternative to storm sewers , which occupies approximately 15 square miles ( 39 km ) of land in the South Richmond area of Staten Island . This project preserves streams , ponds and other wetland ( `` bluebelt '' ) areas , allowing them to perform their natural function of conveying , storing and filtering storm water . </Li> <Li> The Bureau of Wastewater Treatment operates 14 water pollution control plants treating an average of 1.5 billion US gallons ( 5,700,000 m ) of wastewater a day ; 95 wastewater pump stations ; eight dewatering facilities ; 490 sewer regulators ; and 7,000 miles ( 11,000 km ) of intercepting sewers . </Li> </Ul> <H3> New York City Municipal water Finance Authority ( edit ) </H3> <P> The NYW finances the capital needs of the water and sewer system of the city through the issuance of bonds , commercial paper , and other debt instruments . It is a public - benefit corporation created in 1985 pursuant to the New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority Act . The Authority is administered by a seven - member Board of Directors . Four of the members are ex officio members : the Commissioner of Environmental Protection of the City , the Director of Management and Budget of the City , the Commissioner of Finance of the City , and the Commissioner of Environmental Conservation of the State . The remaining three members are public appointments : two by the Mayor , and one by the Governor . </P> <H3> New York City water Board ( edit ) </H3> <P> The New York City Water Board sets water and sewer rates for New York City sufficient to pay the costs of operating and financing the system , and collects user payments from customers for services provided by the water and wastewater utility systems of the City of New York . The five Board members are appointed to two - year terms by the Mayor . </P> <H2> Overview of infrastructure ( edit ) </H2> <P> New York City 's water system consists of aqueducts , distribution pipes , reservoirs , and water tunnels that channel drinking water to residents and visitors . A comprehensive raised - relief map of the system is on display at the Queens Museum of Art . Until the early 21st century , some places in southeastern Queens received their water from local wells of the former Jamaica Water Supply Company . </P> <H3> Reservoirs and aqueducts ( edit ) </H3> <P> The water system has a storage capacity of 550 billion US gallons ( 2.1 × 10 m ) and provides over 1.2 billion US gallons ( 4,500,000 m ) per day of drinking water to more than eight million city residents , another one million users in four upstate counties bordering on the water supply system , and visitors to the region . Three separate sub-systems , each consisting of aqueducts and reservoirs , bring water from Upstate New York to the New York City : </P> <Ul> <Li> The New Croton Aqueduct , completed in 1890 , brings water from the New Croton Reservoir in Westchester and Putnam counties . </Li> <Li> The Catskill Aqueduct , completed in 1916 , is significantly larger than New Croton and brings water from two reservoirs in the eastern Catskill Mountains . </Li> <Li> The Delaware Aqueduct , completed in 1945 , taps tributaries of the Delaware River in the western Catskill Mountains and provides approximately half of New York City 's water supply . </Li> </Ul> <P> The latter two aqueducts provide 90 % of New York City 's drinking water . Water from both aqueducts is stored first in the large Kensico Reservoir and subsequently in the much smaller Hillview Reservoir closer to the city . </P> <H3> Brooklyn reservoirs ( edit ) </H3> <P> Brooklyn has had many water reservoirs ; they can be seen on an 1864 map of Brooklyn Waterworks . They are listed below , from east to west : </P> <Ol> <Li> Hempstead Reservoir </Li> <Li> Smith 's Pond </Li> <Li> Rockville Reservoir </Li> <Li> Valley Stream Pond </Li> <Li> Watts Pond </Li> <Li> Clear Stream Reservoir </Li> <Li> Brookfield Reservoir </Li> <Li> Conselyea Pond </Li> <Li> P. Cornells Pond </Li> <Li> Springfield Pond </Li> <Li> One Mile Pond </Li> <Li> Jamaica Reservoir </Li> <Li> Ridgewood Reservoir </Li> <Li> Mount Prospect Reservoir </Li> </Ol> <H3> Tunnels and distribution system ( edit ) </H3> <P> From the Hillview reservoir water flows by gravity through three tunnels under New York City , where water rises again to the surface under natural pressure , through a number of shafts . The three tunnels are : </P> <Ol> <Li> New York City Water Tunnel No. 1 , completed in 1917 . It runs from the Hillview Reservoir under the central Bronx , Harlem River , West Side , Midtown , and Lower East Side of Manhattan , and under the East River to Brooklyn where it connects to Tunnel 2 . It is expected to undergo extensive repairs upon completion of Tunnel No. 3 , in 2020 . </Li> <Li> New York City Water Tunnel No. 2 , completed in 1935 . It runs from the Hillview Reservoir under the central Bronx , East River , and western Queens to Brooklyn , where it connects to Tunnel 1 and the Richmond Tunnel to Staten Island . When completed , it was the longest large diameter water tunnel in the world . </Li> <Li> The uncompleted New York City Water Tunnel No. 3 , the largest capital construction project in New York City 's history ( see below ) . </Li> </Ol> <P> The distribution system is made up of an extensive grid of water mains stretching approximately 6,500 miles ( 10,500 km ) . </P> <H2> Ongoing repairs and upgrades ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Croton water filtration plant project ( edit ) </H3> <P> In order to comply with federal and state laws regarding the filtration and disinfection of drinking water , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) and the New York State Department of Health called on the city to create a treatment plan to serve the Croton System . The underground filtration plant is under construction in Van Cortlandt Park . While the Bloomberg administration originally budgeted the project at $992 million in 2003 , an audit by the city 's comptroller placed the actual costs at $2.1 billion in August 2009 . </P> <H3> Delaware Aqueduct repair ( edit ) </H3> <P> The New York City water supply system leaks at a rate of up to 36 million US gallons ( 140,000 m ) per day . A complex five - year project with an estimated $240 million construction cost was initiated in November 2008 , to correct some of this leakage . </P> <H3> Water Tunnel No. 3 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The construction of Water tunnel No. 3 is intended to provide the city with a critical third connection to its Upstate New York water supply system , allowing the city to close tunnels No. 1 and No. 2 for repair for the first time of their history . The tunnel will eventually be more than 60 miles ( 97 km ) long . Construction on the tunnel began in 1970 , and its first and second phases are completed . The latter opened with a ceremony under Central Park , in 2013 . Completion of all phases is not expected until at least 2020 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Environmental issues in New York City </Li> <Li> High Bridge , New York City - part of the old Croton Aqueduct system </Li> <Li> Integrated urban water management </Li> <Li> Water supply and sanitation in the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of New York City 's Water Supply System '' . New York City Department of Environmental Protection . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DePalma , Anthony ( July 20 , 2006 ) . `` New York 's Water Supply May Need Filtering '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bureaus and Offices '' . New York City Department of Environmental Protection . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About NYW '' . New York City Municipal Water Finance Authority . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the NYC Water Board Web Site '' . New York City Water Board . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Groundwater Supply System '' . www.nyc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New York City 's Water Supply System Map '' . New York City Department of Environmental Protection . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Map showing line of

Water in New York City comes from

Where does water come from in new york city?

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Léo Arnaud - wikipedia <H1> Léo Arnaud </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Leo Arnaud </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Background information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Birth name </Th> <Td> Noël Leon Marius Arnaud </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> Leo Vauchant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1904 - 07 - 24 ) July 24 , 1904 Lyon , France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> April 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 26 ) ( aged 86 ) Hamptonville , North Carolina , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> Film scores </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation ( s ) </Th> <Td> Arranger , composer , and orchestrator </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Instruments </Th> <Td> Cello and trombone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1930s -- 1960s </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Leo Arnaud or Léo Arnaud ( / ˈleɪ. oʊ ɑːr ˈnoʊ / ; July 24 , 1904 -- April 26 , 1991 ) was a French - American composer of film scores , best known for `` Bugler 's Dream '' , which is used as the theme by television networks presenting the Olympic Games in the United States . </P> <P> The composer studied composition at conservatories in Lyon and Paris with Maurice Ravel and Vincent d'Indy . After playing as a jazz trombonist in France using the name Leo Vauchant and arranging for the Jack Hylton band in England from 1928 to 1930 , he immigrated to the United States in 1931 . He worked in Hollywood as an arranger for Fred Waring before joining Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer as an arranger , composer , and orchestrator from 1936 to 1966 . </P> <P> In 1980 , Arnaud left Hollywood and retired to Yadkin County , North Carolina . His wife , Faye Brooks Arnaud , was a native of the area . He is buried at Asbury United Methodist Church in Hamptonville , North Carolina . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Bugler 's Dream </Li> <Li> 2 Filmography </Li> <Li> 3 Awards </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Bugler 's Dream ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Bugler 's Dream '' is very well known , especially by Americans , as theme music for the Olympic Games from its use in ABC 's and NBC 's television coverage of the games . It is considered to be a symbol of the Olympics . Arnaud 's piece is very stately , beginning with a timpani cadence that is soon joined by a distinctive theme in brass . </P> <P> The musical theme of `` Bugler 's Dream '' is based on Joseph - David Buhl 's `` Salut aux étendards '' , a typical cavalry trumpet 's call , composed during Napoleon 's Consulate . </P> <P> Arnaud was commissioned by conductor Felix Slatkin to create a piece for his album Charge ! in 1958 . For this , he wrote `` The Charge Suite '' , published by Shawnee Press , which included `` Bugler 's Dream '' . ABC began using the composition as the theme to its coverage of the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck , Austria , and in future Olympics . It was also used as the title piece for the series ABC 's Wide World of Sports . NBC went with an alternate theme in 1988 when it obtained the rights to the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , but brought `` Bugler 's Dream '' back for its coverage of the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain . </P> <P> For the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California , composer John Williams wrote `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' , which is played in a medley with `` Bugler 's Dream . '' It consists of Williams 's arrangement of `` Bugler 's Dream '' which is similar to Arnaud 's original but with a repeat of the theme with a full orchestra , followed by Williams 's composition . Williams 's arrangement of Arnaud 's `` Bugler 's Dream '' as well as `` Olympic Fanfare and Theme '' are both commonly used in recent Olympic coverage by NBC . It is also commonly played during graduation ceremonies in the United States . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Competition ( 1980 ) ( conducting coach ) </Li> <Li> Ryan 's Daughter ( 1970 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Blue Movie ( 1968 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> The F.B.I. ( two episodes , 1965 ) ( composer ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood My Home Town ( 1965 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Without Make - Up ( 1963 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Billy Rose 's Jumbo ( 1962 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Horas de pánico ( 1957 ) ( conductor ) </Li> <Li> Seven Brides for Seven Brothers ( 1954 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Rose Marie ( 1954 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Sombrero ( 1953 ) ( musical director ) </Li> <Li> Stars and Stripes Forever ( 1952 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Lovely to Look At ( 1952 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> The Strip ( 1951 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Two Weeks with Love ( 1950 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Three Little Words ( 1950 ) ( music arranger ) </Li> <Li> That Midnight Kiss ( 1949 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Neptune 's Daughter ( 1949 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) ( music arranger ) </Li> <Li> The Kissing Bandit ( 1948 ) ( composer : incidental music ) ( music arranger ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> One Touch of Venus ( 1948 ) ( musical director ) </Li> <Li> Easter Parade ( 1948 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> A Date with Judy ( 1948 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Big City ( 1948 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Hit Parade of 1947 ( 1947 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Apache Rose ( 1947 ) ( composer : incidental music ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Calendar Girl ( 1947 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> The Thrill of Brazil ( 1946 ) ( musical director ) </Li> <Li> DuBarry Was a Lady ( 1943 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Best Foot Forward ( 1943 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> For Me and My Gal ( 1942 ) ( music arranger : vocals ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Panama Hattie ( 1942 ) ( vocal and orchestral arrangements ) </Li> <Li> Berlin Correspondent ( 1942 ) ( orchestrator ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Iceland ( 1942 ) ( orchestrator ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Ship Ahoy ( 1942 ) ( music arranger : vocals ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Rio Rita ( 1942 ) ( music arranger : vocals ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Son of Fury : The Story of Benjamin Blake ( 1942 ) ( orchestrator ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Babes on Broadway ( 1941 ) ( music arranger : vocals ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Remember the Day ( 1941 ) ( orchestrator ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Two - Faced Woman ( 1941 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> You 'll Never Get Rich ( 1941 ) ( music arranger ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Lady Be Good ( 1941 ) ( music arranger : vocals ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> The Big Store ( 1941 ) ( music arranger : vocals ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Ziegfeld Girl ( 1941 ) ( music arranger : vocal arrangements ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Blondie Goes Latin ( 1941 ) ( music arranger ) </Li> <Li> Murder Over New York ( 1940 ) ( orchestrator ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Hullabaloo ( 1940 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Third Finger , Left Hand ( 1940 ) ( arranger : `` Hail to California '' , `` Carmen Ohio '' ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Strike Up the Band ( 1940 ) ( music arranger : vocals ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Yesterday 's Heroes ( 1940 ) ( orchestrator ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Andy Hardy Meets Debutante ( 1940 ) ( music arranger : vocals ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Two Girls on Broadway ( 1940 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Broadway Melody of 1940 ( 1940 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> I Take This Woman ( 1940 ) ( orchestrator ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> The Earl of Chicago ( 1940 ) ( orchestrator ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Babes in Arms ( 1939 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) ( orchestrator : Munchkinland musical sequence ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Lady of the Tropics ( 1939 ) ( orchestrator ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Broadway Serenade ( 1939 ) ( vocal and orchestral direction ) </Li> <Li> Society Lawyer ( 1939 ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> The Ice Follies of 1939 ( 1939 ) ( music arranger : orchestral arrangements / vocal arrangements ) </Li> <Li> Boys Town ( 1938 ) ( music arranger ) </Li> <Li> Marie Antoinette ( 1938 ) ( orchestrator ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> The Girl of the Golden West ( 1938 ) ( music arranger : vocal arrangements ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Of Human Hearts ( 1938 ) ( orchestrator ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Rosalie ( 1937 ) ( music arranger : vocal arrangements ) ( orchestrator ) </Li> <Li> Broadway Melody of 1938 ( 1937 ) ( music arranger : orchestral and vocal arrangements ) </Li> <Li> A Day at the Races ( 1937 ) ( music arranger : choral and orchestral ) </Li> <Li> Carnival in Paris ( 1937 ) ( vocal and orchestral arrangements ) </Li> <Li> Song of Revolt ( 1937 ) ( vocal and orchestral arrangements ) </Li> <Li> Sinner Take All ( 1936 ) ( composer : stock music ) ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Born to Dance ( 1936 ) ( music arranger : choral ) </Li> <Li> Violets in Spring ( 1936 ) ( vocal and orchestral arrangements ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Arnaud was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adaptation or Treatment Score for The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) at the 37th Academy Awards , presented in 1965 . It was a co-nomination with six other men who also wrote the film 's music , with Arnaud doing orchestration . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ De Jong , Diederik C.D. ( January -- February 1996 ) . `` Arnaud : Symphonie Francaise , Latin American Scenario , Midinette , In Memoriam , Well Tempered Oboist , Bugler 's Dream '' . American Record Guide : 71 . Retrieved November 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leo Arnaud at Answers.com Archived July 30 , 2007 , at WebCite </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , Frieda ( August 24 , 2004 ) . `` Hamptonville News '' . The Tribune . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenberg , Robert . `` Viva la Fanfare ! '' . Robert Greenberg Music . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Film Composers

The theme song for the Winter Olympics was written by

Who wrote the theme song for the winter olympics?

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History of the world 's tallest buildings - wikipedia <H1> History of the world 's tallest buildings </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The tallest building in the world as of 2017 is Burj Khalifa . Before Burj Khalifa , the title of `` world 's tallest building '' has been borne by various buildings , such as Rouen Cathedral and the Empire State Building . </P> <P> The skyscraper was invented in Chicago in 1884 . For the next hundred years , the world 's tallest building was always in the United States with New York City accumulating 86 years , and Chicago accumulating 30 years . After just over a century ( 1885 -- 1998 ) the distinction moved to the Eastern Hemisphere . Malaysia was the first country to break United States ' record of building tallest buildings in the world by building Petronas Twin Towers in 1998 , which held the record for 6 years before losing it to Taipei 101 in 2004 . Before the current era of commercial skyscrapers , there was an era where the tallest buildings were Christian churches / cathedrals ( c. 1250 -- 1901 ) , dominated by England and Germanic territories . </P> <P> Before this time , it is not possible to conclusively state what was the tallest building in the world . For instance , the Lighthouse of Alexandria ( completed about 280 BC ) was very tall , but its true height is not known . For thousands of years , the Great Pyramid in Egypt was the tallest structure in the world , but the Great Pyramid is not considered a building since it was not habitable . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Definition of terms <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Meaning of `` building '' </Li> <Li> 1.2 Determination of height </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Tallest buildings ( 13th century -- 1901 ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Churches and cathedrals </Li> <Li> 2.2 Skyscrapers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Tallest buildings ( from 1901 ) </Li> <Li> 4 Charts <Ul> <Li> 4.1 1870 -- present </Li> <Li> 4.2 1300 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 History of increment in height of skyscrapers </Li> <Li> 6 History of supertall skyscrapers by location </Li> <Li> 7 Increment in usage of skyscrapers </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Definition of terms ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Meaning of `` building '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> The earliest structures now known to be the tallest in the world were the Egyptian pyramids , with the Great Pyramid of Giza , at an original height of 146.5 metres ( 481 ft ) , being the tallest man -- made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1300 . From then until the completion of the Washington Monument ( capped in 1884 ) the world 's tallest buildings were churches or cathedrals . Later , the Eiffel Tower and , still later , some radio masts and television towers were the world 's tallest structures . </P> <P> However , though all of these are structures , some are not buildings in the sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied . It is in this sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied that the term `` building '' is generally understood to mean when determining what is the world 's tallest building . The non-profit international organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) , which maintains a set of criteria for determining the height of tall buildings , defines a `` building '' as `` ( A ) structure that is designed for residential , business or manufacturing purposes '' and `` has floors '' . </P> <P> Tall churches and cathedrals occupy a middle ground : their lower areas are regularly occupied , but much of their height is in bell towers and spires which are not . Whether a church or cathedral is a `` building '' or merely a `` structure '' for the purposes of determining the title of `` world 's tallest building '' is a subjective matter of definition ( this article treats churches and cathedrals as buildings ) . </P> <H3> Determination of height ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat based in Chicago uses three different criteria for determining the height of a tall building , each of which may give a different result . `` Height of the highest floor '' is one criterion , and `` height to the top of any part of the building '' is another , but the default criterion used by the CTBUH is `` height of the architectural top of the building '' , which includes spires but not antennae , masts or flag poles . </P> <H2> Tallest buildings ( 13th century -- 1901 ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Churches and cathedrals ( edit ) </H3> Tallest buildings diagram from 1850 <P> From the 13th century until 1901 , the world 's tallest building was always a church or cathedral . In the 13th century Old St Paul 's Cathedral with its spire was completed . Completed in the early 14th century , the central spire of Lincoln Cathedral surpassed it . In 1549 this spire collapsed , beginning a long sequence where the status of world 's tallest building was borne by shorter and shorter buildings . On the collapse of Lincoln Cathedral 's spire , then St. Mary 's Church in Stralsund became the world 's tallest building . In 1647 , the bell tower of St. Mary 's burned down , thus making the shorter Strasbourg Cathedral the world 's tallest building . </P> <P> It was not until the completion of the Ulm Minster in 1890 that the world 's tallest building was again also the tallest building ever , surpassing the original configuration of Lincoln Cathedral . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Years tallest </Td> <Td> Name </Td> <Td> Location </Td> <Td> Height </Td> <Td> Increase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13th century -- 1300 </Td> <Td> Old St Paul 's Cathedral * </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> 149 metres ( 489 ft ) </Td> <Td> 1.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1300 -- 1549 </Td> <Td> Lincoln Cathedral * </Td> <Td> Lincoln </Td> <Td> 159.7 metres ( 524 ft ) </Td> <Td> 6.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1549 -- 1647 </Td> <Td> St. Mary 's Church </Td> <Td> Stralsund </Td> <Td> 151 metres ( 495 ft ) </Td> <Td> - 5.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1647 -- 1874 </Td> <Td> Strasbourg Cathedral </Td> <Td> Strasbourg </Td> <Td> 142 metres ( 466 ft ) </Td> <Td> - 6.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1874 -- 1876 </Td> <Td> Church of St. Nicholas </Td> <Td> Hamburg </Td> <Td> 147 metres ( 482 ft ) </Td> <Td> 3.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1876 -- 1880 </Td> <Td> Rouen Cathedral </Td> <Td> Rouen </Td> <Td> 151 metres ( 495 ft ) </Td> <Td> 2.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1880 -- 1890 </Td> <Td> Cologne Cathedral </Td> <Td> Cologne </Td> <Td> 157.38 metres ( 516.3 ft ) </Td> <Td> 4.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 -- 1901 </Td> <Td> Ulm Minster * </Td> <Td> Ulm </Td> <Td> 161.53 metres ( 530.0 ft ) </Td> <Td> 2.6 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * -- Also set record at time of completion as tallest building ever built . </P> <P> The 524 feet ( 160 m ) height of Lincoln Cathedral is disputed by some , but accepted by most sources . The completion date for the spire is given as 1311 rather than 1300 by some sources . Also the 489 feet ( 149 m ) height of the spire of Old St Paul 's Cathedral , destroyed by lightning in 1561 , is disputed , for example Christopher Wren ( 1632 -- 1723 ) judged that an overestimate and gave a height of 460 feet ( 140 m ) . </P> <P> The top of the spire of the Antonelli Edifice in Turin , completed in 1889 , is 167.5 metres ( 550 ft ) tall . However , the upper part of the structure was destroyed by a 1953 tornado and rebuilt . If the original spire top was 167.5 metres ( as claimed by some sources ) , the Antonelli Edifice might have been the world 's tallest building from 1889 to 1908 . </P> <H3> Skyscrapers ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Early skyscrapers <P> In the 19th Century , a new kind of structure was developed in Shrewsbury , UK using an iron or steel internal structure ( instead of the outer walls ) to bear the building 's weight . The taller of these buildings are called skyscrapers . The Ditherington Flax Mill was the first iron framed building , and for this reason is often seen as ' the world 's first skyscraper ' , despite being only five storeys tall . This design feature would become standard in skyscrapers all across the world . The Ditherington Flax Mill was constructed 87 years before the Home Insurance Building in Chicago , which is often credited with being the first metal - framed building . </P> <P> The buildings that were the tallest skyscrapers -- but still shorter than the tallest church or cathedral -- were : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Years tallest </Td> <Td> Name </Td> <Td> Location </Td> <Td> Height </Td> <Td> Increase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1797 -- 1884 </Td> <Td> Ditherington Flax Mill </Td> <Td> Shrewsbury </Td> <Td> 16 metres ( 52 ft ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1884 -- 1890 </Td> <Td> Home Insurance Building </Td> <Td> Chicago </Td> <Td> 42 metres ( 138 ft ) </Td> <Td> 6.15 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 -- 1894 </Td> <Td> New York World Building </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 94 metres ( 308 ft ) </Td> <Td> 136.92 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1894 -- 1895 </Td> <Td> Manhattan Life Insurance Building </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 100 metres ( 330 ft ) </Td> <Td> 7.14 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1895 -- 1899 </Td> <Td> Milwaukee City Hall </Td> <Td> Milwaukee </Td> <Td> 108 metres ( 354 ft ) </Td> <Td> 7.27 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1899 -- 1908 </Td> <Td> Park Row Building </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 119 metres ( 390 ft ) </Td> <Td> 10.17 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Tallest buildings ( from 1901 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Multiple tall buildings taller than Ulm Minster were completed in 1901 : 167 metres ( 548 ft ) Philadelphia City Hall and 167.5 metres ( 550 ft ) Mole Antonelliana . However , none of these was skyscraper by most definitions as they were supported like other pre-skyscraper tall buildings by thick outer walls . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Years tallest </Td> <Td> Name </Td> <Td> Location </Td> <Td> Height </Td> <Td> Increase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1901 -- 1908 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia City Hall </Td> <Td> Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 167 metres ( 548 ft ) </Td> <Td> 3.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1908 -- 1909 </Td> <Td> Singer Building </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 186.57 metres ( 612.1 ft ) </Td> <Td> 11.7

The pyramids held the title of the tallest structure in the world for

How long were the pyramids the tallest structure?

-2248566394087541398

Pir Panjal range - wikipedia <H1> Pir Panjal range </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Pir Panjal range as seen from Banihal ( pic : Shoaib Tantray ) Kashmir valley seen from satellite . Snow - capped Pir Panjal range separates the valley from plains . Pir Panjal Range <P> The Pir Panjal Range is a group of mountains in the Inner Himalayan region , running from east - southeast ( ESE ) to west - northwest ( WNW ) across the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir where the average elevation varies from 1,400 m ( 4,600 ft ) to 4,100 m ( 13,500 ft ) . The Himalayas show a gradual elevation towards the Dhauldhar and Pir Panjal ranges . Pir Panjal is the largest range of the lower Himalayas . Near the bank of the Sutlej river , it dissociates itself from the Himalayas and forms a divide between the rivers Beas and Ravi on one side and the Chenab on the other . The famous Galyat mountains are also located in this range . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Peaks </Li> <Li> 2 Passes </Li> <Li> 3 Tunnels <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Jawahar Tunnel </Li> <Li> 3.2 Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel </Li> <Li> 3.3 Rohtang Tunnel </Li> <Li> 3.4 Banihal Railway Tunnel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Peaks ( edit ) </H2> <P> Deo Tibba ( 6,001 m ( 19,688 ft ) ) and Indrasan ( 6,221 m ( 20,410 ft ) ) are two important peaks at the eastern end of the mountain range . They can be approached from both the Parvati - Beas Valley ( Kulu District ) and the Chandra ( Upper Chenab ) Valley ( Lahaul and Spiti District ) in Himachal Pradesh . The hill station of Gulmarg in Kashmir lies in this range . </P> <H2> Passes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Pir Panjal pass lies to the west of Srinagar . </P> <P> The Banihal pass ( 2,832 m ( 9,291 ft ) ) lies at the head of the Vitasta river at the southern end of the Kashmir valley . Banihal and Qazigund lie on either side of the pass . </P> <P> The Sinthan pass connects Jammu and Kashmir with Kishtwar . </P> <P> Pir ki Gali connects Kashmir valley with Rajouri and Poonch via Mughal road . Pir ki Gali is the highest point of Mughal road ( 11500 ft approx ) and lies to the south west of the Kashmir valley . Nearest town to Pir Ki Gali is Shupian , the apple town of Kashmir valley . </P> <P> Rohtang La ( altitude 3,978 m ( 13,051 ft ) ) is a mountain pass on the eastern Pir Panjal range connecting Manali in the Kullu Valley to Keylong in the Lahaul Valley . </P> <P> Coordinates : 33 ° 53 ′ 36 '' N 74 ° 29 ′ 19 '' E  /  33.89333 ° N 74.48861 ° E  / 33.89333 ; 74.48861 </P> <P> Haji Pir Pass ( altitude 2,637 m ( 8,652 ft ) ) on the western Pir Panjal range on the road between Poonch and Uri is in the area of Kashmir administered by Pakistan . </P> A view towards the massive Pir Panjal range <H2> Tunnels ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Jawahar tunnel ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Jawahar Tunnel is a 2.5 km ( 1.6 mi ) long tunnel through Pir Panjal mountain under the Banihal pass connects Banihal with Qazigund on the other side of the mountain . The Jawahar Tunnel was named after the first Prime Minister of India was constructed in early 1950s and commissioned in December 1956 to ensure snow - free passage throughout the year . It is at elevation of about 2,100 m ( 6,900 ft ) . It was designed for 150 vehicles per day but now used by more than 7,000 vehicles per day . Therefore , a new wider and longer tunnel has been planned at a lower elevation . </P> <H3> Banihal Qazigund road tunnel ( edit ) </H3> <P> Construction of a new 8.45 km ( 5.25 mi ) long twin - tube Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel started in 2011 . The new tunnel is at a lower elevation than the existing Jawahar tunnel and , when completed , would reduce the road distance between Banihal and Qazigund by 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) . It would also be less prone to snow avalanche as it will be at a lower elevation . </P> <H3> Rohtang tunnel ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Rohtang Tunnel is being built under the Rohtang Pass in the eastern Pir Panjal range of the Himalayas on the Leh - Manali Highway . With 8.8 km ( 5.5 mi ) length , the tunnel will be the longest road tunnel in India and is expected to reduce the distance between Manali and Keylong by about 60 km ( 37 mi ) . The tunnel is at 3,100 metres ( 10,171 ft ) elevation whereas the Rohtang pass is at 3,978 metres ( 13,051 ft ) elevation . Lying on the Manali - Leh axis , this is one of the two routes to Ladakh ... </P> <H3> Banihal railway tunnel ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel , an 11.215 kilometres ( 6.969 mi ) railway tunnel , passes through the Pir Panjal Range in Jammu and Kashmir . It connects Quazigund and Banihal and is a part of the Udhampur - Srinagar - Baramulla railway project . The tunnel was commissioned on 26 June 2013 for regular service . It is India 's longest and Asia 's third longest railway tunnel . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ganga Choti </Li> <Li> Banni Mata Temple </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home ministry chalks out plan to settle Kashmiri Pandits '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pir Panjal Range ( mountain system , Asia ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beacon Light in the Tunnel </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Passages of employment to Srinagar 's denizens '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` India 's longest railway tunnel unveiled in Jammu & Kashmir '' . The Times of India . 14 October 2011 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pir_Panjal_Range&oldid=821139845 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Landforms of Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Mountain ranges of India </Li> <Li> Mountain ranges of Pakistan </Li> <Li> Landforms of Azad Kashmir </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use British English from May 2012 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from July 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 17 : 11 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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India's longest railway tunnel was constructed in

Which of these mountain ranges in india's longest railway tunnel constructed?

737118727843422688

Bennie and the Jets - wikipedia <H1> Bennie and the Jets </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Bennie and the Jets '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Elton John </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Harmony '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 4 February 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> May 1973 at Château d'Hérouville , France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Glam rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MCA </Li> <Li> DJM </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elton John </Li> <Li> Bernie Taupin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Gus Dudgeon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Elton John singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Candle in the Wind '' ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Let the Sun Go Down on Me '' ( 1974 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Bennie and the Jets '' ( also titled as `` Benny & the Jets '' ) is a song composed by Elton John and Bernie Taupin . The song first appeared on the Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album in 1973 . `` Bennie and the Jets '' has been one of John 's most popular songs and was performed during John 's appearance at Live Aid . The track is spelled Benny on the sleeve of the single and in the track listing of the album , but Bennie on the album vinyl disc label . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Single release </Li> <Li> 2 Song composition </Li> <Li> 3 Personnel </Li> <Li> 4 Music video </Li> <Li> 5 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 5.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Covers </Li> <Li> 7 Mondegreens in the Song </Li> <Li> 8 References in popular culture </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Single release ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Bennie and the Jets '' was featured on side one of the Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album , and Elton John was set against releasing it as a single , believing it would fail . CKLW in Windsor , Ontario , began heavy airplay of the song and it became the # 1 song in the Detroit market . This attention caused other American and Canadian Top 40 stations to add it to their playlists as well and as a result , the song peaked at # 1 on the US singles chart in 1974 . In the US , it was certified Gold on 8 April 1974 and Platinum on 13 September 1995 by the RIAA , and had sold 2.8 million copies by August 1976 . </P> <P> `` Bennie and the Jets '' was also John 's first Top 40 hit on what at the time was called the Billboard Hot Soul Singles chart , where it peaked at # 15 , the highest position out of the three of his singles which reached that chart . The acceptance of `` Bennie '' on R&B radio helped land John , a huge soul music fan , a guest appearance on the 17 May 1975 edition of Soul Train , where he played `` Bennie and the Jets '' and `` Philadelphia Freedom '' . In Canada , it held the # 1 spot on the RPM national singles chart for two weeks ( 13 -- 20 April ) , becoming his first # 1 single of 1974 and his fourth overall . </P> <H2> Song composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song tells of `` Bennie and the Jets '' , a fictional band of whom the song 's narrator is a fan . The song is written in the key of G major . In interviews , Taupin has said that the song 's lyrics are a satire on the music industry of the 1970s . The greed and glitz of the early 1970s music scene is portrayed by Taupin 's words : </P> <Dl> <Dd> We 'll kill the fatted calf tonight , so stick around , </Dd> <Dd> you 're gon na hear electric music , solid walls of sound . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Taupin also goes on to describe the flashy wardrobe of `` Bennie '' , the leader of the band : </P> <Dl> <Dd> She 's got electric boots , a mohair suit </Dd> <Dd> You know I read it in a magazine Ohh ... </Dd> </Dl> See also : History_of_Benzedrine § Elton John - Bennie and the Jets <P> Produced by Gus Dudgeon , the song was recorded during the `` Goodbye Yellow Brick Road '' sessions in France at Château d'Hérouville 's Strawberry Studios , where John and Taupin had recorded their previous two albums , Honky Château and Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player . </P> <P> After recording the song in the studio , John and the band worried that it was too plain and unoriginal . In the Eagle Vision documentary on the making of Goodbye Yellow Brick Road , John recalled , `` I fought tooth and nail against ' Bennie ' coming out as a single . '' According to guitarist Davey Johnstone , `` ' Bennie and the Jets ' was one of the oddest songs we ever recorded . We just sat back and said , ' This is really odd . ' '' While mixing the album , Dudgeon came up with the idea of creating a `` live from Playhouse Theatre '' sound for the track . He added reverb effects , applause and other audience sounds from John 's previous concerts and a loop from the Jimi Hendrix live album Isle of Wight , plus whistles , giving it the `` live concert recording '' feel that has since become a sort of trademark . </P> <P> John rarely plays the song verbatim to the studio version , and often makes subtle or even drastic changes . Live , the piano solo in the middle of the song has been played in all sorts of variations , from very close to the original to wildly improvised and extended versions , such as the elaborate version during a Central Park concert in 1980 and another memorable take on it during the `` Elton and his band '' part of the show recorded for what would become Live in Australia in December 1986 . ( It can be seen on various Laserdisc releases of the show . ) He has also been known to end the song in a wide range of styles , including classical , swing , boogie - woogie and even using the signature five - note phrase from John Williams ' score for Close Encounters of the Third Kind . </P> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Elton John -- piano , Farfisa organ , vocals </Li> <Li> Davey Johnstone -- acoustic and electric guitars </Li> <Li> Dee Murray -- bass </Li> <Li> Nigel Olsson -- drums </Li> </Ul> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> In May 2017 , an official music video for `` Bennie and the Jets '' premiered at the Cannes Film Festival as a winner of Elton John : The Cut , a competition organized in partnership with AKQA , Pulse Films , and YouTube in honour of the fiftieth anniversary of his songwriting relationship with Bernie Taupin . The competition called upon independent filmmakers to submit treatments for music videos for one of three Elton John songs from the 1970s , with each song falling within a specific concept category . `` Bennie and the Jets '' was designated for the choreography category , and was directed by Jack Whiteley and Laura Brownhill . The video was influenced by early cinema and the work of Busby Berkeley , portraying characters as participants on a talent show auditioning for Bennie . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1974 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 175 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1976 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1974 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Cash Box </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Covers ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In 1991 CKBE - FM David Tyler . </Li> <Li> Pyotr Mamonov and Vasily Shumov recorded a cover of this song on their Russkie poyut ( Russians are Singing ) album ( 1994 ) . </Li> <Li> The NFL 's New York Jets used a parody of the song called `` Vinny and the Jets '' during quarterback Vinny Testaverde 's first run with the team from 1998 to 2003 . </Li> <Li> Parodies relating to New York Mets players Lenny Dykstra and later Benny Agbayani were mainstays on New York City radio stations . </Li> <Li> Ray Castoldi , the longtime organist for the NBA 's New York Knicks , is often heard playing this song at Knicks home games . The song has also been played on the organ at Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings home games . </Li> <Li> The Beastie Boys released a cover of this song on their The Sounds of Science album in 1999 . The song , titled `` Benny and the Jets '' , was sung by frequent Beastie Boys collaborator Biz Markie . This recording was first released in 1995 as a flexi disc inside of issue two of the Beastie Boys ' Grand Royal magazine . </Li> <Li> Biz Markie performed his own humorous rendition of `` Bennie and the Jets '' on The Chris Rock Show in 2000 . </Li> <Li> Katherine Heigl and James Marsden sing along with the song , karaoke - style , while dancing on a bar in the 2008 film 27 Dresses . Both of them make many mistakes in the lyrics . </Li> <Li> Mary J. Blige sampled the melody for her song `` Deep Inside '' . When Blige asked Elton John for permission to sample the piano line , he ended up agreeing to actually play the line on the track instead . </Li> <Li> Ashanti 's 2008 single `` Good Good '' also sampled the melody . </Li> <Li> Mister G included a recording of himself playing Elton John 's `` Benny and the Jets '' at the age of nine as the last track on his album BUGS </Li> <Li> Cher performed the song in a duet on The Cher Show with Elton John on piano in 1975 . </Li> <Li>

The song "Bennie and the Jets" by Elton John was released in

What year did bennie and the jets come out?

-7100646726736805903

) </Td> <Td> 215 </Td> <Td> 2.78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Emma is upset when her friends start to hang around with royally - acclaimed new girl Bryn . Luke chooses to do his multicultural project on India and tricks Ravi into doing his whole project for him . Ravi gets his revenge by re-writing the project and making Luke look like a fool in front of the whole school , but feels bad and helps him recover from his stumble . Since all her friends are busy , Jessie takes Emma to the movies and bumps into her friends with Bryn . While trying to be the bigger person , Emma is teased by Bryn . Jessie finally puts a stop to it after insulting her . A big food fight ensues when the entire movie theater learns that Bryn is not royalty . During the fight , Rosie , one of Emma 's friends , `` takes '' a bunch of nachos by Bryn , which was aimed for Emma . In the end , Emma invites the rest of her friends ( including Rosie ) over to watch a movie and Zuri tries to tag along . </P> Guest stars : Kelly Gould as Rosie , Katherine McNamara as Bryn Breitbart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` All the Knight Moves '' </Td> <Td> Shannon Flynn </Td> <Td> Mike Montesano & Ted Zizik </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 219 </Td> <Td> 3.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> After Jessie and Ravi discover that Zuri is a chess prodigy , Jessie enters Zuri into a chess competition where she can win two tickets for a trip to Paris . Meanwhile , while watching a show about unsolved crimes , Luke and Emma start to believe that Bertram is the scuba bandit and try to prove this . However , Bertram finds out and forces them to be his crime assistants . In the end , Zuri throws the match so that her opponent can go home to Paris to see his family and make amends and Luke and Emma discover that Bertram is not really the Scuba Bandit , he was just pretending to get back at them for believing that he was . However , when they 're watching the show again , they start to believe that Jessie is the sweetheart thief as the episode ends . </P> Guest star : Patrick Kerr as Clement Brulee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` We Do n't Need No Stinkin ' Badges '' </Td> <Td> Shannon Flynn </Td> <Td> Pamela Eells O'Connell </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 223 </Td> <Td> 3.75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Jessie wants to prove that she is a great girl scout leader by helping Zuri earn her badges . Emma is also in the troop , but the leader finds out Emma 's badges are fake and she really bought the badges online . Jessie makes Emma help Zuri earn her badges . Meanwhile , Luke convinces Ravi that lying is a super power . Ravi lied to Bertram about who was responsible for putting a cricket in his lobster bisque and continues to lie to him , which puts Bertram into more trouble . Ravi tells Bertram that his arch - nemesis , Nigel Pettigrew , put the cricket in his lobster bisque . Bertram and Nigel have a `` fight '' and Nigel wins . Jessie , Emma , and Zuri get ready to sleep when Coach Penny gets attacked by an ostrich . Zuri saves her , which then allows her to get a badge . The ostrich attacks Bertram when he finds the orange that Zuri threw . </P> Guest stars : Lauren Pritchard as Coach Penny , Oliver Muirhead as Nigel Pettigrew , Marlowe Peyton as Madge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Somebunny 's in Trouble '' </Td> <Td> Amanda Bearse </Td> <Td> Pamela Eells O'Connell </Td> <Td> June 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> 3.04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Emma falls for a cute boy named Brett Summers . But he loves sports and Emma does not know anything about sports . So Luke helps her and sits behind the chair and texts Emma what to say . Then Brett finds out and then he forgives her . Then they play a game and then he leaves and tells her that he is studying . But he really went to the screening room with Luke . Then Emma gets mad and breaks up with him . Then Brett watches the movie and gets mad because Luke likes the Yankees and Brett does not . Meanwhile , Jessie loses Zuri 's pet bunny , of which Bertram is extremely scared . In the end , Zuri 's class bunny has babies . </P> Guest star : Jack Griffo as Brett Summers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Punch Dumped Love '' </Td> <Td> Bob Koherr </Td> <Td> Leigha Barr & Pete Szilagyi </Td> <Td> June 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 213 </Td> <Td> 3.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> After Emma neglects to pick up Zuri from school and talks back to Jessie about it , Jessie grounds her , telling her she can not go to the school dance . After Ravi tells her that Luke 's new crush 's ex-boyfriend is going to embarrass him , she sneaks out to warn Luke about it . At the dance , Adam Sandler gives Luke some relationship advice . Meanwhile , Zuri and Ravi set traps to catch a burglar . In the end , Jessie comforts Luke and ends up dancing with him at the school dance . </P> <P> Guest stars : Lenny Jacobson as Ted the Delivery Guy , Isabella Palmieri as Rachel Kapowski , Jackson Odell as Gale </P> <P> Note : Adam Sandler appears as himself in this episode , but is uncredited . </P> Featured song : `` We 're Burning Up '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Quitting Cold Koala '' </Td> <Td> Amanda Bearse </Td> <Td> Valerie Ahern & Christian McLaughlin </Td> <Td> July 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 218 </Td> <Td> 2.25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Kenny the Koala has always been there for Luke during countless days and nights , until one day when his obsession crosses the line . Luke must make the biggest decision of his life . He can either give up Kenny or embrace him until the end of his days . Meanwhile , Stuart is devastated that Zuri continuously tries avoiding him and he devises a plan to make her jealous by flirting with Emma instead , despite Emma 's annoyance . Convinced enough , Zuri does become jealous and pleads with him to get over Emma . Back on the terrace , Kenny accidentally slips out of Jessie 's hands as he gets torn up by a car and a horse , causing Luke to go into a deep shock while accusing Jessie for this mess . Near the end , Luke , saddened by Kenny 's sudden fall , reveals why Kenny is so important to him and that he was his only family until Morgan and Christina brought him to the city of New York . Zuri apologizes for taunting Luke all this time and they have a brief embrace . Stuart successfully fixes Kenny , as Luke thanks him and Ravi for saving his best friend from a near - death experience . </P> Guest star : J.J. Totah as Stuart Wooten </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Panic Attack Room '' </Td> <Td> Rich Correll </Td> <Td> Eric Schaar & David J. Booth </Td> <Td> July 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 224 </Td> <Td> 2.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Once Luke , Ravi , Zuri , and Stuart are stranded in the Ross panic room with only access to the eight monitor screens of the penthouse 's rooms , Luke and Stuart are forced to confess their secrets . Meanwhile , Emma and Bertram support Jessie while she prepares for a TV audition . Unfortunately , this causes Jessie to get trapped in the panic room along with the rest of the children as she realizes were gone for hours . </P> Guest star : J.J. Totah as Stuart Wooten </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Throw Momma from the Terrace '' </Td> <Td> Rich Correll </Td> <Td> David J. Booth & Eric Schaar </Td> <Td> July 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 222 </Td> <Td> 2.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Bertram 's mother visits to celebrate his birthday , but sadly for them , they do not get along very well , as Wanda continuously steals the spotlight , even if she has to go through extreme measures . Furious with his mother , Bertram stands up for himself , after practicing for a quite a while beforehand , and gives her `` the talk '' in front of Jessie and the Ross children , thus gaining more confidence to reveal his soft side for the children . Wanda apologizes for her bad behavior as they both happily embrace , making Bertram hungry in the end . Meanwhile , the science world puts the Ross brothers to the test as they 're assigned a project which requires an egg . Ravi decides that they should drop the egg and capture its results . Fortunately , Luke perceives this as an opportunity to prove that he is really smart by showing off his outside - the - box thinking . Unfortunately for him , Jessie and Ravi do not accept out - of - the - box ideas and Ravi claims their science project as his own achievement , which confuses Luke . </P> Guest star : Lainie Kazan as Wanda Winkle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` The Jessie - nator : Grudgement Day '' </Td> <Td> Rich Correll </Td> <Td> Eric Schaar & David J. Booth </Td> <Td> July 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 220 </Td> <Td> 3.47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> A Jessie from the future warns present Jessie that exactly 60 years later , in the year 2072 , Ravi invents several Bertram - bots that plot to destroy Jessie and rule the world . Meanwhile , Luke accuses Zuri of constantly stealing his valuables . Zuri claims that she only took his watch , but Luke also believes that she stole his joy buzzer . Elsewhere , the four Ross children explore their future with intense shock and awe . Emma becomes furious once she realizes that she is not famous and vows to give the world a piece of her mind . While Jessie struggles to survive with Bertram - bots constantly attacking her , Luke and Zuri apologize to each other for their misunderstanding . In the end , it is revealed that Ravi was warning Luke about his latest prank , as he narrated this entire melodramatic story in order to scare him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> `` Diary of a Mad Newswoman '' </Td> <Td> Rich Correll </Td> <Td> Adam Lapidus </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 226 </Td> <Td> 3.48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> <P> Things become intense when Bryn comes back to be Emma 's co-anchor at school . Meanwhile , when Jessie finds out Zuri is snooping through her diary , she teaches Zuri a lesson . </P> Guest stars : Amy Farrington as Ms. Devlin ,

The role of Rachel on the TV show "Jessie" and in the movie "Punch Dumped Love" is played by

Who plays rachel on jessie punch dumped love?