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) </Li> <Li> 9 Ninth generation ( 1992 -- 1997 ) </Li> <Li> 10 Tenth generation ( 1997 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> 11 Eleventh generation ( 2004 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> 12 Twelfth generation ( 2009 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> 13 Thirteenth generation ( 2015 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 14 Special models <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Unibody F - Series </Li> <Li> 14.2 Specials </Li> <Li> 14.3 F - 150 Nite </Li> <Li> 14.4 Eddie Bauer </Li> <Li> 14.5 SVT Lightning </Li> <Li> 14.6 Harley - Davidson Edition </Li> <Li> 14.7 SVT Raptor </Li> <Li> 14.8 F - 150 Platinum </Li> <Li> 14.9 F - 150 Tremor </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 Motorsports </Li> <Li> 16 Awards and recognition </Li> <Li> 17 Sales </Li> <Li> 18 Variants <Ul> <Li> 18.1 Medium - duty trucks </Li> <Li> 18.2 Heavy - duty trucks </Li> <Li> 18.3 Vans </Li> <Li> 18.4 Export </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 19 See also </Li> <Li> 20 References </Li> <Li> 21 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> First generation ( 1948 -- 1952 ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Ford F - Series ( first generation ) 1950 F - 3 <P> The first - generation F - Series pickup ( known as the Ford Bonus - Built ) was introduced in 1948 as a replacement for the previous car - based pickup line introduced in 1942 . The F - Series was sold in eight different weight ratings , with pickup , panel truck , cab - over engine ( COE ) , conventional truck , and school bus chassis body styles . </P> <H2> Second generation ( 1953 -- 1956 ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Ford F - Series ( second generation ) 1953 F - 100 <P> For the 1953 model year , an all - new version of the F - Series made its debut . Increased dimensions , improved engines , and an updated chassis were features of the second generation . </P> <P> Additionally , a change to the F - Series naming scheme would remain in place to the present day . The half - ton F - 1 became the F - 100 ( partially influenced by the North American F - 100 Super Sabre ) ; the F - 2 and F - 3 were combined into the F - 250 while the F - 4 became the F - 350 . Conventional F - Series trucks were F - 500 to F - 900 ; COE chassis were C - Series trucks . </P> 1953 F100 Build Diagram <H2> Third generation ( 1957 -- 1960 ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Ford F - Series ( third generation ) 1960 F - 500 <P> Introduced in 1957 , the third generation F - series was a significant modernization and redesign . Front fenders became integrated into the body , and the new Styleside bed continued the smooth lines to the rear of the pickup . </P> <P> The cab - over F - Series was discontinued , having been replaced by the tilt - cab C - Series . </P> <P> In 1959 , Ford began in - house production of four - wheel - drive pickups . </P> <H2> Fourth generation ( 1961 -- 1966 ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Ford F - Series ( fourth generation ) 1965 F - 100 <P> Ford introduced a dramatically new style of pickup in 1961 with the fourth generation F - Series . Longer and lower than its predecessors , these trucks had increased dimensions and new engine and gearbox choices . Additionally , the 1961 -- 1963 models were constructed as a unibody design with the cab and bed integrated . This proved unpopular and Ford reverted to the traditional separate cab / bed design in 1964 . </P> <P> In 1965 , the F - Series was given a significant mid-cycle redesign . A completely new platform , including the `` Twin I - Beam '' front suspension , was introduced that would be used until 1996 on the F - 150 and until 2016 on the F - 250 / 350 4x2 . Additionally that year , the Ranger name made its first appearance on a Ford pickup ; previously a base model of the Edsel , it was now used to denote a high - level styling package for F - Series pickups . </P> <H2> Fifth generation ( 1967 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Ford F - Series ( fifth generation ) 1972 F - 250 Camper Special <P> Introduced in 1967 , the fifth generation F - series pickup was built on the same platform as the 1965 revision of the fourth generation . Dimensions and greenhouse glass were increased , engine options expanded , and plusher trim levels became available during the fifth generation 's production run . </P> <P> Suspension components from all 1969 F - Series models are completely interchangeable . </P> <P> A variant of the fifth generation F - series was produced until 1992 in Brazil for the South American market . </P> <H2> Sixth generation ( 1973 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Ford F - Series ( sixth generation ) 1979 F - 250 Ranger <P> The sixth generation F - series was introduced in 1973 . This version of the F - series continued to be built on the 1965 fourth generation 's revised platform , but with significant modernizations and refinements . Front disc brakes , increased cabin dimensions , gas tank relocated outside the cab and under the bed , significantly improved heating and air conditioning , full double wall bed construction , increased use of galvanized steel , SuperCab was introduced in the sixth generation pickup . </P> <P> The FE engine series was discontinued in 1976 after a nearly 20 - year run , replaced by the more modern 351 series ( Modified ) and 400 series engines . </P> <P> In 1975 , the F - 150 was introduced in between the F - 100 and the F - 250 in order to avoid certain emission control restrictions . For 1978 , square headlights replaced the previous models ' round ones on higher trim package models , such as Lariat and Ranger , and in 1979 became standard equipment . Also for 1978 , the Ford Bronco was redesigned into a variant of the F - series pickup . 1979 was the last year that the 460 big block engine was available in a half ton truck . </P> <H2> Seventh generation ( 1980 -- 1986 ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Ford F - Series ( seventh generation ) F - 150 XL <P> The 1980 F - Series was redesigned with an all - new chassis and larger body ; this was the first ground - up redesign since 1965 . The exterior styling of the truck was redone to improve aerodynamics and fuel economy . Medium - duty F - Series ( F600 - F900 ) were also redesigned ; although they shared the cabin of the smaller pickup trucks , the largest version of F - Series now wore a bonnet with separate front wings ( like the L - Series ) . Medium duty Ford F - Series would carry the 1980 -- 1986 interior design until 2000 ( though pickups were restyled again in 1987 and 1992 ) , with very subtle changes such as window glass and electronics . </P> <P> In a move towards fuel efficiency , Ford dropped the M - Series engines ( the 5.8 Liter 351M and 6.6 Liter 400 cu in V8s ) in 1981 , replacing them with the 4.2 Liter 255 C.I. and 5.8 Liter 351 C.I. Windsor V8 engines from the Panther platform . The 255 V8 was simply a 5.0 L , 302 V8 with a smaller bore , built specifically for better fuel economy , but was dropped for the 1982 model year due to being underpowered and having limited demand . For 1982 and 1983 , the 3.8 L , 232 C.I. Essex V6 was the base engine but was quickly dropped for the 1984 model year . In 1983 , Ford added Diesel power to the F - Series through a partnership with International Harvester ( later Navistar ) . The 6.9 L , 420 C.I. IDI V8 produced similar power output as the gasoline 351 Windsor V8 , with the fuel economy of the 4.9 L , 300 I6 . From this point on ( 1983 - present ) , the heavier duty f - series trucks ( F - 350 and above ) were usually equipped with the Diesel engines as standard horsepower. 1985 was the first year of electronic fuel injection on the 5.0 L V8 , all other engines following suit in 1988 . There was a new `` high output '' version of the 5.8 L Windsor beginning in 1984 . </P> <P> A noticeable change was made to the F - Series in 1982 as the Ford `` Blue Oval '' was added to the center of the grill , also the Ranger and Custom trims were no longer available . The Ranger name had been shifted onto the all - new compact pickup developed as a replacement for the Courier . The new trim levels were a no - badge base model ( essentially the new Custom ) , XL , a very rare XLS , and XLT Lariat . </P> <P> 1983 marked the final year of the F - 100 , making the F - 150 the lightest pickup available on the market . F - 100s and F - 150s were virtually identical with the exception of smaller brakes and a 5x4. 5 bolt pattern on the F - 100 axles , as opposed to 5x5. 5 on the F - 150 . F - 100s over a certain GVWR and / or without power brakes did use the F - 150 axles . Also , the 1980 -- 1983 F - 100 was never offered with four - wheel - drive . </P> <P> 1986 marked the final year that the F - 150 was available with a 3 - speed manual gearbox that shifted via a steering column lever ( 3 - on - the - tree ) . Incidentally , this was the second - last vehicle in the United States that offered this set up . 1986 was also the last year the Explorer package was available . </P> <P> This is the first generation of trucks to incorporate amenities such as power mirrors , power windows , and power door locks . </P> <H2> Eighth generation ( 1987 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Ford F - Series ( eighth generation ) Ford F - 150 ( light - duty type ) <P> The 1987 F - Series carried over the same body style from the seventh generation , yet sported a new rounded front clip that improved aerodynamics , as well as the softening of body lines around the rear of the bed and fender arches around the wheel wells . The interior was also completely redesigned in 1987 . The transmissions available on SuperCab models were a four - or five - speed manual ; regular cab models were also available with automatic transmission . The Custom trim made a comeback for the eighth generation . In 1988 , the 4.9 Liter inline - six , 5.8 Liter V8 , and 7.5 Liter V8 engines gained electronic fuel injection . International Navistar also increased the displacement of their 6.9 Liter V8 in the same year , resulting in the new 7.3 Liter unit . This was also the first year of a five - speed manual overdrive transmission , which included the Mazda M5OD in the F - 150s and the heavy - duty ZF5 in the F - 250s and F - 350s . Four - speed manuals were dropped as standard

The first Ford F-150 was made in

When was the first ford f 150 made?

2529995246626301289

produces , instead of mere contact , a unity which is organic , continuous and quantitative ( but not qualitative ) . Again , `` nature '' means ( d ) the primary stuff , shapeless and unchangeable from its own potency , of which any natural object consists or from which it is produced ; e.g. , bronze is called the `` nature '' of a statue and of bronze articles , and wood that of wooden ones , and similarly in all other cases . For each article consists of these `` natures , '' the primary material persisting . It is in this sense that men call the elements of natural objects the `` nature , '' some calling it fire , others earth or air or water , others something else similar , others some of these , and others all of them . Again in another sense `` nature '' means ( e ) the substance of natural objects ; as in the case of those who say that the `` nature '' is the primary composition of a thing , or as Empedocles says : Of nothing that exists is there nature , but only mixture and separation of what has been mixed ; nature is but a name given to these by men . Hence as regards those things which exist or are produced by nature , although that from which they naturally are produced or exist is already present , we say that they have not their nature yet unless they have their form and shape . That which comprises both of these exists by nature ; e.g. animals and their parts . And nature is both the primary matter ( and this in two senses : either primary in relation to the thing , or primary in general ; e.g. , in bronze articles the primary matter in relation to those articles is bronze , but in general it is perhaps water -- that is if all things which can be melted are water ) and the form or essence , i.e. the end of the process , of generation . Indeed from this sense of `` nature , '' by an extension of meaning , every essence in general is called `` nature , '' because the nature of anything is a kind of essence . From what has been said , then , the primary and proper sense of `` nature '' is the essence of those things which contain in themselves as such a source of motion ; for the matter is called `` nature '' because it is capable of receiving the nature , and the processes of generation and growth are called `` nature '' because they are motions derived from it . And nature in this sense is the source of motion in natural objects , which is somehow inherent in them , either potentially or actually . </P> -- Metaphysics 1014b - 1015a , translated by Hugh Tredennick , emphasis added . <P> It has been argued , as will be explained below , that this type of theory represented an oversimplifying diversion from the debates within Classical philosophy , possibly even that Aristotle saw it as a simplification or summary of the debates himself . But in any case the theory of the four causes became a standard part of any advanced education in the Middle Ages . </P> <H2> Modern science and laws of nature : trying to avoid metaphysics ( edit ) </H2> A Renaissance representation of Democritus the laughing philosopher , by Agostino Carracci Francis Bacon <P> In contrast , Modern Science took its distinctive turn with Francis Bacon , who rejected the four distinct causes , and saw Aristotle as someone who `` did proceed in such a spirit of difference and contradiction towards all antiquity : undertaking not only to frame new words of science at pleasure , but to confound and extinguish all ancient wisdom '' . He felt that lesser known Greek philosophers such as Democritus `` who did not suppose a mind or reason in the frame of things '' , have been arrogantly dismissed because of Aristotelianism leading to a situation in his time wherein `` the search of the physical causes hath been neglected , and passed in silence '' . </P> <P> And so Bacon advised ... </P> <P> Physic doth make inquiry , and take consideration of the same natures : but how ? Only as to the material and efficient causes of them , and not as to the forms . For example ; if the cause of whiteness in snow or froth be inquired , and it be rendered thus , that the subtile intermixture of air and water is the cause , it is well rendered ; but , nevertheless , is this the form of whiteness ? No ; but it is the efficient , which is ever but vehiculum formæ . This part of metaphysique I do not find laboured and performed ... </P> -- Francis Bacon , Advancement of Learning II. VII. 6 <P> In his Novum Organum Bacon argued that the only forms or natures we should hypothesize are the `` simple '' ( as opposed to compound ) ones such as the ways in which heat , movement , etc. work . For example , in aphorism 51 he writes : </P> <P> 51 . The human understanding is , by its own nature , prone to abstraction , and supposes that which is fluctuating to be fixed . But it is better to dissect than abstract nature ; such was the method employed by the school of Democritus , which made greater progress in penetrating nature than the rest . It is best to consider matter , its conformation , and the changes of that conformation , its own action , and the law of this action or motion , for forms are a mere fiction of the human mind , unless you will call the laws of action by that name . </P> <P> Following Bacon 's advice , the scientific search for the formal cause of things is now replaced by the search for `` laws of nature '' or `` laws of physics '' in all scientific thinking . To use Aristotle 's well - known terminology these are descriptions of efficient cause , and not formal cause or final cause . It means modern science limits its hypothesizing about non-physical things to the assumption that there are regularities to the ways of all things which do not change . </P> <P> These general laws , in other words , replace thinking about specific `` laws '' , for example `` human nature '' . In modern science , human nature is part of the same general scheme of cause and effect , obeying the same general laws , as all other things . The above - mentioned difference between accidental and substantial properties , and indeed knowledge and opinion , also disappear within this new approach that aimed to avoid metaphysics . </P> <P> As Bacon knew , the term `` laws of nature '' was one taken from medieval Aristotelianism . St Thomas of Aquinas for example , defined law so that nature really was legislated to consciously achieve aims , like human law : `` an ordinance of reason for the common good , made by him who has care of the community and promulgated '' . In contrast , roughly contemporary with Bacon , Hugo Grotius described the law of nature as `` a rule that ( can ) be deduced from fixed principles by a sure process of reasoning '' . And later still , Montesquieu was even further from the original legal metaphor , describing laws vaguely as `` the necessary relations deriving from the nature of things '' . </P> Thomas Hobbes <P> One of the most important implementors of Bacon 's proposal was Thomas Hobbes , whose remarks concerning nature are particularly well - known . His most famous work , Leviathan , opens with the word `` Nature '' and then parenthetically defines it as `` the art whereby God hath made and governes the world '' . Despite this pious description , he follows a Baconian approach . Following his contemporary , Descartes , Hobbes describes life itself as mechanical , caused in the same way as clockwork : </P> <P> For seeing life is but a motion of Limbs , the beginning whereof is in some principall part within ; why may we not say , that all Automata ( Engines that move themselves by springs and wheeles as doth a watch ) have an artificiall life ? </P> <P> On this basis , already being established in natural science in his lifetime , Hobbes sought to discuss politics and human life in terms of `` laws of nature '' . But in the new modern approach of Bacon and Hobbes , and before them Machiavelli ( who however never clothed his criticism of the Aristotelian approach in medieval terms like `` laws of nature '' ) , such laws of nature are quite different to human laws : they no longer imply any sense of better or worse , but simply how things really are , and , when in reference to laws of human nature , what sorts of human behavior can be most relied upon . </P> <H2> `` Late modern '' nature ( edit ) </H2> Jean - Jacques Rousseau : a civilized man , but a person who questioned whether civilization was according to human nature . Benjamin West 's `` The Death of General Wolfe '' . The section shows the Native American . West 's portrayal of the Native American has been cited as an example of the `` noble savage '' , a concept associated with Rousseau 's Second Discourse . The Discourse itself used stories of great apes to help explain what man would be like in the state of nature . <P> Having disconnected the term `` law of nature '' from the original medieval metaphor of human - made law , the term `` law of nature '' is now used less than in early modern times . </P> <P> To take the critical example of human nature , as discussed in ethics and politics , once early modern philosophers such as Hobbes had described human nature as whatever you could expect from a mechanism called a human , the point of speaking of human nature became problematic in some contexts . </P> <P> In the late 18th century , Rousseau took a critical step in his Second Discourse , reasoning that human nature as we know it , rational , and with language , and so on , is a result of historical accidents , and the specific up - bringing of an individual . The consequences of this line of reasoning were to be enormous . It was all about the question of nature . In effect it was being claimed that human nature , one of the most important types of nature in Aristotelian thinking , did not exist as it had been understood to exist . </P> <H2> The survival of metaphysics ( edit ) </H2> <P> The approach of modern science , like the approach of Aristotelianism , is apparently not universally accepted by all people who accept the concept of nature as a reality which we can pursue with reason . </P> <P> Bacon and other opponents of Metaphysics claim that all attempts to go beyond nature are bound to fall into the same errors , but Metaphysicians themselves see differences between different approaches . </P> <P> Immanuel Kant for example , expressed the need for a Metaphysics in quite similar terms to Aristotle . </P> <P> ... though we can not know these objects as things in themselves , we must yet be in a position at least to think them as things in themselves ; otherwise we should be landed in the absurd conclusion that there can be appearance without anything that appears . </P> -- Critique

The philosopher who advocated the idea of a return to nature was Francis

Which philosopher advocated the idea of return to nature?

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text of statute as amended </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Canada Act 1982 ( 1982 c. 11 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was passed ( as stated in the preamble ) at the request of the Parliament of Canada , to `` patriate '' Canada 's constitution , ending the necessity for the British parliament to be involved in making changes to the Constitution of Canada . The Act also formally ended the `` request and consent '' provisions of the Statute of Westminster 1931 in relation to Canada , whereby the British parliament had a general power to pass laws extending to Canada at its own request . </P> <P> Annexed as Schedule B to the Act is the text of the Constitution Act , 1982 , in both of Canada 's official languages ( i.e. English and French ) . Because of the requirements of official bilingualism , the body of the Canada Act itself is also set out in French in Schedule A to the Act , which is declared by s . 3 to have `` the same authority in Canada as the English version thereof '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Enactment of the Act </Li> <Li> 3 Proclamation by the Queen of Canada </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Canada 's modern political history as a union of previously separate provinces began with the British North America Act , 1867 ( currently officially called the Constitution Act , 1867 ) . This act combined the Province of Canada ( now Ontario and Quebec ) with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick into a Dominion within the British Empire . Canada adopted a Westminster style government with a Parliament of Canada . A Governor General fulfilled the constitutional duties of the British Sovereign on Canadian soil . Similar arrangements applied within each province . </P> <P> Despite this autonomy , the United Kingdom still had the power to legislate for Canada . The Statute of Westminster 1931 removed this power of the British Parliament for Canada , as well as for the other British Dominions ( Australia ( adopted 1942 ) , the Irish Free State , New Zealand ( adopted 1947 ) , the Union of South Africa , and the Dominion of Newfoundland ( never ratified , joined Canada in 1949 ) ) , unless ( sec. 4 ) the Dominion requested and consented to Imperial legislation . Also , the British North America ( No. 2 ) Act , 1949 was passed by the British Parliament , giving the Parliament of Canada significant constitutional amending powers . </P> <P> However , with Canada 's agreement at the time , under the Statute of Westminster ( sec. 7 ( 1 ) ) the British Parliament also retained the power to amend the key Canadian constitutional statutes , namely the British North America Acts . In effect , an Act of the British Parliament was required to make certain changes to the Canadian constitution . Delay in the patriation of the Canadian constitution was due in large part to the lack of agreement concerning a method for amending the constitution that would be acceptable to all of the provinces , particularly Quebec . </P> <H2> Enactment of the Act ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Canada Act 1982 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in response to the request from the Parliament of Canada to take over authority for amending its own constitution . After unpromising negotiations with the provincial governments , Pierre Trudeau proclaimed that the federal Parliament would unilaterally patriate the constitution . After numerous references by the provinces , the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the Patriation Reference that provincial consent was not legally necessary , but to do so without substantial consent would be contrary to a longstanding constitutional convention . Trudeau succeeded in convincing nine provinces out of ten by agreeing to the addition of a Notwithstanding Clause to limit the application of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as a result of discussions during a First Ministers ' conference and other minor changes in November 1981 . </P> <P> In the UK , 44 Members of Parliament voted against the Act , including 24 Conservative and 16 Labour MP 's , citing concerns over Canada 's past mistreatment of Quebec and Aboriginal peoples ( as recalled with frustration by Jean Chrétien in his memoirs Straight from the Heart ) ; overall there was little opposition from the British government to passing the Act . However , new research into documents of the Thatcher government indicate that Britain had serious concerns about the inclusion of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms within the Canada Act . Part of this concern stemmed from letters of protest the British received about it from provincial actors , but also because the Charter undermined the principle of parliamentary supremacy , which until that time had always been a core feature of every government practising the Westminster system . </P> <P> Through section 2 of the Canada Act 1982 , the United Kingdom ended its involvement with further amendments to the Canadian constitution . The procedure for amending the Constitution Act , 1982 must comply with its Part V , instead of the usual parliamentary procedure requiring the monarch 's Royal Assent for enacting legislation . </P> <H2> Proclamation by the Queen of Canada ( edit ) </H2> <P> While the Canada Act 1982 received royal assent on March 29 , 1982 in London , it was not until the Queen visited Canada the following month that the Constitution Act , 1982 , its Canadian equivalent , was proclaimed by letters patent as a statutory instrument by the Queen during her presence in Canada . </P> <P> Canada 's Constitution Act , 1982 was signed into law by Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada on April 17 , 1982 on Parliament Hill in Ottawa . Queen Elizabeth 's constitutional powers over Canada were not affected by the Act , and she remains Queen and Head of State of Canada . Canada has complete sovereignty as an independent country , however , and the Queen 's role as monarch of Canada is separate from her role as the British monarch or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> History of Canada portal </Li> <Li> Canadian politics portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Australia Act 1986 </Li> <Li> New Zealand Constitution Act 1986 </Li> <Li> Patriation </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Canada Act 1982 , s . 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Canada in the Making -- Constitutional History '' ... canadiana.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Statute of Westminster , 1931 '' . Efc.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British North America ( No. 2 ) Act , 1949 '' . Solon.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Canada.ca . Government of Canada . May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A statute worth 75 cheers '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . March 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Couture , Christa ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Canada is celebrating 150 years of ... what , exactly ? '' . CBC . CBC . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 ... the Constitution Act itself cleaned up a bit of unfinished business from the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , in which Britain granted each of the Dominions full legal autonomy if they chose to accept it . All but one Dominion -- that would be us , Canada -- chose to accept every resolution . Our leaders could n't decide on how to amend the Constitution , so that power stayed with Britain until 1982 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gérin - Lajoie , Paul ( 1951 ) . `` Constitutional Amendment in Canada '' . The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science . Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Canadian Economics Association . 17 : 6 . JSTOR 137699 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Intellectuals for the Sovereignty of Quebec '' . Rocler.qc.ca. 1995 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Library and Archives , Government of Canada . Government of Canada . 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Constitution -- The Monarchist League of Canada '' . Monarchist.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1981 CanLII 25 ( S.C.C. ) '' . CanLII . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter ( BP - 194E ) '' ... parl.gc.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siddiqui , Haroon ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Canada 's cherished Charter could not have happened without `` kitchen accord '' `` . Toronto Star . Retrieved 15 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frédéric Bastien. 2010 . ― Britain , the Charter of Rights and the spirit of the 1982 Canadian Constitution. ‖ Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 48 ( 3 ) : 320 -- 347 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feasby , Colin ( 2006 ) . `` Constitutional Questions About Canada 's New Political Finance Regime '' ( PDF ) . Osgoode Hall Law School York University . p. 18 Volume 48 , Number 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Library and Archives , Government of Canada . Government of Canada . 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . The signing of the proclamation on April 17 , 1982 , marked the end of efforts by many successive governments . The new Constitution was accompanied by The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , and an amending formula that would no longer require an appeal to the British Parliament . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lauterpacht , E ( 1988 ) . International Law Reports . Cambridge University Press . p. 457 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46423 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Proclamation of the Constitution Act , 1982 '' . Library and Archives , Government of Canada . Government of Canada . 2015 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . The signing of the proclamation on April 17 , 1982 , marked the end of efforts by many successive governments . The new Constitution was accompanied by The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , and an amending formula that would no longer require an appeal to the British Parliament . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cyr , Hugo ( 2009 ) . Canadian Federalism and Treaty Powers : Organic Constitutionalism at Work . Bruxelles ; New York : P.I.E. Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5201 - 453 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Some Visual Aspects of the Monarchical Tradition '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Parliamentary Review 31 . 2004 . p. 17 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text

Canada gained independence from Great Britain on

When did canada gain independence from great britain?

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Five - spice powder - wikipedia <H1> Five - spice powder </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> This article is about Chinese five - spice mixture . For Bengali five - spice mixture , see Panch phoron . <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Five - spice powder </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chinese </Th> <Td> 五香 粉 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literal meaning </Th> <Td> `` five - spice powder '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( show ) Transcriptions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Standard Mandarin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hanyu Pinyin </Th> <Td> wǔ xiāng fěn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> IPA </Th> <Td> ( ù ɕjáŋ fə̀n ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Yue : Cantonese </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yale Romanization </Th> <Td> ńgh hēung fán </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jyutping </Th> <Td> ng5 hoeng1 fan2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Southern Min </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hokkien POJ </Th> <Td> ngó͘ - hiong - hún </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Five - spice powder <P> Five - spice powder is a spice mixture of five or more spices used primarily in Chinese cuisine but also used in other Asian and Arabic cookery . </P> <P> Five - spice powder is used for cocktails as well . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Recipe </Li> <Li> 2 Use </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Recipe ( edit ) </H2> <P> While there are many variants , a common mix is : </P> <Ul> <Li> Star anise ( bajiao 八角 ) </Li> <Li> Cloves ( dingxiang 丁香 ) </Li> <Li> Chinese cinnamon ( rougui 肉桂 ) </Li> <Li> Sichuan pepper ( huajiao 花椒 ) </Li> <Li> Fennel seeds ( xiao huixiang 小 茴香 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Other recipes may contain anise seed , ginger root , nutmeg , turmeric , Amomum villosum pods ( 砂 仁 ) , Amomum cardamomum pods ( 白 豆蔻 ) , licorice , Mandarin orange peel or galangal . In Southern China , Cinnamomum loureiroi and Mandarin orange peel are commonly used as substitutes for Cinnamomum cassia and cloves respectively , producing a slightly different flavour profile for southern five - spice powders . </P> <H2> Use ( edit ) </H2> <P> Five spice may be used with fatty meats such as pork , duck or goose . It is used as a spice rub for chicken , duck , pork and seafood , in red cooking recipes , or added to the breading for fried foods . Five spice is used in recipes for Cantonese roasted duck , as well as beef stew . It is used as a marinade for Vietnamese broiled chicken . The five - spice powder mixture has followed the Chinese diaspora and has been incorporated into other national cuisines throughout Asia . </P> <P> Although this mixture is used in restaurant cooking , few Chinese households use it in day - to - day cooking . In Hawaii , some restaurants place a shaker of the spice on each patron 's table . A seasoned salt can be easily made by dry - roasting common salt with five - spice powder under low heat in a dry pan until the spice and salt are well mixed . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Food portal </Li> <Li> China portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of culinary herbs and spices </Li> <Li> Ngo gai </Li> <Li> Ngo hiang </Li> <Li> Panch phoron </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on <Ul> <Li> Five Spice Powder </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` High Five : Chinese Five Spice Powder '' . Foodreference.com. 2009 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chinese Five Spice at The Epicentre </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Culinary herbs and spices </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Herbs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Angelica </Li> <Li> Basil <Ul> <Li> holy </Li> <Li> Thai </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bay leaf </Li> <Li> Indian bay leaf ( tejpat ) </Li> <Li> Boldo </Li> <Li> Borage </Li> <Li> Chervil </Li> <Li> Chives <Ul> <Li> garlic / Chinese </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cicely </Li> <Li> Coriander leaf / Cilantro <Ul> <Li> Bolivian </Li> <Li> Vietnamese ( rau răm ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Culantro </Li> <Li> Cress </Li> <Li> Curry leaf </Li> <Li> Dill </Li> <Li> Epazote </Li> <Li> Hemp </Li> <Li> Hoja santa </Li> <Li> Houttuynia cordata ( giấp cá ) </Li> <Li> Hyssop </Li> <Li> Jimbu </Li> <Li> Kinh gioi ( Vietnamese balm ) </Li> <Li> Kkaennip </Li> <Li> Lavender </Li> <Li> Lemon balm </Li> <Li> Lemon grass </Li> <Li> Lemon myrtle </Li> <Li> Lemon verbena </Li> <Li> Limnophila aromatica ( rice - paddy herb ) </Li> <Li> Lovage </Li> <Li> Marjoram </Li> <Li> Mint </Li> <Li> Mugwort </Li> <Li> Mitsuba </Li> <Li> Oregano </Li> <Li> Parsley </Li> <Li> Perilla </Li> <Li> Rosemary </Li> <Li> Rue </Li> <Li> Sage </Li> <Li> Savory </Li> <Li> Sanshō leaf </Li> <Li> Shiso </Li> <Li> Sorrel </Li> <Li> Tarragon </Li> <Li> Thyme </Li> <Li> Woodruff </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Spices </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Aonori ( ground seaweed ) </Li> <Li> Ajwain </Li> <Li> Allspice </Li> <Li> Amchoor ( mango powder ) </Li> <Li> Anise <Ul> <Li> star </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Asafoetida </Li> <Li> Camphor </Li> <Li> Caraway </Li> <Li> Cardamom <Ul> <Li> black </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cassia </Li> <Li> Celery powder </Li> <Li> Celery seed </Li> <Li> Charoli </Li> <Li> Chenpi </Li> <Li> Cinnamon </Li> <Li> Clove </Li> <Li> Coriander seed </Li> <Li> Cubeb </Li> <Li> Cumin <Ul> <Li> Nigella sativa </Li> <Li> Bunium persicum </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Deulkkae </Li> <Li> Dill / Dill seed </Li> <Li> Fennel </Li> <Li> Fenugreek <Ul> <Li> blue </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fingerroot ( krachai ) </Li> <Li> Galangal <Ul> <Li> greater </Li> <Li> lesser </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Garlic </Li> <Li> Ginger </Li> <Li> Aromatic ginger ( kencur ) </Li> <Li> Golpar </Li> <Li> Grains of Paradise </Li> <Li> Grains of Selim </Li> <Li> Horseradish </Li> <Li> Juniper berry </Li> <Li> Kokum </Li> <Li> Korarima </Li> <Li> Dried lime </Li> <Li> Liquorice </Li> <Li> Litsea cubeba </Li> <Li> Mace </Li> <Li> Mango - ginger </Li> <Li> Mastic </Li> <Li> Mahleb </Li> <Li> Mustard <Ul> <Li> black </Li> <Li> brown </Li> <Li> white </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nigella ( kalonji ) </Li> <Li> Njangsa </Li> <Li> Nutmeg </Li> <Li> Pomegranate seed ( anardana ) </Li> <Li> Poppy seed </Li> <Li> Radhuni </Li> <Li> Rose </Li> <Li> Saffron </Li> <Li> Salt </Li> <Li> Sarsaparilla </Li> <Li> Sassafras </Li> <Li> Sesame </Li> <Li> Shiso seeds / berries </Li> <Li> Sumac </Li> <Li> Tamarind </Li> <Li> Tonka bean </Li> <Li> Turmeric </Li> <Li> Uzazi </Li> <Li> Vanilla </Li> <Li> Voatsiperifery </Li> <Li> Wasabi </Li> <Li> Yuzu zest </Li> <Li> Zedoary </Li> <Li> Zereshk </Li> <Li> Zest </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Peppers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alligator </Li> <Li> Brazilian </Li> <Li> Chili <Ul> <Li> Cayenne </Li> <Li> Paprika </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Long </Li> <Li> Peruvian </Li> <Li> Sichuan ( huājiāo ) </Li> <Li> Japanese pricklyash </Li> <Li> Tasmanian </Li> <Li> Peppercorn ( black / green / white ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Mixtures </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Adjika </Li> <Li> Advieh </Li> <Li> Baharat </Li> <Li> Beau monde seasoning </Li> <Li> Berbere </Li> <Li> Bouquet garni </Li> <Li> Buknu </Li> <Li> Chaat masala </Li> <Li> Chaunk </Li> <Li> Chili powder </Li> <Li> Cinnamon sugar </Li> <Li> Crab boil </Li> <Li> Curry powder </Li> <Li> Doubanjiang </Li> <Li> Douchi </Li> <Li> Duqqa </Li> <Li> Fines herbes </Li> <Li> Five - spice powder </Li> <Li> Garam masala </Li> <Li> Garlic powder </Li> <Li> Garlic salt </Li> <Li> Gochujang </Li> <Li> Harissa </Li> <Li> Hawaij </Li> <Li> Herbes de Provence </Li> <Li> Idli podi </Li> <Li> Jamaican jerk spice </Li> <Li> Khmeli suneli </Li> <Li> Lemon pepper </Li> <Li> Mitmita </Li> <Li> Mixed spice </Li> <Li> Montreal steak seasoning </Li> <Li> Mulling spices </Li> <Li> Old Bay Seasoning </Li> <Li> Onion powder </Li> <Li> Panch phoron </Li> <Li> Persillade </Li> <Li> Powder - douce </Li> <Li> Pumpkin pie spice </Li> <Li> Qâlat daqqa </Li> <Li> Quatre épices </Li> <Li> Ras el hanout </Li> <Li> Recado rojo </Li> <Li> Sharena sol </Li> <Li> Shichimi </Li> <Li> Tabil </Li> <Li> Tandoori masala </Li> <Li> Vadouvan </Li> <Li> Yuzukoshō </Li> <Li> Za'atar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Lists and related topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Lists of herbs and spices </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Culinary </Li> <Li> Australian </Li> <Li> Bangladeshi </Li> <Li> Indian </Li> <Li> Pakistani </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Related topics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Chinese herbology </Li> <Li> Herbal tea </Li> <Li> Marination </Li> <Li> Spice rub </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cantonese cuisine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main dishes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bao yu </Li> <Li> Bird 's nest soup </Li> <Li> Buddha 's delight </Li> <Li> Cantonese seafood soup </Li> <Li> Chinese steamed eggs </Li> <Li> Congee </Li> <Li> Crispy fried chicken </Li> <Li> Dragon tiger phoenix </Li> <Li> Egg foo young </Li> <Li> Hot pot </Li> <Li> Lemon chicken </Li> <Li> Pork Knuckles and Ginger Stew </Li> <Li> Seafood birdsnest </Li> <Li> Shark fin soup </Li> <Li> Snake bite chicken </Li> <Li> Soy sauce chicken </Li> <Li> Steam minced pork </Li> <Li> Subgum </Li> <Li> Suckling pig </Li> <Li> Sweet and sour pork </Li> <Li> White boiled shrimp </Li> <Li> White cut chicken </Li> <Li> Wonton noodles </Li> <Li> Yangzhou fried rice </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dim sum and yum cha </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Annin tofu </Li> <Li> Beef tripe </Li> <Li> Cha siu bao </Li> <Li> Chicken feet </Li> <Li> Coconut bar </Li> <Li> Har gow </Li> <Li> Jian dui </Li> <Li> Jiaozi </Li> <Li> Lo mai gai </Li> <Li> Nian gao </Li> <Li> Ox - tongue pastry </Li> <Li> Rice noodle roll </Li> <Li> Shumai </Li> <Li> Spring roll </Li> <Li> Steamed meatball </Li> <Li> Swiss wing </Li> <Li> Taro cake </Li> <Li> Taro dumpling </Li> <Li> Tendon </Li> <Li> Tofu skin roll </Li> <Li> Turnip cake </Li> <Li> Water chestnut cake </Li> <Li> Yau gok </Li> <Li> Youtiao </Li> <Li> Zhaliang </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Siu laap </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Char siu </Li> <Li> Chinese sausage </Li> <Li> Lou mei </Li> <Li> Orange cuttlefish </Li> <Li> Roast goose </Li> <Li> Siu mei </Li> <Li> Siu yuk </Li> <Li> White cut chicken </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Desserts and pastry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Almond biscuit </Li> <Li> Biscuit roll </Li> <Li> Deuk Deuk Tong </Li> <Li> Douhua </Li> <Li> Ginger milk curd </Li> <Li> Lo mai chi </Li> <Li> Mooncake </Li> <Li> Red bean cake </Li> <Li> Red bean soup </Li> <Li> Sausage bun </Li> <Li> Tong sui </Li> <Li> White sugar sponge cake </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Condiments and spices </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fermented bean curd </Li> <Li> Five - spice powder </Li> <Li> XO sauce </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ingredients </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beef ball </Li> <Li> Black bean paste </Li> <Li> Chenpi </Li> <Li> Conpoy </Li> <Li> Fermented black beans </Li> <Li> Fish ball </Li> <Li> Fish slice </Li> <Li> Frog legs </Li> <Li> Garland chrysanthemum </Li> <Li> Kai - lan </Li>

The spices in Chinese 5 spice powder include

What are the spices in chinese 5 spice powder?

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of birth and registration and before 1984 do not show mothers occupation . </P> <P> The short certificate , titled ' CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH ' , shows the child 's full name , sex , date and place of birth . It does not give any particulars of the parents ; therefore it is not proof of parentage . A short birth certificate is issued , free of charge , at the time of registration . </P> <P> Both versions of certificate can be used in the verification of identity by acting as a support to other information or documentation provided . Where proof of parentage is required only a full certificate will be accepted . </P> <P> The original registrations are required by law to be issued in the form of certified copies to any person who identifies an index entry and pays the prescribed fee . They can be ordered by registered users from the General Register Office Certificate Ordering Service or by postal or telephone ordering from the General Register Office or by post or in person from local registrars . If the birth was registered within the past 50 years detailed information is required before a certificate will be issued . </P> <H2> India ( edit ) </H2> <P> Traditionally Births were poorly recorded in India . </P> <P> For official purposes , other proofs are accepted in India in lieu of the Birth certificate , such as Matriculation certificates . Facilities are available to produce a Birth certificate from a passport . </P> <P> By law since 1969 , Registration of Births is compulsory as per provisions of Registration of Births & Deaths Act . Birth certificates are issued by the Government of India or the municipality concerned . Specific rules vary by state , region and municipality . </P> <P> In Delhi , for example , births must be registered within 21 days by the hospital or institution , or by a family member if the birth has taken place at home . After registration , a birth certificate can be obtained by applying to the relevant authority . Certificates can also be issued under special provisions to adopted children , and undocumented orphans . Overseas births can also be registered . </P> <P> Some municipalities , such as Greater Chennai Corporation allow for fully digital Birth certificates to be applied for printed , and verified online . </P> <H2> Russia ( edit ) </H2> A Russian birth certificate issued on April 2011 <P> Earlier testimony was a small book format - bound , now it 's just a page format B5 , provided with watermarks . The certificate has a series and number . </P> <P> Blank insert is made in Russian . In the case of being issued in one of the country 's republics , its national language form liner can be made in Russian and in the official language of the republic on the model , approved by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation . </P> <H3> Filling ( edit ) </H3> <P> A birth certificate can be filled with a handwritten way and with the use of technical equipment ( typewriters , computers ) . When filling in the form is carried handwritten way , all records are made legibly in ink or paste blue or black . If you are using a computer or typewriter dye must be black . The quality of paste , ink , dye , used in completing the documents should ensure the preservation of text documents for a set retention period . When filling out the birth certificate is not allowed to have it in patches , blots and erasures , cuts . </P> <P> Birth certificate is signed by the head of the registrar or other public authority issuing the certificate ( e.g. , the consulate ) . Signature of the registrar should have a transcript ( initials and surname ) and sealed with the official seal . </P> <P> Currently , information about the nationality of the parents is mentioned in the certificate on request . By default , this column is empty </P> <P> When making a citizenship , a special insert is issued to the birth certificate . In testimony Stamp . </P> <P> February 6 , 2007 ear of citizenship were canceled , on the reverse side of the Certificate began to put a stamp on the child 's citizenship . This rule applies to newborns or those who change or restores documents . </P> <P> Old shells are valid for achieving a child 14 years old and to change them is not necessary . </P> <H3> The procedure for obtaining ( edit ) </H3> <P> The birth certificate of the child 's parents can get ( not deprived of parental rights ) , itself a child of full age , guardian or caregiver . Issuance of the document is made in the offices of the registrar , ZAGS ( Russian : ЗАГС ) . </P> <P> With the loss of the certificate , a new document is issued by the registry office ( ZAGS ) in the place of the original receipt on the basis of a written application . </P> <H2> United states ( edit ) </H2> See also : United States nationality law , Citizenship in the United States , and Birthright citizenship in the United States <P> In the U.S. , the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states , capital district , territories and former territories . Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship , so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport . However , the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens ( who are also eligible for citizenship ) , including births on military bases in foreign territory . </P> <P> The federal and state governments have traditionally cooperated to some extent to improve vital statistics . From 1900 to 1946 the U.S. Census Bureau designed standard birth certificates , collected vital statistics on a national basis , and generally sought to improve the accuracy of vital statistics . In 1946 that responsibility was passed to the U.S. Public Health Service . Unlike the British system of recording all births in `` registers '' , the states file an individual document for each and every birth . </P> <P> The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics creates standard forms that are recommended for use by the individual states to document births . However , states are free to create their own forms . As a result , neither the appearance nor the information content of birth certificate forms is uniform across states . These forms are completed by the attendant at birth or a hospital administrator , which are then forwarded to a local or state registrar , who stores the record and issues certified copies upon request . </P> <P> In 2017 , the state of Illinois began an effort to digitize birth certificates using blockchain technology . </P> <H3> Types of certified copies issued ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to the Department of Health and Human Services , Office of Inspector General , as of 2000 there were more than 6,000 entities issuing birth certificates . The Inspector General report states that according to staff at the Immigration and Naturalization Service 's Forensics Document Laboratory the number of legitimate birth certificate versions in use exceeded 14,000 . </P> Acceptance of short forms ( edit ) <P> In the case of applying for a U.S. passport , not all legitimate government - issued birth certificates are acceptable : </P> <P> A certified birth certificate has a registrar 's raised , embossed , impressed or multicolored seal , registrar 's signature , and the date the certificate was filed with the registrar 's office , which must be within 1 year of your birth . Please note , some short ( abstract ) versions of birth certificates may not be acceptable for passport purposes . </P> <P> Beginning April 1 , 2011 , all birth certificates must also include the full names of the applicant 's parent ( s ) . </P> <P> The U.S. State Department has paid close attention to abstract certificates from both Texas and California . There have been reports of a high incidence of midwife registration fraud along the border region between Texas and Mexico , and the Texas abstract certificate form does not list the name or occupation of the attendant . The California Abstract of Birth did not include an embossed seal , was no longer considered a secure document , and have not been issued in California since 2001 . </P> Other forms ( edit ) <P> Most hospitals in the U.S. issue a souvenir birth certificate which may include the footprints of the newborn . However , these birth certificates are not legally accepted as proof of age or citizenship , and are frequently rejected by the Bureau of Consular Affairs during passport applications . Many Americans believe the souvenir records to be their official birth certificates , when in reality they hold little legal value . </P> Birth certificates in cases of adoptions ( edit ) <P> In the United States , when an adoption is finalized , the government seals the original birth certificate and will issue a replacement birth certificate substituting the individual 's birth name with the name selected by the adoptive parents , and replacing the birth parents ' names with the adoptive parents . In those cases , adopted individuals are not granted access to their own original birth certificates upon request . Laws vary depending on the state where the birth was originally registered and the adoption was finalized . Some states allow adopted people unrestricted access to their own original birth certificates , while in others the certificate is available only if the biological parents have given their permission or a petition has been granted by the court of jurisdiction . Other jurisdictions do not allow adopted people access to their own original birth certificates under any circumstances . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Birth registration in Ancient Rome </Li> <Li> Birth registration campaign in Liberia </Li> <Li> Closed adoption </Li> <Li> Death certificate </Li> <Li> Identity card </Li> <Li> Marriage license </Li> <Li> Passport </Li> <Li> Vital record </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vital Records Registration Handbook Archived 11 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( Jacksonville , FL : Florida Office of Vital Statistics , 2007 ) 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Us '' Archived 1 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( UK General Registry Office ) , accessed August 2009 , . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brumberg , H.L. ; Dozor , D. ; Golombek , S.G. ( June 2012 ) . `` History of the birth certificate : from inception to the future of electronic data '' . Journal of Perinatology. 32 : 407 -- 411 . doi : 10.1038 / jp. 2012.3 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Convention on the Rights of the Child Archived 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ( Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights , 1989 ) , accessed 17 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Universal Birth Registration -- A Universal Responsibility ( Woking : Plan International , 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era '' . UNICEF . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UNICEF Data -- Birth Registration '' ( data.unicef.org ) accessed 18 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paula Gerba , `` Making Indigenous Australians ' disappear ' : Problems arising from our birth registration systems , '' Alternative Law Journal 34 , no . 3 ( 2009 ) : 157 -- 162 , . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to :

Birth certificates were first issued in the United States in

When were birth certificates first issued in the united states?

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Jacob Marley - wikipedia <H1> Jacob Marley </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Marley 's Ghost '' redirects here . For other uses , see Marley 's Ghost ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Jacob Marley </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> A Christmas Carol character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Jacob Marley 's ghost visits Scrooge in Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Charles Dickens </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> J.M. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Ghost ( Formerly Human ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Business Partner / Accountant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> unspecified ( no stated family ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> The Ghost of Christmas Past The Ghost of Christmas Present The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jacob Marley is a fictional character who appears in Charles Dickens 's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol . He is Ebenezer Scrooge 's deceased business partner , now a chained and tormented ghost , doomed to wander the earth forever as punishment for his greed and selfishness when he was alive . Marley roams restlessly , witnessing the hardships others suffer and lamenting that he has forever lost his chance to help them . Marley arranges for the three spirits to visit Scrooge and gives his friend an opportunity for redemption , which Marley tells him was `` ... a chance and hope of my procuring . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Role in the story </Li> <Li> 2 Appearances in various film adaptations </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Role in the story ( edit ) </H2> <P> In A Christmas Carol , Marley is the first character mentioned in the first line of the story . Jacob Marley is said to have died seven years earlier on Christmas Eve ( as the setting is Christmas Eve 1843 , this would have made the date of his passing December 24 , 1836 ) . </P> <P> In life , Jacob Marley was the business partner of Ebenezer Scrooge . They co-owned the firm of Scrooge and Marley , and he refers to their offices as ' our money - changing hole ' . They became successful yet hard - hearted bankers , with seats on the London Stock Exchange . Scrooge is described as Marley 's `` sole friend '' and `` sole mourner '' , and praises Marley as having been a good friend to him . </P> <P> Seven years after his death , on Christmas Eve , Marley 's ghost visits Scrooge . Marley preys upon Scrooge 's mind in many different ways , notably his face manifesting on the knocker on Scrooge 's front door and causing the bells in his house to ring . The ghost maintains the same voice , hairstyle and sense of dress that he had in life , but is translucent . He wears a handkerchief tied about his jaws , and `` captive , bound and double - ironed '' with chains which are described as `` long , and wound about him like a tail ; it was made ... of cash - boxes , keys , padlocks , ledgers , deeds , and heavy purses wrought in steel . '' He often , in moments of great despair or impatience at Scrooge 's scepticism , flings these upon the ground before him and almost induces his former partner `` into a swoon '' . He explains that it is the chain he unknowingly forged himself in life , as a result of his greed and selfishness . As he spent his life on this earth obsessing over money and mistreating the poor and wretched to fill his pocket , Marley is condemned to walk the earth for eternity , never to find rest or peace , experiencing an `` incessant torture of remorse '' . He laments that Christmas is the time he suffers most of all . </P> <P> When the spectre asks , `` Why do you doubt your senses ? '' Scrooge scoffs that `` ... a little thing affects them . A slight disorder of the stomach makes them cheat . You may be an undigested bit of beef , a blot of mustard , a crumb of cheese , a fragment of an underdone potato . There 's more gravy than grave about you , whatever you are ! '' Marley 's only reply is a spine - chilling howl that brings Scrooge to his knees , begging for mercy . </P> <P> Marley tells Scrooge that he will be visited by three spirits . and admonishes his former partner to listen to what they have to say , or Scrooge will suffer Marley 's fate ; he says that Scrooge 's chain was as heavy as his seven years earlier , and remarks that `` you have laboured on it since -- it is a ponderous chain ! '' . </P> <P> Marley then departs into the night sky , surrounded by a countless horde of other tormented spirits , some of whom were known to Scrooge when they were alive , all of them chained in a similar manner to Marley and suffering the same unbearable torment , as they struggle in vain to make up for their wasted lives by attempting to help a homeless mother and baby . </P> <H2> Appearances in various film adaptations ( edit ) </H2> Frank Finlay as Marley <Ul> <Li> In the 1935 film Scrooge he is played by an uncredited Claude Rains . In this adaptation , he is invisible , and the viewers only hear his voice . </Li> <Li> In the 1938 film A Christmas Carol , he is played by Leo G. Carroll . </Li> <Li> Michael Hordern played Marley twice , once in the 1951 film Scrooge and then as the voice of Marley in Richard Williams ' 1971 animated film . Hordern also played the role of Scrooge in a 1977 television adaptation for the BBC , with the role of Marley played by John Le Mesurier . </Li> <Li> In the 1962 animated television special Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol , he is voiced by Royal Dano . </Li> <Li> In the 1969 animated TV film by Famous Classic Tales , Marley is voiced by Bruce Montague . This incarnation of Marley has a skull - like head with hair dancing up like a flame , a floor - length nightgown , and chais wrapped around his waist . </Li> <Li> In the 1970 film Scrooge , Marley is played by Alec Guinness . </Li> <Li> In the 1983 special Mickey 's Christmas Carol , the character is played by Goofy ( Hal Smith ) . This version of the character was mentioned to be like a twisted version of Robin Hood , `` robbing widows and swindling the poor , '' which ultimately led to his punishment of carrying his chains `` for eternity ... or even longer '' . He was also mentioned to have left very little in the way of a fortune , leaving only enough for Scrooge to pay for Marley 's tombstone , so the former had him buried at sea instead . After bidding Scrooge farewell , he trips on Scrooge 's cane and falls down the stairs , letting out Goofy 's signature howl as he tumbles . </Li> <Li> In the 1984 made - for - television film of A Christmas Carol , the film opens with Marley 's funeral procession . While Scrooge walks home , he hears Marley 's voice calling him from an apparitional hearse , and then again before Scrooge sees Marley 's face on the door knocker . Frank Finlay 's performance as Marley is considered one of the best portrayals of the character . </Li> <Li> In the film Scrooged ( 1988 ) , a modern interpretation of Dickens ' novella , Lew Heyward , a version of Jacob Marley , is portrayed by John Forsythe . In a particularly memorable scene , he is depicted as a walking mummified corpse all covered in dust and cobwebs as he appears to Frank Cross , the film 's Scrooge , played by Bill Murray . </Li> <Li> In the 1991 Star Trek : The Next Generation episode `` Devil 's Due '' , Data reenacts Jacob Marley 's scene , playing the role of Scrooge . A holodeck version of Marley is portrayed by William Glover . </Li> <Li> In the 1992 movie The Muppet Christmas Carol , the character is bifurcated into two brothers named Jacob and Robert ( a reference to Bob Marley ) so that they can be played respectively by Statler and Waldorf ( Jerry Nelson and Dave Goelz ) . </Li> <Li> In the 1994 special A Flintstones Christmas Carol , the character is called ' Jacob Marbley ' and is played by Mr. Slate ( John Stephenson ) . A stone tablet portrait shows of Marbley cheating Scrooge by tipping his side of the scale with his finger . </Li> <Li> In the 1995 made - for - TV film Ebbie , Jeffrey DeMunn plays Marley 's modern version , Jake Marley , Elizabeth `` Ebbie '' Scrooge 's mentor and later partner who dies of a heart attack right in front of her . </Li> <Li> In the 1997 made - for - television film , Ms. Scrooge , Katherine Helmond portrays a female version of the character , Maude Marley . She explains that her only chance for salvation is for Ebenita to changer her ways . </Li> <Li> In the 1998 Canadian made - for - television Western version , Ebenezer ( portrayed by Jack Palance ) , the character 's last name has been changed to `` Marlowe '' and is portrayed by Richard Halliday . </Li> <Li> In the 1999 made - for - television film version , he is portrayed by Bernard Lloyd . This film version opens with his funeral in 1836 , then jumps ahead to 1843 . </Li> <Li> In the 2000 VH1 made - for - television film A Diva 's Christmas Carol , Rozonda Thomas plays a female version of the character Marli Jacob , the former singing partner of Ebony Scrooge who died in a car crash years earlier . Unlike other adaptations , she is freed from her chains when Ebony changes her ways . </Li> <Li> In the 2001 film Christmas Carol : The Movie , Marley is voiced by Nicolas Cage . </Li> <Li> In the 2004 parody An Easter Carol , Marley is voiced by Tim Hodge . ( as Grandma Nezzer ) </Li> <Li> In the 2004 film A Christmas Carol : The Musical , Marley is played by Jason Alexander . </Li> <Li> Marley 's Ghost is a 2003 play by Jeff Goode which is a prequel to A Christmas Carol . </Li> <Li> In the 2006 movie A Christmas Carol , the character is portrayed as an anthropomorphic cricket ( just like Jiminy Cricket , who played the Ghost of Christmas Past in Mickey 's Christmas Carol ) . In this adaptation , he is given an extra scene where Scrooge 's redemption frees him from his punishment . </Li> <Li> In the 2008 comedy film An American Carol , the role of Marley is taken by the spirit of John F. Kennedy , portrayed by Chriss Anglin . </Li> <Li> In the 2009 animated film adaptation , he is voiced by Gary Oldman . This version is shown to be in a state of decay , with his cheeks splitting at one point , rendering him unable to talk properly . </Li> <Li> In the 2015 BBC television series Dickensian he is played by

Jacob Marley died on

When did marley die in a christmas carol?

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Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia <H1> Philadelphia Eagles </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Philadelphia Eagles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Logo </Td> <Td> Wordmark </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> League / conference affiliations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) </Li> <Li> American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) <Ul> <Li> Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Current uniform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team colors </Th> <Td> <P> Midnight green , Silver , Black , White </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fight song </Th> <Td> Fly , Eagles Fly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascot </Th> <Td> Swoop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Personnel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chairman </Th> <Td> Jeffrey Lurie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CEO </Th> <Td> Jeffrey Lurie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Don Smolenski </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General manager </Th> <Td> Howie Roseman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Doug Pederson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Team history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Team nicknames </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Birds </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> League championships ( 4 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Conference championships ( 4 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFL Eastern : 1960 </Li> <Li> NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Division championships ( 13 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 </Li> <Li> NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Playoff appearances ( 25 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Home fields </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . </P> <P> The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . </P> <P> The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . </P> <P> The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season . In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Franchise history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1931 -- 1960 </Li> <Li> 1.2 1961 -- 1975 </Li> <Li> 1.3 1976 -- 1984 </Li> <Li> 1.4 1985 -- 1993 </Li> <Li> 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1.1 2004 Season and Super Bowl XXXIX </Li> <Li> 1.5. 1.2 2005 - 2012 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 2.1 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5. 3 2016 <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 3.1 2017 : First Super Bowl championship </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Season records </Li> <Li> 3 Rivalries <Ul> <Li> 3.1 New York Giants </Li> <Li> 3.2 Dallas Cowboys </Li> <Li> 3.3 Washington Redskins </Li> <Li> 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Logo and uniforms </Li> <Li> 5 Training camp </Li> <Li> 6 Fight song </Li> <Li> 7 Fans <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Devotion </Li> <Li> 7.2 Bad behavior </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Eagles cheerleaders </Li> <Li> 9 Current roster </Li> <Li> 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) </Li> <Li> 11 Awards and honors <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Retired numbers </Li> <Li> 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers </Li> <Li> 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 11.4 75th anniversary team </Li> <Li> 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) </Li> <Li> 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Franchise records <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Passing </Li> <Li> 12.2 Rushing </Li> <Li> 12.3 Receiving </Li> <Li> 12.4 Other </Li> <Li> 12.5 Returning </Li> <Li> 12.6 Defense </Li> <Li> 12.7 Exceptional performances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Coaches of note <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Current staff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 Radio and television <Ul> <Li> 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 15 Media and cultural reference </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 18 Sources </Li> <Li> 19 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Franchise history </H2> Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles <H3> 1931 -- 1960 </H3> `` Concrete Charlie '' <P> Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . </P> <P> In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . </P> <P> To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . </P> <P> The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . </P> <P> In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 . </P> <P> After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . </P> <P> In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers

The Eagles won the Super Bowl in

When was the time the eagles won the superbowl?

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State of the Union - wikipedia <H1> State of the Union </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` States of the Union '' redirects here . For other uses , see State of the Union ( disambiguation ) . For the most recent State of the Union address , see 2018 State of the Union Address . <P> The State of the Union Address is an annual message presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress , except in the first year of a new president 's term . The message includes a budget message and an economic report of the nation , and also allows the President to outline their legislative agenda ( for which the cooperation of Congress is needed ) and national priorities . </P> <P> The address fulfills rules in Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution , requiring the President to periodically `` give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union , and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . '' During most of the country 's first century , the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress . After 1913 , Woodrow Wilson , the 28th U.S. President , began the regular practice of delivering the address to Congress in person as a way to rally support for his agenda . With the advent of radio and television , the address is now broadcast live across the country on many networks . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Ceremony </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Delivery of the speech <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Invitations </Li> <Li> 3.2 Protocol of entry into House chamber </Li> <Li> 3.3 Designated survivor and other logistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Opposition response </Li> <Li> 5 Significance </Li> <Li> 6 Local versions </Li> <Li> 7 Historic speeches </Li> <Li> 8 TV ratings </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Ceremony ( edit ) </H2> <P> The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States : </P> <P> He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . </P> -- Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution <P> Although the language of this State of the Union Clause of the Constitution is not specific , since the 1930s , the President makes this report annually in late January or early February . Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3 , and as late as February 12 . </P> <P> While not required to deliver a speech , every president since Woodrow Wilson , with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover , has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress . Before that time , most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report . </P> <P> Since Franklin Roosevelt , the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol . Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term , but this speech is not officially considered to be a `` State of the Union '' . </P> <P> What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States . Since the advent of radio , and then television , the speech has been broadcast live on most networks , preempting scheduled programming . To reach the largest audience , the speech , once given during the day , is now typically given in the evening , after 9pm ET ( UTC - 5 ) . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> George Washington 's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address , January 8 , 1790 . Full 7 pages . <P> George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8 , 1790 , in New York City , then the provisional U.S. capital . In 1801 , Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person , regarding it as too monarchical ( similar to the Speech from the Throne ) . Instead , the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy . However , there have been exceptions to this rule . Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses . The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981 , after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended . </P> <P> For many years , the speech was referred to as `` the President 's Annual Message to Congress '' . The actual term `` State of the Union '' first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase , becoming its generally accepted name since 1947 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Franklin Delano Roosevelt </Td> <Td> State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( January 6 , 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6 , 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Prior to 1934 , the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year , in December . The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23 , 1933 , changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January , affecting the delivery of the annual message . Since 1934 , the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February . </P> <P> The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term . In years when a new president is inaugurated , the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message , but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981 . In 1953 and 1961 , Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president . Since 1989 , in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year , newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a `` State of the Union '' message . </P> <P> In 1936 , President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night . Only once before -- when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I -- had a sitting president addressed Congress at night . </P> The text of the first page of Ronald Reagan 's first State of the Union Address , given January 26 , 1982 <P> Warren Harding 's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio , albeit to a limited audience , while Calvin Coolidge 's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation . Harry S. Truman 's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television . Lyndon B. Johnson 's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening . Three years later , in 1968 , television networks in the United States , for the first time , imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address . Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson , this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by , among others , Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman . Ronald Reagan 's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed . He had planned to deliver it on January 28 , 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day 's events . Bill Clinton 's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web . </P> <H2> Delivery of the speech ( edit ) </H2> <P> A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address . </P> <H3> Invitations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address . The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box . The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker 's box . Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first - in , first - served basis with no reservations . The Cabinet , Supreme Court justices , members of the Diplomatic Corps , and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating . </P> <H3> Protocol of entry into House chamber ( edit ) </H3> <P> By approximately 8 : 30 pm on the night of the address , the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session . Then , the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate , who enter and take the seats assigned for them . </P> <P> The Speaker , and then the Vice President , specify the members of the House and Senate , respectively , who will escort the President into the House chamber . The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces , in order , the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps , the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices , and the Cabinet , each of whom enters and takes their seats when called . The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker 's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . </P> The Sergeants at Arms of the House ( left ) and Senate ( right ) wait at the doorway to the House chamber before President Barack Obama enters to deliver the 2011 State of the Union Address . <P> Just after 9 pm , as the President reaches the door to the chamber , the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors , faces the Speaker , and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber . When the President is ready , the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance , loudly stating the phrase : `` Mister Speaker , the President of the United States ! '' </P> <P> As applause and cheering begins , the President slowly walks toward the Speaker 's rostrum , followed by members of his Congressional escort committee . The President 's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands , hug , kiss , and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress . After he takes his place at the House Clerk 's desk , he hands two manila envelopes , previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech , to the Speaker and Vice President . </P> <P> After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished , the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators , stating : `` Members of Congress , I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States . '' This leads to

The State of the Nation Address is

Time of the state of the nation address?

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List of United States Navy enlisted rates - wikipedia <H1> List of United States Navy enlisted rates </H1> Jump to : navigation , search See also : List of United States Navy ratings The rating badge of the Master Chief Petty Officer of the U.S. Navy , worn on a service dress blue uniform 's sleeve . <P> A United States Navy enlisted rate indicates where an enlisted sailor stands within the chain of command , and also defines one 's pay grade . An enlisted sailor 's rate is similar conceptually to a naval officer 's rank . Only naval officers carry the term `` rank '' . The word rate refers to an enlisted sailor 's pay grade , while the word rating refers to one 's area of occupational specialization within the enlisted Navy . Associated with the enlisted pay grades is a numbering system from the most junior enlisted sailor ( `` E-1 '' ) to the most senior enlisted sailor ( `` E-9 '' ) . This enlisted numbering system is the same across all five branches of the U.S. military . All E-1 through E-3 are known as Seamen . E-4 through E-6 are called petty officers . All E-7s are called chief petty officer , E-8s senior chief petty officer , and E-9s master chief petty officer . Rates are displayed on a rating badge , which is a combination of rate and rating . E-2s and E-3s have color - coded group rate marks based on their career field . Personnel in pay grade E-1 , since 1996 , do not have an insignia to wear . </P> <P> Ratings are earned through `` A '' schools , which are attended before deployment and after undergoing initial basic training at Recruit Training Command , Great Lakes , Illinois , or ( less commonly ) by `` striking '' for a rating through on - the - job training ( OJT ) in the Fleet . Some sailors may undergo additional training in a `` C '' school either before or after a tour of duty . Upon completion , they are assigned a four - digit Navy Enlisted Classification ( NEC ) code , which identifies a specific skill within their standard rating . This defines what jobs they are qualified to do . For example , some billets might not only require a hospital corpsman first class , but might specify that he / she has NEC 8402 ( Submarine Force Independent Duty ) , NEC 8403 ( Fleet Marine Forces Reconnaissance Independent Duty Corpsman ) , or any other of several NECs depending upon the billet 's requirements . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 E-1 to E-3 </Li> <Li> 3 E-4 to E-6 </Li> <Li> 4 E-7 to E-9 <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Command master chief and command senior chief </Li> <Li> 4.2 Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> On September 29 , 2016 , the United States Navy discontinued enlisted ratings after 241 years of use in an effort to modernize the classification system . Naval sailors were thereafter to be referred to solely by their rate and would hold a Navy Operations Specialty ( NOS ) instead of a rating . The rating symbols depicted for each rating badge listed below ( except for the rating badge of a command master chief ) is boatswain 's mate . However , the rating system was restored in December 2016 . </P> <H2> E-1 to E-3 ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sailors in pay grades E-1 through E-3 are considered to be in apprenticeships . They are divided into five definable groups , with colored group rate marks designating the group to which they belong : Seaman , Fireman , Airman , Constructionman , and Hospitalman . One of three apprentice devices may be worn above the rank insignia , which denotes the sailor is an apprentice in a particular field and is in search of a rating to join . Sailors who have gone directly to a base , station , or ship without any specialized training are eligible to select a career field , and through correspondence courses and extensive on - the - job training , may qualify for a rating . This process is called `` striking for a rating '' . If a sailor has qualified for a rate , but has not yet become a petty officer , he is called a designated striker , and is identified by a striker 's badge that displays the sailor 's rating , along with his group rate marks . The serviceperson is addressed by one 's group designation , if known ( e.g. , Fireman Jones , Constructionman Apprentice Smith ) ; by the generic appellation `` seaman '' ; or by one 's striker designation ( Boatswain 's Mate Seaman Watson , Culinary Specialist Seaman Recruit Johnson ). Those that have completed the `` A '' school for hospital corpsman wear their caduceus above their stripes and substitute the word `` Hospitalman '' for `` Seaman '' in their rating titles . </P> <P> In the September 2016 rating change , it was announced that only the `` seaman '' group would remain as the rate title for E1 -- E3 , with the others being retired . However , the Navy reversed this new policy three months later and reinstated the traditional rating system . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sleeve insignia </Th> <Th> Collar device </Th> <Th> Rate title </Th> <Th> U.S. DoD Pay grade </Th> <Th> Abbreviation </Th> <Th> NATO code </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No Insignia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Seaman recruit </Td> <Td> E-1 </Td> <Td> SR / HR </Td> <Td> OR - 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No Insignia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fireman recruit </Td> <Td> E-1 </Td> <Td> FR </Td> <Td> OR - 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No Insignia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Airman recruit </Td> <Td> E-1 </Td> <Td> AR </Td> <Td> OR - 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No Insignia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Constructionman recruit </Td> <Td> E-1 </Td> <Td> CR </Td> <Td> OR - 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Seaman apprentice </Td> <Td> E-2 </Td> <Td> SA / HA </Td> <Td> OR - 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fireman apprentice </Td> <Td> E-2 </Td> <Td> FA </Td> <Td> OR - 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Airman apprentice </Td> <Td> E-2 </Td> <Td> AA </Td> <Td> OR - 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Constructionman apprentice </Td> <Td> E-2 </Td> <Td> CA </Td> <Td> OR - 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Seaman </Td> <Td> E-3 </Td> <Td> SN / HN </Td> <Td> OR - 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fireman </Td> <Td> E-3 </Td> <Td> FN </Td> <Td> OR - 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Airman </Td> <Td> E-3 </Td> <Td> AN </Td> <Td> OR - 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Constructionman </Td> <Td> E-3 </Td> <Td> CN </Td> <Td> OR - 3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> E-4 to E-6 ( edit ) </H2> Petty officers in 2006 wearing service dress blue uniforms displaying both red and gold rating badges and service stripes . <P> E-4 to E-6 are non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) , and are specifically called petty officers in the Navy . Petty officers perform not only the duties of their specific career field but also serve as leaders to junior enlisted personnel . They must take responsibility for their subordinates , address grievances , inform the chain of command on matters pertaining to good order and discipline , and may even have to place personnel on report . The title petty officer comes from the French word petit , meaning something small . In medieval England , villages had several `` petite '' or `` petty '' officers who were subordinate to major officials . Thus , petty officers are assistants to senior officers . </P> <P> Petty officers have been an important part of the U.S. Navy since its beginning . They were originally appointed by the ship 's captain and usually held such appointments while serving under the captain who selected them . The petty officers of this time did not have uniforms or a rank insignia . In 1841 a rate badge was assigned , consisting of a sleeve device displaying an eagle perched on an anchor . Rating marks did not appear until 1866 . </P> <P> From 1885 to 1894 , the Navy recognized three classes of petty officers -- first , second , and third . These noncommissioned officers were authorized to wear a `` rate '' ( rank ) insignia consisting of chevrons pointing down under a spread eagle and a rating mark . Unlike the current rate badge , the eagle faced right instead of left . The current insignia for petty officers came about in 1894 , and is a perched eagle with spread wings facing left ( usually referred to as a `` crow , '' due to its black color on white uniforms and the outdated dungaree working uniforms ) atop a rating mark , with chevrons denoting their rank below . The Eagle faced left or right on the rating emblem depending on which sleeve the badge was worn , usually to the wearer 's front . `` Seafarer '' rates , such as Bos'n or Gunner , are unique to service aboard a ship , and were worn on the right sleeve . The Eagle ( or ' crow ' ) on these insignia faced right , so that they would be facing forward on the wearer . Other rates , which were equivalent to shore activities , such as Administration or Medical , were worn on the left sleeve , so the Eagle on those insignia faced left , so that they would be facing forward on the wearer . In 1948 , the Navy standardized all ratings to be worn on the left sleeve . </P> <P> The authority to wear gold rating badges and service stripes on the dress blue and working coverall uniform is granted when a sailor completes and maintains twelve consecutive years of honorable service without any official record of bad conduct due to punitive action via non-judicial punishment or courts martial . The gold rating badges and service stripes are distinct from the Good Conduct Medal , which is awarded for three years of honorable service . </P> <P> Coloration of the insignia for E-4 through E-9 depends upon the uniform worn . Black cloth with red or gold embroidered stripes is used on the winter uniforms , while white cloth with black embroidered stripes is used on the summer uniforms , and medium blue cloth with red or gold embroidered stripes is used on the working coverall . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Sleeve insignia </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Chest insignia </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Cap and collar devices </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Hat insignia </Th> <Th> Rate title </Th> <Th> U.S. DoD Pay grade </Th> <Th> Abbreviation </Th> <Th> NATO code </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Petty officer third class </Td> <Td> E-4 </Td> <Td> PO3 </Td> <Td> OR - 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Petty officer second class </Td> <Td> E-5 </Td> <Td> PO2 </Td> <Td> OR - 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Petty officer first class </Td> <Td> E-6 </Td> <Td> PO1 </Td> <Td> OR - 6 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> E-7 to E-9 ( edit ) </H2> <P> E-7 to E-9 are

In the US Navy, the ranks from

What are the ranks in the us navy?

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present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . </P> <P> The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton . </P> <P> On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season , which premiered with a two - hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018 , ending in April . On March 21 , 2018 , Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes </Li> <Li> 3 Cast <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Main </Li> <Li> 3.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Characters </Li> <Li> 5 Production </Li> <Li> 6 Broadcast </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . </P> <P> Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 7 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> New Year 's Wish </Td> <Td colspan="2"> December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 8 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Christmas </Td> <Td colspan="2"> December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> The Christmas Wishing Tree </Td> <Td colspan="2"> December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton </Li> <Li> Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton ( Seasons 1 - 5 ) </Li> <Li> Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton </Li> <Li> Jack Wagner as Bill Avery </Li> <Li> Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen </Li> <Li> Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter </Li> <Li> Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd </Li> <Li> Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery </Li> <Li> Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley </Li> <Li> Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey </Li> <Li> Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan </Li> <Li> Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan </Li> <Li> Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery </Li> <Li> Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery </Li> <Li> Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam </Li> <Li> Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings </Li> <Li> Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery </Li> <Li> Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock </Li> <Li> Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery </Li> <Li> Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn </Li> <Li> Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher </Li> <Li> Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter </Li> <Li> Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton </Li> <Li> Ava Grace Cooper as Opal </Li> <Li> Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton </Li> <Li> Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton </Li> <Li> Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher </Li> <Li> Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington </Li> <Li> Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan </Li> <Li> Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson </Li> <Li> Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher </Li> <Li> Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar </Li> <Li> Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings </Li> <Li> Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher </Li> <Li> Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar </Li> <Li> Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves </Li> <Li> Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Josie Bissett as AJ Foster </Li> </Ul> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss , '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . </Li> <Li> Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , ``

The role of Charles on When Calls the Heart was played by

Who played charles on when calls the heart?

-1339904377518094367

National debt of the United States - Wikipedia <H1> National debt of the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget and debt in the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Major dimensions ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Expenditures </Li> <Li> Federal budget </Li> <Li> Financial position </Li> <Li> Military budget </Li> <Li> Public debt </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> <Li> Unemployment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Programs ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Medicare </Li> <Li> Social programs </Li> <Li> Social Security </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Contemporary issues ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Bowles -- Simpson Commission </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bush tax cuts </Li> <Li> Debt - ceiling ( history ) </Li> <Li> Deficit reduction </Li> <Li> Fiscal cliff </Li> <Li> Health care reform </Li> <Li> Political debates </Li> <Li> Social Security debate </Li> <Li> `` Starve the beast '' </Li> <Li> Subprime mortgage crisis </Li> </Ul> In specific years <Ul> <Li> Budget sequestration in 2013 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Government shutdowns of 1995 -- 96 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Terminology ( show ) Cumulative deficit + Interest ≈ Debt <Ul> <Li> Balance of payments </Li> <Li> Inflation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The national debt of the United States is the amount owed by the federal government of the United States . The measure of the public debt is the value of the outstanding Treasury securities at a point of time that have been issued by the Treasury and other federal government agencies . The terms national deficit and national surplus usually refer to the federal government budget balance from year to year , not the cumulative total . A deficit year increases the debt because more money is spent than is received ; a surplus year decreases the debt because more money is received than spent . </P> <P> There are two components of gross national debt : </P> <Ul> <Li> Debt held by the public , such as Treasury securities held by investors outside the federal government , including those held by individuals , corporations , the Federal Reserve System and foreign , state and local governments . </Li> <Li> Debt held by government accounts or intragovernmental debt , such as non-marketable Treasury securities held in accounts administered by the federal government that are owed to program beneficiaries , such as the Social Security Trust Fund . Debt held by government accounts represents the cumulative surpluses , including interest earnings , of various government programs that have been invested in Treasury securities . </Li> </Ul> <P> In general , government debt increases as a result of government spending , and decreases from tax or other receipts , both of which fluctuate during the course of a fiscal year . In practice , Treasury securities are not issued or redeemed on a day - by - day basis , and may also be issued or redeemed as part of the federal government 's macroeconomic monetary management operations . The aggregate , gross amount that Treasury can borrow is limited by the United States debt ceiling . </P> <P> Historically , the US public debt as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) has increased during wars and recessions , and subsequently declined . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus or due to growth of GDP and inflation . For example , debt held by the public as a share of GDP peaked just after World War II ( 113 % of GDP in 1945 ) , but then fell over the following 35 years . In recent decades , however , aging demographics and rising healthcare costs have led to concern about the long - term sustainability of the federal government 's fiscal policies . </P> <P> On November 7 , 2016 , debt held by the public was $14.3 trillion or about 76 % of the previous 12 months of GDP . Intragovernmental holdings stood at $5.4 trillion , giving a combined total gross national debt of $19.8 trillion or about 106 % of the previous 12 months of GDP ; $6.2 trillion or approximately 45 % of the debt held by the public was owned by foreign investors , the largest of which were Japan and China at about $1.09 trillion for Japan and $1.06 trillion for China as of December 2016 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Valuation and measurement <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Public and government accounts </Li> <Li> 2.2 Accounting treatment </Li> <Li> 2.3 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded </Li> <Li> 2.4 Guaranteed obligations excluded </Li> <Li> 2.5 Unfunded obligations excluded </Li> <Li> 2.6 Measuring debt burden </Li> <Li> 2.7 Calculating the annual change in debt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Reduction <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Negative real interest rates </Li> <Li> 3.2 Raising reserve requirements and full reserve banking </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Debt ceiling </Li> <Li> 5 Debt holdings <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Foreign holdings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Forecasting <Ul> <Li> 6.1 CBO short - term outlook </Li> <Li> 6.2 CBO long - term outlook </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Risks and debates <Ul> <Li> 7.1 CBO risk factors </Li> <Li> 7.2 Concerns over Chinese holdings of U.S. debt </Li> <Li> 7.3 Sustainability </Li> <Li> 7.4 Risks to economic growth </Li> <Li> 7.5 Interest and debt service costs </Li> <Li> 7.6 Definition of public debt </Li> <Li> 7.7 Intergenerational equity </Li> <Li> 7.8 Credit default </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Appendix <Ul> <Li> 8.1 National debt for selected years </Li> <Li> 8.2 Interest paid </Li> <Li> 8.3 Foreign holders of US Treasury securities </Li> <Li> 8.4 Statistics </Li> <Li> 8.5 International debt comparisons </Li> <Li> 8.6 Recent additions to the public debt of the United States </Li> <Li> 8.7 Historical debt ceiling levels </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of the United States public debt Federal Debt Held by the Public as a percentage of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , from 1940 to 2016 with future projections U.S. federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 , projected to 2038 U.S. Federal Debt as Percent of GDP since World War II , with presidential terms marked . <P> The United States government has continuously had a fluctuating public debt since its formation in 1789 , except for about a year during 1835 -- 1836 . To allow comparisons over the years , public debt is often expressed as a ratio to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . </P> <P> The United States public debt as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level during Harry Truman 's first presidential term , during and after World War II . Public debt as a percentage of GDP fell rapidly in the post-World War II period , and reached a low in 1974 under Richard Nixon . Debt as a share of GDP has consistently increased since then , except during the presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton . Public debt rose during the 1980s , as Ronald Reagan cut tax rates and increased military spending . It fell during the 1990s , due to decreased military spending , increased taxes and the 1990s boom . Public debt rose sharply in the wake of the 2007 -- 2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant tax revenue declines and spending increases . </P> <H2> Valuation and measurement ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Public and government accounts ( edit ) </H3> Detailed breakdown of government holders of treasury debt and debt instruments used of the public portion <P> On January 26 , 2016 , debt held by the public was $13.62 trillion or about 75 % of the previous 12 months of GDP . Intragovernmental holdings stood at $5.34 trillion , giving a combined total gross national debt of $18.96 trillion or about 104 % of the previous 12 months of GDP . </P> <P> The national debt can also be classified into marketable or non-marketable securities . Most of the marketable securities are Treasury notes , bills , and bonds held by investors and governments globally . The non-marketable securities are mainly the `` government account series '' owed to certain government trust funds such as the Social Security Trust Fund , which represented $2.74 trillion in 2011 . </P> <P> The non-marketable securities represent amounts owed to program beneficiaries . For example , in the case of the Social Security Trust Fund , the payroll taxes dedicated to Social Security were credited to the Trust Fund upon receipt , but spent for other purposes . If the government continues to run deficits in other parts of the budget , the government will have to issue debt held by the public to fund the Social Security Trust Fund , in effect exchanging one type of debt for the other . Other large intragovernmental holders include the Federal Housing Administration , the Federal Savings and Loan Corporation 's Resolution Fund and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( Medicare ) . </P> <H3> Accounting treatment ( edit ) </H3> U.S. debt from 1940 to 2016 . Red lines indicate the `` debt held by the public '' and black lines indicate the total national debt or gross public debt . The difference is the `` intragovernmental debt , '' which includes obligations to government programs such as Social Security . Stated as a formula , National Debt = Debt held by the Public + Intragovernmental Debt . The second panel shows the two debt figures as a percentage of U.S. GDP ( dollar value of U.S. economic production for that year ) . The top panel is deflated so every year is in 2010 dollars <P> Only debt held by the public is reported as a liability on the consolidated financial statements of the United States government . Debt held by government accounts is an asset to those accounts but a liability to the Treasury ; they offset each other in the consolidated financial statements . </P> <P> Government receipts and expenditures are normally presented on a cash rather than an accrual basis , although the accrual basis may provide more information on the longer - term implications of the government 's annual operations . The United States public debt is often expressed as a ratio of public debt to gross domestic product ( GDP ) . The ratio of debt to GDP may decrease as a result of a government surplus as well as due to growth of GDP and inflation . </P> <H3> Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac obligations excluded ( edit ) </H3> See also : Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac <P> Under normal accounting rules , fully owned companies would be consolidated into the books of the owner , but the large size of Fannie and Freddie has made the U.S. government reluctant to incorporate Freddie and Fannie into its own books . When Freddie and Fannie required bail - outs , White House Budget Director Jim Nussle , on September 12 , 2008 , initially indicated their budget plans would not incorporate the GSE debt into the budget because of the temporary nature of the conservator intervention . As the intervention has dragged out , pundits have started to further question this accounting treatment , noting that changes in August 2012 `` makes them even more permanent wards of the state and turns the government 's preferred stock into a permanent , perpetual kind of security '' . </P> <P> The government controls the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board ,

The majority of the US debt is owned by

Who owns the majority of the us debt?

-2374123134703428327

Six Degrees of Separation ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Six Degrees of Separation ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Six degrees ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Six Degrees of Separation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Fred Schepisi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Arnon Milchan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> John Guare </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Six Degrees of Separation by John Guare </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stockard Channing </Li> <Li> Will Smith </Li> <Li> Donald Sutherland </Li> <Li> Mary Beth Hurt </Li> <Li> Bruce Davison </Li> <Li> Ian McKellen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Jerry Goldsmith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Ian Baker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Peter Honess </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Regency Enterprises </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> December 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 12 - 08 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 112 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $15 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $6.4 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Six Degrees of Separation is a 1993 American comedy - drama film directed by Fred Schepisi , adapted from the Pulitzer Prize - nominated John Guare play of the same name . </P> <P> The plot of the film was inspired by the real - life story of David Hampton , a con man and robber who managed to convince a number of people in the 1980s that he was the son of actor Sidney Poitier . The writer John Guare was a friend of Inger McCabe Elliott and her husband Osborn Elliott . In October 1983 , Hampton came to the Elliott 's New York apartment and they allowed him to spend the night . The next morning , Inger found Hampton in bed with another man and later called the police . The Elliotts told Guare about the story and it inspired him to write the play years later . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 Awards </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fifth Avenue socialite Ouisa Kittredge ( Stockard Channing ) and her art dealer husband Flan ( Donald Sutherland ) are parents of `` two at Harvard and a girl at Groton '' . But the narrow world inhabited by the Kittredges and their public status as people interested in the arts make them easy prey for Paul ( Will Smith ) . Paul , a skillful con - artist , mysteriously appears at their door one night , injured and bleeding , claiming to be a close college friend of their Ivy League kids , as well as the son of Sidney Poitier . Ouisa and Flan are much impressed by Paul 's fine taste , keen wit , articulate literary expositions and surprising culinary skill . His appealing facade soon has the Kittredges putting him up , lending him money and taking satisfaction in his praise for their posh lifestyle . Paul 's scheme continues until , after he brings home a hustler , his actual indigence is revealed . The shocked Kittredges kick him out when it is revealed that they are but the most recent victims of the duplicity with which Paul has charmed his way into many upper - crust homes along the Upper East Side . Paul 's schemes become highbrow - legend , anecdotal accounts which are bantered about at their cocktail parties . In the end , Paul has a profound effect on the many individuals who encounter him , linking them in their shared experience . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Stockard Channing as Louisa `` Ouisa '' Kittredge </Li> <Li> Will Smith as Paul </Li> <Li> Donald Sutherland as Flan Kittredge </Li> <Li> Ian McKellen as Geoffrey Miller </Li> <Li> Mary Beth Hurt as Kitty </Li> <Li> Heather Graham as Elizabeth </Li> <Li> Bruce Davison as Larkin </Li> <Li> Richard Masur as Dr. Fine </Li> <Li> Anthony Michael Hall as Trent Conway </Li> <Li> Eric Thal as Rick </Li> <Li> Anthony Rapp as Ben </Li> <Li> Oz Perkins as Woodrow ( `` Woody '' ) Kittredge ( as Osgood Perkins II ) </Li> <Li> Catherine Kellner as Talbot ( `` Tess '' ) Kittredge </Li> <Li> J.J. Abrams as Doug ( as Jeffrey Abrams ) </Li> <Li> Kitty Carlisle as Mrs. Bannister </Li> </Ul> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film has an approval rating of 88 % at Rotten Tomatoes based on 32 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Though it betrays its theatrical roots , Six Degrees of Separation largely succeeds thanks to astute direction and fine performances -- particularly from an against - type Will Smith . '' </P> <P> It was also actress Stockard Channing 's most successful film since 1978 's Grease . </P> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1994 Academy Award for Best Actress Nomination -- Stockard Channing </Li> <Li> 1994 Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Nomination -- Stockard Channing </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Plunka , Gene A. ( 2002 ) . The Black Comedy of John Guare . University of Delaware Press . p. 188 . ISBN 9780874137637 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Six Degrees of Separation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes '' . Pulitzer.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New York Mag The Story of David Hampton accessed 7 - 27 - 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gerston , Jill ( 6 March 1994 ) . `` Stockard Channing Goes West '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` THE 66th ACADEMY AWARD NOMINATIONS : Best Actress '' . Los Angeles Times . 1994 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Six Degrees of Separation ( play ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Six Degrees of Separation on IMDb </Li> <Li> Six Degrees of Separation at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Six Degrees of Separation at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Six Degrees of Separation at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Six Degrees of Separation at Box Office Mojo </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Fred Schepisi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Libido ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Devil 's Playground ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Barbarosa ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Iceman ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Plenty ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Roxanne ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Evil Angels ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Russia House ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Mr. Baseball ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Six Degrees of Separation ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> I.Q. ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Fierce Creatures ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Last Orders ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> It Runs in the Family ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Words and Pictures ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Andorra ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Six_Degrees_of_Separation_(film)&oldid=822030817 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1993 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1990s drama films </Li> <Li> 1990s mystery films </Li> <Li> 1990s LGBT - related films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> American drama films </Li> <Li> American comedy films </Li> <Li> American mystery films </Li> <Li> American satirical films </Li> <Li> American LGBT - related films </Li> <Li> Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith </Li> <Li> Films about con artists </Li> <Li> Films based on plays </Li> <Li> Films directed by Fred Schepisi </Li> <Li> Films set in New York City </Li> <Li> Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 00 : 44 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The movie about the concept that any two people on the planet are connected to each other through a chain of no more than six intermediate acquaintances is called

What is the movie about six degrees of separation?

833339112517825805

List of regions of the United States - wikipedia <H1> List of regions of the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This is a list of some of the regions in the United States . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Interstate regions <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Official regions of the United States <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Census Bureau - designated regions and divisions </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Standard federal regions </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Federal Reserve banks </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Time zones </Li> <Li> 1.1. 5 Courts of Appeals circuits </Li> <Li> 1.1. 6 Bureau of Economic Analysis regions </Li> <Li> 1.1. 7 Energy Information Administration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Unofficial U.S. multi-state and multi-territory regions <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 The Belts </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Interstate metropolitan areas </Li> <Li> 1.2. 3 Interstate megalopolises </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Intrastate and intraterritory regions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Alabama </Li> <Li> 2.2 Alaska </Li> <Li> 2.3 American Samoa </Li> <Li> 2.4 Arizona </Li> <Li> 2.5 Arkansas </Li> <Li> 2.6 California </Li> <Li> 2.7 Colorado </Li> <Li> 2.8 Connecticut </Li> <Li> 2.9 Delaware </Li> <Li> 2.10 District of Columbia </Li> <Li> 2.11 Florida </Li> <Li> 2.12 Georgia <Ul> <Li> 2.12. 1 Physiographic regions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.13 Guam </Li> <Li> 2.14 Hawaii </Li> <Li> 2.15 Idaho </Li> <Li> 2.16 Illinois </Li> <Li> 2.17 Indiana </Li> <Li> 2.18 Iowa </Li> <Li> 2.19 Kansas </Li> <Li> 2.20 Kentucky </Li> <Li> 2.21 Louisiana </Li> <Li> 2.22 Maine </Li> <Li> 2.23 Maryland </Li> <Li> 2.24 Massachusetts </Li> <Li> 2.25 Michigan </Li> <Li> 2.26 Minnesota </Li> <Li> 2.27 Mississippi </Li> <Li> 2.28 Missouri </Li> <Li> 2.29 Montana </Li> <Li> 2.30 Nebraska </Li> <Li> 2.31 Nevada </Li> <Li> 2.32 New Hampshire </Li> <Li> 2.33 New Jersey </Li> <Li> 2.34 New Mexico </Li> <Li> 2.35 New York </Li> <Li> 2.36 North Carolina </Li> <Li> 2.37 North Dakota </Li> <Li> 2.38 Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> 2.39 Ohio </Li> <Li> 2.40 Oklahoma </Li> <Li> 2.41 Oregon </Li> <Li> 2.42 Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> 2.43 Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> 2.44 Rhode Island </Li> <Li> 2.45 South Carolina </Li> <Li> 2.46 South Dakota </Li> <Li> 2.47 Tennessee </Li> <Li> 2.48 Texas </Li> <Li> 2.49 U.S. Minor Outlying Islands </Li> <Li> 2.50 Utah </Li> <Li> 2.51 Vermont </Li> <Li> 2.52 Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> 2.53 Virginia </Li> <Li> 2.54 Washington </Li> <Li> 2.55 West Virginia </Li> <Li> 2.56 Wisconsin </Li> <Li> 2.57 Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Other regional listings </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Interstate regions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Official regions of the United States ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many regions in the United States are defined in law or regulations by the federal government . </P> Census Bureau - designated regions and Divisions ( edit ) U.S. Census Bureau Regions and Divisions . <P> The United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions , with nine divisions . The Census Bureau region definition is `` widely used ... for data collection and analysis , '' and is the most commonly used classification system . </P> <P> Regional divisions used by the United States Census Bureau : </P> <Ul> <Li> Region 1 : Northeast <Ul> <Li> Division 1 : New England ( Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Vermont ) </Li> <Li> Division 2 : Mid-Atlantic ( New Jersey , New York , and Pennsylvania ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Region 2 : Midwest ( Prior to June 1984 , the Midwest Region was designated as the North Central Region . ) <Ul> <Li> Division 3 : East North Central ( Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin ) </Li> <Li> Division 4 : West North Central ( Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Region 3 : South <Ul> <Li> Division 5 : South Atlantic ( Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Maryland , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , District of Columbia , and West Virginia ) </Li> <Li> Division 6 : East South Central ( Alabama , Kentucky , Mississippi , and Tennessee ) </Li> <Li> Division 7 : West South Central ( Arkansas , Louisiana , Oklahoma , and Texas ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Region 4 : West <Ul> <Li> Division 8 : Mountain ( Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming ) </Li> <Li> Division 9 : Pacific ( Alaska , California , Hawaii , Oregon , and Washington ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Puerto Rico and other US territories are not part of any census region or census division . </P> Standard Federal regions ( edit ) Standard federal regions . <P> The ten standard federal regions were established by OMB ( Office of Management and Budget ) Circular A-105 , `` Standard Federal Regions , '' in April , 1974 , and required for all executive agencies . In recent years , some agencies have tailored their field structures to meet program needs and facilitate interaction with local , state and regional counterparts . However , the OMB must still approve any departures . </P> <Ul> <Li> Region I : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island , Vermont </Li> <Li> Region II : New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico , US Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Region III : Delaware , District of Columbia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , Virginia , West Virginia </Li> <Li> Region IV : Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee </Li> <Li> Region V : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Ohio , Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Region VI : Arkansas , Louisiana , New Mexico , Oklahoma , Texas </Li> <Li> Region VII : Iowa , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska </Li> <Li> Region VIII : Colorado , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Utah , Wyoming </Li> <Li> Region IX : Arizona , California , Hawaii , Nevada , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands </Li> <Li> Region X : Alaska , Idaho , Oregon , Washington </Li> </Ul> Federal Reserve Banks ( edit ) Federal Reserve districts . <P> The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 divided the country into twelve districts with a central Federal Reserve Bank in each district . These twelve Federal Reserve Banks together form a major part of the Federal Reserve System , the central banking system of the United States . Missouri is the only U.S. state to have two Federal Reserve locations within its borders . </P> <Ol> <Li> Boston </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> Philadelphia </Li> <Li> Cleveland </Li> <Li> Richmond </Li> <Li> Atlanta </Li> <Li> Chicago </Li> <Li> St. Louis </Li> <Li> Minneapolis </Li> <Li> Kansas City </Li> <Li> Dallas </Li> <Li> San Francisco </Li> </Ol> Time zones ( edit ) Main article : Time in the United States U.S. time zones . <Ul> <Li> UTC − 12 : 00 ( Baker Island , Howland Island ) </Li> <Li> Samoa Time Zone ( American Samoa , Jarvis Island , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll ) </Li> <Li> Hawaii -- Aleutian Time Zone ( Hawaii , Aleutian Islands ( Alaska ) , Johnston Atoll ) </Li> <Li> Alaska Time Zone ( Alaska , excluding Aleutian Islands ) </Li> <Li> Pacific Time Zone </Li> <Li> Mountain Time Zone </Li> <Li> Central Time Zone </Li> <Li> Eastern Time Zone </Li> <Li> Atlantic Time Zone ( Puerto Rico , U.S. Virgin Islands ) </Li> <Li> Chamorro Time Zone ( Guam , Northern Mariana Islands ) </Li> <Li> Wake Island Time Zone ( Wake Island ) </Li> </Ul> Courts of appeals circuits ( edit ) Main article : United States courts of appeals U.S. Courts of Appeals circuits . <Ul> <Li> First Circuit </Li> <Li> Second Circuit </Li> <Li> Third Circuit </Li> <Li> Fourth Circuit </Li> <Li> Fifth Circuit </Li> <Li> Sixth Circuit </Li> <Li> Seventh Circuit </Li> <Li> Eighth Circuit </Li> <Li> Ninth Circuit </Li> <Li> Tenth Circuit </Li> <Li> Eleventh Circuit </Li> <Li> DC Circuit </Li> </Ul> <P> The Federal Circuit is not a regional circuit . Its jurisdiction is nationwide , but based on subject matter . </P> Bureau of Economic Analysis regions ( edit ) Bureau of Economic Analysis regions . <P> The Bureau of Economic Analysis defines regions for comparison of economic data . </P> <Ul> <Li> New England : Connecticut , Maine , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Rhode Island and Vermont </Li> <Li> Mideast : Delaware , District of Columbia , Maryland , New Jersey , New York </Li> <Li> Great Lakes : Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , and Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Plains : Iowa , Kansas , Minnesota , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota </Li> <Li> Southeast : Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia , and West Virginia </Li> <Li> Southwest : Arizona , New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountain : Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Utah , and Wyoming </Li> <Li> Far West : Alaska , California , Hawaii , Nevada , Oregon , and Washington </Li> </Ul> Energy Information Administration ( edit ) <P> The Energy Information Administration currently uses the PADD system established by Petroleum Administration for War in World War II . It is used for data collection on refining petroleum and its products . Each PADD is subdivided into refining districts . </P> <Ul> <Li> PADD I : East Coast <Ul> <Li> East Coast : Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Florida ; along with counties in New York east of , north of and including Cayuga , Tompkins , and Chemung ; and counties in Pennsylvania east of and including Bradford , Sullivan , Columbia , Montour , Northumberland , Dauphin and York . </Li> <Li> Appalachian No. 1 : West Virginia along with counties of Pennsylvania and New York State not mentioned above . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> PADD II : Midwest <Ul> <Li> Indiana - Illinois - Kentucky : Indiana , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Michigan , Ohio </Li> <Li> Minnesota - Wisconsin - North and South Dakota : Minnesota , Wisconsin , North Dakota , South Dakota </Li> <Li> Oklahoma - Kansas - Missouri : Oklahoma , Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska , Iowa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> PADD III : Gulf Coast <Ul> <Li> Texas Gulf Coast : The Texan counties of Newton , Orange , Jefferson , Jasper , Tyler , Hardin , Liberty , Chambers , Polk , San Jacinto , Montgomery , Harris , Galveston , Waller , Fort Bend , Brazoria , Wharton , Matagorda , Jackson , Victoria ,

The states in the Northeast region include

All of the states in the northeast region?

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January 2015 . The film received generally positive reviews from critics who highly praised the stylized action sequences , the acting performances , villain , score , and its black humor , though some of the violent and sexual scenes were criticized for being too over the top . The film has grossed over $414 million worldwide , becoming Vaughn 's most commercially successful film to date . In 2015 , it won the Empire Award for Best British Film . </P> <P> A sequel , titled Kingsman : The Golden Circle , was released in September 2017 , with Vaughn and the main cast returning . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.2 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Marketing </Li> <Li> 4.2 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 5.2 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Franchise <Ul> <Li> 6.1 # TBT to That Time Archer Met Kingsman </Li> <Li> 6.2 Kingsman : The Golden Circle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Probationary secret agent Lee Unwin sacrifices himself to protect his superior Harry Hart while on a mission in the Middle East in 1997 . Hart , blaming himself , returns to London to give Lee 's widow Michelle and her young son Gary `` Eggsy '' a medal engraved with an emergency assistance number . </P> <P> Seventeen years later , Eggsy , having dropped out of training for the Royal Marines despite his intelligence and capability , has become a stereotypical chav . After being arrested for stealing a car , Eggsy calls the number . Hart arranges his release . Hart explains that he is a member of Kingsman , a private intelligence service founded by wealthy British individuals who lost their heirs in World War I. Hart , code name `` Galahad '' , explains there is a position available , as agent `` Lancelot '' was killed by the assassin Gazelle while trying to rescue Professor James Arnold from kidnappers . Eggsy becomes Hart 's candidate . Other candidates are eliminated through dangerous training tests run by operative `` Merlin '' , until only Eggsy and Roxy , a candidate he befriended , are left . Eggsy is unable to complete the final test -- shooting a dog he has raised during the training process ( unaware that the gun holds blanks ) -- and Roxy is named the new `` Lancelot '' . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Merlin discovers that Professor Arnold has returned to work as if nothing had happened . Hart attempts to interrogate him , but a chip in Professor Arnold 's neck explodes , killing him . The detonation signal is traced to a facility owned by Internet billionaire and philanthropist Richmond Valentine , who has recently offered everyone in the world SIM cards that grant free lifetime cellular and Internet connectivity . Hart , impersonating a billionaire philanthropist , meets Valentine face - to - face . Hart learns of Valentine 's connection to an obscure hate group 's church in Kentucky , and travels there , wearing glasses containing a video transceiver . Eggsy watches as Valentine activates the SIM cards in the church , triggering a signal that causes the parishioners to become murderously violent . Hart 's spy training leaves him as the only survivor . Outside the church Valentine explains what happened , then shoots Hart in the face . </P> <P> Eggsy returns to Kingsman headquarters and finds that Chester `` Arthur '' King , Kingsman 's leader , has a scar on his neck just like Professor Arnold 's . King reveals that Valentine plans to transmit his `` neurological wave '' worldwide via satellite network , believing the resulting `` culling '' of the human race will avert its extinction . Only those Valentine has chosen , willing and unwilling , will be unaffected . King tries to poison Eggsy , but Eggsy switches glasses and King poisons himself . </P> <P> Eggsy , Merlin and Roxy set out to stop Valentine . Roxy uses high - altitude balloons to destroy one of Valentine 's satellites and break up the network , but Valentine quickly secures a replacement from a business associate . Merlin flies Eggsy to Valentine 's base , where he masquerades as King . Eggsy is discovered by a failed Kingsman recruit , Charlie Hesketh , leading to both Eggsy and Merlin being cornered . On Eggsy 's suggestion , Merlin activates the implanted chips ' failsafe , killing almost everyone with a chip . An angry Valentine activates the signal and triggers worldwide pandemonium . Eggsy kills Gazelle and uses one of her sharpened prosthetic legs to impale Valentine and kill him , stopping the signal and ending the threat . </P> <P> In a mid-credits scene , Eggsy , now a full Kingsman agent , offers his mother and half - sister a new home away from his abusive stepfather Dean , who flatly objects to Eggsy 's suggestion . Eggsy then dispatches him in exactly the same manner that Hart dealt with one of Dean 's henchmen earlier . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Kingsman characters <Ul> <Li> Colin Firth as Harry Hart / Galahad </Li> <Li> Samuel L. Jackson as Richmond Valentine </Li> <Li> Mark Strong as Merlin </Li> <Li> Taron Egerton as Gary `` Eggsy '' Unwin </Li> <Li> Michael Caine as Chester King / Arthur </Li> <Li> Sophie Cookson as Roxanne `` Roxy '' Morton / Lancelot </Li> <Li> Sofia Boutella as Gazelle </Li> <Li> Samantha Womack as Michelle Unwin </Li> <Li> Geoff Bell as Dean Baker </Li> <Li> Edward Holcroft as Charles `` Charlie '' Hesketh </Li> <Li> Mark Hamill as Professor James Arnold </Li> <Li> Jack Davenport as James Spencer / Lancelot </Li> </Ul> <P> Hanna Alström and Bjørn Floberg appear as Crown Princess Tilde of Sweden , and Swedish Prime Minister Morten Lindström , respectively . Jack Cutmore - Scott portrays Rufus Saville , and Lily Travers portrays Lady Sophie . Jonno Davies played Lee Unwin , Eggsy 's father and a former Kingsman candidate who sacrificed himself to save Hart . Nicholas Banks , Nicholas Agnew , Rowan Polonski and Tom Prior portrayed , respectively , Digby Barker , Nathaniel , Piers and Hugo Higins , the other four Kingsman candidates . Fiona Hampton played Amelia , a Kingsman employee who masquerades as a candidate in order to `` die '' during the first test . Richard Brake played the interrogator during the penultimate test , Ralph Ineson the police interviewer after Eggsy 's arrest , whereas Corey Johnson starred as a fanatic church leader , and Velibor Topić portrayed the biggest goon in the bar fight scene . Tobias Bakare and Theo Barklem - Biggs play Eggsy 's friends Jamal and Ryan . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The project originated when Mark Millar and Vaughn were at a bar discussing spy movies , lamenting that the genre had become too serious over the years and deciding to do `` a fun one . '' To have the time to make the film , Vaughn had to opt out of directing X-Men : Days of Future Past , which he called `` a really tough decision '' . He reasoned that if he did not do it , `` somebody else ... ( would ) wake up and do a fun spy movie . Then I would have written a bloody screenplay that no one would want to make . '' Colin Firth joined the cast to lead the film on 29 April 2013 . It was initially reported in 2013 that Leonardo DiCaprio was in talks to play a villain , although Vaughn himself later denied that he was ever considered stating that he came as close to playing the role `` as I am to becoming the Pope . '' Instead the role of the villain went to Samuel L. Jackson , Jackson took the role , in part because of a career long dream to be in a James Bond movie . As he felt that this was unlikely to come true he took on the role stating `` I felt like this was an opportunity to play a really great Bond villain . '' Jackson 's character has a notable lisp , a choice he decided to make based partially on the stutter he had as a kid . In September 2013 , Vaughn cast Sophie Cookson for the female lead , preferring a newcomer over more obvious candidates like Emma Watson and Bella Heathcote . Mark Hamill was cast as Professor James Arnold , a reference to his character in the source comic book being named `` Mark Hamill '' . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Principal photography began 6 October 2013 in Deepcut , Surrey , on a budget reported to be one - third of the $200 million budget of Skyfall . The Alexandra Road Estate in Camden was used for Eggsy 's home area , and some scenes were filmed at Imperial College London . The Black Prince Pub in Kennington , South London , was used for various fight scenes and the car chase . Savile Row in Mayfair was also employed as a location and the exterior of tailors Huntsman at No. 12 , which provided the clothes , and James Lock & Co. in St James 's , which provided the hats . While rumours of several celebrity cameo parts were published , including Adele , Elton John , Lady Gaga , and David Beckham , none of these rumours proved to be true . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Kingsman : The Secret Service ( soundtrack ) <P> In May 2014 , it was reported that Henry Jackman and Matthew Margeson would be composing the music for the film , while in July it was announced that Gary Barlow would be writing the music for the film . Additionally , a song from Take That 's seventh studio album III , `` Get Ready for It '' , played during the end credits . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film 's premiere was held in London on 14 January 2015 , with director Vaughn and stars Firth , Egerton , and Strong attending , and Take That performing the film 's theme live . A regional premiere was held in Glasgow at exactly the same time as the London event , and live footage was streamed from the premiere to Glasgow . Mark Millar also hosted a charity screening of the film ahead of its release in Glasgow to raise money for his old school , St. Bartholomews . The film opened in the United Kingdom on 29 January 2015 . In the United States 20th Century Fox planned to release the film on 14 November 2014 , but later delayed it to 6 March 2015 . It was later moved up to 24 October 2014 , before being delayed again to 13 February 2015 . The film was released in most of Latin America and Indonesia , with the action scene set in the church removed . The scene , considered vital by the director and film critics , was excised almost completely , leaving only the set - up and immediate consequences . </P> <H3> Marketing ( edit ) </H3> <P> The trade paperback collecting the comics miniseries was released on 14 January 2015 . Vaughn teamed up with luxury retailer Mr Porter to create a 60 - piece clothing line based on the film . Mr Porter worked with the film 's costume designer , Arianne Phillips , to design the bespoke suiting , while everything from the ties and shirts to eyewear , umbrellas , shoes and watches were designed by heritage brands such as

The role of the princess in Kingsman: Secret Service was played by

Who played the princess in kingsman secret service?

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The three Little pigs - wikipedia <H1> The three Little pigs </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Three Little Pigs ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Three Little Pigs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The wolf blows down the straw house in a 1904 adaptation of the story . Illustration by Leonard Leslie Brooke . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Folk tale </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Td> The Three Little Pigs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Data </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aarne - Thompson grouping </Th> <Td> 124 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> ' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Three Little Pigs is a fable about three pigs who build three houses of different materials . A big bad wolf blows down the first two pigs ' houses , made of straw and sticks respectively , but is unable to destroy the third pig 's house , made of bricks . Printed versions date back to the 1840s , but the story itself is thought to be much older . The phrases used in the story , and the various morals drawn from it , have become embedded in Western culture . Many versions of The Three Little Pigs have been recreated or have been modified over the years , sometimes making the wolf a kind character . It is a type 124 folktale in the Aarne -- Thompson classification system . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Traditional versions </Li> <Li> 2 Later adaptations <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Disney cartoon </Li> <Li> 2.2 Warner Brothers and MGM versions </Li> <Li> 2.3 Subsequent retellings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Traditional versions ( edit ) </H2> Illustration from J. Jacobs , English Fairy Tales ( New York , 1895 ) <P> The Three Little Pigs was included in The Nursery Rhymes of England ( London and New York , c. 1886 ) , by James Halliwell - Phillipps . The story in its arguably best - known form appeared in English Fairy Tales by Joseph Jacobs , first published in 1890 and crediting Halliwell as his source . The story begins with the title characters being sent out into the world by their mother , to `` seek out their fortune '' . The first little pig builds a house of straw , but a wolf blows it down and devours him . The second little pig builds a house of sticks , which the wolf also blows down , and the second little pig is also devoured . Each exchange between wolf and pig features ringing proverbial phrases , namely : </P> <P> `` Little pig , little pig , let me come in . '' `` not by the hair on my chinny chin chin . '' `` Then I 'll huff , and I 'll puff , and I 'll blow your house down . '' </P> <P> The third little pig builds a house of bricks . The wolf fails to blow down the house . He then attempts to trick the pig out of the house by asking to meet him at various places , but he is outwitted each time . Finally , the wolf resolves to come down the chimney , whereupon the pig catches the wolf in a cauldron of boiling water , slams the lid on , then cooks and eats him . In some versions , the first and second little pigs are not eaten by the wolf after he demolishes their homes , but instead run to their brother 's house , and after the wolf goes down the chimney he either dies like in the original , or runs away and never returns to eat the three little pigs , who all survive in either case . </P> <P> The story uses the literary rule of three , expressed in this case as a `` contrasting three '' , as the third pig 's brick house turns out to be the only one which is adequate to withstand the wolf . Variations of the tale appeared in Uncle Remus : His Songs and Sayings in 1881 . The story also made an appearance in Nights with Uncle Remus in 1883 , both by Joel Chandler Harris , in which the pigs were replaced by Brer Rabbit . Andrew Lang included it in The Green Fairy Book , published in 1892 , but did not cite his source . In contrast to Jacobs 's version , which left the pigs nameless , Lang 's retelling cast the pigs as Browny , Whitey , and Blacky . It also set itself apart by exploring each pig 's character and detailing interaction between them . The antagonist of this version is a fox , not a wolf . The pigs ' houses are made either of mud , cabbage , or brick . Blacky , the third pig , rescues his brother and sister from the fox 's den after the fox has been defeated . </P> <H2> Later adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Disney cartoon ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Three Little Pigs ( film ) <P> The most well - known version of the story is an award - winning 1933 Silly Symphony cartoon , which was produced by Walt Disney . The production cast the title characters as Fifer Pig , Fiddler Pig , and Practical Pig . The first two are depicted as both frivolous and arrogant . The story has been somewhat softened . The first two pigs still get their houses blown down , but escape from the wolf . Also , the wolf is not boiled to death but simply burns his behind and runs away . Three sequels soon followed in 1934 , 1936 and 1939 respectively . </P> <P> Fifer Pig , Fiddler Pig , Practical Pig and the Big Bad Wolf appeared in the 2001 series Disney 's House of Mouse in many episodes , and again in Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse . The three pigs can be seen in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts as greetable characters . </P> <H3> Warner Brothers and MGM versions ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1942 , there was a Merrie Melodies version made that was a serious musical treatment , plus the usual Friz Freleng visual humor . It parodies both the Disney version , and Fantasia itself . </P> <P> Other versions of the tale were also made . One was an MGM Tex Avery cartoon named Blitz Wolf , a 1942 wartime version with the Wolf as a Nazi . Another animated spoof was a 1952 Warner Brothers cartoon called The Turn - Tale Wolf , directed by Robert McKimson . This cartoon tells the story from the wolf 's point of view and makes the pigs out to be the villains . Another Warner Brothers spoof was Friz Freleng 's The Three Little Bops ( 1957 ) , which depicts the three little pigs as jazz musicians who refuse to let the wolf join their band . </P> <H3> Subsequent retellings ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1953 , Tex Avery did a Droopy cartoon , `` The Three Little Pups '' . In it , the wolf is a Southern - speaking dog catcher ( voiced by Daws Butler ) trying to catch Droopy and his brothers , Snoopy and Loopy , to put in the dog pound . Though successfully blowing the first two houses down , he meets his match when he fails to blow down Droopy 's house of bricks . The dog catcher makes several failed attempts to destroy the house and catch the pups . His last failed attempt ended with him `` going to television '' where he is playing a cowboy on the TV show the pups were watching . </P> <P> The 1989 parody , The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs ! , is presented as a first - person narrative by the wolf , who portrays the entire incident as a misunderstanding ; he had gone to the pigs to borrow some sugar , had destroyed their houses in a sneezing fit , ate the first two pigs to not waste food ( since they 'd died in the house collapse anyway ) , and was caught attacking the third pig 's house after the pig had continually insulted him . </P> <P> The 1992 Green Jellö song , Three Little Pigs ( and its claymation music video ) sets the story in Los Angeles . The wolf drives a Harley Davidson motorcycle , the first little pig is an aspiring guitarist , the second is a cannabis smoking , dumpster diving evangelist and the third holds a Master of Architecture degree from Harvard University . In the end , with all three pigs barricaded in the brick house , the third pig calls 9 - 1 - 1 . John Rambo is dispatched to the scene , and kills the wolf with a machine gun . </P> <P> The 1993 children 's book The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig inverts the cast and makes a few changes to the plot : the wolves build a brick house , then a concrete house , then a steel house , and finally a house of flowers . The pig is unable to blow the houses down , destroying them by other means , but eventually gives up his wicked ways when he smells the scent of the flower house , and becomes friends with the wolves . </P> <P> The three pigs and the wolf appear in the four Shrek films , and the specials Shrek the Halls and Scared Shrekless . </P> <P> In 2003 the Flemish company Studio 100 created a musical called Three Little Pigs ( Dutch : De 3 Biggetjes ) , which follows the three daughters of the pig with the house of stone with new original songs , introducing a completely new story loosely based on the original story . The musical was specially written for the band K3 , who play the three little pigs , Pirky , Parky and Porky ( Dutch : Knirri , Knarri and Knorri ) . </P> <P> In 2014 Peter Lund let the three little pigs live together in a village in the musical Grimm with Little Red Riding Hood and other fairy tale characters . </P> <P> In 2015 Saturn Animation Studio , Canada , has produced an interactive adaptation of Three Little Pigs for all mobile devices . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ashliman , Professor D.L. `` Three Little Pigs and other folktales of Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 124 '' . Folklore and Mythology Electronic Texts . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tatar , Maria ( 2002 ) . The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 206 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05163 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacobs , Joseph ( 1890 ) . English Fairy Tales . Oxford University . pp. 68 -- 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Booker , Christopher ( 2005 ) . `` The Rule of Three '' . The Seven Basic Plots : Why We Tell Stories . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 230 -- 231 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldman , Steven ( November 1996 ) . `` In search of the real three little pigs - different versions of the story ' The Three Little Pigs ' '' . Washington Monthly . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Three Little Pigs </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three little pigs . </Td>

The story of the Three Little Pigs was

When did the three little pigs come out?

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, Serbia ( 9th century ) , Kievan Rus ' ( Russia , Ukraine , Belarus ; 10th century ) , Scandinavia ( 12th century ) and Lithuania ( 14th century ) brought the rest of present - day European territory into Western civilisation . </P> <P> Historians , such as Carroll Quigley in The Evolution of Civilizations , contend that Western civilization was born around 500 AD , after the total collapse of the Western Roman Empire , leaving a vacuum for new ideas to flourish that were impossible in Classical societies . In either view , between the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Renaissance , the West ( or those regions that would later become the heartland of the culturally `` western sphere '' ) experienced a period of first , considerable decline , and then readaptation , reorientation and considerable renewed material , technological and political development . This whole period of roughly a millennium is known as the Middle Ages , its early part forming the `` Dark Ages '' , designations that were created during the Renaissance and reflect the perspective on history , and the self - image , of the latter period . </P> <P> The knowledge of the ancient Western world was partly preserved during this period due to the survival of the Eastern Roman Empire and the institutions of the Catholic Church ; it was also greatly expanded by the Arab importation of both the Ancient Greco - Roman and new technology through the Arabs from India and China to Europe . Since the Renaissance , the West evolved beyond the influence of the ancient Greeks and Romans and the Islamic world due to the Commercial , Scientific , and Industrial Revolutions , and the expansion of the peoples of Western and Central European empires , and particularly the globe - spanning empires of the 18th and 19th centuries . Numerous times , this expansion was accompanied by Christian missionaries , who attempted to proselytize Christianity . </P> <P> Generally speaking , the current consensus would locate the West , at the very least , in the cultures and peoples of Europe ( at least the European Union member states , EFTA countries , European microstates ) , the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and parts of Latin America . There is debate among some as to whether Latin America is in a category of its own . The Russian culture ( particularly literature , music , painting , philosophy and architecture ) is classified as a part of the Western culture . </P> <H2> Western culture ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Western culture , Western literature , Western art history , and Classical music Further information : History of Western civilization <Table> <Tr> <Th> History of Western philosophy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western philosophy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> By era </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Pre-Socratic </Li> <Li> Ancient </Li> <Li> Medieval </Li> <Li> Renaissance </Li> <Li> Modern </Li> <Li> Contemporary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> By century </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> 16th </Li> <Li> 17th </Li> <Li> 18th </Li> <Li> 19th </Li> <Li> 20th </Li> <Li> 21st </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Religious philosophy </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Buddhist </Li> <Li> Christian </Li> <Li> Hindu </Li> <Li> Islamic </Li> <Li> Jewish </Li> <Li> Sikh </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Eastern philosophy </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Chinese </Li> <Li> Indian </Li> <Li> Iranian </Li> <Li> Japanese </Li> <Li> Korean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Western culture </Li> <Li> Western world </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The term `` Western culture '' is used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms , ethical values , traditional customs , religious beliefs , political systems , and specific artifacts and technologies . </P> <P> Specifically , Western culture may imply : </P> <Ul> <Li> a Biblical Christian cultural influence in spiritual thinking , customs and either ethic or moral traditions , around the Post-Classical Era and after . </Li> <Li> European cultural influences concerning artistic , musical , folkloric , ethic and oral traditions , whose themes have been further developed by Romanticism . </Li> <Li> a Graeco - Roman Classical and Renaissance cultural influence , concerning artistic , philosophic , literary , and legal themes and traditions , the cultural social effects of migration period and the heritages of Celtic , Germanic , Slavic and other ethnic groups , as well as a tradition of rationalism in various spheres of life , developed by Hellenistic philosophy , Scholasticism , Humanisms , the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment . </Li> </Ul> <P> The concept of Western culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the Western world . In this definition , Western culture is the set of literary , scientific , political , artistic and philosophical principles that set it apart from other civilizations . Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon . </P> <P> The term has come to apply to countries whose history is strongly marked by European immigration or settlement , such as the Americas , and Oceania , and is not restricted to Europe . </P> <P> Some tendencies that define modern Western societies are the existence of political pluralism , laicism , generalization of middle class , prominent subcultures or countercultures ( such as New Age movements ) , increasing cultural syncretism resulting from globalization and human migration . The modern shape of these societies is strongly based upon the Industrial Revolution and the societies ' associated social and environmental problems , such as class and pollution , as well as reactions to them , such as syndicalism and environmentalism . </P> <H2> Historical divisions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The geopolitical divisions in Europe that created a concept of East and West originated in the Roman Empire . The Eastern Mediterranean was home to the highly urbanized cultures that had Greek as their common language ( owing to the older empire of Alexander the Great and of the Hellenistic successors ) , whereas the West was much more rural in its character and more readily adopted Latin as its common language . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , Western and Central Europe were substantially cut off from the East where Byzantine Greek culture and Eastern Christianity became founding influences in the Arab / Muslim world and among the Eastern and Southern Slavic peoples . Roman Catholic Western and Central Europe , as such , maintained a distinct identity particularly as it began to redevelop during the Renaissance . Even following the Protestant Reformation , Protestant Europe continued to see itself as more tied to Roman Catholic Europe than other parts of the perceived civilized world . </P> <P> Use of the term West as a specific cultural and geopolitical term developed over the course of the Age of Exploration as Europe spread its culture to other parts of the world . In the past two centuries the term Western world has sometimes been used synonymously with Christian world because of the numerical dominance of Roman Catholicism and Protestantism compared to other Christian traditions , ancient Roman ideas , and heresies . As secularism rose in Europe and elsewhere during the 19th and 20th centuries , the term West came to take on less religious connotations and more political connotations , especially during the Cold War . Additionally , closer contacts between the West and Asia and other parts of the world in recent times have continued to cloud the use and meaning of the term . </P> <H3> Hellenic ( edit ) </H3> The Ancient Greek world , c. 550 BC <P> The Hellenic division between the barbarians and the Greeks contrasted in many societies the Greek - speaking culture of the Greek settlements around the Mediterranean to the surrounding non-Greek cultures . Herodotus considered the Persian Wars of the early 5th century BC a conflict of Europa versus Asia ( which he considered all land north and east of the Sea of Marmara , respectively ) . The terms `` West '' and `` East '' were not used by any Greek author to describe that conflict . The anachronistic application of those terms to that division entails a stark logical contradiction , given that , when the term `` West '' appeared , it was used in opposition to the Greeks and Greek - speaking culture . </P> <P> Western society traces its cultural origins , at least partially , to Greek thought and Christian religion , thus following an evolution that began in ancient Greece and the Levant , continued through the Roman Empire , and spread throughout Europe . The inherently `` Greek '' classical ideas of history ( which one might easily say they invented ) and art may , however , be considered almost inviolate in the West , as their original spread of influence survived the Hellenic period of Roman classical antiquity , the Dark Ages , its resurgence during the Western Renaissance , and has managed somehow to keep and exert its pervasive influence down into the present age , with every expectation of it continuing to dominate any secular Western cultural developments . </P> <P> However , the conquest of the Western parts of the Roman Empire by Germanic peoples and the subsequent dominance by the Western Christian Papacy ( which held combined political and spiritual authority , a state of affairs absent from Greek civilization in all its stages ) , resulted in a rupture of the previously existing ties between the Latin West and Greek thought , including Christian Greek thought . The Great Schism and the Fourth Crusade confirmed this deviation . </P> <P> On the other hand , the Modern West , emerging after the Renaissance as a new civilization , has been greatly influenced by ( its own interpretation of ) Greek thought , which was preserved in the Roman Empire and the medieval Islamic world during the Medieval West 's Dark Ages and transmitted from there by emigration of Greek scholars , courtly marriages , and Latin translations . The Renaissance in the West emerged partly from currents within the Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire . </P> <H3> Roman Empire ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Roman Empire The Roman Empire in 210 AD , at its greatest extent under Septimius Severus ( its vassals in pink ) The Roman Empire under Trajan in 117 AD <P> Ancient Rome ( 510 BC -- AD 476 ) was a civilization that grew from a city - state founded on the Italian Peninsula about the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea . In its 12 - century existence , Roman civilization shifted from a monarchy , to a republic , to an autocratic empire . It came to dominate Western , Central and Southeastern Europe and the entire area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea through conquest using the Roman legions and then through cultural assimilation by giving Roman privileges and eventually citizenship to the whole empire . Nonetheless , despite its great legacy , a number of factors led to the eventual decline of the Roman Empire . </P> <P> The Western Roman Empire provinces eventually were replaced by Germanic ruled kingdoms in the 5th century AD due to civil wars , corruption , and devastating Germanic invasions from such tribes as the Goths , the Franks and the Vandals . </P> <P> The Eastern Roman Empire , governed from Constantinople , is usually referred to as the Byzantine Empire after 476 , the traditional date for the `` fall of the Western Roman Empire '' and for the beginning of the Early Middle Ages . The Eastern Roman Empire survived the fall of the West , and protected Roman legal and cultural traditions , combining them with Greek and Christian elements , for another thousand years

The term "the West" originates from

Where does the term the west come from?

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St. Pauli Girl - wikipedia <H1> St. Pauli Girl </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> St Pauli Girl <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Bremen , Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owned by </Th> <Td> Constellation Brands </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Active beers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Td> Type </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St Pauli Girl Lager </Td> <Td> Pilsner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St Pauli Girl Special Dark </Td> <Td> Dark lager </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St Pauli Girl NA </Td> <Td> Non-Alcoholic </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> St. Pauli Girl beers are brewed and bottled by the St. Pauli Brauerei , which is located within the Beck 's brewery in Bremen , Germany . </P> <P> The brand derives its name from the fact that the original brewery , which was established in 1857 by Lüder Rutenberg , was located next to the former St. Paul 's Friary ( de ) in Bremen . There are currently three brands of beer brewed : St. Pauli Girl Lager , St. Pauli Girl Special Dark and St. Pauli Non-Alcoholic Malt Beverage . The beer is only produced for export and is not sold in Germany . </P> <P> St Pauli Girl , like many German breweries , advertises that they brew all of their beers according to the Reinheitsgebot ( German purity law ) of 1516 , even though they use culture yeast as an ingredient , which is not allowed by the 1516 law . The distinctive label depicting a woman wearing traditional outfits was introduced in the 19th century with the advent of the bottled beer . The local artist commissioned for the label drew his inspiration from the waitresses at the time . </P> <P> St Pauli Girl 's Beers were first introduced into select US markets in 1965 . National Distribution began in 1975 . St. Pauli Non-Alcoholic was first sold in the United States in 1991 . The St Pauli Girl website claims that their beer is the number two selling German beer in the United States . </P> <H2> St. Pauli Girl spokesmodels ( edit ) </H2> St. Pauli Girl beer bottle <P> Since 1982 , St. Pauli Girl Beer has chosen a model to represent the beer brand nationally each year and appear on the popular St. Pauli Girl poster . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1977 The first year of St Pauli Girls Spokesmodel campaign </Li> <Li> 1984 Gail Star Smith </Li> <Li> 1988 Jennifer Fabello </Li> <Li> 1989 Jennifer Fabello </Li> <Li> 1990 Felice Schachter </Li> <Li> 1991 Katie Vogt </Li> <Li> 1998 Teresa Politi </Li> <Li> 1999 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month January 1999 Jaime Bergman </Li> <Li> 2000 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month August 1998 Angela Little </Li> <Li> 2001 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month March 1994 Neriah Davis </Li> <Li> 2002 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month January 1998 Heather Kozar </Li> <Li> 2003 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month July 1998 Lisa Dergan </Li> <Li> 2004 Icelandic model and actress Berglind Icey </Li> <Li> 2005 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month February 1999 Stacy Fuson </Li> <Li> 2006 model Brittany Evans </Li> <Li> 2007 model and actress Bobbi Sue Luther </Li> <Li> 2008 Playboy magazine 's Playmate of the month January 2001 Irina Voronina </Li> <Li> 2009 Slovak model Katarina Van Derham </Li> <Li> 2010 Katarina Van Derham </Li> <Li> 2011 American Model / Actress Jen England </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` St. Pauli Girl : Breaking News '' . St. Pauli Girl Official Website . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ABC News . `` Mascots Vie to Be No. 1 Ad Icon '' . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Model Katarina Van Derham Takes Oath as 2009 St. Pauli Girl '' . Crown Imports . PR Newswire. 13 January 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hein , Kenneth ( 14 January 2009 ) . `` Important breaking news : A new St. Pauli Girl has been chosen ! '' . BrandFreak.com . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Anheuser - Busch InBev </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Corporate directors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carlos Brito , CEO </Li> <Li> August Busch IV </Li> <Li> Arnoud de Pret Roose de Calesberg </Li> <Li> Philippe de Spoelberch </Li> <Li> Jorge Paulo Lemann </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subsidiaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anheuser - Busch , Inc ( Manufacturers Railway ) </Li> <Li> AmBev </Li> <Li> InBev </Li> <Li> Grupo Modelo </Li> <Li> SABMiller </Li> <Li> St. Louis Refrigerated Car Co . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Equity investments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Craft Brew Alliance ( 32.2 % ) <Ul> <Li> Redhook </Li> <Li> Widmer Bros . </Li> <Li> Kona Brewing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Global and multi-country brands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beck 's </Li> <Li> Budweiser </Li> <Li> Castle Lager </Li> <Li> Cerveza Corona </Li> <Li> Hoegaarden </Li> <Li> Leffe </Li> <Li> Stella Artois </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Local brands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 10 Barrel Brewing </Li> <Li> Antarctica </Li> <Li> Bass </Li> <Li> Belle - Vue </Li> <Li> Blue Point </Li> <Li> Boddingtons Brewery </Li> <Li> Brahma beer </Li> <Li> Breckenridge Brewery </Li> <Li> Busch Beer </Li> <Li> Camden Town </Li> <Li> Diebels </Li> <Li> Diekirch </Li> <Li> Dommelsch </Li> <Li> Dutch Gold </Li> <Li> Elysian </Li> <Li> Franziskaner </Li> <Li> Four Peaks </Li> <Li> Guaraná Antarctica </Li> <Li> Harbin Brewery </Li> <Li> Hasseröder </Li> <Li> Hertog Jan </Li> <Li> Jupiler </Li> <Li> Karbach </Li> <Li> King Cobra </Li> <Li> Kokanee </Li> <Li> Labatt </Li> <Li> Lakeport </Li> <Li> Löwenbräu </Li> <Li> Lucky </Li> <Li> Michelob </Li> <Li> Mousel </Li> <Li> Natural </Li> <Li> Oranjeboom </Li> <Li> Quilmes </Li> <Li> Rolling Rock </Li> <Li> Skol </Li> <Li> Spaten </Li> <Li> St. Pauli Girl </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Pauli_Girl&oldid=779258736 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Beer brands of Germany </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking in - text citations </Li> <Li> Interlanguage link template link number </Li> <Li> Germany articles missing geocoordinate data </Li> <Li> All articles needing coordinates </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 May 2017 , at 22 : 24 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

St. Pauli Girl is a type of

What kind of beer is st pauli girl?

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Papaya ringspot virus - wikipedia <H1> Papaya ringspot virus </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Papaya ringspot virus ( PRSV ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Symptoms of PRSV on Papaya tree ( a ) and fruit ( b ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Virus classification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group : </Td> <Td> Group IV ( ( + ) ssRNA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Order : </Td> <Td> Unassigned </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Family : </Td> <Td> Potyviridae </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Genus : </Td> <Td> Potyvirus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Species : </Td> <Td> Papaya ringspot virus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Synonyms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Papaya ringspot potyvirus </Li> <Li> Papaya distortion mosaic virus </Li> <Li> Papaya leaf distortion virus </Li> <Li> Papaw distortion ringspot virus </Li> <Li> Papaw mosaic virus </Li> <Li> Watermelon mosaic virus 1 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Papaya ringspot virus ( PRSV ) is a pathogenic plant virus in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae which primarily infects the papaya tree . </P> <P> The virus is a non-enveloped , flexous rod - shaped particle that is between 760 -- 800 nm long and 12 nm in diameter . It is transmitted between plants by mechanical activities like pruning and by numerous aphid species such as Myzus persicae . No seed transmission has been detected . </P> <P> There are two major types of this virus that are serologically indistinguishable and are so closely genetically related that they are now considered the same virus species . The type that gave the virus its name are the Type P isolates ( PRSV - P ) . This type infects papaya and several members of the melon family ( Cucurbitaceae ) . The other type , Type W isolates ( PRSV - W ) , does not infect papaya . Isolates of PRSV - W do infect cucurbits such as watermelon , cucumber , and squash and were originally known as Watermelon mosaic virus 1 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Distribution and origin </Li> <Li> 3 PRSV - P </Li> <Li> 4 PRSV - W </Li> <Li> 5 Vectors </Li> <Li> 6 Control <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Cross protection </Li> <Li> 6.2 Transgenics </Li> <Li> 6.3 Deregulation </Li> <Li> 6.4 Durability of resistance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Economic impact </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hawaiian papaya production has been severely affected twice by PRSV . The virus was introduced to Oahu as early as 1937 . The disease was mild for a number of years until it either mutated or a more aggressive strain was introduced around 1950 . Within 12 years , the amount of land under papaya production dropped 94 % . Production was then moved from Oahu to the Puna region of Hawaii island ( the `` Big Island '' ) under strict quarantine . In 1971 PRSV was found in home gardens but efforts were taken to prevent its spread . The virus emerged in commercial farms in 1992 and by 1995 production in Puna was impossible . Commercial growers again relocated to the Hamakua coast but with only limited success . Hawaiian papaya production was halved by the end of the decade . Transgenic papaya varieties that are resistant to PRSV entered production in 1998 and resuscitated the industry . </P> <H2> Distribution and origin ( edit ) </H2> <P> Both pathotypes are distributed worldwide . PRSV - P , for example , is known to be present in the Middle East , Africa , South and Central American . It has also been found in China , France , Germany , India , Italy , Mexico , Taiwan , and the United States . PRSV - W isolates have been found in the United States , the Caribbean , Mexico , Italy , Germany , Australia , France , India , the Middle East , and South America . </P> <P> Using genetic phylogeny studies , researchers suspect the virus originated in Asia , likely India , about 2,250 years ago . From there it slowly spread through the continent reaching China about 600 years ago . It was also introduced directly from India to Australia and the Americas within the last 300 years . Papayas were introduced to India only 500 years ago , at which point the virus made the jump from cucurbits . However , the virus has switched back and forth between pathotypes many times in its evolution . </P> <H2> PRSV - P ( edit ) </H2> <P> Symptoms are typical of viral diseases . Papaya exhibits yellowing , leaf distortion , and severe mosaic . Oily or water - soaked spots and streaks appear on the trunk and petioles . The fruit will exhibit bumps and the classic `` ringspot '' . A severe isolate of PRSV has also been shown to cause tissue necrosis . Cucurbit symptoms tend to be similar to papaya symptoms including blisters , mosaic , yellowing , and leaf distortions . </P> <P> This virus produces two types of inclusion bodies visible under a light microscope with proper staining of epidemal strips . One inclusion is the typical cylidrical inclusion ( CI ) which is considered diagnostic for the potyvirus group , and the other is called the amorphous inclusion ( AI ) . The presence of both inclusions can be diagnostic for this virus . </P> <H2> PRSV - W ( edit ) </H2> <P> In squash , watermelon and other cucurbits , PRSV - W causes mottling and distortion of leaves and fruit . PRSV - W is considered to be one of the limiting factors in the growing of cucurbits in Florida . </P> <P> PRSV - W should not be confused with Watermelon mosaic virus 2 , another potyvirus that infects cucurbits around the world , including Florida , and which is now known simply as Watermelon mosaic virus ( WMV ) . PRSV has a different host range , different serological properties , and no nucleotide sequence homology with WMV . WMV also has different cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that can differentiate it from PRSV - W . </P> <P> Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been made for both of the CI and AI proteins as well as for the capsid protein of PRSV - W . </P> <H2> Vectors ( edit ) </H2> <P> Aphids are the predominant means by which PRSV is transmitted . PRSV is a non-persistent virus , meaning it does not enter beyond the feeding mouthparts of the aphid , and does not circulate or multiply within its insect host . Non-persistent viruses are transmitted quickly and easily between plants . Many species of aphid can transmit PRSV , particularly the Peach Aphid and Melon Aphid . </P> <P> Seed transmission has been observed at rates of 2 infected second generation plants out of 1355 . This method of transmission is marginal compared to transmission through aphid vectors . However , if infected seed survives , it could then function as a source on inoculum , which then could be spread by insect vectors . </P> <P> Disease transmission can also occur by planting infected seedlings in fields where the virus is not present . Using `` clean '' , virus - free seedlings for planting is of very high importance . </P> <H2> Control ( edit ) </H2> <P> There is no known resistance to PRSV , although certain varieties are more symptomatic than others . There are four main methods of control for PRSV : quarantine and geographic displacement , roguing and netting , cross-protection , and genetic modification of the host plant . Because PRSV is a non-persistent virus and is consequently transmitted to healthy plants by aphids within a very short time period , insecticidal control is difficult and impractical . Once symptoms have been observed , it is already too late to spray for aphids -- the disease has most likely already been transmitted to nearby healthy plants . In order to implement successful vector control , frequent preventative sprays are required , which is rarely done . </P> <P> Prevention through quarantine and geographic displacement of cropland is common and has occurred in Hawaii , the Philippines and Brazil . When fields become infected , such as the case of Oahu papaya growers , attempts to relocate growing areas to virus - free fields are made . This is usually just a temporary avoidance of the disease , which eventually spreads to the new fields . </P> <P> Roguing , or the removal and destruction of infected plants , is a way to control the spread of PRSV . This method was employed unsuccessfully when PRSV began to invade the Puna region of Hawaii . It is difficult to suppress the spread of PRSV through rouging because it is spread very quickly and effectively by aphids . </P> <P> Netting can also be used to prevent insect vectors from spreading the virus . Production under netting is prohibitively expensive for subsistence and small - scale producers , but was used effectively in Taiwan because geographical displacement was not possible on such a small island . </P> <H3> Cross protection ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cross protection is similar in practice , although not in mode of action , to viral vaccinations in humans . A mild strain of PRSV is introduced into the host plant , which then develops resistance to virulent strains of the virus . Development of cross-protection in papaya was researched in Hawaii starting in 1979 . A delay in the onset of symptoms was achieved , as well as a reduction in the severity of symptoms . However , inoculation of the mild strain also caused pathogenesis on the papaya plants . </P> <H3> Transgenics ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are two transgenic varieties of papaya , both of which were created by Dennis Gonsalves and his team and were introduced for production in May 1 , 1998 . Rainbow ( created by Dennis Gonsalves ) is an F1 hybrid , which is a cross between the yellow fleshed Kapoho and the red - fleshed SunUp . Rainbow is produced on 76 % of Hawaiian papaya acreage , while SunUp is hardly grown commercially . SunUp is thought to be more resistant to exotic strains of PRSV , while Rainbow has shown susceptibility to such exotic strains of the virus . Transgenic varieties have been shown to be extremely effective against Hawaiian strains of PRSV , showing complete resistance to the virus compared to 100 % infection of susceptible strains in some trials . </P> <P> Pathogen - derived resistance ( PDR ) is the technique of inserting a gene fragment from the pathogen into the transgenic crop , which then affords the crop plant resistance against the pathogen . This method was employed in the development of transgenic papaya . PRSV 's coat protein gene was inserted into highly embryogenic plant tissue by using the newly invented gene gun , which led to the development of the transgenic line 55 - 1 , which was proven to be effective at controlling Hawaiian strains of PRSV . </P> <H3> Deregulation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The evaluation of whether or not to release transgenic papaya in the United States was undertaken by APHIS , the EPA and the FDA . This incident was unique in that transgenic crops are usually developed and promoted by commercial operations , while transgenic papaya and the case for deregulation was adopted by University of Hawaii researchers . The university was highly motivated to help save the Hawaiian papaya industry , and consequently took a leading role in pushing for commercialization of the fruit . </P> <P> Japan is 20 % of Hawaii 's export market . Japan had been resistant to approve GMO papaya since its introduction in 1998 . As of 2011 , the Rainbow transgenic papaya has been approved for export to

On the Big Island of Hawaii, papayas were suffering from

Papayas were suffering from what pathogen on the big island of hawaii?

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Luke Cage ( season 2 ) - wikipedia <H1> Luke Cage ( season 2 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Luke Cage ( season 2 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mike Colter </Li> <Li> Simone Missick </Li> <Li> Rosario Dawson </Li> <Li> Alfre Woodard </Li> <Li> Theo Rossi </Li> <Li> Mustafa Shakir </Li> <Li> Gabrielle Dennis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Netflix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> List of Luke Cage episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The second season of the American web television series Luke Cage , which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name , sees Cage become a hero and celebrity in Harlem after clearing his name , only to face a new threat . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios , with Cheo Hodari Coker serving as showrunner . </P> <P> Mike Colter stars as Cage , alongside returning principal cast members Simone Missick , Rosario Dawson , Alfre Woodard , and Theo Rossi . They are joined by Mustafa Shakir and Gabrielle Dennis . The second season was ordered in December 2016 , and filmed in New York City from June to November , 2017 . </P> <P> The season is set to premiere June 22 , 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Episodes </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Notable guests </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Writing </Li> <Li> 3.3 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.4 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.5 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Soul Brother # 1 '' </Td> <Td> Lucy Liu </Td> <Td> Cheo Hodari Coker </Td> <Td> June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Straighten It Out '' </Td> <Td> Steph Green </Td> <Td> Akela Cooper </Td> <Td> June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Wig Out '' </Td> <Td> Marc Jobst </Td> <Td> Matt Owens </Td> <Td> June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` I Get Physical '' </Td> <Td> Salli Richardson - Whitfield </Td> <Td> Matthew Lopes </Td> <Td> June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` All Souled Out '' </Td> <Td> Kasi Lemmons </Td> <Td> Ian Stokes </Td> <Td> June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` The Basement '' </Td> <Td> Millicent Shelton </Td> <Td> Aïda Mashaka Croal </Td> <Td> June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Each episode is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song </Li> </Ol> <P> Neema Barnette directed an episode in the season . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Luke Cage characters <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Mike Colter as Luke Cage </Li> <Li> Simone Missick as Mercedes `` Misty '' Knight </Li> <Li> Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple </Li> <Li> Alfre Woodard as Mariah Dillard </Li> <Li> Theo Rossi as Hernan `` Shades '' Alvarez </Li> <Li> Mustafa Shakir as John McIver </Li> <Li> Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson </Li> </Ul> <H3> Notable guests ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Thomas Q. Jones as Comanche </Li> <Li> Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist </Li> <Li> Reg E. Cathey as James Lucas </Li> <Li> Danny Johnson as Benjamin Donovan </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> In January 2015 , Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated the series was `` eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure '' and Netflix would look at `` how well ( they ) are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase '' in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate . In July 2015 , Sarandos said some of the Defenders series would `` selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate . '' Regarding a second season , showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker stated he had `` a few ideas '' , including possibly exploring the `` Hero for Hire '' aspect of Luke Cage , though noted he was not taking `` any of this for granted '' in terms of feeling a second season renewal from Netflix was guaranteed . Actor Mike Colter also felt `` Heroes for Hire '' could be explored in future seasons , as well as further exploring Cage 's lifestyle change regarding his relationship with Jessica Jones and introducing the couple 's daughter . In December 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season , of 13 episodes . </P> <P> Coker compared the season to A Tribe Called Quest 's second album The Low End Theory saying , their first album People 's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm `` was great , but then Low End Theory was the record that everyone says ... when they think of A Tribe Called Quest taking it to the next level . That 's my hope for season 2 , is that we have some of the similar sounds , but we go in a deeper direction . '' Coker also noted that music would continue to be an important element for the season and that Harlem would still be `` at the heart and its center '' for the series . </P> <H3> Writing ( edit ) </H3> <P> In July 2017 , Colter said the writing for the season was different from the first , because `` we know the show now . We know the world that we 're in and we know sort of what works and what does n't work and we 're just gon na double down on that stuff , so look forward to a very exciting and very relevant and pop culture - heavy show . '' He added that after the first season and the crossover miniseries The Defenders , Cage would have `` a whole new outlook on life '' and would not be dealing with the judicial system anymore . Coker explained that the storyline for the season did not come from any particular iteration of the comics , and instead was based on the characters that appear : `` who is Luke Cage and getting much deeper into that , but also finding out different things about Mariah Dillard , also finding out things about Misty Knight , '' including getting her mechanical arm `` and what that entails from an emotional standpoint . '' In particular , the new villains introduced for the season and their abilities impacted the story in terms of `` what that represents against Luke '' . Each episode of the season is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song , just as Coker named each episode of the first season after a Gang Starr song . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Colter returns to star as Cage , along with Simone Missick as Misty Knight , Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple , Alfre Woodard as Mariah Dillard , and Theo Rossi as Hernan `` Shades '' Alvarez . In July 2017 , Marvel announced the casting of Mustafa Shakir as John McIver , and Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson . </P> <P> Thomas Q. Jones and Danny Johnson also reprise their roles as Comanche and Benjamin Donovan in the season . In October 2017 , it was revealed that Finn Jones would be reprising his role as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in the season . Colter explained that there had been interest from fans to see more of the previously established relationship between Cage and Jessica Jones , but for this season they `` went out on a limb '' and decided to give to the fans of the `` Heroes for Hire '' instead by having Cage and Rand team up for part of the season . He added that Finn Jones `` will bring some fresh blood in the new season '' . Following the death of Reg E. Cathey in February 2018 , Marvel revealed that his final performance was as Luke Cage 's father James Lucas in this season . The character appeared briefly in the first season portrayed by an unnamed actor . </P> <P> In March 2018 , Annabella Sciorra was announced to have been cast in the `` key role '' of Rosalie Carbone . The next month , Antonique Smith joined the cast as Detective Nandi Tyler , a longtime rival of Misty Knight . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Principal photography began by June 10 , 2017 , under the series ' working title Tiara . Production wrapped that November . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> Coker wanted to have live musical performances in the season again after the first , and hoped that some musicians who had turned him down for the first season would be happy to join the second after getting to see the series . In July 2017 , Colter said that the second season would have `` another feel to it '' in terms of the music , praising the season 's musical guests and explaining that he and Coker had chosen a `` certain type '' of music for the season after listening to it at a birthday party and agreeing that there had `` not been one bad song '' played . Coker later explained that the season would explore the roots of hip - hop with blues and reggae , after the first season introduced hip - hop to the MCU . He added that the season would explore `` the entire diaspora of black music '' along with different cultures . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The second season of Luke Cage is set to be released on June 22 , 2018 , on the streaming service Netflix worldwide , in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gracie , Bianca ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Episodes Are Named After Pete Rock & CL Smooth Songs '' . Complex . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brockington , Ariana ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Luke Cage ' Season 2 Gets Premiere Date , Teaser Trailer ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coker , Cheo Hodari ( @ cheo_coker ) ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` '' Soul Brother # 1 '' Written by Cheo Hodari Coker . Directed by @ LucyLiu . 13 weeks out from Season Two dropping , so every coming week I 'll reveal the Pete Rock & CL Smooth song title , the writer , and the

Like Cage Season 2 is scheduled to be released on

When does like cage season 2 come out?

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Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia <H1> Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Alpine Skiing at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Pictograms for speed ( left ) and technical ( right ) alpine skiing events </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venues </Th> <Td> Jeongseon Alpine Centre ( speed ) Yongpyong Alpine Center ( technical ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dates </Th> <Td> 12 -- 24 February 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of events </Th> <Td> 11 ( 5 men , 5 women , 1 mixed ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competitors </Th> <Td> 322 from 80 nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ← 2014 2022 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Qualification </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Combined </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Downhill </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Giant slalom </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slalom </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Super-G </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> women </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team event </Th> <Td colspan="2"> mixed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Yongpyong Jeongseon Locations in South Korea <P> Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held from 12 to 24 February at Yongpyong Alpine Centre ( slalom and giant slalom ) at the Alpensia Sports Park in PyeongChang and at the Jeongseon Alpine Centre ( speed events ) in Jeongseon , South Korea . </P> <P> In June 2015 , the International Olympic Committee approved the addition of a mixed team event , bringing the total of medal events in alpine skiing to eleven . It was the last event on the schedule . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Qualification </Li> <Li> 2 Competition schedule <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Course information </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Medal summary <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Medal table </Li> <Li> 3.2 Men 's events </Li> <Li> 3.3 Women 's events </Li> <Li> 3.4 Team event </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Participating nations </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Qualification ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification <P> A maximum of 320 quota spots were available to athletes to compete at the games . A maximum of twenty - two athletes could be entered by a National Olympic Committee , with a maximum of fourteen men or fourteen women . A total of sixteen countries also qualified for the inaugural team event . There were two qualification standards for the games : an A standard and a B standard . </P> <H2> Competition schedule ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Event </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 February </Td> <Td> 11 : 30 15 : 00 </Td> <Td> Men 's combined </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 February </Td> <Td> 10 : 00 13 : 45 </Td> <Td> Women 's giant slalom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 : 30 </Td> <Td> Men 's downhill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 February </Td> <Td> 10 : 00 13 : 15 </Td> <Td> Women 's slalom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 : 00 </Td> <Td> Men 's super-G </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 February </Td> <Td> 12 : 00 </Td> <Td> Women 's super-G </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 February </Td> <Td> 10 : 15 13 : 45 </Td> <Td> Men 's giant slalom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 February </Td> <Td> 11 : 00 </Td> <Td> Women 's downhill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 February </Td> <Td> 10 : 00 13 : 30 </Td> <Td> Men 's slalom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 : 30 15 : 00 </Td> <Td> Women 's combined </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 February </Td> <Td> 11 : 00 </Td> <Td> Team event </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Source : All times are ( UTC + 9 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Men 's downhill was postponed ( high winds ) from 11 to 15 February . </Li> <Li> Women 's giant slalom was postponed ( high winds ) from 12 to 15 February . </Li> <Li> Women 's slalom was postponed ( high winds ) from 14 to 16 February . </Li> <Li> Men 's super-G was postponed ( scheduling conflict ) from 15 to 16 February . </Li> <Li> Women 's combined was moved forward 24 hours ( due to scheduled high winds ) from 23 to 22 February . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Course information ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Race </Th> <Th> Start elevation </Th> <Th> Finish elevation </Th> <Th> Vertical drop </Th> <Th> Course length </Th> <Th> Average gradient </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 February </Td> <Td> Downhill -- men </Td> <Td> 1,370 m ( 4,495 ft ) </Td> <Td> 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) </Td> <Td> 825 m ( 2,707 ft ) </Td> <Td> 2.965 km ( 1.842 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001278000000000000 ♠ 27.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 February </Td> <Td> Downhill -- women </Td> <Td> 1,275 m ( 4,183 ft ) </Td> <Td> 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) </Td> <Td> 730 m ( 2,395 ft ) </Td> <Td> 2.775 km ( 1.724 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001263000000000000 ♠ 26.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 February </Td> <Td> Downhill -- ( SC ) -- men </Td> <Td> 1,195 m ( 3,921 ft ) </Td> <Td> 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) </Td> <Td> 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) </Td> <Td> 2.050 km ( 1.274 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001317000000000000 ♠ 31.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 February </Td> <Td> Downhill -- ( SC ) -- women </Td> <Td> 1,275 m ( 4,183 ft ) </Td> <Td> 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) </Td> <Td> 730 m ( 2,400 ft ) </Td> <Td> 2.775 km ( 1.724 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001263000000000000 ♠ 26.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 February </Td> <Td> Super-G -- men </Td> <Td> 1,195 m ( 3,921 ft ) </Td> <Td> 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) </Td> <Td> 650 m ( 2,133 ft ) </Td> <Td> 2.322 km ( 1.443 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 February </Td> <Td> Super-G -- women </Td> <Td> 1,130 m ( 3,707 ft ) </Td> <Td> 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) </Td> <Td> 585 m ( 1,919 ft ) </Td> <Td> 2.010 km ( 1.249 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001291000000000000 ♠ 29.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 February </Td> <Td> Giant slalom -- men </Td> <Td> 1,405 m ( 4,610 ft ) </Td> <Td> 965 m ( 3,166 ft ) </Td> <Td> 440 m ( 1,444 ft ) </Td> <Td> 1.326 km ( 0.824 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001332000000000000 ♠ 33.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 February </Td> <Td> Giant slalom -- women </Td> <Td> 1,365 m ( 4,478 ft ) </Td> <Td> 965 m ( 3,166 ft ) </Td> <Td> 400 m ( 1,312 ft ) </Td> <Td> 1.250 km ( 0.777 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 February </Td> <Td> Slalom -- men </Td> <Td> 1,176 m ( 3,858 ft ) </Td> <Td> 965 m ( 3,166 ft ) </Td> <Td> 211 m ( 692 ft ) </Td> <Td> 0.575 km ( 0.357 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001367000000000000 ♠ 36.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 February </Td> <Td> Slalom -- women </Td> <Td> 1,169 m ( 3,835 ft ) </Td> <Td> 965 m ( 3,166 ft ) </Td> <Td> 204 m ( 669 ft ) </Td> <Td> 0.556 km ( 0.345 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001367000000000000 ♠ 36.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 February </Td> <Td> Slalom -- ( SC ) -- men </Td> <Td> 745 m ( 2,444 ft ) </Td> <Td> 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) </Td> <Td> 200 m ( 656 ft ) </Td> <Td> 0.521 km ( 0.324 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001384000000000000 ♠ 38.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 February </Td> <Td> Slalom -- ( SC ) -- women </Td> <Td> 724 m ( 2,375 ft ) </Td> <Td> 545 m ( 1,788 ft ) </Td> <Td> 179 m ( 587 ft ) </Td> <Td> 0.515 km ( 0.320 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001348009999900000 ♠ 34.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 February </Td> <Td> Team event </Td> <Td> 1,041 m ( 3,415 ft ) </Td> <Td> 961 m ( 3,153 ft ) </Td> <Td> 80 m ( 262 ft ) </Td> <Td> 0.265 km ( 0.165 mi ) </Td> <Td> 7001302000000000000 ♠ 30.2 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Estimates - data from official Olympic venue websites . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Medal summary ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Medal table ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Nation </Th> <Th> Gold </Th> <Th> Silver </Th> <Th> Bronze </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Austria ( AUT ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Switzerland ( SUI ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sweden ( SWE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Norway ( NOR ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> United States ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Italy ( ITA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Czech Republic ( CZE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> France ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Liechtenstein ( LIE ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Total </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 33 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Men 's events ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Event </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Gold </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Silver </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Bronze </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Downhill details </Td> <Td> Aksel Lund Svindal Norway </Td> <Td> 1 : 40.25 </Td> <Td> Kjetil Jansrud Norway </Td> <Td> 1 : 40.37 </Td> <Td> Beat Feuz Switzerland </Td> <Td> 1 : 40.43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Super-G details </Td> <Td> Matthias Mayer Austria </Td> <Td> 1 : 24.44 </Td> <Td> Beat Feuz Switzerland </Td> <Td> 1 : 24.57 </Td> <Td> Kjetil Jansrud Norway </Td> <Td> 1 : 24.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Giant slalom details </Td> <Td> Marcel Hirscher Austria </Td> <Td> 2 : 18.04 </Td> <Td> Henrik Kristoffersen Norway </Td> <Td> 2 : 19.31 </Td> <Td> Alexis Pinturault France </Td> <Td> 2 : 19.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slalom details </Td> <Td> André Myhrer Sweden </Td> <Td> 1 : 38.99 </Td> <Td> Ramon Zenhäusern Switzerland </Td> <Td> 1 : 39.33 </Td> <Td> Michael Matt Austria </Td> <Td> 1 : 39.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Combined details </Td> <Td> Marcel Hirscher Austria </Td> <Td> 2 : 06.52 </Td> <Td> Alexis Pinturault France </Td> <Td> 2 : 06.75 </Td> <Td> Victor Muffat - Jeandet France </Td> <Td> 2 : 07.54 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Women 's events ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Event </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Gold </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Silver </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Bronze </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Downhill details </Td> <Td> Sofia Goggia Italy </Td> <Td> 1 : 39.22 </Td> <Td> Ragnhild Mowinckel Norway </Td> <Td> 1 : 39.31 </Td> <Td> Lindsey Vonn United States </Td> <Td> 1 : 39.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Super-G details </Td> <Td> Ester Ledecká Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 1 : 21.11 </Td> <Td> Anna Veith Austria </Td> <Td> 1 : 21.12 </Td> <Td> Tina Weirather Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> 1 : 21.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr>

The types of skiing featured in the Winter Olympics 2018 included

Types of skiing in the winter olympics 2018?

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A Place to Call Home ( season 3 ) - Wikipedia <H1> A Place to Call Home ( season 3 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> A Place to Call Home ( season 3 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> SoHo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 27 September ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) -- 29 November 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> List of A Place to Call Home episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The third season of the Seven Network television series A Place to Call Home premiered on SoHo on 27 September 2015 and concluded on 29 November 2015 . The series is produced by Chris Martin - Jones , and executive produced by Penny Win and Julie McGauran . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Production </Li> <Li> 2 Plot </Li> <Li> 3 Cast <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Main </Li> <Li> 3.2 Recurring & Guest <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Casting </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Ratings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Helen Vnuk from TV Week confirmed that a third season had been commissioned in May 2014 . However , one month later , the magazine reported that Channel Seven had passed on the option to renew the series and had recently told the cast and crew they would not be required for a third season . </P> <P> On 15 October 2014 , it was announced that Foxtel had finalised a deal with Channel Seven that would see third and fourth seasons written , using the outlines created by Bevan Lee , produced by Seven Productions , but aired on Foxtel . </P> <P> On 25 October 2014 , Amy Harris of The Daily Telegraph announced that A Place to Call Home had been officially renewed for another two seasons and would return in late 2015 , airing on Foxtel channel SoHo . It was also announced that all the original cast and crew members would return . Production was scheduled to resume in March 2015 in Camden , the show 's original filming location . </P> <P> On 19 November 2014 , it was announced that Bevan Lee had stepped down as the script producer and had hand - picked Susan Bower to take over . As well as a new script producer , a new writing team , consisting of David Hannam , Sarah Lambert , Giula Sandler and Katherine Thomson , was also hired . </P> <P> The season has been written by Susan Bower , Katherine Thomson , Sarah Lambert , David Hannam , Giula Sandler , Deborah Parsons , Kim Wilson and John Ridley , and directed by Ian Watson , Shirley Barrett , Lynn - Maree Danzey and Chris Martin - Jones . </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In season three of A Place to Call Home : as Australia faces internal and external threats to its way of life so too do the people of Inverness , and previous alliances and relationships are tested . Sarah 's dilemma , between her feelings for George and her duty to her husband Rene , is exacerbated by a heartbreaking secret . James and Olivia 's relationship is under pressure when the true parentage of baby George is threatened with exposure . Elizabeth Bligh 's decision to leave Ash Park to explore a life of her own proves more difficult than she thought . Anna and Gino face the difference between the fairytale romance and the reality of married life . Independent lovers Carolyn and Jack try to move closer to a commitment . Through it all , Regina 's manipulative behaviour weaves an impenetrable web around George . In the sleepy village of Inverness , sex , death and secrets are never far below the surface . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Marta Dusseldorp as Sarah Nordmann </Li> <Li> Noni Hazelhurst as Elizabeth Bligh </Li> <Li> Brett Climo as George Bligh </Li> <Li> Craig Hall as Dr. Jack Duncan </Li> <Li> David Berry as James Bligh </Li> <Li> Abby Earl as Anna Poletti </Li> <Li> Arianwen Parkes - Lockwood as Olivia Bligh </Li> <Li> Aldo Mignone as Gino Poletti </Li> <Li> Sara Wiseman as Carolyn Bligh </Li> <Li> Jenni Baird as Regina Bligh </Li> <Li> Frankie J. Holden as Roy Briggs </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <H3> Recurring & guest ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deborah Kennedy as Doris Collins </Li> <Li> Brenna Harding as Rose O'Connell </Li> <Li> Mark Lee as Sir Richard Bennett </Li> <Li> Ben Winspear as René Nordmann </Li> <Li> Tim Draxl as Dr. Henry Fox </Li> <Li> Scott Grimley as Norman Parker </Li> <Li> Robert Coleby as Douglas Goddard </Li> <Li> Heather Mitchell as Prudence Swanson </Li> <Li> Rick Donald as Lloyd Ellis Parker </Li> <Li> Warwick Young as Sgt . Eddie Franklin </Li> <Li> Judi Farr as Peg Maloney </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Casting ( edit ) <P> Puberty Blues actress , Brenna Harding will join the series as maid Rose O'Connell . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of A Place to Call Home episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No. in series </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Australian viewers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Things We Do for Love '' </Td> <Td> Ian Barry </Td> <Td> David Hannam </Td> <Td> 27 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 0.154 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> After George is shot , Sarah is forced to remove the bullet from his chest en route to the hospital . He is later operated on and awakens in his hospital room and whispers Sarah 's name , around Regina . Anna is shocked to learn that the baby that is being masqueraded as James and Olivia 's , is actually the baby of an unwed mother , and is later disappointed to learn that Gino is disgusted by James ' homosexuality . René is arrested for attempted murder , however , after Regina delivers Sarah an ultimatum that if George dies , she 'll make sure René hangs , he is released when Regina changes her story and says George stopped René committing suicide . Olivia hires a new maid Rose , who acts oddly suspicious around baby George . James quietly flirts with George 's doctor , Henry Fox , over a cigarette . After dealing with the shocking events of the past day , Sarah is shocked when she learns that she is pregnant with George 's baby . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` L'Chaim , to Life '' </Td> <Td> Ian Barry </Td> <Td> Giula Sandler </Td> <Td> 4 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 0.154 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> George 's return from hospital opens a whole new world for the Bligh family , as his new lease on life , pushes him to pursue a career in politics , announcing that he 'll run for the Country Party in the next election . While he has the support of close friend , Sir Richard Bennett , George is later informed by Richard that he will more likely win the election if he were to marry a suitable woman , with an aristocratic background . James and Olivia 's decision to move the christening of baby George forward is marred when Gino , now aware of James ' sexuality , chooses to not become the godfather of his son . With his father 's political bid announced , James assures Olivia that his sexuality will not stand in the way of their marriage , and they proceed to make love . After learning she 's pregnant with George 's baby , Sarah is forced to deal with her past in Ravensbrück , as she reveals to Jack that she was once pregnant , however was brutally bashed by the Nazis and seemingly , lost the baby . After René has a severe health crisis , Sarah makes the ultimate decision to go to the city , and have an abortion . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Somewhere Beyond the Sea '' </Td> <Td> Lynn - Maree Danzey </Td> <Td> Katherine Thomson </Td> <Td> 11 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 0.154 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Elizabeth 's new life in the city gets off to a great start when Douglas Goddard , a prevalent man in Sydney 's high society and a friend of Prudence 's offers Elizabeth the experience of a lifetime , volunteering in a soup kitchen for men affected by the Second World War . Gino tries to continue to hide his disgust towards James , and his sexuality , whilst revealing to Anna that he wants to use his parents ' farm to grow grapes and become a successful wine maker like the other men in his family . Lloyd Ellis Parker , a painter friend of Carolyn 's , arrives from England to paint the young Bligh family . George throws a party to celebrate his entrance into the ballot for the Country Party , which is the catalyst for two romantic moments : one between James and Dr Henry Fox , and the other between Olivia and Lloyd , leading to them sharing a passionate kiss . Sarah arrives in Sydney to look after Aunt Peg , while secretly searching for a doctor , willing to terminate her pregnancy , and after a disagreement with her , Aunt Peg gives her the number of an abortionist and Sarah pays them a visit . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Too Old to Dream '' </Td> <Td> Lynn - Maree Danzey </Td> <Td> Deborah Parsons </Td> <Td> 18 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 0.170 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Anna and Gino 's grape plantation gets slowly underway , but Anna worries that there will not be enough time and money to allow them to wait for them to be harvested . Regina witnesses a moment of passion between James and Henry , and decides to use it to her advantage . Elizabeth 's feelings towards Douglas begin to slowly grow as she continues to do work at the Retired Veterans centre . Carolyn is offered a writing job by Sir Richard at the Sydney newspaper , but Elizabeth worries that her views may not be accepted , nor liked by the public . Olivia worries when she ca n't find Baby George , until it is discovered that he was in bed with Rose . Later that night , Olivia dreams that she is involved in a passionate romp with Lloyd , the painter . Sarah decides against the abortion , but sees a young girl , whose mother eventually contacts her for help . Despite her and Jack 's best efforts , the girl dies , and Sarah makes the ultimate decision to tell René that she is pregnant with another man 's child . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Living in the Shadow '' </Td> <Td> Shirley Barrett </Td> <Td> Kim Wilson </Td> <Td> 25 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 0.167 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Carolyn takes up Sir Richard 's offer of having her own column in the Sydney newspaper , and begins her new job with a controversial

The role of Gino in "A Place to Call Home" was played by

Who played gino in a place to call home?

-5623229691925051533

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - Wikipedia <H1> South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> It has been suggested that South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Secretariat be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since April 2018 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) ( show ) <Ul> <Li> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Bengali : </Th> <Td> দক্ষিণ এশীয় আঞ্চলিক সহযোগিতা সংস্থা </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dari : </Th> <Td> اتحادیه همکاری‌های منطقه‌ای جنوب آسی </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dzongkha : </Th> <Td> ༄ ལྷོ ཨེསིཨ ་ རེ ་ གིཨོནལ ་ ཅོཨོཔེརཏིཨོན ་ ཀོ ་ མི ་ ཏི ། </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hindi : </Th> <Td> दक्षिण एशियाई क्षेत्रीय सहयोग संगठन </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maldivian : </Th> <Td> ދެކުނު އޭޝިޔާގެ ސަރަޙައްދީ އެއްބާރުލުމުގެ ޖަމިއްޔާ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nepali : </Th> <Td> दक्षिण एशियाली क्षेत्रीय सहयोग सङ्गठन </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pashto : </Th> <Td> د سویلي اسیا لپاره د سیمه ایزی همکارۍ ټولنه </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sinhalese : </Th> <Td> දකුණු ආසියාතික කලාපීය සහයෝගිතා සංවිධානය </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tamil : </Th> <Td> தெற்காசிய நாடுகளின் பிராந்தியக் கூட்டமைப்பு </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urdu : </Th> <Td> جنوبی ایشیائی علاقائی تعاون کی تنظیم ‬ </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Logo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Member states Observer states </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Kathmandu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official languages </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym </Th> <Td> South Asian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Member states </Th> <Td> 8 members ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Bhutan </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Maldives </Li> <Li> Nepal </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 9 observers ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> EU </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Secretary - General </Th> <Td> Amjad B. Hussain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Establishment </Th> <Td> 8 December 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 5,099,611 km ( 1,968,971 sq mi ) ( 7th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water ( % ) </Th> <Td> 6.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2015 estimate </Th> <Td> 1,713,870,000 ( 1st ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 336.1 / km ( 870.5 / sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GDP ( PPP ) </Th> <Td> 2015 estimate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> US $9.9 trillion ( 3rd ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GDP ( nominal ) </Th> <Td> 2015 estimate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> US $ 2.9 trillion ( 5th ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Currency </Th> <Td> 8 currencies ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Afghani ( AFN ) </Li> <Li> Taka ( ৳ ) ( BDT ) </Li> <Li> Ngultrum ( BTN ) </Li> <Li> Rupee ( ₹ ) ( INR ) </Li> <Li> Rufiyaa ( MVR ) </Li> <Li> Rupee ( रु . ) ( NPR ) </Li> <Li> Rupee ( PKR ) </Li> <Li> Rupee ( LKR ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> ( UTC + 4 : 30 to + 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Calling code </Th> <Td> 8 codes ( show ) <Ul> <Li> + 880 </Li> <Li> + 91 </Li> <Li> + 92 </Li> <Li> + 93 </Li> <Li> + 94 </Li> <Li> + 960 </Li> <Li> + 975 </Li> <Li> + 977 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Internet TLD </Th> <Td> . asia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website www.saarc-sec.org </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of nations in South Asia . Its member states include Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal , the Maldives , Pakistan and Sri Lanka . SAARC comprises 3 % of the world 's area , 21 % of the world 's population and 3.8 % ( US $2.9 trillion ) of the global economy , as of 2015 . </P> <P> SAARC was founded in Dhaka on 8 December 1985 . Its secretariat is based in Kathmandu , Nepal . The organization promotes development of economic and regional integration . It launched the South Asian Free Trade Area in 2006 . SAARC maintains permanent diplomatic relations at the United Nations as an observer and has developed links with multilateral entities , including the European Union . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Historical background </Li> <Li> 2 Members and observers <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Members </Li> <Li> 2.2 Observers </Li> <Li> 2.3 Potential future members </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Secretariat <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Regional Centres </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Apex and Recognised Bodies </Li> <Li> 5 Political issues </Li> <Li> 6 South Asian Free Trade Area </Li> <Li> 7 SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme </Li> <Li> 8 Awards <Ul> <Li> 8.1 SAARC Award </Li> <Li> 8.2 SAARC Literary Award </Li> <Li> 8.3 SAARC Youth Award </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Anthem </Li> <Li> 10 Secretaries - General of SAARC </Li> <Li> 11 SAARC summits </Li> <Li> 12 Current leaders of SAARC </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 Notes </Li> <Li> 15 References </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Historical background ( edit ) </H2> A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various Asian regional organisations v d e <P> The idea of co-operation in South Asia was discussed in at least three conferences : the Asian Relations Conference held in New Delhi on April 1947 ; the Baguio Conference in the Philippines on May 1950 ; and the Colombo Powers Conference held in Sri Lanka in April 1954 . </P> <P> In the ending years of the 1970s , the seven inner South Asian nations that included Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka agreed upon the creation of a trade bloc and to provide a platform for the people of South Asia to work together in a spirit of friendship , trust , and understanding . President Ziaur Rahman later addressed official letters to the leaders of the countries of the South Asia , presenting his vision for the future of the region and the compelling arguments for region . During his visit to India in December 1977 , Rahman discussed the issue of regional cooperation with the Indian Prime Minister , Morarji Desai . In the inaugural speech to the Colombo Plan Consultative Committee which met in Kathmandu also in 1977 , King Birendra of Nepal gave a call for close regional cooperation among South Asian countries in sharing river waters . After the USSR 's intervention in Afghanistan , the efforts to establish the union was accelerated in 1979 and the resulting rapid deterioration of South Asian security situation . Responding to Rahman and Birendra 's convention , the officials of the foreign ministries of the seven countries met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981 . The Bangladeshi proposal was promptly endorsed by Nepal , Sri Lanka , Bhutan , and the Maldives but India and Pakistan were sceptical initially . The Indian concern was the proposal 's reference to the security matters in South Asia and feared that Rahman 's proposal for a regional organisation might provide an opportunity for new smaller neighbours to renationalise all bilateral issues and to join with each other to form an opposition against India . Pakistan assumed that it might be an Indian strategy to organise the other South Asian countries against Pakistan and ensure a regional market for Indian products , thereby consolidating and further strengthening India 's economic dominance in the region . </P> <P> However , after a series of diplomatic consultations headed by Bangladesh between South Asian U.N. representatives at the UN headquarters in New York , from September 1979 to 1980 , it was agreed that Bangladesh would prepare the draft of a working paper for discussion among the foreign secretaries of South Asian countries . The foreign secretaries of the inner seven countries again delegated a Committee of the Whole in Colombo on September 1981 , which identified five broad areas for regional cooperation . New areas of co-operation were added in the following years . </P> <P> In 1983 , the international conference held in Dhaka by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs , the foreign ministers of the inner seven countries adopted the Declaration on South Asian Association Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) and formally launched the Integrated Programme of Action ( IPA ) initially in five agreed areas of cooperation namely , Agriculture ; Rural Development ; Telecommunications ; Meteorology ; and Health and Population Activities . </P> <P> Officially , the union was established in Dhaka with Kathmandu being union 's secretariat - general . The first SAARC summit was held in Dhaka on 7 -- 8 December 1985 and hosted by the President of Bangladesh Hussain Ershad . The declaration signed by King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuk , President of Pakistan Zia - ul - Haq , Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi , King of Nepal Birendra Shah , President of Sri Lanka JR Jayewardene , and President of Maldives Maumoon Gayoom . </P> <H2> Members and observers ( edit ) </H2> <P> Economic data is sourced from the International Monetary Fund , current as of April 2015 , and is given in US dollars . </P> <H3> Members ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Population ( 2016 ) </Th> <Th> GDP ( Nominal ) </Th> <Th> GDP ( PPP ) </Th> <Th> GDP per Capita ( PPP ) </Th> <Th> GDP Growth Rate ( 2014 ) </Th> <Th> Exports ( 2014 ) </Th> <Th> Foreign Direct Investment ( 2013 ) </Th> <Th> Foreign Exchange Reserves ( million ) </Th> <Th> Defense Budget ( % of GDP ) ( 2014 ) </Th> <Th> Literacy Rate ( Given Age & above ) </Th> <Th> Life Expectancy </Th> <Th> Population below Poverty Line </Th> <Th> Primary School Enrollment </Th> <Th> Secondary School enrollment </Th> <Th> Population undernourished ( % ) ( 2015 ) </Th> <Th> Human <P> Development </P> <P> Index </P> </Th> <Th> Democracy <P> Index </P> </Th> <Th> Global <P> Terrorism </P> <P> Index </P> </Th> <Th> G20 </Th> <Th> BRICS </Th> <Th> BIMSTEC </Th> <Th> IORA </Th> <Th> APTA </Th> <Th> BBIN </Th> <Th> SASEC </Th> <Th> AIIB </Th> <Th> ACU </Th> <Th> ACD </Th> <Th> ADB </Th> <Th> World Bank </Th> <Th> Nuclear Weapons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 34,656,032 </Td> <Td> $21.3 bn </Td> <Td> $63.5 bn </Td> <Td> $1,976 </Td> <Td> 3.2 % </Td> <Td> $0.3 bn </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> $6,442 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 28.1 % ( Age 15 ) </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 15.8 % </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 54 % </Td> <Td> 26.8 % </Td> <Td> 0.465 <P> ( 171 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 2.77 <P> ( 147 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 9.233 <P> ( 2 ) </P> </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 162,951,560 </Td> <Td> $285.815 bn </Td> <Td> $751.949 bn </Td> <Td> $4,560 </Td> <Td> 7.65 % </Td> <Td> $37 bn </Td> <Td> $2.65 bn </Td> <Td> $32,000 </Td> <Td> $3.2 bn ( 1.2 % )

The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) was formed in

When was the south asian association for regional co-operation (saarc) formed?

-731256923033768782

New York Heart Association functional classification - wikipedia <H1> New York Heart Association functional classification </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The New York Heart Association ( NYHA ) Functional Classification provides a simple way of classifying the extent of heart failure . It places patients in one of four categories based on how much they are limited during physical activity ; the limitations / symptoms are in regard to normal breathing and varying degrees in shortness of breath and / or angina . </P> <P> It originated in 1902 , when no measurements of cardiac function were possible , to provide a common language for physicians to communicate . Despite difficulties in applying it , such as the challenge of consistently classifying patients in class II or III , because functional capacity is such a powerful determinant of outcome it remains arguably the most important prognostic marker in routine clinical use in heart failure today . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> NYHA Class </Th> <Th> Symptoms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cardiac disease , but no symptoms and no limitation in ordinary physical activity , e.g. no shortness of breath when walking , climbing stairs etc . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> II </Td> <Td> Mild symptoms ( mild shortness of breath and / or angina ) and slight limitation during ordinary activity . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> III </Td> <Td> Marked limitation in activity due to symptoms , even during less - than - ordinary activity , e.g. walking short distances ( 20 -- 100 m ) . Comfortable only at rest . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> IV </Td> <Td> Severe limitations . Experiences symptoms even while at rest . Mostly bedbound patients . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Another frequently used functional classification of cardiovascular disease is the Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading of angina pectoris . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Criteria Committee of the New York Heart Association . ( 1994 ) . Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis of Diseases of the Heart and Great Vessels ( 9th ed . ) . Boston : Little , Brown & Co. pp. 253 -- 256 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Classification of Functional Capacity and Objective Assessment '' . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raphael C , Briscoe C , Davies J , Ian Whinnett Z , Manisty C , Sutton R , Mayet J , Francis DP ( April 2007 ) . `` Limitations of the New York Heart Association functional classification system and self - reported walking distances in chronic heart failure '' . Heart ( British Cardiac Society ) . 93 ( 4 ) : 476 -- 82 . doi : 10.1136 / hrt. 2006.089656 . PMC 1861501 . PMID 17005715 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Heart_Association_Functional_Classification&oldid=756464505 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Cardiology </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 December 2016 , at 11 : 55 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The New York Heart Association functional classification of angina is

New york heart association functional classification of angina?

-5350413673278085389

Would I Lie to You ? ( Charles & Eddie song ) - wikipedia <H1> Would I Lie to You ? ( Charles & Eddie song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Would I Lie to You ? '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Charles & Eddie </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Duophonic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Remix '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> August 4 , 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single , CD maxi , 7 '' single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> R&B , soul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 38 ( Album Version ) 3 : 41 ( Radio Version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Capitol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mike Leeson Peter Vale </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Josh Deutsch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Charles & Eddie singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> `` ' NYC ( Can You Believe This City ? ) ' '' ( 1993 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Would I Lie to You ? ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> NYC ( Can You Believe This City ? ) ( 1993 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` Would I Lie to You ? '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Would I Lie to You ? '' is an R&B song by American duo Charles & Eddie . Written by Mike Leeson and Peter Vale and produced by Josh Deutsch , `` Would I Lie to You ? '' was the debut single by the pop - soul duo , and it proved to be their biggest hit . A major international success , it reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in November 1992 , and was also number one in New Zealand , Germany and Austria . It was a top five hit in several other European countries while in Australia and Canada it went to number 3 . The single became a Top 20 hit in the US , peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and it enjoyed award - winning sales , earning a platinum record in the UK , a gold record in both Germany and Austria and silver record award in France . </P> <P> The songwriters , Leeson and Vale , received the 1992 Ivor Novello award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 2 Track listings </Li> <Li> 3 Charts and sales <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 3.3 Certifications </Li> <Li> 3.4 Chart successions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 John Gibbons version <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 David Guetta , Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis version <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 5.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 5.3 Certifications </Li> <Li> 5.4 Release history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Billboard wrote about the song : `` Male duo is quickly picking up pop radio adds with this delightful twirl into retro - R&B territory . Rich lead vocals are supported by Motown - styled harmonies , rumbling Hammond organ fills , and an insinuating , live drum beat . '' </P> <H2> Track listings ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> CD single </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( radio edit ) -- 3 : 41 </Li> <Li> `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( club mix house ) -- 5 : 04 </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> CD maxi </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( radio edit ) -- 3 : 41 </Li> <Li> `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( club mix house ) -- 5 : 04 </Li> <Li> `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( truth and soul mix ) -- 3 : 57 </Li> <Li> `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( explicit lyrics version ) -- 5 : 01 </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> 7 '' single </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( radio edit ) -- 3 : 41 </Li> <Li> `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( club mix house ) -- 5 : 04 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Charts and sales ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1992 -- 93 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Sales </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1992 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch Top 40 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Official Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1993 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austrian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch Top 40 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swiss Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> 125,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 600,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Chart successions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` End of the Road '' by Boyz II Men </Td> <Td> UK number one single November 21 , 1992 -- November 28 , 1992 ( 2 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 2 weeks ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand RIANZ number - one single December 4 , 1992 -- December 11 , 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` More and More '' by Captain Hollywood Project </Td> <Td> German number one single January 15 , 1993 ( 1 - week ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Die da '' by Die Fantastischen Vier `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston </Td> <Td> Austrian number one single January 17 , 1993 ( 1 - week ) February 14 , 1993 ( 1 - week ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> John Gibbons version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Would I Lie to You '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by John Gibbons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> August 12 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> House </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blindsided ( label ) </Li> <Li> Sony </Li> <Li> Warner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mike Leeson </Li> <Li> Peter Vale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Gibbons </Li> <Li> Colin Hanley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> John Gibbons singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Your Love '' ( 2015 ) </Td> <Td> `` Would I Lie to You '' ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Your Love '' ( 2015 ) </Td> <Td> `` Would I Lie to You '' ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Irish DJ and producer John Gibbons released a cover of the song titled `` Would I Lie to You '' . Gibbons co-produced the song with Colin Hanley , while Wez Clarke mixed the track with mastering from Nick Bennett . It was released for digital download on August 12 , 2016 . </P> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2016 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> David Guetta , Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Would I Lie to You '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by David Guetta , Cedric Gervais and Chris Willis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 30 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> EDM </Li> <Li> Electro house </Li> <Li> Progressive house </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jack Back </Li> <Li> Parlophone </Li> <Li> Warner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mike Leeson </Li> <Li> Peter Vale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Guetta </Li> <Li> Cedric Gervais </Li> <Li> Junkx </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> David Guetta singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` All the Way Up ( EDM remix ) '' ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> `` Would I Lie to You '' ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> `` Shed a Light '' ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` All the Way Up ( EDM remix ) '' (

The song "Would I Lie to You" was written by

Who wrote the song would i lie to you?

7369861182720043754

Cup ( unit ) - wikipedia <H1> Cup ( unit ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Measuring cups . Not to be confused with drinking cups , `` cup '' serving sizes , or measuring cups , which do not necessarily correspond with this unit . <P> The cup is an English unit of volume , most commonly associated with cooking and serving sizes . It is traditionally equal to half a liquid pint in either US customary units or the British imperial system but is now separately defined in terms of the metric system at values between ⁄ and ⁄ of a liter . Because actual drinking cups may differ greatly from the size of this unit , standard measuring cups are usually used instead . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 United States <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Legal cup </Li> <Li> 1.2 Customary cup </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Commonwealth of Nations <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Metric cup </Li> <Li> 2.2 Imperial cup </Li> <Li> 2.3 Canadian cup </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 International <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Latin American cup </Li> <Li> 3.2 Japanese cup </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Dry measure </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> United States ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> <H3> Legal cup ( edit ) </H3> <P> The cup currently used in the United States for nutrition labelling is defined in United States law as 240 ml . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1 U.S. `` legal '' cup </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> 240 </Td> <Td> millilitres </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> international tablespoons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Australian tablespoons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 8.12 </Td> <Td> U.S. customary fluid ounces </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 8.45 </Td> <Td> imperial fluid ounces </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Customary cup ( edit ) </H3> Coffee carafe showing gradiations for measuring water ( right ) and brewed coffee ( left ) in multiples of non-standard U.S. customary cups . <P> In the United States , the customary cup is half of a liquid pint . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1 U.S. customary cup </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> ⁄ </Td> <Td> U.S. customary gallon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> ⁄ </Td> <Td> U.S. customary quart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> ⁄ </Td> <Td> U.S. customary pint </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> U.S. customary fluid ounces </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> U.S. customary tablespoons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> U.S. customary teaspoons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≡ </Td> <Td> 236.5882365 </Td> <Td> millilitres exactly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 15 ⁄ </Td> <Td> international tablespoons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 11.75 </Td> <Td> Australian tablespoons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 0.833 </Td> <Td> imperial cups </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 8.33 </Td> <Td> imperial fluid ounces </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A customary `` cup '' of coffee in the U.S. is usually defined as 4 fluid ounces , brewed using 5 fluid ounces of water . Coffee carafes used with drip coffee makers , such as Black and Decker models , have markings for both water and brewed coffee , since the carafe is also used for measuring water prior to brewing . A 12 - cup carafe , for example , has markings for 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 , and 12 cups of water or coffee , which correspond to 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , and 60 fluid ounces of water or 16 , 24 , 32 , 40 , and 48 fluid ounces of brewed coffee , respectively , the difference being the volume lost to evaporation during brewing . </P> <H2> Commonwealth of Nations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Metric cup ( edit ) </H3> <P> Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and some other members of the Commonwealth of Nations -- being former British colonies that have since metricated -- employ a `` metric cup '' of 250 millilitres . Although derived from the metric system , it is not an official metric unit . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1 cup </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> 250 </Td> <Td> millilitres </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> 16 ⁄ </Td> <Td> international tablespoons ( 15 ml each ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> 12.5 </Td> <Td> Australian tablespoons ( 20 ml each ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 8.80 </Td> <Td> imperial fluid ounces </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 8.45 </Td> <Td> U.S. customary fluid ounces </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A `` coffee cup '' is 1.5 dl or 150 millilitres or 5.07 US customary fluid ounces , and is occasionally used in recipes . It is also used in the US to specify coffeemaker sizes ( what can be referred to as a Tasse à café ) . A `` 12 - cup '' US coffeemaker makes 57.6 US customary fluid ounces of coffee , or 6.8 metric cups of coffee . In older recipes cup may mean `` coffee cup '' . </P> <H3> Imperial cup ( edit ) </H3> <P> The official imperial cup was half an imperial pint or 10 imperial fluid ounces . It is no longer in common use , but appears in older recipe books . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1 imperial cup </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> imperial pints </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> imperial gills </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> imperial fluid ounces </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 284 </Td> <Td> millilitres </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> international tablespoons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 14.25 </Td> <Td> Australian tablespoons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 1.20 </Td> <Td> U.S. customary cups </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 9.61 </Td> <Td> U.S. customary fluid ounces </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Canadian cup ( edit ) </H3> <P> Canada now usually employs the metric cup of 250 mL but its conventional cup was somewhat smaller than both American and imperial units . </P> <P> 1 Canadian cup = 8 imperial fluid ounce = 1 / 20 imperial gallon = 227.3045 millilitres </P> <P> 1 tablespoon = 1 / 2 imperial fluid ounce </P> <P> 1 teaspoon = 1 / 6 imperial fluid ounce </P> <H2> International ( edit ) </H2> <P> Similar units in other languages and cultures are sometimes translated `` cup '' , usually with various values around ⁄ to ⁄ of a liter . </P> <H3> Latin American cup ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Latin America , the amount of a `` cup '' ( Spanish : taza or vaso ) varies from country to country , with some intending 200 mL , others 250 mL , and still others the US legal or customary amount . </P> <H3> Japanese cup ( edit ) </H3> See also : Gō <P> The traditional Japanese unit equated with a `` cup '' size is the gō , legally equated with 2401 / 13310 liters ( ≈ 180.4 ml ) in 1891 . It is still used for reckoning amounts of rice and sake . Separately , the Japanese standardized a `` cup '' defined as 200 ml . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1 Japanese cup </Td> <Td> = </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> millilitres </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 7.04 </Td> <Td> imperial fluid ounces </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ≈ </Td> <Td> 6.76 </Td> <Td> U.S. customary fluid ounces </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Dry measure ( edit ) </H2> <P> In English units , the cup derived from measures of liquid volume is also frequently used for small amounts of dry measure for fine or granulated bulk goods such as flour and sugar . In Europe , recipes normally weigh non-liquid ingredients in grams instead , using a kitchen scale , rather than employing volume units such as milliliters . For example , where an American customary recipe might specify `` 1 cup of sugar and 2 cups of milk '' , a European recipe might specify `` 200 g sugar and 500 ml of milk '' ( or 0.5 litre or 5 decilitres ) . Conversion between the two measures must take into account the density of the ingredients , and some recipes specify both weight and volume to simplify . Many European measuring cups have additional `` weight scales '' besides the dL or mL scale for reckoning the weight common bulk ingredients like sugar , flour , or rice by their volume . </P> <Table> Volume to mass conversions for some common cooking ingredients <Tr> <Th> ingredient </Th> <Th> density g / ml </Th> <Th colspan="2"> metric cup </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Imperial cup </Th> <Th colspan="2"> U.S. cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> g </Th> <Th> oz </Th> <Th> g </Th> <Th> oz </Th> <Th> g </Th> <Th> oz </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> water </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 250 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 284 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 237 -- 240 </Td> <Td> 8.3 -- 8.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> granulated sugar </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 7.0 </Td> <Td> 230 </Td> <Td> 8.0 </Td> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> 6.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> wheat flour </Td> <Td> 0.5 -- 0.6 </Td> <Td> 120 -- 150 </Td> <Td> 4.4 -- 5.3 </Td> <Td> 140 -- 170 </Td> <Td> 5.0 -- 6.0 </Td> <Td> 120 -- 140 </Td> <Td> 4.2 -- 5.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> table salt </Td> <Td> 1.2 </Td> <Td> 300 </Td> <Td> 10.6 </Td> <Td> 340 </Td> <Td> 12.0 </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cooking weights and measures </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ One gram per millilitre is very close to one avoirdupois ounce per fluid ounce : 1 g / ml ≈ 1.002 av oz / imp fl oz This is not a numerical coincidence , but comes from the original definition of the kilogram being aligned with the mass of one litre of water , and the imperial gallon as the volume occupied by ten avoirdupois pounds of water . The slight difference is due to water at 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) being used for the kilogram , and at 62 ° F ( 17 ° C ) for the imperial gallon . The U.S. fluid ounce is slightly larger . <Dl> <Dd> 1 g / ml ≈ 1.043 av oz / U.S. fl oz . </Dd> </Dl> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The difference between the U.S. legal and customary definitions is smaller than the variation of density in most ingredients . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1 g / ml is a good rough guide for water - based liquids such as milk ( the density of milk is about 1.03 -- 1.04 g / ml ) and alcoholic beverages , which are often less dense ( down to 0.95 g / ml ) , especially when they do not contain additives like fruit or cream . Oils are less dense than water ( around 0.9 g / ml ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The density of water ranges from about 0.96 to 1.00 g / ml dependent on temperature and pressure . The table above assumes room temperature . The variation is too small to make any difference in cooking . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Since 1 Imperial cup of water weighs approximately 10 Avoirdupois ounces

In American recipes, a cup measurement is

What is a cup measurement in american recipes?

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Jaffa cakes - wikipedia <H1> Jaffa cakes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Jaffa Cakes <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> A Jaffa Cake cut in half </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alternative names </Th> <Td> Jaffa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Cake </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Place of origin </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region or state </Th> <Td> All Regions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> McVitie and Price </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main ingredients </Th> <Td> Sponge cake , orange - flavoured jam , chocolate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Variations </Th> <Td> Various limited edition flavours ( Lemon and lime , strawberry , black currant ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cookbook : Jaffa Cakes Media : Jaffa Cakes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jaffa Cakes are biscuit - sized cakes introduced by McVitie and Price in the UK in 1927 and named after Jaffa oranges . The most common form of Jaffa cakes are circular , 2 ⁄ inches ( 54 mm ) in diameter and have three layers : a Genoise sponge base , a layer of orange flavoured jam and a coating of chocolate . Jaffa cakes are also available as bars or in small packs , and in larger and smaller sizes . The original Jaffa Cakes come in packs of 12 , 24 or 36 . </P> <P> Because McVitie 's did not trademark the name `` Jaffa Cakes '' , other biscuit manufacturers and supermarkets have made similar products under the same name . The product 's classification as a cake or biscuit was part of a VAT tribunal in 1991 , with the court finding in McVitie 's favour that the Jaffa cake should be considered a cake for tax purposes . In 2012 they were ranked the best selling cake or biscuit in the United Kingdom . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Manufacture </Li> <Li> 2 Flavour variants </Li> <Li> 3 Categorisation as cake or biscuit for VAT </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Manufacture </H2> <P> McVitie 's entire line of Jaffa cakes are produced in the United Kingdom at the McVitie 's factory in Stockport . The Jaffa cake production area covers an acre ( 4,000 m ) and includes a production line over a mile ( 1.6 km ) long which sits on the Stockport side of the site 's boundary with Manchester . Because of the nature of the product -- having multiple components of cake , chocolate covering and jam -- special hardware accelerators were devised to allow rapid computer inspection of 20 products per second , taking place under four symmetrically placed lights . </P> <H2> Flavour variants </H2> <P> Although Jaffa cakes are usually orange flavour , limited edition flavours have been available , such as lemon - and - lime , strawberry and blackcurrant . </P> <H2> Categorisation as cake or biscuit for VAT </H2> <P> In the United Kingdom , value added tax is payable on chocolate - covered biscuits , but not on chocolate - covered cakes . McVities defended its classification of Jaffa Cakes as cakes at a VAT tribunal in 1991 , against the ruling that Jaffa cakes were biscuits due to their size and shape , and the fact that they were often eaten in place of biscuits . McVities insisted that the product was a cake , and allegedly produced a giant Jaffa cake in court to illustrate its point . The product was assessed on the following criteria : </P> <Ul> <Li> The product 's name was regarded as a minor consideration . </Li> <Li> The ingredients were regarded as similar to those of a cake , producing a thin cake - like batter rather than the thick dough of a biscuit . </Li> <Li> The product 's texture was regarded as being that of a sponge cake . </Li> <Li> The product hardens when stale , in the manner of a cake . </Li> <Li> A substantial part of the Jaffa cake , in terms of bulk and texture , is sponge . </Li> <Li> In size , the Jaffa cake is more like a biscuit than a cake . </Li> <Li> The product was generally displayed for sale alongside other biscuits , rather than with cakes . </Li> <Li> The product is presented as a snack and eaten with the fingers , like a biscuit , rather than with a fork as a cake might be . The tribunal also considered that children would eat them in `` a few mouthfuls '' , in the manner of a sweet . </Li> </Ul> <P> The court found in favour of McVitie 's and ruled that the product should be considered a cake , meaning that VAT is not paid on Jaffa cakes in the United Kingdom . </P> <P> In Ireland , Jaffa cakes are regarded as cakes by Revenue as their moisture content is greater than 12 % . As a result , they are charged the reduced rate of VAT ( 13.5 % as of 2016 ) . </P> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Labelling rules '' . Food Standards Agency . 9 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaffa Cake 's lemon squeezy bar '' . Thegrocer.co.uk . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaffa Cakes , A Cake Or Buscuit ? '' . ColdRicePudding. 1 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harry Wallop ( 6 May 2012 ) . `` Jaffa Cakes - definitely not biscuits - prepare to take on imitators '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ VAT Tribunal case LON / 91 / 0160 ( United Biscuits ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaffa Cakes - definitely not biscuits - prepare to take on imitators '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 December 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The factory where life is sweet '' . Manchester Evening News . 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Machine Vision for the Inspection of Natural Products -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McVitie 's Jaffa Cakes Lemon and Lime '' . Snackspot.org.uk . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McVitie 's launches limited edition Strawberry - flavoured Jaffa Cakes '' . Talkingretail.com. 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jaffa Cakeover '' . The Daily Record . 12 December 2005 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lee , Natalie ( 2011 ) . Revenue Law Principles and Practice . A&C Black . p. 1009 . ISBN 9781847667663 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` What you do -- and do n't -- pay VAT on '' . Which ? Magazine . 24 June 2010 . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom VAT & Duties Tribunals Decisions -- Torq Ltd v Revenue and Customs ( 2005 ) '' . British and Irish Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Excepted items : Confectionery : The bounds of confectionery , sweets , chocolates , chocolate biscuits , cakes and biscuits : The borderline between cakes and biscuits '' . hmrc.gov.uk . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The borderline between cakes and biscuits '' . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ JAFFA CAKES ( Food and drink for human consumption ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived January 7 , 2018 ) </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Snack cakes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alfajor </Li> <Li> Chocodile Twinkie </Li> <Li> Choco pie </Li> <Li> Ding Dong </Li> <Li> Fudge Rounds </Li> <Li> Gansito </Li> <Li> Ho Hos </Li> <Li> Hostess CupCake </Li> <Li> Jaffa Cakes </Li> <Li> Jos . Louis </Li> <Li> May West </Li> <Li> Moon pie </Li> <Li> Sno Balls </Li> <Li> Suzy Q </Li> <Li> Twinkie </Li> <Li> Wagon Wheels </Li> <Li> Whoopie pie </Li> <Li> Yodels </Li> <Li> Zingers </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaffa_Cakes&oldid=819048427 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> British cakes </Li> <Li> United Biscuits brands </Li> <Li> Brand name snack foods </Li> <Li> Biscuits ( British style ) </Li> <Li> Products introduced in 1927 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from October 2014 </Li> <Li> Use British English from May 2013 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 03 : 19 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

Jaffa

Is jaffa cakes a biscuit or a cake?

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List of Family Guy cast members - wikipedia <H1> List of Family Guy cast members </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane also provides the voices of Peter Griffin , Stewie Griffin , Brian Griffin , and Glenn Quagmire . <P> Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors , and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars . The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane , Alex Borstein , Mila Kunis ( who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season ( her last episode is `` Holy Crap , '' now marketed as the second episode of season two ) ) , Seth Green , and Mike Henry . Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton , Adam West , John G. Brennan , Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly , and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller , Charles Durning , Rush Limbaugh , and Phil LaMarr . </P> <P> Many cast members provide voices for multiple characters . The voice actors , in portraying the various character personalities on the show , draw inspiration from celebrities and pop culture . Family Guy characters have been played by more than one actor , after members of the show left the series or had conflicting obligations . </P> <P> Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode `` Barely Legal '' and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice - Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production , though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Current cast <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Seth MacFarlane </Li> <Li> 1.2 Alex Borstein </Li> <Li> 1.3 Mila Kunis </Li> <Li> 1.4 Seth Green </Li> <Li> 1.5 Mike Henry </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Recurring cast </Li> <Li> 3 Recurring guest voices </Li> <Li> 4 Casting changes </Li> <Li> 5 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Current cast ( edit ) </H2> Seth Green provides the voice of Chris Griffin . Mike Henry voices various characters in the series . Mila Kunis provides the voice of Meg Griffin . Alex Borstein provides the voice of Lois Griffin . Patrick Warburton provides the voice of Joe Swanson . The real Adam West provided the voice of Mayor Adam West . <P> From seasons 1 to 4 , Family Guy had four main cast members . Since season 5 , there have been five main cast members . The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1 . </P> <H3> Seth MacFarlane ( edit ) </H3> <P> Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show 's main characters : Peter Griffin , Brian Griffin , and Stewie Griffin . MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself , believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it . MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design . Stewie 's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison , especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady . MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian . </P> <P> MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one - time only characters , most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker , Lois ' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman . He is the only voice to be in every episode . </P> <H3> Alex Borstein ( edit ) </H3> <P> Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin , Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa , Loretta Brown and Lois ' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt . Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv . She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was `` really sight unseen '' . At the time , Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles , in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins . The voice was originally slower ( and deeper for the original series ) , but when MacFarlane heard it , he replied `` Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up , or every episode will last four hours . '' </P> <H3> Mila Kunis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin . Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character , in part due to her performance on That ' 70s Show . MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition , instructing her to speak slower , and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more . Once she claimed that she had it under control , MacFarlane hired her . Kunis described her character as `` the scapegoat '' . She further explained , `` Meg gets picked on a lot . But it 's funny . It 's like the middle child . She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14 - year - old , when you 're kind of going through puberty and what - not . She 's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation . And it 's fun . '' </P> <H3> Seth Green ( edit ) </H3> <P> Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman . Green stated that he did an impression of the `` Buffalo Bill '' character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition . His main inspiration for Chris ' voice came from envisioning how `` Buffalo Bill '' would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald 's . </P> <H3> Mike Henry ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown , John Herbert The Pervert and various other characters . A Family Guy writer and producer , he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory ( see below ) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005 . Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show , he also voices Cleveland 's step - son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy . </P> <H2> Recurring cast ( edit ) </H2> <P> In addition to both its main cast and guest stars , Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors . Some appear in nearly every episode each season , while others appear less frequently . Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters , while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags . </P> <P> The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character ( s ) </Th> <Th> No. of Episodes ( Out of 245 produced ) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benjamin , H. Jon H. Jon Benjamin </Td> <Td> Carl </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Since 2006 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Breckenridge , Alexandra Alexandra Breckenridge </Td> <Td> Various women </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Since 2005 . Currently voices most female `` extras '' not voiced by Alex Borstein . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brennan , Johnny Johnny Brennan </Td> <Td> Goldman , Mort Mort Goldman , Horace the bartender </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Callaghan , Steve Steve Callaghan </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner / EP of American Dad ! . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Garman , Ralph Ralph Garman </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lakin , Christine Christine Lakin </Td> <Td> Kinney , Joyce Joyce Kinney </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Since 2010 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LaMarr , Phil Phil LaMarr </Td> <Td> Williams , Ollie Ollie Williams and the Quahog judge </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MacFarlane , Rachael Rachael MacFarlane </Td> <Td> Olivia and various women </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Formerly one of the most frequent female voices . She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad ! in 2005 but still appears several times per season . Seth MacFarlane 's sister . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Osment , Emily Emily Osment </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Since 2012 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richardson , Kevin Michael Kevin Michael Richardson </Td> <Td> Jerome and Cleveland Jr . </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Since 2009 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheridan , Chris Chris Sheridan </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Also a Family Guy writer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smith , Danny Danny Smith </Td> <Td> Various , including Evil Monkey , Al Harrington and Ernie , the Giant Chicken </Td> <Td> 189 </Td> <Td> Also a Family Guy writer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sulkin , Alec Alec Sulkin </Td> <Td> Christ , Jesus Jesus Christ and various others </Td> <Td> 147 </Td> <Td> Since 2005 , Also a Family Guy writer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tatasciore , Fred Fred Tatasciore </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tilly , Jennifer Jennifer Tilly </Td> <Td> Swanson , Bonnie Bonnie Swanson </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Has recurred as the Griffin 's neighbor since the first season . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viener , John John Viener </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> Since 2005 , he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane . Also a Family Guy writer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warburton , Patrick Patrick Warburton </Td> <Td> Swanson , Joe Joe Swanson </Td> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> Has appeared as the Griffins ' neighbor since the first season , and usually appears in most episodes each season . Warburton is the most frequently appearing one - character actor in the supporting repertory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wingert , Wally Wally Wingert </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In addition to the above , the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character ( s ) </Th> <Th> No. of Episodes </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alan , Lori Lori Alan </Td> <Td> Simmons , Diane Diane Simmons </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off . Was replaced in the series ' context by Christine Lakin 's Joyce Kinney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alazraqui , Carlos Carlos Alazraqui </Td> <Td> Weed , Mr.Mr . Weed </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Peter 's first boss , Mr. Weed , was killed off early in the series ' run . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barrymore , Drew Drew Barrymore </Td> <Td> Russell , Jillian Jillian Russell </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Played Jillian , Brian 's former girlfriend . The character still appears in background roles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cole , Gary Gary Cole </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons , but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris ' principal , Mr. Shepherd . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hartman , Butch Butch Hartman </Td> <Td> Various </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henry , Mike Mike Henry </Td> <Td> Cleveland Brown , Herbert , Bruce , Consuela , and various others </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Was promoted to main cast in 2005 . Also a Family Guy writer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hentemann , Mark Mark Hentemann </Td> <Td> Opie and various others </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project . Also a Family Guy writer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr>

The voice of Stewie in Family Guy is provided by

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Anno Domini - wikipedia <H1> Anno Domini </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` AD '' and `` Before Christ '' redirect here . For other uses , see Anno Domini ( disambiguation ) and AD ( disambiguation ) . Anno Domini inscription at a cathedral in Carinthia , Austria . <P> The terms anno Domini ( AD ) and before Christ ( BC ) are used to label or number years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars . The term anno Domini is Medieval Latin and means `` in the year of the Lord '' , but is often presented using `` our Lord '' instead of `` the Lord '' , taken from the full original phrase `` anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi '' , which translates to `` in the year of our Lord Jesus Christ '' . </P> <P> This calendar era is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth , with AD counting years from the start of this epoch , and BC denoting years before the start of the era . There is no year zero in this scheme , so the year AD 1 immediately follows the year 1 BC . This dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus of Scythia Minor , but was not widely used until after 800 . </P> <P> The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used calendar in the world today . For decades , it has been the unofficial global standard , adopted in the pragmatic interests of international communication , transportation , and commercial integration , and recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations . </P> <P> Traditionally , English followed Latin usage by placing the `` AD '' abbreviation before the year number . However , BC is placed after the year number ( for example : AD 2018 , but 68 BC ) , which also preserves syntactic order . The abbreviation is also widely used after the number of a century or millennium , as in `` fourth century AD '' or `` second millennium AD '' ( although conservative usage formerly rejected such expressions ) . Because BC is the English abbreviation for Before Christ , it is sometimes incorrectly concluded that AD means After Death , i.e. , after the death of Jesus . However , this would mean that the approximate 33 years commonly associated with the life of Jesus would neither be included in the BC nor the AD time scales . </P> <P> Terminology that is viewed by some as being more neutral and inclusive of non-Christian people is to call this the Current or Common Era ( abbreviated as CE ) , with the preceding years referred to as Before the Common or Current Era ( BCE ) . Astronomical year numbering and ISO 8601 avoid words or abbreviations related to Christianity , but use the same numbers for AD years . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Popularization </Li> <Li> 1.2 Change of year </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Historical birth date of Jesus </Li> <Li> 3 Other eras </Li> <Li> 4 CE and BCE </Li> <Li> 5 No year zero / Start and end of a century </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Citations </Li> <Li> 8.2 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> <P> The Anno Domini dating system was devised in 525 by Dionysius Exiguus to enumerate the years in his Easter table . His system was to replace the Diocletian era that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians . The last year of the old table , Diocletian 247 , was immediately followed by the first year of his table , AD 532 . When he devised his table , Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year -- he himself stated that the `` present year '' was `` the consulship of Probus Junior '' , which was 525 years `` since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ '' . Thus Dionysius implied that Jesus ' Incarnation occurred 525 years earlier , without stating the specific year during which his birth or conception occurred . `` However , nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius relate his epoch to any other dating system , whether consulate , Olympiad , year of the world , or regnal year of Augustus ; much less does he explain or justify the underlying date . '' </P> <P> Bonnie J. Blackburn and Leofranc Holford - Strevens briefly present arguments for 2 BC , 1 BC , or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the Nativity or Incarnation . Among the sources of confusion are : </P> <Ul> <Li> In modern times , Incarnation is synonymous with the conception , but some ancient writers , such as Bede , considered Incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity . </Li> <Li> The civil or consular year began on 1 January but the Diocletian year began on 29 August ( 30 August in the year before a Julian leap year ) . </Li> <Li> There were inaccuracies in the lists of consuls . </Li> <Li> There were confused summations of emperors ' regnal years . </Li> </Ul> <P> It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesus 's birth . Two major theories are that Dionysius based his calculation on the Gospel of Luke , which states that Jesus was `` about thirty years old '' shortly after `` the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar '' , and hence subtracted thirty years from that date , or that Dionysius counted back 532 years from the first year of his new table . It is convenient to initiate a calendar not from the very day of an event but from the beginning of a cycle which occurs in close proximity . For example , the Islamic calendar begins not from the date of the Hijra , but rather weeks prior , on the first occurrence of the month of Muharram ( corresponding to 16 July 622 ) . </P> <P> It has also been speculated by Georges Declercq that Dionysius ' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Christ was intended to prevent people from believing the imminent end of the world . At the time , it was believed by some that the Resurrection and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus . The old Anno Mundi calendar theoretically commenced with the creation of the world based on information in the Old Testament . It was believed that , based on the Anno Mundi calendar , Jesus was born in the year 5500 ( or 5500 years after the world was created ) with the year 6000 of the Anno Mundi calendar marking the end of the world . Anno Mundi 6000 ( approximately AD 500 ) was thus equated with the resurrection and the end of the world but this date had already passed in the time of Dionysius . </P> <H3> Popularization </H3> <P> The Anglo - Saxon historian the Venerable Bede , who was familiar with the work of Dionysius Exiguus , used Anno Domini dating in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People , completed in 731 . In this same history , he also used another Latin term , ante vero incarnationis dominicae tempus anno sexagesimo ( `` in fact in the 60th year before the time of the Lord 's incarnation '' ) , equivalent to the English `` before Christ '' , to identify years before the first year of this era . Both Dionysius and Bede regarded Anno Domini as beginning at the incarnation of Jesus , but `` the distinction between Incarnation and Nativity was not drawn until the late 9th century , when in some places the Incarnation epoch was identified with Christ 's conception , i.e. , the Annunciation on March 25 '' ( Annunciation style ) . </P> Statue of Charlemagne by Agostino Cornacchini ( 1725 ) , at St. Peter 's Basilica , Vatican City . Charlemagne promoted the usage of the Anno Domini epoch throughout the Carolingian Empire . <P> On the continent of Europe , Anno Domini was introduced as the era of choice of the Carolingian Renaissance by the English cleric and scholar Alcuin in the late eighth century . Its endorsement by Emperor Charlemagne and his successors popularizing the use of the epoch and spreading it throughout the Carolingian Empire ultimately lies at the core of the system 's prevalence . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , popes continued to date documents according to regnal years for some time , but usage of AD gradually became more common in Roman Catholic countries from the 11th to the 14th centuries . In 1422 , Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius . Eastern Orthodox countries only began to adopt AD instead of the Byzantine calendar in 1700 when Russia did so , with others adopting it in the 19th and 20th centuries . </P> <P> Although Anno Domini was in widespread use by the 9th century , the term `` Before Christ '' ( or its equivalent ) did not become common until much later . Bede the Venerable used the expression `` anno igitur ante incarnationem Dominicam '' ( so in the year before the Incarnation of the Lord ) twice . `` Anno an xpi nativitate '' ( in the year before the birth of Christ ) is found in 1474 in a work by a German monk . In 1627 , the French Jesuit theologian Denis Pétau ( Dionysius Petavius in Latin ) , with his work De doctrina temporum , popularized the usage ante Christum ( Latin for `` Before Christ '' ) to mark years prior to AD . </P> <H3> Change of year </H3> <P> When the reckoning from Jesus ' incarnation began replacing the previous dating systems in western Europe , various people chose different Christian feast days to begin the year : Christmas , Annunciation , or Easter . Thus , depending on the time and place , the year number changed on different days in the year , which created slightly different styles in chronology : </P> <Ul> <Li> From 25 March 753 AUC ( today in 1 BC ) , i.e. , notionally from the incarnation of Jesus . That first `` Annunciation style '' appeared in Arles at the end of the 9th century , then spread to Burgundy and northern Italy . It was not commonly used and was called calculus pisanus since it was adopted in Pisa and survived there till 1750 . </Li> <Li> From 25 December 753 AUC ( today in 1 BC ) , i.e. , notionally from the birth of Jesus . It was called `` Nativity style '' and had been spread by the Venerable Bede together with the Anno Domini in the early Middle Ages . That reckoning of the Year of Grace from Christmas was used in France , England and most of western Europe ( except Spain ) until the 12th century ( when it was replaced by Annunciation style ) , and in Germany until the second quarter of the 13th century . </Li> <Li> From 25 March 754 AUC ( today in AD 1 ) . That second `` Annunciation style '' may have originated in Fleury Abbey in the early 11th century , but it was spread by the Cistercians . Florence adopted that style in opposition to that of Pisa , so it got the name of calculus florentinus . It soon spread in France and also in England where it became common in the late 12th century and lasted until 1752 . </Li> <Li> From Easter , starting in

The change from BC to AD occurred in the

When did it change from bc to ad?

7355457342276623885

Requiem for a Dream - wikipedia <H1> Requiem for a Dream </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Requiem for a Dream ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Requiem for a Dream </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Darren Aronofsky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eric Watson </Li> <Li> Palmer West </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hubert Selby , Jr . </Li> <Li> Darren Aronofsky </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Requiem for a Dream by Hubert Selby , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ellen Burstyn </Li> <Li> Jared Leto </Li> <Li> Jennifer Connelly </Li> <Li> Marlon Wayans </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Clint Mansell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Matthew Libatique </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Jay Rabinowitz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Thousand Words Protozoa Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Artisan Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May 14 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 14 ) ( Cannes ) </Li> <Li> October 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 27 ) ( US ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 101 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $4.5 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $7.4 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Requiem for a Dream is a 2000 American psychological drama film directed by Darren Aronofsky and starring Ellen Burstyn , Jared Leto , Jennifer Connelly , and Marlon Wayans . The film is based on the novel of the same name by Hubert Selby , Jr. , with whom Aronofsky wrote the screenplay . </P> <P> The film depicts four different forms of drug addiction , which lead to the characters ' imprisonment in a world of delusion and reckless desperation that is subsequently overtaken by reality , thus leaving them as hollow shells of their former selves . </P> <P> Requiem for a Dream was screened out of competition at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival and received positive reviews from critics upon its U.S. release . Burstyn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Themes </Li> <Li> 5 Style </Li> <Li> 6 Release <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Rating </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the summer in Brighton Beach , Brooklyn , widow Sara Goldfarb spends her time watching infomercials . Meanwhile , her son Harry occasionally pawns her television set to fund his , his girlfriend Marion 's , and his best friend Tyrone 's drug use . </P> <P> After Sara receives a call that she has won a spot on a television game show , she becomes excited about attending it . To fit back into her red dress , the favorite of her deceased husband Seymour 's , she attempts to lose weight through unsuccessful diets . At the recommendation of a friend , she visits an unscrupulous physician who prescribes her a regimen of weight - loss amphetamines . She begins losing weight , and is excited by how much energy she has . </P> <P> Harry and Tyrone plan to sell heroin to make enough to live off ; that summer , their small - time dealing business thrives . Harry and Marion plan to open up a dress shop for Marion 's designs , and Tyrone dreams of escaping the ghetto to make his mother proud . Sara and her friends wait expectantly every day for the game show invitation to arrive . With the extra money , Harry stops by to tell his mother he ordered her a new television set , but when he implores her to get off the amphetamines , she confesses that the only thing she has to live for anymore is the dream of looking glamorous on a television stage , and the extra attention she receives now from her friends . </P> <P> As Sara 's tolerance for the amphetamines increases , she craves the high she once had , while becoming frantic about the invitation . When she increases her dosage she develops amphetamine psychosis . During a drug deal , Tyrone is caught in a shootout between the two rival gangs . He flees the scene and is arrested . Harry has to use most of their earned money to post bail . The local supply of heroin becomes restricted , and they are unable to find any for either use or sale . Eventually , Tyrone hears of a large shipment coming , but the price is doubled and the minimum high . Harry , desperate , suggests Marion ask her psychiatrist , Arnold , for money in exchange for sex , straining their relationship . When the drug buy goes bad , Harry returns empty - handed to Marion . He departs after giving her the number of a pimp , Big Tim , who trades heroin for sex . Harry and Tyrone decide that to put their business back on track , they will drive to Florida to buy directly from the wholesaler there . </P> <P> After a series of horrifying hallucinations , Sara flees her apartment for the office of the casting agency in Manhattan , to confirm when she will be on TV . She is taken away by ambulance and committed to a psychiatric ward where she is subjected to degrading treatments . When none work , the physician induces a barely lucid Sara to approve electroconvulsive therapy . </P> <P> On the drive to Miami , Harry and Tyrone visit a hospital because of Harry 's increasingly infected needle injection sites . The doctor notices the symptoms of drug abuse , and Harry and Tyrone are arrested . Back in New York , a desperate Marion has sex with the pimp to get heroin . Recognizing her addiction , he entices her with a bigger score of heroin if she returns that weekend for a party . Tyrone is taunted by racist prison guards whilst enduring manual labor . Harry 's infected arm is amputated . Sara undergoes violent electroshock therapy . Marion is humiliated as the subject of a graphic sex show . </P> <P> When Sara 's friends come to the hospital to visit , they are distraught by her almost vegetative state . Harry wakes emotionally distraught after the amputation , knowing that Marion will not be visiting him . Tyrone thinks of his mother in prison and suffers from drug withdrawal . Marion comes home from the show and lies on her sofa , clutching her score of heroin . Sara dreams that she is on television , and has won the grand prize , with Harry as the guest of honor . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ellen Burstyn as Sara Goldfarb </Li> <Li> Jared Leto as Harry Goldfarb </Li> <Li> Jennifer Connelly as Marion Silver </Li> <Li> Marlon Wayans as Tyrone C. Love </Li> <Li> Christopher McDonald as Tappy Tibbons </Li> <Li> Mark Margolis as Mr. Rabinowitz </Li> <Li> Louise Lasser as Ada </Li> <Li> Marcia Jean Kurtz as Rae </Li> <Li> Sean Gullette as Arnold , Marion 's psychiatrist </Li> <Li> Keith David as Big Tim , Marion 's pimp </Li> <Li> Dylan Baker as Southern Doctor </Li> <Li> Ajay Naidu as Mailman </Li> <Li> Ben Shenkman as Dr. Spencer </Li> <Li> Hubert Selby , Jr. as Laughing guard </Li> <Li> Darren Aronofsky ( uncredited ) as Visitor </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film rights to Hubert Selby , Jr. 's book were optioned by Scott Vogel for Truth and Soul Pictures in 1997 prior to the release of Aronofsky 's film π . </P> <H2> Themes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The majority of reviewers characterized Requiem for a Dream in the genre of `` drug movies '' , along with films like The Basketball Diaries , Trainspotting , Spun , and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas . </P> <P> However , Aronofsky has said : </P> Requiem for a Dream is not about heroin or about drugs ... The Harry - Tyrone - Marion story is a very traditional heroin story . But putting it side by side with the Sara story , we suddenly say , ' Oh , my God , what is a drug ? ' The idea that the same inner monologue goes through a person 's head when they 're trying to quit drugs , as with cigarettes , as when they 're trying to not eat food so they can lose 20 pounds , was really fascinating to me . I thought it was an idea that we had n't seen on film and I wanted to bring it up on the screen . <P> In the book , Selby refers to the `` American Dream '' as amorphous and unattainable , a compilation of the various desires of the story 's characters . </P> <H2> Style ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rapid cuts in Requiem for a Dream Play media One of the filmmaking techniques in Requiem for a Dream is the use of rapid cuts or a hip hop montage . Whenever the characters use street drugs , a rapid succession of images illustrates their transition from sobriety to intoxication . In this scene , Harry and Tyrone deal drugs and Marion uses cocaine while she designs clothes . The speed of the footage and the cuts alternates as the characters become intoxicated and sober . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> As in his previous film , π , Aronofsky uses montages of extremely short shots throughout the film ( sometimes termed a hip hop montage ) . While an average 100 - minute film has 600 to 700 cuts , Requiem features more than 2,000 . Split - screen is used extensively , along with extremely tight closeups . Long tracking shots ( including those shot with an apparatus strapping a camera to an actor , called the Snorricam ) and time - lapse photography are also prominent stylistic devices . </P> <P> To portray the shift from the objective , community - based narrative to the subjective , isolated state of the characters ' perspectives , Aronofsky alternates between extreme closeups and extreme distance from the action and intercuts reality with a character 's fantasy . Aronofsky aims to subjectivize emotion , and the effect of his stylistic choices is personalization rather than alienation . The camera serves as a vehicle for exploring the characters ' states of mind , hallucinations , visual distortions , and corrupted sense of time . </P> <P> The film 's distancing itself from empathy is structurally advanced by the use of intertitles ( Summer , Fall , Winter ) , marking the temporal progress of addiction . The average scene length shortens as the film progresses ( beginning around 90 seconds to two minutes ) until the movie 's climactic scenes , which are cut together very rapidly ( many changes per second ) and are accompanied by a score which increases in intensity accordingly . After the climax , there is a short period of serenity , during which idyllic dreams of what may have been are juxtaposed with portraits of the four shattered lives . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> Requiem for a Dream premiered at the

In the movie Requiem for a Dream, the mom uses

What drug does the mom use in requiem for a dream?

-251770629620567718

The Dark Side of the Moon - wikipedia <H1> The Dark Side of the Moon </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the album by Pink Floyd . For other uses , see Dark side of the Moon . For the far or hidden side of the Moon , see Far side of the Moon . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Dark Side of the Moon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Album cover by Hipgnosis and George Hardie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Studio album by Pink Floyd </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1 March 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1 June 1972 -- January 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> Abbey Road Studios , London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Progressive rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 42 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Harvest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Pink Floyd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Pink Floyd chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Obscured by Clouds ( 1972 ) Obscured by Clouds 1972 </Td> <Td> The Dark Side of the Moon ( 1973 ) </Td> <Td> Wish You Were Here ( 1975 ) Wish You Were Here 1975 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> 30th anniversary SACD Re-issue </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Singles from The Dark Side of the Moon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> `` Money '' Released : 7 May 1973 </Li> <Li> `` Us and Them '' Released : 4 February 1974 </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Dark Side of the Moon is the eighth studio album by English rock band Pink Floyd , released on 1 March 1973 by Harvest Records . The album built on ideas explored in earlier recordings and live shows , but lacks the extended instrumental excursions that characterised their earlier work . Its themes explore conflict , greed , the passage of time , and mental illness , the latter partly inspired by the deteriorating mental state of founding member and principal contributor , Syd Barrett . </P> <P> Developed during live performances , an early version was premiered several months before recording began ; new material was recorded in two sessions in 1972 and 1973 at Abbey Road in London . The group used some advanced recording techniques at the time , including multitrack recording and tape loops . Analogue synthesizers were prominent in several tracks , and snippets from recorded interviews with Pink Floyd 's road crew and others provided philosophical quotations throughout . Engineer Alan Parsons was responsible for many distinctive sonic aspects and the recruitment of singer Clare Torry . The album 's iconic sleeve was designed by Storm Thorgerson ; following keyboardist Richard Wright 's request for a `` simple and bold '' design , it depicts a prism spectrum , representing the band 's lighting and the record 's themes . </P> <P> The Dark Side of the Moon was a commercial and critical success . It topped the Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart for a week and remained in the chart for 741 weeks from 1973 to 1988 . After the rules were changed in 2009 , the album re-entered the chart and eventually topped out at 937 total weeks . With an estimated 45 million copies sold , it is Pink Floyd 's most successful album and one of the best - selling worldwide . It has been remastered and re-released several times , and covered in its entirety by several acts . It produced two singles , `` Money '' and `` Us and Them '' . It is often ranked as one of the greatest albums of all time . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Concept </Li> <Li> 3 Recording <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Instrumentation </Li> <Li> 3.2 Voices </Li> <Li> 3.3 Completion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Packaging </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Label </Li> <Li> 5.2 Sales </Li> <Li> 5.3 Re-issues and remastering </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Legacy <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Rankings </Li> <Li> 6.2 Covers , tributes and samples </Li> <Li> 6.3 Dark Side of the Rainbow </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Track listing </Li> <Li> 8 Personnel <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Pink Floyd </Li> <Li> 8.2 Additional musicians </Li> <Li> 8.3 Production </Li> <Li> 8.4 Design </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Charts </Li> <Li> 9.2 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Release history </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following Meddle in 1971 , Pink Floyd assembled for a tour of Britain , Japan and the United States in December of that year . In a band meeting at drummer Nick Mason 's home in Camden , bassist Roger Waters proposed that a new album could form part of the tour . Waters ' idea was for an album that dealt with things that `` make people mad '' , focusing on the pressures faced by the band during their arduous lifestyle , and dealing with the apparent mental problems suffered by former band member Syd Barrett . The band had explored a similar idea with 1969 's The Man and The Journey . In an interview for Rolling Stone , guitarist David Gilmour said : `` I think we all thought -- and Roger definitely thought -- that a lot of the lyrics that we had been using were a little too indirect . There was definitely a feeling that the words were going to be very clear and specific . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Money '' ( demo ) Waters ' early demo recording of `` Money '' , made in his garden shed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Generally , all four members agreed that Waters ' album concept unified by a single theme was a good idea . Waters , Gilmour , Mason and keyboardist Richard Wright participated in the writing and production of the new material , and Waters created the early demo tracks at his Islington home in a small studio built in his garden shed . Parts of the new album were taken from previously unused material ; the opening line of `` Breathe '' came from an earlier work by Waters and Ron Geesin , written for the soundtrack of The Body , and the basic structure of `` Us and Them '' borrowed from an original composition by Wright for Zabriskie Point . The band rehearsed at a warehouse in London owned by The Rolling Stones , and then at the Rainbow Theatre in Finsbury Park , London . They also purchased extra equipment , which included new speakers , a PA system , a 28 - track mixing desk with a four channel quadraphonic output , and a custom - built lighting rig . Nine tonnes of kit was transported in three lorries ; this would be the first time the band had taken an entire album on tour . The album had been given the provisional title of Dark Side of the Moon ( an allusion to lunacy , rather than astronomy ) . However , after discovering that that title had already been used by another band , Medicine Head , it was temporarily changed to Eclipse . The new material premièred at The Dome in Brighton , on 20 January 1972 , and after the commercial failure of Medicine Head 's album the title was changed back to the band 's original preference . </P> The Rainbow Theatre in London , where The Dark Side of the Moon was played for the press in 1972 <P> Dark Side of the Moon : A Piece for Assorted Lunatics , as it was then known , was performed in the presence of an assembled press on 17 February 1972 -- more than a year before its release -- at the Rainbow Theatre , and was critically acclaimed . Michael Wale of The Times described the piece as `` ... bringing tears to the eyes . It was so completely understanding and musically questioning . '' Derek Jewell of The Sunday Times wrote `` The ambition of the Floyd 's artistic intention is now vast . '' Melody Maker was , however , less enthusiastic : `` Musically , there were some great ideas , but the sound effects often left me wondering if I was in a bird - cage at London zoo . '' However , the following tour was praised by the public . The new material was performed in the same order in which it was eventually recorded ; differences included the lack of synthesizers in tracks such as `` On the Run '' , and Bible readings later replaced by Clare Torry 's vocals on `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' . </P> <P> Pink Floyd 's lengthy tour through Europe and North America gave them the opportunity to make continual improvements to the scale and quality of their performances . Work on the album was interrupted in late February when the band travelled to France and recorded music for French director Barbet Schroeder 's film La Vallée . They then performed in Japan and returned to France in March to complete work on the film . After a series of dates in North America , the band flew to London to begin recording , from 24 May to 25 June . More concerts in Europe and North America followed before the band returned on 9 January 1973 to complete the album . </P> <H2> Concept ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Dark Side of the Moon built upon experiments Pink Floyd had attempted in their previous live shows and recordings , but lacks the extended instrumental excursions which , according to critic David Fricke , had become characteristic of the band after founding member Syd Barrett left in 1968 . Gilmour , Barrett 's replacement , later referred to those instrumentals as `` that psychedelic noodling stuff '' , and with Waters cited 1971 's Meddle as a turning - point towards what would be realised on the album . The Dark Side of the Moon 's lyrical themes include conflict , greed , the passage of time , death , and insanity , the latter inspired in part by Barrett 's deteriorating mental state ; he had been the band 's principal composer and lyricist . The album is notable for its use of musique concrète and conceptual , philosophical lyrics , as found in much of the band 's other work . </P> <P> Each side of the album is a continuous piece of music . The five tracks on each side reflect various stages of human life , beginning and ending with a heartbeat , exploring the nature of the human experience , and ( according to Waters ) `` empathy '' . `` Speak to Me '' and `` Breathe '' together stress the mundane and futile elements of life that accompany the ever - present threat of madness , and the importance of living one 's own life -- `` Do n't be afraid to care '' . By shifting the scene to an airport , the synthesizer - driven instrumental `` On the Run '' evokes the stress and anxiety of modern travel , in particular Wright 's fear of flying . `` Time '' examines the manner in which its passage can control one 's life and offers a stark warning to those who remain focused on mundane aspects ; it is followed by a retreat into solitude and withdrawal in `` Breathe ( Reprise ) '' . The first side of the album ends with Wright and vocalist Clare Torry 's soulful metaphor for death , `` The Great Gig in the Sky

The album "Dark Side of the Moon" held the number 1 spot for

How long was dark side of the moon number 1?

3227997019205769806

played in a unique round - robin format , more similar to association football and rugby tournaments than the knock - out systems usually played in snooker . The knock - out format returned in 2008 with an FA Cup - style draw . The random draw was abandoned after the 2010 edition . Ding Junhui was the defending champion . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Winners </Li> <Li> 3 Records </Li> <Li> 4 Media coverage </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The tournament was created in 1982 as the Professional Players Tournament by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association , in order to provide another ranking event . Ray Reardon beat Jimmy White by 10 frames to 5 in the final to win the first prize of £ 5,000 . </P> <P> In 1984 Rothmans started sponsoring the tournament , changing its name to the Grand Prix , and moved its venue to the Hexagon Theatre in Reading . The tournament has had various sponsors and venues since . Previous sponsors include LG Electronics , who took over in 2001 and changed the tournament 's name to the LG Cup . After LG withdrew their sponsorship , the Grand Prix name was revived for 2004 and was sponsored by totesport . Between 2006 and 2008 the event was sponsored by Royal London Watches . </P> <P> The tournament was played at the Guild hall in 1998 , at the start of the snooker season , until 2005 ( moving once to Telford in 2000 ) . Prize money for 2005 totalled £ 400,000 , with the winner receiving £ 60,000 . </P> <P> In its original form , the tournament had a flatter structure than most tournaments , with the top 32 players all coming in at the last 64 stage ( in other tournaments there are only 16 players left when the players ranked 17 -- 32 come in , and then the 16 winners of those matches face the top 16 ) . </P> <P> These facts made it more common to see surprise results than in most other tournaments , with players such as Dominic Dale , Marco Fu , Euan Henderson and Dave Harold all surprise finalists at the time . A player from outside the top 16 has reached the final roughly half the times the contest has been played . Few of those have become consistent stars , although Stephen Hendry and John Higgins took their first ranking titles in the event . In addition , over the years , many top 16 players were eliminated in the early stages of the contest . Taking the 1996 event as an extreme case , thirteen of the top sixteen seeds failed to reach the quarter final stages , and the semi-finals featured one match between two top 16 players ( Mark Williams and John Parrott ) and another between two unseeded players ( Euan Henderson and Mark Bennett ) ; with Bennett and Henderson respectively winning the first two quarter final matches , a surprise finalist was guaranteed before the quarter finals had been completed . </P> <P> The event moved to Scotland at the A.E.C.C. in Aberdeen for 2006 , and introduced a brand new format . Players were split into groups ( 8 groups of 8 in qualifying , 8 groups of 6 in the final stages ) and played every other player in their group once . The top 2 players progressed ; the last 16 and onwards were played as a straight knock - out . </P> <P> This resulted in several surprise results . Little - known players such as Ben Woollaston , Jamie Jones and Issara Kachaiwong made it through qualifying , while stars such as Graeme Dott , Stephen Hendry and Shaun Murphy failed to clear their groups . </P> <P> The format was slightly tweaked for 2007 , after complaints ( notably from Dennis Taylor ) that the system was too random . Matches increased in length from best - of - 5 to best - of - 7 , to give the better player more chance to win . The main tie - breaker for players level on wins was changed , with frame difference now taking precedence over results between the players who are level on points . Notably , under the 2007 format , 2006 runner - up Jamie Cope would have been eliminated in the groups , as he defeated third - placed Michael Holt but had an inferior frame - difference . </P> <P> The 2007 event saw fewer surprises , although 2006 World Champion Graeme Dott , 1997 World Champion Ken Doherty , defending champion Neil Robertson , seven - time World Champion Stephen Hendry , six - time World Champion Steve Davis , twice World Champion Mark Williams and 2007 World Championship finalist Mark Selby were all eliminated in the groups . The format was not continued for 2008 , due to dwindling ticket sales in the early rounds . </P> <P> For 2008 , the event moved to the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre ( SECC ) in Glasgow . It went back to a knock - out format with no round - robin . The last 16 and beyond however was played using a FA Cup - style draw , rather than automatically pitching higher ranked players ( or their conquerors ) against lower - ranked players . In 2009 , the event was held in Glasgow , but at another venue , the Kelvin Hall . </P> <P> Following Barry Hearn 's takeover of the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association , the Grand Prix was reformatted and renamed to World Open . The event gave a chance for amateurs to play alongside professionals . The amateurs had to win 3 matches to qualify for the main draw . On 9 January 2012 it was announced , that the World Open would be held in the next five years in Haikou on the Hainan Island . In November 2014 , it was announced that the tournament would not be held in the 2014 / 2015 season after the contract with the promoter was not renewed and a new venue was not found in time . The event returned in the 2016 / 2017 season . </P> <H2> Winners ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Runner - up </Th> <Th> Final score </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> Season </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="6"> Professional Players Tournament </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Ray Reardon </Td> <Td> Jimmy White </Td> <Td> 10 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Birmingham </Td> <Td> 1982 / 1983 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tony Knowles </Td> <Td> Joe Johnson </Td> <Td> 9 -- 8 </Td> <Td> Bristol </Td> <Td> 1983 / 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="6"> Grand Prix </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Dennis Taylor </Td> <Td> Cliff Thorburn </Td> <Td> 10 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Reading </Td> <Td> 1984 / 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Steve Davis </Td> <Td> Dennis Taylor </Td> <Td> 10 -- 9 </Td> <Td> Reading </Td> <Td> 1985 / 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Jimmy White </Td> <Td> Rex Williams </Td> <Td> 10 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Reading </Td> <Td> 1986 / 1987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stephen Hendry </Td> <Td> Dennis Taylor </Td> <Td> 10 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Reading </Td> <Td> 1987 / 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Steve Davis </Td> <Td> Alex Higgins </Td> <Td> 10 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Reading </Td> <Td> 1988 / 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Steve Davis </Td> <Td> Dean Reynolds </Td> <Td> 10 -- 0 </Td> <Td> Reading </Td> <Td> 1989 / 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Stephen Hendry </Td> <Td> Nigel Bond </Td> <Td> 10 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Reading </Td> <Td> 1990 / 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Stephen Hendry </Td> <Td> Steve Davis </Td> <Td> 10 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Reading </Td> <Td> 1991 / 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Jimmy White </Td> <Td> Ken Doherty </Td> <Td> 10 -- 9 </Td> <Td> Reading </Td> <Td> 1992 / 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Peter Ebdon </Td> <Td> Ken Doherty </Td> <Td> 9 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Reading </Td> <Td> 1993 / 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> John Higgins </Td> <Td> Dave Harold </Td> <Td> 9 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Derby </Td> <Td> 1994 / 1995 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Stephen Hendry </Td> <Td> John Higgins </Td> <Td> 9 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Sunderland </Td> <Td> 1995 / 1996 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mark Williams </Td> <Td> Euan Henderson </Td> <Td> 9 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Bournemouth </Td> <Td> 1996 / 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Dominic Dale </Td> <Td> John Higgins </Td> <Td> 9 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Bournemouth </Td> <Td> 1997 / 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Stephen Lee </Td> <Td> Marco Fu </Td> <Td> 9 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Preston </Td> <Td> 1998 / 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> John Higgins </Td> <Td> Mark Williams </Td> <Td> 9 -- 8 </Td> <Td> Preston </Td> <Td> 1999 / 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Mark Williams </Td> <Td> Ronnie O'Sullivan </Td> <Td> 9 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Telford </Td> <Td> 2000 / 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="6"> LG Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Stephen Lee </Td> <Td> Peter Ebdon </Td> <Td> 9 -- 4 </Td> <Td> Preston </Td> <Td> 2001 / 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Chris Small </Td> <Td> Alan McManus </Td> <Td> 9 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Preston </Td> <Td> 2002 / 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Mark Williams </Td> <Td> John Higgins </Td> <Td> 9 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Preston </Td> <Td> 2003 / 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="6"> Grand Prix </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ronnie O'Sullivan </Td> <Td> Ian McCulloch </Td> <Td> 9 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Preston </Td> <Td> 2004 / 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> John Higgins </Td> <Td> Ronnie O'Sullivan </Td> <Td> 9 -- 2 </Td> <Td> Preston </Td> <Td> 2005 / 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Neil Robertson </Td> <Td> Jamie Cope </Td> <Td> 9 -- 5 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> 2006 / 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Marco Fu </Td> <Td> Ronnie O'Sullivan </Td> <Td> 9 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Aberdeen </Td> <Td> 2007 / 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> John Higgins </Td> <Td> Ryan Day </Td> <Td> 9 -- 7 </Td> <Td> Glasgow </Td> <Td> 2008 / 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Neil Robertson </Td> <Td> Ding Junhui </Td> <Td> 9 -- 4 </Td> <Td> Glasgow </Td> <Td> 2009 / 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="6"> World Open </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neil Robertson </Td> <Td> Ronnie O'Sullivan </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Glasgow </Td> <Td> 2010 / 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="6"> Haikou World Open </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Mark Allen </Td> <Td> Stephen Lee </Td> <Td> 10 -- 1 </Td> <Td> Haikou </Td> <Td> 2011 / 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Mark Allen </Td> <Td> Matthew Stevens </Td> <Td> 10 -- 4 </Td> <Td> Haikou </Td> <Td> 2012 / 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Shaun Murphy </Td> <Td> Mark Selby </Td> <Td> 10 -- 6 </Td> <Td> Haikou </Td> <Td> 2013 / 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="6"> World Open </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Ali Carter </Td> <Td> Joe Perry </Td> <Td> 10 -- 8 </Td> <Td> Yushan </Td> <Td> 2016 / 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Ding Junhui </Td> <Td> Kyren Wilson </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> Yushan </Td> <Td> 2017 / 2018 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Records ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 1985 final between Steve Davis

The Snooker World Open is currently held

Where is the snooker world open currently held?

8499576329103738172

Thad Luckinbill - wikipedia <H1> Thad Luckinbill </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Thad Luckinbill </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Thad Luckinbill ( right ) and Trent Luckinbill in 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill ( 1975 - 04 - 24 ) April 24 , 1975 ( age 43 ) Enid , Oklahoma , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor , producer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1999 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Amelia Heinle ( m . 2007 ; div. 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Thaddeus Rowe Luckinbill ( born April 24 , 1975 ) is an American actor and producer best known for playing J.T. Hellstrom on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless , from August 1999 to November 2010 . He revived the role of J.T. in December 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Personal life </Li> <Li> 2 Acting career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Producer </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Personal Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Thad Luckinbill has an identical twin brother , Trent , who is twelve minutes younger . Trent Luckinbill is a lawyer who lives in Los Angeles . In the final episode of the television series Law & Order : Criminal Intent , `` To the Boy in the Blue Knit Cap '' , Trent briefly appeared as the identical twin murder victim / corpse lying beside the murder victim / corpse of the character played by Thad . </P> <P> Luckinbill married Young and the Restless co-star Amelia Heinle in March 2007 while their characters were also married on the show . He is stepfather to Amelia 's son from a previous marriage . They have two children , a son and a daughter . On March 1 , 2017 , Luckinbill filed for divorce from Heinle , citing `` irreconcilable differences '' . </P> <P> Luckinbill enjoys playing volleyball , surfing , boxing and going to the gym . He occasionally plays for the Hollywood Knights basketball team . He majored in business finance at the University of Oklahoma . </P> <H2> Acting career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <P> In addition to his role as J.T. Hellstrom on The Young and the Restless , Thad Luckinbill has guest - starred on several primetime television shows , including Undressed , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Providence , Sabrina , the Teenage Witch , Nash Bridges , 8 Simple Rules , Without a Trace , CSI : NY , Nip / Tuck , Ghost Whisperer , CSI : Miami , and CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . He was a recurring character on The CW show Nikita completing six episodes as Nathan , the neighbor and love interest of Alexandra Udinov Lyndsy Fonseca , before the show was cancelled after its fourth season . Fonseca was also Luckinbill 's former Young and the Restless co-star . </P> <P> In 2001 , Luckinbill was also featured in an episode of the MTV documentary series True Life and appeared in Madonna 's `` Do n't Tell Me '' video as the cowboy who was thrown from his horse at the end of the song . On November 3 , 2017 , it was announced that Luckinbill would reprise his portrayal of J.T. on The Young and the Restless , beginning December 12 , 2017 . Thad 's run on `` The Young and the Restless '' ended on April 13 , 2018 when Nikki Newman hit him on the back of his head with a fireplace poker . </P> <H2> Producer ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2013 , Thad , with his twin brother Trent , and well - known producer Molly Smith ( producer of P.S. I Love You and The Blind Side ) started a production company called Black Label Media . The production company has worked with A-listers such as Reese Witherspoon , Emily Blunt , and Jake Gyllenhaal , producing films including Sicario starring Blunt , Josh Brolin , and Benicio Del Toro , The Good Lie starring Witherspoon , and Demolition starring Gyllenhaal , Naomi Watts , and Chris Cooper . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Film <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Task Force 2001 </Td> <Td> Gary </Td> <Td> Direct - to - video </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Boyz II Men </Td> <Td> Faux boy band model </Td> <Td> Segment `` Crush '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Just Married </Td> <Td> Willie McNerney </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sleepover </Td> <Td> Todd </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 5 Stages of Grief </Td> <Td> Manuel </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Shadow Effect , The The Shadow Effect </Td> <Td> Steve Sexly </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Home of the Brave </Td> <Td> Soldier # 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Grampa 's Cabin </Td> <Td> Older Jake ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Short film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Essence of Depp , The The Essence of Depp </Td> <Td> JB </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> The Good Lie </Td> <Td> Matt </Td> <Td> Producer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Breaking a Monster </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Documentary ; producer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Sicario </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Producer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Demolition </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Producer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> La La Land </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Executive Producer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Rebel in the Rye </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Producer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Only the Brave </Td> <Td> Scott Norris </Td> <Td> Producer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 12 Strong </Td> <Td> Vern Michaels </Td> <Td> Producer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Sicario : Day of the Soldado </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Producer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Television <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Undressed </Td> <Td> Kyle </Td> <Td> 9 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2010 ; 2017 - 2018 </Td> <Td> Young and the Restless , The The Young and the Restless </Td> <Td> J.T. Hellstrom </Td> <Td> Role held : August 27 , 1999 -- November 5 , 2010 ; December 12 , 2017 - April 13 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Sabrina , the Teenage Witch </Td> <Td> Sean Hexton </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Witchright Hall '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Nash Bridges </Td> <Td> Young Bobby Bridges </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Quack Fever '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Generation Gap </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Unsold WB pilot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Division , The The Division </Td> <Td> Josh Costa </Td> <Td> Episode : `` A Priori '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Providence </Td> <Td> Jack Finch </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Whole Truth '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> JAG </Td> <Td> PO1 Moritz </Td> <Td> Episode : `` In Thin Air '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Buffy the Vampire Slayer </Td> <Td> R.J. Brooks </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Him '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> 8 Simple Rules </Td> <Td> Donny Doyle </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Bobby Cannon </Td> <Td> Dallas </Td> <Td> Unsold ABC pilot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> CSI : Crime Scene Investigation </Td> <Td> Timothy Johnson </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Bang - Bang '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Nip / Tuck </Td> <Td> Mitchell Skinner </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Blu Mondae '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Protect & Serve </Td> <Td> Tim Cook </Td> <Td> Unsold CBS pilot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Without a Trace </Td> <Td> Tim Collier </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Article 32 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> CSI : NY </Td> <Td> Connor Dunbrook </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Ghost Whisperer </Td> <Td> Grant Harper / Dr. Troy Holdon </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Stage Fright '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> CSI : Miami </Td> <Td> Dominic Cross </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Miami , We Have a Problem '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> CSI : Crime Scene Investigation </Td> <Td> Michael Wilson </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Blood Moon '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Nikita </Td> <Td> Nathan Colville </Td> <Td> 6 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Law & Order : Criminal Intent </Td> <Td> Parker Gaffney / Thomas Gaffney </Td> <Td> Episode : `` To the Boy in the Blue Knit Cap '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Keeping Up with the Randalls </Td> <Td> Will Randall </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Matchmaker Santa </Td> <Td> Justin Greene </Td> <Td> Television film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Grey 's Anatomy </Td> <Td> Kevin Banks </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Moment of Truth '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Rizzoli & Isles </Td> <Td> Tucker Franklin </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Killer in High Heels '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Major Crimes </Td> <Td> Hunt Massey </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Curve Ball '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Criminal Minds </Td> <Td> Larry Merrin </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Mr. Scratch '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Ballers </Td> <Td> Stoops </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Everything Is Everything '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Young and the Restless Cast : Jessica Collins Archived 2010 - 02 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amelia Heinle and Thad Luckinbill welcome Thaddeus Rowe via Celebrity Baby Blog ; Retrieved 13 November 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It 's a Boy for Y&R Stars Archived 2007 - 11 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . via SOAPnet ; Retrieved 13 November 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ( December 23 , 2009 ) `` Thad Luckinbill and Amelia Heinle Welcome Daughter Georgia March '' ... People.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SOD ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Real - Life Y&R Couple Splits '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ HollywoodKnights.com > The Knights Gazette </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soapoperadigest.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SOD ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Thad Luckinbill Back To Y&R ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Thad Luckinbill on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 316391841 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2016039050 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thad_Luckinbill&oldid=838442695 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1975 births </Li> <Li> 20th - century American male actors </Li> <Li> 21st - century American male actors </Li> <Li> American male film actors </Li> <Li> American male soap

The actor who plays JT on The Young and the Restless is

Who is the actor that plays jt on the young and the restless?

4230593664190705298

was never implemented in a system . </P> <P> A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973 , and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in hipatitas by Hachenburg et al . </P> <H2> Emergence of automated services ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956 . Named MTA ( Mobiltelefonisystem A ) , it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial . The car phone could also be paged . Calls from the car were direct dial , whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car . It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator . Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget ( SRA ) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment . MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays , and weighed 40 kg . In 1962 , an upgraded version called Mobile System B ( MTB ) was introduced . This was a push - button telephone , and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability . In 1971 the MTD version was launched , opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success . The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed . </P> <P> In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR . The `` Altay '' national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT - 1327 standard . The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications ( VNIIS ) and the State Specialized Project Institute ( GSPI ) . In 1963 the service started in Moscow , and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR . Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia . </P> <P> In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster , Kansas , USA , the S&T Telephone Company , ( still in business today ) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility , offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas . This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard , and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines , trucks , and automobiles . For some as yet unknown reason , the system , after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period , was shut down . The management of the company was immediately changed , and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960 , not to be seen again . </P> <P> In 1966 , Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT - 0 , 5 combined with a base station RATZ - 10 ( RATC - 10 ) on Interorgtechnika - 66 international exhibition . One base station , connected to one telephone wire line , could serve up to six customers ( `` Radio '' magazine , 2 , 1967 ; `` Novosti dnya '' newsreel , 37 , 1966 ) . </P> <P> One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland , launched in 1971 . Posthumously , ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation ( 0G ) cellular network , being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks . </P> <H2> Handheld mobile phone ( edit ) </H2> Martin Cooper photographed in 2007 with his 1973 handheld mobile phone prototype <P> Prior to 1973 , mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles . Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone . On April 3 , 1973 , Martin Cooper , a Motorola researcher and executive , made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment , placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs , his rival . The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kg ( 2.42 lb ) and measured 23 cm long , 13 cm deep and 4.45 cm wide . The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge . </P> <P> John F. Mitchell , Motorola 's chief of portable communication products and Cooper 's boss in 1973 , played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment . Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone . </P> <H2> The early generations ( edit ) </H2> <P> Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations . The `` generation '' terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched , but is now used retroactively when referring to the earlier systems . </P> <H3> 1G -- analogue cellular ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 1G <P> First automatic analogue cellular systems deployed were NTT 's system first used in Tokyo in 1979 , later spreading to the whole of Japan , and NMT in the Nordic countries in 1981 . </P> <P> The first analogue cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System ( AMPS ) . It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 13 October 1983 , Israel in 1986 , and Australia in 1987 . AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology , but it had several serious issues by modern standards . It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner ; it was susceptible to cell phone `` cloning '' and it used a Frequency - division multiple access ( FDMA ) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support . </P> <P> On 6 March 1983 , the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech . It cost $100 m to develop , and took over a decade to reach the market . The phone had a talk time of just thirty - five minutes and took ten hours to charge . Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life , weight , and low talk time , and waiting lists were in the thousands . </P> <P> Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS ( D - AMPS ) in 1990 , and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008 . </P> <P> In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia . Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February . </P> <H3> 2G -- digital cellular ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : 2G , 2.5 G , and 2.75 G Two 1991 GSM mobile phones with several AC adapters <P> In the 1990s , the ' second generation ' mobile phone systems emerged . Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market : the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard . These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission , and also fast out - of - band phone - to - network signaling . The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones . </P> <P> In 1991 the first GSM network ( Radiolinja ) launched in Finland . In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America , though with some overlap . For example , the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe , so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems . In America the IS - 54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels . </P> <P> In 1993 , IBM Simon was introduced . This was possibly the world 's first smartphone . It was a mobile phone , pager , fax machine , and PDA all rolled into one . It included a calendar , address book , clock , calculator , notepad , email , and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard . The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with . It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped . It had applications , or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone . Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger `` brick '' phones toward tiny 100 -- 200 gram hand - held devices . This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy - efficient electronics , but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage . The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened , leading to increased battery life while on the move . </P> Personal Handy - phone System mobiles and modems used in Japan around 1997 -- 2003 <P> The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging . It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks . The first machine - generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person - to - person SMS sent in Finland . The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young , a trend which spread across all ages . </P> <P> 2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones . In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone , launched by Finland 's Radiolinja ( now Elisa ) . Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000 , sponsored by advertising . </P> <P> Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca - Cola vending machine and car parking . Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway . The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart . </P> <P> The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999 . </P> <H3> 3G -- mobile broadband ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 3G <P> As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives , it became clear that demand for data ( such as access to browse the internet ) was growing . Further , experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever - increasing demand for greater data speeds . The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job , so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G . The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission . In addition , the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology ( 2 Mbit / s maximum data rate indoors , 384 kbit / s outdoors , for example ) . </P> <P> Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different

The first commercial cell phone was released in

When was the first commercial cell phone released?

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List of Degrassi soundtracks - wikipedia <H1> List of Degrassi soundtracks </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This is a list of Degrassi soundtracks . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th> Album </Th> <Th> Release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Season 4 </Td> <Td> Songs from Degrassi : The Next Generation </Td> <Td> 1 November 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Season 5 </Td> <Td> The N Soundtrack </Td> <Td> 1 August 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Season 7 </Td> <Td> Music from Degrassi : The Next Generation </Td> <Td> 2 December 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Season 8 </Td> <Td> Degrassi Goes Hollywood : Music from the Original Movie </Td> <Td> 4 August 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Season 9 </Td> <Td> Degrassi Takes Manhattan : The Heat Is On </Td> <Td> 13 July 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Season 10 </Td> <Td> Degrassi : The Boiling Point </Td> <Td> 1 February 2011 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Songs from Degrassi : the Next Generation ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Songs from Degrassi : The Next Generation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by various artists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop / Punk / Alternative Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 51 : 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Orange Record Label </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Degrassi chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Songs from Degrassi : The Next Generation </Td> <Td> The N Soundtrack String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Songs from Degrassi : The Next Generation is a soundtrack album from the television series Degrassi : The Next Generation . It was released as a digital download on 1 November 2005 , following the fourth season , and as a CD on 8 January 2007 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Degrassi : The Next Generation Theme '' </Td> <Td> Jakalope </Td> <Td> 0 : 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Heartbreaker '' </Td> <Td> Tuuli </Td> <Td> 3 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Beautifully Undone '' </Td> <Td> Lindy </Td> <Td> 3 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Midnite Rider '' </Td> <Td> Supergarage </Td> <Td> 3 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Secret Splendor '' </Td> <Td> Buck 65 </Td> <Td> 5 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Hard Road '' </Td> <Td> Sam Roberts </Td> <Td> 4 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Rooftop '' </Td> <Td> Melissa McClelland </Td> <Td> 5 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Suburbs '' </Td> <Td> Junior Achiever </Td> <Td> 3 : 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Feel It '' </Td> <Td> Jakalope </Td> <Td> 3 : 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` I Do n't Want to Be Me '' </Td> <Td> Amanda Clemens </Td> <Td> 3 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` White Lightning '' </Td> <Td> The Premiums </Td> <Td> 3 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Down and Out '' </Td> <Td> Evren </Td> <Td> 3 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Just Jane '' </Td> <Td> Christopher Rouse </Td> <Td> 4 : 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Degrassi : The Next Generation Theme ( extended version ) '' </Td> <Td> The Degrassi Junior Strings </Td> <Td> 3 : 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Total length : </Td> <Td> 51 : 38 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> The N soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The N Soundtrack <P> Released following the fifth season , in 2006 , The N Soundtrack contains songs from Degrassi : The Next Generation , including the first recording by Degrassi actor turned rapper Drake , and other shows airing on The N and CTV . </P> <H2> Music from Degrassi : the Next Generation ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music from Degrassi : The Next Generation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by various artists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 2 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 02 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop / Punk / Alternative Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 41 : 33 ( Canada ) 47 : 24 ( US iTunes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Sall Entertainment Group / Fontana North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Degrassi chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> The N Soundtrack String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found </Td> <Td> Music from Degrassi : The Next Generation </Td> <Td> Degrassi Goes Hollywood : Music from the Original Movie String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Music from Degrassi : The Next Generation is a soundtrack album from the television series Degrassi : The Next Generation . It was released as a digital download on 2 December 2008 , following the seventh season , and as a CD on 9 December 2008 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Misery Business '' </Td> <Td> Paramore </Td> <Td> 3 : 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Face Down '' </Td> <Td> The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus </Td> <Td> 3 : 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Neighbors '' </Td> <Td> The Academy Is ... </Td> <Td> 3 : 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` All Time Lows '' </Td> <Td> Hellogoodbye </Td> <Td> 2 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Pocketful of Sunshine '' </Td> <Td> Natasha Bedingfield </Td> <Td> 3 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` My Window '' </Td> <Td> Jake Epstein </Td> <Td> 2 : 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` ( Let 's Get Movin ' ) Into Action '' </Td> <Td> Skye Sweetnam </Td> <Td> 3 : 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` More Than a Friend '' </Td> <Td> All Too Much </Td> <Td> 4 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` How Long '' </Td> <Td> Army of Me </Td> <Td> 3 : 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Come One , Come All '' </Td> <Td> All Time Low </Td> <Td> 3 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Rock My Body '' </Td> <Td> The Higher </Td> <Td> 3 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Bodies and Words '' </Td> <Td> Silverstein </Td> <Td> 3 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Degrassi Theme Song '' </Td> <Td> Jakalope </Td> <Td> 0 : 51 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> ( show ) US iTunes Store bonus tracks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Tell Me Lies '' </Td> <Td> Soundtrack & Melissa McIntyre </Td> <Td> 1 : 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Degrassi Theme ( remix ) '' </Td> <Td> Soundtrack & Jakalope </Td> <Td> 4 : 40 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Degrassi Goes Hollywood : Music from the Original Movie ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Degrassi Goes Hollywood : Music from the Original Movie <P> During the eighth season , in 2009 , Degrassi Goes Hollywood : Music from the Original Movie was released to coincide with the Degrassi Goes Hollywood film . </P> <H2> Degrassi Takes Manhattan : the Heat is on ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Degrassi Takes Manhattan : The Heat Is On ( Music from the Original Movie ) <P> During the ninth season , in 2010 , Degrassi Takes Manhattan : The Heat Is On ( Music from the Original Movie ) was released to coincide with the Degrassi Takes Manhattan film . </P> <H2> Degrassi : the Boiling Point ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Degrassi : The Boiling Point ( Music from the Series ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by various artists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop / Alternative </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 34 : 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Sall Entertainment Group </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Degrassi chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Degrassi Takes Manhattan : The Heat Is On String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found </Td> <Td> Degrassi : The Boiling Point </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Degrassi : The Boiling Point ( Music from the Series ) ( simply Degrassi : The Boiling Point in Canada ) is a soundtrack album from the television series Degrassi . It was released as a digital download on 1 February 2011 , following the first half of the tenth season , and as a CD on 22 February 2011 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` Balls '' </Td> <Td> Stefan Brogren , Melinda Shankar , & Spencer Van Wyck </Td> <Td> 0 : 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Believe '' </Td> <Td> Moneen </Td> <Td> 3 : 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` One of Those Pregnant Teenagers '' </Td> <Td> Melinda Shankar & Jessica Tyler </Td> <Td> 0 : 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Mr. Perfect '' </Td> <Td> Jessica Tyler </Td> <Td> 2 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Concert of the Century '' </Td> <Td> Munro Chambers , Raymond Ablack , & Jordan Todosey </Td> <Td> 0 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Do n't Say Love ( Ralph Sall edit ) '' </Td> <Td> All Too Much </Td> <Td> 2 : 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` Stranger to Me '' </Td> <Td> Hannah Georgas </Td> <Td> 3 : 06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` I 'm a Young Adult '' </Td> <Td> Raymond Ablack </Td> <Td> 0 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` The Good Times '' </Td> <Td> Royalchord </Td> <Td> 4 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` The Girlfriend Label '' </Td> <Td> Luke Bilyk & Melinda Shankar </Td> <Td> 0 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Hand to Hold '' </Td> <Td> Adaline </Td> <Td> 2 : 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` That is Pandemic ! '' </Td> <Td> Raymond Ablack & Charlotte Arnold </Td> <Td> 0 : 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Whitehorse '' </Td> <Td> Raymond Ablack & Jessica Tyler </Td> <Td> 1 : 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` Scream at the Top of Your Lungs '' </Td> <Td> Munro Chambers & Aislinn Paul </Td> <Td> 0 : 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Carjack My Heart '' </Td> <Td> Dance Movie </Td> <Td> 2 : 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr>

The theme song for Degrassi: The Next Generation is sung by

Who sings the theme song for degrassi the next generation?

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Ice Age ( franchise ) - wikipedia <H1> Ice Age ( franchise ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Ice Age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Michael J. Wilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Blue Sky Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Films and television </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ice Age </Li> <Li> Ice Age : The Meltdown </Li> <Li> Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs </Li> <Li> Ice Age : Continental Drift </Li> <Li> Ice Age : Collision Course </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short film ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gone Nutty </Li> <Li> No Time for Nuts </Li> <Li> Surviving Sid </Li> <Li> Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe </Li> <Li> Scrat : Spaced Out </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television special ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas </Li> <Li> Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Theatrical presentations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Play ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ice Age Live ! A Mammoth Adventure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video game ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ice Age ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age 2 : The Meltdown ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age 3 : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age 3 - Boulder Drop ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age 3 - Dino Dinner ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age 3 - Slippery Slope ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age Village ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age : Continental Drift -- Arctic Games ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age Online ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age - Clueless Ice Sloth ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age Adventures ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age Avalanche ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age Hailstorm ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age Mission Control ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age : Arctic Blast ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age - Manic Meteor Run ! ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age - Geode Jam ! ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age - Coloring Book ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Age - Matching Cards ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Audio </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtrack ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ice Age </Li> <Li> Ice Age : The Meltdown </Li> <Li> Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs </Li> <Li> Ice Age : Continental Drift </Li> <Li> Ice Age : Collision Course </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ice Age is an American media franchise centering on a group of mammals surviving the Paleolithic ice age . It is produced by Blue Sky Studios , a division of 20th Century Fox , and featuring the voices of Ray Romano , John Leguizamo , Denis Leary , and Chris Wedge . Five films have been released in the series thus far with Ice Age in 2002 , Ice Age : The Meltdown in 2006 , Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs in 2009 , Ice Age : Continental Drift in 2012 , and Ice Age : Collision Course in 2016 . It has received some criticism for making no attempt to be scientifically accurate . As of April 2016 , the franchise had generated $6 billion in revenue , making it one of the highest - grossing media franchises of all time . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Films <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Ice Age ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Ice Age : The Meltdown ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Future </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Short films <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Gone Nutty </Li> <Li> 2.2 No Time for Nuts </Li> <Li> 2.3 Surviving Sid </Li> <Li> 2.4 Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe </Li> <Li> 2.5 Scrat : Spaced Out </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Television specials <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas </Li> <Li> 3.2 Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Cast <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Feature films </Li> <Li> 4.2 Short films </Li> <Li> 4.3 Television specials </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Crew </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Box office performance </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical and public response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Video games </Li> <Li> 8 Live show </Li> <Li> 9 Themed land </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Films </H2> <H3> Ice Age ( 2002 ) </H3> Main article : Ice Age ( 2002 film ) <P> Sid , a talkative sloth , is left behind by his family and the herds of mammals journeying to the south . He meets Manny , a mammoth who travels to the north , and decides to follow him . When a humans ' camp is attacked by tigers , a woman takes her baby and jumps into a river and falls over a waterfall . Before she disappears , the baby is rescued by Manny and Sid . The two animals decide to search for the father and return the baby to him . Diego , one of the tigers that attacked the humans , comes also claiming the baby , and the trio form an uneasy alliance during their journey to the humans . </P> <H3> Ice Age : the Meltdown ( 2006 ) </H3> Main article : Ice Age : The Meltdown <P> Manny , Sid , and Diego are currently living in a large valley surrounded by an enormously high ice wall on all sides . However , the trio discovers that the ice wall is actually a wall that is barely holding a massive body of water that could flood the valley to nearly a mile underwater . A vulture tells them that there is a boat at the other end of the valley that may save them all , but they only have three days to reach it or die . Manny is also having trouble fearing the fact that he may be the last mammoth left . Along the way , they meet Ellie , a mammoth who thinks she is a possum , and her possum brothers Crash and Eddie . As they begin to travel together , Manny learns , with help from Diego and Sid , that he must move on from his past . During their journey , Scrat the sabre - toothed squirrel has his own adventure . </P> <H3> Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) </H3> Main article : Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs <P> Manny and Ellie are expecting their first child , meanwhile Scrat falls in love with fellow squirrel Scratte . Meanwhile , Diego is anxious about settling down for a domestic life with Manny 's new family . Sid begins to wish for a family of his own , and steals some dinosaur eggs which leads to Sid ending up in a strange underground world where his herd must rescue him . The herd also meets an insane one - eyed weasel known as Buck who aids them on their quest . </P> <H3> Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) </H3> Main article : Ice Age : Continental Drift <P> Taking place several years after the events of the third film , with Peaches now a teenager , Scrat 's pursuit of acorns has world - changing consequences , separating Manny , Sid and Diego from the rest of their group . As they try to return home , they come into conflict with a pirate gang led by Captain Gutt . </P> <H3> Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) </H3> Main article : Ice Age : Collision Course <P> Set after the events of Continental Drift , Scrat 's pursuit of his elusive acorn catapults him outside of Earth aboard a UFO , where he accidentally sets off a series of cosmic events that transform and threaten the planet . To save themselves from peril , Manny , Sid , Diego , and the rest of the herd leave their home and reunite with Buck , who leads them on a journey to find a way to save the planet . </P> <H3> Future </H3> <P> On the possibility of a potential sequel to Ice Age : Collision Course , in June 2016 , Galen T. Chu , co-director of the film , stated that there were some ideas for the next installment . In July 2016 , Bustle noted that the potential of Ice Age 6 actually being produced was relatively high even though it could largely depend on the box office performance of the fifth film . PopWrapped later commented in February 2017 , on the fifth film 's poor reception and how the franchise was moving further into absurdity and further away from leaving any lasting emotional impact on the audience , and stated that the sixth film could have potential to redeem the franchise by going back to its roots and reintroducing the humans from the original film , particularly the little baby named Roshan , and thereby bring the audience to remember why they loved Ice Age so much in the first place , and perhaps end the series on a high note . </P> <H2> Short films </H2> <H3> Gone Nutty </H3> Main article : Gone Nutty <P> Gone Nutty is a 2002 animated short film , directed by Carlos Saldanha , and originally released on the Ice Age DVD . The short features the character Scrat , who is yet again having troubles with collecting his beloved acorns . The film was nominated for the 2003 Academy Award for Animated Short Film . </P> <H3> No time for Nuts </H3> Main article : No Time for Nuts <P> No Time for Nuts is a 2006 animated short film , directed by Chris Renaud and Mike Thurmeier , and it was originally released on the Ice Age : The Meltdown DVD . The short follows Scrat on a chase after his nut , which has been accidentally sent back in time by a frozen time machine . No Time for Nuts was nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . </P> <H3> Surviving Sid </H3> Main article : Surviving Sid <P> Surviving Sid is a 2008 animated short film , directed by Galen Tan Chu and Karen Disher . It was originally released on the Horton Hears a Who ! DVD and Blu - ray . Unlike the first two Ice Age short films , Surviving Sid focuses on Sid , who incompetently `` leads '' a small group of camping children . </P> <H3> Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe </H3> Main article : Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe <P> Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe is a 2015 animated short film . The short once again follows Scrat , who discovers a flying saucer frozen in a block of ice and accidentally powers it on and ends up creating the Solar System through a series of mishaps . </P> <H3> Scrat : Spaced out </H3> Main article : Scrat : Spaced Out <P> Scrat : Spaced Out is a 2016 animated short film . The short once again follows Scrat , trying to get back to Earth after the events in Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe . </P> <H2> Television specials </H2> <H3> Ice Age : a Mammoth Christmas </H3> Main article : Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas <P> In the middle of decorating for the holiday season , Sid accidentally destroys Manny 's favourite decorations . Sid , convinced by Manny that he is now on Santa 's naughty list , takes off with Crash , Eddie and Peaches for the North Pole to

The first Ice Age movie was released in

When did the first ice age come out?

-1946900884888632776

</Th> <Th> O - 3 </Th> <Th> O - 4 </Th> <Th> O - 5 </Th> <Th> O - 6 </Th> <Th> O - 7 </Th> <Th> O - 8 </Th> <Th> O - 9 </Th> <Th> O - 10 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NATO Code </Th> <Th colspan="2"> OF - 1 </Th> <Th> OF - 2 </Th> <Th> OF - 3 </Th> <Th> OF - 4 </Th> <Th> OF - 5 </Th> <Th> OF - 6 </Th> <Th> OF - 7 </Th> <Th> OF - 8 </Th> <Th> OF - 9 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insignia </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marine Service Uniform Insignia </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> `` Tombstone promotions '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Act of Congress of March 4 , 1925 , allowed officers in the Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard to be promoted one grade upon retirement if they had been specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat . Combat citation promotions were colloquially known as `` tombstone promotions '' because they conferred all the perks and prestige of the higher rank including the loftier title on their tombstones but no additional retirement pay . The Act of Congress of February 23 , 1942 , enabled tombstone promotions to three - and four - star grades . Tombstone promotions were subsequently restricted to citations issued before January 1 , 1947 , and finally eliminated altogether effective November 1 , 1959 . The practice was terminated in an effort to encourage senior officer retirements prior to the effective date of the change to relieve an overstrength in the senior ranks . </P> <P> Any officer who actually served in a grade while on active duty receives precedence on the retirement list over any tombstone officer holding the same retired grade . Tombstone officers rank among each other according to the dates of their highest active duty grade . </P> <H2> Warrant officers ( edit ) </H2> See also : Warrant officer ( United States ) <P> Warrant Officers provide leadership and training in specialized fields and skills . Unlike other nations ' militaries ( which rank warrant officers as Staff NCO equivalents ) , the United States military confers warrants and commissions on its Warrant Officers and classifies them into a separate category senior to all enlisted grades of rank ( including officer candidates ) , cadets , and midshipmen . As Warrant Officers are officer - level technical specialists they generally do not exercise command outside of their specialty . Warrant officers come primarily from the Staff Non-Commissioned Officer ( SNCO ) ranks . </P> <P> A Chief Warrant Officer , CWO2 -- CWO5 , serving in the MOS 0306 `` Infantry Weapons Officer '' carries a special title , `` Marine Gunner , '' which does not replace his rank . A Marine Gunner replaces the Chief Warrant Officer insignia on the left collar with a bursting bomb insignia . Other warrant officers are sometimes informally referred to as `` Gunner . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="6"> Warrant Officers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Infantry Weapons Officer `` Marine Gunner '' </Th> <Th> Warrant Officer ( WO ) </Th> <Th> Chief Warrant Officer - 2 ( CWO2 ) </Th> <Th> Chief Warrant Officer - 3 ( CWO3 ) </Th> <Th> Chief Warrant Officer - 4 ( CWO4 ) </Th> <Th> Chief Warrant Officer - 5 ( CWO5 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US DoD Pay Grade </Th> <Th> W - 1 </Th> <Th> W - 2 </Th> <Th> W - 3 </Th> <Th> W - 4 </Th> <Th> W - 5 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NATO Code </Th> <Th> WO - 1 </Th> <Th> WO - 2 </Th> <Th> WO - 3 </Th> <Th> WO - 4 </Th> <Th> WO - 5 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Enlisted ( edit ) </H2> <P> Enlisted Marines with paygrades of E-4 and E-5 are non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) while those at E-6 and higher are Staff Noncommissioned Officers ( SNCOs ) . The E-8 and E-9 levels each have two ranks per pay grade , each with different responsibilities . Gunnery Sergeants ( E-7 ) indicate on their annual evaluations ( called `` fitness reports '' ) their preferred promotional track : Master Sergeant or First Sergeant . The First Sergeant and Sergeant Major ranks are command - oriented Senior Enlisted Advisors , with Marines of these ranks serving as the senior enlisted Marines in a unit , charged to assist the commanding officer in matters of discipline , administration , and the morale and welfare of the unit . Master Sergeants and Master Gunnery Sergeants provide technical leadership as occupational specialists in their specific MOS . First Sergeants typically serve as the senior enlisted Marine in a company , battery , or other unit at similar echelon , while Sergeants Major serve the same role in battalions , squadrons , or larger units . </P> <P> The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is a billet and with it carries a special rank insignia , conferred on the senior enlisted Marine of the entire Marine Corps , personally selected by the Commandant of the Marine Corps . It and the Marine Gunner are the only billets which rate modified rank insignia in place of the traditional rank insignia . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Enlisted </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Junior enlisted </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) </Th> <Th colspan="7"> Staff non-commissioned officers ( SNCOs ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title ( Abbreviation ) </Th> <Th> Private ( Pvt ) </Th> <Th> Private first class ( PFC ) </Th> <Th> Lance corporal ( LCpl ) </Th> <Th> Corporal ( Cpl ) </Th> <Th> Sergeant ( Sgt ) </Th> <Th> Staff sergeant ( SSgt ) </Th> <Th> Gunnery sergeant ( GySgt ) </Th> <Th> Master sergeant ( MSgt ) </Th> <Th> First sergeant ( 1stSgt ) </Th> <Th> Master gunnery sergeant ( MGySgt ) </Th> <Th> Sergeant major ( SgtMaj ) </Th> <Th> Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps ( SMMC ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US DoD Pay Grade </Th> <Th> E-1 </Th> <Th> E-2 </Th> <Th> E-3 </Th> <Th> E-4 </Th> <Th> E-5 </Th> <Th> E-6 </Th> <Th> E-7 </Th> <Th colspan="2"> E-8 </Th> <Th colspan="3"> E-9 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NATO Code </Th> <Th> OR - 1 </Th> <Th> OR - 2 </Th> <Th> OR - 3 </Th> <Th> OR - 4 </Th> <Th> OR - 5 </Th> <Th> OR - 6 </Th> <Th> OR - 7 </Th> <Th colspan="2"> OR - 8 </Th> <Th colspan="3"> OR - 9 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insignia </Th> <Td> no insignia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Different styles of rank insignia are worn on different Marine uniforms : </P> L to R : Evening Dress coat , Dress Blue coat , Service Dress coat , Service Dress `` B '' and `` C '' shirt , and combat utility pin - on insignia for a Staff Sergeant <P> The gold stripes on red flash are worn on the Dress Blue uniform coat , green stripes on red flash are worn on the Service uniform coat ; the rank insignia are worn on the upper sleeve of both blouses . The khaki uniforms use green stripes on khaki flash , and again are worn on the upper sleeves of both long and short - sleeved service blouses . Utility uniform rank insignia are black metal pins and are worn on the collars , or black embroidered insignia sewn into patches of material when wearing a flak . Musicians in the United States Marine Band wear insignia with lyre in the center as opposed to the crossed rifles , to denote their lack of a combat mission ; full - service Marines who are attached to the 10 field bands of the Operating Forces and Supporting Establishment continue to wear their normal rank insignia . </P> <H2> Forms of address ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions <P> Marines address all enlisted personnel by rank , and all commissioned officers with `` sir '' or `` ma'am '' . Warrant officers , regardless of rank , are addressed just as commissioned officers are , but may also be addressed as `` Warrant Officer '' or `` Gunner '' , although the latter is sometimes considered improper unless the officer is an Infantry Weapons Officer ( MOS 0306 ) . During recruit training , recruits are indoctrinated to address all superiors as `` sir '' or `` ma'am '' . Addressing a commissioned officer ( or any rank ) as `` Mister '' has long been considered a grievous insult towards the individual . The most junior ranks between pay grades E-1 and E-3 ( privates , privates first class , and lance corporals ) are commonly referred to by their last name only , using their rank only in a formal situation . `` Marine '' is also a common form of address for junior Marines . </P> <P> During recruit training , recruits are not Marines until they graduate , and must address all Marines who have completed recruit training , including instructors , as `` sir '' or `` ma'am '' . Incoming recruits must also refer to themselves in the third person ( i.e. , `` this recruit '' ) , and their rank is replaced with the word `` Recruit '' . This continues until the last week of bootcamp , when recruits must pass the final , grueling test of the `` Crucible '' in order to earn both their Eagle , Globe , and Anchor and the title of `` Marine . '' Likewise , during officer training , officer candidates are not yet commissioned Marine officers , and must refer to themselves as `` this candidate '' or `` the candidate '' , even though some officer candidates may hold an enlisted rank . During Officer Candidate School , each candidate is referred to as `` candidate '' and not `` Marine . '' Unlike their enlisted counterparts , officer candidates refer to enlisted Marines , including their instructors , by their full and proper rank ; only commissioned officers are addressed as `` sir '' or `` ma'am '' . </P> <P> To reinforce the leadership responsibility of the rank or to show an extra measure of respect , it is common to add the words `` of Marines '' after the rank itself ; i.e. `` Corporal of Marines '' and `` Sergeant of Marines . '' This verbiage comes straight from the USMC noncommissioned officer promotion warrants . </P> <P> Informally , some enlisted ranks have commonly used nicknames , though they are not official and may be improper for use in formal situations . The acceptability of nickname use by juniors is at the discretion of the individual rank holder . A gunnery sergeant is typically called `` Gunny '' and occasionally `` Guns '' , or very rarely , `` Gunther '' . A master sergeant is commonly called `` Top '' , and a master gunnery sergeant is `` Master Gunny '' or `` Master Guns '' , or , very rarely , `` Master Gunther '' . Differing from the Army and Air Force , all ranks containing `` sergeant '' are always addressed by their full rank and never shortened to simply `` Sergeant '' or `` Sarge '' . A private first class is usually referred to as a PFC , instead of simply `` private '' ; similarly , Lance Corporal is not shortened to `` Corporal '' . Senior officers may informally address junior officers by their first name . Marines of the same rank may also address each other by their first names when among

In the Marine Corps, an E8 is a

What is a e8 in the marine corps?

8538836642175821278

GNU / Linux naming controversy - wikipedia <H1> GNU / Linux naming controversy </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The GNU / Linux naming controversy is a dispute between members of the free software community and open - source software community over whether to refer to computer operating systems that use a combination of GNU software and the Linux kernel as `` GNU / Linux '' or `` Linux '' . </P> <P> Proponents of the term Linux argue that it is far more commonly used by the public and media , and that it serves as a generic term for systems that combine that kernel with software from multiple other sources . </P> <P> Proponents of the term GNU / Linux note that GNU alone would be just as good a name for GNU variants which combine the GNU operating system software with software from other sources . GNU / Linux is a term promoted by the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) and its founder Richard Stallman . Proponents call for the correction of the more extended term , on the grounds that it does n't give credit to the major contributor and the associated free software philosophy . GNU is a longstanding project begun in 1984 to develop a free operating system . It is argued that when the Linux kernel was independently created in 1991 , it merely provided a substantial missing piece . Several distributions employ the FSF - endorsed name , such as Debian , Trisquel and Parabola GNU / Linux - libre . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Composition of operating systems </Li> <Li> 3 Opinions supporting `` GNU / Linux '' </Li> <Li> 4 Opinions supporting `` Linux '' </Li> <Li> 5 Pronunciation </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1983 , Richard Stallman , founder of the Free Software Foundation , set forth plans of a complete Unix - like operating system , called GNU , composed entirely of free software . In September of that year , Stallman published a manifesto in Dr. Dobb 's Journal detailing his new project publicly , outlining his vision of free software . Software development work began in January 1984 . By 1991 , the GNU mid-level portions of the operating system were almost complete , and the upper level could be supplied by the X Window System , but the lower level ( kernel , device drivers , system - level utilities and daemons ) was still mostly lacking . The GNU kernel was called GNU Hurd . The Hurd followed an ambitious design which proved unexpectedly difficult to implement and has only been marginally usable . </P> <P> Independently , in 1991 , Linus Torvalds released the first version of the Linux kernel . Early Linux developers ported GNU code , including the GNU C Compiler , to the kernel . The free software community adopted the use of the Linux kernel as the missing kernel for the GNU operating system . This work filled the remaining gaps in providing a completely free operating system . </P> <P> Over the next few years , several suggestions arose for naming operating systems using the Linux kernel and GNU components . In 1992 , the Yggdrasil Linux distribution adopted the name `` Linux / GNU / X '' . In Usenet and mailing - list discussions , one can find usages of `` GNU / Linux '' as early as 1992 and of `` GNU + Linux '' as early as 1993 . The Debian project , which was at one time sponsored by the Free Software Foundation , switched to calling its product `` Debian GNU / Linux '' in early 1994 ; This change followed a request by Richard Stallman ( who initially proposed `` LiGNUx , '' but suggested `` GNU / Linux '' instead after hearing complaints about the awkwardness of the former term ) . GNU 's June 1994 Bulletin describes `` Linux '' as a `` free Unix system for 386 machines '' ( with `` many of the utilities and libraries '' from GNU ) , but the January 1995 Bulletin switched to the term `` GNU / Linux '' instead . </P> <P> Stallman 's and the FSF 's efforts to include `` GNU '' in the name started around 1994 , but were reportedly mostly via private communications ( such as the above - mentioned request to Debian ) until 1996 . In May 1996 , Stallman released Emacs 19.31 with the Autoconf system target `` linux '' changed to `` lignux '' ( shortly thereafter changed to `` linux - gnu '' in emacs 19.32 ) , and included an essay `` Linux and the GNU system '' suggesting that people use the terms `` Linux - based GNU system '' ( or `` GNU / Linux system '' or `` Lignux '' for short ) . He later used `` GNU / Linux '' exclusively , and the essay was superseded by Stallman 's 1997 essay , `` Linux and the GNU project '' . </P> <H2> Composition of operating systems ( edit ) </H2> <P> Modern free software and Open - source software systems are composed of software by many different authors , including the Linux kernel developers , the GNU project , and other vendors such as those behind the X Window System . Desktop - and server - based distributions use GNU components such as the GNU C Library ( glibc ) , GNU Core Utilities ( Coreutils ) , and bash . </P> <P> In a 2002 analysis of the source code for Red Hat Linux 7.1 , a typical Linux distribution , the total size of the packages from the GNU project was found to be much larger than the Linux kernel . Later , a 2011 analysis of Ubuntu 's `` Natty '' release ( a popular Linux distribution ) main repository found that 8 % to 13 % of it consisted of GNU components ( the range depending on whether GNOME is considered part of GNU ) , while only 6 % is taken by the Linux kernel ( 9 % when including its direct dependencies ) . Determining exactly what constitutes the `` operating system '' per se is a matter of continuing debate . </P> <P> On the other hand , some embedded systems , such as handheld devices and smartphones ( like Google 's Android ) , residential gateways ( routers ) , and Voice over IP devices , are engineered with space efficiency in mind and use a Linux kernel with few or no components of GNU . A system running μClinux is likely to substitute uClibc for glibc and BusyBox for Coreutils . Google 's Linux - based Android operating system does not use any GNU components or libraries , replacing glibc with Google 's own BSD - based Bionic C library . The FSF agrees that `` GNU / Linux '' is not an appropriate name for these systems . </P> <P> There are also systems that use a GNU userspace and / or C library on top of a non-Linux kernel , for example Debian GNU / Hurd ( GNU userland on the GNU kernel ) or Debian GNU / kFreeBSD ( which uses the GNU coreutils and C library with the kernel from FreeBSD ) . </P> <H2> Opinions supporting `` GNU / Linux '' ( edit ) </H2> FSF artwork of the gnu ( GNU mascot ) and the penguin Tux ( mascot of the Linux kernel ) representing their viewpoint on `` GNU / Linux '' . The GNU General Public License ( GPL ) , which is used by the Linux kernel as well as by most GNU software , armors both characters . <P> The FSF justifies the name `` GNU / Linux '' primarily on the grounds that the GNU project was specifically developing a complete system , of which they argue that the Linux kernel filled one of the final gaps ; the large number of GNU components and GNU source code used in such systems is a secondary argument : </P> <P> So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on who wrote the programs in the system , the most appropriate single choice would be GNU . But we do n't think that is the right way to consider the question . The GNU Project was not , is not , a project to develop specific software packages . ( ... ) Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the system , and they all deserve credit . But the reason it is an integrated system -- and not just a collection of useful programs -- is because the GNU Project set out to make it one . We made a list of the programs needed to make a complete free system , and we systematically wrote , or found people to write , everything on the list . </P> -- Richard Stallman <P> In addition , the FSF also argues that `` GNU / Linux recognizes the role that our idealism played in building our community , and helps the public recognize the practical importance of these ideals '' , in contrast to the focus on `` technical advantage '' rather than `` freedom '' of the Linux kernel developers . In the case of the Linux kernel , notable and recurring examples of this focus on technical advantage over freedom come from the long - time inclusion in the Linux kernel of many non-free firmware files and other files with non-free license terms . </P> <P> The ordinary understanding of `` operating system '' includes both the kernel -- the specific subsystem that directly interfaces with the hardware -- and the `` userland '' software that is employed by the user and by application software to control the computer . Moreover , both the name `` GNU '' and the name `` Linux '' are intentionally related to the name `` Unix '' , and Unix has always conceptually included the C library and userland tools as well as the kernel . In the 1991 release notes for versions 0.01 to 0.11 of the Linux kernel ( which was not released under the GNU General Public License until version 0.12 ) , Torvalds wrote , </P> <P> `` Sadly , a kernel by itself gets you nowhere ( ... ) Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software . '' </P> <P> Torvalds also wrote during the 1992 Tanenbaum - Torvalds debate that , </P> <P> `` As has been noted ( not only by me ) , the linux kernel is a miniscule part of a complete system '' . </P> <P> Tanenbaum had criticized Torvalds for developing Linux as a monolithic kernel , which he considered obsolete and inferior to microkernels such as Mach . He believed that Linux would be rejected in favor of GNU 's Hurd microkernel , which had stalled in development for years . </P> <P> The use of the word `` Linux '' to refer to the kernel , the operating system , and entire distributions , often leads to confusion about the distinctions among the three . Many GNU packages are a key part of almost every Linux distribution , particularly the GNU toolchain , which is present in all distros ( unless Android is included ) . Media sources sometimes make erroneous statements as well , such as claiming that the entire operating system ( rather than simply the kernel ) was written by Torvalds ; </P> <P> Today tens of millions of users are using an operating system that was developed so they could have freedom -- but they do n't know this , because they think the system is Linux and that it was developed by a student ' just for fun ' . </P> -- Richard Stallman <P> Because of this

Credit for the GNU initiative is given to

Who is given credit for the gnu initiative?

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Collective Soul - Wikipedia <H1> Collective Soul </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Collective Soul ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Collective Soul </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Collective Soul performing at MMRBQ 2016 , Camden NJ May 21 , 2016 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Background information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> Stockbridge , Georgia , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> Alternative rock , hard rock , post-grunge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1992 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> Rising Storm , Atlantic , El Music Group , Loud & Proud , Roadrunner , Vanguard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated acts </Th> <Td> Marching Two - Step , Starfish and Coffee , Magnets and Ghosts , The Sweet Tea Project , Will Turpin + The Way , Kings of Chaos , Cheap Thrill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.collectivesoul.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Members </Th> <Td> Ed Roland Dean Roland Will Turpin Johnny Rabb Jesse Triplett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past members </Th> <Td> Ross Childress Shane Evans Joel Kosche Ryan Hoyle Cheney Brannon </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Collective Soul is an American rock band originally from Stockbridge , Georgia . Now based in Atlanta , the group consists of lead vocalist Ed Roland , rhythm guitarist Dean Roland , bassist Will Turpin , drummer Johnny Rabb and lead guitarist Jesse Triplett . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early years </Li> <Li> 1.2 1993 -- 94 : Hints , Allegations and Things Left Unsaid and signing to Atlantic Records </Li> <Li> 1.3 1995 -- 99 : Collective Soul , Disciplined Breakdown and Dosage </Li> <Li> 1.4 2000 -- 03 : Blender , 7even Year Itch and departure from Atlantic Records </Li> <Li> 1.5 2004 -- 09 : Formation of El Music Group , Youth , Afterwords and Collective Soul </Li> <Li> 1.6 2010 -- 13 : Focus on side projects and touring </Li> <Li> 1.7 2014 -- present : See What You Started by Continuing and tenth studio album </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Origin of band name </Li> <Li> 3 Band members </Li> <Li> 4 Discography </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early years ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before forming Collective Soul , singer Ed Roland studied music composition and guitar at the Berklee College of Music in Boston , Massachusetts . Since the mid-1980s Roland was involved in Atlanta 's underground music scene making demos and performing . He also worked at Real 2 Reel Studios in Stockbridge , which was owned by bassist Will Turpin 's father , Bill Turpin . Roland 's duties were producing , mixing and engineering for local Atlanta artists . He recorded his demos and released an independent solo album Ed - E Roland in 1991 . </P> <P> Roland recruited keyboard player and backing vocalist Christopher Dykes , drummer Tony Caporale , and bassist Skip Godwin to play live in clubs and showcase for A / R personnel from various record companies . At this time the group was simply known as `` Ed - E '' . They played several local shows , played a part in a CBS `` Movie Of The Week '' , and were guests on the local Atlanta television program `` Music Peachtree Style '' where local Atlanta - based artists were interviewed and profiled . That initial version of the `` Ed - E '' band dissolved in the mid to late 1980s due to incompatible musical tastes among other differences . Roland subsequently formed Marching Two - Step which included original Collective Soul drummer Shane Evans , Michele Rhea Caplinger , and Matt Serletic . </P> <P> Marching Two - Step were a local gigging band for a few years , but never managed to grow beyond the club scene . Roland 's early attempts to be signed to a recording contract by a label faced rejections . Caplinger would become a music industry publicist and was later appointed executive director of the Atlanta Chapter of the Recording Academy in 2000 . Serletic would go on to become a Grammy winning producer for Collective Soul , Matchbox Twenty , Blessid Union of Souls and Edwin McCain , and landed executive positions with record companies . </P> <H3> 1993 -- 94 : Hints , Allegations and Things Left Unsaid and signing to Atlantic Records ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the demise of Roland 's previous music collaborations , he enlisted musicians to record a demo in a basement . Roland initially intended to sell the songs to a publishing company and had no immediate plans of forming a band out of it . The demo was submitted to WRAS ( FM ) , 88.5 's Amy Staehling , host of the long running and popular GEORGIA MUSIC SHOW at Georgia State University 's 100,000 watt student radio station in Atlanta , the largest student run radio station in the county , where she added the song `` Shine '' to the local rotation . It was an instant listener favorite . The demo was also passed along to WJRR in Orlando , Florida which began playing `` Shine , '' soon to be its most requested song . Amidst the surprise popularity , Roland agreed to perform live shows , enlisting his brother Dean on rhythm guitar , drummer Shane Evans , bassist Will Turpin , and lead guitarist Ross Childress , in what would be the first official lineup of Collective Soul . Atlantic Records took note of the popularity of `` Shine '' and subsequently signed them to a contract . </P> <P> Upon Collective Soul 's signing , Atlantic wished to capitalize on the band 's success and quickly re-released the 1993 demo Hints Allegations and Things Left Unsaid as their first studio album . Although reluctant to have the unpolished demo represent their new lineup , Collective Soul gained international recognition and double - platinum status with their debut . The band quickly began work on what they would consider their true debut record and were invited to perform at Woodstock 1994 . They also toured extensively across North America . </P> <H3> 1995 -- 99 : Collective Soul , Disciplined Breakdown and Dosage ( edit ) </H3> <P> The group 's self - titled second album issued the following year , was certified RIAA triple platinum , and logged a 76 - week run on the Billboard 200 . Notable singles from Collective Soul included US Rock Chart No. 1 hits `` December , '' `` Where The River Flows , '' and `` The World I Know , '' No. 2 hit `` Gel , '' and the Top 10 hit `` Smashing Young Man . '' </P> <P> Following a split with their manager , Collective Soul found their tour dates canceled and were called into the courtroom to face a legal battle that lasted into 1996 , presumably with said ex-manager Bill Richardson . While the legal battles continued , the band went to a cabin , in the middle of 40 acres ( 160,000 m ) of cow pasture in Stockbridge , and began recording . They recorded into a computer their impromptu efforts of songs Roland penned , and these became Disciplined Breakdown . The legal case was eventually settled , and both parties were instructed not to discuss the outcome . </P> <P> Disciplined Breakdown , released in 1997 , did not sell as well as their previous records despite debuting higher on the charts . The album eventually achieved platinum certification , and produced two more No. 1 singles on the US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart : `` Precious Declaration '' and `` Listen '' , and Top 20 Hit `` Blame '' . The album peaked at No. 16 on the US Billboard 200 chart . </P> <P> The band 's fourth album was 1999 's platinum certified Dosage . The first single `` Heavy '' set a new high mark for 15 weeks at No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock chart . Singles such as `` Run '' , `` No More , No Less '' and `` Tremble For My Beloved '' gained notable positions on the rock charts . The album was produced by Anthony J. Resta , known for his work with Duran Duran and others . The band also performed at the Woodstock 1999 festival , where they performed `` Heavy '' , a cover of Ozzy Osbourne 's song `` Crazy Train '' , and a cover of U2 's song `` I Will Follow '' . </P> <H3> 2000 -- 03 : Blender , 7even year Itch and departure from Atlantic Records ( edit ) </H3> <P> The group then released their fifth studio album , Blender in October 2000 . It did not sell as well as previous albums , although the first single `` Why , Pt. 2 '' reached No. 2 on the mainstream rock chart . They achieved additional hits with `` Vent '' and Pop Hit `` Perfect Day '' the latter being a duet between Roland and Elton John . The album became RIAA certified gold . Rolling Stone gave Blender a positive review . This was their second effort with Anthony J. Resta . The song `` You Speak My Language '' was a cover of a song written by Mark Sandman , who formed Morphine in 1989 . The song was originally on Morphine 's 1992 album , Good . </P> <P> In 2001 , Collective Soul released their greatest hits compilation , Seven Year Itch : Greatest Hits 1994 -- 2001 ( the title being stylized as 7even Year Itch ) , which featured the two new songs , the single `` Next Homecoming '' and `` Energy '' . The record marked the end of the group 's contract with Atlantic Records and the departure of lead guitarist Childress due to private personal differences ( Childress had an affair with Roland 's wife ) . The band promoted their longtime guitar technician , Joel Kosche from Jovian Storm , to be the new lead guitarist . </P> <H3> 2004 -- 09 : formation of El music group , Youth , Afterwords and Collective Soul ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2004 Collective Soul created their independent label , El Music Group which allowed the band greater control over the production and distribution of their music . In November of that year , they released their sixth studio album , Youth , which debuted at No. 66 on the Billboard 200 . `` Counting the Days '' became a Top 10 rock hit . The second single , `` Better Now '' received significant airplay on Adult Top 40 radio , reaching the Top 10 , and was used in commercials for the cereal Special K . The resultant US and Canadian tours lasted over two years . The third single `` How Do You Love '' became a Top 20 hit on Adult Top 40 radio . During the recording of this album , Shane Evans was dismissed from the band due to drug use , with session musician Ryan Hoyle named as his replacement . Ryan Hoyle recorded 8 of the 11 drum / percussion tracks on this album . </P> <P> In May 2005 , they released an eight - song acoustic EP compilation titled From the Ground Up , which had acoustic versions of past favorites , plus a new track , `` Youth '' that also appeared on the WB show `` Charmed '' playing

The lead singer of Collective Soul is

Who is the lead singer of collective soul?

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Dwyane Wade - wikipedia <H1> Dwyane Wade </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Dwyane '' redirects here . For the Trinidad and Tobago footballer , see Dwyane Demmin . <Table> Dwyane Wade <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Wade with the Heat in 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> No. 3 -- Miami Heat </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Td> Shooting guard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> League </Th> <Td> NBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1982 - 01 - 17 ) January 17 , 1982 ( age 36 ) Chicago , Illinois </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Listed height </Th> <Td> 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Listed weight </Th> <Td> 220 lb ( 100 kg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High school </Th> <Td> Harold L. Richards ( Oak Lawn , Illinois ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> College </Th> <Td> Marquette ( 2001 -- 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NBA draft </Th> <Td> 2003 / Round : 1 / Pick : 5th overall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Selected by the Miami Heat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Playing career </Th> <Td> 2003 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2003 -- 2016 </Th> <Td> Miami Heat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 -- 2017 </Th> <Td> Chicago Bulls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2017 -- 2018 </Th> <Td> Cleveland Cavaliers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2018 -- present </Th> <Td> Miami Heat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 3 × NBA champion ( 2006 , 2012 , 2013 ) </Li> <Li> NBA Finals MVP ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> 12 × NBA All - Star ( 2005 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 2 × All - NBA First Team ( 2009 , 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 3 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2005 , 2006 , 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 3 × All - NBA Third Team ( 2007 , 2012 , 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 3 × NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2005 , 2009 , 2010 ) </Li> <Li> NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> NBA scoring champion ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Consensus first - team All - American ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Third - team All - American -- SN ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Conference USA Player of the Year ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> No. 3 retired by Marquette </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Stats at NBA.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Stats at Basketball-Reference.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Medals ( hide ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Men 's basketball </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Representing United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Olympic Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 Beijing </Td> <Td> Team competition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2004 Athens </Td> <Td> Team competition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> World Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 Japan </Td> <Td> Team competition </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Dwyane Tyrone Wade Jr. ( / dweɪn / dwayn ; born January 17 , 1982 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . After a successful college career at Marquette , Wade was drafted fifth overall in the 2003 NBA draft by Miami . In his third season , Wade led the Heat to their first NBA Championship in franchise history and was named the 2006 NBA Finals MVP . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , Wade led the United States men 's basketball team , commonly known as the `` Redeem Team '' , in scoring , and helped them capture the gold medal . In the 2008 -- 09 season , Wade led the league in scoring and earned his first NBA scoring title . With LeBron James and Chris Bosh , Wade helped guide Miami to four consecutive NBA Finals from 2011 to 2014 , winning back - to - back championships in 2012 and 2013 . After 11⁄2 seasons away from the Heat with the Chicago Bulls and Cleveland Cavaliers , Wade was traded back to Miami in February 2018 . A 12 - time NBA All - Star , Wade is Miami 's all - time leader in points , games , assists and steals , shots made and shots taken . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 College career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 2001 -- 02 season </Li> <Li> 2.2 2002 -- 03 season </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 NBA career <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Rookie year ( 2003 -- 04 ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Breakthrough year ( 2004 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 NBA champion and Finals MVP ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Injuries and missing playoffs ( 2006 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 5 Scoring champion and playoff defeats ( 2008 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 6 The Big 3 era and back - to - back championships ( 2010 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 7 Post Big 3 era ( 2014 -- 16 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Chicago Bulls and Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2016 -- 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 Return to Miami ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 National team career </Li> <Li> 5 Player profile </Li> <Li> 6 NBA career statistics <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Regular season </Li> <Li> 6.2 Playoffs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Awards and honors </Li> <Li> 8 Personal life <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Philanthropy </Li> <Li> 8.2 Religion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life </H2> <P> Dwyane Wade was born on the South Side of Chicago , Illinois , to JoLinda and Dwyane Wade Sr , whose name 's unusual spelling was decided by his own mother . In 1977 , JoLinda , at the age of 18 , already had two children . Wade has described his upbringing in Chicago as being very difficult . Wade stated that `` ( his ) mom was on drugs and ( his ) family was in the gang environment , so it was a rough childhood . '' At a very young age , Wade already witnessed police raids and found dead bodies several times in a nearby garbage can . When he was only 4 months old , his parents separated -- and would later divorce . Jolinda was given custody of the two children , and she moved to her mother 's house with them . The family struggled financially , and it was around that time when Jolinda started dealing drugs . His mom was addicted to several substances including cigarettes , alcohol , heroin , and cocaine . JoLinda would get high with friends at her home , even in the presence of her children . In an interview with ESPN , Wade said `` I 've seen the needles laying around the house . I 've seen my mother shoot up before . I 've seen a lot of things my mother did n't even know I 'd seen as a kid . '' At the age of 6 , he recalls police -- with guns drawn -- raiding his home as they searched for his mother . When Wade turned 8 years old , his older sister , Tragil , tricked him -- by telling him they were going to the movies -- into living with his father , a former Army sergeant , and stepmother in a nearby neighborhood . Wade would still occasionally visit his mom . A year later , his father moved the family to Robbins , Illinois . After moving to Robbins , Wade did n't see his mother for two years . During this time , JoLinda was able to access a free supply of drugs by volunteering to be a tester -- i.e. , someone who tests street drugs for impurities before the dealers try to sell them . JoLinda was hospitalized and nearly died after she mistakenly injected herself with LSD . In 1994 , JoLinda was arrested for possession of crack cocaine with intent to sell and locked up in Cook County Jail . Wade , at the age of 10 , reunited with his mom by talking with her at Cook County Jail through a glass panel over a telephone . JoLinda served 23 months in prison for her crimes , but while serving her second sentence in 1997 , she failed to report to prison while on work release . </P> <P> Wade turned to sports , especially basketball and football , to avoid the temptations of participating in drug and gang - related activities . Wade 's mom and dad would often take him to the park to play basketball . He cites one of his older sisters , Tragil , as the individual most responsible for his childhood upbringing and for steering him in the proper direction . As a child growing up in the Chicago area , Wade idolized Chicago Bulls star Michael Jordan , and has said he patterns his game after him . </P> <P> Wade attended Harold L. Richards High School in Oak Lawn . Wade quickly found success as a wide receiver on the football team , but he needed to work extremely hard to earn playing time on the varsity basketball team during his junior year . While he did not acquire much playing time during his second year , his stepbrother , Demetris McDaniel , was the star of the team . Wade grew four inches in the summer before his junior year and saw an increase in playing time , averaging 20.7 points and 7.6 rebounds per game . The following year , Wade averaged 27.0 points and 11.0 rebounds per game while leading his team to a 24 -- 5 record . It advanced to the title game of the Class AA Eisenhower Sectional . During this season he set school records for points ( 676 ) and steals ( 106 ) in a season . Wade has stated that his high school coach , Jack Fitzgerald , was one of the most positive influences in his life during this time . Wade was recruited by only three college basketball teams ( Marquette University , Illinois State , and DePaul University ) due to academic problems . </P> <P> During most of Wade 's time at Marquette , his mother was either eluding the law or serving time in jail for selling crack cocaine . On October 14 , 2001 , JoLinda declared that she would change her life and get clean while attending a service at a Chicago church . Wade , then a sophomore at Marquette , went home for Christmas to be with his mom , who he believed was clean and sober for the first time in his life . However , JoLinda admitted to him that she was actually going back to prison . Wade told ESPN , `` I was hurt because I felt like I was just getting my mom back , and now she had to leave again . '' On January 2 , 2002 , his mother went back to prison to serve her 14 - month sentence . She says she has been clean since 2003 . </P> <H2> College career </H2> <P> Wade chose to play college basketball for Tom Crean at Marquette University in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . During Wade 's freshman year at Marquette , he was ineligible to play with the men 's team as he had fallen short of academic standards set by the NCAA 's Proposition 48 . Wade sought tutoring to improve his writing skills in order to

Dwyane Wade currently plays for

Who does dwyane wade play for right now?

-4036207256798544363

Paraguayan guaraní - wikipedia <H1> Paraguayan guaraní </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Paraguayan currency . For the language , see Guarani language . `` PYG '' redirects here . For the 70s Japanese rock super-group , see Pyg . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Paraguayan guaraní </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Guaraní paraguayo ( Spanish ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 100 Guaraní banknote of 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ISO 4217 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Code </Th> <Td> PYG </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Denominations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subunit </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 / 100 </Th> <Td> céntimo because of inflation , céntimos are no longer in use . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plural </Th> <Td> guaraníes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Symbol </Th> <Td> ( ₲ in unicode ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Banknotes </Th> <Td> 2,000 , 5,000 , 10,000 , 20,000 , 50,000 & 100,000 PGY </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coins </Th> <Td> 50 , 100 , 500 & 1,000 guaraníes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Demographics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> User ( s ) </Th> <Td> Paraguay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Issuance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central bank </Th> <Td> Banco Central del Paraguay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.bcp.gov.py </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Printer </Th> <Td> De La Rue Giesecke & Devrient </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> De La Rue Giesecke & Devrient </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mint </Th> <Td> Banco Central del Paraguay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.bcp.gov.py </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Valuation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inflation </Th> <Td> 2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Td> ( 4 ) , November 2009 est . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The guaraní ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ɡwaɾaˈni ) , plural : guaraníes ; sign : ₲ ; code : PYG ) is the national currency unit of Paraguay . The guaraní was divided into 100 céntimos but , because of inflation , céntimos are no longer in use . </P> <P> The currency sign is U + 20B2 ₲ GUARANI SIGN ( HTML & # 8370 ; ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Coins </Li> <Li> 3 Banknotes </Li> <Li> 4 Revaluation </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The law creating the guaraní was passed on 5 October 1943 , and replaced the peso at a rate of 1 guaraní = 100 pesos . Guaraníes were first issued in 1944 . Between 1960 and 1985 , the guaraní was pegged to the United States dollar at 126 PYG to 1 USD . </P> <H2> Coins ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1944 , aluminum - bronze coins were introduced in denominations of 1 , 5 , 10 , 25 and 50 centimos . All were round shaped . The obverses featured a flower with `` Republica del Paraguay '' and the date surrounding it , except for the 50 centimos , which featured the lion and Liberty cap insignia . The denomination was shown on the reverses . </P> <P> The second issue , introduced in 1953 , consisted of 10 , 15 , 25 and 50 centimos coins . All were again minted in aluminium - bronze but were scallop shaped and featured the lion and Liberty cap on the obverse . None of the céntimo coins circulate today . </P> <P> In 1975 , coins were introduced in denominations of 1 , 5 , 10 and 50 guaranies , all of which were round and made of stainless steel . Since 1990 , stainless steel has been replaced by brass - plated steel nickel - brass . 100 guaranies coins were introduced in 1990 , followed by 500 guaranies in 1997 . 1000 guaranies coins were minted in 2006 and released in 2007 . </P> <P> Coins in denominations of 1 , 5 and 10 guaranies and coins of 50 , 100 and 500 guaranies minted until 2005 where demonetized . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Value </Th> <Th> Obverse </Th> <Th> Reverse </Th> <Th> Diameter ( mm ) </Th> <Th> Weight ( g ) </Th> <Th> First issued </Th> <Th> Obverse Image </Th> <Th> Reverse Image </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 ₲ </Td> <Td> Marshal José Félix Estigarribia </Td> <Td> Acaray Dam </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 ₲ </Td> <Td> General José Eduvigis Díaz </Td> <Td> Ruins of Humaitá </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 3 , 73 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 500 ₲ </Td> <Td> General Bernardino Caballero </Td> <Td> Central Bank of Paraguay </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 4 , 75 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,000 ₲ </Td> <Td> Marshal Francisco Solano López </Td> <Td> National Pantheon of the Heroes </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Banknotes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first guaraní notes were of 50 céntimos , 1 , 5 , and 10 guaraní overstamped on 50 , 100 , 500 , and 1000 pesos in 1943 . Regular guaraní notes for 1 , 5 , 10 , 50 , 100 , 500 and 1,000 guaraní , soon followed . They were printed by De La Rue . </P> <P> The 1963 series ( under the law of 1952 ) was a complete redesign . The lineup also expanded upward with the addition of 5000 and 10,000 guaraníes . This designed lasted for decades until inflation removed notes up to and including 500 guaraníes from circulation . The 1982 revision added denominations in the Guaraní language to the reverses . </P> <P> The first 50,000 guaraníes notes were issued in 1990 , followed by 100,000 guaraníes in 1998 . During the last two decades of the 20th century , more than one printer printed guaraní notes . </P> <P> Starting from 2004 , the existing denominations , except 50,000 guaraníes , underwent small but easily noticeable changes , such as a more sophisticated and borderless underprint and enhanced security features . Giesecke & Devrient print the new 20,000 guaraní note , while De La Rue prints the rest . In 2009 , the Central Bank launched the first 2,000 guaraníes polymer - made bills , which makes the notes more durable than the traditional cotton - fiber bills . </P> <P> New 50,000 guaraníes bills of series C have been printed with the date of 2005 , but as they obviously reached circulation by criminal ways before being launched officially , this series has been declared void and worthless by the central bank and bills of 1000 guaraníes and series A and B of 50,000 guaraníes where demonetized in 2012 . </P> <P> A new 5,000 guaraníes note has been released . The 5,000 Guarani was put into circulation on January 14 , 2013 . This note has been printed by The Canadian Bank Note Company . Such security features include a see through window in the shape of a locomotive , a watermark of the portrait . However this note will still bear the portrait of Don Carlos Antonio Lopez , the reverse will also have the same design of Lopez 's Palace . 10,000 as well as 20,000 notes are produced by Polish Security Printing Works ( Polska Wytwornia Papierow Wartosciowych ) . </P> <P> On December 22 , 2016 , new 20,000 , 50,000 and 100,000 notes were introduced with upgraded security . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Value </Th> <Th> Color </Th> <Th> Obverse </Th> <Th> Reverse </Th> <Th> First issued </Th> <Th> Obverse Image </Th> <Th> Reverse Image </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2,000 ₲ </Td> <Td> Magenta </Td> <Td> Adela and Celsa Speratti </Td> <Td> School parade </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5,000 ₲ </Td> <Td> Orange </Td> <Td> Carlos Antonio López </Td> <Td> Palace of the Lopez </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10,000 ₲ </Td> <Td> Brown </Td> <Td> José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia </Td> <Td> May 15 , 1811 scene </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20,000 ₲ </Td> <Td> Light blue </Td> <Td> Paraguayan woman </Td> <Td> Central Bank of Paraguay </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50,000 ₲ </Td> <Td> Beige </Td> <Td> Agustín Pío Barrios </Td> <Td> Guitar of Agustín Pío Barrios </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100,000 ₲ </Td> <Td> Green </Td> <Td> Saint Roque González de Santa Cruz </Td> <Td> Itaipú Dam </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Revaluation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The guaraní is currently the least valued currency unit in the Americas , 1 US dollar worth close to 5,770 guaranies . </P> <P> In 2011 , plans were released under which the Paraguayan guaraní would be revalued as the Nuevo guaraní ( `` New guaraní '' ) ( PYN ) at the rate of 1,000 : 1 . </P> <P> From day 1 ( currently unknown ) , there would be a conversion at the rate of 1,000 ₲ = 1 N ₲ ( `` nuevo guaraní '' ) . After a two - year transition period ( with N ₲ as the currency sign , and only the old banknotes available , probably with three zeros crossed out manually ) , new banknotes with the lower value would be introduced , re-using the name guaraní ( ₲ ) for the lower value . </P> <P> However , due to possible confusion and problems with the projects , it is currently suspended . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Current PYG exchange rates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From Google Finance : </Td> <Td> AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BRL ARS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From Yahoo ! Finance : </Td> <Td> AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BRL ARS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From XE : </Td> <Td> AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BRL ARS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From OANDA : </Td> <Td> AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BRL ARS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From fxtop.com : </Td> <Td> AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD BRL ARS </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Economy of Paraguay </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paraguay new 5,000 - guarani polymer note confirmed '' . Banknote News . 2013 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Presentan nuevo billete de 5 mil guaraníes '' . Ultimahora.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Więcej banknotów z Polski dla Paragwaju PWPW PL '' . Pwpw.pl. 2014 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BCP autorizó la emisión de billetes con nuevas medidas de seguridad '' ( in Spanish ) . Banco Central del Paraguay . December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( 3 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> A Dictionary of Finance and Banking ( 3rd ed . ) . USA : Oxford University Press

The value of the currency in Paraguay is

What is the value of the currency in paraguay?

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Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - wikipedia <H1> Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of the Pacific War of World War II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima ( left ) and Nagasaki ( right ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> August 6 and August 9 , 1945 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Empire of Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> Allied victory </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States Manhattan Project : United Kingdom Canada </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William S. Parsons Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . Charles Sweeney Frederick Ashworth </Td> <Td> Shunroku Hata </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Units involved </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manhattan District : 50 U.S. , 2 British 509th Composite Group : 1,770 U.S. </Td> <Td> Second General Army : Hiroshima : 40,000 ( 5 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Nagasaki : 9,000 ( 4 Anti-aircraft batteries ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 British , Dutch , and American prisoners of war killed </Td> <Td> <P> Hiroshima : </P> <Ul> <Li> 20,000 soldiers killed </Li> <Li> 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed </Li> </Ul> <P> Nagasaki : </P> <Ul> <Li> 39,000 -- 80,000 killed </Li> </Ul> Total : 129,000 -- 226,000 + killed </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pacific War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Central Pacific <Ul> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Marshalls - Gilberts raids </Li> <Li> Doolittle Raid </Li> <Li> Coral Sea </Li> <Li> Midway </Li> <Li> RY </Li> <Li> Solomons </Li> <Li> Gilberts & Marshalls </Li> <Li> Marianas & Palau </Li> <Li> Volcano & Ryukyu </Li> <Li> Truk </Li> </Ul> <P> Southeast Asia </P> <Ul> <Li> Indochina ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) </Li> <Li> Philippines 1941 -- 42 </Li> <Li> Franco - Thai War </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Dutch East Indies </Li> <Li> Malaya </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Indochina ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Malacca Strait </Li> <Li> Jurist </Li> <Li> Tiderace </Li> <Li> Zipper </Li> <Li> Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Burma </P> <Ul> <Li> Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) </Li> <Li> Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) </Li> <Li> Burma ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Southwest Pacific </P> <Ul> <Li> Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 </Li> <Li> Portuguese Timor </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> New Guinea </Li> <Li> Philippines 1944 -- 45 </Li> <Li> Borneo 1945 </Li> </Ul> <P> North America </P> <Ul> <Li> Attack on Pearl Harbor </Li> <Li> Ellwood </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Aleutian Islands </Li> <Li> Estevan Point Lighthouse </Li> <Li> Fort Stevens </Li> <Li> Lookout Air Raids </Li> <Li> Fire balloon </Li> <Li> Project Hula </Li> <Li> PX </Li> </Ul> <P> Japan </P> <Ul> <Li> Air raids </Li> <Li> Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Volcano & Ryukyu Is </Li> <Li> Tokyo </Li> <Li> Starvation </Li> <Li> Naval bombardments </Li> <Li> Yokosuka </Li> <Li> Sagami Bay </Li> <Li> Kure </Li> <Li> Downfall </Li> <Li> Hiroshima & Nagasaki </Li> <Li> Kurils </Li> <Li> Karafuto </Li> <Li> Japanese surrender </Li> </Ul> <P> Manchuria </P> <Ul> <Li> Kantokuen </Li> <Li> Manchuria ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Mutanchiang </Li> <Li> Sakhalin Island </Li> <Li> Kuril Islands </Li> <Li> Shumshu </Li> </Ul> Second Sino - Japanese War </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> During the final stage of World War II , the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom , as required by the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people , most of whom were civilians . They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare . </P> <P> In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a bloody invasion of the Japanese mainland . This undertaking was preceded by a conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . As the Allies turned their full attention to the war in the Pacific War , the Japanese faced the same fate . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese ignored the ultimatum and the war continued . </P> <P> By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , one of its B - 29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun - type bomb on Hiroshima . Three days later , on August 9 , a Fat Man plutonium implosion - type bomb was dropped by another B - 29 on Nagasaki . The bombs immediately devastated their targets . Over the next two to four months , the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 people in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition , for many months afterward . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . </P> <P> Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The ethical and legal justification for the bombings is still debated to this day . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Pacific War </Li> <Li> 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan </Li> <Li> 1.3 Air raids on Japan </Li> <Li> 1.4 Atomic bomb development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Preparations <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Organization and training </Li> <Li> 2.2 Choice of targets </Li> <Li> 2.3 Proposed demonstration </Li> <Li> 2.4 Leaflets </Li> <Li> 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada </Li> <Li> 2.6 Potsdam Declaration </Li> <Li> 2.7 Bombs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Hiroshima <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II </Li> <Li> 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima </Li> <Li> 3.3 Events on the ground </Li> <Li> 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Events of August 7 -- 9 </Li> <Li> 5 Nagasaki <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II </Li> <Li> 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki </Li> <Li> 5.3 Events on the ground </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan </Li> <Li> 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation </Li> <Li> 8 Reportage </Li> <Li> 9 Post-attack casualties <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Cancer increases </Li> <Li> 9.2 Birth defect investigations </Li> <Li> 9.3 Investigations into brain development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Hibakusha <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Double survivors </Li> <Li> 10.2 Korean survivors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Memorials </Li> <Li> 12 Debate over bombings </Li> <Li> 13 Legacy </Li> <Li> 14 Notes </Li> <Li> 15 References </Li> <Li> 16 Further reading </Li> <Li> 17 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background </H2> <H3> Pacific War </H3> Main article : Pacific War Situation of the Pacific War on August 1 , 1945 . Areas still controlled by Japan ( in white and green ) included Korea , Taiwan , Indochina , and much of China , including most of the main cities , and the Dutch East Indies . Allied - held areas are in red , with the neutral Soviet Union and Mongolia in grey . <P> In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . Most Japanese military units fought fiercely , ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost . The 1.25 million battle casualties incurred in total by the United States in World War II included both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action . Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war , from June 1944 to June 1945 . In December 1944 , American battle casualties hit an all - time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . America 's reserves of manpower were running out . Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened , and there was consideration of drafting women . At the same time , the public was becoming war - weary , and demanding that long - serving servicemen be sent home . </P> <P> In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 : 1 in the Philippines to 2 : 1 on Okinawa . Although some Japanese soldiers were taken prisoner , most fought until they were killed or committed suicide . Nearly 99 % of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed . Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April -- June 1945 , 94 % were killed ; 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered , an unprecedented large number . </P> <P> As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war . By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate . </P> <H3> Preparations to invade Japan </H3> Main article : Operation Downfall <P> Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the Allied invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third

The atom bombs were dropped on

When were the atom bombs dropped on japan?

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may persist into the next day and are , in general , not recommended . </P> <P> Since the release of nonbenzodiazepines in 1992 in response to safety concerns , individuals with insomnia and other sleep disorders have increasingly been prescribed nonbenzodiazepines ( 2.3 % in 1993 to 13.7 % of Americans in 2010 ) , less often prescribed benzodiazepines ( 23.5 % in 1993 to 10.8 % in 2010 ) . It is not clear as to whether the new nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics ( Z - drugs ) are better than the short - acting benzodiazepines . The efficacy of these two groups of medications is similar . According to the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , indirect comparison indicates that side - effects from benzodiazepines may be about twice as frequent as from nonbenzodiazepines . Some experts suggest using nonbenzodiazepines preferentially as a first - line long - term treatment of insomnia . However , the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence did not find any convincing evidence in favor of Z - drugs . NICE review pointed out that short - acting Z - drugs were inappropriately compared in clinical trials with long - acting benzodiazepines . There have been no trials comparing short - acting Z - drugs with appropriate doses of short - acting benzodiazepines . Based on this , NICE recommended choosing the hypnotic based on cost and the patient 's preference . </P> <P> Older adults should not use benzodiazepines to treat insomnia unless other treatments have failed . When benzodiazepines are used , patients , their caretakers , and their physician should discuss the increased risk of harms , including evidence that shows twice the incidence of traffic collisions among driving patients , and falls and hip fracture for older patients . </P> <H3> Seizures ( edit ) </H3> <P> Prolonged convulsive epileptic seizures are a medical emergency that can usually be dealt with effectively by administering fast - acting benzodiazepines , which are potent anticonvulsants . In a hospital environment , intravenous clonazepam , lorazepam , and diazepam are first - line choices , clonazepam due to its stronger and more potent anticonvulsant action , diazepam due to its faster onset and lorazepam for its longer duration of action . In the community , intravenous administration is not practical and so rectal diazepam or ( more recently ) buccal midazolam are used , with a preference for midazolam as its administration is easier and more socially acceptable . </P> <P> When benzodiazepines were first introduced , they were enthusiastically adopted for treating all forms of epilepsy . However , drowsiness and tolerance become problems with continued use and none are now considered first - line choices for long - term epilepsy therapy . Clobazam is widely used by specialist epilepsy clinics worldwide and clonazepam is popular in the Netherlands , Belgium and France . Clobazam was approved for use in the United States in 2011 . In the UK , both clobazam and clonazepam are second - line choices for treating many forms of epilepsy . Clobazam also has a useful role for very short - term seizure prophylaxis and in catamenial epilepsy . Discontinuation after long - term use in epilepsy requires additional caution because of the risks of rebound seizures . Therefore , the dose is slowly tapered over a period of up to six months or longer . </P> <H3> Alcohol withdrawal ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chlordiazepoxide is the most commonly used benzodiazepine for alcohol detoxification , but diazepam may be used as an alternative . Both are used in the detoxification of individuals who are motivated to stop drinking , and are prescribed for a short period of time to reduce the risks of developing tolerance and dependence to the benzodiazepine medication itself . The benzodiazepines with a longer half - life make detoxification more tolerable , and dangerous ( and potentially lethal ) alcohol withdrawal effects are less likely to occur . On the other hand , short - acting benzodiazepines may lead to breakthrough seizures , and are , therefore , not recommended for detoxification in an outpatient setting . Oxazepam and lorazepam are often used in patients at risk of drug accumulation , in particular , the elderly and those with cirrhosis , because they are metabolized differently from other benzodiazepines , through conjugation . </P> <P> Benzodiazepines are the preferred choice in the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome , in particular , for the prevention and treatment of the dangerous complication of seizures and in subduing severe delirium . Lorazepam is the only benzodiazepine with predictable intramuscular absorption and it is the most effective in preventing and controlling acute seizures . </P> <H3> Anxiety ( edit ) </H3> <P> Benzodiazepines are sometimes used in the treatment of acute anxiety , as they bring about rapid and marked or moderate relief of symptoms in most individuals ; however , they are not recommended beyond 2 -- 4 weeks of use due to risks of tolerance and dependence and a lack of long - term effectiveness . As for insomnia , they may also be used on an irregular / `` as - needed '' basis , such as in cases where said anxiety is at its worst . Compared to other pharmacological treatments , benzodiazepines are twice as likely to lead to a relapse of the underlying condition upon discontinuation . Psychological therapies and other pharmacological therapies are recommended for the long - term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder . Antidepressants have higher remission rates and are , in general , safe and effective in the short and long term . </P> <H3> Other indications ( edit ) </H3> <P> Benzodiazepines are often prescribed for a wide range of conditions : </P> <Ul> <Li> They can be very useful in intensive care to sedate patients receiving mechanical ventilation or those in extreme distress . Caution is exercised in this situation due to the occasional occurrence of respiratory depression , and it is recommended that benzodiazepine overdose treatment facilities should be available . </Li> <Li> Benzodiazepines are effective as medication given a couple of hours before surgery to relieve anxiety . They also produce amnesia , which can be useful , as patients may not remember unpleasantness from the procedure . They are also used in patients with dental phobia as well as some ophthalmic procedures like refractive surgery ; although such use is controversial and only recommended for those who are very anxious . Midazolam is the most commonly prescribed for this use because of its strong sedative actions and fast recovery time , as well as its water solubility , which reduces pain upon injection . Diazepam and lorazepam are sometimes used . Lorazepam has particularly marked amnesic properties that may make it more effective when amnesia is the desired effect . </Li> <Li> Benzodiazepines are well known for their strong muscle - relaxing properties and can be useful in the treatment of muscle spasms , although tolerance often develops to their muscle relaxant effects . Baclofen or tizanidine are sometimes used as an alternative to benzodiazepines . Tizanidine has been found to have superior tolerability compared to diazepam and baclofen . </Li> <Li> Benzodiazepines are also used to treat the acute panic caused by hallucinogen intoxication . Benzodiazepines are also used to calm the acutely agitated individual and can , if required , be given via an intramuscular injection . They can sometimes be effective in the short - term treatment of psychiatric emergencies such as acute psychosis as in schizophrenia or mania , bringing about rapid tranquillization and sedation until the effects of lithium or neuroleptics ( antipsychotics ) take effect . Lorazepam is most commonly used but clonazepam is sometimes prescribed for acute psychosis or mania ; their long - term use is not recommended due to risks of dependence . Further research investigating the use of benzodiazepines alone and in combination with antipsychotic medications for treating acute psychosis is warranted . </Li> <Li> Clonazepam , a benzodiazepine is used to treat many forms of parasomnia . Rapid eye movement behavior disorder responds well to low doses of clonazepam . Restless legs syndrome can be treated using clonazepam as a third line treatment option as the use of clonazepam is still investigational . </Li> <Li> Benzodiazepines are sometimes used for obsessive -- compulsive disorder ( OCD ) , although they are generally believed ineffective for this indication . Effectiveness was , however , found in one small study . Benzodiazepines can be considered as a treatment option in treatment resistant cases . </Li> <Li> Antipsychotics are generally a first - line treatment for delirium ; however , when delirium is caused by alcohol or sedative hypnotic withdrawal , benzodiazepines are a first - line treatment . </Li> <Li> There is some evidence that low doses of benzodiazepines reduce adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Contraindications ( edit ) </H2> <P> Because of their muscle relaxant action , benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression in susceptible individuals . For that reason , they are contraindicated in people with myasthenia gravis , sleep apnea , bronchitis , and COPD . Caution is required when benzodiazepines are used in people with personality disorders or intellectual disability because of frequent paradoxical reactions . In major depression , they may precipitate suicidal tendencies and are sometimes used for suicidal overdoses . Individuals with a history of alcohol , opioid and barbiturate abuse should avoid benzodiazepines , as there is a risk of life - threatening interactions with these drugs . </P> <H3> Pregnancy ( edit ) </H3> See also : Effects of benzodiazepines on newborns <P> In the United States , the Food and Drug Administration has categorized benzodiazepines into either category D or X meaning potential for harm in the unborn has been demonstrated . </P> <P> Exposure to benzodiazepines during pregnancy has been associated with a slightly increased ( from 0.06 to 0.07 % ) risk of cleft palate in newborns , a controversial conclusion as some studies find no association between benzodiazepines and cleft palate . Their use by expectant mothers shortly before the delivery may result in a floppy infant syndrome , with the newborns suffering from hypotonia , hypothermia , lethargy , and breathing and feeding difficulties . Cases of neonatal withdrawal syndrome have been described in infants chronically exposed to benzodiazepines in utero . This syndrome may be hard to recognize , as it starts several days after delivery , for example , as late as 21 days for chlordiazepoxide . The symptoms include tremors , hypertonia , hyperreflexia , hyperactivity , and vomiting and may last for up to three to six months . Tapering down the dose during pregnancy may lessen its severity . If used in pregnancy , those benzodiazepines with a better and longer safety record , such as diazepam or chlordiazepoxide , are recommended over potentially more harmful benzodiazepines , such as temazepam or triazolam . Using the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time minimizes the risks to the unborn child . </P> <H3> Elderly ( edit ) </H3> <P> The benefits of benzodiazepines are least and the risks are greatest in the elderly . The elderly are at an increased risk of dependence and are more sensitive to the adverse effects such as memory problems , daytime sedation , impaired motor coordination , and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents and falls , and an increased risk of hip fractures . The long - term effects of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine dependence in the elderly can resemble dementia , depression , or anxiety syndromes , and progressively worsens over time . Adverse effects on cognition can be mistaken for the effects of old age . The benefits of withdrawal include improved cognition , alertness , mobility , reduced risk incontinence , and a reduced risk of falls and fractures . The success of gradual - tapering benzodiazepines is as great in the elderly as in younger people . Benzodiazepines should be prescribed to the elderly only with caution and only for a short period at low doses . Short to intermediate - acting

A drug that might be used in surgery for its amnesic properties is

A drug that might be used in surgery for its amnesic properties is?

-1991117775599650072

Say Something - wikipedia <H1> Say Something </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Say Something ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Say Something '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by A Great Big World and Christina Aguilera </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Is There Anybody Out There ? </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD </Li> <Li> digital download </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Indie pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Epic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ian Axel </Li> <Li> Chad King </Li> <Li> Mike Campbell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Dan Romer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> A Great Big World singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` This Is the New Year '' ( 2013 ) </Td> <Td> `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) </Td> <Td> `` Already Home '' ( 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` This Is the New Year '' ( 2013 ) </Td> <Td> `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) </Td> <Td> `` Already Home '' ( 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Christina Aguilera singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti '' ( 2013 ) Hoy Tengo Ganas Ti 2013 </Td> <Td> `` Say Something '' ( 2013 ) Say Something2013 </Td> <Td> `` We Remain '' ( 2013 ) We Remain 2013 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Say Something '' is a song by American indie pop duo A Great Big World from their debut album , Is There Anybody Out There ? ( 2013 ) . Written by the duo members -- Ian Axel and Chad King -- alongside Mike Campbell , the song was originally recorded by Axel for his solo album This Is the New Year ( 2011 ) . It was later released as a single by the duo on September 3 , 2013 , by Epic Records . Following its usage on American reality TV show So You Think You Can Dance , the track gained attention from singer Christina Aguilera , who wanted to collaborate with A Great Big World on the song . Quickly afterwards , a re-recorded version of `` Say Something '' with Aguilera was released on November 4 , 2013 . </P> <P> `` Say Something '' is a slow - tempo indie pop piano ballad which talks about a breakup , where the lover is implored to make a statement that could potentially cause the singer to change their mind , with the singers expressing humility , sadness and regret . In the single version with Aguilera , she plays a ghost of the lover to whom the song is addressed as she traces the steps of the lead vocal . The song was praised by music critics for its powerful lyrics , the emotional composition and Aguilera 's vocal delivery . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , the song earned A Great Big World and Aguilera a Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance . </P> <P> `` Say Something '' did not sell significantly well until the version with Aguilera was available . It debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart after A Great Big World and Aguilera performed the song on The Voice . It eventually peaked at number four and has since sold over four million copies in the United States . It also topped the singles charts in Australia , Belgium , and Canada . A music video was released on November 19 , 2013 , featuring the trio singing as people `` act out the heartbreaking lyrics . '' To further promote `` Say Something '' , A Great Big World and Aguilera performed the track at the American Music Awards of 2013 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and release </Li> <Li> 2 Composition and lyrics </Li> <Li> 3 Critical response </Li> <Li> 4 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 4.1 United States </Li> <Li> 4.2 Australia and Europe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Music video <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Reception </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Live performances </Li> <Li> 7 Cover versions </Li> <Li> 8 In other media </Li> <Li> 9 Track listing and formats </Li> <Li> 10 Charts <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 10.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Certifications </Li> <Li> 12 Release history </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and release ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Say Something '' was originally released on February 8 , 2011 on band member Ian Axel 's solo album This Is the New Year with the song featuring harmonies by guest vocalist Jenny Owen Youngs , but the track went largely unnoticed until it received attention after being used on the TV series So You Think You Can Dance on season 10 's semi final episode contemporary dance routine by the eventual champion Amy Yakima . This sparked a chain reaction that eventually made its way to Christina Aguilera . `` ' Say Something ' was danced to on So You Think You Can Dance almost two months ago , and so many people responded to it , '' Axel tells Billboard . `` In that whole process , someone on our team played it for someone on Christina 's team , and we got a call that Christina wanted to record it , and then , literally a week later , we were in L.A. recording it with her . '' The pair considers Aguilera as having `` one of the top voices in the world , '' says Chad King , and re-recorded `` Say Something '' with her in two hours . `` We look at Christina as this icon who can say anything and make it sound amazing . '' says King . </P> <P> About approaching to the duo to re-record the track , Aguilera said , `` Somebody sent me the song ( ... ) and it 's just the most simplest song that does n't have to fit a formula to be heard and to be appreciated , so I just heard it and I 've never done anything like this before and I was just like , ' You know ' , I just started to hear a harmony part over it and I was like , ' get in touch with these guys and see if they wan na get in the studio and sit behind the piano and just vibe together and see what happens ... ' and we did , and they 're so humble , so sweet , so down to earth , and I 'm all about that and supporting that , and we came together so organically and it was fun . '' Aguilera also added , `` It 's so quiet and still and steady and in a way pleading , '' she describes the song . `` I 'm only taking on projects that feel good to me and represent , as always , a purpose of the here and now in my life . '' </P> <H2> Composition and lyrics ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Say Something '' A 23 second sample of `` Say Something '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Say Something '' was written by Ian Axel , Chad King , and Mike Campbell while production was handled by Dan Romer . Sonically , the indie pop , piano ballad is underlined by a piano and string arrangement , which was performed by Los Angeles string players Mark Robertson , Andrew Duckles , and Vanessa Freebairn - Smith . The lyrics evoke the emotion felt when choosing to leave a failed relationship even though love still remains , imploring the lover to make a statement that could potentially convince the singer to salvage the relationship instead . </P> <P> For Bill Lamb of About.com , the chorus `` Say something , I 'm giving up on you '' , `` is brilliant . '' Lamb also explained the song , writing that , `` instead of being filled with anger and desperation , it is a song expressing a powerful combination of humility , sadness and regret . '' The song was written at a time when both members were experiencing individual heartbreak . `` Writing the song was part of the healing process , '' says Axel . `` Whenever we perform it , it 's like revisiting the scar . It 's always a part of me , and I can always go there and feel it . '' Lewis Corner of Digital Spy noted that with its `` stripped - down melody and emotive lyrics '' , the song becomes the antithesis of the club - thumping blow - outs radio currently prefers . '' </P> <H2> Critical response ( edit ) </H2> The personal lyrics , written by the band members ( pictured ) , were highly praised by critics . <P> `` Say Something '' received universal acclaim from music critics , with significant acclaim going towards the emotional tone . Rick Florino of Artist Direct gave the song 5 out of 5 stars , calling it `` Oscar - worthy '' , with `` a cinematic heft to the track that makes it utterly vivid and vibrant . '' Florino also praised Aguilera 's performance , calling it `` one of her best ever , fortifying the hook and harmony masterfully . '' Lewis Corner of Digital Spy praised Aguilera for `` reminding us why she always sounds infinitely better when heading up a ballad '' , calling it `` a beautifully simplistic ode to heartache that evidently connects . '' </P> <P> Robert Copsey also of Digital Spy called it `` one of ( Aguilera 's ) most understated outings in recent memory , and it 's all the better for it . '' Jon O'Brien of Yahoo ! Music noted that the song features Aguilera 's `` most restrained and indeed impressive vocal in years '' , calling the song `` as emotive as it is theatrical . '' Melinda Newman of HitFix praised Aguilera for `` show ( ing ) admirable restraint vocally , beautifully pairing with Axel 's vocals . '' Sam Lansky of Idolator wrote that the song `` was already pretty heartrending , but Aguilera 's vocals provide some lovely support and additional pathos ; it 's a relief to hear that she enriches , rather than overwhelms , the track . '' Bradley Stern of MuuMuse praised the `` slow , sad piano melody '' , the `` mournful strings , '' calling it `` a haunting production -- made even better by the Stripped diva , proving once again that less is often more . '' Stern also praised Aguilera for showing a simple side of her voice , writing that she `` does n't even have her own verse or chorus -- she resigns to delivering subtle , yet effective , backing vocals for the entirety of the re-recording . It 's only in the song 's final few moments that she allows that powerhouse pipes to blow in the background . And those whispers at the very end ? ' Say something , I 'm giving up on you ... ' Gulp . '' </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <H3> United States ( edit ) </H3> `` We still ca n't even believe that this happened

The song "Say Something" (not "I'm Giving Up on You") is performed by

Who sang i'm giving up on you?

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Axial precession - wikipedia <H1> Axial precession </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the astronomical concept . For precession of the axes outside of astronomy , see Precession . For other types of astronomical precession , see Precession § Astronomy . Precessional movement of Earth . Earth rotates ( white arrows ) once a day around its rotational axis ( red ) ; this axis itself rotates slowly ( white circle ) , completing a rotation in approximately 26,000 years <P> In astronomy , axial precession is a gravity - induced , slow , and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body 's rotational axis . In particular , it can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of Earth 's axis of rotation , which , similar to a wobbling top , traces out a pair of cones joined at their apices in a cycle of approximately 26,000 years . The term `` precession '' typically refers only to this largest part of the motion ; other changes in the alignment of Earth 's axis -- nutation and polar motion -- are much smaller in magnitude . </P> <P> Earth 's precession was historically called the precession of the equinoxes , because the equinoxes moved westward along the ecliptic relative to the fixed stars , opposite to the yearly motion of the Sun along the ecliptic . This term is still used in non-technical discussions , that is , when detailed mathematics are absent . Historically , the discovery of the precession of the equinoxes is usually attributed in the west to the Hellenistic - era ( second - century BCE ) astronomer , Hipparchus , although there are claims of its earlier discovery , such as in the Indian text , Vedanga Jyotisha , dating from 700 BC . With improvements in the ability to calculate the gravitational force between and among planets during the first half of the nineteenth century , it was recognized that the ecliptic itself moved slightly , which was named planetary precession , as early as 1863 , while the dominant component was named lunisolar precession . Their combination was named general precession , instead of precession of the equinoxes . </P> <P> Lunisolar precession is caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun on Earth 's equatorial bulge , causing Earth 's axis to move with respect to inertial space . Planetary precession ( an advance ) is due to the small angle between the gravitational force of the other planets on Earth and its orbital plane ( the ecliptic ) , causing the plane of the ecliptic to shift slightly relative to inertial space . Lunisolar precession is about 500 times greater than planetary precession . In addition to the Moon and Sun , the other planets also cause a small movement of Earth 's axis in inertial space , making the contrast in the terms lunisolar versus planetary misleading , so in 2006 the International Astronomical Union recommended that the dominant component be renamed the precession of the equator , and the minor component be renamed precession of the ecliptic , but their combination is still named general precession . Many references to the old terms exist in publications predating the change . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Precession nomenclature </Li> <Li> 2 Effects </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Hellenistic world <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Hipparchus </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Ptolemy </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Other authors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Alternative discovery theories <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Babylonians </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Maya </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 Ancient Egyptians </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Indian views </Li> <Li> 3.4 Chinese astronomy </Li> <Li> 3.5 Middle Ages and Renaissance </Li> <Li> 3.6 Modern period </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Hipparchus 's discovery </Li> <Li> 5 Mithraic question </Li> <Li> 6 Changing pole stars </Li> <Li> 7 Polar shift and equinoxes shift </Li> <Li> 8 Cause </Li> <Li> 9 Equations </Li> <Li> 10 Values </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Precession nomenclature ( edit ) </H2> <P> Etymologically , `` precession '' and `` procession '' are both terms that relate to motion . `` Precession '' is derived from the Latin praecedere , `` to precede , to come before or earlier '' ) , while `` procession '' is derived from the Latin procedere , `` to march forward , to advance '' ) . Generally the term `` procession '' is used to describe a group of objects moving forward . The stars viewed from Earth are seen to proceed in a procession from east to west daily , due to the Earth 's diurnal motion , and yearly , due to the Earth 's revolution around the Sun . At the same time the stars can be observed to anticipate slightly such motion , at the rate of approximately 50 arc seconds per year , a phenomenon known as the `` precession of the equinoxes '' . </P> <P> In describing this motion astronomers generally have shortened the term to simply `` precession '' . In describing the cause of the motion physicists have also used the term `` precession '' , which has led to some confusion between the observable phenomenon and its cause , which matters because in astronomy , some precessions are real and others are apparent . This issue is further obfuscated by the fact that many astronomers are physicists or astrophysicists . </P> <P> It should be noted that the term `` precession '' used in astronomy generally describes the observable precession of the equinox ( the stars moving retrograde across the sky ) , whereas the term `` precession '' as used in physics , generally describes a mechanical process . </P> <H2> Effects ( edit ) </H2> The coincidence of the annual cycles of the apses ( closest and further approach to the sun ) and calendar dates ( with seasons noted ) at four equally spaced stages of precessionary 26,000 - year - cycle . The season dates are those in the north . The tilt of Earth 's axis and the eccentricity of its orbit are exaggerated . Approximate estimates . Effects of weak planetary precession on the stages shown are ignored . <P> The precession of the Earth 's axis has a number of observable effects . First , the positions of the south and north celestial poles appear to move in circles against the space - fixed backdrop of stars , completing one circuit in approximately 26,000 years . Thus , while today the star Polaris lies approximately at the north celestial pole , this will change over time , and other stars will become the `` north star '' . In approximately 3200 years , the star Gamma Cephei in the Cepheus constellation will succeed Polaris for this position . The south celestial pole currently lacks a bright star to mark its position , but over time precession also will cause bright stars to become south stars . As the celestial poles shift , there is a corresponding gradual shift in the apparent orientation of the whole star field , as viewed from a particular position on Earth . </P> <P> Secondly , the position of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun at the solstices , equinoxes , or other time defined relative to the seasons , slowly changes . For example , suppose that the Earth 's orbital position is marked at the summer solstice , when the Earth 's axial tilt is pointing directly toward the Sun . One full orbit later , when the Sun has returned to the same apparent position relative to the background stars , the Earth 's axial tilt is not now directly toward the Sun : because of the effects of precession , it is a little way `` beyond '' this . In other words , the solstice occurred a little earlier in the orbit . Thus , the tropical year , measuring the cycle of seasons ( for example , the time from solstice to solstice , or equinox to equinox ) , is about 20 minutes shorter than the sidereal year , which is measured by the Sun 's apparent position relative to the stars . After about 26 000 years the difference amounts to a full year , so the positions of the seasons relative to the orbit are `` back where they started '' . ( Other effects also slowly change the shape and orientation of the Earth 's orbit , and these , in combination with precession , create various cycles of differing periods ; see also Milankovitch cycles . The magnitude of the Earth 's tilt , as opposed to merely its orientation , also changes slowly over time , but this effect is not attributed directly to precession . ) </P> <P> For identical reasons , the apparent position of the Sun relative to the backdrop of the stars at some seasonally fixed time slowly regresses a full 360 ° through all twelve traditional constellations of the zodiac , at the rate of about 50.3 seconds of arc per year , or 1 degree every 71.6 years . </P> <P> At present , the rate of precession corresponds to a period of 25,772 years , but the rate itself varies somewhat with time ( see Values below ) , so one can not say that in exactly 25,772 years the earth 's axis will be back to where it is now . </P> <P> For further details , see Changing pole stars and Polar shift and equinoxes shift , below . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Hellenistic World ( edit ) </H3> Hipparchus ( edit ) <P> Though there is still - controversial evidence that Aristarchus of Samos possessed distinct values for the sidereal and tropical years as early as c. 280 BC , the discovery of precession usually is attributed to Hipparchus ( 190 -- 120 BC ) of Rhodes or Nicaea , a Greek astronomer . According to Ptolemy 's Almagest , Hipparchus measured the longitude of Spica and other bright stars . Comparing his measurements with data from his predecessors , Timocharis ( 320 -- 260 BC ) and Aristillus ( ~ 280 BC ) , he concluded that Spica had moved 2 ° relative to the autumnal equinox . He also compared the lengths of the tropical year ( the time it takes the Sun to return to an equinox ) and the sidereal year ( the time it takes the Sun to return to a fixed star ) , and found a slight discrepancy . Hipparchus concluded that the equinoxes were moving ( `` precessing '' ) through the zodiac , and that the rate of precession was not less than 1 ° in a century , in other words , completing a full cycle in no more than 36000 years . </P> <P> Virtually all of the writings of Hipparchus are lost , including his work on precession . They are mentioned by Ptolemy , who explains precession as the rotation of the celestial sphere around a motionless Earth . It is reasonable to presume that Hipparchus , similarly to Ptolemy , thought of precession in geocentric terms as a motion of the heavens , rather than of the Earth . </P> Ptolemy ( edit ) <P> The first astronomer known to have continued Hipparchus 's work on precession is Ptolemy in the second century AD . Ptolemy measured the longitudes of Regulus , Spica , and other bright stars with a variation of Hipparchus 's lunar method that did not require eclipses . Before sunset , he measured the longitudinal arc separating the Moon from the Sun . Then , after sunset , he measured the arc from the Moon to the star . He used Hipparchus 's model to calculate the Sun 's longitude , and made corrections for the Moon 's motion and its parallax (

A single period of precession of Earth's axis is completed in about

A single period of precession of earth's axis is completed in about?

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Johnny Manziel - wikipedia <H1> Johnny Manziel </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Johnny Manziel <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Manziel with the Cleveland Browns in 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Free agent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Position : </Th> <Td> Quarterback </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Born : </Th> <Td> ( 1992 - 12 - 06 ) December 6 , 1992 ( age 25 ) Tyler , Texas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height : </Th> <Td> 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weight : </Th> <Td> 210 lb ( 95 kg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High school : </Th> <Td> Kerrville ( TX ) Tivy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> College : </Th> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NFL Draft : </Th> <Td> 2014 / Round : 1 / Pick : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Cleveland Browns ( 2014 -- 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Heisman Trophy ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Davey O'Brien Award ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Manning Award ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Associated Press Player of the Year ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Sporting News Player of the Year ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> SEC Offensive Player of the Year ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Consensus All - American ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 2 × First - team All - SEC ( 2012 , 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career NFL statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> TD -- INT : </Th> <Td> 7 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passing yards : </Th> <Td> 1,675 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passer rating : </Th> <Td> 74.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rushing yards : </Th> <Td> 259 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rushing touchdowns : </Th> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Player stats at NFL.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Player stats at PFR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Johnathan Paul Manziel ( / mænˈzɛl / man - ZEL ; born December 6 , 1992 ) is an American football quarterback who is a free agent as of January 2018 . He played two seasons with the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League ( NFL ) . </P> <P> Manziel was nationally recruited out of high school as a dual - threat quarterback , and he debuted for the Texas A&M Aggies as a redshirt freshman in Kevin Sumlin 's Air Raid offense during A&M 's first season in the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) in 2012 . He broke numerous NCAA Division I FBS and SEC records , which included becoming the first freshman and fifth player in NCAA history to pass for 3,000 yards and rush for 1,000 yards in a season . At the end of the regular season , he became the first freshman to win the Heisman Trophy , Manning Award , and the Davey O'Brien National Quarterback Award . Manziel capitalized on his redshirt freshman season by leading Texas A&M to a 41 -- 13 victory over Oklahoma in the Cotton Bowl . </P> <P> Manziel was drafted by the Browns as the 22nd overall pick of the 2014 NFL Draft . Despite some success , he struggled with consistency and his tenure was overshadowed by off - field controversies . He was released by the Browns after the end of the 2015 season . Following further controversies during the 2016 offseason , Manziel was unable to be signed by another team before the start of the season and returned to Texas A&M as a student . </P> <P> TexAgs users tagged Manziel with the nickname `` Johnny Football '' during Manziel 's sophomore high school football season in Texas . The nickname followed him to Texas A&M University . He has applied to register the nickname as a trademark . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 High school career </Li> <Li> 3 College career <Ul> <Li> 3.1 2012 season </Li> <Li> 3.2 2013 season </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Baseball </Li> <Li> 5 Professional football career <Ul> <Li> 5.1 2014 season </Li> <Li> 5.2 2015 season </Li> <Li> 5.3 Canadian Football League </Li> <Li> 5.4 Statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Honors and accomplishments <Ul> <Li> 6.1 College honors <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Full - season awards </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 Weekly awards </Li> <Li> 6.1. 3 NCAA records and notes </Li> <Li> 6.1. 4 SEC records and notes </Li> <Li> 6.1. 5 Texas A&M records and notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.2 Cleveland Browns records </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Personal life and controversies <Ul> <Li> 7.1 June 2012 arrest </Li> <Li> 7.2 2013 offseason </Li> <Li> 7.3 2015 offseason </Li> <Li> 7.4 2015 season </Li> <Li> 7.5 2016 </Li> <Li> 7.6 2017 offseason </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early life </H2> <P> Manziel was born in Tyler , Texas , on December 6 , 1992 , to Michelle ( née Liberato ) and Paul Manziel . He has a younger sister named Meri . Manziel 's great - great - grandfather Joseph immigrated to the United States in 1883 from the Mount Lebanon region of Syria in what is now Lebanon . He is of Italian descent on his maternal side . His family became wealthy through the Texas petroleum industry . </P> <P> Manziel grew up playing a variety of sports , including football , basketball , baseball , and golf . At Tivy High School in Kerrville , Texas , he focused on baseball and football . However , in football , sportswriters , coaches , and parents said he `` achieved folk hero status '' and was compared to quarterbacks like Brett Favre , Michael Vick , and Drew Brees . </P> <H2> High school career </H2> <P> At Tivy High School , Manziel played football for four years , beginning with the freshman team in his first year . By the end of his first season , he played with the varsity team as a receiver . He began his sophomore year primarily as a receiver , but started the fourth game at quarterback . He shared that position for the remainder of the season , finishing with 1,164 yards passing , 806 rushing and 408 receiving for a combined 28 touchdowns . His junior year was his first as starting quarterback , and he completed that season with 2,903 passing yards , 1,544 rushing yards , 152 receiving yards and 55 touchdowns . That year , he was voted All - San Antonio Area Offensive Player of the Year as well as District 27 - 4A MVP . </P> <P> During Manziel 's senior season , he compiled 228 - of - 347 ( 65.7 % ) passing for 3,609 yards with 45 touchdowns and five interceptions . He also had 170 carries for 1,674 yards and 30 touchdowns . He had one touchdown reception and returned a kickoff for a touchdown for a combined 77 touchdowns . That year , he was honored as District 28 - 4A MVP ( unanimous selection ) , Class 4A First Team All - State ( AP ) , San Antonio Express - News Offensive Player of the Year ( second year in a row ) , the Associated Press Sports Editors Texas Player of the Year , Sub-5A First Team All - Area ( SA Express - News ) , No. 1 QB in Texas by Dave Campbell 's Texas Football , DCTF Top 300 , PrepStar All - Region and Super-Prep All - Region . </P> <P> For Manziel 's three years as a starter , he completed 520 - of - 819 passes ( 63.5 % ) for 7,626 yards and 76 touchdowns , rushed 531 times for 4,045 yards and 77 touchdowns and caught 30 passes for 582 yards and another five touchdowns . He was the only quarterback in America named as a Parade All - American his senior year , and he was also named The National High School Coaches Association ( NHSCA ) Senior Athlete of the Year in football . He won the Mr. Texas Football award in 2010 . </P> <P> Manziel was highly recruited out of high school ; in addition to Texas A&M , he received offers from Baylor , Colorado State , Iowa State , Louisiana Tech , Oregon , Rice , Stanford , Tulsa , and Wyoming . Although he grew up a Texas Longhorns fan , the University of Texas did not recruit him . Although it was rumored that Texas wanted Manziel at defensive back , Texas coach Mack Brown said the rumor was not true . Though Manziel originally committed to play for Oregon , he later changed his commitment to the Aggies , thanks to the influence of then - quarterbacks coach Tom Rossley . </P> <Dl> <Dt> High school statistics </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Comp </Th> <Th> Att </Th> <Th> Pct </Th> <Th> Yds </Th> <Th> TD </Th> <Th> INT </Th> <Th> Rush att </Th> <Th> Yds </Th> <Th> Avg </Th> <Th> TD </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Tivy </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> 61.7 % </Td> <Td> 1,109 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> 835 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Tivy </Td> <Td> 211 </Td> <Td> 349 </Td> <Td> 60.5 % </Td> <Td> 2,782 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 232 </Td> <Td> 1,529 </Td> <Td> 6.6 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tivy </Td> <Td> 228 </Td> <Td> 347 </Td> <Td> 65.7 % </Td> <Td> 3,609 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> 1,674 </Td> <Td> 9.8 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Total </Td> <Td> 513 </Td> <Td> 816 </Td> <Td> 62.9 % </Td> <Td> 7,500 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 525 </Td> <Td> 4,038 </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <P> Manziel was named to the NUC All World Game ( started by David Schuman and National Underclassmen Combine ) in 2010 where he rushed for over 100 yards and threw for over 200 . It was the first time Manziel dominated on a national stage . He played in the game as a teammate with Oregon QB Marcus Mariota . </P> <Table> US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> High school / college </Th> <Th> Height </Th> <Th> Weight </Th> <Th> 40 </Th> <Th> Commit date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnny Manziel QB </Td> <Td> Kerrville , Texas </Td> <Td> Tivy HS </Td> <Td> 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) </Td> <Td> 190 lb ( 86 kg ) </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> Feb 2 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : N / A ESPN grade : 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> Overall recruiting rankings : Scout : 45 ( QB ) ; 31 ( school ) Rivals : 97 ( QB ) ; 27 ( school ) ESPN : 78 ( QB ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="7"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight . </Li> <Li> In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . </Li> </Ul> <P> Sources : </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Texas A&M Football Commitments '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> `` 2011 Texas A & M College Football Recruiting Commits '' . Scout.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> `` ESPN '' . ESPN.com

Johnny Manziel played college football for the

Who did johnny manziel play college football for?

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Natural resource - wikipedia <H1> Natural resource </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Primary resource '' redirects here . For original sources used in research , see Primary source . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The rainforest in Fatu - Hiva , in the Marquesas Islands , is an example of an undisturbed natural resource . Forest provides timber for humans , food , water and shelter for the flora and fauna tribes and animals . The nutrient cycle between organisms form food chains and biodiversity of species . The Carson Fall in Mount Kinabalu , Malaysia is an example of undisturbed natural resource . Waterfalls provide spring water for humans , animals and plants for survival and also habitat for marine organisms . The water current can be used to turn turbines for hydroelectric generation . The ocean is an example of a natural resource . Ocean waves can be used to generate wave power which is a renewable energy . Ocean water is important for salt production , desalination , and providing habitat for deep water fishes . There are biodiversity of marine species in the sea where nutrient cycles are common . A picture of the Udachnaya pipe , an open - pit diamond mine in Siberia . An example of a non-renewable natural resource . <P> Natural resources are resources that exist without actions of humankind . This includes all valued characteristics such as magnetic , gravitational , electrical properties and forces etc . On earth it includes : sunlight , atmosphere , water , land ( includes all minerals ) along with all vegetation , crops and animal life that naturally subsists upon or within the heretofore identified characteristics and substances . </P> <P> Particular areas such as the rainforest in Fatu - Hiva are often characterized by the biodiversity and geodiversity existent in their ecosystems . Natural resources may be further classified in different ways . Natural resources are materials and components ( something that can be used ) that can be found within the environment . Every man - made product is composed of natural resources ( at its fundamental level ) . A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water , air , and as well as a living organism such as a fish , or it may exist in an alternate form that must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores , rare earth metals , petroleum , and most forms of energy . </P> <P> There is much debate worldwide over natural resource allocations , this is particularly true during periods of increasing scarcity and shortages ( depletion and overconsumption of resources ) but also because the exportation of natural resources is the basis . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Classification </Li> <Li> 2 Extraction </Li> <Li> 3 Depletion of resources </Li> <Li> 4 Protection </Li> <Li> 5 Management </Li> <Li> 6 Natural Resources by country </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Classification ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are various methods of categorizing natural resources , these include source of origin , stage of development , and by their renewability . </P> <P> On the basis of origin , natural resources may be divided into two types : </P> <Ul> <Li> Biotic -- Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere ( living and organic material ) , such as forests and animals , and the materials that can be obtained from them . Fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category because they are formed from decayed organic matter . </Li> <Li> Abiotic -- Abiotic resources are those that come from non-living , non-organic material . Examples of abiotic resources include land , fresh water , air , rare earth metals and heavy metals including ores such as gold , iron , copper , silver , etc . </Li> </Ul> <P> Considering their stage of development , natural resources may be referred to in the following ways : </P> <Ul> <Li> Potential resources -- Potential resources are those that exist in a region and may be used in the future . For example , petroleum occurs with sedimentary rocks in various regions , but until the time it is actually drilled out and put into use , it remains a potential resource . </Li> <Li> Actual resources -- Actual resources are those that have been surveyed , their quantity and quality determined and are being used in present times . The development of an actual resource , such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved . </Li> <Li> Reserve resources -- The part of an actual resource which can be developed profitably in the future is called a reserve resource . </Li> <Li> Stock resources -- Stock resources are those that have been surveyed but can not be used by organisms due to lack of technology . For example : hydrogen . </Li> </Ul> <P> Many natural resources can be categorized as either renewable or non-renewable : </P> <Ul> <Li> Renewable resources -- Renewable resources can be replenished naturally . Some of these resources , like sunlight , air , wind , water , etc. , are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by human consumption . Though many renewable resources do not have such a rapid recovery rate , these resources are susceptible to depletion by over-use . Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable so long as the rate of replenishment / recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption . They replenish easily compared to Non-renewable resources . </Li> <Li> Non-renewable resources -- Non-renewable resources either form slowly or do not naturally form in the environment . Minerals are the most common resource included in this category . By the human perspective , resources are non-renewable when their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of replenishment / recovery ; a good example of this are fossil fuels , which are in this category because their rate of formation is extremely slow ( potentially millions of years ) , meaning they are considered non-renewable . Some resources actually naturally deplete in amount without human interference , the most notable of these being radio - active elements such as uranium , which naturally decay into heavy metals . Of these , the metallic minerals can be re-used by recycling them , but coal and petroleum can not be recycled . Once they are completely used they take millions of years to replenish . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Extraction ( edit ) </H2> <P> Resource extraction involves any activity that withdraws resources from nature . This can range in scale from the traditional use of preindustrial societies , to global industry . Extractive industries are , along with agriculture , the basis of the primary sector of the economy . Extraction produces raw material which is then processed to add value . Examples of extractive industries are hunting , trapping , mining , oil and gas drilling , and forestry . Natural resources can add substantial amounts to a country 's wealth , however a sudden inflow of money caused by a resource boom can create social problems including inflation harming other industries ( `` Dutch disease '' ) and corruption , leading to inequality and underdevelopment , this is known as the `` resource curse '' . </P> <P> Extractive industries represent a large growing activity in many less - developed countries but the wealth generated does not always lead to sustainable and inclusive growth . Extractive industry businesses often are assumed to be interested only in maximizing their short - term value , implying that less - developed countries are vulnerable to powerful corporations . Alternatively , host governments are often assumed to be only maximizing immediate revenue . Researchers argue there are areas of common interest where development goals and business cross . These present opportunities for international governmental agencies to engage with the private sector and host governments through revenue management and expenditure accountability , infrastructure development , employment creation , skills and enterprise development and impacts on children , especially girls and women . </P> <H2> Depletion of resources ( edit ) </H2> Wind is a natural resource that can be used to generate electricity , as with these 5MW wind turbines in Thorntonbank Wind Farm 28 km ( 17 mi ) off the coast of Belgium See also : Exploitation of natural resources <P> In recent years , the depletion of natural resources has become a major focus of governments and organizations such as the United Nations ( UN ) . This is evident in the UN 's Agenda 21 Section Two , which outlines the necessary steps to be taken by countries to sustain their natural resources . The depletion of natural resources is considered to be a sustainable development issue . The term sustainable development has many interpretations , most notably the Brundtland Commission 's ' to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs ' , however in broad terms it is balancing the needs of the planet 's people and species now and in the future . In regards to natural resources , depletion is of concern for sustainable development as it has the ability to degrade current environments and potential to impact the needs of future generations . </P> `` The conservation of natural resources is the fundamental problem . Unless we solve that problem , it will avail us little to solve all others . '' <P> Theodore Roosevelt </P> <P> Depletion of natural resources is associated with social inequity . Considering most biodiversity are located in developing countries , depletion of this resource could result in losses of ecosystem services for these countries . Some view this depletion as a major source of social unrest and conflicts in developing nations . </P> <P> At present , with it being the year of the forest , there is particular concern for rainforest regions which hold most of the Earth 's biodiversity . According to Nelson deforestation and degradation affect 8.5 % of the world 's forests with 30 % of the Earth 's surface already cropped . If we consider that 80 % of people rely on medicines obtained from plants and 3⁄4 of the world 's prescription medicines have ingredients taken from plants , loss of the world 's rainforests could result in a loss of finding more potential life saving medicines . </P> <P> The depletion of natural resources is caused by ' direct drivers of change ' such as Mining , petroleum extraction , fishing and forestry as well as ' indirect drivers of change ' such as demography , economy , society , politics and technology . The current practice of Agriculture is another factor causing depletion of natural resources . For example , the depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive use of nitrogen and desertification . The depletion of natural resources is a continuing concern for society . This is seen in the cited quote given by Theodore Roosevelt , a well - known conservationist and former United States president , who was opposed to unregulated natural resource extraction . </P> <H2> Protection ( edit ) </H2> See also : Environmental protection <P> In 1982 , the UN developed the World Charter for Nature , which recognized the need to protect nature from further depletion due to human activity . It states that measures need to be taken at all societal levels , from international to individual , to protect nature . It outlines the need for sustainable use of natural resources and suggests that the protection of resources should be incorporated into

Natural resources can be divided into two categories,

Natural resources can be divided into what two categories?

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eastern region , especially in the states of Brandenburg and Mecklenburg - Vorpommern ( 1296 and 863 pairs in 2008 respectively ) . Apart from Spain and Portugal ( 33,217 and 7,684 pairs in 2004 / 05 respectively ) , populations are generally much less stable . The Danish population declined to just three pairs in 2005 . In the eastern Mediterranean region Turkey has a sizeable population of 6195 pairs , and Greece 2139 pairs . In Western Europe the white stork remains a rare bird despite conservation efforts . In 2004 France had only 973 pairs , and the Netherlands 528 pairs . In Armenia the population of the White Stork is slightly increasing in the period between 2005 and 2015 , and by last data makes 652 pairs . </P> <P> In the early 1980s , the population had fallen to fewer than nine pairs in the entire upper Rhine River valley , an area closely identified with the white stork for centuries . Conservation efforts successfully increased the population of birds there to 270 pairs ( in 2008 ) , largely due to the actions of the Association for the Protection and Reintroduction of Storks in Alsace and Lorraine . The reintroduction of zoo - reared birds has halted further declines in Italy , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . There were 601 pairs breeding in Armenia and around 700 pairs in the Netherlands in 2008 , and few pairs also breed in South Africa , typically recent colonists from within the normal wintering population . In Poland , electric poles have been modified with a platform at the top to prevent the white stork 's large nest from disrupting the electricity supply , and sometimes nests are moved from an electric pole to a man - made platform . Introductions of zoo - reared birds in the Netherlands has been followed up by feeding and nest - building programs by volunteers . Similar reintroduction programs are taking place in Sweden , and Switzerland , where 175 pairs were recorded breeding in 2000 . Long term viability of the population in Switzerland is unclear as breeding success rates are low , and supplementary feeding does not appear to be of benefit . </P> <H2> Cultural associations ( edit ) </H2> Bociany ( Storks ) , a painting by Józef Chełmoński ( 1849 -- 1914 ) <P> Due to its large size , predation on vermin , and nesting behaviour close to human settlements and on rooftops , the white stork has an imposing presence that has influenced human culture and folklore . The Hebrew word for the white stork is chasidah ( חסידה ) , meaning `` merciful '' or `` kind '' . Greek and Roman mythology portray storks as models of parental devotion , and it was believed that they did not die of old age , but flew to islands and took the appearance of humans . The bird is featured in at least three of Aesop 's Fables : The Fox and the Stork , The Farmer and the Stork , and The Frogs Who Desired a King . Storks were also thought to care for their aged parents , feeding them and even transporting them , and children 's books depicted them as a model of filial values . A Greek law called Pelargonia , from the Ancient Greek word pelargos for stork , required citizens to take care of their aged parents . The Greeks also held that killing a stork could be punished with death . It was allegedly protected in Ancient Thessaly as it hunted snakes , and widely held to be Virgil 's `` white bird '' . Roman writers noted the white stork 's arrival in spring , which alerted farmers to plant their vines . </P> <P> Followers of Islam revered storks because they made an annual pilgrimage to Mecca on their migration . Some of the earliest understanding on bird migration were initiated by an interest in white storks ; Pfeilstörche ( `` arrow storks '' ) were found in Europe with African arrows embedded in their bodies . A well - known example of such a stork found in the summer of 1822 in the German town of Klütz in Mecklenburg was made into a mounted taxidermy specimen , complete with the ornate African arrow , that is now in the University of Rostock . </P> Supposed filial virtues of the stork <P> Storks have little fear of humans if not disturbed , and often nest on buildings in Europe . In Germany , the presence of a nest on a house was believed to protect against fires . They were also protected because of the belief that their souls were human . German and Dutch households would encourage storks to nest on houses , sometimes by constructing purpose - built high platforms , to bring good luck . Poles , Lithuanians and Ukrainians believe that storks bring harmony to a family on whose property they nest . </P> <P> The white stork is a popular motif on postage stamps , and it is featured on more than 120 stamps issued by more than 60 stamp - issuing entities . It is the national bird of Lithuania and Belarus , and it was a Polish mascot at the Expo 2000 Fair in Hanover . In the 19th century , storks were also thought to only live in countries having a republican form of government . Polish poet Cyprian Kamil Norwid mentioned storks in his poem Moja piosnka ( II ) ( `` My Song ( II ) '' ) : </P> <P> For the land where it 's a great travesty To harm a stork 's nest in a pear tree , For storks serve us all ... I am homesick , Lord ! ... </P> -- translated by Walter Whipple <H3> Storks and childbirth ( edit ) </H3> Der Klapperstorch ( The Stork ) , a painting by Carl Spitzweg ( 1808 -- 1885 ) <P> According to European folklore , the stork is responsible for bringing babies to new parents . The legend is very ancient , but was popularised by a 19th - century Hans Christian Andersen story called The Storks . German folklore held that storks found babies in caves or marshes and brought them to households in a basket on their backs or held in their beaks . These caves contained adebarsteine or `` stork stones '' . The babies would then be given to the mother or dropped down the chimney . Households would notify when they wanted children by placing sweets for the stork on the window sill . From there the folklore has spread around the world to the Philippines and countries in South America . Birthmarks on the back of the head of newborn baby , nevus flammeus nuchae , are sometimes referred to as stork - bite . </P> Stork bringing baby - Colmar , Alsace <P> In Slavic mythology and religion , storks were thought to carry unborn souls from Vyraj to Earth in spring and summer . This belief still persists in the modern folk culture of many Slavic countries , in the simplified child story that `` storks bring children into the world '' . Storks were seen by the Slavs as bringing luck , and killing one would bring misfortune . A long - term study that showed a spurious correlation between the numbers of stork nests and human births is widely used in the teaching of basic statistics as an example to highlight that correlation does not necessarily indicate causation . The child - bringing myth has appeared in different forms in history . Children of African American slaves were sometimes told that white babies were brought by storks , while black babies were born from buzzard eggs . </P> <P> Psychoanalyst Marvin Margolis suggests the enduring nature of the stork fable of the newborn is linked to its addressing a psychological need , in that it allays the discomfort of discussing sex and procreation with children . Birds have long been associated with the maternal symbols from pagan goddesses such as Juno to the Holy Ghost , and the stork may have been chosen for its white plumage ( depicting purity ) , size ( in that it is big enough to carry an infant ) , and flight at high altitude ( likened to flying between Earth and Heaven ) . The fable and its relation to the internal world of the child have been discussed by Sigmund Freud , and Carl Jung . In fact , Jung recalled being told the story himself upon the birth of his own sister . The traditional link with the newborn continues with their use in advertising for such products as nappies and birth announcements . </P> <P> There were negative aspects to stork folklore as well ; a Polish folk tale relates how God made the stork 's plumage white , while the Devil gave it black wings , imbuing it with both good and evil impulses . They were also associated with handicapped or stillborn babies in Germany , explained as the stork having dropped the baby en route to the household , or as revenge or punishment for past wrongdoing . A mother who was confined to bed around the time of childbirth was said to have been `` bitten '' by the stork . In Denmark , storks were said to toss a nestling off the nest and then an egg in successive years . In medieval England , storks were also associated with adultery , possibly inspired by their courtship rituals . Their preening and posture saw them linked with the attribute of self - conceit . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The universally accepted starting point of modern taxonomy for animals is set at 1758 , with the publishing of Linnaeus ' 10th edition of Systema Naturae , although scientists had been coining names in the previous century . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ By convention , length is measured from the tip of the bill to the tip of the tail on a dead bird ( or skin ) laid on its back . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : BirdLife International ( 2012 ) . `` Ciconia ciconia '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Willughby , Francis ( 1681 ) . The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick , esq ... : . London , United Kingdom : A.C. for John Martyn . p. 286 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Polaszek , Andrew ( 2010 ) . Systema Naturae 250 - The Linnaean Ark . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . p. 34 . ISBN 9781420095029 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Linnaeus , Carl ( 1758 ) . Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae , Secundum Classes , Ordines , Genera , Species , cum Characteribus , Differentiis , Synonymis , Locis ( in Latin ) . Vol . I ( 10th revised ed . ) . Holmiae : ( Laurentii Salvii ) . p. 142 -- via The Internet Archive . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brisson , Mathurin Jacques ( 1760 ) . Ornithologie ou , Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres , Sections , Genres , Espéces & Leurs Variétés ( in French ) . Vol. 1 . Paris : C.J.B. Bauche . p. 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boles , Walter E. ( 2005 ) . `` A review of the Australian fossil storks of the genus Ciconia ( Aves : Ciconiidae ) , with the description of a new species '' ( PDF ) . Records of the Australian Museum . 57 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 78 . doi : 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.57. 2005.1440 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ;

In Western culture, the white stork is a symbol of

What is the white stork a symbol for in western culture?

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Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017 -- 18 - Wikipedia <H1> Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017 -- 18 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017 -- 18 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dates </Th> <Td colspan="3"> 5 January 2018 -- 24 February 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captains </Th> <Td> Faf du Plessis ( Tests and ODIs ) JP Duminy ( T20Is ) </Td> <Td> Virat Kohli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> Test series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td colspan="3"> South Africa won the 3 - match series 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most runs </Th> <Td> AB de Villiers ( 211 ) </Td> <Td> Virat Kohli ( 286 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most wickets </Th> <Td> Vernon Philander ( 15 ) Kagiso Rabada ( 15 ) </Td> <Td> Mohammed Shami ( 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Player of the series </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Vernon Philander ( SA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> One Day International series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Results </Th> <Td colspan="3"> India won the 6 - match series 5 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most runs </Th> <Td> Hashim Amla ( 154 ) </Td> <Td> Virat Kohli ( 558 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most wickets </Th> <Td> Lungi Ngidi ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> Kuldeep Yadav ( 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Player of the series </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Virat Kohli ( Ind ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> Twenty20 International series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Results </Th> <Td colspan="3"> India won the 3 - match series 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most runs </Th> <Td> JP Duminy ( 122 ) </Td> <Td> Shikhar Dhawan ( 143 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most wickets </Th> <Td> Junior Dala ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Player of the series </Th> <Td colspan="3"> Bhuvneshwar Kumar ( Ind ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The India cricket team toured South Africa in January and February 2018 to play three Tests , six One Day Internationals ( ODIs ) and three Twenty20 International ( T20I ) matches . In January 2017 , Cricket South Africa ( CSA ) revealed that this tour would replace the scheduled visit by Sri Lanka due to costs and scheduling congestion . The Test series was played for the Freedom Trophy , with South Africa winning the trophy following victories in the first two Tests . South Africa went on to win the Test series 2 -- 1 . It was the first Test series of three matches or more in which all 40 wickets fell in each match of the series . With India 's win the third Test , they retained the number one place in the ICC Test Championship , taking an unassailable lead before the April 2018 cut - off date for next season 's rankings . </P> <P> In August 2017 , it was announced that the traditional Boxing Day Test at Kingsmead will not take place , as India 's home series against Sri Lanka will not conclude until 24 December 2017 . The following month it was announced that tour would likely to start on 5 January 2018 . CSA confirmed the fixtures in September 2017 . Before the Test matches , India were scheduled to play in a two - day warm - up match at Boland Park , Paarl . However , this was cancelled , as India opted to do training sessions instead of the match . </P> <P> The Test series marked Dale Steyn 's return to international cricket . He last played in a Test match for South Africa in November 2016 against Australia in Perth , where he suffered a shoulder injury . However , on day two of the first Test , Steyn damaged his left heel . This ruled him out of the rest of the Test , with a recovery time of 4 to 6 weeks . Two days later , he was ruled out of the rest of the series . </P> <P> During the first ODI , South Africa 's captain , Faf du Plessis , suffered a finger injury and was ruled out of the remaining ODI matches . Aiden Markram was named as South Africa 's captain for the remaining ODI fixtures , becoming the second - youngest South African to lead South Africa in ODIs . </P> <P> India ensured an ODI series victory after beating South Africa by 73 runs in the fifth match , after they had already won the first three fixtures . This resulted in India 's first ODI series win in South Africa , with India maintaining their number one ranking in the ICC ODI Championship . India went on to win the ODI series 5 -- 1 . Virat Kohli scored the most runs in a bilateral ODI series by a player , with 558 . India were also victorious in the T20I matches , winning the series 2 -- 1 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Squads </Li> <Li> 2 Test series <Ul> <Li> 2.1 1st Test </Li> <Li> 2.2 2nd Test </Li> <Li> 2.3 3rd Test </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 ODI series <Ul> <Li> 3.1 1st ODI </Li> <Li> 3.2 2nd ODI </Li> <Li> 3.3 3rd ODI </Li> <Li> 3.4 4th ODI </Li> <Li> 3.5 5th ODI </Li> <Li> 3.6 6th ODI </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 T20I series <Ul> <Li> 4.1 1st T20I </Li> <Li> 4.2 2nd T20I </Li> <Li> 4.3 3rd T20I </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Squads ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tests </Th> <Th colspan="2"> ODIs </Th> <Th colspan="2"> T20Is </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Africa </Th> <Th> India </Th> <Th> South Africa </Th> <Th> India </Th> <Th> South Africa </Th> <Th> India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Faf du Plessis ( c ) </Li> <Li> Hashim Amla </Li> <Li> Temba Bavuma </Li> <Li> Theunis de Bruyn </Li> <Li> Quinton de Kock ( wk ) </Li> <Li> AB de Villiers </Li> <Li> Dean Elgar </Li> <Li> Keshav Maharaj </Li> <Li> Aiden Markram </Li> <Li> Morné Morkel </Li> <Li> Chris Morris </Li> <Li> Duanne Olivier </Li> <Li> Lungi Ngidi </Li> <Li> Andile Phehlukwayo </Li> <Li> Vernon Philander </Li> <Li> Kagiso Rabada </Li> <Li> Dale Steyn </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Virat Kohli ( c ) </Li> <Li> Ajinkya Rahane ( vc ) </Li> <Li> Ravichandran Ashwin </Li> <Li> Jasprit Bumrah </Li> <Li> Shikhar Dhawan </Li> <Li> Ravindra Jadeja </Li> <Li> Dinesh Karthik </Li> <Li> Bhuvneshwar Kumar </Li> <Li> Hardik Pandya </Li> <Li> Parthiv Patel </Li> <Li> Cheteshwar Pujara </Li> <Li> K.L. Rahul </Li> <Li> Wriddhiman Saha ( wk ) </Li> <Li> Mohammed Shami </Li> <Li> Ishant Sharma </Li> <Li> Rohit Sharma </Li> <Li> Murali Vijay </Li> <Li> Umesh Yadav </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Faf du Plessis ( c ) </Li> <Li> Hashim Amla </Li> <Li> Farhaan Behardien </Li> <Li> Quinton de Kock ( wk ) </Li> <Li> AB de Villiers </Li> <Li> JP Duminy </Li> <Li> Imran Tahir </Li> <Li> Heinrich Klaasen </Li> <Li> Aiden Markram </Li> <Li> David Miller </Li> <Li> Morné Morkel </Li> <Li> Chris Morris </Li> <Li> Lungi Ngidi </Li> <Li> Andile Phehlukwayo </Li> <Li> Kagiso Rabada </Li> <Li> Tabraiz Shamsi </Li> <Li> Khaya Zondo </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Virat Kohli ( c ) </Li> <Li> Rohit Sharma ( vc ) </Li> <Li> Jasprit Bumrah </Li> <Li> Yuzvendra Chahal </Li> <Li> Shikhar Dhawan </Li> <Li> MS Dhoni ( wk ) </Li> <Li> Shreyas Iyer </Li> <Li> Kedar Jadhav </Li> <Li> Dinesh Karthik </Li> <Li> Bhuvneshwar Kumar </Li> <Li> Manish Pandey </Li> <Li> Hardik Pandya </Li> <Li> Axar Patel </Li> <Li> Ajinkya Rahane </Li> <Li> Mohammed Shami </Li> <Li> Shardul Thakur </Li> <Li> Kuldeep Yadav </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> JP Duminy ( c ) </Li> <Li> Farhaan Behardien </Li> <Li> Junior Dala </Li> <Li> AB de Villiers </Li> <Li> Reeza Hendricks </Li> <Li> Christiaan Jonker </Li> <Li> Heinrich Klaasen ( wk ) </Li> <Li> David Miller </Li> <Li> Chris Morris </Li> <Li> Dane Paterson </Li> <Li> Aaron Phangiso </Li> <Li> Andile Phehlukwayo </Li> <Li> Tabraiz Shamsi </Li> <Li> JJ Smuts </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Virat Kohli ( c ) </Li> <Li> Rohit Sharma ( vc ) </Li> <Li> Jasprit Bumrah </Li> <Li> Yuzvendra Chahal </Li> <Li> Shikhar Dhawan </Li> <Li> MS Dhoni ( wk ) </Li> <Li> Bhuvneshwar Kumar </Li> <Li> Dinesh Karthik </Li> <Li> Manish Pandey </Li> <Li> Hardik Pandya </Li> <Li> Axar Patel </Li> <Li> K.L. Rahul </Li> <Li> Suresh Raina </Li> <Li> Shardul Thakur </Li> <Li> Jaydev Unadkat </Li> <Li> Kuldeep Yadav </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Duanne Olivier and Lungi Ngidi were added to South Africa 's squad for the second Test after Dale Steyn suffered an injury during the first Test . Dinesh Karthik was called up as replacement to India 's Test squad for Wriddhiman Saha after Saha was ruled out of the series due to an injury in training . Temba Bavuma suffered a finger injury in a domestic one - day game and was ruled out of South Africa 's squad ahead of the third and final Test . South Africa 's AB de Villiers was ruled out of first three ODIs due to a finger injury . He was added back into South Africa 's squad for the final three matches . </P> <P> Following the first ODI , Faf du Plessis was ruled out of South Africa 's squad for the remaining ODI matches and the T20I series , after suffering a finger injury . Du Plessis was replaced by Farhaan Behardien in the ODI squad and Heinrich Klaasen was added to South Africa 's squad as a reserve wicket - keeper . Aiden Markram was named as captain of South Africa for the remaining ODIs in du Plessis ' absence . South Africa 's Quinton de Kock suffered an injury during the second ODI and was ruled out of the rest of the ODI matches and the T20I series . </P> <P> AB de Villiers was ruled out of South Africa 's squad for the T20I series after suffering an injury before the fifth ODI match . </P> <H2> Test series ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1st Test ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 5 -- 9 January 2018 Scorecard </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 286 ( 73.1 overs ) AB de Villiers 65 ( 84 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 4 / 87 ( 19 overs ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 209 ( 73.4 overs ) Hardik Pandya 93 ( 95 ) Vernon Philander 3 / 33 ( 14.3 overs ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 130 ( 41.2 overs ) AB de Villiers 35 ( 50 ) Mohammed Shami 3 / 28 ( 12 overs ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 135 ( 42.4 overs ) Ravichandran Ashwin 37 ( 53 ) Vernon Philander 6 / 42 ( 15.4 overs ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> South Africa won by 72 runs Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town Umpires : Michael Gough ( Eng ) and Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) Player of the match : Vernon Philander ( SA ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . </Li> <Li> No play was possible on day 3 due to rain . </Li> <Li> Jasprit Bumrah ( Ind ) made his Test debut . </Li> <Li> Wriddhiman Saha became the first wicket - keeper for India to take ten catches in a single Test . </Li> </Ul> <H3> 2nd Test ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 13 -- 17 January 2018 Scorecard </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 335 ( 113.5 overs ) Aiden Markram 94 ( 150 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 4 / 113 ( 38.5 overs ) </Td> <Td>

The highest runs scored in the India-South Africa Test series in 2018 was

India south africa test series 2018 highest runs?

-5202207990213031495

Oligodynamic effect - wikipedia <H1> Oligodynamic effect </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Silver spoons self - sanitize due to the oligodynamic effect <P> The oligodynamic effect ( from Greek oligos `` few '' , and dynamis `` force '' ) is a biocidal effect of metals , especially heavy metals , that occurs even in low concentrations . The effect was discovered by Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli , although he did not identify the cause . Brass doorknobs and silverware both exhibit this effect to an extent . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Mechanism </Li> <Li> 2 Use <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Aluminium </Li> <Li> 2.2 Antimony </Li> <Li> 2.3 Arsenic </Li> <Li> 2.4 Barium </Li> <Li> 2.5 Bismuth </Li> <Li> 2.6 Boron </Li> <Li> 2.7 Copper </Li> <Li> 2.8 Gold </Li> <Li> 2.9 Lead </Li> <Li> 2.10 Mercury </Li> <Li> 2.11 Nickel </Li> <Li> 2.12 Silver </Li> <Li> 2.13 Thallium </Li> <Li> 2.14 Tin </Li> <Li> 2.15 Zinc </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Safety </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Mechanism ( edit ) </H2> <P> The metals react with thiol ( - SH ) or amine ( - NH ) groups of proteins , a mode of action to which microorganisms may develop resistance . Such resistance may be transmitted by plasmids . </P> <H2> Use ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Aluminium ( edit ) </H3> <P> Aluminium acetate ( Burow 's solution ) is used as an astringent mild antiseptic . Aluminium - based antiperspirant ingredients ( `` aluminium salts '' ) such as aluminium chlorohydrate , activated aluminium chlorohydrates , and aluminium - zirconium - glycine ( AZG ) complexes work by forming superficial plugs in the sweat ducts , reducing the flow of perspiration . </P> <H3> Antimony ( edit ) </H3> <P> Orthoesters of diarylstibinic acids are fungicides and bactericides , used in paints , plastics , and fibers . Trivalent organic antimony was used in therapy for schistosomiasis . </P> <H3> Arsenic ( edit ) </H3> <P> For many decades , arsenic was used medicinally to treat syphilis . It is still used in sheep dips , rat poisons , wood preservatives , weed killers , and other pesticides . Arsenic is also still used for murder by poisoning , for which use it has a long and continuing history in both literature and fact . </P> <H3> Barium ( edit ) </H3> <P> Barium polysulfide is a fungicide and acaricide used in fruit and grape growing . </P> <H3> Bismuth ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bismuth compounds have been used because of their astringent , antiphlogistic , bacteriostatic , and disinfecting actions . In dermatology bismuth subgallate is still used in vulnerary salves and powders as well as in antimycotics . In the past , bismuth has also been used to treat syphilis and malaria . </P> <H3> Boron ( edit ) </H3> <P> Boric acid esters derived from glycols ( example , organo - borate formulation , Biobor JF ) are being used for the control of microorganisms in fuel systems containing water . </P> <H3> Copper ( edit ) </H3> <P> Brass vessels release a small amount of copper ions into stored water , thus killing fecal bacterial counts as high as 1 million bacteria per milliliter . </P> <P> Copper sulfate mixed with lime is used as a fungicide and antihelminthic . Copper sulfate is used chiefly to destroy green algae ( algicide ) that grow in reservoirs , stock ponds , swimming pools , and fish tanks . Copper 8 - hydroxyquinoline is sometimes included in paint to prevent mildew . </P> <P> Paint containing copper is used on boat bottoms to prevent barnacle growth </P> <H3> Gold ( edit ) </H3> <P> Gold is used in dental inlays and inhibits the growth of bacteria . </P> <H3> Lead ( edit ) </H3> <P> Physicians prescribed various forms of lead to heal ailments ranging from constipation to infectious diseases such as the plague . Lead was also used to preserve or sweeten wine . Lead arsenate is used in insecticides and herbicides . Some organic lead compounds are used as industrial biocides : thiomethyl triphenyllead is used as an antifungal agent , cotton preservative , and lubricant additive ; thiopropyl triphenyllead as a rodent repellant ; tributyllead acetate as a wood and cotton preservative ; tributyllead imidazole as a lubricant additive and cotton preservative . </P> <H3> Mercury ( edit ) </H3> <P> Phenylmercuric borate and acetate were used for disinfecting mucous membranes at an effective concentration of 0.07 % in aqueous solutions . Due to toxicological and ecotoxicological reasons phenylmercury salts are no longer in use . However , some surgeons use mercurochrome despite toxicological objections . Dental amalgam used in fillings inhibits bacterial reproduction . </P> <P> Organic mercury compounds have been used as topical disinfectants ( thimerosal , nitromersol and merbromin ) and preservatives in medical preparations ( thimerosal ) and grain products ( both methyl and ethyl mercurials ) . Mercury was used in the treatment of syphilis . Calomel was commonly used in infant teething powders in the 1930s and 1940s . Mercurials are also used agriculturally as insecticides and fungicides . </P> <H3> Nickel ( edit ) </H3> <P> The toxicity of nickel to bacteria , yeasts , and fungi differs considerably . </P> <H3> Silver ( edit ) </H3> <P> The metabolism of bacteria is adversely affected by silver ions at concentrations of 0.01 -- 0.1 mg / L. Therefore , even less soluble silver compounds , such as silver chloride , also act as bactericides or germicides , but not the much less soluble silver sulfide . In the presence of atmospheric oxygen , metallic silver also has a bactericidal effect due to the formation of silver oxide , which is soluble enough to cause it . Bactericidal concentrations are reduced rapidly by adding colloidal silver , which has a high surface area . Even objects with a solid silver surface ( e.g. , table silver , silver coins , or silver foil ) have a bactericidal effect . Silver drinking vessels were carried by military commanders on expeditions for protection against disease . It was once common to place silver foil or even silver coins on wounds for the same reason . </P> <P> Silver sulfadiazine is used as an antiseptic ointment for extensive burns . An equilibrium dispersion of colloidal silver with dissolved silver ions can be used to purify drinking water at sea . Silver is incorporated into medical implants and devices such as catheters . Surfacine ( silver iodide ) is a relatively new antimicrobial for application to surfaces . Silver - impregnated wound dressings have proven especially useful against antibiotic - resistant bacteria . Silver nitrate is used as a hemostatic , antiseptic and astringent . At one time , many states required that the eyes of newborns be treated with a few drops of silver nitrate to guard against an infection of the eyes called gonorrheal neonatal ophthalmia , which the infants might have contracted as they passed through the birth canal . Silver ions are increasingly incorporated into many hard surfaces , such as plastics and steel , as a way to control microbial growth on items such as toilet seats , stethoscopes , and even refrigerator doors . Among the newer products being sold are plastic food containers infused with silver nanoparticies , which are intended to keep food fresher , and silver - infused athletic shirts and socks , which claim to minimize odors . </P> <H3> Thallium ( edit ) </H3> <P> Thallium compounds such as thallium sulfate have been used for impregnating wood and leather to kill fungal spores and bacteria , and for the protection of textiles from attack by moths . Thallium sulfate has been used as a depilatory and in the treatment of venereal disease , skin fungal infections , and tuberculosis . </P> <H3> Tin ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tetrabutyltin is used as an antifouling paint for ships , for the prevention of slimes in industrial recirculating water systems , for combating freshwater snails that cause bilharzia , as a wood and textile preservative , and as a disinfectant . Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide is used as an acaricide . Triphenyltin hydroxide and triphenyltin acetate are used as fungicides . </P> <H3> Zinc ( edit ) </H3> <P> Zinc oxide is used as a weak antiseptic ( and sunscreen ) , and in paints as a white pigment and mold - growth inhibitor . Zinc chloride is a common ingredient in mouthwashes and deodorants , and zinc pyrithione is an ingredient in antidandruff shampoos . Galvanized ( zinc - coated ) fittings on roofs impede the growth of algae . Copper - and zinc - treated shingles are available . Zinc iodide and zinc sulfate are used as topical antiseptics . </P> <H2> Safety ( edit ) </H2> <P> Besides the individual toxic effects of each metal , a wide range of metals are nephrotoxic in humans and / or in animals . Some metals and their compounds are carcinogenic to humans . A few metals , such as lead and mercury , can cross the placental barrier and impact fetal development . Several ( cadmium , zinc , copper , and mercury ) can induce special protein complexes called metallothioneins . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Medical uses of silver </Li> <Li> Antimicrobial properties of copper </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Nägeli , Karl Wilhelm ( 1893 ) , `` Über oligodynamische Erscheinungen in lebenden Zellen '' , Neue Denkschriften der allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft , XXXIII ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harke , Hans - P. ( 2007 ) , `` Disinfectants '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 17 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a08_551 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berth - Jones , John ( 2010 ) , `` Topical Therapy '' , in Burns , Tony ; Breathnach , Stephen ; Cox , Neil ; Griffiths , Christopher , Rook 's Textbook of Dermatology , 4 ( 8th ed . ) , Wiley - Blackwell , p . 73.16 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 6169 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cai , Zhengwei ; Hakkinen , Pertti J. ( 2005 ) , `` Deodorants and Antiperspirants '' , in Wexler , Philip , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 1 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , pp. 737 -- 738 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grund , Sabina C. ; Hanusch , Kunibert ; Breunig , Hans J. ; Wolf , Hans Uwe ( 2007 ) , `` Antimony and Antimony Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 34 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a03_055. pub2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leikin , Jerrold B. ; Paloucek , Frank P. , eds. ( 2008 ) , `` Antimony '' , Poisoning and Toxicology Handbook ( 4th ed . ) , Informa , p. 753 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4200 - 4479 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kapp , Robert ( 2005 ) , `` Arsenic '' , Encyclopedia of Toxicology , 1 ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier , pp. 168 -- 171 , ISBN 0 - 12 - 745354 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kresse , Robert ; Baudis , Ulrich ; Jäger , Paul ; Riechers , H. Hermann ; Wagner , Heinz ; Winkler , Jochen ; Wolf , Hans Uwe ( 2007 ) , `` Barium and Barium Compounds '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) , Wiley , pp. 1 -- 21 , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a03_325. pub2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krüger , Joachim ; Winkler , Peter ;

The oligodynamic effect is a phenomenon that describes

The oligodynamic effect is a phenomenon that describes?

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Ledford III </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1971 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> White </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Arthur , Thomas Douglas `` Tommy '' Thomas Douglas `` Tommy '' Arthur </Td> <Td> 000000001941 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1941 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Melson , Robert Bryant Robert Bryant Melson </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1971 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Black </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Morva , William Charles William Charles Morva </Td> <Td> 000000001982 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1982 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> White </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Phillips , Ronald Ray Ronald Ray Phillips </Td> <Td> 000000001973 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1973 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Preyor , Taichin Taichin Preyor </Td> <Td> 000000001970 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 1970 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Black </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Asay , Mark James Mark James Asay </Td> <Td> 000000001964 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1964 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> White </Td> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Otte , Gary Wayne Gary Wayne Otte </Td> <Td> 000000001971 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 1971 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Lambrix , Michael Ray Michael Ray Lambrix </Td> <Td> 000000001960 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1960 </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Pruett , Robert Lynn Robert Lynn Pruett </Td> <Td> 000000001979 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1979 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> McNabb , Torrey Twane Torrey Twane McNabb </Td> <Td> 000000001977 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1977 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Black </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 000000002017 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Hannon , Patrick Charles Patrick Charles Hannon </Td> <Td> 000000001964 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1964 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> White </Td> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Cardenas Ramirez , Ruben Ruben Cardenas Ramirez </Td> <Td> 000000001970 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1970 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Hispanic </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> </Th> <Th> Average : </Th> <Th> 47 years </Th> <Th> 25 years </Th> <Th> 22 years </Th> <Th colspan="5"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Gender </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Female </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Ethnicity </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 56 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 35 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hispanic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> State </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 30 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Month </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 - 39 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 22 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 - 49 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 48 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 - 59 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 22 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 - 69 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 - 79 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Day </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monday </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tuesday </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wednesday </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 30 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thursday </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 43 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Friday </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saturday </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sunday </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Th> 100 % </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Executions in recent years ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Number of executions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 52 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Double execution in Arkansas ( edit ) </H2> See also : Capital punishment in Arkansas and List of individuals executed in Arkansas <P> On April 24 , 2017 , Arkansas carried out back - to - back executions . Convicted rapist and murderer Jack Jones , age 52 , was pronounced dead at 7 : 20 pm Monday . Approximately three hours later , convicted rapist and murderer Marcel Williams , age 46 , was pronounced dead at 10 : 33 pm . Jones was sentenced to death for the 1995 rape and murder of Mary Phillips ( August 18 , 1959 - June 6 , 1995 ) and the near - fatal assault of her then - 10 - year - old daughter , Lacy Phillips ( born July 9 , 1984 ) , during a botched robbery in Bald Knob , Arkansas . Williams was sent to death row for the 1994 rape and murder of 22 - year - old Stacy Errickson , whom he kidnapped from a gas station in central Arkansas . </P> <P> The last double execution in Arkansas was on September 8 , 1999 . By conducting the double execution in 2017 , Arkansas became the first U.S. state to put more than one inmate to death on the same day in 17 years . The last state to do so was Texas , which executed two murderers in August 2000 . Oklahoma planned a double execution in 2014 but scrapped plans for the second one after the first ( the execution of Clayton Lockett ) went awry . </P> <P> Arkansas executed four men in an eight - day period in 1960 . The only quicker pace included quadruple executions in 1926 and 1930 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of death row inmates in the United States </Li> <Li> List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States since 1976 </Li> <Li> List of most recent executions by jurisdiction </Li> <Li> List of offenders scheduled to be executed in the United States </Li> <Li> List of women executed in the United States since 1976 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offender Information -- Christopher Wilkins '' , Texas Department of Criminal Justice </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offender Information -- Terry Edwards '' , Texas Department of Criminal Justice </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offender Information -- Rolando Ruiz Jr . '' , Texas Department of Criminal Justice </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Remorseful hit man in Texas murder - for

The last person to be executed in the US was

Who was last person to be executed in us?

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bn </Td> <Td> $4,560 </Td> <Td> 7.65 % </Td> <Td> $37 bn </Td> <Td> $2.65 bn </Td> <Td> $32,000 </Td> <Td> $3.2 bn ( 1.2 % ) </Td> <Td> 57.7 % ( Age 15 ) </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 16 % </Td> <Td> 92 % </Td> <Td> 54 % </Td> <Td> 12.4 % </Td> <Td> 0.570 <P> ( 142 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 5.73 <P> ( 86 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 0 <P> ( 124 ) </P> </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> 797,765 </Td> <Td> $2.2 bn </Td> <Td> $6.3 bn </Td> <Td> $8,158 </Td> <Td> 6.4 % </Td> <Td> $0.7 bn </Td> <Td> $63 mln </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 52.8 % ( age 15 ) </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 23.7 % </Td> <Td> 91 % </Td> <Td> 78 % </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0.605 <P> ( 132 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 4.93 <P> ( 101 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 0.305 <P> ( 107 ) </P> </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1,324,171,354 </Td> <Td> $2,439.0 bn </Td> <Td> $9,446.8 bn </Td> <Td> $7,174 </Td> <Td> 7.3 % </Td> <Td> $464.0 bn </Td> <Td> $31.0 bn </Td> <Td> $422,532.5 </Td> <Td> $45 bn ( 1.9 % ) </Td> <Td> 74.4 % ( age 15 ) </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 21.9 % </Td> <Td> 94 % </Td> <Td> 69 % </Td> <Td> 15.2 % </Td> <Td> 0.609 <P> ( 130 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 7.74 <P> ( 35 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 4.222 <P> ( 39 ) </P> </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> 427,756 </Td> <Td> $3.0 bn </Td> <Td> $5.2 bn </Td> <Td> $14,980 </Td> <Td> 4.5 % </Td> <Td> $0.28 bn </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> $356 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 99 % ( age 15 ) </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 16 % </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 5.2 % </Td> <Td> 0.706 <P> ( 104 ) </P> </Td> <Td> __ </Td> <Td> __ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> 28,982,771 </Td> <Td> $21.6 bn </Td> <Td> $70.7 bn </Td> <Td> $2,488 </Td> <Td> 5.5 % </Td> <Td> $1.0 bn </Td> <Td> $10 mln </Td> <Td> $5,439 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 66 % ( age 15 ) </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 25.2 % </Td> <Td> 98 % </Td> <Td> 67 % </Td> <Td> 7.8 % </Td> <Td> 0.548 <P> ( 145 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 4.77 <P> ( 105 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 4.791 <P> ( 32 ) </P> </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 193,203,476 </Td> <Td> $250 bn </Td> <Td> $928.0 bn </Td> <Td> $4,886 </Td> <Td> 4.2 % </Td> <Td> $25.1 bn </Td> <Td> $0.709 bn ( 2014 ) </Td> <Td> $16,305 </Td> <Td> $7.4 bn ( 3.5 % ) </Td> <Td> 55 % ( age 15 ) </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 22.6 % </Td> <Td> 72 % </Td> <Td> 34 % </Td> <Td> 22 % </Td> <Td> 0.538 <P> ( 147 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 4.40 <P> ( 112 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 10 <P> ( 1 ) </P> </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 20,798,492 </Td> <Td> $80.4 bn </Td> <Td> $233.7 bn </Td> <Td> $11,068 </Td> <Td> 7 % </Td> <Td> $11.8 bn </Td> <Td> $0.9 bn </Td> <Td> $8,314 </Td> <Td> $1.4 bn ( 2.3 % ) </Td> <Td> 98.1 % ( age 15 ) </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 8.9 % </Td> <Td> 94 % </Td> <Td> 99 % </Td> <Td> 22 % </Td> <Td> 0.756 <P> ( 73 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 6.42 <P> ( 69 ) </P> </Td> <Td> 4.077 <P> ( 42 ) </P> </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✔ </Td> <Td> ✖ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The member states are Afghanistan , Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Maldives , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka . </P> <P> SAARC was founded by seven states in 1985 . In 2005 , Afghanistan began negotiating their accession to SAARC and formally applied for membership on the same year . The issue of Afghanistan joining SAARC generated a great deal of debate in each member state , including concerns about the definition of South Asian identity because Afghanistan is a Central Asian country . </P> <P> The SAARC member states imposed a stipulation for Afghanistan to hold a general election ; the non-partisan elections were held in late 2005 . Despite initial reluctance and internal debates , Afghanistan joined SAARC as its eighth member state in April 2007 . </P> <H3> Observers ( edit ) </H3> <P> States with observer status include Australia , China , the European Union , Iran , Japan , Mauritius , Myanmar , South Korea and the United States . </P> <P> On 2 August 2006 , the foreign ministers of the SAARC countries agreed in principle to grant observer status to three applicants ; the US and South Korea ( both made requests in April 2006 ) , as well as the European Union ( requested in July 2006 ) . On 4 March 2007 , Iran requested observer status , followed shortly by Mauritius . </P> <H3> Potential future members ( edit ) </H3> <P> Myanmar has expressed interest in upgrading its status from an observer to a full member of SAARC . Russia has applied for observer status membership of SAARC . Turkey applied for observer status membership of SAARC in 2012 . South Africa has participated in meetings . </P> <H2> Secretariat ( edit ) </H2> Secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation in Kathmandu , Nepal <P> The SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu on 16 January 1987 and was inaugurated by Late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal . </P> <H3> Regional Centres ( edit ) </H3> <P> The SAARC Secretariat is supported by following Regional Centres established in the Member States to promote regional co-operation . These Centres are managed by Governing Boards comprising representatives from all the Member States , SAARC Secretary - General and the Ministry of Foreign / External Affairs of the Host Government . The Director of the Centre acts as Member Secretary to the Governing Board which reports to the Programming Committee . After 31 December 2015 , there 6 regional centers were stopped by unanimous decision . These are SMRC , SFC , SDC , SCZMC , SIC , SHRDC . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Regional Centre </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SAARC Agricultural Centre ( SAC ) </Td> <Td> Dhaka </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> Official website </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SAARC Meteorological Research Centre ( SMRC ) </Td> <Td> Dhaka </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SAARC Forestry Centre ( SFC ) </Td> <Td> Thimphu </Td> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SAARC Development Fund ( SDF ) </Td> <Td> Thimphu </Td> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> Official website </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SAARC Documentation Centre ( SDC ) </Td> <Td> New Delhi </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SAARC Disaster Management Centre ( SDMC ) </Td> <Td> Gandhinagar </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> Official website </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre ( SCZMC ) </Td> <Td> Malé </Td> <Td> Maldives </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SAARC Information Centre ( SIC ) </Td> <Td> Kathmandu </Td> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV / AIDS Centre ( STAC ) </Td> <Td> Kathmandu </Td> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> Official website </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SAARC Human Resources Development Centre ( SHRDC ) </Td> <Td> Islamabad </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SAARC Energy Centre ( SEC ) </Td> <Td> Islamabad </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> Official website </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SAARC Cultural Centre ( SCC ) </Td> <Td> Colombo </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> Official website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Apex and Recognised Bodies ( edit ) </H2> <P> SAARC has six Apex Bodies , they are - </P> <Ul> <Li> SAARC Chamber of Commerce & Industry ( SCCI ) , </Li> <Li> South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARCLAW ) , </Li> <Li> South Asian Federation of Accountants ( SAFA ) , </Li> <Li> South Asia Foundation ( SAF ) , </Li> <Li> South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children ( SAIEVAC ) , </Li> <Li> Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature ( FOSWAL ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Amjad Hussain B Sial is the current Secretary General of SAARC . </P> <P> SAARC also has about 17 recognised bodies . </P> <H2> Political issues ( edit ) </H2> <P> Lasting peace and prosperity in the Indian subcontinent has been elusive because of the various ongoing conflicts in the region . Political dialogue is often conducted on the margins of SAARC meetings which have refrained from interfering in the internal matters of its member states . During the 12th and 13th SAARC summits , extreme emphasis was laid upon greater cooperation between the SAARC members to fight terrorism . </P> <P> The 19th SAARC summit scheduled to be held in Pakistan was called off as India , Bangladesh , Bhutan and Afghanistan decided to boycott it . It was for the first time that four countries boycotted a SAARC summit , leading to its cancellation . </P> <H2> South Asian Free trade Area ( edit ) </H2> Countries under the South Asian Free Trade Area <P> SAFTA was envisaged primarily as the first step towards the transition to a South Asian Free Trade Area ( SAFTA ) leading subsequently towards a Customs Union , Common Market and the Economic Union . In 1995 , Sixteenth session of the Council of Ministers ( New Delhi , 18 -- 19 December 1995 ) agreed on the need to strive for the realisation of SAFTA and to this end an Inter-Governmental Expert Group ( IGEG ) was set up in 1996 to identify the necessary steps for progressing to a free trade area . The Tenth SAARC Summit ( Colombo , 29 -- 31 July 1998 ) decided to set up a Committee of Experts ( COE ) to draft a comprehensive treaty framework for creating a free trade area within the region , taking into consideration the asymmetries in development within the region and bearing in mind the need to fix realistic and achievable targets . </P> <P> The SAFTA Agreement was signed on 6 January 2004 during Twelfth SAARC Summit held in Islamabad , Pakistan . The Agreement entered

The last member to join the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is

Which country is the last member of saarc?

7392498509104714323

of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 23 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> A Series of Unfortunate Events </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drama </Li> <Li> Black comedy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mark Hudis </Li> <Li> Barry Sonnenfeld </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Neil Patrick Harris </Li> <Li> Patrick Warburton </Li> <Li> Malina Weissman </Li> <Li> Louis Hynes </Li> <Li> K. Todd Freeman </Li> <Li> Presley Smith </Li> <Li> Lucy Punch </Li> <Li> Avi Lake </Li> <Li> Dylan Kingwell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme music composer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nick Urata </Li> <Li> Daniel Handler </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> James Newton Howard </Li> <Li> Sven Faulconer </Li> <Li> Chris Bacon </Li> <Li> Jim Dooley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 18 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cindy Holland </Li> <Li> Brian Wright </Li> <Li> Ted Biaselli </Li> <Li> Daniel Handler </Li> <Li> Neil Patrick Harris </Li> <Li> Rose Lam </Li> <Li> Barry Sonnenfeld </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Neil Patrick Harris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Bernard Couture </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editor ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stuart Bass </Li> <Li> Skip MacDonald </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 40 -- 64 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paramount Television </Li> <Li> What is the Question ? </Li> <Li> Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Netflix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Netflix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 4K ( Ultra HD ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season . </P> <P> The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> <Li> 2.3 Guest <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 Season 3 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Development </Li> <Li> 4.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 4.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 4.4 Music </Li> <Li> 4.5 Visual effects </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Marketing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Audience viewership </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical response <Ul> <Li> 6.2. 1 Season 1 </Li> <Li> 6.2. 2 Season 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Premise </H2> <P> When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . </P> <H2> Cast and characters </H2> See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters <H3> Main </H3> <Ul> <Li> Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . </Li> <Li> Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . </Li> <Li> Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics . </Li> <Li> Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . </Li> <Li> K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . </Li> <Li> Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong voices Sunny 's babbling , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . </Li> <Li> Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . </Li> <Li> Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . </Li> <Li> Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring </H3> <Ul> <Li> Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . </Li> <Li> Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . </Li> <Li> Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . </Li> <Li> Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . </Li> <Li> Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . </Li> <Li> John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . </Li> <Li> Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . </Li> <Li> Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . </Li> <Li> Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella . </Li> <Li> Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . </Li> <Li> Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest </H3> Introduced in season 1 <Ul> <Li> Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . </Li> <Li> Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . </Li> <Li> Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . </Li> <Li> Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . </Li> <Li> Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . </Li> <Li> Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . </Li> <Li> Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . </Li> <Li> Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . </Li> <Li> Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . </Li> <Li> Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . </Li> <Li> Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . </Li> </Ul> <P> Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . </P> Introduced in season 2 <Ul> <Li> Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . </Li> <Li> Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . </Li> <Li> Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . </Li> <Li> Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . </Li> <Li> Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . </Li> <Li> BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . </Li> <Li> Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . </Li> <Li> Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . </Li> <Li> Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . </Li> <Li> Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . </Li> <Li> Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' group of Elders . </Li> <Li> Lossen Chambers as Mrs.

In Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, the role of Sonny was played by

Who played sonny in lemony snicket's a series of unfortunate events?

2911493370352980057

Convention on the Rights of the Child - Wikipedia <H1> Convention on the Rights of the Child </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Convention on the Rights of the Child <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Parties to the convention Only signed , but not ratified Non-signatory </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Signed </Th> <Td> 20 November 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Effective </Th> <Td> 2 September 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Condition </Th> <Td> 20 ratifications </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Signatories </Th> <Td> 140 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parties </Th> <Td> 196 ( all eligible states except the United States ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Depositary </Th> <Td> UN Secretary - General </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Languages </Th> <Td> Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian , Spanish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> UN Convention on the Rights of the Child at Wikisource </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of the Politics series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Youth rights </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Activities ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . </Li> <Li> Child Labor Deterrence Act </Li> <Li> Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act </Li> <Li> Convention on the Rights of the Child </Li> <Li> Fair Labor Standards Act </Li> <Li> Hammer v. Dagenhart </Li> <Li> History of youth rights in the United States </Li> <Li> Morse v. Frederick </Li> <Li> Newsboys ' strike of 1899 </Li> <Li> Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms </Li> <Li> Wild in the Streets </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theory / Concepts ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Adultcentrism </Li> <Li> Adultism </Li> <Li> Ageism </Li> <Li> Criminalization </Li> <Li> Democracy </Li> <Li> Ephebiphobia </Li> <Li> Fear of children </Li> <Li> Fear of youth </Li> <Li> Intergenerational equity </Li> <Li> Paternalism </Li> <Li> Social class </Li> <Li> Suffrage </Li> <Li> Taking Children Seriously </Li> <Li> Universal suffrage </Li> <Li> Unschooling </Li> <Li> Youth activism </Li> <Li> Youth suffrage </Li> <Li> Youth voice </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Issues ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Age of candidacy </Li> <Li> Age of consent </Li> <Li> Age of majority </Li> <Li> Behavior modification facility </Li> <Li> Child labour </Li> <Li> Compulsory education </Li> <Li> Conscription </Li> <Li> Corporal punishment </Li> <Li> Curfew </Li> <Li> Child abuse </Li> <Li> Emancipation of minors </Li> <Li> Gambling age </Li> <Li> Homeschooling </Li> <Li> Human rights and youth sport </Li> <Li> In loco parentis </Li> <Li> Juvenile delinquency </Li> <Li> Juvenile court </Li> <Li> Legal drinking age </Li> <Li> Legal working age </Li> <Li> Minimum driving age </Li> <Li> Marriageable age </Li> <Li> Minor ( law ) </Li> <Li> Minors and abortion </Li> <Li> School leaving age </Li> <Li> Smoking age </Li> <Li> Status offense </Li> <Li> Underage drinking in America </Li> <Li> Voting age </Li> <Li> Youth - adult partnership </Li> <Li> Youth participation </Li> <Li> Youth politics </Li> <Li> Youth voting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organizations ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions </Li> <Li> Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission </Li> <Li> National Youth Rights Association </Li> <Li> One World Youth Project </Li> <Li> Queer Youth Network </Li> <Li> Students for a Democratic Society </Li> <Li> Freechild Project </Li> <Li> Three O'Clock Lobby </Li> <Li> Youth International Party </Li> <Li> Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor </Li> <Li> Young Communist League of Canada </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Persons ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Adam Fletcher ( activist ) </Li> <Li> David J. Hanson </Li> <Li> David Joseph Henry </Li> <Li> John Caldwell Holt </Li> <Li> Alex Koroknay - Palicz </Li> <Li> Lyn Duff </Li> <Li> Mike A. Males </Li> <Li> Neil Postman </Li> <Li> Sonia Yaco </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Animal rights </Li> <Li> Anti-racism </Li> <Li> Direct democracy </Li> <Li> Egalitarianism </Li> <Li> Feminism </Li> <Li> Libertarianism </Li> <Li> Socialism </Li> <Li> Students rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Youth rights </Li> <Li> Social movements portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( commonly abbreviated as the CRC or UNCRC ) is a human rights treaty which sets out the civil , political , economic , social , health and cultural rights of children . The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of eighteen , unless the age of majority is attained earlier under national legislation . </P> <P> Nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law . Compliance is monitored by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child , which is composed of members from countries around the world . Once a year , the Committee submits a report to the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly , which also hears a statement from the CRC Chair , and the Assembly adopts a Resolution on the Rights of the Child . </P> <P> Governments of countries that have ratified the Convention are required to report to , and appear before , the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child periodically to be examined on their progress with regards to the advancement of the implementation of the Convention and the status of child rights in their country . Their reports and the committee 's written views and concerns are available on the committee 's website . </P> <P> The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention and opened it for signature on 20 November 1989 ( the 30th anniversary of its Declaration of the Rights of the Child ) . It came into force on 2 September 1990 , after it was ratified by the required number of nations . Currently , 196 countries are party to it , including every member of the United Nations except the United States . </P> <P> Two optional protocols were adopted on 25 May 2000 . The First Optional Protocol restricts the involvement of children in military conflicts , and the Second Optional Protocol prohibits the sale of children , child prostitution and child pornography . Both protocols have been ratified by more than 160 states . </P> <P> A third optional protocol relating to communication of complaints was adopted in December 2011 and opened for signature on 28 February 2012 . It came into effect on 14 April 2014 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Contents <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Global standards and cultural relativism </Li> <Li> 1.2 Child marriage and slavery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 States party and signatories <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Canada </Li> <Li> 2.2 India </Li> <Li> 2.3 Iran </Li> <Li> 2.4 Ireland </Li> <Li> 2.5 Israel </Li> <Li> 2.6 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 2.7 Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> 2.8 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 2.9 United States </Li> <Li> 2.10 Azerbaijan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Optional protocols </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Contents ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Convention deals with the child - specific needs and rights . It requires that the `` nations that ratify this convention are bound to it by international law '' . Ratifying states must act in the best interests of the child . In all jurisdictions implementing the Convention requires compliance with child custody and guardianship laws as that every child has basic rights , including the right to life , to their own name and identity , to be raised by their parents within a family or cultural grouping , and to have a relationship with both parents , even if they are separated . </P> <P> The Convention obliges states to allow parents to exercise their parental responsibilities . The Convention also acknowledges that children have the right to express their opinions and to have those opinions heard and acted upon when appropriate , to be protected from abuse or exploitation , and to have their privacy protected , and it requires that their lives not be subject to excessive interference . </P> <P> The Convention also obliges signatory states to provide separate legal representation for a child in any judicial dispute concerning their care and asks that the child 's viewpoint be heard in such cases . </P> <P> The Convention forbids capital punishment for children . In its General Comment 8 ( 2006 ) the Committee on the Rights of the Child stated that there was an `` obligation of all state parties to move quickly to prohibit and eliminate all corporal punishment and all other cruel or degrading forms of punishment of children '' . Article 19 of the Convention states that state parties must `` take all appropriate legislative , administrative , social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence '' , but it makes no reference to corporal punishment . The Committee 's interpretation of this section to encompass a prohibition on corporal punishment has been rejected by several state parties to the Convention , including Australia , Canada and the United Kingdom . </P> <P> The European Court of Human Rights has referred to the Convention when interpreting the European Convention on Human Rights . </P> <H3> Global standards and cultural relativism ( edit ) </H3> <P> Global human rights standards were challenged at the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna ( 1993 ) when a number of governments ( prominently China , Indonesia , Malaysia and Iran ) raised serious objections to the idea of universal human rights . There are unresolved tensions between `` universalistic '' and `` relativistic '' approaches in the establishment of standards and strategies designed to prevent or overcome the abuse of children 's capacity to work . </P> <H3> Child marriage and slavery ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some scholars link slavery and slavery - like practices for many child marriages . Child marriage as slavery is not directly addressed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child . </P> <H2> States party and Signatories ( edit ) </H2> <P> Currently 196 countries are parties to the treaty ( some with stated reservations or interpretations ) . This includes every member of the United Nations ( except the United States ) , plus the Cook Islands , Niue , the State of Palestine , and the Holy See . The United States has not ratified it . South Sudan did not sign the convention , however ratification was complete in January 2015 . Somalia 's domestic ratification finished in January 2015 and the instrument was deposited with the United Nations in October 2015 . </P> <P> All successor states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia ( Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Czech Republic , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , Slovenia , and Slovakia ) made declarations of succession to the treaty and currently apply it . </P> <P> The convention does not apply in the territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia , Gibraltar , Guernsey and Tokelau . </P> <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> <P> Canada became a signatory to the Convention on 28 May 1990 and ratified in 1991 . Youth criminal laws in Canada underwent major changes resulting in the Youth Criminal Justice Act ( YCJA ) which went into effect on 1 April 2003 . The Act specifically refers to Canada 's different commitments under the Convention . The convention was influential in the administrative Law decision of Baker v Canada ( Minister of Citizenship and Immigration ) . </P> <H3> India ( edit ) </H3> <P> India ratified UNCRC on 11 December 1992 , agreeing in principles all articles except with certain reservations on issues relating to child labor . In India there is law that children under the age of 18 should not work , but there is no outright ban on child labor , and the practice is generally permitted in most industries except those deemed `` hazardous '' . Although a law in October 2006 banned child labor in hotels , restaurants , and as domestic servants ,

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child was created on

When was united nations convention on the rights of the child created?

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Code talker - wikipedia <H1> Code talker </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 23 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Codetalkers '' redirects here . For the band , see The Codetalkers . For the Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain character , see List of characters in the Metal Gear series § Code Talker . Choctaw soldiers in training in World War I for coded radio and telephone transmissions <P> Code talkers are people in the 20th century who used obscure languages as a means of secret communication during wartime . The term is now usually associated with the United States service members during the world wars who used their knowledge of Native American languages as a basis to transmit coded messages . In particular , there were approximately 400 -- 500 Native Americans in the United States Marine Corps whose primary job was the transmission of secret tactical messages . Code talkers transmitted these messages over military telephone or radio communications nets using formal or informally developed codes built upon their native languages . Their service improved the speed of encryption of communications at both ends in front line operations during World War II . </P> <P> The name code talkers is strongly associated with bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during World War II by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater . Code talking , however , was pioneered by the Cherokee and Choctaw peoples during World War I . </P> <P> Other Native American code talkers were deployed by the United States Army during World War II , including Lakota , Meskwaki , and Comanche soldiers . Soldiers of Basque ancestry were also used for code talking by the U.S. Marines during World War II in areas where other Basque speakers were not expected to be operating . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Assiniboine code talkers </Li> <Li> 2 Basque code talkers </Li> <Li> 3 Cherokee code talkers </Li> <Li> 4 Choctaw code talkers </Li> <Li> 5 Comanche code talkers </Li> <Li> 6 Cree code talkers </Li> <Li> 7 Meskwaki code talkers </Li> <Li> 8 Navajo code talkers </Li> <Li> 9 Nubian code talkers </Li> <Li> 10 Seminole code talkers </Li> <Li> 11 Welsh code talkers </Li> <Li> 12 Wenzhou code talkers </Li> <Li> 13 Cryptographic properties </Li> <Li> 14 Post-war recognition </Li> <Li> 15 Gallery </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 Notes </Li> <Li> 18 References </Li> <Li> 19 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Assiniboine code talkers ( edit ) </H2> <P> Members of the Assiniboine served as code talkers during World War II , utilizing the Assiniboine language to encrypt communications . The code talkers included Gilbert Horn Sr. , who grew up in the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation of Montana and later became a tribal judge and politician . </P> <H2> Basque code talkers ( edit ) </H2> <P> In November 1952 , Euzko Deya magazine reported that in May 1942 , upon meeting about 60 U.S. Marines of Basque ancestry in a San Francisco camp , Captain Frank D. Carranza conceived the idea of using the Basque language for codes . His superiors were wary as there were known settlements of Basque in the Pacific region . There were 35 Basque Jesuits in Hiroshima , led by Pedro Arrupe . In China and the Philippines , there was a colony of Basque jai alai players , and there were Basque supporters of Falange in Asia . The American Basque code talkers were kept away from these theaters ; they were initially used in tests and in transmitting logistic information for Hawaii and Australia . </P> <P> According to Euzko Deya , on August 1 , 1942 , Lieutenants Nemesio Aguirre , Fernández Bakaicoa and Juanana received a Basque - coded message from San Diego for Admiral Chester Nimitz , warning him of the upcoming Operation Apple to remove the Japanese from the Solomon Islands . They also translated the start date , August 7 , for the attack on Guadalcanal . As the war extended over the Pacific , there was a shortage of Basque speakers and the US military came to prefer the parallel program based on the use of Navajo speakers . </P> <P> In 2017 , Pedro Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla published a study refuting Euzko Deya 's article . According to Oiarzabal and Tabernilla , they could not find Carranza , Aguirre , Fernández Bakaicoa or Juanana in the NARA or US Army archives . They find a small number of US Marines with Basque surnames , none of them in transmissions . They suggest that Carranza 's story was an OSS operation to raise sympathy for the US intelligence among Basque nationalists . </P> <H2> Cherokee code talkers ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first known use of Native Americans in the American military to transmit messages under fire was a group of Cherokee troops used by the American 30th Infantry Division serving alongside the British during the Second Battle of the Somme in World War I . According to the Division Signal Officer , this took place in September 1918 . Their unit was under British command at the time . </P> <H2> Choctaw code talkers ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Choctaw code talkers <P> During World War I , company commander Captain Lawrence of the U.S. Army overheard Solomon Louis and Mitchell Bobb conversing in the Choctaw language . He found eight Choctaw men in the battalion . Eventually , fourteen Choctaw men in the Army 's 36th Infantry Division trained to use their language in code . They helped the American Expeditionary Forces win several key battles in the Meuse - Argonne Offensive in France , during the final large German push of the war . Within 24 hours of the Choctaw language being pressed into service , the tide of the battle had turned . In less than 72 hours , the Germans were retreating and the Allies were in full attack . </P> <H2> Comanche code talkers ( edit ) </H2> Comanche code - talkers of the 4th Signal Company ( U.S. Army Signal Center and Ft . Gordon ) Hugh F. Foster Jr. 's Comanche codebook <P> German authorities knew about the use of code talkers during World War I , and sent a team of some thirty anthropologists to the United States to learn Native American languages before the outbreak of World War II , but the task proved too difficult because of the array of languages and dialects ; nonetheless the U.S. Army , learning of the Nazi effort , did not implement a large - scale code talker program in the European Theater . Fourteen Comanche code talkers did take part in the Invasion of Normandy , and continued to serve in the 4th Infantry Division in Europe . Comanche of the 4th Signal Company compiled a vocabulary of over 100 code terms using words or phrases in their own language . Using a substitution method similar to the Navajo , the Comanche code word for tank was `` turtle '' , bomber was `` pregnant airplane '' , machine gun was `` sewing machine '' and Adolf Hitler was referred to as `` crazy white man '' . Two Comanche code - talkers were assigned to each regiment , the rest to 4th Infantry Division headquarters . Shortly after landing on Utah Beach on June 6 , 1944 , the Comanche began transmitting messages . Some were wounded but none killed . </P> <P> In 1989 , the French government awarded the Comanche code - talkers the Chevalier of the National Order of Merit . On November 30 , 1999 , the United States Department of Defense presented Charles Chibitty with the Knowlton Award . </P> <H2> Cree code talkers ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the World War II , native Cree speakers were used as code talkers for the Canadian Armed Forces . Due to oaths of secrecy , and official classification through 1963 , the role of Cree speakers has gone unacknowledged by the Canadian government . A 2015 documentary , Cree Code Talkers , tells the story of one such Métis individual , Charles `` Checker '' Tomkins , who died in 2003 . </P> <H2> Meskwaki code talkers ( edit ) </H2> <P> Meskwaki men used their language against the Germans while fighting in the US Army in North Africa . 27 out of then 168 Meskwaki in Iowa enlisted in the U.S. Army together in January 1941 . </P> <H2> Navajo code talkers ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Alphabets ( English ) </Th> <Th> Code Language ( English ) </Th> <Th> Code Language ( Navajo ) </Th> <Th> Modern spelling </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ant </Td> <Td> Wol - la - chee </Td> <Td> Wóláchííʼ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bear </Td> <Td> Shush </Td> <Td> Shash </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cat </Td> <Td> Moasi </Td> <Td> Mósí </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Deer </Td> <Td> Be </Td> <Td> Bįįh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elk </Td> <Td> Dzeh </Td> <Td> Dzeeh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fox </Td> <Td> Ma - e </Td> <Td> Mąʼii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> Klizzie </Td> <Td> Tłʼízí </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> Lin </Td> <Td> Łį́į́ʼ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ice </Td> <Td> Tkin </Td> <Td> Tin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jackass </Td> <Td> Tkele - cho - gi </Td> <Td> Téliichoʼí </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kid </Td> <Td> Klizzie - yazzi </Td> <Td> Tłʼízí yázhí </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lamb </Td> <Td> Dibeh - yazzi </Td> <Td> Dibé yázhí </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mouse </Td> <Td> Na - as - tso - si </Td> <Td> Naʼastsʼǫǫsí </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nut </Td> <Td> Nesh - chee </Td> <Td> Neeshchʼííʼ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Owl </Td> <Td> Ne - ash - jah </Td> <Td> Néʼéshjaaʼ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> Bi-sodih </Td> <Td> Bisóodi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Q </Td> <Td> Quiver </Td> <Td> Ca - yeilth </Td> <Td> kʼaaʼ yeiłtįįh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> Gah </Td> <Td> Gah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sheep </Td> <Td> Dibeh </Td> <Td> Dibé </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Than - zie </Td> <Td> Tązhii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U </Td> <Td> Ute </Td> <Td> No - da - ih </Td> <Td> Nóódaʼí </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> V </Td> <Td> Victor </Td> <Td> a-keh - di - glini </Td> <Td> Akʼehdidlíní </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Weasel </Td> <Td> Gloe - ih </Td> <Td> Dlǫ́ʼii </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> X </Td> <Td> Cross </Td> <Td> Al - an - as - dzoh </Td> <Td> Ałnáʼázdzoh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Y </Td> <Td> Yucca </Td> <Td> Tsah - as - zih </Td> <Td> Tsáʼásziʼ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Z </Td> <Td> Zinc </Td> <Td> Besh - do - gliz </Td> <Td> Béésh dootłʼizh </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Philip Johnston , a civil engineer for the city of Los Angeles , proposed the use of Navajo to the United States Marine Corps at the beginning of World War II . Johnston , a World War I veteran , was raised on the Navajo reservation as the son of a missionary to the Navajo . He was one of the few non-Navajo who spoke the language fluently . </P> <P> Because Navajo has a complex grammar , it is not nearly mutually intelligible enough with even its closest relatives within the Na - Dene family to provide meaningful information . It was still an unwritten language , and Johnston thought Navajo could satisfy the military requirement for an undecipherable code . Navajo was spoken only on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest . Its syntax and tonal qualities , not to mention dialects , made it unintelligible to anyone without

The Code Talkers were

Who were the code talkers and what did they do?

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Brexit - wikipedia <H1> Brexit </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series of articles on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom in the European Union </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Accession <Ul> <Li> 1973 EC enlargement </Li> <Li> 1975 Referendum Act </Li> <Li> 1975 EC membership referendum </Li> <Li> 1972 EC Act </Li> <Li> UK rebate </Li> <Li> 2011 EU Act </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Membership <Ul> <Li> Brand EU </Li> <Li> EU Four </Li> <Li> The Euro </Li> <Li> European Movement UK </Li> <Li> Nationality law </Li> <Li> UK Euroscepticism <Ul> <Li> Maastricht Rebels </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Black Wednesday </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Officials and bodies </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> EU Committee </Li> <Li> European Scrutiny Committee </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels </Li> <Li> EU Representative in London </Li> <Li> Young European Movement UK </Li> <Li> UK European Commissioners </Li> <Li> Permanent EU Representatives </Li> </Ul> <P> Legislation </P> <Ul> <Li> 1972 EC Act </Li> <Li> 1986 EC ( Amendment ) Act </Li> <Li> 1993 EC ( Amendment ) Act </Li> <Li> 1998 EC ( Amendment ) Act </Li> <Li> 2002 EC ( Amendment ) Act </Li> <Li> 2008 EU ( Amendment ) Act </Li> <Li> 2011 EU Act </Li> </Ul> <P> European Parliament Elections </P> <Ul> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> 1973 delegation </Li> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> 5th </Li> <Li> 6th </Li> <Li> 7th </Li> <Li> 8th </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Withdrawal <Ul> <Li> 2004 -- 05 EU Bill </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 EU ( Referendum ) Bill </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 EU membership renegotiation </Li> <Li> 2015 EU Referendum Act </Li> <Li> 2016 EU ( Referendum ) Act ( Gibraltar ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 2016 EU membership referendum </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Causes </Li> <Li> Endorsements </Li> <Li> Issues </Li> <Li> Opinion polling </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Campaigns </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Organisations advocating and campaigning for a referendum </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> People 's Pledge </Li> <Li> Labour for a Referendum </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Leave </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Vote Leave ( official lead group ) <Ul> <Li> Business for Britain </Li> <Li> Conservatives for Britain </Li> <Li> Students for Britain </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Labour Leave </Li> <Li> Leave.EU <Ul> <Li> Bpoplive ( cancelled ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Grassroots Out </Li> <Li> Get Britain Out </Li> <Li> The Freedom Association <Ul> <Li> Better Off Out </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other anti-EU advocacy organisations </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bruges Group </Li> <Li> Campaign for an Independent Britain </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Remain </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Britain Stronger in Europe ( official lead group ) </Li> <Li> Labour In for Britain </Li> <Li> European Movement UK </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other pro-EU advocacy organisations </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Britain in Europe </Li> <Li> British Influence </Li> <Li> Business for New Europe </Li> <Li> New Europeans </Li> <Li> Nucleus </Li> <Li> People 's Vote </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Pejorative term for pro-EU advocacy </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Project Fear </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Media coverage </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Brexit : The Movie </Li> <Li> In or Out </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Aftermath </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Results </Li> <Li> International reactions </Li> <Li> Terms of Withdrawal from EU ( Referendum ) Bill 2016 - 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On 29 March 2017 , the UK government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on the European Union . The UK is thus due to leave the EU at midnight on 30 March 2019 Central European Time ( 11 pm on 29 March 2019 GMT ) . </P> <P> Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the UK would not seek permanent membership of the single market or the customs union after leaving the EU and promised to repeal the European Communities Act of 1972 and incorporate existing European Union law into UK domestic law . A new government department , the Department for Exiting the European Union ( DExEU ) , was created in July 2016 , with Eurosceptic David Davis appointed its first Secretary of State . Negotiations with the EU officially started in June 2017 . </P> <P> The UK joined the European Communities ( EC ) in 1973 , with membership confirmed by a referendum in 1975 . In the 1970s and 1980s , withdrawal from the EC was advocated mainly by Labour Party members and trade union figures . From the 1990s , the main advocates of withdrawal were the newly founded UK Independence Party ( UKIP ) and an increasing number of Eurosceptic Conservative Party members . </P> <P> There is strong agreement among economists and a broad consensus in existing economic research that Brexit is likely to reduce UK 's real per - capita income in the medium and long - term . Studies on effects that have already materialised since the referendum show annual losses of £ 404 for the average British household and a loss of 1.3 % of UK GDP . Brexit is likely to reduce immigration from European Economic Area ( EEA ) countries to the UK , and poses challenges for UK higher education and academic research . The size of the `` divorce bill '' , Britain 's international agreements , relations with the Republic of Ireland , and the borders with France and between Gibraltar and Spain are uncertain . The precise impact on the UK depends on whether it is a `` hard '' Brexit or a `` soft '' Brexit . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Terminology </Li> <Li> 2 Background <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Referendum Party and UKIP </Li> <Li> 2.2 Opinion polls 1977 -- 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Referendum of 2016 <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Negotiations for EU reform </Li> <Li> 3.2 Campaign groups </Li> <Li> 3.3 Referendum result </Li> <Li> 3.4 Political effects </Li> <Li> 3.5 Explanations for the referendum outcome </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Procedure for leaving the EU <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Reversibility </Li> <Li> 4.2 Date of Brexit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Negotiations <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Timing </Li> <Li> 5.2 History </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Post-Article 50 British legislation <Ul> <Li> 6.1 European Union ( Withdrawal ) Bill </Li> <Li> 6.2 Additional government bills <Ul> <Li> 6.2. 1 Euratom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.3 Voting on the final outcome </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Impact on the United Kingdom <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Immigration <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Long term </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 Immediate effects </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Economic effects <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 Long - term economic analyses </Li> <Li> 7.2. 2 Short - term economic analyses </Li> <Li> 7.2. 3 Loss of agencies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.3 Higher education and academic research </Li> <Li> 7.4 Scotland </Li> <Li> 7.5 International agreements </Li> <Li> 7.6 Options for continuing relationship with the EU </Li> <Li> 7.7 Border with Republic of Ireland </Li> <Li> 7.8 Border with France </Li> <Li> 7.9 Gibraltar and Spain </Li> <Li> 7.10 Relations with CANZUK countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Consequences of withdrawal for the EU <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Structure and budget </Li> <Li> 8.2 Council of the European Union </Li> <Li> 8.3 European Parliament </Li> <Li> 8.4 Legal system </Li> <Li> 8.5 Fishing </Li> <Li> 8.6 World Trade Organisation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Public opinion and comment <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Public comment up to February 2017 UK white paper </Li> <Li> 9.2 Public comment pre - and post-Article 50 notification </Li> <Li> 9.3 Post-referendum opinion polling </Li> <Li> 9.4 US position </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Cultural responses to the referendum vote <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Brexit in the visual arts </Li> <Li> 10.2 Brexit in novels </Li> <Li> 10.3 Brexit in theatre </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Establishment of Pro-European political organisations </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 Further reading </Li> <Li> 15 External links <Ul> <Li> 15.1 Relating to court cases </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Terminology </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Brexit </Dt> <Dd> Brexit ( like its early variant , Brixit ) is a portmanteau of `` British '' and `` exit '' . It was derived by analogy from Grexit , referring to a hypothetical withdrawal of Greece from the eurozone ( and possibly also the EU ) . The term Brexit may have first been used in reference to a possible UK withdrawal from the EU by Peter Wilding , in a Euractiv blog post on 15 May 2012 ( given as the first attestation in the Oxford English Dictionary ) . </Dd> <Dt> Hard and soft Brexit </Dt> <Dd> The terms `` hard Brexit '' and `` soft Brexit '' are much used unofficially in terms of the process , but commonly by news media , and are understood to describe the prospective relationship between the UK and the EU after withdrawal , ranging from hard , that could involve the UK trading with the EU like any other non-EU - member country under World Trade Organization rules but with no obligation to accept free movement of people , to soft , that might involve retaining membership of the EU single market for goods and services and at least some free movement of people , according to European Economic Area rules . </Dd> <Dt> Divorce

We decided to leave the EU on

When did we decide to leave the eu?

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History of the world 's tallest buildings - wikipedia <H1> History of the world 's tallest buildings </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The tallest building in the world as of 2018 is Burj Khalifa . Before Burj Khalifa , the title of `` world 's tallest building '' has been borne by various buildings , such as Rouen Cathedral and the Empire State Building . </P> <P> The skyscraper was invented in Chicago in 1884 . For the next hundred years , the world 's tallest building was always in the United States with New York City accumulating 86 years , and Chicago accumulating 30 years . After just over a century ( 1885 -- 1998 ) the distinction moved to the Eastern Hemisphere . Malaysia was the first country to break United States ' record of building tallest buildings in the world by building Petronas Twin Towers in 1998 , which held the record for 6 years before losing it to Taipei 101 in 2004 . Before the current era of commercial skyscrapers , there was an era where the tallest buildings were Christian churches / cathedrals ( c. 1250 -- 1901 ) , dominated by England and Germanic territories . </P> <P> Before this time , it is not possible to conclusively state what was the tallest building in the world . For instance , the Lighthouse of Alexandria ( completed about 280 BC ) was very tall , but its true height is not known . For thousands of years , the Great Pyramid in Egypt was the tallest structure in the world , but the Great Pyramid is not considered a building since it was not habitable . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Definition of terms <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Meaning of `` building '' </Li> <Li> 1.2 Determination of height </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Tallest buildings ( 13th century -- 1901 ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Churches and cathedrals </Li> <Li> 2.2 Skyscrapers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Tallest buildings ( from 1908 ) </Li> <Li> 4 Charts <Ul> <Li> 4.1 1870 -- present </Li> <Li> 4.2 1300 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 History of increment in height of skyscrapers </Li> <Li> 6 History of supertall skyscrapers by location </Li> <Li> 7 Increment in usage of skyscrapers </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Definition of terms ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Meaning of `` building '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> The earliest structures now known to be the tallest in the world were the Egyptian pyramids , with the Great Pyramid of Giza , at an original height of 146.5 metres ( 481 ft ) , being the tallest man -- made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1300 . From then until the completion of the Washington Monument ( capped in 1884 ) the world 's tallest buildings were churches or cathedrals . Later , the Eiffel Tower and , still later , some radio masts and television towers were the world 's tallest structures . </P> <P> However , though all of these are structures , some are not buildings in the sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied . It is in this sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied that the term `` building '' is generally understood to mean when determining what is the world 's tallest building . The non-profit international organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat ( CTBUH ) , which maintains a set of criteria for determining the height of tall buildings , defines a `` building '' as `` ( A ) structure that is designed for residential , business or manufacturing purposes '' and `` has floors '' . </P> <P> Tall churches and cathedrals occupy a middle ground : their lower areas are regularly occupied , but much of their height is in bell towers and spires which are not . Whether a church or cathedral is a `` building '' or merely a `` structure '' for the purposes of determining the title of `` world 's tallest building '' is a subjective matter of definition ( this article treats churches and cathedrals as buildings ) . </P> <H3> Determination of height ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat based in Chicago uses three different criteria for determining the height of a tall building , each of which may give a different result . `` Height of the highest floor '' is one criterion , and `` height to the top of any part of the building '' is another , but the default criterion used by the CTBUH is `` height of the architectural top of the building '' , which includes spires but not antennae , masts or flag poles . </P> <H2> Tallest buildings ( 13th century -- 1901 ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Churches and cathedrals ( edit ) </H3> Tallest buildings diagram from 1850 <P> From the 13th century until 1901 , the world 's tallest building was always a church or cathedral . In the 13th century Old St Paul 's Cathedral with its spire was completed . Completed in the early 14th century , the central spire of Lincoln Cathedral surpassed it . In 1549 this spire collapsed , beginning a long sequence where the status of world 's tallest building was borne by shorter and shorter buildings . On the collapse of Lincoln Cathedral 's spire , then St. Mary 's Church in Stralsund became the world 's tallest building . In 1647 , the bell tower of St. Mary 's burned down , thus making the shorter Strasbourg Cathedral the world 's tallest building . </P> <P> It was not until the completion of the Ulm Minster in 1890 that the world 's tallest building was again also the tallest building ever , surpassing the original configuration of Lincoln Cathedral . </P> <P> Note : all percentages are calculated on the difference in metres , not feet . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Years tallest </Td> <Td> Name </Td> <Td> Location </Td> <Td> Height </Td> <Td> Increase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13th century -- 1300 </Td> <Td> Old St Paul 's Cathedral * </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> 149 metres ( 489 ft ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1300 -- 1549 </Td> <Td> Lincoln Cathedral * </Td> <Td> Lincoln </Td> <Td> 159.7 metres ( 524 ft ) </Td> <Td> 7.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1549 -- 1569 </Td> <Td> St. Mary 's Church </Td> <Td> Stralsund </Td> <Td> 151 metres ( 495 ft ) </Td> <Td> - 5.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1569 -- 1573 </Td> <Td> St. Pierre 's Cathedral </Td> <Td> Beauvais </Td> <Td> 153 metres ( 502 ft ) </Td> <Td> - 5.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1573 -- 1647 </Td> <Td> St. Mary 's Church </Td> <Td> Stralsund </Td> <Td> 151 metres ( 495 ft ) </Td> <Td> - 5.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1647 -- 1874 </Td> <Td> Strasbourg Cathedral </Td> <Td> Strasbourg </Td> <Td> 142 metres ( 466 ft ) </Td> <Td> - 6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1874 -- 1876 </Td> <Td> Church of St. Nicholas </Td> <Td> Hamburg </Td> <Td> 147 metres ( 482 ft ) </Td> <Td> 3.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1876 -- 1880 </Td> <Td> Rouen Cathedral </Td> <Td> Rouen </Td> <Td> 151 metres ( 495 ft ) </Td> <Td> 2.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1880 -- 1890 </Td> <Td> Cologne Cathedral </Td> <Td> Cologne </Td> <Td> 157.38 metres ( 516.3 ft ) </Td> <Td> 4.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 -- 1901 </Td> <Td> Ulm Minster * </Td> <Td> Ulm </Td> <Td> 161.53 metres ( 530.0 ft ) </Td> <Td> 2.6 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * -- Also set record at time of completion as tallest building ever built . </P> <P> The 524 feet ( 160 m ) height of Lincoln Cathedral is disputed by some , but accepted by most sources . The completion date for the spire is given as 1311 rather than 1300 by some sources . Also the 489 feet ( 149 m ) height of the spire of Old St Paul 's Cathedral , destroyed by lightning in 1561 , is disputed , for example Christopher Wren ( 1632 -- 1723 ) judged that an overestimate and gave a height of 460 feet ( 140 m ) . </P> <P> The spire of Mole Antonelliana in Turin , completed in 1889 , is claimed to have been 167.5 metres ( 550 ft ) tall ; however , the upper part of the structure was destroyed by a 1953 tornado and rebuilt . If the original spire was 167.5 metres tall , then the Mole Antonelliana was the world 's tallest building from 1889 to 1908 , surpassing Philadelphia City Hall by just 0.5 metres ( 2 ft ) . </P> <H3> Skyscrapers ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Early skyscrapers <P> The buildings that were the tallest secular skyscrapers , which excludes religious buildings , were : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Years tallest </Td> <Td> Name </Td> <Td> Location </Td> <Td> Height </Td> <Td> Increase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1797 -- 1885 </Td> <Td> Ditherington Flax Mill </Td> <Td> Shrewsbury </Td> <Td> 16 metres ( 52 ft ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1885 -- 1890 </Td> <Td> Home Insurance Building </Td> <Td> Chicago </Td> <Td> 42 metres ( 138 ft ) </Td> <Td> 162.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1890 -- 1894 </Td> <Td> New York World Building </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 94 metres ( 308 ft ) </Td> <Td> 123.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1894 -- 1908 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia City Hall </Td> <Td> Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 167 metres ( 548 ft ) </Td> <Td> 77.7 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note : all percentages are calculated on the difference in metres , not feet . </P> <H2> Tallest buildings ( from 1908 ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Years tallest </Td> <Td> Name </Td> <Td> Location </Td> <Td> Height </Td> <Td> Increase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1908 -- 1909 </Td> <Td> Singer Building </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 186.57 metres ( 612.1 ft ) </Td> <Td> 11.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1909 -- 1913 </Td> <Td> Metropolitan Life Tower </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 213.36 metres ( 700.0 ft ) </Td> <Td> 14.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1913 -- 1930 </Td> <Td> Woolworth Building </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 241.4 metres ( 792 ft ) </Td> <Td> 13.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> Bank of Manhattan Trust Building </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 283 metres ( 928 ft ) </Td> <Td> 17.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 -- 1931 </Td> <Td> Chrysler Building </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 318.8 metres ( 1,046 ft ) </Td> <Td> 12.65 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> Empire State Building </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 381 metres ( 1,250 ft ) </Td> <Td> 19.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> World Trade Center </Td> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> 417 metres ( 1,368 ft ) </Td> <Td> 9.45 %

The tallest building in the world of all time is the

Tallest building in the world of all time?

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List of Call the midwife characters - wikipedia <H1> List of Call the midwife characters </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The following is a list of characters from Call the Midwife , a British television period - drama series shown on BBC One since 2012 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast </Li> <Li> 2 Characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Sister Julienne </Li> <Li> 2.2 Sister Monica Joan </Li> <Li> 2.3 Sister Mary Cynthia </Li> <Li> 2.4 Sister Winifred </Li> <Li> 2.5 Beatrix `` Trixie '' Franklin </Li> <Li> 2.6 Shelagh Turner </Li> <Li> 2.7 Camilla `` Chummy '' Noakes ( née Fortescue - Cholmondeley - Browne ) </Li> <Li> 2.8 Patience `` Patsy '' Mount </Li> <Li> 2.9 Barbara Hereward ( neé Gilbert ) </Li> <Li> 2.10 Phyllis Crane </Li> <Li> 2.11 Delia Busby </Li> <Li> 2.12 Valerie Dyer </Li> <Li> 2.13 Frederick `` Fred '' Buckle </Li> <Li> 2.14 Dr. Patrick Turner </Li> <Li> 2.15 Peter Noakes </Li> <Li> 2.16 Tom Hereward </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Supporting characters <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Timothy Turner </Li> <Li> 3.2 Angela Turner </Li> <Li> 3.3 Edward Turner </Li> <Li> 3.4 Violet Buckle ( neé Gee ) </Li> <Li> 3.5 Christopher Dockerill </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Previous characters <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Nurse Jenny Lee </Li> <Li> 4.2 Sister Evangelina </Li> <Li> 4.3 Sister Ursula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Previous recurring characters </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th colspan="7"> Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jessica Raine </Td> <Td> Jenny Lee </Td> <Td> Nurse , midwife </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Main </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanessa Redgrave </Td> <Td> Voice of Jennifer Worth </Td> <Td> Nurse , midwife </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jenny Agutter </Td> <Td> Sister Julienne </Td> <Td> Sister - in - charge , midwife </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judy Parfitt </Td> <Td> Sister Monica Joan </Td> <Td> Retired midwife </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pam Ferris </Td> <Td> Sister Evangelina </Td> <Td> Nurse , midwife </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Main </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bryony Hannah </Td> <Td> Sister Mary Cynthia </Td> <Td> Nurse , midwife </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Main </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helen George </Td> <Td> Beatrix `` Trixie '' Franklin </Td> <Td> Senior nurse , midwife </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laura Main </Td> <Td> Shelagh Turner </Td> <Td> Practice manager , midwife </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephen McGann </Td> <Td> Patrick Turner </Td> <Td> General practitioner </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cliff Parisi </Td> <Td> Frederick `` Fred '' Buckle </Td> <Td> Caretaker </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Max Macmillan </Td> <Td> Timothy `` Tim '' Turner </Td> <Td> Patrick Turner 's son </Td> <Td colspan="7"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miranda Hart </Td> <Td> Camilla `` Chummy '' Noakes </Td> <Td> Nurse , midwife </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Main </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ben Caplan </Td> <Td> Peter Noakes </Td> <Td> Police Sergeant </Td> <Td colspan="6"> Main </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Rainsford </Td> <Td> James `` Jimmy '' Wilson </Td> <Td> Friend of Jenny Lee </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cheryl Campbell </Td> <Td> Lady Browne </Td> <Td> Chummy 's mother </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td> Does not appear </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emerald Fennell </Td> <Td> Patience `` Patsy '' Mount </Td> <Td> Nurse , midwife </Td> <Td> Does not appear </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Main </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dorothy Atkinson </Td> <Td> Jane Sutton </Td> <Td> Medical orderly </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leo Starr </Td> <Td> Alec Jesmond </Td> <Td> Boyfriend of Jenny Lee </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Victoria Yeates </Td> <Td> Sister Winifred </Td> <Td> Midwife </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Ashton </Td> <Td> Tom Hereward </Td> <Td> Curate </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alice Brown </Td> <Td> Angela Turner </Td> <Td> Adopted daughter of Shelagh and Patrick Turner </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlotte Ritchie </Td> <Td> Barbara Hereward </Td> <Td> Nurse , midwife </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Annabelle Apsion </Td> <Td> Violet Buckle </Td> <Td> Wife of Fred Buckle </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Recurring </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Linda Bassett </Td> <Td> Phyllis Crane </Td> <Td> Nursing sister , midwife </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="4"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kate Lamb </Td> <Td> Delia Busby </Td> <Td> Nurse </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Main </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maxine Evans </Td> <Td> Mrs Busby </Td> <Td> Delia Busby 's mother </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harriet Walter </Td> <Td> Sister Ursula </Td> <Td> Sister - in - charge , midwife , nurse </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Recurring </Td> <Td colspan="1"> Does not appear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jennifer Kirby </Td> <Td> Valerie Dyer </Td> <Td> Nurse , midwife </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Hawkins </Td> <Td> Christopher Dockerill </Td> <Td> Dentist </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniel Laurie </Td> <Td> Reggie Jackson </Td> <Td> In the care of Fred and Violet Buckle </Td> <Td colspan="5"> Does not appear </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Recurring </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Sister Julienne ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Sister Julienne </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Call The Midwife character </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Jenny Agutter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duration </Th> <Td> 2012 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Series 1 , Episode 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Introduced by </Th> <Td> Jennifer Worth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> <Td> Present ; regular </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Profile </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Sister - in - charge , Nun , Midwife and Nurse </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> By necessity , Sister Julienne conceals an iron fist in a velvet glove , managing both her charges and fellow sisters with a combination of tact , compassion , and no - nonsense advice . </P> <P> Her steadfast , compassionate guidance makes her an anchor for her colleagues and in a very real way , it is she who holds the inhabitants of Nonnatus House together . She always offers comfort and help to the young midwives and also has a notably close , warm and maternal relationship with Sister Bernadette , serving as her chief mentor and confidante . Beginning with series 4 , it becomes clear that the weight of always having to be `` the wise one '' takes a heavier toll on her than many would guess , and she is increasingly shown leaning on Shelagh ( formerly Sister Bernadette ) for counsel and support ; nevertheless , her faith is not shaken and she remains a serene , guiding presence for all of Nonnatus House . Her pre-Order name was Louise . </P> <P> In the sixth series after her return from Africa , Sister Julienne becomes Deputy Sister - in - Charge to Sister Ursula . Although Sister Ursula leaves in the third episode and Sister Julienne become sister in charge again . </P> <H3> Sister Monica Joan ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Sister Monica Joan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Call The Midwife character </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Judy Parfitt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duration </Th> <Td> 2012 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Series 1 , Episode 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Introduced by </Th> <Td> Jennifer Worth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> <Td> Present ; regular </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Profile </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Nun , Retired Midwife and Nurse </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> One of the UK 's earliest registered nurses , and the last surviving founder of Nonnatus House , Sister Monica Joan ( whose birth name was Antonia Cavill ) retired from practice prior to the events of the series , who is suffering from the early stages of dementia and feeble body . Desperate to be of service and feel useful , she is given make - work tasks to keep her occupied , such as rolling bandages ( which the nurses secretly unrolled beforehand ) . Sister Julienne expresses that it is now their privilege to care for her . </P> <P> She has a very different nature from Sister Evangelina 's and misses no opportunity to bait her . It is never entirely clear how much of Sister Monica Joan 's eccentricity is due to the frailty of age , or ( as Jenny and Sister Bernadette suspect ) sheer wilful naughtiness . She has a habit of devouring all the cakes , leading everyone to try to hide them from her . She also knits woollen teddy bears and casts her horoscope in the stars and planets in order to tell her future . In the final episode of Series 1 , after recovering from pneumonia , she is arrested for stealing trinkets from the market : some ribbons , a handkerchief , a china robin and several other things . </P> <P> Later , she is suspected of stealing a ring , a bracelet and a pearl necklace , which were discovered by Jenny Lee ; Sister Monica Joan then went to hide them in her knitting bag and they were found by Sister Evangelina and who called the constable . Mother Jesu Emanuel ( Mother Superior of the order ) testifies that Sister Monica Joan inherited those items from her mother and no crime was committed . In light of Monica Joan 's age and moments of forgetfulness , she is acquitted of the trinket thefts . In Series 2 , she reconciles with her nephew and his family , fears that she is useless , spends a lot of money on taxis to see her nephew , much to the chagrin of Sister Julienne , recovers from angina , escapes a holiday with Sister Evangelina to Chichester , judges a baby show , and pays for a child 's funeral . Sister Monica Joan is very close to and gets on well with Jenny . In the 2015 Christmas special , she runs away from the convent after an argument with Sister Evangelina , returning to her childhood home with the belief that everyone should go back to their home , prompted by Barbara 's comment that she was n't allowed back to Liverpool for Christmas . She returns just in time for their appearance on the BBC . </P> <H3> Sister Mary Cynthia ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Sister Mary Cynthia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Call The Midwife character </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Bryony Hannah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duration </Th> <Td> 2012 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Series 1 , Episode 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Introduced by </Th> <Td> Jennifer Worth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> <Td> Present ; regular </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Profile </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Nurse , Midwife ; later Nun ( series 4 - ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Nurse Cynthia Miller , like Trixie , is also a resident at Nonnatus House when Jenny arrives . She volunteers as a uniformed leader of the local Girls

In the TV show "Call the Midwife", Chummy's mother is played by

Who plays chummy's mother in call the midwife?

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executive and federative power , responsible for the protection of the country and prerogative of the monarch , on the other hand . ( The Kingdom of England had no written constitution . ) </P> <H3> Montesquieu 's separation of powers system ( edit ) </H3> Montesquieu <P> The term `` tripartite system '' is commonly ascribed to French Enlightenment political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu , although he did not use such a term . In reality he referred to `` distribution '' of powers . In The Spirit of the Laws ( 1748 ) , Montesquieu described the various forms of distribution of political power among a legislature , an executive , and a judiciary . Montesquieu 's approach was to present and defend a form of government which was not excessively centralized in all its powers to a single monarch or similar ruler , form of government known then as `` aristocracy '' . He based this model on the Constitution of the Roman Republic and the British constitutional system . Montesquieu took the view that the Roman Republic had powers separated so that no one could usurp complete power . In the British constitutional system , Montesquieu discerned a separation of powers among the monarch , Parliament , and the courts of law . </P> <P> In every government there are three sorts of power : the legislative ; the executive in respect to things dependent on the law of nations ; and the executive in regard to matters that depend on the civil law . </P> <P> By virtue of the first , the prince or magistrate enacts temporary or perpetual laws , and amends or abrogates those that have been already enacted . By the second , he makes peace or war , sends or receives embassies , establishes the public security , and provides against invasions . By the third , he punishes criminals , or determines the disputes that arise between individuals . The latter we shall call the judiciary power , and the other , simply , the executive power of the state . </P> -- The Spirit of the Laws , Book XI <P> Montesquieu argues that each Power should only exercise its own functions , it was quite explicit here : </P> <P> When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person , or in the same body of magistrates , there can be no liberty ; because apprehensions may arise , lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws , to execute them in a tyrannical manner . </P> <P> Again , there is no liberty if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive . Were it joined with the legislative , the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control ; for the judge would be then the legislator . Were it joined to the executive power , the judge might behave with violence and oppression . </P> <P> There would be an end of every thing , were the same man , or the same body , whether of the nobles or of the people , to exercise those three powers , that of enacting laws , that of executing the public resolutions , and of trying the causes of individuals . </P> -- The Spirit of the Laws , Book XI <P> Separation of powers requires a different source of legitimization , or a different act of legitimization from the same source , for each of the separate powers . If the legislative branch appoints the executive and judicial powers , as Montesquieu indicated , there will be no separation or division of its powers , since the power to appoint carries with it the power to revoke . </P> <P> The executive power ought to be in the hands of a monarch , because this branch of government , having need of dispatch , is better administered by one than by many : on the other hand , whatever depends on the legislative power , is oftentimes better regulated by many than by a single person . </P> <P> But , if there were no monarch , and the executive power should be committed to a certain number of persons , selected from the legislative body , there would be an end of liberty , by reason the two powers would be united ; as the same persons would sometimes possess , and would be always able to possess , a share in both . </P> -- The Spirit of the Laws , Book XI <P> Montesquieu did actually specify that the independence of the judiciary has to be real , and not merely apparent . The judiciary was generally seen as the most important of the three powers , independent and unchecked , while also likely to claim to be the least dangerous one . </P> <H3> Checks and balances ( edit ) </H3> <P> Checks and balances is the principle that each of the Branches has the power to limit or check the other two and this creates a balance between the three separate powers of the state , this principle induces that the ambitions of one branch prevent that one of the other branches become supreme , and thus be eternally confronting each other and in that process leaving the people free from government abuses . Checks and Balances are designed to maintain the system of separation of powers keeping each branch in its place . This is based on the idea that it is not enough to separate the powers and guarantee their independence but to give the various branches the constitutional means to defend their own legitimate powers from the encroachments of the other branches . They guarantee that the powers of the State have the same weight ( co-equal ) , that is , to be balanced , so that they can limit each other , avoiding the abuse of state power . the origin of checks and balances , like separation of powers itself , is specifically credited to Montesquieu in the Enlightenment ( in The Spirit of the Laws , 1748 ) , under this influence was implemented in 1787 in the Constitution of the United States . </P> <P> The following example of the separation of powers and their mutual checks and balances for the experience of the United States Constitution is presented as illustrative of the general principles applied in similar forms of government as well . </P> <P> `` But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department , consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others . The provision for defense must in this , as in all other cases , be made commensurate to the danger of attack . Ambition must be made to counteract ambition . The interest of the man must be connected with the constitutional rights of the place . It may be a reflection on human nature , that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government . But what is government itself , but the greatest of all reflections on human nature ? If men were angels , no government would be necessary . If angels were to govern men , neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary . In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men , the great difficulty lies in this : you must first enable the government to control the governed ; and in the next place oblige it to control itself . '' </P> <P> `` A dependence on the people is , no doubt , the primary control on the government ; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions . This policy of supplying , by opposite and rival interests , the defect of better motives , might be traced through the whole system of human affairs , private as well as public . We see it particularly displayed in all the subordinate distributions of power , where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that each may be a check on the other that the private interest of every individual may be a sentinel over the public rights . These inventions of prudence can not be less requisite in the distribution of the supreme powers of the State . '' </P> -- James Madison , The Federalist Papers No. 51 , <Table> <Tr> <Th> Legislative ( Congress ) </Th> <Th> Executive ( President ) </Th> <Th> Judicial ( Supreme Court ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Passes bills ; has broad taxing and spending power ; regulates inter-state commerce ; controls the federal budget ; has power to borrow money on the credit of the United States ( may be vetoed by President , but vetoes may be overridden with a two - thirds vote of both houses ) </Li> <Li> Has sole power to declare war , as well as to raise , support , and regulate the military . </Li> <Li> Oversees , investigates , and makes the rules for the government and its officers . </Li> <Li> Defines by law the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary in cases not specified by the Constitution . </Li> <Li> Ratification of treaties signed by the President and gives advice and consent to presidential appointments to the federal judiciary , federal executive departments , and other posts ( Senate only ) . </Li> <Li> Has sole power of impeachment ( House of Representatives ) and trial of impeachments ( Senate ) ; can remove federal executive and judicial officers from office for high crimes and misdemeanors </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Is the commander - in - chief of the armed forces </Li> <Li> Executes the instructions of Congress . </Li> <Li> May veto bills passed by Congress ( but the veto may be overridden by a two - thirds majority of both houses ) </Li> <Li> Executes the spending authorized by Congress . </Li> <Li> Declares states of emergency and publishes regulations and executive orders . </Li> <Li> Makes executive agreements ( does not require ratification ) and signs treaties ( ratification requiring approval by two - thirds of the Senate ) </Li> <Li> Makes appointments to the federal judiciary , federal executive departments , and other posts with the advice and consent of the Senate . Has power to make temporary appointment during the recess of the Senate </Li> <Li> Has the power to grant `` reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States , except in cases of impeachment . '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case </Li> <Li> Exercises judicial review , reviewing the constitutionality of laws </Li> <Li> Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes </Li> <Li> Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners </Li> <Li> Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence </Li> <Li> Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top - down fashion via the appeals process , but gives discretion in individual cases to low - level judges . The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review , determined by the type of case in question . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Comparison between tripartite and bipartite National systems ( edit ) </H2> <P> Constitutions with a high degree of separation of powers are found worldwide . The UK system is distinguished by a particular entwining of powers . A number of Latin American countries have electoral branches of government . </P> <P> Countries with little separation of power include New Zealand and Canada . Canada makes limited use of separation of powers in practice , although in theory it distinguishes between branches of government . </P> <P> New Zealand 's constitution is based on the principle of separation of powers through a series of constitutional safeguards ,

The concept of separation of powers and checks and balances was created by

Who created separation of powers and checks and balances?

914815550191007566

2017 NFL draft - wikipedia <H1> 2017 NFL draft </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> 2017 NFL Draft <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> General Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date ( s ) </Th> <Td> April 27 -- 29 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time </Th> <Td> 8 : 00 PM ET </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Rocky Steps Philadelphia , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV coverage ( US ) </Th> <Td> ESPN , ESPN2 , NFL Network </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 253 total selections in 7 rounds </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First selection </Th> <Td> Myles Garrett , DE Cleveland Browns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mr. Irrelevant </Th> <Td> Chad Kelly , QB Denver Broncos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most selections ( 11 ) </Th> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals , Minnesota Vikings , Seattle Seahawks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fewest selections ( 4 ) </Th> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ← 2016 </Li> <Li> NFL Drafts </Li> <Li> 2018 → </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> The stage for the 2017 NFL Draft on Eakins Oval in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art <P> The 2017 NFL Draft was the 82nd annual meeting of National Football League ( NFL ) franchises to select newly eligible American football players . It was held in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art from April 27 -- 29 , returning to Philadelphia for the first time since 1961 . </P> <P> The player selections were announced from an outdoor theater built on the Rocky Steps , marking the first time an entire NFL draft was held outdoors . The NFL announced that the draft was the most attended in history , with more than 250,000 people . Starting from this draft , compensatory picks could be traded . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early entrants </Li> <Li> 2 Player selections </Li> <Li> 3 Summary <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Selections by college athletic conference </Li> <Li> 3.2 Schools with multiple draft selections </Li> <Li> 3.3 Selections by position </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Trades </Li> <Li> 5 Forfeited / penalized picks </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early entrants ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of 2017 NFL Draft early entrants <P> In order to be eligible to enter the draft , players must be at least three years removed from high school . The deadline for underclassmen to declare for the draft was January 16 , 2017 . </P> <P> The following is the breakdown of the 253 players selected by position : </P> <Ul> <Li> 34 Cornerbacks </Li> <Li> 32 Wide receivers </Li> <Li> 29 Linebackers </Li> <Li> 26 Running backs </Li> <Li> 25 Defensive ends </Li> <Li> 23 Safeties </Li> <Li> 20 Defensive tackles </Li> <Li> 16 Offensive tackles </Li> <Li> 14 Tight ends </Li> <Li> 11 Offensive guards </Li> <Li> 10 Quarterbacks </Li> <Li> 6 Centers </Li> <Li> 3 Placekickers </Li> <Li> 3 Fullbacks </Li> <Li> 1 Long snapper </Li> </Ul> <H2> Player selections ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Jump to round : 2 3 4 5 6 7 <Table> <Tr> <Td> * </Td> <Td> = compensatory selection </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> † </Td> <Td> = Pro Bowler </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> Positions key <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Center </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> Cornerback </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DB </Td> <Td> Defensive back </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> Defensive end </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DL </Td> <Td> Defensive lineman </Td> <Td> DT </Td> <Td> Defensive tackle </Td> <Td> FB </Td> <Td> Fullback </Td> <Td> FS </Td> <Td> Free safety </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guard </Td> <Td> HB </Td> <Td> Halfback </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Placekicker </Td> <Td> KR </Td> <Td> Kick returner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> Linebacker </Td> <Td> LS </Td> <Td> Long snapper </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> Offensive tackle </Td> <Td> OL </Td> <Td> Offensive lineman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NT </Td> <Td> Nose tackle </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Punter </Td> <Td> PR </Td> <Td> Punt returner </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> Quarterback </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> Running back </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Safety </Td> <Td> SS </Td> <Td> Strong safety </Td> <Td> TB </Td> <Td> Tailback </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> Tight end </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> Wide receiver </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Rnd . </Th> <Th> Pick # </Th> <Th> NFL team </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Pos . </Th> <Th> College </Th> <Th> Conf . </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td> Cleveland Browns </Td> <Td> Garrett , Myles Myles Garrett </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td> Chicago Bears </Td> <Td> Trubisky , Mitchell Mitchell Trubisky </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> ACC </Td> <Td> from San Francisco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> <Td> Thomas , Solomon Solomon Thomas </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> Pac - 12 </Td> <Td> from Chicago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td> Jacksonville Jaguars </Td> <Td> Fournette , Leonard Leonard Fournette </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> LSU </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> Davis , Corey Corey Davis </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> Western Michigan </Td> <Td> MAC </Td> <Td> from LA Rams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> New York Jets </Td> <Td> Adams , Jamal Jamal Adams </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> LSU </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Los Angeles Chargers </Td> <Td> Williams , Mike Mike Williams </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> Clemson </Td> <Td> ACC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Carolina Panthers </Td> <Td> McCaffrey , Christian Christian McCaffrey </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> Pac - 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals </Td> <Td> Ross , John John Ross </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> Pac - 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Kansas City Chiefs </Td> <Td> Mahomes II , Patrick Patrick Mahomes II </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> Texas Tech </Td> <Td> Big 12 </Td> <Td> from Buffalo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> New Orleans Saints </Td> <Td> Lattimore , Marshon Marshon Lattimore </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> Ohio State </Td> <Td> Big Ten </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Houston Texans </Td> <Td> Watson , Deshaun Deshaun Watson </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> Clemson </Td> <Td> ACC </Td> <Td> from Philadelphia via Cleveland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> Reddick , Haason Haason Reddick </Td> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> Temple </Td> <Td> The American </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles </Td> <Td> Barnett , Derek Derek Barnett </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> from Minnesota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> Hooker , Malik Malik Hooker </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ohio State </Td> <Td> Big Ten </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> Humphrey , Marlon Marlon Humphrey </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Allen , Jonathan Jonathan Allen </Td> <Td> DT </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> Jackson , Adoree'Adoree ' Jackson </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> Pac - 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> Tampa Bay Buccaneers </Td> <Td> Howard , O.J. O.J. Howard </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> Denver Broncos </Td> <Td> Bolles , Garett Garett Bolles </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> Pac - 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> Detroit Lions </Td> <Td> Davis , Jarrad Jarrad Davis </Td> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> Miami Dolphins </Td> <Td> Harris , Charles Charles Harris </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> Engram , Evan Evan Engram </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> Ole Miss </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> Conley , Gareon Gareon Conley </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> Ohio State </Td> <Td> Big Ten </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> Cleveland Browns </Td> <Td> Peppers , Jabrill Jabrill Peppers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> Big Ten </Td> <Td> from Houston </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> Atlanta Falcons </Td> <Td> McKinley , Takkarist Takkarist McKinley </Td> <Td> OLB </Td> <Td> UCLA </Td> <Td> Pac - 12 </Td> <Td> from Seattle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> Buffalo Bills </Td> <Td> White , Tre'Davious Tre'Davious White </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> LSU </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> from Kansas City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Charlton , Taco Taco Charlton </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> Big Ten </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> Cleveland Browns </Td> <Td> Njoku , David David Njoku </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> Miami ( FL ) </Td> <Td> ACC </Td> <Td> from Green Bay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> <Td> Watt , T.J. T.J. Watt </Td> <Td> OLB </Td> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> Big Ten </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> <Td> Foster , Reuben Reuben Foster </Td> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> from Atlanta via Seattle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> New Orleans Saints </Td> <Td> Ramczyk , Ryan Ryan Ramczyk </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> Big Ten </Td> <Td> from New England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> King , Kevin Kevin King </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> Pac - 12 </Td> <Td> from Cleveland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> Jacksonville Jaguars </Td> <Td> Robinson , Cam Cam Robinson </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> from San Francisco via Seattle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> Seattle Seahawks </Td> <Td> McDowell , Malik Malik McDowell </Td> <Td> DT </Td> <Td> Michigan State </Td> <Td> Big Ten </Td> <Td> from Jacksonville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> Baker , Budda Budda Baker </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> Pac - 12 </Td> <Td> from Chicago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> Buffalo Bills </Td> <Td> Jones , Zay Zay Jones </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> East Carolina </Td> <Td> The American </Td> <Td> from LA Rams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 38 </Th>

The NFL's first draft pick in 2017 was

Who was the nfl first draft pick 2017?

972568347460262100

Freedom of religion in Nepal - wikipedia <H1> Freedom of religion in Nepal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is based on public domain United States government sources and may require cleanup . You can help by rewriting it from a neutral viewpoint to meet Wikipedia 's standards , preferably citing reliable sources . See the talk page . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Nepal is a secular state under the Interim Constitution , which was promulgated on January 15 , 2007 . The Interim Constitution provides for freedom to practice one 's religion . The Interim Constitution also specifically denies the right to convert another person . The now - defunct constitution of 1990 , which was in effect until January 15 , 2007 , described the country as a `` Hindu Kingdom , '' although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion . The Government generally did not interfere with the practice of other religious groups , and religious tolerance was broadly observed ; however , there were some restrictions . </P> <P> The Government took positive preliminary steps with respect to religious freedom during the period covered by this report , and government policy contributed to the generally free practice of religion . The Interim Parliament , through the Interim Constitution , officially declared the country a secular state in January 2007 ; however , no laws specifically affecting freedom of religion were changed . Nonetheless , many believed that the declaration made it easier to practice their religion freely . </P> <P> Adherents of the country 's many religious groups generally coexisted peacefully and respected places of worship , although there were reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious belief or practice . Those who converted to another religious group at times faced violence and occasionally were ostracized socially but generally did not fear to admit their affiliations in public . But overall , Nepal is viewed as a religiously harmonious place for its state of development . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Religious demography </Li> <Li> 2 Status of religious freedom <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Legal and policy framework </Li> <Li> 2.2 Restrictions on religious freedom </Li> <Li> 2.3 Forced religious conversion </Li> <Li> 2.4 In rebel - held areas during the Nepalese Civil War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Societal abuses and discrimination </Li> <Li> 4 Atheists in Nepal </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Religious demography ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Religion in Nepal <P> The country has an area of 147,181 square kilometres ( 56,827 sq mi ) and a population of 28 million . Hinduism is reported to be the religion of 81.34 % of the population followed by Buddhism ( 9.04 % ) , Islam ( 4.38 % ) , Kirant ( an indigenous animist religion ) , ( 3.04 % ) , and Christianity ( 1.41 % ) . There are adherents to many other religious groups , whose proportion is small . According to the chairman of the Madrassah Islamiyah Association , there are almost 2,500 madrassahs . Twenty thousand Tibetan Buddhist refugees reside in the country . </P> <H2> Status of religious freedom ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Legal and policy framework ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Interim Constitution provides for freedom of religion and permits the practice of all religious groups ; however , there are some restrictions . The Interim Parliament declared the country a secular state in the Interim Constitution in January 2007 . The previous constitution described the country as a `` Hindu Kingdom , '' although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion . Article 23 of the Interim Constitution protects the rights of all religious groups by guaranteeing the individual the right `` to profess and practice his / her own religion as handed down to him / her from ancient times having due regard to traditional practices . '' It also states `` no person shall be entitled to convert another person from one religion to another and shall not take actions or behave in a way that would create disturbance in another 's religion . '' </P> <P> The Interim Constitution maintains the stipulation from the 1990 constitution that no one can be discriminated against based on caste . In 2002 the previous government constituted a National Dalit Commission charged with protecting and promoting Dalit ( formerly called `` untouchable '' ) rights and ensuring active participation of the Dalit community in the development of the country . Before the People 's Movement in April 2006 , which led to removal of the King and his government , the Commission devised legal and policy arrangements for Dalit rights , made recommendations to implement international conventions to which the country is a party , monitored and coordinated non-governmental organizations ( NGOs ) on efforts to uplift Dalits , and launched programs on social awareness to end social discrimination and untouchability . After the success of the People 's Movement , many members of the Commission were accused of being royalist and resigned , and the Commission was unable to function . The Interim Government nominated 16 members to the Commission on June 3 , 2007 . </P> <P> There are no specific laws favoring the Hindu majority , nor does the Government control the expression of Hinduism . </P> <P> Although there were no registration requirements for religious groups , there were legal registration requirements for NGOs . Organizations had been prohibited from registering if their names contained religious words . However , this began to change in April 2007 when the Government allowed the registration of an organization with the word `` Bible '' in its title . Christian , Muslim , and Jewish religious organizations claimed that , unless registered , such organizations were restricted from owning land , an important step for establishing churches , mosques , synagogues , or burial sites . An organization that provides religious services and kosher foods to Jewish adherents ( generally tourists ) complained that the organization was not able to legally register as a religious organization and its workers had to enter the country on business visas . </P> <P> Proselytizing remained illegal . There are officially no foreign missionaries ; however , for decades dozens of Christian missionary hospitals , welfare organizations , and schools have operated in the country . These organizations did not proselytize , and otherwise operated freely . Missionary schools were among the most respected institutions of secondary education ; many members of the governing and business elite graduated from Jesuit high schools . Foreign workers in the missionary hospitals and schools entered the country with visas designating them as technical workers for local or international NGOs sponsoring the hospitals and schools . The Government enforced these immigration laws ; if foreign workers were found to proselytize , they were expelled from the country . There were no expulsions during the reporting period . Many foreign Christian organizations had direct ties to local churches and sponsored pastors for religious training abroad . </P> <P> Some holy days , most of them Hindu , were recognized as national holidays . These were Mahashivaratri , Buddha Jayanti , Falgun Purnima , Krishna Asthami , Dasain , and Tihar . </P> <P> Although public schools did not teach religion , most had a statue of Saraswoti , the Hindu goddess of learning , on their grounds . Many began the day with a Hindu prayer to the goddess . </P> <P> The Government had no formal policy on interfaith understanding . A local NGO , the Interreligious Council of Nepal , consisting of representatives of the Hindu , Buddhist , Muslim , Christian , and Baha'i faiths , was active in promoting peace in the country . </P> <H3> Restrictions on religious freedom ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tibetan Buddhists faced various restrictions on their celebrations . Local authorities generally restricted celebration of Tibetan religious festivals to private property . Police in Kathmandu prohibited Tibetans celebrating the New Year from carrying pictures of the Dalai Lama around an important Buddhist temple as part of religious ceremonies . The Government also restricted all other non-religious local Tibetan celebrations ( Tibetan New Year , the Dalai Lama 's birthday , and Democracy Day ) to private property . On March 10 , 2007 , however , the Tibetan community was allowed to march freely in the street , demanding `` freedom and justice for Tibet . '' During the reporting period , the Government revoked the legally obtained registration of a welfare office to look after Tibetan refugees ( a lawsuit was pending at the end of the reporting period ) and did not allow the registration of an office to represent the Dalai Lama . The welfare office previously looked after more than 20,000 Tibetan refugees who left their homeland after the Dalai Lama fled Tibet in 1959 . </P> <P> The law prohibits converting others and proselytizing ; these activities are punishable by fines , imprisonment , or , for foreigners , expulsion . However , personal conversion is allowed . Some Christian and Muslim groups were concerned that the ban on proselytizing limited the expression of non-Hindu religious belief . NGOs or individuals were allowed to file reports that individuals or organizations were proselytizing , and the Government investigated these reports . </P> <P> There were no incidents of punishment for conversion or proselytism during the reporting period . </P> <P> Madrassahs , but not mosques , are required to register with local district administration offices ( part of the Home Ministry ) and supply information about their funding sources to operate ; they receive no government funding . Some Muslim leaders criticized the move as discriminatory ; however , the registration requirement has not been enforced . Muslims were not restricted from participating in the Hajj , although the Government did not subsidize the pilgrimage . </P> <P> The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste ; however , the caste system strongly influences society . While the Government has stressed that caste - based discrimination is illegal and temple access for `` lower castes '' has improved in some areas , caste discrimination was frequently practiced at Hindu temples , where Dalits were forbidden from entering by some Hindu priests . </P> <P> There were no restrictions on the selling or possession of religious literature . </P> <P> Civil servants may take off religious holidays and celebrate them on private property without government interference . </P> <P> There were no reports of religious prisoners or detainees . </P> <H3> Forced religious conversion ( edit ) </H3> <P> There were no reports of forced religious conversion , including of minor U.S. citizens who had been abducted or illegally removed from the United States , or of the refusal to allow such citizens to be returned to the United States . ( Edit : The meaning of this sentence is unclear . ) There have been frequent reports alleging that various missionaries and foreign Christian organizations have lured poor people to change their religion by offering them jobs and money . No proof for these allegations has ever been brought forward , however ; and such charges have long been leveled against Christians in south Asia . The charges have sometimes brought tensions in societies , where the newly converted are claimed to have been brainwashed . </P> <H3> In rebel - held areas during the Nepalese Civil War ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the Nepalese Civil War , Maoist insurgents restricted religious freedom in parts of the country .

Nepal was declared a secular state on

When was nepal declared a secular state in bs?

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Parietal cell - wikipedia <H1> Parietal cell </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Parietal cell </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Human parietal cells ( pink staining ) - stomach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Control of stomach acid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Stomach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Function </Th> <Td> Gastric acid , intrinsic factor secretion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> exocrinocytus parietalis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D010295 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TH </Th> <Td> H3. 04.02. 1.00033 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Parietal cells ( also known as oxyntic or delomorphous cells ) , are the epithelial cells that secrete hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) and intrinsic factor . These cells are located in the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach . They contain an extensive secretory network ( called canaliculi ) from which the HCl is secreted by active transport into the stomach . The enzyme hydrogen potassium ATPase ( H / K ATPase ) is unique to the parietal cells and transports the H against a concentration gradient of about 3 million to 1 , which is the steepest ion gradient formed in the human body . Parietal cells are primarily regulated via histamine , acetylcholine and gastrin signaling from both central and local modulators ( see ' Regulation ' ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Canaliculus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Function <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Hydrochloric acid secretion </Li> <Li> 2.2 Regulation </Li> <Li> 2.3 Intrinsic factor secretion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Clinical significance </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Canaliculus ( edit ) </H3> <P> A canaliculus is an adaptation found on gastric parietal cells . It is a deep infolding , or little channel , which serves to increase the surface area , e.g. for secretion . The parietal cell membrane is dynamic ; the numbers of canaliculi rise and fall according to secretory need . This is accomplished by the fusion of canalicular precursors , or `` tubulovesicles '' , with the membrane to increase surface area , and the reciprocal endocytosis of the canaliculi ( reforming the tubulovesicles ) to decrease it . </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Hydrochloric acid secretion ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hydrochloric acid is formed in the following manner : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hydrogen ions are formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid . Water is a very minor source of hydrogen ions in comparison to carbonic acid . Carbonic acid is formed from carbon dioxide and water by carbonic anhydrase . </Li> <Li> The bicarbonate ion ( HCO ) is exchanged for a chloride ion ( Cl ) on the basal side of the cell and the bicarbonate diffuses into the venous blood , leading to an alkaline tide phenomenon . </Li> <Li> Potassium ( K ) and chloride ( Cl ) ions diffuse into the canaliculi . </Li> <Li> Hydrogen ions are pumped out of the cell into the canaliculi in exchange for potassium ions , via the H / K ATPase . These receptors are increased in number on luminal side by fusion of tubulovesicles during activation of parietal cells and removed during deactivation . This receptor maintains a million fold difference in proton concentration . ATP is provided by the numerous mitochondria . </Li> </Ul> <P> As a result of the cellular export of hydrogen ions , the gastric lumen is maintained as a highly - acidic environment . The acidity aids in digestion of food by promoting the unfolding ( or denaturing ) of ingested proteins . As proteins unfold , the peptide bonds linking component amino acids are exposed . Gastric HCl simultaneously activates pepsinogen , an endopeptidase that advances the digestive process by breaking the now - exposed peptide bonds , a process known as proteolysis . </P> <H3> Regulation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Parietal cells secrete acid in response to three types of stimuli : </P> <Ul> <Li> Histamine , stimulates H histamine receptors ( most significant contribution ) . </Li> <Li> Acetylcholine , from parasympathetic activity via the vagus nerve and enteric nervous system , stimulating M receptors . </Li> <Li> Gastrin , stimulating CCK2 receptors ( least significant contribution , but also causes histamine secretion by local ECL cells ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Activation of histamine through H receptor causes increases intracellular cAMP level while Ach through M receptor and gastrin through CCK2 receptor increases intracellular calcium level . These receptors are present on basolateral side of membrane . </P> <P> Increased cAMP level results in increased protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates proteins involved in the transport of H / K ATPase from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane . This causes resorption of K ions and secretion of H ions . The pH of the secreted fluid can fall by 0.8 . </P> <P> Gastrin primarily induces acid - secretion indirectly , increasing histamine synthesis in ECL cells , which in turn signal parietal cells via histamine release / H2 stimulation . Gastrin itself has no effect on the maximum histamine - stimulated gastric acid secretion . </P> <P> The effect of histamine , acetylcholine and gastrin is synergistic , that is , effect of two simultaneously is more than additive of effect of the two individually . It helps in non-linear increase of secretion with stimuli physiologically . </P> <H3> Intrinsic factor secretion ( edit ) </H3> <P> Parietal cells also produce intrinsic factor . Intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of vitamin B in the diet . A long - term deficiency in vitamin B can lead to megaloblastic anemia , characterized by large fragile erythrocytes . Pernicious anaemia results from autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells , precluding the synthesis of intrinsic factor and , by extension , absorption of Vitamin B. Pernicious anemia also leads to megaloblastic anemia . Atrophic gastritis , particularly in the elderly , will cause an inability to absorb B and can lead to deficiencies such as decreased DNA synthesis and nucleotide metabolism in the bone marrow . </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> Immunofluorescence staining pattern of gastric parietal antibodies on a stomach section <Ul> <Li> Peptic ulcers can result from over-acidity in the stomach . Antacids can be used to enhance the natural tolerance of the gastric lining . Antimuscarinic drugs such as pirenzepine or H antihistamines can reduce acid secretion . Proton pump inhibitors are more potent at reducing gastric acid production since that is the final common pathway of all stimulation of acid production . </Li> <Li> In pernicious anemia , autoantibodies directed against parietal cells or intrinsic factor cause a reduction in vitamin B absorption . It can be treated with injections of replacement vitamin B ( methylcobalamin , hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin ) . </Li> <Li> Achlorhydria is another autoimmune disease of the parietal cells . The damaged parietal cells are unable to produce the required amount of gastric acid . This leads to an increase in gastric pH , impaired digestion of food and increased risk of gastroenteritis . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gastric chief cell </Li> <Li> Digestion </Li> <Li> Gastroesophageal reflux disease </Li> <Li> Discovery and Development of Proton Pump Inhibitors </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of human cell types derived from the germ layers </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Boulpaep , Walter ( 2009 ) . Medical Physiology . Philadelphia : Saunders . pp. 898 -- 899 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 3115 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gastric acid secretion - Homo sapiens '' . KEGG . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Waldum , Helge L. , Kleveland , Per M. , et al. ( 2009 ) ' Interactions between gastric acid secretagogues and the localization of the gastrin receptor ' , Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology , 44 : 4,390 -- 393 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kleveland PM , Waldum HL , Larsson M. Gastric acid secretion in the totally isolated , vascularly perfused rat stomach . A selective muscarinic - 1 agent does , whereas gastrin does not , augment maximal histamine - stimulated acid secretion . Scand J Gastroenterol 1987 ; / 22 : / 705 � 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ganong 's Review of Medical Physiology 24th edition . LANGE . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Illustration of Chief cells and Parietal cells at anatomyatlases.org </Li> <Li> The Parietal Cell : Mechanism of Acid Secretion at vivo.colostate.edu </Li> <Li> Histology image : 11303loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University - Digestive System : Alimentary Canal : fundic stomach , gastric glands , lumen '' </Li> <Li> Physiology : 6 / 6ch4 / s6ch4_8 - Essentials of Human Physiology </Li> <Li> Physiology : 6 / 6ch4 / s6ch4_14 - Essentials of Human Physiology </Li> <Li> Parietal cell antibody </Li> <Li> Antibody to GPC </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Physiology of the gastrointestinal system </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GI tract </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Upper </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Exocrine </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chief cells <Ul> <Li> Pepsinogen </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Parietal cells <Ul> <Li> Gastric acid </Li> <Li> Intrinsic factor </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Foveolar cells <Ul> <Li> HCO </Li> <Li> Mucus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Goblet cells <Ul> <Li> Mucus </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Processes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Swallowing </Li> <Li> Vomiting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fluids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Saliva </Li> <Li> Gastric acid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lower </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Enteric nervous system </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Submucous plexus </Li> <Li> Myenteric plexus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Endocrine / paracrine </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> G cells <Ul> <Li> gastrin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> D cells <Ul> <Li> somatostatin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ECL cells <Ul> <Li> Histamine </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> enterogastrone : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I cells <Ul> <Li> CCK </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> K cells <Ul> <Li> GIP </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> S cells <Ul> <Li> secretin </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Enteroendocrine cells </Li> <Li> Enterochromaffin cell </Li> <Li> APUD cell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fluids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Intestinal juice </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Processes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Segmentation contractions </Li> <Li> Migrating motor complex </Li> <Li> Borborygmus </Li> <Li> Defecation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Either / both </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Processes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal </Li> <Li> Basal electrical rhythm ) </Li> <Li> Gastrocolic reflex </Li> <Li> Digestion </Li> <Li> Enterocyte </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Accessory </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Fluids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bile </Li> <Li> Pancreatic juice </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Processes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Enterohepatic circulation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abdominopelvic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peritoneal fluid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parietal_cell&oldid=830907558 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Animal cells </Li> <Li> Human cells </Li> <Li> Acid secreting cells </Li> <Li> Stomach </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with

The site of secretion of H+ and Cl- is the

The site of secretion of h+ and cl-?

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bear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tree </Th> <Td> Ponderosa pine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Inanimate insignia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fossil </Th> <Td> Petrified wood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gemstone </Th> <Td> Sapphire , Agate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motto </Th> <Td> Spanish : Oro Y Plata ( Gold and Silver ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slogan </Th> <Td> Big Sky Country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Song </Th> <Td> `` Montana '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> State route marker </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> State quarter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Released in 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Lists of United States state symbols </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Montana / mɒnˈtænə / ( listen ) is a state in the northwestern region of the United States . The state 's name is derived from the Spanish word montaña ( mountain ) . Montana has several nicknames , although none official , including `` Big Sky Country '' and `` The Treasure State '' , and slogans that include `` Land of the Shining Mountains '' and more recently `` The Last Best Place '' . </P> <P> Montana is the 4th largest in area , the 7th least populous , and the 3rd sparsely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges . Smaller island ranges are found throughout the state . In total , 77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains . The eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands . </P> <P> The economy is primarily based on agriculture , including ranching and cereal grain farming . Other significant economic activities include oil , gas , coal and hard rock mining , lumber , and the fastest - growing sector , tourism . The health care , service , and government sectors also are significant to the state 's economy . Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park , the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument , and Yellowstone National Park . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology and naming history </Li> <Li> 2 Geography <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Topography <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Rivers , lakes and reservoirs <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1.1 Pacific Ocean drainage basin </Li> <Li> 2.1. 1.2 Gulf of Mexico drainage basin </Li> <Li> 2.1. 1.3 Hudson Bay drainage basin </Li> <Li> 2.1. 1.4 Lakes and reservoirs </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Flora and fauna </Li> <Li> 2.3 Protected lands </Li> <Li> 2.4 Climate </Li> <Li> 2.5 Antipodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Montana territory </Li> <Li> 3.2 Conflicts </Li> <Li> 3.3 Cattle ranching </Li> <Li> 3.4 Railroads </Li> <Li> 3.5 Statehood </Li> <Li> 3.6 Homesteading </Li> <Li> 3.7 Montana and World War I </Li> <Li> 3.8 Depression era </Li> <Li> 3.9 Montana and World War II </Li> <Li> 3.10 Other military </Li> <Li> 3.11 Cold War Montana </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Intrastate demographics </Li> <Li> 4.2 Language </Li> <Li> 4.3 Religion </Li> <Li> 4.4 Native Americans </Li> <Li> 4.5 Birth data </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Economy </Li> <Li> 6 Education <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Colleges and universities </Li> <Li> 6.2 Schools </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Culture <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Major cultural events </Li> <Li> 7.2 Sports <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 Professional sports </Li> <Li> 7.2. 2 College sports </Li> <Li> 7.2. 3 Other sports </Li> <Li> 7.2. 4 Olympic competitors </Li> <Li> 7.2. 5 Sporting achievements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.3 Outdoor recreation <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Fishing and hunting </Li> <Li> 7.3. 2 Winter sports </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Health </Li> <Li> 9 Media </Li> <Li> 10 Transportation </Li> <Li> 11 Law and government <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Constitution </Li> <Li> 11.2 State government : Executive </Li> <Li> 11.3 State government : Legislative </Li> <Li> 11.4 State government : Judicial </Li> <Li> 11.5 Federal offices and courts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Politics <Ul> <Li> 12.1 Current trends </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 13 Cities and towns </Li> <Li> 14 State symbols </Li> <Li> 15 See also </Li> <Li> 16 References </Li> <Li> 17 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 18 Further reading </Li> <Li> 19 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology and naming History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña and the Latin word Montana , meaning `` mountain '' , or more broadly , `` mountainous country '' . Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the entire mountainous region of the west . The name Montana was added to a bill by the United States House Committee on Territories , which was chaired at the time by Rep. James Ashley of Ohio , for the territory that would become Idaho Territory . The name was changed by Representatives Henry Wilson ( Massachusetts ) and Benjamin F. Harding ( Oregon ) , who complained Montana had `` no meaning '' . When Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho , he again chose Montana Territory . This time Rep. Samuel Cox , also of Ohio , objected to the name . Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one . Other names such as Shoshone were suggested , but it was decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted , so the original name of Montana was adopted . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> See also : Regional designations of Montana , Ecological systems of Montana , List of mountain ranges in Montana , and List of forests in Montana Map of Montana <P> Montana is one of the nine Mountain States , located in the north of the region known as the Western United States . It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east . Wyoming is to the south , Idaho is to the west and southwest , and three Canadian provinces , British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan , are to the north . </P> <P> With an area of 147,040 square miles ( 380,800 km ) , Montana is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska , Texas , and California ; it is the largest landlocked U.S. state . </P> <H3> Topography ( edit ) </H3> <P> The state 's topography is roughly defined by the Continental Divide , which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions . Most of Montana 's 100 or more named mountain ranges are in the state 's western half , most of which is geologically and geographically part of the Northern Rocky Mountains . The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the state 's south - central part are technically part of the Central Rocky Mountains . The Rocky Mountain Front is a significant feature in the state 's north - central portion , and isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state . About 60 percent of the state is prairie , part of the northern Great Plains . </P> <P> The Bitterroot Mountains -- one of the longest continuous ranges in the Rocky Mountain chain from Alaska to Mexico -- along with smaller ranges , including the Coeur d'Alene Mountains and the Cabinet Mountains , divide the state from Idaho . The southern third of the Bitterroot range blends into the Continental Divide . Other major mountain ranges west of the Divide include the Cabinet Mountains , the Anaconda Range , the Missions , the Garnet Range , Sapphire Mountains , and Flint Creek Range . </P> Montana terrain <P> The Divide 's northern section , where the mountains rapidly give way to prairie , is part of the Rocky Mountain Front . The front is most pronounced in the Lewis Range , located primarily in Glacier National Park . Due to the configuration of mountain ranges in Glacier National Park , the Northern Divide ( which begins in Alaska 's Seward Peninsula ) crosses this region and turns east in Montana at Triple Divide Peak . It causes the Waterton River , Belly , and Saint Mary rivers to flow north into Alberta , Canada . There they join the Saskatchewan River , which ultimately empties into Hudson Bay . </P> <P> East of the divide , several roughly parallel ranges cover the state 's southern part , including the Gravelly Range , the Madison Range , Gallatin Range , Absaroka Mountains and the Beartooth Mountains . The Beartooth Plateau is the largest continuous land mass over 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) high in the continental United States . It contains the state 's highest point , Granite Peak , 12,799 feet ( 3,901 m ) high . North of these ranges are the Big Belt Mountains , Bridger Mountains , Tobacco Roots , and several island ranges , including the Crazy Mountains and Little Belt Mountains . </P> St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park <P> Between many mountain ranges are rich river valleys . The Big Hole Valley , Bitterroot Valley , Gallatin Valley , Flathead Valley , and Paradise Valley have extensive agricultural resources and multiple opportunities for tourism and recreation . </P> <P> East and north of this transition zone are the expansive and sparsely populated Northern Plains , with tableland prairies , smaller island mountain ranges , and badlands . The isolated island ranges east of the Divide include the Bear Paw Mountains , Bull Mountains , Castle Mountains , Crazy Mountains , Highwood Mountains , Judith Mountains , Little Belt Mountains , Little Rocky Mountains , the Pryor Mountains , Snowy Mountains , Sweet Grass Hills , and -- in the state 's southeastern corner near Ekalaka -- the Long Pines . Many of these isolated eastern ranges were created about 120 to 66 million years ago when magma welling up from the interior cracked and bowed the earth 's surface here . </P> <P> The area east of the divide in the state ' north - central portion is known for the Missouri Breaks and other significant rock formations . Three buttes south of Great Falls are major landmarks : Cascade , Crown , Square , Shaw and Buttes . Known as laccoliths , they formed when igneous rock protruded through cracks in the sedimentary rock . The underlying surface consists of sandstone and shale . Surface soils in the area are highly diverse , and greatly affected by the local geology , whether glaciated plain , intermountain basin , mountain foothills , or tableland . Foothill regions are often covered in weathered stone or broken slate , or consist of uncovered bare rock ( usually igneous , quartzite , sandstone , or shale ) . The soil of intermountain basins usually consists of clay , gravel , sand , silt , and volcanic ash , much of it laid down by lakes which covered the region during the Oligocene 33 to 23 million years ago . Tablelands are often topped with argillite gravel and weathered quartzite , occasionally underlain by shale . The glaciated plains are generally covered in clay , gravel , sand , and silt left by the proglacial Lake Great Falls or by moraines or gravel - covered former lake basins left by the Wisconsin glaciation 85,000 to 11,000 years ago . Farther east , areas such as Makoshika State Park near Glendive and Medicine Rocks State Park near Ekalaka contain some of the most scenic badlands regions in the state . </P> The Belly River in Waterton Lakes National Park <P> The Hell Creek Formation in Northeast Montana is a major source of dinosaur fossils . Paleontologist Jack Horner of the Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman brought this formation to the world 's attention with several major finds . </P> Rivers , lakes and reservoirs ( edit ) See also : List of rivers of Montana and List of lakes in

The western boundary of Montana is formed by the US state of

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Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) - wikipedia <H1> Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 21 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Pirates of the Caribbean </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) Rob Marshall ( 4 ) Joachim Rønning ( 5 ) Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Jerry Bruckheimer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Ted Elliott ( 1 -- 4 ) Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> Ted Elliott ( 1 , 4 ) Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 5 ) Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney ( 1 -- 5 ) On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Johnny Depp Geoffrey Rush Kevin McNally Orlando Bloom ( 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Keira Knightley ( 1 -- 3 , 5 ) Jack Davenport ( 1 -- 3 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1 -- 3 ) Bill Nighy ( 2 -- 3 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 2 -- 3 ) Tom Hollander ( 2 -- 3 ) Chow Yun - fat ( 3 ) Penélope Cruz ( 4 ) Ian McShane ( 4 ) Javier Bardem ( 5 ) Brenton Thwaites ( 5 ) Kaya Scodelario ( 5 ) ( see below ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Klaus Badelt ( 1 ) Hans Zimmer ( 1 -- 4 ) Rodrigo y Gabriela ( 4 ) Eric Whitacre ( 4 ) Geoff Zanelli ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> The Curse of the Black Pearl : 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 Dead Man 's Chest : 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 At World 's End : 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 On Stranger Tides : 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 Dead Men Tell No Tales : 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 726 minutes ( 1 -- 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> Total ( 5 films ) : $1.274 billion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> Total ( 5 films ) : $4,524,358,182 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of American fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disney 's theme park ride of the same name . </P> <P> Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) , Rob Marshall ( 4 ) and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) . The series is primarily written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) ; other writers include Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) , Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) and Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) . The stories follow the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) , Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) . Characters such as Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) and Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ) follow Jack , Will and Elizabeth in the course of the films . The fourth film features Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) and Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) , while the fifth film features Armando Salazar ( Javier Bardem ) , Henry Turner ( Brenton Thwaites ) and Carina Smyth ( Kaya Scodelario ) . The films take place in a fictional historical setting ; a world ruled by the British Empire , the East India Trading Company ( based on the real East India Company ) and the Spanish Empire , with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers . </P> <P> The film series started in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which received positive reviews from critics and grossed US $ 654 million worldwide . After the first film 's success , Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works . The franchise 's second film , subtitled Dead Man 's Chest , was released three years later in 2006 ; the sequel proved successful , breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere . Dead Man 's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office . The third film in the series , subtitled At World 's End , followed in 2007 earning $960 million , and Disney released a fourth film , subtitled On Stranger Tides , in 2011 in conventional 2D , Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D . On Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion , becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this . </P> <P> The franchise has grossed over $4.5 billion worldwide ; it is the tenth highest - grossing film series of all time and it was the first franchise where more than one film grossed $1 billion worldwide . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Films <Ul> <Li> 1.1 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 At World 's End ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Short film <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Tales of the Code : Wedlocked ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 First film </Li> <Li> 3.2 Second and third films </Li> <Li> 3.3 Fourth film </Li> <Li> 3.4 Fifth film </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Principal cast </Li> <Li> 5 Crew </Li> <Li> 6 Music <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Film soundtracks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Reception <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Box office performance </Li> <Li> 7.2 Critical and public response </Li> <Li> 7.3 Accolades <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Academy Awards </Li> <Li> 7.3. 2 Golden Globe Awards </Li> <Li> 7.3. 3 MTV Movie Awards </Li> <Li> 7.3. 4 Teen Choice Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Films </H2> Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who portrayed the principal characters . Only Depp and Rush reprised their roles in every film . Bloom and Knightley did not return for the fourth film and had cameo appearances for the fifth film . <H3> The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl <P> Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner 's love , Elizabeth Swann , from cursed pirates led by Jack 's mutinous former first mate , Captain Barbossa . Jack wants revenge against Barbossa , who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship , the Black Pearl , along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold . </P> <H3> Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest <P> Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film . Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack 's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man 's Chest -- and inside , the heart of villainous Davy Jones -- which would give Beckett control of the seas . However , Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones , who made Jack captain of the Black Pearl for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones ' ship , the Flying Dutchman . </P> <H3> At World 's End ( 2007 ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End <P> Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and , with the help of the Flying Dutchman , he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever . To stand against the East India Trading Co. , Will , Elizabeth , Barbossa , and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones ' Locker . As one of the Nine Pirate Lords , Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett 's forces . </P> <H3> On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides <P> Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover , Angelica . She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica 's father . Both are also in search of the Fountain ; Angelica to save her father 's soul , Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one - legged man . Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II 's Navy , who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth . </P> <H3> Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) </H3> Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales <P> Ghost Spanish Royal Navy soldiers led by Jack Sparrow 's old nemesis , Captain Armando Salazar , escape from the Devil 's Triangle , with the goal of killing every pirate at sea , including him . To survive , Jack seeks out the legendary Trident of Poseidon , a powerful artifact whose owner can control the seas and break curses . </P> <H3> Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( tba ) </H3> <P> Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back - to - back , although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development . On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be realized . The post-credit scene of Dead Men shows Will Turner , Elizabeth Swann , and Davy Jones , implying that Will and Elizabeth will be main characters again and Davy Jones would be the main antagonist in the sixth film . In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film . Shortly after , it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film . </P> <H2> Short film </H2> <H3> Tales of the code : wedlocked ( 2011 ) </H3> <P> Wenches Scarlett ( Lauren Maher ) and Giselle ( Vanessa Branch ) fix each other up for their wedding , in which they would each marry their groom . Upon

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What is the pirates of the caribbean in order?

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spread throughout the world in the 1800s , musicians adopted Western theory as an international standard -- but other theoretical traditions in both textual and oral traditions remain in use . For example , the long and rich musical traditions unique to ancient and current cultures of Africa are primarily oral , but describe specific forms , genres , performance practices , tunings , and other aspects of music theory . </P> <P> Sacred Harp music uses a different kind of scale and theory in practice . The music focuses around the solfege `` fa , sol , la '' on the music scale . Sacred Harp also employs a different notation involving `` shape notes '' , or notes that are shaped to correspond to a certain solfege syllable on the music scale . Sacred Harp music and its music theory originated with Reverend Thomas Symmes in 1720 , where he developed a system for `` singing by note '' in order to help his church members with note accuracy . </P> See also : List of music theorists § 19th century <H3> Contemporary ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of music theorists § 20th century , and List of music theorists § 21st century <H2> Fundamentals of music ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Aspect of music <P> Music is composed of aural phenomena ; `` music theory '' considers how those phenomena apply in music . Music theory considers melody , rhythm , counterpoint , harmony , form , tonal systems , scales , tuning , intervals , consonance , dissonance , durational proportions , the acoustics of pitch systems , composition , performance , orchestration , ornamentation , improvisation , electronic sound production , etc . </P> <H3> Pitch ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pitch ( music ) Middle C ( 261.626 Hz ) Play ( help info ) . <P> Pitch is the lowness or highness of a tone , for example the difference between middle C and a higher C. The frequency of the sound waves producing a pitch can be measured precisely , but the perception of pitch is more complex because single notes from natural sources are usually a complex mix of many frequencies . Accordingly , theorists often describe pitch as a subjective sensation . </P> <P> Specific frequencies are often assigned letter names . Today most orchestras assign Concert A ( the A above middle C on the piano ) to the frequency of 440 Hz . This assignment is somewhat arbitrary ; for example , in 1859 France , the same A was tuned to 435 Hz . Such differences can have a noticeable effect on the timbre of instruments and other phenomena . Thus , in historically informed performance of older music , tuning is often set to match the tuning used in the period when it was written . Additionally , many cultures do not attempt to standardize pitch , often considering that it should be allowed to vary depending on genre , style , mood , etc . </P> <P> The difference in pitch between two notes is called an interval . The most basic interval is the unison , which is simply two notes of the same pitch . The octave interval is two pitches that are either double or half the frequency of one another . The unique characteristics of octaves gave rise to the concept of pitch class : pitches of the same letter name that occur in different octaves may be grouped into a single `` class '' by ignoring the difference in octave . For example , a high C and a low C are members of the same pitch class -- the class that contains all C 's . </P> <P> Musical tuning systems , or temperaments , determine the precise size of intervals . Tuning systems vary widely within and between world cultures . In Western culture , there have long been several competing tuning systems , all with different qualities . Internationally , the system known as equal temperament is most commonly used today because it is considered the most satisfactory compromise that allows instruments of fixed tuning ( e.g. the piano ) to sound acceptably in tune in all keys . </P> <H3> Scales and modes ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Musical scale and Musical mode A pattern of whole and half steps in the Ionian mode or major scale on C Play ( help info ) . <P> Notes can be arranged in a variety of scales and modes . Western music theory generally divides the octave into a series of twelve tones , called a chromatic scale , within which the interval between adjacent tones is called a half step or semitone . Selecting tones from this set of 12 and arranging them in patterns of semitones and whole tones creates other scales . </P> <P> The most commonly encountered scales are the seven - toned major , the harmonic minor , the melodic minor , and the natural minor . Other examples of scales are the octatonic scale and the pentatonic or five - tone scale , which is common in folk music and blues . Non-Western cultures often use scales that do not correspond with an equally divided twelve - tone division of the octave . For example , classical Ottoman , Persian , Indian and Arabic musical systems often make use of multiples of quarter tones ( half the size of a semitone , as the name indicates ) , for instance in ' neutral ' seconds ( three quarter tones ) or ' neutral ' thirds ( seven quarter tones ) -- they do not normally use the quarter tone itself as a direct interval . </P> <P> In traditional Western notation , the scale used for a composition is usually indicated by a key signature at the beginning to designate the pitches that make up that scale . As the music progresses , the pitches used may change and introduce a different scale . Music can be transposed from one scale to another for various purposes , often to accommodate the range of a vocalist . Such transposition raises or lowers the overall pitch range , but preserves the intervallic relationships of the original scale . For example , transposition from the key of C major to D major raises all pitches of the scale of C major equally by a whole tone . Since the interval relationships remain unchanged , transposition may be unnoticed by a listener , however other qualities may change noticeably because transposition changes the relationship of the overall pitch range compared to the range of the instruments or voices that perform the music . This often affects the music 's overall sound , as well as having technical implications for the performers . </P> <P> The interrelationship of the keys most commonly used in Western tonal music is conveniently shown by the circle of fifths . Unique key signatures are also sometimes devised for a particular composition . During the Baroque period , emotional associations with specific keys , known as the doctrine of the affections , were an important topic in music theory , but the unique tonal colorings of keys that gave rise to that doctrine were largely erased with the adoption of equal temperament . However , many musicians continue to feel that certain keys are more appropriate to certain emotions than others . Indian classical music theory continues to strongly associate keys with emotional states , times of day , and other extra-musical concepts and notably , does not employ equal temperament . </P> <H3> Consonance and dissonance ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Consonance and dissonance The perfect octave , a consonant interval Play ( help info ) The minor second , a dissonance Play ( help info ) <P> Consonance and dissonance are subjective qualities of the sonority of intervals that vary widely in different cultures and over the ages . Consonance ( or concord ) is the quality of an interval or chord that seems stable and complete in itself . Dissonance ( or discord ) is the opposite in that it feels incomplete and `` wants to '' resolve to a consonant interval . Dissonant intervals seem to clash . Consonant intervals seem to sound comfortable together . Commonly , perfect fourths , fifths , and octaves and all major and minor thirds and sixths are considered consonant . All others are dissonant to greater or lesser degree . </P> <P> Context and many other aspects can affect apparent dissonance and consonance . For example , in a Debussy prelude , a major second may sound stable and consonant , while the same interval may sound dissonant in a Bach fugue . In the Common Practice era , the perfect fourth is considered dissonant when not supported by a lower third or fifth . Since the early 20th century , Arnold Schoenberg 's concept of `` emancipated '' dissonance , in which traditionally dissonant intervals can be treated as `` higher , '' more remote consonances , has become more widely accepted . </P> <H3> Rhythm ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Rhythm Metric levels : beat level shown in middle with division levels above and multiple levels below . <P> Rhythm is produced by the sequential arrangement of sounds and silences in time . Meter measures music in regular pulse groupings , called measures or bars . The time signature or meter signature specifies how many beats are in a measure , and which value of written note is counted or felt as a single beat . </P> <P> Through increased stress , or variations in duration or articulation , particular tones may be accented . There are conventions in most musical traditions for regular and hierarchical accentuation of beats to reinforce a given meter . Syncopated rhythms contradict those conventions by accenting unexpected parts of the beat . Playing simultaneous rhythms in more than one time signature is called polyrhythm . </P> <P> In recent years , rhythm and meter have become an important area of research among music scholars . The most highly cited of these recent scholars are Maury Yeston , Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff , Jonathan Kramer , and Justin London . </P> <H3> Melody ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Melody `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' melody Play ( help info ) <P> A melody is a series of tones sounding in succession that typically move toward a climax of tension then resolve to a state of rest . Because melody is such a prominent aspect in so much music , its construction and other qualities are a primary interest of music theory . </P> <P> The basic elements of melody are pitch , duration , rhythm , and tempo . The tones of a melody are usually drawn from pitch systems such as scales or modes . Melody may consist , to increasing degree , of the figure , motive , semi-phrase , antecedent and consequent phrase , and period or sentence . The period may be considered the complete melody , however some examples combine two periods , or use other combinations of constituents to create larger form melodies . </P> <H3> Chord ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Chord ( music ) C Major triad represented in staff notation . Play ( help info ) in just intonation Play ( help info ) in Equal temperament Play ( help info ) in 1 / 4 - comma meantone Play ( help info ) in Young temperament Play ( help info ) in Pythagorean tuning <P> A chord , in music , is any harmonic set of three or more notes that is heard as if sounding simultaneously . These need not actually be played together : arpeggios and broken chords may , for many practical and theoretical purposes , constitute chords . Chords and sequences of chords are frequently used in modern Western , West African , and Oceanian music , whereas they are absent from the music of many other parts of

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Ring system - wikipedia <H1> Ring system </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Planet ring '' redirects here . For other uses , see Planet Ring . Play media The moons Prometheus ( right ) and Pandora orbit just inside and outside the F ring of Saturn , but only Prometheus is thought to function as a ring shepherd <P> A ring system is a disc or ring orbiting an astronomical object that is composed of solid material such as dust and moonlets , and is a common component of satellite systems around giant planets . A ring system around a planet is also known as a planetary ring system . </P> <P> The most prominent and most famous planetary rings in the Solar System are those around Saturn , but the other three giant planets ( Jupiter , Uranus , and Neptune ) also have ring systems . Recent evidence suggests that ring systems may also be found around other types of astronomical objects , including minor planets , moons , and brown dwarfs . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Ring systems of planets <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Jupiter </Li> <Li> 1.2 Saturn </Li> <Li> 1.3 Uranus </Li> <Li> 1.4 Neptune </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Rings systems of minor planets and moons </Li> <Li> 3 Rings around exoplanets </Li> <Li> 4 Visual comparison </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Ring systems of planets ( edit ) </H2> The ring swirling around Saturn consists of chunks of ice and dust . The little dark spot on Saturn is the shadow from Saturn 's moon Enceladus . <P> There are three ways that thicker planetary rings ( the rings around planets ) have been proposed to have formed : from material of the protoplanetary disk that was within the Roche limit of the planet and thus could not coalesce to form moons , from the debris of a moon that was disrupted by a large impact , or from the debris of a moon that was disrupted by tidal stresses when it passed within the planet 's Roche limit . Most rings were thought to be unstable and to dissipate over the course of tens or hundreds of millions of years , but it now appears that Saturn 's rings might be quite old , dating to the early days of the Solar System . </P> <P> Fainter planetary rings can form as a result of meteoroid impacts with moons orbiting around the planet or , in case of Saturn 's E-ring , the ejecta of cryovolcanic material . </P> <P> The composition of ring particles varies ; they may be silicate or icy dust . Larger rocks and boulders may also be present , and in 2007 tidal effects from eight ' moonlets ' only a few hundred meters across were detected within Saturn 's rings . The maximum size of a ring particle is determined by the specific strength of the material it is made of , its density , and the tidal force at its altitude . The tidal force is proportional to the average density inside the radius of the ring , or to the mass of the planet divided by the radius of the ring cubed . It is also inversely proportional to the square of the orbital period of the ring . </P> <P> Sometimes rings will have `` shepherd '' moons , small moons that orbit near the inner or outer edges of rings or within gaps in the rings . The gravity of shepherd moons serves to maintain a sharply defined edge to the ring ; material that drifts closer to the shepherd moon 's orbit is either deflected back into the body of the ring , ejected from the system , or accreted onto the moon itself . </P> <P> It is also predicted that Phobos , a moon of Mars , will break up and form into a planetary ring in about 50 million years , because its low orbit with an orbital period that is shorter than a Martian day is decaying due to tidal deceleration . </P> <H3> Jupiter ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Rings of Jupiter <P> Jupiter 's ring system was the third to be discovered , when it was first observed by the Voyager 1 probe in 1979 , and was observed more thoroughly by the Galileo orbiter in the 1990s . Its four main parts are a faint thick torus known as the `` halo '' ; a thin , relatively bright main ring ; and two wide , faint `` gossamer rings '' . The system consists mostly of dust . </P> <H3> Saturn ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Rings of Saturn <P> Saturn 's rings are the most extensive ring system of any planet in the Solar System , and thus have been known to exist for quite some time . Galileo Galilei first observed them in 1610 , but they were not accurately described as a disk around Saturn until Christiaan Huygens did so in 1655 . With help from the NASA / ESA / ASI Cassini mission , a further understanding of the ring formation and active movement was understood . The rings are not a series of tiny ringlets as many think , but are more of a disk with varying density . They consist mostly of water ice and trace amounts of rock , and the particles range in size from micrometers to meters . </P> <H3> Uranus ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Rings of Uranus <P> Uranus ' ring system lies between the level of complexity of Saturn 's vast system and the simpler systems around Jupiter and Neptune . They were discovered in 1977 by James L. Elliot , Edward W. Dunham , and Jessica Mink . In the time between then and 2005 , observations by Voyager 2 and the Hubble Space Telescope led to a total of 13 distinct rings being identified , most of which are opaque and only a few kilometers wide . They are dark and likely consist of water ice and some radiation - processed organics . The relative lack of dust is due to aerodynamic drag from the extended exosphere - corona of Uranus . </P> <H3> Neptune ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Rings of Neptune <P> The system around Neptune consists of five principal rings that , at their densest , are comparable to the low - density regions of Saturn 's rings . However , they are faint and dusty , much more similar in structure to those of Jupiter . The very dark material that makes up the rings are likely organics processed by radiation , like in the rings of Uranus . 20 to 70 percent of the rings are dust , a relatively high proportion . Hints of the rings were seen for decades prior to their conclusive discovery by Voyager 2 in 1989 . </P> <H2> Rings systems of minor planets and moons ( edit ) </H2> <P> Reports in March 2008 suggested that Saturn 's moon Rhea may have its own tenuous ring system , which would make it the only moon known to have a ring system . A later study published in 2010 revealed that imaging of Rhea by the Cassini spacecraft was inconsistent with the predicted properties of the rings , suggesting that some other mechanism is responsible for the magnetic effects that had led to the ring hypothesis . </P> <P> 10199 Chariklo , a centaur , was the first minor planet discovered to have rings . It has two rings , perhaps due to a collision that caused a chain of debris to orbit it . The rings were discovered when astronomers observed Chariklo passing in front of the star UCAC4 248 - 108672 on June 3 , 2013 from seven locations in South America . While watching , they saw two dips in the star 's apparent brightness just before and after the occultation . Because this event was observed at multiple locations , the conclusion that the dip in brightness was in fact due to rings is unanimously the leading hypothesis . The observations revealed what is likely a 19 - kilometer ( 12 - mile ) - wide ring system that is about 1,000 times closer than the Moon is to Earth . In addition , astronomers suspect there could be a moon orbiting amidst the ring debris . If these rings are the leftovers of a collision as astronomers suspect , this would give fodder to the idea that moons ( such as the Moon ) form through collisions of smaller bits of material . Chariklo 's rings have not been officially named , but the discoverers have nicknamed them Oiapoque and Chuí , after two rivers near the northern and southern ends of Brazil . </P> <P> A second centaur , 2060 Chiron , is also suspected to have a pair of rings . Based on stellar - occultation data that were initially interpreted as resulting from jets associated with Chiron 's comet - like activity , the rings are proposed to be 324 ( ± 10 ) km in radius . Their changing appearance at different viewing angles can explain the long - term variation in Chiron 's brightness over time . </P> <P> Ring systems may form around centaurs when they are tidally disrupted in a close encounter ( within 0.4 to 0.8 times the Roche limit ) with a giant planet . ( By definition , a centaur is a minor planet whose orbit crosses the orbit ( s ) of one or more giant planets . ) For a differentiated body approaching a giant planet at an initial relative velocity of 3 − 6 km / s with an initial rotational period of 8 hours , a ring mass of 0.1 − 10 % of the centaur 's mass is predicted . Ring formation from an undifferentiated body is less likely . The rings would be composed mostly or entirely of material from the parent body 's icy mantle . After forming , the ring would spread laterally , leading to satellite formation from whatever portion of it spreads beyond the centaur 's Roche Limit . Satellites could also form directly from the disrupted icy mantle . This formation mechanism predicts that roughly 10 % of centaurs will have experienced potentially ring - forming encounters with giant planets . </P> <P> A ring around Haumea , a dwarf planet and resonant Kuiper belt member , was revealed by a stellar occultation observed on 21 January 2017 . This makes it the first trans - Neptunian object found to have a ring system . The ring has a radius of about 2,287 km , a width of ≈ 70 km and an opacity of 0.5 . The ring plane coincides with Haumea 's equator and the orbit of its larger , outer moon Hi'iaka ( which has a semimajor axis of ≈ 25,657 km ) . The ring is close to the 3 : 1 resonance with Haumea 's rotation , which is located at a radius of 2,285 ± 8 km . It is well within Haumea 's Roche limit , which would lie at a radius of about 4,400 km if Haumea were spherical ( being nonspherical pushes the limit out farther ) . </P> <P> It had previously been theorized by some astronomers that Pluto might have a ring system . However , this possibility has been ruled out by New Horizons , which would have detected any such ring system . </P> <H2> Rings around exoplanets ( edit ) </H2> <P> Because all giant planets of the Solar System have rings , the existence of exoplanets with rings is plausible . Although particles of ice , the material that is predominant in the rings of Saturn , can only exist around planets beyond the frost line , within this line rings consisting of rocky material can be stable in the long term . Such ring systems can be detected

A ring in the solar system is

What is a ring in the solar system?

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and concentrated on the needs of the group over the individual and leaves . </P> <P> In the third book , The First Battle , Clear Sky declares war upon Gray Wing 's group . Gray Wing tries to make peace , but Clear Sky is ambitious and wants more territory . Tom arrives to look for Bumble ( another housecat ) and Turtle Tail . He steals Turtle Tail 's kits and brings them to live with him . Cats from Gray Wing 's group go to look for and bring them back , but they find Turtle Tail dead by a road . The cats manage to rescue the kittens from Tom , who swears revenge . At the end , Gray Wing 's cats fight Clear Sky 's . Many cats die , such as the following : Rainswept Flower , Jackdaws Cry and Hawk Swoop . The battle ends in a stalemate . The ghosts of the fallen cats known as ' spirit cats ' return to tell the fighting cats to `` unite or die '' . Clear Sky is struck with guilt and grief . </P> <P> In the fourth book , The Blazing Star , rogues ( non-Clan cats ) join the groups and One Eye , a rogue tries to take control of the forest . The groups meet again at the full moon , where they are greeted again by the fallen cats . This time , they bring a new message : `` To tame the Claw that blights the forest , grow and spread like the Blazing Star '' . No cat can understand what it means ; however , during the meeting , Thunder meets a she - cat named Star Flower . Then to realise she is One Eye 's daughter . After the meeting , the cats notice that a strange sickness is starting to infect the prey , giving them sores and bloated bellies . One of Wind Runner 's kits Morning Whisker , fell ill with the disease and eventually died . Struck by sadness , Wind Runner , Gorse Fur , and their remaining kits , Dust Muzzle and Moth Flight , leave the hollow to live on their own up in the moor . </P> <H2> Warriors : a Vision of Shadows ( edit ) </H2> <P> Warriors : A Vision of Shadows is the sixth sub-series . The series was originally titled , Warriors : StarClan 's Promise . The first book , The Apprentice 's Quest , which takes place approximately eight months after Bramblestar 's Storm , was released on March 15 , 2016 . The books ' main characters are Sparkpaw and Alderpaw who are Bramblestar 's and Squirrelflight 's children . </P> <P> The first book , The Apprentice 's Quest , starts with each Clan 's medicine cats receiving a prophecy from StarClan together , telling them to `` Embrace what you find in the shadows , for only they can clear the sky '' . This is the titular prophecy of the series ( A Vision of Shadows ) . When receiving this prophecy , Jayfeather sees Alderkit ( Alderpaw 's former name ) in his dream , as well as the other medicine cats . Later , he , Leafpool , and Bramblestar decide that Alderpaw should become a medicine cat apprentice . Further into the book , Alderpaw has a vision of the far - off SkyClan . After deciding that Alderpaw 's vision relates to the prophecy , Bramblestar sends Alderpaw on a quest to help SkyClan along with his ex-mentor , Molewhisker , Sandstorm , his sister Sparkpaw , and her mentor Cherryfall . While on the quest , they 're joined by ShadowClan apprentice Needlepaw . Sandstorm dies along the way . When they reach the gorge where SkyClan lives , they find that they have been run out of their territory by a group of rogues . They decide that they arrived too late to help SkyClan and return back to the lake . On the way back Alderpaw and Needlepaw find two female kits ( Twigkit and Violetkit ) who lost their mother . Needlepaw suggests that the kits could be `` what you find in the shadows '' . They then take the kits back to the lake and at a full moon Gathering , the clan leaders decide that ShadowClan should take one kit and ThunderClan should take the other . ThunderClan takes Twigkit and ShadowClan takes Violetkit . </P> <P> The second book , Thunder and Shadow , was released on September 6 , 2016 . It follows Twigkit and Violetkit 's lives in ThunderClan and ShadowClan . The two kits struggle to find their place in their respective clans , and feel lonely . However , Alderpaw and Needlepaw befriend the kits , and even arrange for them to meet in secret between the two clans ' borders . The Clan cats discover that the rogues from A Vision of Shadows followed the quest cats to the lake , and have made camp near ShadowClan . Meanwhile , the ShadowClan apprentices start to lose faith in the warrior code , and many of them eventually join the rogues , including Needlepaw , who brings Violetkit with her . </P> <P> The third book , Shattered Sky , was released on April 11 , 2017 . It Details the war that ensues between the Clans and Darktail 's so called Kin after his annexation of Shadowclan . It heavily focuses on the sisters Twigpaw and Violetpaw as they find themselves on two different sides of a very brutal conflict that will determine the fate of the clans . Battles will be fought , loyalties will be tested , prophecies will be interpreted and as always , cats will die before the clans know peace again ... </P> <P> The fourth book , Darkest Night , was released on November 7 , 2017 . </P> <P> The fifth book , River of Fire , is scheduled to be released on April 10 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Other books ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Super Editions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Super Editions are stand alone books in the Warriors series that are approximately double the length of a normal Warriors book . There are nine Super Editions as of November 2016 : Firestar 's Quest , Bluestar 's Prophecy , SkyClan 's Destiny , Crookedstar 's Promise , Yellowfang 's Secret , Tallstar 's Revenge , Bramblestar 's Storm , Moth Flight 's Vision , Hawkwing 's Journey and Tigerheart ́ s shadow . Each Super Edition Novel also includes an exclusive manga except for Firestar 's Quest . </P> Firestar 's Quest ( edit ) <P> Firestar 's Quest , the first Warriors Super Edition , was released on 25 August 2007 . It is set between The Darkest Hour and Midnight and details Firestar and his mate Sandstorm 's journey to restore SkyClan , the fifth Clan of the forest that is driven out when a town or twolegplace is built , and scattered when it is attacked by rats in its new home . Firestar and Sandstorm find rogues and house cats , some of whom are descendants of the former SkyClan and teach them how to hunt , fight , and follow the warrior code . When a house cat named Echo dreams of starry cats , Firestar realizes that the dream was sent by StarClan , indicating that Echo should be SkyClan 's medicine cat . Echo is taught all that Sandstorm was taught before leaving ThunderClan with Firestar on their quest . She is named Echosong . While SkyClan is rebuilding its ranks , rats attack as they did when SkyClan first came to the gorge . SkyClan defeats them by joining together under the direction of Firestar , Leafdapple ( later Leafstar ) , and Sharpclaw , her deputy later on . Firestar manages to kill the leader of the rats , after which the rats leave . During the rat attack , Firestar loses a life , leaving him with only seven , and a warrior called Rainfur is killed . Towards the end , Echosong dreams of dappled leaves , indicating that Leafdapple should be the new leader . She is named Leafstar and receives her nine lives , meeting Starclan . The former leaders that drove the ancient Skyclan out apologize in Starclan . Cherrypaw and Sparrowpaw are then made warriors ( Cherrytail and Sparrowpelt ) and Bouncekit , Tinykit , and Rockkit become apprentices ( Bouncepaw , Tinypaw , and Rockpaw ) . The epilogue describes the birth of Squirrelkit and Leafkit , Firestar and Sandstorm 's only kits . </P> Bluestar 's Prophecy ( edit ) <P> Bluestar 's Prophecy was released on the 28th of July 2009 . It covers Bluestar 's life from her early kit hood , or childhood , to the beginning of Into the Wild . The novel begins on the day of Bluestar 's death as she saves Fireheart and ThunderClan from the dog pack , a scene from A Dangerous Path . The novel then returns to when Bluestar was still a kit , Bluekit . Bluekit is apprenticed to Stonepelt as Bluepaw , and proves to be an excellent hunter , catching a squirrel almost as big as herself on her first day of hunting . The next day , Goosefeather sees a sign in the vole Snowpaw ( Bluepaw 's sister ) brings back to camp and proclaims that ThunderClan must attack WindClan . Later , he tells them that they must destroy WindClan 's medicine supply in order to keep them at bay during winter . Pinestar is reluctant but agrees to attack at dawn . Bluepaw and Snowpaw are ordered to stay out of the fight , but they help Featherwhisker , the medicine cat apprentice , tend to the wounded . During the battle , Bluepaw 's mother , Moonflower , gets close to destroying WindClan 's medicine supplies , but is killed by Hawkheart , the WindClan medicine cat who had originally been a warrior . Bluepaw enters a state of grief which lasts until Sunfall , the deputy and her new mentor since Stonepelt was injured during the WindClan battle and never healed , talks her out of it , telling her that she must honor Moonflower by doing well . She attends the Gathering that night , where she meets and becomes friendly with Crookedpaw and Oakheart of RiverClan . </P> <P> A while later , Bluepaw receives her warrior name , Bluefur . She finds out that a Clanmate , Thrushpelt , is in love with her , but she dismisses it , deciding that she is too young to have a mate . However , Snowfur wants a Clanmate named Thistlepaw , who is still an apprentice , as a mate . A few moons later , Pinestar announces that he wants no more of the warrior life and goes off to live his last life as a housecat , or kittypet . Sunfall becomes Sunstar and Tawnyspots becomes the new deputy . On a patrol to RiverClan , Bluefur is pulled aside by Oakheart , who tells her to meet him that night at Fourtrees . She does , and the two warriors spend the night together , having fallen in love . About a month later , Tawnyspots falls ill with an incurable illness , so he is unable to be deputy for much longer . Thistlepaw , now Thistleclaw , wishes to become deputy in his place . Bluefur discovers that she is pregnant with Oakheart 's kits . ThunderClan believes her kits are with Thrushpelt and are overjoyed . After Goosefeather convinces her that she must become deputy , and not Thistleclaw due to his violence and ambition , Bluefur reluctantly brings her three kits ( Mosskit , Mistykit , and Stonekit ) , to meet their father , Oakheart , to live as RiverClan cats . Mosskit dies along the way . Bluefur then convinces ThunderClan that a fox

The next Warrior book is scheduled to be released on

When does the next warrior book come out?

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Blood alcohol content - wikipedia <H1> Blood alcohol content </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Blood alcohol content </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Medical diagnostics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Ethanol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> LOINC </Th> <Td> 5639 - 0 , 5640 - 8 , 15120 - 9 , 56478 - 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Blood alcohol content ( BAC ) , also called blood alcohol concentration , blood ethanol concentration , or blood alcohol level , is most commonly used as a metric of alcohol intoxication for legal or medical purposes . </P> <P> Blood alcohol concentration is usually expressed as a percentage of ethanol in the blood in units of mass of alcohol per volume of blood or mass of alcohol per mass of blood , depending on the country . For instance , in North America a BAC of 0.1 ( 0.1 % or one tenth of one percent ) means that there are 0.10 g of alcohol for every 100 mL of blood . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Effects by blood alcohol content </Li> <Li> 2 Estimated blood alcohol content by intake </Li> <Li> 3 Binge drinking </Li> <Li> 4 Units of measurement </Li> <Li> 5 Legal limits <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Limits by country ( BrAC : breath alcohol content ) </Li> <Li> 5.2 Other limitation schemes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Test assumptions </Li> <Li> 7 Metabolism and excretion <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Full stomachs </Li> <Li> 7.2 Carbonated beverages </Li> <Li> 7.3 Stress </Li> <Li> 7.4 Retrograde extrapolation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Highest recorded blood alcohol level / content </Li> <Li> 9 References <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 9.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Effects by blood alcohol content ( edit ) </H2> See also : Short - term effects of alcohol <Table> Progressive effects of alcohol <Tr> <Th> BAC ( % by vol . ) </Th> <Th> Behavior </Th> <Th> Impairment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0.001 -- 0.029 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Average individual appears normal </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Subtle effects that can be detected with special tests </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0.030 -- 0.059 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mild euphoria </Li> <Li> Relaxation </Li> <Li> Joyousness </Li> <Li> Talkativeness </Li> <Li> Decreased inhibition </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Concentration </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0.060 -- 0.099 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blunted feelings </Li> <Li> Reduced sensitivity to pain </Li> <Li> Euphoria </Li> <Li> Disinhibition </Li> <Li> Extraversion </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reasoning </Li> <Li> Depth perception </Li> <Li> Peripheral vision </Li> <Li> Glare recovery </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0.100 -- 0.199 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Over-expression </Li> <Li> Boisterousness </Li> <Li> Possibility of nausea and vomiting </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reflexes </Li> <Li> Reaction time </Li> <Li> Gross motor control </Li> <Li> Staggering </Li> <Li> Slurred speech </Li> <Li> Temporary erectile dysfunction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0.200 -- 0.299 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nausea </Li> <Li> Vomiting </Li> <Li> Emotional swings </Li> <Li> Anger or sadness </Li> <Li> Partial loss of understanding </Li> <Li> Impaired sensations </Li> <Li> Decreased libido </Li> <Li> Possibility of stupor </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Severe motor impairment </Li> <Li> Loss of consciousness </Li> <Li> Memory blackout </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0.300 -- 0.399 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stupor </Li> <Li> Central nervous system depression </Li> <Li> Loss of understanding </Li> <Li> Lapses in and out of consciousness </Li> <Li> Low possibility of death </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bladder function </Li> <Li> Breathing </Li> <Li> Dysequilibrium </Li> <Li> Heart rate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0.400 -- 0.500 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Severe central nervous system depression </Li> <Li> Coma </Li> <Li> Possibility of death </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Breathing </Li> <Li> Heart rate </Li> <Li> Positional alcohol nystagmus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> > 0.50 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> High possibility of death </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Estimated blood alcohol content by intake ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Alcohol equivalence <P> To calculate estimated peak blood alcohol concentration ( EBAC ) , a variation , including drinking period in hours , of the Widmark formula was used . The formula is : </P> <Dl> <Dd> E B A C = ( 0.806 × S D × 1.2 B W × W t − M R × D P ) × 10 ( \ displaystyle EBAC = \ left ( ( \ frac ( 0.806 \ times SD \ times 1.2 ) ( BW \ times Wt ) ) - MR \ times DP \ right ) \ times 10 ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where : </P> <Ul> <Li> 0.806 is a constant for body water in the blood ( mean 80.6 % ) , </Li> <Li> SD is the number of standard drinks , that being 10 grams of ethanol each , </Li> <Li> 1.2 is a factor to convert the amount in grams to Swedish standards set by The Swedish National Institute of Public Health , </Li> <Li> BW is a body water constant ( 0.58 for males and 0.49 for females ) , </Li> <Li> Wt is body weight ( kilogram ) , </Li> <Li> MR is the metabolism constant ( 0.015 for males and 0.017 for females ) and </Li> <Li> DP is the drinking period in hours . </Li> <Li> 10 converts the result to permillage of alcohol </Li> </Ul> <P> Regarding metabolism ( MR ) in the formula ; Females demonstrated a higher average rate of elimination ( mean , 0.017 ; range , 0.014 -- 0.021 g / 210 L ) than males ( mean , 0.015 ; range , 0.013 -- 0.017 g / 210 L ) . Female subjects on average had a higher percentage of body fat ( mean , 26.0 ; range , 16.7 -- 36.8 % ) than males ( mean , 18.0 ; range , 10.2 -- 25.3 % ) . Additionally , men are , on average , heavier than women but it is not strictly accurate to say that the water content of a person alone is responsible for the dissolution of alcohol within the body , because alcohol does dissolve in fatty tissue as well . When it does , a certain amount of alcohol is temporarily taken out of the blood and briefly stored in the fat . For this reason , most calculations of alcohol to body mass simply use the weight of the individual , and not specifically his / her water content . Finally , it is speculated that the bubbles in sparkling wine may speed up alcohol intoxication by helping the alcohol to reach the bloodstream faster . </P> <P> Examples : </P> <Ul> <Li> 80 kg male drinking 3 standard drinks in two hours : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> E B A C = ( 0.806 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1.2 ) / ( 0.58 ⋅ 80 ) − ( 0.015 ⋅ 2 ) = 0.032534483 ≈ 0.033 g / d L ( \ displaystyle EBAC = ( 0.806 \ cdot 3 \ cdot 1.2 ) / ( 0.58 \ cdot 80 ) - ( 0.015 \ cdot 2 ) = 0.032534483 \ approx 0.033 g / dL ) </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> 70 kg woman drinking 2.5 standard drinks in two hours : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> E B A C = ( 0.806 ⋅ 2.5 ⋅ 1.2 ) / ( 0.49 ⋅ 70 ) − ( 0.017 ⋅ 2 ) = 0.036495627 ≈ 0.036 g / d L ( \ displaystyle EBAC = ( 0.806 \ cdot 2.5 \ cdot 1.2 ) / ( 0.49 \ cdot 70 ) - ( 0.017 \ cdot 2 ) = 0.036495627 \ approx 0.036 g / dL ) </Dd> </Dl> <Table> Standard drink chart ( U.S. ) <Tr> <Th> Alcohol </Th> <Th> Amount ( ml ) </Th> <Th> Amount ( fl oz ) </Th> <Th> Serving size </Th> <Th> Alcohol ( % by vol . ) </Th> <Th> Alcohol </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 proof liquor </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> One shot </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 0.6 US fl oz ( 18 ml ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Table wine </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> One glass </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 0.6 US fl oz ( 18 ml ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beer </Td> <Td> 355 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> One can / bottle </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0.6 US fl oz ( 18 ml ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note : This chart defines a drink as 14g of ethanol , while the formula defines a drink as 10g of ethanol . </P> <P> Standard Drink Sizes ( Australia ) </P> <Ul> <Li> 375ml can of light beer ( 2.7 % alcohol ) = 0.8 standard drinks </Li> <Li> 375ml can of mid-strength beer ( 3.5 % alcohol ) = 1 standard drink </Li> <Li> 375ml can of full strength beer ( 4.8 % alcohol ) = 1.4 standard drinks </Li> <Li> 100ml glass of wine ( 13.5 % alcohol ) = 1 standard drink </Li> <Li> 150ml glass of wine ( 13.5 % alcohol ) = 1.5 standard drinks </Li> <Li> 30ml shot of spirits ( 40 % alcohol ) = 0.95 standard drinks </Li> <Li> 440ml can of pre-mix spirits ( approx. 5 % alcohol ) = 1.7 standard drinks </Li> <Li> 440ml can pre-mix spirits ( approx. 7 % alcohol ) = 2.4 standard drinks </Li> </Ul> <Table> Approximate blood alcohol percentage ( by vol . ) One drink has 0.5 US fl oz ( 15 ml ) alcohol by volume <Tr> <Th> Drinks </Th> <Th> Sex </Th> <Th colspan="9"> Body weight </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 kg 90 lb </Th> <Th> 45 kg 100 lb </Th> <Th> 55 kg 120 lb </Th> <Th> 64 kg 140 lb </Th> <Th> 73 kg 160 lb </Th> <Th> 82 kg 180 lb </Th> <Th> 91 kg 200 lb </Th> <Th> 100 kg 220 lb </Th> <Th> 109 kg 240 lb </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0.04 </Td> <Td> 0.03 </Td> <Td> 0.03 </Td> <Td> 0.02 </Td> <Td> 0.02 </Td> <Td> 0.02 </Td> <Td> 0.02 </Td> <Td> 0.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Female </Td> <Td> 0.05 </Td> <Td> 0.05 </Td> <Td> 0.04 </Td> <Td> 0.03 </Td> <Td> 0.03 </Td> <Td> 0.03 </Td> <Td> 0.02 </Td> <Td> 0.02 </Td> <Td> 0.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0.08 </Td> <Td> 0.06 </Td> <Td> 0.05 </Td> <Td> 0.05 </Td> <Td> 0.04 </Td> <Td> 0.04 </Td> <Td> 0.03 </Td> <Td> 0.03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Female </Td> <Td> 0.10 </Td> <Td> 0.09 </Td> <Td> 0.08 </Td> <Td> 0.07 </Td> <Td> 0.06 </Td> <Td> 0.05 </Td> <Td> 0.05 </Td> <Td> 0.04 </Td> <Td> 0.04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0.11 </Td> <Td> 0.09 </Td> <Td> 0.08 </Td> <Td> 0.07 </Td> <Td> 0.06 </Td> <Td> 0.06 </Td> <Td> 0.05 </Td> <Td> 0.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Female </Td> <Td> 0.15 </Td> <Td> 0.14 </Td> <Td> 0.11 </Td> <Td> 0.10 </Td> <Td> 0.09 </Td> <Td> 0.08 </Td> <Td> 0.07 </Td> <Td> 0.06 </Td> <Td> 0.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0.15 </Td> <Td> 0.12 </Td> <Td> 0.11 </Td> <Td> 0.09 </Td> <Td> 0.08 </Td> <Td> 0.08 </Td> <Td> 0.07 </Td> <Td> 0.06 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Female </Td> <Td> 0.20 </Td> <Td> 0.18 </Td> <Td> 0.15 </Td> <Td> 0.13 </Td> <Td> 0.11 </Td> <Td> 0.10 </Td> <Td> 0.09 </Td> <Td> 0.08 </Td> <Td> 0.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Male </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 0.19 </Td> <Td> 0.16 </Td> <Td> 0.13 </Td> <Td> 0.12 </Td> <Td> 0.11 </Td> <Td> 0.09 </Td> <Td> 0.09 </Td> <Td> 0.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Female </Td> <Td> 0.25 </Td> <Td> 0.23 </Td> <Td> 0.19 </Td> <Td> 0.16 </Td> <Td> 0.14 </Td> <Td>

Blood alcohol concentration refers to the parts of alcohol in the blood in relation to the

Blood alcohol concentration means the parts of alcohol in the blood in relation to what?

-1531676396763282931

Icarus - wikipedia <H1> Icarus </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Icarus ( disambiguation ) . Jacob Peter Gowy 's The Flight of Icarus . Icarus and Daedalus ancient red relief plastic pottery beaker , Roman - Greece <P> In Greek mythology , Icarus ( the Latin spelling , conventionally adopted in English ; Ancient Greek : Ἴκαρος , Íkaros , Etruscan : Vikare ) is the son of the master craftsman Daedalus , the creator of the Labyrinth . Often depicted in art , Icarus and his father attempt to escape from Crete by means of wings that his father constructed from feathers and wax . Icarus ' father warns him first of complacency and then of hubris , asking that he fly neither too low nor too high , so the sea 's dampness would not clog his wings or the sun 's heat melt them . Icarus ignored his father 's instructions not to fly too close to the sun ; when the wax in his wings melted he tumbled out of the sky and fell into the sea where he drowned . </P> <P> This tragic theme of failure at the hands of hubris contains similarities to that of Phaëthon . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 The legend </Li> <Li> 2 Classical literature </Li> <Li> 3 Medieval and Renaissance literature </Li> <Li> 4 Interpretation </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> The legend ( edit ) </H2> The Lament for Icarus by H.J. Draper <P> Icarus ' father Daedalus , a very talented and remarkable Athenian craftsman , built the Labyrinth for King Minos of Crete near his palace at Knossos to imprison the Minotaur , a half - man , half - bull monster born of his wife and the Cretan bull . Minos imprisoned Daedalus himself in the labyrinth because he gave Minos 's daughter , Ariadne , a clew ( or ball of string ) in order to help Theseus , the enemy of Minos , to survive the Labyrinth and defeat the Minotaur . </P> Modern graffiti of Icaria island and falling Icarus just outside the village of Evdilos in Icaria - Greece <P> Daedalus fashioned two pairs of wings out of wax and feathers for himself and his son . Daedalus tried his wings first , but before trying to escape the island , he warned his son not to fly too close to the sun , nor too close to the sea , but to follow his path of flight . Overcome by the giddiness that flying lent him , Icarus soared into the sky , but in the process he came too close to the sun , which due to the heat melted the wax . Icarus kept flapping his wings but soon realized that he had no feathers left and that he was only flapping his bare arms , and so Icarus fell into the sea in the area which today bears his name , the Icarian Sea near Icaria , an island southwest of Samos . </P> <P> Hellenistic writers give euhemerising variants in which the escape from Crete was actually by boat , provided by Pasiphaë , for which Daedalus invented the first sails , to outstrip Minos ' pursuing galleys , and that Icarus fell overboard en route to Sicily and drowned . Heracles erected a tomb for him . </P> <H2> Classical literature ( edit ) </H2> The Sun , or the Fall of Icarus ( 1819 ) by Merry - Joseph Blondel , in the Rotunda of Apollo at the Louvre <P> Icarus ' flight was often alluded to by Greek poets in passing , but the story was told briefly in Pseudo-Apollodorus . In the literature of ancient Rome , the myth was of interest to Augustan writers . Hyginus narrates it in Fabula 40 , beginning with the bovine love affair of Pasiphaë , daughter of the Sun , resulting in the birth of the Minotaur . Ovid narrates the story of Icarus at some length in the Metamorphoses ( viii. 183 -- 235 ) , and refers to it elsewhere . </P> <H2> Medieval and Renaissance literature ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ovid 's treatment of the Icarus myth and its connection with that of Phaëthon influenced the mythological tradition in English literature as received and interpreted by major writers such as Chaucer , Marlowe , Shakespeare , Milton , and Joyce . </P> Bruegel 's Landscape with the Fall of Icarus ( ca . 1558 ) , famous for relegating the fall to a scarcely noticed event in the background <P> In Renaissance iconography , the significance of Icarus depends on context : in the Orion Fountain at Messina , he is one of many figures associated with water ; but he is also shown on the Bankruptcy Court of the Amsterdam Town Hall - where he symbolizes high - flying ambition . The 16th - century painting Landscape with the Fall of Icarus , traditionally but perhaps erroneously attributed to Pieter Bruegel the Elder , was the inspiration for two of the 20th century 's most notable ecphrastic English - language poems , `` Musée des Beaux Arts '' by W.H. Auden and `` Landscape with the Fall of Icarus '' by William Carlos Williams . Other English language poems referencing the Icarus myth are `` To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Triumph '' by Anne Sexton , `` Icarus Again '' by Alan Devenish , `` Mrs Icarus '' by Carol Ann Duffy , and `` Icarus Burning '' and `` Icarus Redux '' by Hiromi Yoshida . </P> <H2> Interpretation ( edit ) </H2> 17th - century relief with a Cretan labyrinth bottom right ( Musée Antoine Vivenel ) <P> Literary interpretation has found in the myth the structure and consequence of personal over-ambition . An Icarus - related study of the Daedalus myth was published by the French hellenist Françoise Frontisi - Ducroux . In psychology there have been synthetic studies of the Icarus complex with respect to the alleged relationship between fascination for fire , enuresis , high ambition , and ascensionism . In the psychiatric mind features of disease were perceived in the shape of the pendulous emotional ecstatic - high and depressive - low of bipolar disorder . Henry Murray having proposed the term Icarus complex , apparently found symptoms particularly in mania where a person is fond of heights , fascinated by both fire and water , narcissistic and observed with fantastical or far - fetched imaginary cognition . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Icarus imagery in contemporary music </Li> <Li> Kua Fu , a Chinese myth about a giant who chased the sun and died while getting too close </Li> <Li> Bladud , a legendary king of the Britons , purported to have met his death when his constructed wings failed </Li> <Li> Etana , a sort of `` Babylonian Icarus '' </Li> <Li> Sampati , an Indian myth about a bird which lost its wings while trying to save its younger brother from the sun </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Larissa Bonfante , Judith Swaddling , Etruscan Myths , p. 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ clew -- a ball of yarn or thread . The etymology of the word `` clue '' is a direct reference to this story of the Labyrinth . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graves , Robert ( 1955 ) . `` 92 -- Daedalus and Talus '' . The Greek Myths . ISBN 0 - 14 - 007602 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas Bullfinch - The Age of Fable Stories of Gods and Heroes KundaliniAwakeningSystem.com & The Internet Classics Archive by Daniel C. Stevenson : Ovid - Metamorphoses - Book VIII + Translated by Rolfe Humphries - KET Distance Learning 2012 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Translated by A.S. Kline - University of Virginia Library.edu Retrieved 2005 - 07 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , William ( ed . ) . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pinsent , J. ( 1982 ) . Greek Mythology . New York : Peter Bedrick Books . ISBN 0 - 600 - 55023 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Epitome of the Biblioteca i. 11 and ii. 6.3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gareth D. Williams , Banished voices : readings in Ovid 's Exile Poetry ( Cambridge University Press , 1994 ) , p. 132 online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Knox , A Companion to Ovid ( Blackwell , 2009 ) , p. 424 online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jane Chance , The Mythographic Chaucer ( University of Michigan Press , 1995 ) , p. 65 online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Troni Y . Grande , Marlovian Tragedy ( Associated University Presses , 1990 ) , pp. 14 online , 40 -- 42 et passim ; Frederic B. Tromly , Playing with Desire : Christopher Marlowe and the Art of Tantalization ( University of Toronto Press , 1998 ) , p. 181 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coppélia Kahn , Man 's estate : Masculine Identity in Shakespeare ( University of California Press , 1981 ) , p. 53 online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Su Fang Nu , Literature and the Politics of Family in Seventeenth - Century England ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) , p. 154 online ; R.J. Zwi Werblowsky , Lucifer and Prometheus ( Routledge , 2001 , reprinted from 1952 ) , p. 32 online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.J. Schork , Latin and Roman Culture in Joyce ( University Press of Florida , 1997 ) , p. 160 online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ E.H. Gombrich , Symbolic Images ; Studies in the Art of the Renaissance ( London , 1972 ) ; p. 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.vaguedirection.com/a-cheat-sheet-for-life/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jacob E. Nyenhuis - Myth and the creative process : Michael Ayrton and the myth of Daedalus , the maze maker - 345 pages Wayne State University Press , 2003 Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3002 - 9 See also Harry Levin , The Overreacher , Harvard University Press , 1952 ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frontisi - Ducroux , Françoise ( 1975 ) . Dédale : Mythologie de l'artisan en Grèce Ancienne . Paris : François Maspero . p. 227 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wiklund , Nils ( 1978 ) . The icarus complex . Lund : Doxa . ISBN 91 - 578 - 0064 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Sperber 2010 - Dostoyevsky 's Stalker and Other Essays on Psychopathology and the Arts , University Press of America , 2010 , p. 166 ff , ( 2 ) ISBN 0 - 7618 - 4993 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pendulum - The BiPolar Organisation 's quarterly journal Bipolar UK Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Comparion noted by W.H. Ph . Römer , `` Religion of Ancient Mesopotamia , '' in Historia Religionum : Religions of the Past ( Brill , 1969 ) , vol. 1 , p. 163 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Graves , Robert , ( 1955 ) 1960 . The Greek Myths , section 92 passim </Li> <Li> Smith , William , ed . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology </Li> <Li> Pinsent , J. ( 1982 ) . Greek Mythology . New York : Peter Bedrick Books </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Portals Access related topics

The Greek mythological figure who flew too close to the sun was

Which greek god flew too close to the sun?

-3682350378604306871

Rapper 's Delight - wikipedia <H1> Rapper 's Delight </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Rapper 's Delight '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by The Sugarhill Gang </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Sugarhill Gang </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 16 , 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 12 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> August 2 , 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Old - school hip hop , disco , funk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 55 ( single version ) 6 : 30 ( 12 '' short version ) 14 : 35 ( album version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Sugar Hill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> The Sugarhill Gang , Sylvia Robinson , Nile Rodgers , Bernard Edwards , Grandmaster Caz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Sylvia Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Sugarhill Gang singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Rapper 's Delight '' ( 1979 ) </Td> <Td> `` 8th Wonder '' ( 1980 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Rapper 's Delight '' ( 1979 ) </Td> <Td> `` 8th Wonder '' ( 1980 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Rapper 's Delight '' 30 second sample of `` Rapper 's Delight '' from Sugarhill Gang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Rapper 's Delight '' is a 1979 hip hop track by the Sugarhill Gang and produced by Sylvia Robinson . While it was not the first single to include rapping , `` Rapper 's Delight '' is credited for introducing hip hop music to a wide audience . It was a prototype for various types of rap music , incorporating themes such as boasting , dance , honesty and sex , with the charisma and enthusiasm of James Brown . The track also used samples from Chic 's `` Good Times '' , resulting in band members Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards suing Sugar Hill Records for copyright infringement ; a settlement was reached that gave the two songwriter credits . </P> <P> `` Rapper 's Delight '' is number 251 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and number 2 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Hip - Hop Songs . It is also included in NPR 's list of the 100 most important American musical works of the 20th century . It was preserved into the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress in 2011 . Songs on the National Recording Registry are `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' </P> <P> The song was recorded in a single take . There are three versions of the original version of the song : 14 : 35 ( 12 '' long version ) , 6 : 30 ( 12 '' short version ) , and 3 : 55 ( 7 '' shortened single version ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Personnel </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 5 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 5.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 5.3 Certifications and sales </Li> <Li> 5.4 Chart succession </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> In late 1978 , Debbie Harry suggested that Chic 's Nile Rodgers join her and Chris Stein at a hip hop event , which at the time was a communal space taken over by teenagers with boombox stereos playing various pieces of music that performers would break dance to . Rodgers experienced this event the first time himself at a high school in the Bronx . On September 20 and 21 , 1979 , Blondie and Chic were playing concerts with The Clash in New York at The Palladium . When Chic started playing `` Good Times '' , rapper Fab Five Freddy and the members of the Sugarhill Gang ( `` Big Bank Hank '' Jackson , Mike Wright , and `` Master Gee '' O'Brien ) , jumped up on stage and started freestyling with the band . A few weeks later Rodgers was on the dance floor of New York club Leviticus and heard the DJ play a song which opened with Bernard Edwards 's bass line from Chic 's `` Good Times '' . Rodgers approached the DJ who said he was playing a record he had just bought that day in Harlem . The song turned out to be an early version of `` Rapper 's Delight '' , which also included a scratched version of the song 's string section . Rodgers and Edwards immediately threatened legal action over copyright , which resulted in a settlement and their being credited as co-writers . Rodgers admitted that he was originally upset with the song , but later declared it to be `` one of his favorite songs of all time '' and his favorite of all the tracks that sampled ( or in this instance interpolated ) Chic . He also stated : `` As innovative and important as ' Good Times ' was , ' Rapper 's Delight ' was just as much , if not more so . '' </P> <P> A substantial portion of the early stanzas of the song 's lyrics was borrowed by Jackson from Grandmaster Caz ( Curtis Fisher ) who had loaned his ' book ' to him -- these include a namecheck for `` Casanova Fly '' , which was Caz 's full stage name . According to Wonder Mike , he had heard the phrase `` hip - hop '' from a cousin , leading to the opening line of `` Hip - hop , hippie to the hippie , to the hip - hip - hop and you do n't stop '' , whilst he described `` To the bang - bang boogie , say up jump the boogie to the rhythm of the boogie , the beat '' as `` basically a spoken drum roll . I liked the percussive sound of the letter B '' . The line `` Now what you hear is not a test , I 'm rappin ' to the beat '' , was inspired by the introduction to The Outer Limits ( `` There is nothing wrong with your television set . Do not attempt to adjust the picture '' ) . </P> <P> Before the `` Good Times '' background starts , the intro to the recording is an interpolation of `` Here Comes That Sound Again '' by British studio group Love De-Luxe , a dance hit in 1979 . </P> <P> According to Oliver Wang , author of the 2003 Classic Material : The Hip - Hop Album Guide , recording artist ( `` Pillow Talk '' ) and studio owner Sylvia Robinson had trouble finding anyone willing to record a rap song . Most of the rappers who performed in clubs did not want to record , as many practitioners believed the style was for live performances only . It is said that Robinson 's son heard Big Bank Hank in a pizza place . According to Master Gee , Hank auditioned for Robinson in front of the pizza parlour where he worked , whilst Gee himself auditioned in Robinson 's car . A live band was used to record most of the backing track , including members of the group `` Positive Force '' : Albert Pittman , Bernard Roland , Moncy Smith , and Bryan Horton . </P> <P> Chip Shearin claimed in a 2010 interview that he was the bass player on the track . When aged 17 , he was visiting a friend in New Jersey . The friend knew Robinson , who needed some musicians for various recordings , including `` Rapper 's Delight '' . Shearin 's job on the song was to play the bass for 15 minutes straight , with no mistakes . He was paid $70 but later went on to perform with Sugarhill Gang in concert . Shearin described the session this way : </P> <P> The drummer and I were sweating bullets because that 's a long time . And this was in the days before samplers and drum machines , when real humans had to play things ... Sylvia said , ' I 've got these kids who are going to talk real fast over it ; that 's the best way I can describe it . ' </P> <P> Wang said : </P> <P> There 's this idea that hip - hop has to have street credibility , yet the first big hip - hop song was an inauthentic fabrication . It 's not like the guys involved were the ' real ' hip - hop icons of the era , like Grandmaster Flash or Lovebug Starski . So it 's a pretty impressive fabrication , lightning in a bottle . </P> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Michael `` Wonder Mike '' Wright - Vocals </Li> <Li> Henry `` Big Bank Hank '' Jackson - Vocals </Li> <Li> Guy `` Master Gee '' O'Brien - Vocals </Li> <Li> Unknown - turntables </Li> <Li> Bernard Roland or Chip Shearin - electric bass </Li> <Li> Albert Pittman or Brian Morgan - electric guitar </Li> <Li> Moncy Smith - piano </Li> <Li> Bryan Horton - drums </Li> <Li> Sylvia Robinson - additional vocals , vibraphone , and production </Li> <Li> Billy Jones - engineer </Li> <Li> Phil Austin - mastering , original US vinyl release </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Rapper 's Delight '' peaked at number 36 in January 1980 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart , number 4 on the U.S. Hot Soul Singles chart in December 1979 , number 1 on the Canadian Singles Chart in January 1980 , number 1 on the Dutch Top 40 , and number 3 on the UK Singles Chart . The single sold over 2 million copies in the United States , grossing US $3.5 million for Sugar Hill Records . In 1980 , the song was the anchor of the group 's first album The Sugarhill Gang . </P> <P> It was the first Top 40 song to be available only as a 12 - inch extended version in the U.S. Early pressings ( very few ) were released with a red label , with black print , on Sugar Hill Records , along with a 7 '' 45rpm single ( which is very rare ) . Later pressings had the more common blue label , in orange colored `` roulette style '' sleeves , while even later pressings were issued in the more common blue sleeves with the Sugarhill Records logo . In Europe , however , it was released on the classic 7 - inch single format on French pop label Vogue , with a shorter version of the song . It was this 7 '' single that reached number one in the Dutch chart . The song ranked number 251 on Rolling Stone magazine 's 2004 list of `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . </P> <P> A British version of the song , with rewritten lyrics , was recorded for the song 's 25th anniversary in 2004 by an ensemble of performers including Rodney P , Chester P , Kano , Simone , Yungun , Sway , J2K , Swiss , Baby Blue , Skibadee , Luke Skys , and MC D . </P> <P> In 2014 the record was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In the 1998 movie The Wedding Singer , Ellen Albertini Dow ( as

The song "Rapper's Delight" was released on

When did the song rapper's delight come out?

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Tiffany Coyne - wikipedia <H1> Tiffany Coyne </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Tiffany Lynn Adams Coyne </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Tiffany Lynn Adams ( 1982 - 05 - 06 ) May 6 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Layton , Utah , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Citizenship </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Game show model </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Chris Coyne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Scarlett Rose Coyne ( b . 1 August 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Modeling information </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hair color </Th> <Td> Blonde </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tiffany Adams Coyne ( born May 6 , 1982 ) is an American model and dancer . She is the model on Let 's Make a Deal , having replaced Alison Fiori in 2009 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life and career <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Personal life </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 References </Li> <Li> 3 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life and career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Tiffany Lynn Adams was born in Layton , Utah on May 6 , 1982 . She has two sisters , five step - sisters and two step - brothers . When she was three years old she started dancing , focusing on jazz , hip hop , and ballet dancing . As a youth , her family moved a lot because her mother `` liked to build houses . '' The family lived near Hill Air Force Base for a while . She went to middle school and one year of high school in West Haven , Utah . She completed her high school education at Northridge High School in Layton after the family moved back to the town . She was on the dance squad at nearby Fremont High School . After graduating from high school in 2000 she was a performer for two seasons with the America First Jazz Dancers for the Utah Jazz . During that time , she also taught dance classes locally . </P> <P> After working for the Jazz , she performed internationally on a cruise ship , including in Denmark , Sweden , Russia , and Norway . She relocated to Las Vegas , Nevada and performed in Jubilee ! , Fashionistas , and Sirens of TI . She also appeared in informercials . Let 's Make a Deal relaunched in 2009 in Las Vegas . Coyne auditioned multiple times and was hired . She kept working at in the Sirens of TI as a back up plan in case Let 's Make a Deal ended . She taped two episodes a day of Let 's Make a Deal and then worked at Sirens of TI at night . Deal moved to Los Angeles and Coyne would drive back and forth five days a week to work on both shows . She relocated to Los Angeles to start season two of Deal . Her role as a model at Deal has been described as `` to make prizes look better by her mere presence . '' To improve her improv skills while working with Wayne Brady and Jonathan Mangum , she took improv classes . </P> <P> She was on maternity leave for much of the first half of the 2013 - 14 season , and returned to taping September 2014 . </P> <P> Upon relocating to Los Angeles , Coyne played herself in The Bold and the Beautiful , was a stand in model for The Price Is Right , and modeled for United Airlines and Chase Bank . </P> <H3> Personal life ( edit ) </H3> <P> Her father is of German descent , and her mother is of Hungarian descent . She is married to Chris Coyne , whom she met while working on a cruise ship . They live in Los Angeles , California . Their first child , Scarlett Rose , was born in August , 2013. Their son , Carter Liam Coyne was born in February 2018 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Lowell , Lindsley . `` Let 's Make a Deal Model on Motherhood '' . GalTime . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wright , Becky . `` Tiffany Coyne the real deal '' . Hers . Utah : Standard - Examiner . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tiffany Coyne '' . Let 's Make a Deal . CBS . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ; Monica Rizzo . `` Tiffany Coyne Welcomes Daughter Scarlett Rose '' . Moms & Babies . People . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tiffany Coyne on Instagram </Li> <Li> Tiffany Coyne on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Utah Jazz </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Founded in 1974 </Li> <Li> Played in New Orleans ( 1974 -- 79 ) </Li> <Li> Based in Salt Lake City , Utah </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Franchise </Li> <Li> Summer League </Li> <Li> 1974 Expansion Draft </Li> <Li> All - time roster </Li> <Li> Draft history </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Head coaches </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> Current season </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arenas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Loyola Field House </Li> <Li> New Orleans Municipal Auditorium </Li> <Li> Louisiana Superdome </Li> <Li> Salt Palace </Li> <Li> Vivint Smart Home Arena </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Personnel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Checketts </Li> <Li> Gardner </Li> <Li> Rigby </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> G League affiliate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Salt Lake City Stars </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Administration </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Owner : Jazz Basketball Investors , Inc. ( represented by Gail Miller , widow of Larry H. Miller ) </Li> <Li> President : Steve Starks </Li> <Li> Executive VP , Basketball Operations : Kevin O'Connor </Li> <Li> General Manager : Dennis Lindsey </Li> <Li> Head coach : Quin Snyder </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retired numbers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 32 </Li> <Li> 35 </Li> <Li> 53 </Li> <Li> 1223 </Li> <Li> Hot Rod Hundley ( Microphone ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hall of Famers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pete Maravich </Li> <Li> Adrian Dantley </Li> <Li> John Stockton </Li> <Li> Jerry Sloan </Li> <Li> Hot Rod Hundley </Li> <Li> Karl Malone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western Conference Championships ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division titles ( 9 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Houston Rockets </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture and lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jazz Bear </Li> <Li> Dan Roberts </Li> <Li> Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals </Li> <Li> Celtic Pride </Li> <Li> Tiffany Coyne </Li> <Li> `` Kill Gil , Volumes I & II '' ( The Simpsons episode ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> TV </Dt> <Dd> AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain ( current ) </Dd> <Dd> KJZZ - TV ( former ) </Dd> <Dt> Radio </Dt> <Dd> Radio Network <Dl> <Dd> KZNS - AM </Dd> <Dd> KZNS - FM </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Announcers </Dt> <Dd> Craig Bolerjack </Dd> <Dd> Matt Harpring </Dd> <Dd> David Locke </Dd> <Dd> Ron Boone </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiffany_Coyne&oldid=827730223 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Let 's Make a Deal </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Female models from Utah </Li> <Li> Game show models </Li> <Li> American female dancers </Li> <Li> American dancers </Li> <Li> People from Layton , Utah </Li> <Li> Utah Jazz </Li> <Li> People from Los Angeles </Li> <Li> 1982 births </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 11 : 33 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The model on Let's Make a Deal is

Who's the model on let's make a deal?

-4910305402988079742

must be self - contained . '' </P> <P> During the first assembly cut , Cameron altered the planned ending , which had given resolution to Brock Lovett 's story . In the original version of the ending , Brock and Lizzy see the elderly Rose at the stern of the boat and fear she is going to commit suicide . Rose then reveals that she had the `` Heart of the Ocean '' diamond all along but never sold it , in order to live on her own without Cal 's money . She tells Brock that life is priceless and throws the diamond into the ocean , after allowing him to hold it . After accepting that treasure is worthless , Brock laughs at his stupidity . Rose then goes back to her cabin to sleep , whereupon the film ends in the same way as the final version . In the editing room , Cameron decided that by this point , the audience would no longer be interested in Brock Lovett and cut the resolution to his story , so that Rose is alone when she drops the diamond . He also did not want to disrupt the audience 's melancholy after the Titanic 's sinking . </P> <P> The version used for the first test screening featured a fight between Jack and Lovejoy which takes place after Jack and Rose escape into the flooded dining saloon , but the test audiences disliked it . The scene was written to give the film more suspense , and featured Cal ( falsely ) offering to give Lovejoy , his valet , the `` Heart of the Ocean '' if he can get it from Jack and Rose . Lovejoy goes after the pair in the sinking first - class dining room . Just as they are about to escape him , Lovejoy notices Rose 's hand slap the water as it slips off the table behind which she is hiding . In revenge for framing him for the `` theft '' of the necklace , Jack attacks him and smashes his head against a glass window , which explains the gash on Lovejoy 's head that can be seen when he dies in the completed version of the film . In their reactions to the scene , test audiences said it would be unrealistic to risk one 's life for wealth , and Cameron cut it for this reason , as well as for timing and pacing reasons . Many other scenes were cut for similar reasons . </P> <H3> Music and soundtrack </H3> Main articles : Titanic : Music from the Motion Picture and Back to Titanic <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Excerpt from `` Hymn to the Sea '' Featuring the vocals of Sissel Kyrkjebø , this is a recurring somber theme that is associated with the tragic elements of Titanic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The soundtrack album for Titanic was composed by James Horner . For the vocals heard throughout the film , subsequently described by Earle Hitchner of The Wall Street Journal as `` evocative '' , Horner chose Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø , commonly known as `` Sissel '' . Horner knew Sissel from her album Innerst i sjelen , and he particularly liked how she sang `` Eg veit i himmerik ei borg '' ( `` I Know in Heaven There Is a Castle '' ) . He had tried twenty - five or thirty singers before he finally chose Sissel as the voice to create specific moods within the film . </P> <P> Horner additionally wrote the song `` My Heart Will Go On '' in secret with Will Jennings because Cameron did not want any songs with singing in the film . Céline Dion agreed to record a demo with the persuasion of her husband René Angélil . Horner waited until Cameron was in an appropriate mood before presenting him with the song . After playing it several times , Cameron declared his approval , although worried that he would have been criticized for `` going commercial at the end of the movie '' . Cameron also wanted to appease anxious studio executives and `` saw that a hit song from his movie could only be a positive factor in guaranteeing its completion '' . </P> <H2> Release </H2> <H3> Initial screening </H3> <P> 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures co-financed Titanic , with Paramount handling the North American distribution and Fox handling the international release . They expected Cameron to complete the film for a release on July 2 , 1997 . The film was to be released on this date `` in order to exploit the lucrative summer season ticket sales when blockbuster films usually do better '' . In April , Cameron said the film 's special effects were too complicated and that releasing the film for summer would not be possible . With production delays , Paramount pushed back the release date to December 19 , 1997 . `` This fueled speculation that the film itself was a disaster . '' A preview screening in Minneapolis on July 14 `` generated positive reviews '' and `` ( c ) hatter on the internet was responsible for more favorable word of mouth about the ( film ) '' . This eventually led to more positive media coverage . </P> <P> The film premiered on November 1 , 1997 , at the Tokyo International Film Festival , where reaction was described as `` tepid '' by The New York Times . Positive reviews started to appear back in the United States ; the official Hollywood premiere occurred on December 14 , 1997 , where `` the big movie stars who attended the opening were enthusiastically gushing about the film to the world media '' . </P> <H3> Box Office </H3> <P> Including revenue from the 2012 and 2017 reissues , Titanic earned $659.4 million in North America and $1.528 billion in other countries , for a worldwide total of $2.187 billion . It became the highest - grossing film of all time worldwide in 1998 , and remained so for twelve years , until Avatar ( 2009 ) , also written and directed by Cameron , surpassed it in 2010 . On March 1 , 1998 , it became the first film to earn more than $1 billion worldwide and on the weekend April 13 -- 15 , 2012 -- a century after the original vessel 's foundering , Titanic became the second film to cross the $2 billion threshold during its 3D re-release . Box Office Mojo estimates that Titanic is the fifth highest - grossing film of all time in North America when adjusting for ticket price inflation . The site also estimates that the film sold over 128 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . </P> Initial theatrical run <P> The film received steady attendance after opening in North America on Friday , December 19 , 1997 . By the end of that same weekend , theaters were beginning to sell out . The film earned $8,658,814 on its opening day and $28,638,131 over the opening weekend from 2,674 theaters , averaging to about $10,710 per venue , and ranking number one at the box office , ahead of the eighteenth James Bond film , Tomorrow Never Dies . By New Year 's Day , Titanic had made over $120 million , had increased in popularity and theaters continued to sell out . Its highest grossing single day was Saturday , February 14 , 1998 , on which it earned $13,048,711 , more than eight weeks after its North American debut . It stayed at number one for 15 consecutive weeks in North America , a record for any film . The film stayed in theaters in North America for almost 10 months before finally closing on Thursday , October 1 , 1998 with a final domestic gross of $600,788,188 . Outside North America , the film made double its North American gross , generating $1,242,413,080 and accumulating a grand total of $1,843,201,268 worldwide from its initial theatrical run . </P> Commercial analysis <P> Before Titanic 's release , various film critics predicted the film would be a significant disappointment at the box office , especially due to it being the most expensive film ever made at the time . When it was shown to the press in autumn of 1997 , `` it was with massive forebodings '' since the `` people in charge of the screenings believed they were on the verge of losing their jobs -- because of this great albatross of a picture on which , finally , two studios had to combine to share the great load of its making '' . Cameron also thought he was `` headed for disaster '' at one point during filming . `` We labored the last six months on Titanic in the absolute knowledge that the studio would lose $100 million . It was a certainty , '' he stated . As the film neared release , `` particular venom was spat at Cameron for what was seen as his hubris and monumental extravagance '' . A film critic for the Los Angeles Times wrote that `` Cameron 's overweening pride has come close to capsizing this project '' and that the film was `` a hackneyed , completely derivative copy of old Hollywood romances '' . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` It 's hard to forget the director on the stage of the Shrine Auditorium in LA , exultant , pumping a golden Oscar statuette into the air and shouting : ' I 'm the king of the world ! ' As everyone knew , that was the most famous line in Titanic , exclaimed by Leonardo DiCaprio 's character as he leaned into the wind on the prow of the doomed vessel . Cameron 's incantation of the line was a giant ' eff off ' , in front of a television audience approaching a billion , to all the naysayers , especially those sitting right in front of him . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- Christopher Goodwin of The Times on Cameron 's response to Titanic 's criticism </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> When the film became a success , with an unprecedented box office performance , it was credited for being a love story that captured its viewers ' emotions . The film was playing on 3,200 screens ten weeks after it opened , and out of its fifteen straight weeks on top of the charts , jumped 43 % in total sales in its ninth week of release . It earned over $20 million a week for ten weeks , and after 14 weeks was still bringing in more than $1 million a week . 20th Century Fox estimated that seven percent of American teenage girls had seen Titanic twice by its fifth week . Although young women who saw the film several times , and subsequently caused `` Leo - Mania '' , were often credited with having primarily propelled the film to its all - time box office record , other reports have attributed the film 's success to positive word of mouth and repeat viewership due to the love story combined with the ground - breaking special effects . </P> <P> The film 's impact on men has also been especially credited . Now considered one of the films that `` make men cry '' , MSNBC 's Ian Hodder stated that men admire Jack 's sense of adventure , stowing away on a steamship bound for America . `` We cheer as he courts a girl who was out of his league . We admire how he suggests nude modeling as an excuse to get naked . So when ( the tragic ending happens ) , an uncontrollable flood of tears sinks our composure , '' he said . Titanic 's ability to make men cry was briefly parodied in the 2009 film Zombieland , where character Tallahassee ( Woody Harrelson ) , when recalling

The film Titanic made

How much money did the film titanic make?

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emancipation </Li> <Li> Freedman <Ul> <Li> manumission </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Freedom suit </Li> <Li> Abolitionists </Li> <Li> Slave Power </Li> <Li> Underground Railroad <Ul> <Li> songs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Slave rebellion </Li> <Li> Slave Trade Acts </Li> <Li> International law </Li> <Li> 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Common law </Li> <Li> Indentured servitude </Li> <Li> Unfree labour </Li> <Li> Fugitive slaves <Ul> <Li> laws </Li> <Li> Great Dismal Swamp maroons </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> List of slaves <Ul> <Li> owners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Slave narrative <Ul> <Li> films </Li> <Li> songs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Slave name </Li> <Li> Slave catcher </Li> <Li> Slave patrol </Li> <Li> Slave Route Project </Li> <Li> Treatment in U.S. <Ul> <Li> breeding </Li> <Li> court cases </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Jefferson </Li> <Li> Adams </Li> <Li> Lincoln </Li> <Li> 40 acres </Li> <Li> Freedmen 's Bureau </Li> <Li> bit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Emancipation Day </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Convention had unanimously accepted the principle that representation in the House of Representatives would be in proportion to the relative state populations . However , since slaves could not vote , leaders in slave states would thus have the benefit of increased representation in the House and the Electoral College . Delegates opposed to slavery proposed that only free inhabitants of each state be counted for apportionment purposes , while delegates supportive of slavery , on the other hand , opposed the proposal , wanting slaves to count in their actual numbers . The compromise that was finally agreed upon -- of counting `` all other persons '' as only three - fifths of their actual numbers -- reduced the representation of the slave states relative to the original proposals , but improved it over the Northern position . An inducement for slave states to accept the Compromise was its tie to taxation in the same ratio , so that the burden of taxation on the slave states was also reduced . </P> <P> The Three - Fifths Compromise is found in Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 of the United States Constitution , which reads : </P> <P> Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons . </P> <P> The three - fifths ratio originated with a 1783 amendment proposed to the Articles of Confederation . The amendment was to have changed the basis for determining the wealth of each state , and hence its tax obligations , from real estate to population , as a measure of ability to produce wealth . The proposal by a committee of the Congress had suggested that taxes `` shall be supplied by the several colonies in proportion to the number of inhabitants of every age , sex , and quality , except Indians not paying taxes '' . The South immediately objected to this formula since it would include slaves , who were viewed primarily as property , in calculating the amount of taxes to be paid . As Thomas Jefferson wrote in his notes on the debates , the southern states would be taxed `` according to their numbers and their wealth conjunctly , while the northern would be taxed on numbers only '' . </P> <P> After proposed compromises of one - half by Benjamin Harrison of Virginia and three - fourths by several New Englanders failed to gain sufficient support , Congress finally settled on the three - fifths ratio proposed by James Madison . But this amendment ultimately failed , falling two states short of the unanimous approval required for amending the Articles of Confederation ( only New Hampshire and New York were opposed ) . </P> <P> A contentious issue at the 1787 Constitutional Convention was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress or would instead be considered property and , as such , not be considered for purposes of representation . Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation , but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population . Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation , but not in determining representation . </P> <P> The proposed ratio was , however , a ready solution to the impasse that arose during the Constitutional Convention . In that situation , the alignment of the contending forces was the reverse of what had obtained under the Articles of Confederation . In amending the Articles , the North wanted slaves to count for more than the South did because the objective was to determine taxes paid by the states to the federal government . In the Constitutional Convention , the more important issue was representation in Congress , so the South wanted slaves to count for more than the North did . </P> <P> Much has been said of the impropriety of representing men who have no will of their own ... They are men , though degraded to the condition of slavery . They are persons known to the municipal laws of the states which they inhabit , as well as to the laws of nature . But representation and taxation go together ... Would it be just to impose a singular burden , without conferring some adequate advantage ? </P> -- Alexander Hamilton <H2> Impact before the Civil War ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Three - Fifths Compromise gave a disproportionate representation of slave states in the House of Representatives relative to the voters in free states until the American Civil War . In 1793 , for example , Southern slave states had 47 of the 105 members but would have had 33 , had seats been assigned based on free populations . In 1812 , slave states had 76 out of 143 instead of the 59 they would have had ; in 1833 , 98 out of 240 instead of 73 . As a result , Southern states had disproportionate influence on the presidency , the speakership of the House , and the Supreme Court in the period prior to the Civil War . Along with this must be considered the number of slave and free states , which remained mostly equal until 1850 , safeguarding the Southern bloc in the Senate as well as Electoral College votes . </P> <P> Historian Garry Wills has postulated that without the additional slave state votes , Jefferson would have lost the presidential election of 1800 . Also , `` slavery would have been excluded from Missouri ... Jackson 's Indian removal policy would have failed ... the Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery in territories won from Mexico ... the Kansas - Nebraska bill would have failed . '' While the Three - Fifths Compromise could be seen to favor Southern states because of their large slave populations , for example , the Connecticut Compromise tended to favor the Northern states ( which were generally smaller ) . Support for the new Constitution rested on the balance of these sectional interests . </P> <H2> After the Civil War ( edit ) </H2> <P> Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) later superseded Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 3 and explicitly repealed the compromise . It provides that `` representatives shall be apportioned ... counting the whole number of persons in each State , excluding Indians not taxed . '' A later provision of the same clause reduced the Congressional representation of states who denied the right to vote to adult male citizens , but this provision was never effectively enforced . ( The Thirteenth Amendment , passed in 1865 , had already eliminated almost all persons from the original

The 3/5 compromise was originally stated in the Constitution in

Where was the 3/5 compromise originally stated in the constitution?

4588672668957238844

Steam - wikipedia <H1> Steam </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about water as a gas . For the video game digital distribution platform , see Steam ( software ) . For other uses , see Steam ( disambiguation ) . Liquid phase eruption of Castle Geyser in Yellowstone Park A temperature - versus - entropy diagram for steam A Mollier enthalpy - versus - entropy diagram for steam <P> Steam is water in the gas phase , which is formed when water boils . Steam is invisible ; however , `` steam '' often refers to wet steam , the visible mist or aerosol of water droplets formed as this water vapour condenses . At lower pressures , such as in the upper atmosphere or at the top of high mountains , water boils at a lower temperature than the nominal 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) at standard pressure . If heated further it becomes superheated steam . </P> <P> The enthalpy of vaporization is the energy required to turn water into the gaseous form when it increases in volume by 1,700 times at standard temperature and pressure ; this change in volume can be converted into mechanical work by steam engines such as reciprocating piston type engines and steam turbines , which are a sub-group of steam engines . Piston type steam engines played a central role to the Industrial Revolution and modern steam turbines are used to generate more than 80 % of the world 's electricity . If liquid water comes in contact with a very hot surface or depressurizes quickly below its vapor pressure , it can create a steam explosion . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Types of steam and conversions </Li> <Li> 2 Uses <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Agricultural </Li> <Li> 2.2 Domestic </Li> <Li> 2.3 Electricity generation ( and cogeneration ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Energy storage </Li> <Li> 2.5 Lifting gas </Li> <Li> 2.6 Mechanical effort </Li> <Li> 2.7 Sterilization </Li> <Li> 2.8 Steam in piping </Li> <Li> 2.9 Wood treatment </Li> <Li> 2.10 Concrete treatment </Li> <Li> 2.11 Cleaning </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Types of steam and conversions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Steam is traditionally created by heating a boiler via burning coal and other fuels , but it is also possible to create steam with solar energy . Water vapor that includes water droplets is described as wet steam . As wet steam is heated further , the droplets evaporate , and at a high enough temperature ( which depends on the pressure ) all of the water evaporates and the system is in vapor -- liquid equilibrium . </P> <P> Superheated steam is steam at a temperature higher than its boiling point for the pressure , which only occurs where all liquid water has evaporated or has been removed from the system . </P> <P> Steam tables contain thermodynamic data for water / steam and are often used by engineers and scientists in design and operation of equipment where thermodynamic cycles involving steam are used . Additionally , thermodynamic phase diagrams for water / steam , such as a temperature - entropy diagram or a Mollier diagram shown in this article , may be useful . Steam charts are also used for analysing thermodynamic cycles . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> enthalpy - entropy ( h-s ) diagram for steam </Td> <Td> pressure - enthalpy ( p-h ) diagram for steam </Td> <Td> temperature - entropy ( T-s ) diagram for steam </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Uses ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Agricultural ( edit ) </H3> <P> In agriculture , steam is used for soil sterilization to avoid the use of harmful chemical agents and increase soil health . </P> <H3> Domestic ( edit ) </H3> <P> Steam 's capacity to transfer heat is also used in the home : for cooking vegetables , steam cleaning of fabric , carpets and flooring , and for heating buildings . In each case , water is heated in a boiler , and the steam carries the energy to a target object . Steam is also used in ironing clothes to add enough humidity with the heat to take wrinkles out and put intentional creases into the clothing . </P> <H3> Electricity generation ( and cogeneration ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> About 90 % of all electricity is generated using steam as the working fluid , nearly all by steam turbines . </P> <P> In electric generation , steam is typically condensed at the end of its expansion cycle , and returned to the boiler for re-use . However , in cogeneration , steam is piped into buildings through a district heating system to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle . The world 's biggest steam generation system is the New York City steam system , which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from seven cogeneration plants . </P> <H3> Energy storage ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Fireless steam locomotive Despite the resemblance to a boiler , note the lack of a chimney and also how the cylinders are at the cab end , not the chimney end . <P> In other industrial applications steam is used for energy storage , which is introduced and extracted by heat transfer , usually through pipes . Steam is a capacious reservoir for thermal energy because of water 's high heat of vaporization . </P> <P> Fireless steam locomotives were steam locomotives that operated from a supply of steam stored on board in a large tank resembling a conventional locomotive 's boiler . This tank was filled by process steam , as is available in many sorts of large factory , such as paper mills . The locomotive 's propulsion used pistons and connecting rods , as for a typical steam locomotive . These locomotives were mostly used in places where there was a risk of fire from a boiler 's firebox , but were also used in factories that simply had a plentiful supply of steam to spare . </P> <H3> Lifting gas ( edit ) </H3> <P> Owing to its low molecular mass , steam is an effective lifting gas , providing approximately 60 % as much lift as helium and twice as much as hot air . It is not flammable , unlike hydrogen , and is cheap and abundant , unlike helium . The required heat , however , leads to condensation problems and requires an insulated envelope . These factors have limited its use thus far to mostly demonstration projects . </P> <H3> Mechanical effort ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Steam engines and steam turbines use the expansion of steam to drive a piston or turbine to perform mechanical work . The ability to return condensed steam as water - liquid to the boiler at high pressure with relatively little expenditure of pumping power is important . Condensation of steam to water often occurs at the low - pressure end of a steam turbine , since this maximizes the energy efficiency , but such wet - steam conditions must be limited to avoid excessive turbine blade erosion . Engineers use an idealised thermodynamic cycle , the Rankine cycle , to model the behavior of steam engines . Steam turbines are often used in the production of electricity . </P> <H3> Sterilization ( edit ) </H3> <P> An autoclave , which uses steam under pressure , is used in microbiology laboratories and similar environments for sterilization . </P> <P> Steam , especially dry ( highly superheated ) steam , may be used for antimicrobial cleaning even to the levels of sterilization . Steam is a non-toxic antimicrobial agent . </P> <H3> Steam in piping ( edit ) </H3> <P> Steam is used in piping for utility lines . It is also used in jacketing and tracing of piping to maintain the uniform temperature in pipelines and vessels . </P> <H3> Wood treatment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Steam is used in the process of wood bending , killing insects and increasing plasticity . </P> <H3> Concrete treatment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Steam is used to accentuate drying especially in prefabricates . Care should be taken since concrete produces heat during hydration and additional heat from the steam could be detrimental to hardening reaction processes of the concrete . </P> <H3> Cleaning ( edit ) </H3> <P> Used in cleaning of fibers and other materials , sometimes in preparation for painting . Steam is also useful in melting hardened grease and oil residues , so it is useful in cleaning kitchen floors and equipment and internal combustion engines and parts . Among the advantages of using steam versus a hot water spray are the facts that steam can operate at higher temperatures and it uses substantially less water per minute . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Electrification </Li> <Li> Food steamer or steam cooker </Li> <Li> Geyser -- geothermally - generated steam </Li> <Li> IAPWS -- an association that maintains international - standard correlations for the thermodynamic properties of steam , including IAPWS - IF97 ( for use in industrial simulation and modelling ) and IAPWS - 95 ( a general purpose and scientific correlation ) . </Li> <Li> Industrial Revolution </Li> <Li> Live steam </Li> <Li> Mass production </Li> <Li> Nuclear power -- and power plants use steam to generate electricity </Li> <Li> Oxyhydrogen </Li> <Li> Psychrometrics -- moist air / vapor mixtures , humidity and air conditioning </Li> <Li> Steam locomotive </Li> <Li> Steamed </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , Robert A. ; Phelan , Patrick E. ; Adrian , Ronald J. ; Gunawan , Andrey ; Otanicar , Todd P. ( 2012 ) . `` Characterization of light - induced , volumetric steam generation in nanofluids '' . International Journal of Thermal Sciences . 56 : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijthermalsci. 2012.01. 012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , Robert A. ; Phelan , Patrick E. ; Otanicar , Todd P. ; Walker , Chad A. ; Nguyen , Monica ; Trimble , Steven ; Prasher , Ravi ( 2011 ) . `` Applicability of nanofluids in high flux solar collectors '' . Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy . 3 ( 2 ) : 023104 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3571565 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , Robert A. ; Phelan , Patrick E. ; Otanicar , Todd ; Adrian , Ronald J. ; Prasher , Ravi S. ( 2009 ) . `` Vapor generation in a nanoparticle liquid suspension using a focused , continuous laser '' . Applied Physics Letters. 95 ( 16 ) : 161907 . Bibcode : 2009ApPhL ... 95p1907T . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3250174 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singh , R Paul ( 2001 ) . Introduction to Food Engineering . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 646384 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Superheated Steam '' . Spirax - Sarco Engineering . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malhotra , Ashok ( 2012 ) . Steam Property Tables : Thermodynamic and Transport Properties . ISBN 978 - 1 - 479 - 23026 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wiser , Wendell H. ( 2000 ) . `` Energy Source

Water turns to steam at a temperature of

At what temp does water turn to steam?

1636956235349274030

emotional impact of the family and friends rushing to rescue George Bailey , the closing scenes were rewritten . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> George and Mary dancing near the crack at the high school party <P> It 's a Wonderful Life premiered at the Globe Theatre in New York on December 20 , 1946 , to mixed reviews . While Capra thought the contemporary critical reviews were either universally negative , or at best dismissive , Time said , `` It 's a Wonderful Life is a pretty wonderful movie . It has only one formidable rival ( Goldwyn 's The Best Years of Our Lives ) as Hollywood 's best picture of the year . Director Capra 's inventiveness , humor and affection for human beings keep it glowing with life and excitement . '' </P> <P> Bosley Crowther , writing for The New York Times , complimented some of the actors , including Stewart and Reed , but concluded that `` the weakness of this picture , from this reviewer 's point of view , is the sentimentality of it -- its illusory concept of life . Mr. Capra 's nice people are charming , his small town is a quite beguiling place and his pattern for solving problems is most optimistic and facile . But somehow they all resemble theatrical attitudes rather than average realities . '' </P> <P> The film , which went into general release on January 7 , 1947 , placed 26th ( $3.3 million ) in box office revenues for 1947 ( out of more than 400 features released ) , one place ahead of another Christmas film , Miracle on 34th Street . The film was supposed to be released in January 1947 , but was moved up to December 1946 to make it eligible for the 1946 Academy Awards . This move was seen as worse for the film , as 1947 did not have quite the stiff competition as 1946 . If it had entered the 1947 Awards , its biggest competition would have been Miracle on 34th Street . The number one grossing movie of 1947 , The Best Years of Our Lives , made $11.5 million . </P> <P> The film recorded a loss of $525,000 at the box office for RKO . </P> <P> On May 26 , 1947 , the FBI issued a memo stating , `` With regard to the picture ' It 's a Wonderful Life , ' ( redacted ) stated in substance that the film represented rather obvious attempts to discredit bankers by casting Lionel Barrymore as a ' scrooge - type ' so that he would be the most hated man in the picture . This , according to these sources , is a common trick used by Communists . ( In ) addition , ( redacted ) stated that , in his opinion , this picture deliberately maligned the upper class , attempting to show the people who had money were mean and despicable characters . '' </P> Mr. Potter ( Lionel Barrymore ) was placed in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains as No. 6 of villains , while George Bailey was voted No. 9 of heroes . <P> In 1990 , It 's a Wonderful Life was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry . </P> <P> In 2002 , Britain 's Channel 4 ranked It 's a Wonderful Life as the seventh greatest film ever made in its poll `` The 100 Greatest Films '' . </P> <P> In June 2008 , AFI revealed its 10 Top 10 , the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres , after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community . It 's a Wonderful Life was acknowledged as the third - best film in the fantasy genre . </P> <P> Somewhat more iconoclastic views of the film and its content are occasionally expressed . In 1947 , film critic Manny Farber wrote , `` To make his points ( Capra ) always takes an easy , simple - minded path that does n't give much credit to the intelligence of the audience '' , and adds that there are only a `` few unsentimental moments here and there . '' Wendell Jamieson , in a 2008 article for The New York Times which was generally positive in its analysis of the film , noted that far from being simply a sweet sentimental story , it `` is a terrifying , asphyxiating story about growing up and relinquishing your dreams , of seeing your father driven to the grave before his time , of living among bitter , small - minded people . It is a story of being trapped , of compromising , of watching others move ahead and away , of becoming so filled with rage that you verbally abuse your children , their teacher and your oppressively perfect wife . '' </P> <P> In a 2010 Salon.com piece , Richard Cohen described It 's a Wonderful Life as `` the most terrifying Hollywood film ever made '' . In the `` Pottersville '' sequence , he wrote , George is not seeing the world that would exist had he never been born , but rather ' the world as it does exist , in his time and also in our own . '' Nine years earlier , another Salon writer , Gary Kamiya , had expressed the opposing view that `` Pottersville rocks ! , '' adding , `` The gauzy , Currier - and - Ives veil Capra drapes over Bedford Falls has prevented viewers from grasping what a tiresome and , frankly , toxic environment it is ... We all live in Pottersville now . '' </P> George and Mary watch their future home <P> The film 's elevation to the status of a beloved classic came decades after its initial release , when it became a television staple during Christmas season in the late 1970s . This came as a welcome surprise to Frank Capra and others involved with its production . `` It 's the damnedest thing I 've ever seen , '' Capra told The Wall Street Journal in 1984 . `` The film has a life of its own now , and I can look at it like I had nothing to do with it . I 'm like a parent whose kid grows up to be president . I 'm proud ... but it 's the kid who did the work . I did n't even think of it as a Christmas story when I first ran across it . I just liked the idea . '' In a 1946 interview , Capra described the film 's theme as `` the individual 's belief in himself '' and that he made it `` to combat a modern trend toward atheism '' . </P> <P> The film 's positive reception has continued into the present , and review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes currently reports a 94 % `` Certified Fresh '' approval rating . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The holiday classic to define all holiday classics , It 's a Wonderful Life is one of a handful of films worth an annual viewing . '' </P> <H2> Awards and honors ( edit ) </H2> <P> Prior to the Los Angeles release of It 's a Wonderful Life , Liberty Films mounted an extensive promotional campaign that included a daily advertisement highlighting one of the film 's players , along with comments from reviewers . Jimmy Starr wrote , `` If I were an Oscar , I 'd elope with It 's a Wonderful Life lock , stock and barrel on the night of the Academy Awards '' . The New York Daily Times published an editorial that declared the film and James Stewart 's performance to be worthy of Academy Award consideration . </P> <P> It 's a Wonderful Life received five Academy Award nominations : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Nominee / Winner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Picture </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Frank Capra Winner was Samuel Goldwyn -- The Best Years of Our Lives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Frank Capra Winner was William Wyler -- The Best Years of Our Lives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> James Stewart Winner was Fredric March -- The Best Years of Our Lives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Film Editing </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> William Hornbeck Winner was Daniel Mandell -- The Best Years of Our Lives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Sound Recording </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> John Aalberg Winner was John P. Livadary -- The Jolson Story </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Technical Achievement Award </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Russell Shearman and RKO Radio Studio Special Effects Dept . For the development of a new method of simulating falling snow on motion picture sets . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> It 's a Wonderful Life won just the one Academy Award , in the Technical Achievement category for developing a new method of creating artificial snow . Before It 's a Wonderful Life , fake movie snow was mostly made from cornflakes painted white . And it was so loud when stepped on that any snow - filled scenes with dialogue had to be re-dubbed afterwards . RKO studio 's head of special effects , Russell Sherman , developed a new compound , utilizing water , soap flakes , foamite and sugar . </P> <P> The Best Years of Our Lives , a drama about servicemen attempting to return to their pre-World War II lives , won most of the awards that year , including four of the five for which It 's a Wonderful Life was nominated . ( The award for `` Best Sound Recording '' was won by The Jolson Story . ) The Best Years of Our Lives was also an outstanding commercial success , ultimately becoming the highest - grossing film of the decade , in contrast to the more modest initial box office returns of It 's a Wonderful Life . </P> <P> It 's a Wonderful Life received a Golden Globe Award : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> Frank Capra </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Capra won the `` Best Motion Picture Director '' award from the Golden Globes , and a `` CEC Award '' from the Cinema Writers Circle in Spain , for Mejor Película Extranjera ( Best Foreign Film ) . Jimmy Hawkins won a `` Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award '' from the Young Artist Awards in 1994 ; the award recognized his role as Tommy Bailey as igniting his career , which lasted until the mid-1960s . </P> <P> American Film Institute lists </P> <Ul> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- 11 </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- 8 </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : <Ul> <Li> Mr. Potter -- No. 6 Villain </Li> <Li> George Bailey -- No. 9 Hero </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : <Ul> <Li> `` Buffalo Gal ( Wo n't You Come Out Tonight ) '' -- Nominated </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : <Ul> <Li> `` What is it you want , Mary ? What do you want ? You want the moon ? Just say the word , and I 'll throw a lasso around it and pull it down . '' -- Nominated </Li> <Li> `` To my big brother George , the richest man in town ! '' -- Nominated </Li> <Li> `` Look , Daddy . Teacher says , ' Every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings . ' '' -- Nominated </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AFI 's

The classic movie "It's a Wonderful Life" typically airs during the

When does it's a wonderful life comes on?

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Tippecanoe and Tyler Too - wikipedia <H1> Tippecanoe and Tyler Too </H1> Jump to : navigation , search A score of the song as published by G.E. Blake of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . <P> `` Tippecanoe and Tyler Too '' , originally published as `` Tip and Ty '' , was a popular and influential campaign song of the Whig Party 's colorful Log Cabin Campaign in the 1840 United States presidential election . Its lyrics sang the praises of Whig candidates William Henry Harrison ( the `` hero of Tippecanoe '' ) and John Tyler , while denigrating incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren . </P> <P> Folk music critic Irwin Silber wrote that the song `` firmly established the power of singing as a campaign device '' in the United States , and that this and the other songs of 1840 represent a `` Great Divide '' in the development of American campaign music . The North American Review at the time even remarked that the song was , `` in the political canvas of 1840 what the ' Marseillaise ' was to the French Revolution . It sang Harrison into the presidency . '' </P> <P> Today , however , the slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler Too is better remembered than the song itself . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin </Li> <Li> 2 Lyrics </Li> <Li> 3 Modern recordings </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin ( edit ) </H2> A campaign banner with the `` Tip and Ty '' slogan , derived from the song . <P> The song was written by Alexander Coffman Ross , a jeweler of Zanesville , Ohio , in 1840 , to the music of the minstrelsy song , `` Little Pigs '' . He first performed it at a Whig meeting in Zanesville , and it came to national attention when , traveling on a business trip , he introduced it to a Whig rally in New York . Ross apparently never copyrighted the song . </P> <P> `` Little Pigs '' itself is not well documented , but the available evidence suggests that there was a substantial adaptation of the score for `` Tip and Ty '' . </P> <P> A historical society in Madison , Wisconsin , claimed that a local , the young nephew of future U.S. Supreme Court justice Levi Woodbury , wrote the first verses of the song and that its premiere performance at a Whig rally came at the suggestion of Woodbury himself . Woodbury was , however , by all accounts a Democrat , not a Whig , and was in fact serving as Secretary of the Treasury under Martin Van Buren at the time . </P> <P> There were many variations on the song published at the time , especially ones with new verses . It has been called a `` satirical , expandable text that permitted , nay urged , singers to add their own lines '' . </P> <H2> Lyrics ( edit ) </H2> Tip and Ty <P> What 's the cause of this commotion , motion , motion , Our country through ? It is the ball a-rolling on For Tippecanoe and Tyler too . For Tippecanoe and Tyler too . And with them we 'll beat little Van , Van , Van , Van is a used up man . </P> And with them we 'll beat little Van . <P> First verse and chorus </P> <P> Ross 's version has twelve verses and a rousing chorus . There is repeated reference to rolling balls and constant motion , and rolling `` great canvas balls '' became a physical prop in the campaign pageantry , alongside the better - known log cabins and hard cider barrels . </P> <P> The song 's appeal has been compared to that of a great pop novelty song , as against the relative seriousness of most campaign songs . </P> <P> Martin Van Buren is derided as `` Little Van '' and `` Little Matty '' and his supporters as `` Vanjacks '' . These are contrasted with the rustic virtues of Harrison and the inevitability of his victory throughout the states . </P> <P> The refrain For Tippecanoe and Tyler too is highly euphonious : it exhibits a triple alliteration , an internal rhyme , and nearly forms an iambic tetrameter . </P> <H2> Modern Recordings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Abbreviated version First verse and chorus . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Full version All twelve verses . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The song was part of the 1968 Off - Broadway musical How to Steal an Election and its cast album , with music and lyrics adapted by folk singer Oscar Brand . </P> <P> The song has been recorded in a traditional form multiple times : in 1960 by Broadway veteran Howard Da Silva on the album `` Politics and Poker - Songs to Get Elected By '' released by Monitor Records ( New York ) , in 1978 by Peter Janovsky on the album Winners and Losers : Campaign Songs from the Critical Elections in American History , Vol. 1 for Folkways Records , and in 1999 by Oscar Brand on the album Presidential Campaign Songs : 1789 -- 1996 for Smithsonian Folkways Recordings , the successor label to Folkways Records . </P> <P> The band They Might Be Giants recorded an alternative rock version of the song for the 2004 compilation album Future Soundtrack for America , using a three verse lyric as adapted by Oscar Brand ( from the first , eighth and second verses in Ross 's original ) . Appropriately enough , the compilation was a benefit album for political causes relating to that year 's election . John Flansburgh of They Might be Giants has remarked on the song 's historical success as `` the ' Rock Around the Clock ' of campaign songs '' and `` the ' I Want to Hold Your Hand ' of campaign songs . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Silber , Irwin ( 1971 ) . Songs America Voted By . Harrisburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ As cited in Silber . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schrader , Arthur ( 2001 ) . `` Singing SHEAR History : A Commentary and Music Sampler '' . Journal of the Early Republic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Historic Madison Inc . ( Feb. 19 , 2007 ) `` Historic Madison : Tippecanoe and Tyler , Too '' . The Capital Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forest Hill Cemetery : A Biographical Guide to the Ordinary and the Famous Who Shaped Madison and the World , 2002 ( reference to book content ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Andrew Dickson ( 1911 ) . The Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White , Vol. 1 , online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Braiker , Brian ( 14 July 2004 ) . `` They Might Be Onto Something '' . Newsweek . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeckell , Barry A. `` Billboard News '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2006 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Works related to Tippecanoe and Tyler too at Wikisource </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tippecanoe_and_Tyler_Too&oldid=827275621 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1840 in the United States </Li> <Li> United States presidential election , 1840 </Li> <Li> 1840 songs </Li> <Li> Political party songs </Li> <Li> Whig Party ( United States ) </Li> <Li> American political catchphrases </Li> <Li> William Henry Harrison </Li> <Li> John Tyler </Li> <Li> Martin Van Buren </Li> <Li> They Might Be Giants songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> עברית </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 19 : 52 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The phrase "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" refers to

What does the phrase tippecanoe and tyler too mean?

5608421991404219229

Hansen ( surname ) - wikipedia <H1> Hansen ( surname ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Hansen or Hanssen ( Danish pronunciation : ( ˈhænsn̩ ) ) is a Scandinavian patronymic surname , meaning son of Hans . As of 2008 , it is the third most common surname in Denmark , shared by 4.3 % of the population . As of 2000 , Hansen is the single most common surname in Norway , not counting spelling variations such as Hanssen , which are also quite common . In the Faroe Islands Hansen is the second most common surname , while in the North German federal states of Schleswig - Holstein and Hamburg Hansen is the third and fifth most common surname , respectively . In Sweden the parallel form is Hansson . The frequent occurrences of Hansen as a surname outside Denmark , Norway and Schleswig - Holstein is due to immigration , though Nordic immigrants to English - speaking countries often anglicised their names to Hanson in order to accommodate English orthographic rules . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Notable people <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Arts and entertainment </Li> <Li> 1.2 Politics </Li> <Li> 1.3 Science </Li> <Li> 1.4 Sport </Li> <Li> 1.5 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 References </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Notable people ( edit ) </H2> <P> Notable people with the surname include : </P> <H3> Arts and entertainment ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Aime Hansen ( born 1962 ) , Estonian poet , writer , and artist </Li> <Li> Al Hansen ( 1927 -- 1995 ) , American artist </Li> <Li> Andrew Hansen ( 1974 -- ) , Australian comedian </Li> <Li> Anna Hansen , Canadian chef </Li> <Li> Asta Hansen ( 1914 -- 1962 ) , Danish stage and film actress </Li> <Li> Beck Hansen , also known as Beck ( 1970 -- ) , American musician , songwriter </Li> <Li> Betsy Hansen ( dates unknown ) , woman who charged actor Errol Flynn with statutory rape in 1942 </Li> <Li> B. Andreas Bull - Hansen ( 1972 -- ) , Norwegian fantasy writer and former championship weightlifter </Li> <Li> Carl G.O. Hansen ( 1871 -- 1960 ) , Norwegian - American journalist , musician and author </Li> <Li> Carl William Hansen ( 1872 -- 1936 ) , Danish author </Li> <Li> Chris Hansen , American journalist </Li> <Li> Christian Frederik Hansen ( 1756 -- 1845 ) , Danish architect </Li> <Li> Constantin Hansen ( 1804 -- 1880 ) , Danish artist </Li> <Li> Courtney Hansen ( contemporary ) , American model and television personality </Li> <Li> C. & V. Hansen ( 1906 -- 2001 & 1900 -- 1992 ) , Danish comics authors </Li> <Li> Dinah - Jane Hansen ( born 1996 ) , Singer of Female American group Fifth Harmony </Li> <Li> David Hansen ( actor ) ( contemporary ) , actor , director , and playwright </Li> <Li> Derek Hansen ( contemporary ) , Australian writer </Li> <Li> Erhardine Adolphine Hansen ( 1815 -- 1893 ) , Danish actress </Li> <Li> Erik Hansen ( 1927 -- 2016 ) , Danish architect </Li> <Li> Erik Fosnes Hansen ( 1965 -- ) , Norwegian author </Li> <Li> Gunnar Hansen ( 1947 -- 2015 ) , Icelandic - American actor </Li> <Li> Ib Hansen , pseudonym of Austrian poet H.C. Artmann ( 1921 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Henriette Hansen , Norwegian ballerina , singer and actor </Li> <Li> Joachim Hansen ( actor ) ( 1930 -- ) , German actor </Li> <Li> Johannes Hansen ( sculptor ) ( 1903 -- 1995 ) , Danish sculptor </Li> <Li> Joseph Hansen ( writer ) ( 1923 -- 2004 ) , author </Li> <Li> Joseph Hansen ( dancer ) ( 1842 -- 1907 ) , Belgian dancer </Li> <Li> Kai Hansen ( 1963 -- ) , German power metal musician </Li> <Li> Liane Hansen ( contemporary ) , American radio journalist and radio show host </Li> <Li> Lisa M. Hansen an American producer , actress , assistant director , and writer </Li> <Li> Mary Hansen ( 1966 -- 2002 ) , Australian guitarist and singer </Li> <Li> Max Hansen ( tenor ) ( 1897 -- 1961 ) , Danish singer </Li> <Li> Peter Hansen ( actor ) ( 1921 -- 2017 ) , American actor </Li> <Li> Ron Hansen ( novelist ) ( 1947 -- ) , American novelist , essayist , and professor </Li> </Ul> <H3> Politics ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ann Hansen ( contemporary ) , Canadian anarchist and bomber </Li> <Li> Bernie Hansen ( contemporary ) , American politician in Chicago politics </Li> <Li> Clifford Hansen ( 1912 -- 2009 ) , American politician from Wyoming </Li> <Li> Colin Hansen ( contemporary ) , Canadian politician from British Columbia </Li> <Li> Connor Hansen , American jurist from Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Dave Hansen ( 1947 -- ) , American politician from Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Eva Kjer Hansen ( 1964 -- ) , Danish politician </Li> <Li> Flemming Hansen ( politician ) ( 1939 -- ) , Danish politician </Li> <Li> George V. Hansen ( 1930 -- ) , American politician from Idaho </Li> <Li> Glenna Hansen ( 1956 -- ) , Canadian Inuvialuit politician </Li> <Li> H.C. Hansen ( 1906 -- 1960 ) , Danish Prime Minister ( 1955 -- 1960 ) </Li> <Li> James V. Hansen ( 1932 -- ) , American politician from Utah </Li> <Li> Joseph Hansen ( socialist ) ( 1910 -- 1979 ) , American Trotskyist and leader of the American Socialist Workers Party </Li> <Li> Merle Hansen ( 1919 -- ) , American farmer , Founder of the North American Farm Alliance </Li> <Li> Peter Hansen ( UN ) ( 1941 -- ) , Danish UN official </Li> <Li> Robert W. Hansen , American jurist from Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Ron Hansen ( politician ) ( 1943 -- ) , Canadian politician from Ontario </Li> <Li> Stephanie Hansen ( 1961 -- ) , American politician from Delaware </Li> <Li> Urban Hansen ( 1908 -- 1986 ) , Danish politician </Li> </Ul> <H3> Science ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Alvin Harvey Hansen ( 1887 -- 1975 ) American economist </Li> <Li> Emil Christian Hansen ( 1842 -- 1910 ) , Danish fermentation physiologist </Li> <Li> Gerhard Armauer Hansen ( 1841 -- 1912 ) , Norwegian physician , discover of the cause of leprosy </Li> <Li> Hans Jacob Hansen ( 1855 -- 1936 ) , Danish zoologist </Li> <Li> James E. Hansen ( 1941 -- ) , American climatologist </Li> <Li> Julie Vinter Hansen ( 1890 -- 1960 ) , Danish astronomer </Li> <Li> Per Brinch Hansen ( 1938 -- 2007 ) , Danish computer scientist </Li> <Li> Peter Andreas Hansen ( 1795 -- 1874 ) , Danish astronomer </Li> <Li> Thomas Blom Hansen ( born 22 January 1958 ) , Danish anthropologist </Li> <Li> W.W. Hansen ( 1909 -- 1949 ) , American physicist </Li> </Ul> <H3> Sport ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Abraham Løkin Hansen ( 1959 -- ) , Faroese footballer ( né Hansen ) </Li> <Li> Adam Hansen ( 1981 -- ) , Australian road cyclist </Li> <Li> Adrian Hansen ( born 1971 ) , South African squash player </Li> <Li> Alan Hansen ( 1955 -- ) , Scottish footballer </Li> <Li> Ashia Hansen ( 1971 -- ) , British athlete , Olympic contestant </Li> <Li> Bob Hansen ( 1961 -- ) , American basketballer </Li> <Li> Brendan Hansen ( 1981 -- ) , American swimmer </Li> <Li> Craig Hansen ( 1983 -- ) , American professional baseball player </Li> <Li> Curt Hansen ( chess player ) ( 1964 -- ) , Danish chess grand master </Li> <Li> Dale Hansen ( 1948 -- ) , American sportscaster </Li> <Li> Dave Hansen ( baseball player ) , American baseball player </Li> <Li> Einar Hansen , Faroese soccer player </Li> <Li> Eric Hansen , Canadian chess player </Li> <Li> Erika Hansen ( 1970 -- ) , American swimmer </Li> <Li> Fred Hansen ( 1940 -- ) , 1964 Olympic Gold medalist and world record pole vaulter </Li> <Li> Jan Knobelauch Hansen ( 1971 -- ) , Danish athlete , Olympic contestant </Li> <Li> Jannik Hansen ( born 1986 ) , Danish Ice Hockey Player </Li> <Li> Joachim Hansen ( MMA ) ( 1979 -- ) , Norwegian Mixed martial artist </Li> <Li> Joan Hansen ( 1958 -- ) , American long - distance runner </Li> <Li> John Hansen ( footballer born 1924 ) , Danish footballer </Li> <Li> John Hansen ( footballer born 1950 ) , Scottish footballer </Li> <Li> Johnny Hansen ( footballer born 1943 ) , Danish footballer </Li> <Li> Kevin Hansen ( volleyball ) ( 1982 -- ) , American indoor volleyball player </Li> <Li> Martin Lundgaard Hansen ( 1972 -- ) , Danish badminton player , Olympic contestant </Li> <Li> Niels Jørgen Hansen , Danish darts player </Li> <Li> Nikolaj Hansen ( 1987 -- ) , Danish footballer </Li> <Li> Paul Snow - Hansen , New Zealand sailor </Li> <Li> Per Joar Hansen ( 1965 -- ) , Norwegian football coach </Li> <Li> Phil Hansen ( American football ) ( born 1968 ) , American former football player </Li> <Li> Rasmus Grønborg Hansen , Danish football ( soccer ) player </Li> <Li> Rick Hansen ( 1957 -- ) , Canadian paraplegic athlete and humanitarian </Li> <Li> Ron Hansen ( baseball ) ( 1938 -- ) , American professional baseball player </Li> <Li> Søren Hansen ( 1974 -- ) , Danish professional golfer </Li> <Li> Stan Hansen ( 1949 -- ) , American professional wrestler </Li> <Li> Sune Berg Hansen , Danish chess player </Li> <Li> Travis Hansen , American Basketball Player </Li> <Li> Trine Hansen ( 1973 -- ) , Danish rower </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Annika Hansen a fictional character from Star Trek : Voyager better known as Seven of Nine </Li> <Li> Elaine Tuttle Hansen ( contemporary ) , president of Bates College </Li> <Li> Georg Emil Hansen ( 1833 -- 1891 ) , Danish photographer </Li> <Li> Georg Hansen ( 1904 -- 1944 ) , German army officer </Li> <Li> Gesa Hansen ( born 1981 ) , German - Danish designer </Li> <Li> Gus Hansen ( 1974 -- ) , Danish professional poker player </Li> <Li> Helmer Hanssen ( 1870 -- 1956 ) , Norwegian polar explorer </Li> <Li> John Hansen ( judge ) ( 1945 -- ) , retired New Zealand judge </Li> <Li> Lars Peter Hansen ( 1952 -- ) , American economist and econometrician </Li> <Li> Matthew Hansen , Canadian screenwriter , author and editor </Li> <Li> Max Hansen ( SS officer ) ( 1908 -- 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Monica Hansen , Norwegian model </Li> <Li> Percy Howard Hansen ( 1890 -- 1951 ) , Danish recipient of the Victoria Cross </Li> <Li> Robert Hanssen ( 1944 -- ) , American FBI agent convicted of spying for Russia </Li> <Li> Sig Hansen ( 1966 -- ) , American Captain of the Seattle - based crab fishing boat Northwestern , featured in the documentary Deadliest Catch </Li> <Li> Theodore Marcus Hansen ( 1886 -- 1973 ) , Danish - American pastor , theologian , and churchman </Li> <Li> Theophil Freiherr von Hansen ( 1813 -- 1891 ) , Danish - Austrian architect </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Navne - Danmarks Statistik '' . dst.dk . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Navn '' . SSB . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Verteilung des Namens `` Hansen '' in Deutschland `` . verwandt.de . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Danskernes Navne -- University of Copenhagen - Name Research Section '' . danskernesnavne.navneforskning.ku.dk . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hansen ( disambiguation ) </Li> <Li> Hanson ( surname ) </Li> <Li> Henson </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Surname list This page lists people with

The last name Hansen originates from

Where does the last name hansen come from?

2577140274301537828

on evolving family traditions , logistics , and the age of the children involved ; for example , adults might open their presents on Christmas Eve and minor children on Christmas morning , or everyone might open their gifts on Christmas morning . Others follow the tradition of opening family - exchanged gifts on Christmas Eve night , followed by opening of the presents Santa brought on Christmas morning . Children are normally allowed to play with their new toys and games afterwards . </P> <P> The traditional Christmas dinner usually features either roasted turkey with stuffing ( sometimes called dressing ) , ham , or roast beef . Potatoes , squash , roasted vegetables and cranberry sauce are served along with tonics and sherries . A variety of sweet pastry and egg nog sprinkled with cinnamon and nutmeg are served in the United States . Certain dishes such as casseroles and desserts are prepared with a family recipe ( usually kept a secret ) . Sometimes , families also partake in a religious tradition , such as the consumption of a Christmas wafer in Christian families of European ancestry . Fruits , nuts , cheeses and chocolates are enjoyed as snacks . </P> <P> Other traditions include a special church service on the Sunday before Christmas and Midnight Mass on Christmas Eve . Candlelight services are held earlier in the evening for families with children . A re-enactment of the Nativity of Jesus called a Nativity play is another tradition . </P> <P> Christmas - related tourist attractions , such as the Rockefeller Center Christmas tree and elaborate animated department store Christmas windows in New York City are heavily visited by tourists from all over the world . Christmas music can be heard in the background . The Mormon Tabernacle Choir is one whose annual carol singing is well - recognized ; another example is the Boys choir heard singing `` Christmas Time Is Here '' , a song featured in the animated television special A Charlie Brown Christmas . Christmas symphony orchestra and choral presentation such as Handel 's Messiah and performances of The Nutcracker ballet are attended . Local radio stations may temporarily switch format to play exclusively Christmas music , some going to an all - Christmas format as early as mid-October . A few television stations broadcast a Yule Log without interruption for several hours . News broadcasts and talk shows feature Christmas - themed segments , emphasizing fellowship and goodwill among neighbors . Of particular note is the observance of Christmas for military families of soldiers and sailors serving abroad , on both sides of the Canada -- U.S. border . The Los Angeles Lakers have made it a tradition , since they relocated from Minneapolis prior to the 1960 - 61 NBA season , to have a home game on Christmas . As of 2015 , the NBA now schedules five games on Christmas , usually including classic rivalry games as well as a rematch of the previous season 's NBA Finals . </P> Central America ( edit ) El Salvador ( edit ) <P> Christmas for El Salvador still carries a strong meaning that brings families together . Despite the business on the streets and the red , green and white colors flooding the environment , Salvadoran people try to honor the true meaning of Christmas , the birth of Jesús . In El Salvador children celebrate Christmas by playing with firecrackers , fountains , such as the small volcancitos ( `` little volcanos '' ) and sparklers , estrellitas ( `` little stars '' ) . Teenagers and young adults display bigger fireworks or Roman Candles . Families also have parties in which they dance and eat . Santa Claus is known for appearing in TV and print ads , but people ask children if they already wrote a letter to little baby Jesus . Traditional Salvadoran Christmas dishes are sauteed turkey sandwiches in a baguette with lettuce and radishes , Salvadoran Tamales , and sweet bread for dessert . Drinks include hot chocolate , pineapple juice , Salvadoran horchata , Cherry Salvadoran horchata , and coffee . At 12 : 00 a.m. on December 25 everyone gathers around the Christmas tree and opens their presents . </P> Guatemala ( edit ) <P> On Christmas in Guatemala , people dress up in an ornamental hat , called a Puritina , and dance in a line . As with much of the country 's culture , the celebration includes Spanish and Mayan elements . </P> South America ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) São Paulo 's Christmas Tree and water fountains at Ibirapuera Park <P> Christmas Day on December 25 is a national holiday in Brazil . But because Brazil lies in the Southern Hemisphere , Brazilians celebrate Christmas in the summer . In the small cities in the entire country , as well as in the largest cities , like São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro , Recife , Salvador , Fortaleza , Curitiba , Porto Alegre , Brasília , Manaus , Belém , Natal and Belo Horizonte , the celebrations resemble in many ways the traditions in Europe and North America , with the Christmas tree , the exchanging of gifts and Christmas cards , the decoration of houses and buildings with electric lights and the nativity scene . Despite the warm tropical summer weather , some incongruences such as decorations with themes of winter and snow are not uncommon . In some cities like Guarapuava , there are decoration contests , when judges go to houses to look at the decorations , inside or outside of the house , and decide the most beautiful house . Christmas Eve is the most important day . Unlike in the North American and Anglo - Saxon tradition , Christmas takes action mainly near midnight , usually with big family dinners , opening of gifts and the celebration of the `` Missa do Galo '' ( the rooster 's mass ) in churches throughout the nation . </P> <P> Many Brazilians decorate their homes with a Christmas Tree , there is no rule , the parents can decorate it by themselves as a surprise to the kids , or they can do it together . In addition to the Christmas tree , many families set up a Nativity scene as the main decoration . Nativity scenes are very popular in Brazil , and can be seen everywhere including churches and popular places around the town . Like many other countries , Christmas dinner in Brazil is normally served late in the evening on Christmas Eve around 10 or 11 p.m. The meal often includes farofa stuffing , assortments of fruit , fried cod , and roast turkey with a dessert called `` rabanada '' . Along with their meals , Brazilians typically drink champagne , wine , and fruit punch . Typically after they eat , many Brazilians attend a Midnight Mass service or watch the Pope 's television broadcast celebration of `` Midnight Mass in Rome '' with family and friends . </P> Colombia ( edit ) Medellín River during the Lighting of Medellin <P> Christmas is a public holiday in Colombia and is primarily a religious celebration . Presents are brought by El Niño Jesus / Niño Dios ( Baby Jesus ) . </P> <P> While Christmas decorations may be put up as early as the beginning of November , the unofficial start of Colombian Christmas festivities takes place on December 7 , Día de las Velitas , or `` Day of the Candles . '' At night , the streets , sidewalks , balconies , porches , and driveways are decorated with candles and paper lanterns , which illuminate cities and towns in a yellow glow to honor the Immaculate Conception on the following day , December 8 . In many cities , and even in small rural towns , neighborhoods get together and decorate their whole neighborhood or street , turning streets into virtual `` tunnels of light . '' Many radio stations and local organizations hold contests for the best display of lights , making the competition for the best light show a serious event . The city of Medellín has become a popular tourist destination during the holiday season because of its Christmas lights . Activities such as musical events and firework displays are planned by cities and held during this time . Individually launched fireworks were a common item during the Christmas season in Colombia , often going on at any time of the day in many cities . However , a recent ban has decreased the individual use of fireworks , and now only cities or towns are able to hold firework displays . </P> <P> December 16 is the first day of the Christmas Novena , a devotion consisting of prayer said on nine successive days , the last one held on Christmas Eve . The Novena is promoted by the Catholic Church as a staple of Christmas , and is very similar to the posadas celebrated in Mexico . It is a call for an understanding of the religious meaning of Christmas , and a way to counter the commercialism of the Christmas season . Individual traditions concerning the Novena may vary , but most families set up a `` pesebre '' ( manger scene ) , sing religious Christmas carols called villancicos accompanied by tambourines , bells , and other simple percussion instruments , and read verses from the Bible as well as an interpretation which may change from year to year . Novenas serve as beautiful religious gatherings as well as learning environments for young children since kids have a central and active role in the celebration of the Novenas ( they read prayers , sing , and play instruments guided by their family ) . From December 16 to 24 , games called `` aguinaldos '' are played after having made a `` pinky promise '' deciding the prize for the winner and the punishment for the loser . The games include `` Hablar y no contestar '' ( Talk but do n't answer ) , `` Dé pero no reciben '' ( Give but do n't receive ) , `` Pajita en boca '' ( Straw in the mouth ) , `` Tres pies '' ( Three feet ) , `` Beso robado '' ( Stolen kisses ) , and `` Si y al no '' ( Yes or no ) . Churches offer dawn and nightly masses during the nine days of the novena , culminating with the Misa de Gallo ( Rooster 's Mass ) on Christmas Eve at midnight . </P> <P> Christmas Eve is the most important day of Christmas in Colombia . Families and friends get together to pray the last Novena and wait until midnight to open the presents , parties are held until sunrise on Christmas Day , kids stay up late playing with their new presents , and fireworks fill the skies . Families gather around meals , music , and singing . Because Christmas Eve is the most important day , little occurs on December 25 . Families join Christmas Day mass although it is not nearly as festive as Christmas Eve . </P> <P> The `` Dia de los Santos Inocentes '' , or the Day of the Innocents , falls in the Christmas season , on December 28 . The day commemorates the innocent infants ( called the innocent ones ) who were said to have been killed by King Herod in fear of the power of the newborn baby , Jesus . January 6 , the day of the Revelation of the Magi ( Epiphany ) , is called `` Reyes Magos '' ( from The Three Magi ) , used to be a day of gift giving , but is celebrated less now since gifts are given mostly around Christmas Eve today . Some families still give presents , and it is also the day when godparents give Christmas presents . </P> Venezuela ( edit ) Different moments of Paradura del Niño , Venezuelan tradition celebrated on February 2 <P> In Venezuela ,

In Brazil, the symbol for Christmas is the

What is the symbol for christmas in brazil?

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She 's Like the Wind - wikipedia <H1> She 's Like the Wind </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` She 's Like the Wind '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Patrick Swayze </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Dirty Dancing Soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Maurice Williams & The Zodiacs - Stay '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' single , 12 '' maxi , CD single , Cassette single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> November 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soft rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> RCA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Patrick Swayze , Stacy Widelitz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Michael Lloyd </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` She 's Like the Wind '' is a 1987 power ballad from the film Dirty Dancing , performed by Patrick Swayze . Though Swayze is the primary vocalist on the single , it was billed as being performed by `` Patrick Swayze featuring Wendy Fraser '' ; Fraser is heard throughout much of the song , specifically in the final chorus . The single reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Adult Contemporary chart . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Production </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Music video </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Releases <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Track listing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Chart position </Li> <Li> 5 Lumidee <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Background </Li> <Li> 5.2 Music video </Li> <Li> 5.3 Track listing </Li> <Li> 5.4 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Other versions </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Swayze and Stacy Widelitz co-wrote the song in 1984 . </P> <P> It was originally intended for the soundtrack of Grandview , U.S.A. and was meant to be about Jamie Lee Curtis ' character in the film . However , the song was not used in that film . During production of Dirty Dancing in 1987 , Swayze played the demo for producer Linda Gottlieb and director Emile Ardolino . They loved it and passed it on to Jimmy Ienner and Bob Feiden , the soundtrack 's executive producers . It was recorded for the soundtrack in November 1986 , with Michael Lloyd producing . The song , like the film in which it was featured , was a success , reaching number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on Adult Contemporary , and was a hit around the world . It is still in circulation on radio . The soundtrack album was number one for 19 weeks . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Swayze co-wrote and performed two tracks on the soundtrack to the film Road House ( 1989 ) , plus he co-wrote and performed a duet with Larry Gatlin for the film Next of Kin ( 1989 ) . </P> <H3> Music video ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The music video in black and white features clips from the movie Dirty Dancing . The video can be seen on the Ultimate Dirty Dancing DVD . </P> <H2> Releases ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was released commercially on 7 '' vinyl in many countries , with a 3 - track 12 '' maxi single and 2 - track cassette also produced . CD singles were a relatively new format , however ; a 2 and 3 - track 5 '' CD and Japanese mini CD single were commercially released . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> 7 '' vinyl single - US </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` She 's Like the Wind '' </Td> <Td> P. Swayze , S. Widelitz </Td> <Td> 3 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Stay '' </Td> <Td> Maurice Williams </Td> <Td> 1 : 34 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> CD single - France </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` She 's Like the Wind '' </Td> <Td> P. Swayze , S. Widelitz </Td> <Td> 3 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Stay '' </Td> <Td> Maurice Williams </Td> <Td> 1 : 34 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="4"> Cassette single - US </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` She 's Like the Wind '' </Td> <Td> P. Swayze , S. Widelitz </Td> <Td> 3 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Stay '' </Td> <Td> Maurice Williams </Td> <Td> 1 : 34 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Chart position ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1988 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austrian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch Mega Top 100 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norwegian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South African Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swedish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swiss Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1992 / 93 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French SNEP Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2009 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swiss Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Seasons Change '' by Exposé </Td> <Td> Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single ( Patrick Swayze version ) February 27 , 1988 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' by Rick Astley </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` '' She 's Like The Wind `` '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Lumidee featuring Tony Sunshine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Unexpected </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> April 3 , 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download , CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 2006 - 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> TVT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> J. Marty , T.C. Love </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Lumidee singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Dance ! '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` '' She 's Like The Wind `` '' ( 2007 ) </Td> <Td> `` Crazy '' ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Dance ! '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` '' ' She 's Like The Wind '' ( 2007 ) </Td> <Td> `` Crazy '' ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Lumidee ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` She 's Like the Wind '' is a cover recorded by American recording artists Lumidee and Tony Sunshine for Lumidee 's second album , Unexpected ( 2007 ) . It was released as the lead single from Unexpected in the U.S. and Europe on April 3 , 2007 . </P> <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Lumidee , the idea to record a remake of Patrick Swayze 's 1987 song `` She 's Like The Wind '' was inspired by her European label when she recommended a collaboration with fellow New York recording artist Tony Sunshine . She also said , `` We 'd been talking about working together but had n't been able to . But he loved the idea of doing something with this song . '' </P> <H3> Music video ( edit ) </H3> <P> The music video for this version was directed by Dayo . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` She 's Like The Wind ( Radio Edit ) '' - 4 : 17 </Li> <Li> `` She 's Like The Wind ( Spanglish Version ) '' - 3 : 53 </Li> <Li> `` She 's Like The Wind ( Instrumental ) '' - 4 : 18 </Li> <Li> `` She 's Like The Wind ( A Capella ) '' - 4 : 15 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2007 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The song was later covered by Vibekingz featuring Maliq , Phonkillaz ( 2002 ) , and Patrick Nuo , and in 2007 by Lumidee featuring Tony Sunshine , released on Lumidee 's album Unexpected . </Li> <Li> The Vibekingz version reached # 2 on Germany 's pop charts in 2006 , and stayed in the top ten for two months . The version by Lumidee received widespread airplay in the United States , reaching the top 20 . Tony Sunshine sings the original part by Swayze , while Lumidee raps with original verses related to the theme of the song . </Li> <Li> A mashup song and video of `` She 's Like the Wind '' with `` Minimal '' by Pet Shop Boys has been a featured video on YouTube . </Li> <Li> Girls Aloud covered `` She 's Like the Wind '' in the Dirty Dancing Medley on their The Sound of Girls Aloud : The Greatest Hits Tour ; it was Kimberley Walsh 's solo . </Li> <Li> Ultrabeat covered the song on their 2008 album , Discolights : The Album . </Li> <Li> Jan Wayne covered it on his album Back Again . </Li> <Li> Performed as a tribute to Patrick Swayze on Season 9 Dancing with the Stars Result Show by Dmitry Chaplin and Chelsie Hightower . </Li> <Li> John Sage covered the song as a single release in 2013 . </Li> <Li> Boston artist Michael Spaulding also covered the song for his new album

The song "She's Like the Wind" features lyrics sung by

Who sings she's like the wind lyrics?

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This Is Us ( TV series ) - wikipedia <H1> This Is Us ( TV series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> This Is Us </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drama </Li> <Li> Family drama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Dan Fogelman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Milo Ventimiglia </Li> <Li> Mandy Moore </Li> <Li> Sterling K. Brown </Li> <Li> Chrissy Metz </Li> <Li> Justin Hartley </Li> <Li> Susan Kelechi Watson </Li> <Li> Chris Sullivan </Li> <Li> Ron Cephas Jones </Li> <Li> Jon Huertas </Li> <Li> Alexandra Breckenridge </Li> <Li> Niles Fitch </Li> <Li> Logan Shroyer </Li> <Li> Hannah Zeile </Li> <Li> Mackenzie Hancsicsak </Li> <Li> Parker Bates </Li> <Li> Eris Baker </Li> <Li> Faithe Herman </Li> <Li> Lonnie Chavis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Siddhartha Khosla </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 36 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dan Fogelman </Li> <Li> Jess Rosenthal </Li> <Li> Donald Todd </Li> <Li> Ken Olin </Li> <Li> Charlie Gogolak </Li> <Li> John Requa </Li> <Li> Glenn Ficarra </Li> <Li> Isaac Aptaker </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Berger </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Los Angeles , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 42 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rhode Island Ave . Productions </Li> <Li> Zaftig Films </Li> <Li> 20th Century Fox Television </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> 20th Television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This Is Us is an American family drama television series created by Dan Fogelman that premiered on NBC on September 20 , 2016 . The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Lonnie Chavis , Eris Baker , and Faithe Herman . The program details the lives and families of two parents , and their three children born on the same day as their father 's birthday . This Is Us is filmed in Los Angeles . </P> <P> The series has received positive reviews and has been nominated for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Awards , as well as being chosen as a Top Television Program by the American Film Institute . Sterling K. Brown has received an Emmy , a Golden Globe , a Critics ' Choice Award , and an NAACP Image Award for his acting in the series . Mandy Moore and Chrissy Metz received Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress . In 2017 , the series received ten Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . </P> <P> On September 27 , 2016 , NBC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . In January 2017 , NBC renewed the series for two additional seasons of 18 episodes each . The second season premiered on September 26 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Commitment to Diversity </Li> <Li> 3 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Main </Li> <Li> 3.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 4.2 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> 4.3 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.2 Ratings </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> The series follows the lives of siblings Kevin , Kate , and Randall ( known as the `` Big Three '' ) , and their parents Jack and Rebecca Pearson . It takes place in the present and using flashbacks , at various times in the past . Kevin and Kate are the two surviving members of a triplet pregnancy , born six weeks premature on Jack 's 36th birthday in 1980 ; their brother is stillborn . Believing they were meant to have three children , Jack and Rebecca , who are white , decide to adopt Randall , a black child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station . Jack dies when his children are 17 . </P> <P> Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present ( 2016 -- 2018 , contemporaneous with airing ) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past ; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods . Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c. 1980 both before and after their babies ' birth , or on the family when the Big Three are children ( at least ages 8 -- 10 ) or adolescents ; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh , where the Big Three are born and raised . Various other time periods and locations have also served a settings . As adults , Kate lives in Los Angeles , Randall and his family are in New Jersey , and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City . </P> <H2> Commitment to diversity ( edit ) </H2> <P> Fogelman intentionally recruited behind - the - scenes talent that would reflect the diversity of his cast , with the goal of bringing greater authenticity to the dialog and storylines . These include black directors Regina King and George Tillman , Jr. and black female writers Kay Oyegun and Jas Waters ( part of a 30 % black core writing staff that far outpaces the industry standard of 5 % ) . In addition , Fogelman 's sister Deborah , whose struggles with weight were one of the initial inspirations for the show , serves as a consultant . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of This Is Us characters Main cast members ( L -- R ) Jones , Watson , Brown , Ventimiglia , Moore , Hartley , Metz , and Sullivan at PaleyFest 2017 <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson : Rebecca 's husband , and Kate , Kevin , and Randall 's father . </Li> <Li> Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson ( née Malone ) : Jack 's wife , and Kate , Kevin , and Randall 's mother . </Li> <Li> Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson : Jack and Rebecca 's adopted son , and Kate and Kevin 's brother . Also played by Niles Fitch ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Lonnie Chavis ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . </Li> <Li> Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson : Jack and Rebecca 's daughter , and Kevin and Randall 's sister . Also played by Hannah Zeile ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . </Li> <Li> Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson : Jack and Rebecca 's son , and Kate and Randall 's brother . Also played by Logan Shroyer ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Parker Bates ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . </Li> <Li> Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson : Randall 's wife , and mother of Tess and Annie . </Li> <Li> Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon : Kate 's husband . </Li> <Li> Ron Cephas Jones as William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill : Randall 's biological father . Also played by Jermel Nakia as a young adult . </Li> <Li> Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas : Jack 's best friend and Rebecca 's second husband . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie : Kate 's childhood best friend as well as Kevin 's childhood love and ex-wife . Also played by Amanda Leighton ( ages 15 -- 17 ) and Sophia Coto ( age 10 ) . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Eris Baker as Tess Pearson : Randall and Beth 's older daughter . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson : Randall and Beth 's younger daughter . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski ( aka Dr. K ) : An elderly widower , who delivers Kate and Kevin . </Li> <Li> Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine : Kevin 's former stage partner and ex-girlfriend . </Li> <Li> Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg : Kevin 's stage partner and ex-girlfriend . </Li> <Li> Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette : A family friend of the Pearsons . </Li> <Li> Denis O'Hare as Jesse : William 's friend and former romantic partner . </Li> <Li> Adam Bartley as Duke : The stable worker at the weight - loss camp Kate attends . </Li> <Li> Jill Johnson as Laurie : A member of Toby and Kate 's weight - loss support group . </Li> <Li> Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. `` Shakespeare '' Hill </Li> <Li> Lyric Ross as Deja : Randall and Beth 's foster child . </Li> <Li> Debra Jo Rupp as Linda : A social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja . </Li> <Li> Caitlin Thompson as Madison : Kate 's group 's resident thin member . </Li> <Li> Joy Brunson as Shauna : Deja 's mother , who first works against Beth and Randall having Deja , then abruptly leaves her with them . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Series overview ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Nielsen ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Avg . viewership ( inc . DVR ) ( in millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 14.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : This Is Us ( season 1 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Pilot '' </Td> <Td> John Requa & Glenn Ficarra </Td> <Td> Dan Fogelman </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 1AZC01 </Td>

The Pearson family from the TV show "This Is Us" resides in

Where does the this is us family live?

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Prime minister - wikipedia <H1> Prime minister </H1> Jump to : navigation , search most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system Prime ministers of the Nordic countries in 2014 . <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of the Politics series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head of state </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monarch </Li> <Li> Supreme leader </Li> <Li> President </Li> <Li> President of the Council of State </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Head of government <Ul> <Li> Chancellor </Li> <Li> Chief executive </Li> <Li> Chief minister </Li> <Li> First minister </Li> <Li> Premier </Li> <Li> Prime minister </Li> <Li> President of the Council of Ministers </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet Cabinet collective responsibility </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ministry <Ul> <Li> Minister </Li> <Li> Secretary </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other <Ul> <Li> Governor </Li> <Li> Mayor </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Systems </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monarchy ( Constitutional ) </Li> <Li> Republic ( Parliamentary ) </Li> <Li> Directorial </Li> <Li> Parliamentary ( Westminster ) </Li> <Li> Semi-parliamentary ( simul simul ) </Li> <Li> Semi-presidential ( cohabitational ) </Li> <Li> Presidential </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National leaders </Li> <Li> National governments </Li> <Li> Heads of state and government </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Politics portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A prime minister , also known as a premier , is the head of a cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government , often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system . In many systems , the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet , and allocates posts to members within the government . In most systems , the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet . In a minority of systems , notably in semi-presidential systems of government , a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state . </P> <P> In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system , the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch . In such systems , the head of state or the head of state 's official representative ( often the monarch , president , or governor - general ) usually holds a largely ceremonial position , although often with reserve powers . </P> <P> The prime minister is often , but not always , a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature . In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise executive powers ( known as the royal prerogative ) that are constitutionally vested in the crown and may be exercised without the approval of parliament . </P> <P> As well as being head of government , a prime minister may have other roles or posts -- the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , for example , is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service . Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts . For example , during the Second World War , Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence ( although there was then no Ministry of Defence ) and in the current cabinet of Israel , Benjamin Netanyahu also serves as Minister of Communications , Foreign Affairs , Regional Cooperation , Economy and Interior . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Origins </Li> <Li> 2.2 Development </Li> <Li> 2.3 Modern usage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 In republics and in monarchies </Li> <Li> 4 Entry into office </Li> <Li> 5 Constitutional basis for the Position in Countries </Li> <Li> 6 Exit from office </Li> <Li> 7 Titles </Li> <Li> 8 Organisational structure </Li> <Li> 9 Description of the role </Li> <Li> 10 Lists of prime ministers </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term prime minister in its French form , premier ministre , is attested in 17th Century sources referring to Cardinal Richelieu after he was named to head the royal council in 1624 . The title was however informal and used alongside the equally informal principal ministre d'État ( `` chief minister of the state '' ) more as a job description . After 1661 , Louis XIV and his descendants refused to allow one of their ministers to be more important than the others , so the term was not in use . </P> <P> The term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole . During the whole of the 18th Century , Britain was involved in a prolonged conflict with France , periodically bursting into all - out war , and Britons took outspoken pride in their `` Liberty '' as contrasted to the `` Tyranny '' of French Absolute Monarchy ; therefore , being implicitly compared with Richelieu was no compliment to Walpole . Over time , however , the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> See also : History of Parliamentarism <H3> Origins ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Chief Minister of England and Chief minister of France <P> The monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government . Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII ; William Cecil , Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I ; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne . These ministers held a variety of formal posts , but were commonly known as `` the minister '' , the `` chief minister '' , the `` first minister '' and finally the `` prime minister '' . </P> <P> The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch . Although managing the parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office , they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power . Although there was a cabinet , it was appointed entirely by the monarch , and the monarch usually presided over its meetings . </P> <P> When the monarch grew tired of a first minister , he or she could be dismissed , or worse : Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour . Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful . Late in Anne 's reign , for example , the Tory ministers Harley and Viscount Bolingbroke shared power . </P> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> The prime ministers of five members of the Commonwealth of Nations at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference . <P> In the mid 17th century , after the English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) , Parliament strengthened its position relative to the monarch then gained more power through the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and passage of the Bill of Rights in 1689 . The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission and thus the House of Commons became a part of the government . It is at this point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge . </P> <P> A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I to the throne . George spoke no English , spent much of his time at his home in Hanover , and had neither knowledge of , nor interest in , the details of English government . In these circumstances it was inevitable that the king 's first minister would become the de facto head of the government . </P> <P> From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole , who held office for twenty - one years . Walpole chaired cabinet meetings , appointed all the other ministers , dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters . Under Walpole , the doctrine of cabinet solidarity developed . Walpole required that no minister other than himself have private dealings with the king , and also that when the cabinet had agreed on a policy , all ministers must defend it in public , or resign . As a later prime minister , Lord Melbourne , said , `` It matters not what we say , gentlemen , so long as we all say the same thing . '' </P> <P> Walpole always denied that he was `` prime minister '' , and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution . George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch , but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary . The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger ( 1783 -- 1801 ) , combined with the mental illness of George III , consolidated the power of the post . The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905 . </P> <P> The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government , headed by a prime minister , widely copied , both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self - government . In some places alternative titles such as `` premier '' , `` chief minister '' , `` first minister of state '' , `` president of the council '' or `` chancellor '' were adopted , but the essentials of the office were the same . </P> <H3> Modern usage ( edit ) </H3> <P> By the late 20th century , the majority of the world 's countries had a prime minister or equivalent minister , holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president . The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America modelled on the U.S. system , in which the president directly exercises executive authority . </P> <P> Bahrain 's prime minister , Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970 , making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister . </P> <H2> In republics and in monarchies ( edit ) </H2> <P> The post of prime minister may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies ( such as Belgium , Denmark , Japan , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Norway , Malaysia , Morocco , Spain , Sweden , Thailand , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom ) , and in parliamentary republics in which the head of state is an elected official ( such as Finland , the Czech Republic , France , Greece , Hungary , India , Indonesia ( 1945 - 1959 ) , Ireland , Pakistan , Portugal , Montenegro , Croatia , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia and Turkey ) . See also `` First Minister '' , `` Premier '' , `` Chief Minister '' , `` Chancellor '' , `` Taoiseach '' , `` Statsminister '' and `` Secretary of State '' : alternative titles usually equivalent

The term "prime minister" was first used in

When was the term prime minister first used?

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9.36 </Td> <Td> 9.07 </Td> <Td> 9.25 </Td> <Td> 9.32 </Td> <Td> 9.36 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Javier Fernández </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 197.66 </Td> <Td> 101.52 </Td> <Td> 96.14 </Td> <Td> 9.46 </Td> <Td> 9.43 </Td> <Td> 9.64 </Td> <Td> 9.79 </Td> <Td> 9.75 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Jin Boyang </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 194.45 </Td> <Td> 109.69 </Td> <Td> 85.76 </Td> <Td> 8.71 </Td> <Td> 8.21 </Td> <Td> 8.64 </Td> <Td> 8.68 </Td> <Td> 8.64 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Vincent Zhou </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 192.16 </Td> <Td> 112.24 </Td> <Td> 79.92 </Td> <Td> 8.04 </Td> <Td> 7.71 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> 7.96 </Td> <Td> 8.00 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Mikhail Kolyada </Td> <Td> Olympic Athletes from Russia </Td> <Td> 177.56 </Td> <Td> 91.62 </Td> <Td> 87.94 </Td> <Td> 9.00 </Td> <Td> 8.64 </Td> <Td> 8.68 </Td> <Td> 8.86 </Td> <Td> 8.72 </Td> <Td> -- 2.00 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Patrick Chan </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 173.42 </Td> <Td> 81.56 </Td> <Td> 91.86 </Td> <Td> 9.32 </Td> <Td> 9.14 </Td> <Td> 8.66 </Td> <Td> 9.29 </Td> <Td> 9.32 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Oleksii Bychenko </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 172.88 </Td> <Td> 89.08 </Td> <Td> 83.80 </Td> <Td> 8.39 </Td> <Td> 8.04 </Td> <Td> 8.61 </Td> <Td> 8.43 </Td> <Td> 8.43 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Adam Rippon </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 171.41 </Td> <Td> 84.47 </Td> <Td> 86.94 </Td> <Td> 8.75 </Td> <Td> 8.54 </Td> <Td> 8.68 </Td> <Td> 8.71 </Td> <Td> 8.79 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Daniel Samohin </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 170.75 </Td> <Td> 89.03 </Td> <Td> 81.72 </Td> <Td> 8.32 </Td> <Td> 7.75 </Td> <Td> 8.32 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.29 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Keegan Messing </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 170.32 </Td> <Td> 84.88 </Td> <Td> 85.44 </Td> <Td> 8.50 </Td> <Td> 8.29 </Td> <Td> 8.61 </Td> <Td> 8.61 </Td> <Td> 8.71 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Dmitri Aliev </Td> <Td> Olympic Athletes from Russia </Td> <Td> 168.53 </Td> <Td> 85.39 </Td> <Td> 85.13 </Td> <Td> 8.64 </Td> <Td> 8.39 </Td> <Td> 8.32 </Td> <Td> 8.61 </Td> <Td> 8.61 </Td> <Td> -- 2.00 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Cha Jun - hwan </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 165.16 </Td> <Td> 84.94 </Td> <Td> 81.22 </Td> <Td> 8.21 </Td> <Td> 7.86 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> 8.11 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> Keiji Tanaka </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 164.78 </Td> <Td> 85.64 </Td> <Td> 81.14 </Td> <Td> 8.36 </Td> <Td> 7.89 </Td> <Td> 8.00 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.14 </Td> <Td> -- 2.00 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Jorik Hendrickx </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 164.21 </Td> <Td> 81.79 </Td> <Td> 82.42 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> 7.96 </Td> <Td> 8.36 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> 8.39 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> Misha Ge </Td> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> 161.04 </Td> <Td> 74.96 </Td> <Td> 86.08 </Td> <Td> 8.46 </Td> <Td> 8.36 </Td> <Td> 8.54 </Td> <Td> 8.75 </Td> <Td> 8.93 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> Michal Březina </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 160.92 </Td> <Td> 76.58 </Td> <Td> 84.34 </Td> <Td> 8.57 </Td> <Td> 8.21 </Td> <Td> 8.39 </Td> <Td> 8.57 </Td> <Td> 8.43 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> Matteo Rizzo </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 156.78 </Td> <Td> 80.86 </Td> <Td> 75.92 </Td> <Td> 7.64 </Td> <Td> 7.32 </Td> <Td> 7.79 </Td> <Td> 7.64 </Td> <Td> 7.57 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> Deniss Vasiļjevs </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> 155.06 </Td> <Td> 76.42 </Td> <Td> 80.64 </Td> <Td> 8.14 </Td> <Td> 7.86 </Td> <Td> 7.96 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> -- 2.00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> Brendan Kerry </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 150.75 </Td> <Td> 73.33 </Td> <Td> 77.42 </Td> <Td> 7.96 </Td> <Td> 7.54 </Td> <Td> 7.68 </Td> <Td> 7.82 </Td> <Td> 7.71 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> Paul Fentz </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 139.82 </Td> <Td> 66.98 </Td> <Td> 72.84 </Td> <Td> 7.50 </Td> <Td> 7.14 </Td> <Td> 7.14 </Td> <Td> 7.39 </Td> <Td> 7.25 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> Yan Han </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 132.38 </Td> <Td> 53.80 </Td> <Td> 79.58 </Td> <Td> 8.56 </Td> <Td> 7.82 </Td> <Td> 7.57 </Td> <Td> 8.04 </Td> <Td> 8.00 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> Moris Kvitelashvili </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 128.01 </Td> <Td> 63.35 </Td> <Td> 70.66 </Td> <Td> 7.34 </Td> <Td> 6.86 </Td> <Td> 6.68 </Td> <Td> 7.32 </Td> <Td> 7.04 </Td> <Td> -- 6.00 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Notes : </Li> <Li> TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score </Li> <Li> SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution </Li> <Li> CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number </Li> </Ul> <H3> Overall ( edit ) </H3> <P> The skaters were ranked according to their overall score . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Nation </Th> <Th> TP </Th> <Th colspan="2"> SP </Th> <Th colspan="2"> FS </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 01 ! </Th> <Td> Yuzuru Hanyu </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 317.85 </Td> <Td> 111.68 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 206.17 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 02 ! </Th> <Td> Shoma Uno </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 306.90 </Td> <Td> 104.17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 202.73 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 03 ! </Th> <Td> Javier Fernández </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 305.24 </Td> <Td> 107.58 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 197.66 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Jin Boyang </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 297.77 </Td> <Td> 103.32 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 194.45 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Nathan Chen </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 297.35 </Td> <Td> 82.27 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 215.08 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Vincent Zhou </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 276.69 </Td> <Td> 84.53 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 192.16 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Dmitri Aliev </Td> <Td> Olympic Athletes from Russia </Td> <Td> 267.51 </Td> <Td> 98.98 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 168.53 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Mikhail Kolyada </Td> <Td> Olympic Athletes from Russia </Td> <Td> 264.25 </Td> <Td> 86.69 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 177.56 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Patrick Chan </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 263.43 </Td> <Td> 90.01 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 173.42 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Adam Rippon </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 259.36 </Td> <Td> 87.95 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 171.41 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Oleksii Bychenko </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 257.01 </Td> <Td> 84.13 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 172.88 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Keegan Messing </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 255.43 </Td> <Td> 85.11 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 170.32 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Daniel Samohin </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 251.44 </Td> <Td> 80.69 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 170.75 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Jorik Hendrickx </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 248.95 </Td> <Td> 84.74 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 164.21 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> Cha Jun - hwan </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 248.59 </Td> <Td> 83.43 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 165.16 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Michal Březina </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 246.07 </Td> <Td> 85.15 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 160.92 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> Misha Ge </Td> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> 244.94 </Td> <Td> 83.90 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 161.04 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> Keiji Tanaka </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 244.83 </Td> <Td> 80.05 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 164.78 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> Deniss Vasiļjevs </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> 234.58 </Td> <Td> 79.52 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 155.06 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> Brendan Kerry </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 233.81 </Td> <Td> 83.06 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 150.75 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> Matteo Rizzo </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 232.41 </Td> <Td> 75.63 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 156.78 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> Paul Fentz </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 214.55 </Td> <Td> 74.73 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 139.82 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> Yan Han </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 213.01 </Td> <Td> 80.63 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 132.38 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> Moris Kvitelashvili </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 204.57 </Td> <Td> 76.56 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 128.01 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="14"> Did not advance to free skating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> Julian Yee </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73.58 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> Chafik Besseghier </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 72.10 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> Denis Ten </Td> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 70.12 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> Michael Christian Martinez </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55.56 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> Felipe Montoya </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52.41 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> Yaroslav Paniot </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 46.58 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> TP - Total points ; SP - Short program ; FS - Free skating </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Venues '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com/ . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Start list </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Schedule '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hanyu edges out YOG star for skating gold '' . olympic.org. 17 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nathan Chen Makes Olympic History With 6 Quad Jumps '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Personal Bests '' . www.isuresults.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 , Figure skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Extract from ISU Communication 2097 '' . www.iceskating.org.uk/ . National Ice Skating Association ( UK ) . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Judges Details Per Skater :

The winner of the men's single ice skating event in 2018 was

Who won the mens single ice skating 2018?

1752863520343060530

These Days ( Foo Fighters song ) - wikipedia <H1> These Days ( Foo Fighters song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` These Days '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Foo Fighters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Wasting Light </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> November 1 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Alternative rock , post-grunge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> RCA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Dave Grohl , Taylor Hawkins , Nate Mendel , Chris Shiflett , Pat Smear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Butch Vig </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Foo Fighters singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Arlandria '' ( 2011 ) </Td> <Td> `` These Days '' ( 2011 ) </Td> <Td> `` Bridge Burning '' ( 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Arlandria '' ( 2011 ) </Td> <Td> `` These Days '' ( 2011 ) </Td> <Td> `` Bridge Burning '' ( 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> These Days on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` These Days '' is the third single , ( fourth in the UK ) , from the American rock band Foo Fighters ' seventh studio album Wasting Light . It was written by Dave Grohl and co-produced by Butch Vig . Dave Grohl has stated that it is his favourite song that he has ever written . On August 18 , 2012 , the Foo Fighters performed `` These Days '' at Pukkelpop , as a tribute to the people who died or were injured there a year earlier , due to a violent thunderstorm that raged over the festival grounds . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Music video </Li> <Li> 2 Reception </Li> <Li> 3 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The official video was released on January 30 , 2012 . The video featured live shots from their June 2011 Milton Keynes performances , Australian and New Zealand tour . It was directed by Wayne Isham . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The writers of Rolling Stone magazine named it the fourth best single of the year . As of April 9 , 2012 `` These Days '' spent sixteen weeks on the Australian Singles Chart , and was certified gold in Australia . </P> <H2> Charts and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2011 -- 12 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( ARIA ) </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Rock ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland ( LP3 ) </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Rock and Metal ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 35,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Arbitron Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . FMQB . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foo Fighters - These Days nme.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foo Fighters - These Days loud wire.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watch the new Foo Fighters video , `` These Days '' AUX New Music </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Singles of 2011 : Foo Fighters , ' These Days ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora Archive '' ( PDF ) . Pandora.nla.gov.au. April 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Accreditations - 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Foo Fighters -- These Days '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History ( Canada Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters - Mexican Ingles Airplay search results '' . billboard.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THESE DAYS '' . Polskie Radio . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Foo Fighters Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Foo Fighters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Dave Grohl </Li> <Li> Nate Mendel </Li> <Li> Pat Smear </Li> <Li> Taylor Hawkins </Li> <Li> Chris Shiflett </Li> <Li> Rami Jaffee </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> William Goldsmith </Dd> <Dd> Franz Stahl </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Foo Fighters </Li> <Li> The Colour and the Shape </Li> <Li> There Is Nothing Left to Lose </Li> <Li> One by One </Li> <Li> In Your Honor </Li> <Li> Echoes , Silence , Patience & Grace </Li> <Li> Wasting Light </Li> <Li> Sonic Highways </Li> <Li> Concrete and Gold </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Five Songs and a Cover </Li> <Li> Songs from the Laundry Room </Li> <Li> Saint Cecilia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Skin and Bones </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> <Li> Medium Rare </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Everywhere but Home </Li> <Li> Skin and Bones </Li> <Li> Live at Wembley Stadium </Li> <Li> Foo Fighters : Back and Forth </Li> <Li> Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` This Is a Call '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Stick Around '' </Li> <Li> `` For All the Cows '' </Li> <Li> `` Big Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Exhausted '' </Li> <Li> `` Alone + Easy Target '' </Li> <Li> `` Monkey Wrench '' </Li> <Li> `` Everlong '' </Li> <Li> `` My Hero '' </Li> <Li> `` Walking After You '' </Li> <Li> `` Learn to Fly '' </Li> <Li> `` Stacked Actors '' </Li> <Li> `` Generator '' </Li> <Li> `` Breakout '' </Li> <Li> `` Next Year '' </Li> <Li> `` The One '' </Li> <Li> `` All My Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Times Like These '' </Li> <Li> `` Low '' </Li> <Li> `` Have It All '' </Li> <Li> `` Best of You '' </Li> <Li> `` DOA '' </Li> <Li> `` Resolve '' </Li> <Li> `` No Way Back '' / `` Cold Day in the Sun '' </Li> <Li> `` Miracle '' </Li> <Li> `` The Pretender '' </Li> <Li> `` Long Road to Ruin '' </Li> <Li> `` Cheer Up , Boys ( Your Make Up Is Running ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Let It Die '' </Li> <Li> `` Wheels '' </Li> <Li> `` Rope '' </Li> <Li> `` White Limo '' </Li> <Li> `` Walk '' </Li> <Li> `` Arlandria '' </Li> <Li> `` These Days '' </Li> <Li> `` Bridge Burning '' </Li> <Li> `` Something from Nothing '' </Li> <Li> `` The Feast and the Famine '' </Li> <Li> `` Congregation '' </Li> <Li> `` What Did I Do ? / God as My Witness '' </Li> <Li> `` Outside '' </Li> <Li> `` Saint Cecilia '' </Li> <Li> `` Run '' </Li> <Li> `` The Sky Is a Neighborhood '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Friend of a Friend '' </Li> <Li> `` Marigold '' </Li> <Li> `` The Line '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Foo Fighters live performances </Li> <Li> Sonic Highways World Tour </Li> <Li> Concrete and Gold Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated acts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nirvana </Li> <Li> Late ! </Li> <Li> Tenacious D </Li> <Li> Sunny Day Real Estate </Li> <Li> The Germs </Li> <Li> Scream </Li> <Li> Probot </Li> <Li> Killing Joke </Li> <Li> Queens of the Stone Age </Li> <Li> Nine Inch Nails </Li> <Li> Taylor Hawkins and the Coattail Riders </Li> <Li> The Fire Theft </Li> <Li> Jackson United </Li> <Li> Me First and the Gimme Gimmes </Li> <Li> No Use for a Name </Li> <Li> Them Crooked Vultures </Li> <Li> The Birds of Satan </Li> <Li> The Wallflowers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Members </Li> <Li> 24 Hours of Foo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=These_Days_(Foo_Fighters_song)&oldid=820984427 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Foo Fighters songs </Li> <Li> 2011 singles </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by Wayne Isham </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Butch Vig </Li> <Li> Songs written by Dave Grohl </Li> <Li> Songs written by Pat Smear </Li> <Li> Songs written by Taylor Hawkins </Li> <Li> Songs written by Nate Mendel </Li> <Li> Songs written by Chris Shiflett </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadarock </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UKrock </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Australia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li>

The Foo Fighters' "One of These Days" video was filmed during

Where was foo fighters one of these days video filmed?

-8943432852681116531

Cain and Abel ( software ) - Wikipedia <H1> Cain and Abel ( software ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with CAINE Linux in the List of digital forensics tools . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Cain and Abel <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Massimiliano Montoro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stable release </Th> <Td> 4.9. 56 / April 7 , 2014 ; 4 years ago ( 2014 - 04 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating system </Th> <Td> Microsoft Windows </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> password cracking </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> License </Th> <Td> Freeware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.oxid.it/cain.html </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Cain and Abel ( often abbreviated to Cain ) is a password recovery tool for Microsoft Windows . It can recover many kinds of passwords using methods such as network packet sniffing , cracking various password hashes by using methods such as dictionary attacks , brute force and cryptanalysis attacks . Cryptanalysis attacks are done via rainbow tables which can be generated with the winrtgen. exe program provided with Cain and Abel . Cain and Abel is maintained by Massimiliano Montoro and Sean Babcock . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Features </Li> <Li> 2 Status with virus scanners </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Features ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> WEP cracking </Li> <Li> Speeding up packet capture speed by wireless packet injection </Li> <Li> Ability to record VoIP conversations </Li> <Li> Decoding scrambled passwords </Li> <Li> Calculating hashes </Li> <Li> Traceroute </Li> <Li> Revealing password boxes </Li> <Li> Uncovering cached passwords </Li> <Li> Dumping protected storage passwords </Li> <Li> ARP spoofing </Li> <Li> IP to MAC Address resolver </Li> <Li> Network Password Sniffer </Li> <Li> LSA secret dumper </Li> <Li> Ability to crack : <Ul> <Li> LM & NTLM hashes </Li> <Li> NTLMv2 hashes </Li> <Li> Microsoft Cache hashes </Li> <Li> Microsoft Windows PWL files </Li> <Li> Cisco IOS - MD5 hashes </Li> <Li> Cisco PIX - MD5 hashes </Li> <Li> APOP - MD5 hashes </Li> <Li> CRAM - MD5 MD5 hashes </Li> <Li> OSPF - MD5 hashes </Li> <Li> RIPv2 MD5 hashes </Li> <Li> VRRP - HMAC hashes </Li> <Li> Virtual Network Computing ( VNC ) Triple DES </Li> <Li> MD2 hashes </Li> <Li> MD4 hashes </Li> <Li> MD5 hashes </Li> <Li> SHA - 1 hashes </Li> <Li> SHA - 2 hashes </Li> <Li> RIPEMD - 160 hashes </Li> <Li> Kerberos 5 hashes </Li> <Li> RADIUS shared key hashes </Li> <Li> IKE PSK hashes </Li> <Li> MSSQL hashes </Li> <Li> MySQL hashes </Li> <Li> Oracle and SIP hashes </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Status with virus scanners ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Some virus scanners ( and browsers , e.g. Chrome 20.0. 1132.47 ) detect Cain and Abel as malware . </P> <P> Avast ! detects it as `` Win32 : Cain - B ( Tool ) '' and classifies it as `` Other potentially dangerous program '' , while Microsoft Security Essentials detects it as `` Win32 / Cain ! 4_9_14 '' and classifies it as `` Tool : This program has potentially unwanted behavior . '' Even if Cain 's install directory , as well as the word `` Cain '' , are added to Avast 's exclude list , the real - time scanner has been known to stop Cain from functioning . However , the latest version of Avast no longer blocks Cain . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Black - hat hacker </Li> <Li> White - hat hacker </Li> <Li> Hacker ( computer security ) </Li> <Li> Password cracking </Li> <Li> Aircrack - ng </Li> <Li> Crack </Li> <Li> DaveGrohl </Li> <Li> Hashcat </Li> <Li> John the Ripper </Li> <Li> L0phtCrack </Li> <Li> Ophcrack </Li> <Li> RainbowCrack </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Interview with Massimiliano Montoro , creator of Cain & Abel </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Password cracking software </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Crack </Li> <Li> Cain </Li> <Li> DaveGrohl </Li> <Li> Hashcat </Li> <Li> John the Ripper </Li> <Li> L0phtCrack </Li> <Li> Ophcrack </Li> <Li> RainbowCrack </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cain_and_Abel_(software)&oldid=790963733 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Windows - only freeware </Li> <Li> Password cracking software </Li> <Li> Windows security software </Li> <Li> Network analyzers </Li> <Li> Windows network - related software </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking in - text citations </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 17 July 2017 , at 06 : 39 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

Cain and Abel software is used for

What is cain and abel software used for?

3562729819386821776

List of governors of Maharashtra - wikipedia <H1> List of governors of Maharashtra </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Governor of Maharashtra </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Incumbent Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao since 30 August 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Style </Th> <Td> His Excellency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Residence </Th> <Td> Main : Raj Bhavan ( Mumbai ) Additional : Raj Bhavan ( Nagpur ) ; Raj Bhavan ( Pune ) & Raj Bhavan ( Mahabaleshwar ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointer </Th> <Td> President of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Term length </Th> <Td> Five Years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inaugural holder </Th> <Td> John Colville , PC , GCIE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 15 August 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 08 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Governor of Maharashtra is the Executive Head of the State of Maharashtra . The Constitution of India confers the executive powers of the State to the Governor and the Governor exercises all powers on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Powers and duties ( Functions ) </Li> <Li> 2 Governors of Maharashtra </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Powers and duties ( functions ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Governor appoints many top authorities as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> Advocate General of Maharashtra . </Li> <Li> Lokayukta and Upa Lokayukta . </Li> <Li> State Election Commissioner </Li> <Li> Chairman and Members of the Maharashtra Administrative Tribunal . </Li> <Li> Chairman and Members of the Maharashtra State Human Rights Commission . </Li> <Li> Chairman and Members of the Maharashtra Public Service Commission ( MPSC ) . </Li> <Li> Chairmen and Members of the 3 Development Boards . </Li> <Li> Sheriff of Mumbai . </Li> <Li> State Chief Information Commissioner . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Governors of Maharashtra ( edit ) </H2> <P> This is a list of governors of the erstwhile Bombay State and Maharashtra : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> # </Td> <Td> Name </Td> <Td> Took Office </Td> <Td> Left Office </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Colville , PC , GCIE </Td> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Raja Sir Maharaj Singh , CIE </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir Girija Shankar Bajpai , KCSI , KBE , CIE </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dr Harekrushna Mahatab </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sri Prakasa </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Dr P. Subbarayan </Td> <Td> 17 April 1962 </Td> <Td> 6 October 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit </Td> <Td> 28 November 1962 </Td> <Td> 18 October 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Dr PV Cherian </Td> <Td> 14 November 1964 </Td> <Td> 8 November 1969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Ali Yavar Jung </Td> <Td> 26 February 1970 </Td> <Td> 11 December 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Sri Sadiq Ali </Td> <Td> 30 April 1977 </Td> <Td> 3 November 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Air Chief Marshal OP Mehra </Td> <Td> 3 November 1980 </Td> <Td> 5 March 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Air Chief Marshal IH Latif </Td> <Td> 6 March 1982 </Td> <Td> 16 April 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Kona Prabhakara Rao </Td> <Td> 31 May 1985 </Td> <Td> 2 April 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma </Td> <Td> 3 April 1986 </Td> <Td> 2 September 1987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Kasu Brahmananda Reddy </Td> <Td> 20 February 1988 </Td> <Td> 18 January 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Dr. C Subramaniam </Td> <Td> 15 February 1990 </Td> <Td> 9 January 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Dr. P.C. Alexander </Td> <Td> 12 January 1993 </Td> <Td> 13 July 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Mohammed Fazal </Td> <Td> 10 October 2002 </Td> <Td> 5 December 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> S.M. Krishna </Td> <Td> 12 December 2004 </Td> <Td> 5 March 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> S.C. Jamir </Td> <Td> 9 March 2008 </Td> <Td> 22 January 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Kateekal Sankaranarayanan </Td> <Td> 22 January 2010 </Td> <Td> 24 August 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao </Td> <Td> 30 August 2014 </Td> <Td> Present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Government of Maharashtra </Li> <Li> Governors of India </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Governor - Information under RTI Act '' ( PDF ) . p. 1 . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Previous Governors '' . Rajbhavan , Government of Maharashtra . Archived from the original on 6 February 2009 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists of governors , lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian states and union territories ( and current incumbents ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Andaman and Nicobar </Th> <Td> Devendra Kumar Joshi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Andhra Pradesh </Th> <Td> E.S.L. Narasimhan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arunachal Pradesh </Th> <Td> B.D. Mishra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Assam </Th> <Td> Jagdish Mukhi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bihar </Th> <Td> Satya Pal Malik </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chandigarh </Th> <Td> V.P. Singh Badnore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chhattisgarh </Th> <Td> Balram Das Tandon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dadra and Nagar Haveli </Th> <Td> Praful Khoda Patel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daman and Diu </Th> <Td> Praful Khoda Patel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Delhi </Th> <Td> Anil Baijal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Goa </Th> <Td> Mridula Sinha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gujarat </Th> <Td> Om Prakash Kohli </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Haryana </Th> <Td> Kaptan Singh Solanki </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Himachal Pradesh </Th> <Td> Acharya Dev Vrat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jammu and Kashmir </Th> <Td> Narinder Nath Vohra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jharkhand </Th> <Td> Draupadi Murmu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Karnataka </Th> <Td> Vajubhai Vala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kerala </Th> <Td> P. Sathasivam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lakshadweep </Th> <Td> Farooq Khan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Madhya Pradesh </Th> <Td> Anandiben Patel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maharashtra </Th> <Td> C. Vidyasagar Rao </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manipur </Th> <Td> Najma Heptulla </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Meghalaya </Th> <Td> Ganga Prasad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mizoram </Th> <Td> Nirbhay Sharma </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nagaland </Th> <Td> Padmanabha Acharya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Odisha </Th> <Td> Satya Pal Malik </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Puducherry </Th> <Td> Kiran Bedi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Punjab </Th> <Td> V.P. Singh Badnore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rajasthan </Th> <Td> Kalyan Singh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sikkim </Th> <Td> Shriniwas Patil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tamil Nadu </Th> <Td> Banwarilal Purohit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Telangana </Th> <Td> E.S.L. Narasimhan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tripura </Th> <Td> Tathagata Roy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uttar Pradesh </Th> <Td> Ram Naik </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uttarakhand </Th> <Td> Krishan Kant Paul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Bengal </Th> <Td> Keshari Nath Tripathi </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_governors_of_Maharashtra&oldid=834314363 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of governors of Indian states </Li> <Li> Governors of Maharashtra </Li> <Li> Maharashtra - related lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 01 : 36 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The current Governor of Maharashtra is

What is the name of governor of maharashtra?

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List of television stations in Arizona - wikipedia <H1> List of television stations in Arizona </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This is a list of broadcast television stations serving cities in the U.S. state of Arizona </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Full - power stations <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Defunct full - power stations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 LPTV stations </Li> <Li> 3 Translators </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Full - power stations ( edit ) </H2> <P> VC refers to the station 's PSIP virtual channel . RF refers to the station 's physical RF channel . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Th> City of license </Th> <Th> VC </Th> <Th> RF </Th> <Th> Callsign </Th> <Th> Network </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bullhead City </Td> <Td> ~ Laughlin NV </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> KMCC </Td> <Td> Tuff TV </Td> <Td> TheCoolTV on 34.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas </Td> <Td> Douglas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> KFTU - DT </Td> <Td> UniMas </Td> <Td> Univision on 3.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flagstaff </Td> <Td> Flagstaff </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> KNAZ - TV </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> Satellite of KPNX ch. 12 Mesa / Phoenix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flagstaff </Td> <Td> Flagstaff </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> KFPH - DT </Td> <Td> UniMas </Td> <Td> UNI ( KTVW - DT simulcast ) on 13.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holbrook </Td> <Td> Holbrook </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> KDTP </Td> <Td> Daystar </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingman </Td> <Td> Kingman </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> KMOH - TV </Td> <Td> America Teve </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> KTVK </Td> <Td> Ind . </Td> <Td> Comet on 3.2 , Weather on 3.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> KPHO - TV </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> Cozi TV on 5.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Prescott </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> KAZT - TV </Td> <Td> Ind . </Td> <Td> MeTV on 7.2 , HSN on 7.3 , Charge ! on 7.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> KAET </Td> <Td> PBS </Td> <Td> EightLife on 8.2 , World on 8.3 , PBS Kids on 8.4 , KBAQ Radio on 8.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> KSAZ - TV </Td> <Td> Fox </Td> <Td> Light TV on 10.4 Heroes & Icons on 10.2 ; Mobile / handheld feed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Mesa </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> KPNX </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> Weather on 12.2 , Justice Network on 12.3 ; Mobile / handheld feed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> KNXV - TV </Td> <Td> ABC </Td> <Td> Antenna TV on 15.2 , Laff on 15.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> KPAZ - TV </Td> <Td> TBN </Td> <Td> Church Channel on 21.2 , JUCE TV / Smile of a Child on 21.3 , Enlace on 21.4 , TBN Salsa on 21.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> KTVW - DT </Td> <Td> UNI </Td> <Td> Grit on 33.3 , Bounce TV on 33.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> KTAZ </Td> <Td> TEL </Td> <Td> Exitos on 39.2 , Cozi TV on 39.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> KUTP </Td> <Td> MyNetworkTV </Td> <Td> Movies ! on 45.2 , Bounce TV on 45.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Tolleson </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> KPPX - TV </Td> <Td> ION </Td> <Td> Qubo on 51.2 , Ion Life on 51.3 , Ion Shop on 51.4 , QVC on 51.5 , HSN on 51.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> Phoenix </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> KASW </Td> <Td> CW </Td> <Td> Mobile / handheld feed of KTVK 3.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> KVOA </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> Cozi TV on 4.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> KUAT - TV </Td> <Td> PBS </Td> <Td> KUAT Kids on 6.2 , Ready TV / World on 6.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> KGUN - TV </Td> <Td> ABC </Td> <Td> Laff on 9.2 , Antenna TV on 9.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> KMSB </Td> <Td> Fox </Td> <Td> Movies ! on 11.2 , Justice Network on 11.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> KOLD - TV </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> MeTV on 13.2 , Grit on 13.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> KTTU </Td> <Td> MyNetworkTV </Td> <Td> Estrella TV on 18.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> KUAS - TV </Td> <Td> PBS </Td> <Td> Satellite of KUAT - TV ch. 6 Tucson ; KUAT Kids on 27.2 , Ready TV / World on 27.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> KHRR </Td> <Td> TEL </Td> <Td> Exitos on 40.2 , ION on 40.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> Green Valley </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> KUVE - DT </Td> <Td> UNI </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tucson </Td> <Td> Sierra Vista </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> KWBA - TV </Td> <Td> CW </Td> <Td> LATV on 58.2 , This TV on 58.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yuma </Td> <Td> ~ El Centro CA </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> KVYE </Td> <Td> Univision </Td> <Td> LATV on 7.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yuma </Td> <Td> ~ El Centro CA </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> KECY - TV </Td> <Td> Fox </Td> <Td> ABC on 9.2 , CW on 9.3 , TEL ( KESE - LP simulcast ) on 9.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yuma </Td> <Td> Yuma </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> KYMA - DT </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> This TV on 11.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yuma </Td> <Td> Yuma </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> KSWT </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> Tuff TV on 13.2 , Estrella TV on 13.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yuma </Td> <Td> ~ Calipatria CA </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> KAJB </Td> <Td> UniMas </Td> <Td> MundoFox on 54.2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Defunct full - power stations ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Channel 3 : KCDA - Ind . - Douglas ( 2 / 27 / 1961 - 8 / ? / 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Channel 4 : KTFL - FamilyNet - Flagstaff ( 1 / 1 / 2002 - 6 / 1 / 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Channel 9 : KCFG - Ind . - Flagstaff ( 12 / 20 / 2000 - 9 / 6 / 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Channel 10 : KOY - TV - ABC - Phoenix ( 10 / 19 / 1953 - 5 / 5 / 1954 , shared time with KOOL - TV ) </Li> <Li> Channel 11 : KIVA - ABC / CBS / NBC - Yuma ( 10 / 8 / 1953 - 1 / 31 / 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Channel 13 : KVLS - Flagstaff ( 12 / 18 / 1961 - 7 / 15 / 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Channel 40 : KPOL - Ind . - Tucson ( 1 / 1 / 1985 - 10 / 17 / 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Lptv stations ( edit ) </H2> <P> VC refers to the station 's PSIP virtual channel . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Th> City of license </Th> <Th> ch </Th> <Th> DT </Th> <Th> VC </Th> <Th> Callsign </Th> <Th> Network </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cottonwood </Td> <Td> Camp Verde </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> K18DD - D </Td> <Td> Religious independent </Td> <Td> Serves Verde , Chino and Prescott Valleys Amazing Facts TV on 18.2 , 3ABN on 18.3 , Hope Channel on 18.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cottonwood </Td> <Td> Camp Verde </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K19FD </Td> <Td> Silent </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cottonwood </Td> <Td> Camp Verde </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K31LZ </Td> <Td> CBS </Td> <Td> retransmission of KPHO </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duncan </Td> <Td> Duncan , etc . </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K17CM </Td> <Td> TBN </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flagstaff </Td> <Td> Flagstaff </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K23HB </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fortuna </Td> <Td> Fortuna </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> KBFY - LP </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Globe </Td> <Td> Globe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> K16FB - D </Td> <Td> UniMás </Td> <Td> Bounce TV on 16.2 , GetTV on 16.3 , Escape on 16.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Globe </Td> <Td> Globe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> KDOS - LP </Td> <Td> Univision </Td> <Td> UniMás on 29.2 , Grit on 29.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingman </Td> <Td> Hilltop </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> KKAX - LP </Td> <Td> America One </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lake Havasu City </Td> <Td> Lake Havasu City </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K23BJ </Td> <Td> America One </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lake Havasu City </Td> <Td> Lake Havasu City </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K25AL </Td> <Td> TBN </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lake Havasu City </Td> <Td> Lake Havasu City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> K27EC - D </Td> <Td> CTVN </Td> <Td> Smile of a Child TV on 27.2 , JUCE TV on 27.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lake Havasu City </Td> <Td> Lake Havasu City , etc . </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> K36DU </Td> <Td> The Worship Network </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lake Havasu City </Td> <Td> Lake Havasu City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> KLHU - CD </Td> <Td> The Family Channel </Td> <Td> Class A station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Arizona </Td> <Td> Flagstaff </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> K19IP - D </Td> <Td> Good News TV </Td> <Td> Good News TV on 19.1 , GNTV Latino on 19.2 , 3ABN Proclaim on 19.3 , Amazing Facts TV on 19.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Arizona </Td> <Td> Payson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> KPSN - LD </Td> <Td> NBC </Td> <Td> AccuWeather on 12.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Arizona </Td> <Td> Flagstaff </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> KTVW - CD </Td> <Td> Univision </Td> <Td> KTVW - DT 33.1 retransmission </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Arizona </Td> <Td> Payson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> K38LW - D </Td> <Td> Good News TV </Td> <Td> Good News TV on 38.1 , GNTV Latino on 38.2 ,

In Phoenix, Arizona, ABC is on channel

What channel is abc on in phoenix arizona?

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2012 Summer Olympics - Wikipedia <H1> 2012 Summer Olympics </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` London 2012 '' redirects here . For the video game , see London 2012 ( video game ) . For the Summer Paralympics , see 2012 Summer Paralympics . <Table> Games of the XXX Olympiad <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Host city </Th> <Td> London , United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motto </Th> <Td> Inspire a Generation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nations participating </Th> <Td> 204 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Athletes participating </Th> <Td> 10,768 ( 5,992 men , 4,776 women ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> 302 in 26 sports </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening ceremony </Th> <Td> 27 July </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Closing ceremony </Th> <Td> 12 August </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Officially opened by </Th> <Td> Queen Elizabeth II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Athlete 's Oath </Th> <Td> Sarah Stevenson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judge 's Oath </Th> <Td> Mik Basi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coach 's Oath </Th> <Td> Eric Farrell </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Olympic Torch </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadium </Th> <Td> Olympic Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Summer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> < Beijing 2008 </Th> <Th> Rio de Janeiro 2016 > </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Winter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> < Vancouver 2010 </Th> <Th> Sochi 2014 > </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 Summer Olympics <Ul> <Li> Bid process ( bid details , legacy ) </Li> <Li> Development ( venues , torch relay , security ) </Li> <Li> Marketing ( mascots ) </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) </Li> <Li> Chronological summary </Li> <Li> Medal table ( medallists ) </Li> <Li> World and Olympic records </Li> <Li> Concerns and controversies ( minute of silence ) </Li> <Li> Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) </Li> <Li> Paralympics </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> IOC </Li> <Li> BOA </Li> <Li> LOCOG </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2012 Summer Olympics , formally the Games of the XXX Olympiad and commonly known as London 2012 , was an international multi-sport event that was held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London , United Kingdom . The first event , the group stage in women 's football , began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff , followed by the opening ceremonies on 27 July . 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) participated . </P> <P> Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and then - Mayor of London Ken Livingstone , London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore , defeating bids from Moscow , New York City , Madrid , and Paris . London became the first city to host the modern Olympic Games three times , having previously done so in 1908 and in 1948 . The Prime Minister of the presiding country at the time was David Cameron , and the minister with delegated responsibility for the games in London was Jeremy Hunt , at the time serving as Olympics Minister . </P> <P> Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment , with an emphasis on sustainability . The main focus was a new 200 - hectare ( 490 - acre ) Olympic Park , constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford , East London . The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid . </P> <P> The Games received widespread acclaim for their organisation , with the volunteers , the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly . The opening ceremony , directed by Danny Boyle , received widespread acclaim throughout the world , particular praise from the British public and a minority of widely ranging criticisms from some social media sites . During the Games , Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time , winning his 22nd medal . Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time , so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games . Women 's boxing was included for the first time , thus the Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors . These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge . </P> <P> The final medal tally was led by the United States , followed by China and host Great Britain . Several world and Olympic records were set at the games . Though there were several controversies , the 2012 games were deemed highly successful with the rising standards of competition amongst nations across the world , packed stadiums and smooth organisation . Furthermore , the focus on sporting legacy and post-games venue sustainability was seen as a blueprint for future Olympics . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Bidding process </Li> <Li> 2 Development and preparation <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Venues </Li> <Li> 2.2 Public transport </Li> <Li> 2.3 International transport </Li> <Li> 2.4 Cost and financing </Li> <Li> 2.5 Volunteers </Li> <Li> 2.6 Ticketing </Li> <Li> 2.7 Countdown </Li> <Li> 2.8 Security </Li> <Li> 2.9 Medals </Li> <Li> 2.10 Torch relay </Li> <Li> 2.11 Environmental policy </Li> <Li> 2.12 Cultural Olympiad </Li> <Li> 2.13 Opening ceremony </Li> <Li> 2.14 Closing ceremony </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 The Games <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Participating National Olympic Committees <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees ( by highest to lowest ) </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 National houses </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Sports </Li> <Li> 3.3 Calendar </Li> <Li> 3.4 Records </Li> <Li> 3.5 Medal table </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Broadcasting </Li> <Li> 5 Marketing <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Motto </Li> <Li> 5.2 Logo and graphics </Li> <Li> 5.3 Mascots </Li> <Li> 5.4 Chariots of Fire </Li> <Li> 5.5 Sponsors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Controversies </Li> <Li> 7 Drug testing </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 References <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Book references </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Bidding process ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Bids for the 2012 Summer Olympics <P> By 15 July 2003 , the deadline for interested cities to submit bids to the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , nine cities had submitted bids to host the 2012 Summer Olympics : Havana , Istanbul , Leipzig , London , Madrid , Moscow , New York City , Paris , and Rio de Janeiro . On 18 May 2004 , as a result of a scored technical evaluation , the IOC reduced the number of cities to five : London , Madrid , Moscow , New York and Paris . All five submitted their candidate files by 19 November 2004 and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February and March 2005 . The Paris bid suffered two setbacks during the IOC inspection visit : a number of strikes and demonstrations coinciding with the visits , and a report that a key member of the bid team , Guy Drut , would face charges over alleged corrupt party political finances . </P> Lord Coe -- the head of London 2012 <P> Throughout the process , Paris was widely seen as the favourite , particularly as this was its third bid in recent years . London was initially seen as lagging behind Paris by a considerable margin . Its position began to improve after the appointment of Lord Coe as the new head of London 2012 on 19 May 2004 . In late August 2004 , reports predicted a tie between London and Paris . </P> <P> On 6 June 2005 , the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities . They did not contain any scores or rankings , but the report for Paris was considered the most positive . London was close behind , having closed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in 2004 . New York and Madrid also received very positive evaluations . On 1 July 2005 , when asked who would win , Jacques Rogge said , `` I can not predict it since I do n't know how the IOC members will vote . But my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close . Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes , or maybe less . '' </P> <P> On 6 July 2005 , the final selection was announced at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore . Moscow was the first city to be eliminated , followed by New York and Madrid . The final two contenders were London and Paris . At the end of the fourth round of voting , London won the right to host the 2012 Games with 54 votes to Paris ' 50 . The celebrations in London were short - lived , being overshadowed by bombings on London 's transport system less than 24 hours after the announcement . </P> <Table> 2012 host city election -- ballot results <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Th> NOC </Th> <Td> Round 1 </Td> <Td> Round 2 </Td> <Td> Round 3 </Td> <Td> Round 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> London </Td> <Td> Great Britain </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paris </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madrid </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York City </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moscow </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Development and preparation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : 2012 Summer Olympic development <P> The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games ( LOCOG ) was created to oversee the staging of the Games after the success of the bid , and held its first board meeting on 3 October 2005 . The committee , chaired by Lord Coe , was in charge of implementing and staging the Games , while the Olympic Delivery Authority ( ODA ) was in charge of the construction of the venues and infrastructure . The latter was established in April 2006 . </P> <P> The Government Olympic Executive ( GOE ) , a unit within the Department for Culture , Media and Sport ( DCMS ) , was the lead government body for coordinating the London 2012 Olympics . It focused on oversight of the Games , cross-programme programme management and the London 2012 Olympic Legacy before and after the Games that would benefit London and the United Kingdom . The organisation was also responsible for the supervision of the £ 9.3 billion of public sector funding . </P> <P> In August 2011 , security concerns arose surrounding the hosting of the Olympic Games in London due to the 2011 England riots , with a few countries expressing fear over the safety of the Games , in spite of the International Olympic Committee 's assurance that the riots would not affect the Games . </P> <P> The IOC 's Coordination Commission for the 2012 Games completed its tenth and final visit to London in March 2012 . Its members concluded that `` London is ready to host the world this summer '' . </P> <H3> Venues ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics The Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy on the Isle of Portland in Dorset hosted the sailing events <P> The 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games used a mixture of new venues , existing and historic facilities , and temporary facilities , some of them in well

The 2012 Summer Olympics were held in

Where was the summer olympics held in 2012?

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White House Executive Chef - wikipedia <H1> White House Executive Chef </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` White House chef '' redirects here . For the pastry chef , see White House Executive Pastry Chef . Cristeta Comerford , the White House Executive Chef since 2005 <P> The White House Executive Chef is the individual responsible for managing the kitchens , and for planning and preparing of all menus and meals for the President of the United States and the First Family , which includes their private meals , their private entertaining , and official state functions at the White House in Washington , D.C. , in the United States . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early White House cooks and chefs </Li> <Li> 1.2 Executive Chef </Li> <Li> 1.3 List of Executive Chefs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Duties and staff <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The kitchen </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early White House Cooks and chefs ( edit ) </H3> <P> Beginning with George Washington , slaves prepared food for American presidents , First Families , and for social gatherings . Although slavery ended in the United States after the American Civil War , African Americans continued to provide nearly all the cooking in the White House kitchen . Occasionally , a professional chef was used beginning in the latter half of the 1800s . President Ulysses S. Grant utilized a Union Army cook until his embarrassed wife forced him to hire an Italian - trained chef . President Rutherford B. Hayes utilized the services of cook and nurse Winnie Monroe , a freed African American slave . Chester Arthur used a cook who formerly worked at his private residence as his White House chef for casual dining , and hired French - trained professional chef Alexander Fortin to oversee preparation of important political meals and state dinners . President Grover Cleveland also used a French chef to prepare his meals during his first term . President Benjamin Harrison had a French chef as well , but fired him after only a short time in favor of the services of Dolly Johnson , a freed African American slave who had cooked for the Harrisons in Indianapolis . President William McKinley hired a local cook for everyday dining , but a French - trained chef traveled from New York City to prepare formal dinners . </P> <P> Swedish native Sigrid Nilsson served as President Woodrow Wilson 's chief cook at the White House from 1915 to 1919 . American - trained professional chef Alice Howard served presidents Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft , and Woodrow Wilson , while `` head cook '' Katherine Bruckner worked for Herbert Hoover and Henrietta Nesbitt served as housekeeper and head cook for Franklin D. Roosevelt . Vietta Garr , President Harry S. Truman 's long - time personal cook and domestic assistant , came to the White House as head cook in 1945 after Truman fired Nesbitt for insubordination . Dwight D. Eisenhower utilized the services of French - trained chef François Rysavy from 1954 to 1957 and former United States Navy chef Pedro Udo ( a Filipino ) from 1957 to 1960 . Zephyr Wright , one of the last personal chefs to work in the White House , prepared meals for President Lyndon B. Johnson . </P> <H3> Executive Chef ( edit ) </H3> Dolly Johnson , personal cook to President Benjamin Harrison , in the small White House kitchen in 1890 <P> In 1961 , First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy reorganized the White House staff under her supervision , and created the title of Executive Chef for the first time . Kennedy hired French - born and - trained chef René Verdon , who served until 1965 . Verdon established a new standard for White House dining , one in which only the highest quality ingredients and cooking techniques were acceptable . The first meal he crafted for the White House , a lunch for British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan , was featured on the front page of The New York Times . </P> <P> Verdon resigned at the end of 1965 in a dispute with President Lyndon B. Johnson over the cuisine being offered at the White House . The Johnsons brought long - time family cook Zephyr White to the Executive Residence , where she became the First Family 's personal chef . For formal dining , the Johnsons hired 43 - year - old Swiss - born , American - trained chef Henry Haller to be Executive Chef . Haller proved so popular that he remained in the position until October 1 , 1987 . </P> <P> Jon Hill , a 33 - year - old American - born and - trained chef , served as Executive Chef from October 1 , 1987 , to January 8 , 1988 . Hill resigned after First Lady Nancy Reagan expressed significant disapproval of his cooking and presentation . He was replaced by White House assistant chef Hans Raffert . Raffert , a German - born chef who trained throughout Europe , joined the Nixon White House kitchen staff in 1969 , and was the first White House chef to create a gingerbread house as part of the Executive Residence Christmas decorations . Raffert was 60 when he became Executive Chef , and retired in October 1992 just before he turned 65 . French - born and trained chef Pierre Chambrin succeeded Raffert as Executive Chef , but he was asked to resign in March 1994 after refusing to cook the low - fat American cuisine favored by President Bill and First Lady Hillary Clinton . </P> <P> Walter Scheib was appointed Executive Chef in April 1994 . While his tenure under the Clintons was a happy one , he had a more difficult time meeting the needs of President George W. Bush , First Lady Laura Bush , and Mrs. Bush 's Social Secretary , Lea Berman . Laura Bush wanted a more formal presentation , and President Bush disliked soup , salad , and poached fish -- staples of Scheib 's cuisine . Scheib was fired by the Bushes in February 2005 , and succeeded in August 2005 by Cristeta Comerford , a White House sous - chef whom Scheib had hired in 1995 . Comerford was the first woman to be selected for the post . </P> <P> President Barack Obama retained Comerford as Executive Chef , but brought chef Sam Kass from Chicago to act as the First Family 's personal chef . Kass , who assumed several policy positions in the White House as well , resigned in December 2014 . In November 2009 , Marcus Samuelsson became the first guest chef at a White House state dinner when Comerford temporarily stepped aside to allow him to cook for Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh . </P> <P> Comerford was retained as Executive Chef by President Donald Trump . </P> <H3> List of Executive Chefs ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> René Verdon 1961 -- 1965 </Li> <Li> Henry Haller 1966 -- 1987 </Li> <Li> Jon Hill 1987 -- 1988 </Li> <Li> Hans Raffert 1988 -- 1992 </Li> <Li> Pierre Chambrin 1992 -- 1994 </Li> <Li> Walter Scheib 1994 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> Cristeta Comerford 2005 -- present </Li> </Ul> <H2> Duties and staff ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Executive Chef is the manager and executive chef of the three White House kitchens . The Executive Chef also supervises a staff of five , and a part - time staff of 20 to 25 assistant chefs and kitchen helpers . The Executive Chef is responsible for planning and preparing all menus and meals for the First Family and for all entertaining ( informal , formal , and state dinners ) served by the White House , either away or on - site . </P> <P> The Executive Chef is formally hired by the First Lady , and reports to the White House Chief Usher . The Executive Chef has no purview over any of the desserts or pastries served at the White House . The White House Executive Pastry Chef operates as a separate entity , but coordinates with the Executive Chef for all meals and events . </P> <P> The White House Executive Chef made between $80,000 and $100,000 annually in 2005 . The chef receives no overtime , and the workload can vary considerably depending on whether the First Family is in residence or traveling , if there is a special event , or if a holiday occurs . </P> <H3> The Kitchen ( edit ) </H3> <P> The White House Executive Chef works in one of two kitchens at the White House : The main kitchen , which is located in the northeast corner of the Ground Floor of the White House , and the Family Kitchen on the Second Floor . The Executive Pastry Chef works in the Pastry Kitchen on the mezzanine of the sub-basement . The main kitchen was last renovated in 1971 . </P> <P> As of 2011 , the White House Executive Chef used a natural gas oven and range manufactured by Vulcan Restaurant Equipment ; a Traulsen refrigerator and freezer ; a Cimbali M32 espresso machine ; a Hobart 300 gravity - fed food slicer ; Mauviel stainless steel pots and pans ; and Misono knives . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hercules , George Washington 's slave and chief chef </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Notes </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Another Filipino Navy cook , Lee Luckey , was staff cook for Presidents Truman and Eisenhower from October 1951 to July 1953 . Luckey cooked at Truman 's Little White House in Key West , Florida , and at Eisenhower 's summer retreat in Orange Springs , Georgia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In 1987 , Executive Chef Jon Hill had a staff of three : Two sous - chefs and the White House Pastry Chef . Two additional sous - chefs were brought in to assist during state dinners . When Walter Scheib assumed the position of Executive Chef in 1994 , he had a staff of three : two sous - chefs and a dishwasher . The staff had risen to five at the time of Comerford 's appointment . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Citations </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller 2011 , pp. 73 - 75 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller 2011 , p. 75 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perret 1997 , p. 401 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoogenboom 2001 , p. 144 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The President 's Table '' . Army and Navy Journal . July 26 , 1884 . p. 1065 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith 2007 , p. 623 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the White House Kitchen '' . Time . 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Adrian ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` African American Cooks in the White House : Hiding in Plain Sight '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morgan 2003 , p. 232 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chief Cook at White House Is Victim of Cupid '' . Berkeley Daily Gazette . December 29 , 1919 . p. 5 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 ; `` Wilson 's Cook To Be Bride '' . The Washington Post . December 17 , 1919 . p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henderson & Ganeshram 2011 , pp. 75 - 76 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen 2000 , p. 128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith 2013 , p.

The person responsible for cooking for the President of the United States is the

Who cooks for the president of the united states?

2232679301432292082

Parable of the unjust judge - wikipedia <H1> Parable of the unjust judge </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Avenge me of mine adversary by Anonymous contracted by Pacific Press Publishing Company ( 1900 ) <P> The Parable of the Unjust Judge ( also known as the Parable of the Importunate Widow or the Parable of the Persistent Widow ) , is one of the parables of Jesus which appears in Luke Luke 18 : 1 - 8 . In it a judge who lacks compassion is repeatedly approached by a poor widow , seeking justice . Initially rejecting her demands , he eventually honors her request so he will not be worn out by her persistence . </P> <P> One interpretation of this parable is that it demonstrates the importance of persistence in prayer , never giving up . It is found immediately prior to the parable of the Pharisee and the Publican ( also on prayer ) and is similar to the Parable of the Friend at Night . Other scholars note that the content of the parable makes no reference to prayer and that the introduction of prayer as a theme is generally inspired by the Lucan construction in verses 6 - 8 and by the fact that Luke placed the parable of the Pharisee and Publican influentially after this one . Whatever approach is taken , it is noteworthy that the judge in the parable does not act on the basis of justice . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Narrative </Li> <Li> 2 Interpretation </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Narrative ( edit ) </H2> Parable of the Unjust Judge by John Everett Millais ( 1863 ) <P> Luke reports the parable as follows : </P> <P> Then Jesus told his disciples a parable to show them that they should always pray and not give up . He said : `` In a certain town there was a judge who neither feared God nor cared about men . And there was a widow in that town who kept coming to him with the plea , ' Grant me justice against my adversary . ' </P> <P> `` For some time he refused . But finally he said to himself , ' Even though I do not fear God or care about men , yet because this widow keeps bothering me , I will see that she gets justice , so that she will not eventually wear me out with her coming ! ' '' </P> And the Lord said , `` Listen to what the unjust judge says . And will not God bring about justice for his chosen ones , who cry out to him day and night ? Will he keep putting them off ? I tell you , he will see that they get justice , and quickly . However , when the Son of Man comes , will he find faith on the earth ? '' -- Luke 18 : 1 - 8 , New International Version <H2> Interpretation ( edit ) </H2> <P> The framing material of the parable demonstrates the need to always pray like that persistent widow , for if even an unjust judge will eventually listen , God is much quicker to do so . The parable of the Friend at Night has a similar meaning . </P> <P> Joel B. Green sees in this parable an injunction not to lose heart , in the light of the eschatological tone of Luke 17 : 20 - 37 , and also an echo of Sirach 35 : `` For he is a God of justice , who knows no favorites ... The prayer of the lowly pierces the clouds ; it does not rest till it reaches its goal , nor will it withdraw till the Most High responds , judges justly and affirms the right . </P> <P> William Barclay says that the point of the parable is less about persistent prayer , but rather the contrast between God and men in the phrase `` how much more '' . In prayer one is speaking to a Father ready to give . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parable of the Unjust Judge . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Life of Jesus in the New Testament </Li> <Li> Ministry of Jesus </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Joel B. Green , The Gospel of Luke , Eerdmans , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2315 - 7 , pp. 636 - 643 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Craig L. Blomberg , Interpreting the Parables , InterVarsity Press , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 8308 - 1271 - 7 , p. 275 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sirach 35 : 12 - 18 , New American Bible . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barclay , William . 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The story of the persistent widow in the Bible is found in

The story of the persistent widow in the bible?

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</Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Bring ' em Back Alive '' </Td> <Td> Amyn Kaderali </Td> <Td> Brad Buckner & Eugenie Ross - Leming </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> T13. 20568 </Td> <Td> 1.53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> In Apocalypse World , Dean reluctantly works with Arthur Ketch to find Mary and Jack . To Dean 's shock , he witnesses a group of angels holding the alternate reality version of his old friend Charlie Bradbury captive . Against Arthur 's wishes , Dean launches a rescue mission for Charlie . Dean reveals that he still holds guilt over his Charlie 's murder and Arthur agrees to help him . Together , the two men liberate Charlie who reveals that Mary and Jack are leading a resistance against Michael . Out of time before the rift closes , Dean returns to his Earth while Arthur remains behind in Apocalypse World to aid the resistance and coordinate for Dean 's inevitable return with reinforcements . At the same time , Sam and Castiel attempt to help Gabriel , learning that he faked his death when Lucifer `` killed '' him in order to escape all responsibility again . Asmodeus eventually locates Gabriel and leads an attack on the bunker to recapture him . However , Gabriel recovers and kills Asmodeus . Gabriel chooses to abscond from his responsibility once again and departs , leaving the Winchesters without Gabriel 's power to fight Michael or his grace to reopen the door to Apocalypse World . At the same time , Lucifer struggles in his new role as the ruler of Heaven , ultimately alienating Anael with his behavior . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 283 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Funeralia '' </Td> <Td> Nina Lopez - Corrado </Td> <Td> Steve Yockey </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> T13. 20569 </Td> <Td> 1.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> In an effort to find Gabriel , Castiel visits Heaven to gain the help of the angels . To Castiel 's shock , he is greeted by Naomi who has been believed dead since the fall of the angels nearly five years earlier . Naomi reveals she survived , but her injuries were such that she faked her death and has required years to recover . With Heaven experiencing power fluctuations , Naomi explains that there are now less than a dozen angels left , Naomi and Castiel included . Heaven will soon crumble and release its souls upon the Earth while the angels will burn out if Gabriel , their only chance , is not found and brought back to Heaven . After Castiel leaves , Naomi seals the portal until the situation is resolved . At the same time , the Winchesters learn that Rowena is using her new powers to kill both humans and Reapers and alter fate . Rowena is revealed to be trying to force Billie to bring back Crowley due to her remorse over the life he was forced to lead when she abandoned him . Rowena proves unable to kill Sam and weakens her power in a futile attack on Billie who offers sympathy , but wo n't bring Crowley back . The Winchesters become convinced that Rowena may be able to find redemption for her actions and she agrees to join them . Its also revealed that when Rowena permanently dies , Sam will be the one to kill her as dictated by fate . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 284 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Unfinished Business '' </Td> <Td> Richard Speight , Jr . </Td> <Td> Meredith Glynn </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> T13. 20570 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="8"> In Apocalypse World , Mary and Jack 's resistance has had a string of victories against Michael and his angels , causing Jack to become overconfident in his abilities . The two receive the unexpected news that Michael 's fortress has been cleared out and while searching it with a few resistance fighters , discover Kevin Tran in the dungeon . Kevin reveals that he has perfected the spell from the angel tablet to open the rift between the worlds and Michael is preparing to use it to lead an army to the Winchesters world . Kevin reveals that he has been left behind as a trap by Michael and kills himself in an explosion that kills all but Jack and Mary , leaving Jack dispirited as Michael wanted . At the same time , Gabriel is seriously injured while killing the Norse god Fenrir . Gabriel , low on power , asks the Winchesters for help with getting revenge against Loki who , along with his sons Fenrir , Narfi and Sleipnir , had sold Gabriel to Asmodeus when Gabriel sought their help . With the help of the Winchesters , Gabriel kills Narfi and Sleipnir before facing off with Loki who is revealed to have made a deal with Gabriel for Gabriel to assume his identity in exchange for Gabriel leaving Loki 's family out of the angels ' conflict . Loki is furious because Lucifer killed Odin years earlier and he blames Gabriel for the death of his father . Gabriel kills Loki and agrees to help the Winchesters against Michael . While the Winchesters only have to wait for Gabriel 's grace to recharge to open the portal again , Dean is revealed to have been overprotecting Sam out of fear of losing him again , causing Sam to confront Dean . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 285 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Beat the Devil '' </Td> <Td> Phil Sgriccia </Td> <Td> Robert Berens </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 286 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Exodus '' </Td> <Td> Thomas J. Wright </Td> <Td> Eugenie Ross - Leming & Brad Buckner </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 287 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` Let the Good Times Roll '' </Td> <Td> Robert Singer </Td> <Td> Andrew Dabb </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Supernatural was renewed for a thirteenth season by The CW on January 8 , 2017 . This season is the first season not to feature Mark Sheppard as Crowley since his introduction in season 5 , as the actor announced in May 2017 he would not be returning after his character was killed off for the last time . Alexander Calvert , who was introduced as Jack in the twelfth season finale , was promoted to series regular for this season . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100 % approval rating for Supernatural 's thirteenth season , with an average rating of 7.87 / 10 based on 6 reviews . </P> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> DVR viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Total ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Total viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Lost and Found '' </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.7 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.10 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Rising Son '' </Td> <Td> October 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.7 / 3 </Td> <Td> 1.90 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Patience '' </Td> <Td> October 26 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.6 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.93 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Big Empty '' </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.6 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.82 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Advanced Thanatology '' </Td> <Td> November 9 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.6 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.71 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Tombstone '' </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.7 / 3 </Td> <Td> 1.89 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` War of the Worlds '' </Td> <Td> November 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.3 / 1 </Td> <Td> 1.24 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.21 </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> 2.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Scorpion and the Frog '' </Td> <Td> November 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.6 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.73 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` The Bad Place '' </Td> <Td> December 7 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.6 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.74 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Wayward Sisters '' </Td> <Td> January 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.6 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.85 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Breakdown '' </Td> <Td> January 25 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.6 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.93 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.10 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 3.03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Various & Sundry Villains '' </Td> <Td> February 1 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.6 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.68 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 0.94 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 2.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Devil 's Bargain '' </Td> <Td> February 8 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.6 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.81 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 1.08 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 2.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Good Intentions '' </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.6 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.61 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0.97 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 2.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` A Most Holy Man '' </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.66 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 1.05 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 2.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Scoobynatural '' </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.7 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.03 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 1.32 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 3.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` The Thing '' </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.41 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Bring ' em Back Alive '' </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.53 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Funeralia '' </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.38

The new episodes of Supernatural start on

When do the new episodes of supernatural start?

-7296166998534064378

'' that he had sent to gratitude for the job ; he then gets rehired after Roy becomes impressed with Joey 's hosting skills when he takes over for Roy on his last show . Ranger Joe 's sidekick is his wise - cracking woodchuck marionette puppet `` Mr. Woodchuck '' ( first seen in `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' and last seen in `` Michelle Rides Again '' ) . Joey quits his job in season six 's `` Radio Days , '' after he becomes disgruntled with his boss Mr. Strowbridge 's wife as his co-host . Jesse and Joey subsequently become co-hosts of a successful afternoon show on radio station KFLH called , Rush Hour Renegades . Besides his impressions , much of Joey 's humor comes from his depiction as a man child , particularly the fact that he still watches cartoons as an adult and has an extensive knowledge of animation . </P> <P> Joey has moved to Las Vegas in Fuller House , and is now married with four kids . His wife Ginger is a magician , and their kids , Phyllis , Lewis , Joan , and Jerry are very loud and obnoxious kids . Joey and his kids are moving back to San Francisco since his wife will be working as a magician on a cruise ship for six months . He also bought back the Smash Club with Jesse . </P> <H3> D.J. Tanner </H3> <P> Donna Jo Margaret `` D.J. '' Tanner ( portrayed by Candace Cameron Bure ) is Danny and Pam 's oldest child . Over the course of the show 's run , D.J. attends Frasier Street Elementary , Van Atta Junior High and Bayview High School . In the pilot episode `` Our Very First Show , '' she ends up having to share her bedroom with Stephanie in order to allow Jesse to move into Stephanie 's old bedroom ; due to problems with privacy regarding Stephanie , in the season five episode `` Take My Sister , Please , '' she sells Danny on an idea to switch rooms with Michelle , who in turn would move in with Stephanie ( only after convincing Michelle to move in with Stephanie , after she rejects the offer to move in with her older sister ) . </P> <P> D.J. is typically the daughter who acts the most practical , often giving advice to her younger sisters , Michelle and Stephanie . Although she sometimes bickers with them , she cares for them deeply . As D.J. entered into middle school , she started to deal with more serious issues like puberty and dating . She has her first serious relationship with Steve Hale ( who was first introduced in the season five episode `` Sisters in Crime '' ) , who later becomes a real fixture in her life ( and a regular character beginning in season six ) when their characters return from a summer abroad in Spain . Their relationship lasts until they break up in the season seven episode `` Love on the Rocks , '' when they realize that the passion in their relationship is gone , but they agree to remain friends . D.J. has on - and - off relationships ( during the show 's final season ) with guitarist Viper ( a member of Jesse 's new band Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets ) and rich kid Nelson , but both relationships do not last ( the two end up vying for D.J. 's affections in the season eight episode `` D.J. 's Choice , '' only for D.J. to reject them both after their fighting gets to be too much for her to bear ) . In the series finale `` Michelle Rides Again , '' Steve shows up at the Tanner house to take D.J. to her senior prom and they share a kiss . Her best friend throughout the show was next - door neighbor Kimmy Gibbler , who was the complete opposite of D.J. in every way . In season eight , D.J. gets accepted to University of California , Berkeley and it is implied she will go to college there after graduating high school ( after she was rejected from her first choice , Stanford University ) . </P> <P> In Fuller House , D.J. is a recent widow and mother of three kids ; Jackson , Max and Tommy , and moves in with Stephanie and Kimmy . D.J. has since become a veterinarian . When her boss retires he has his son , Matt Harmon and D.J. take over the pet clinic . Matt and Steve fight for D.J. 's affection but they both end up dating other people when she 's not ready to commit someone new yet . Realizing they have feelings for each other , Matt breaks up with his girlfriend , and starts dating D.J. On the way to Steve 's wedding in Japan , D.J. who 's preparing to fall asleep , and wearing a sleeping mask reveals to Kimmy that she was going to pick Steve not Matt , and feels like she 's losing her soulmate . Unbeknownst to her Steve was the one who heard her confession not Kimmy . Steve tells Kimmy what she said , and he was going to confront D.J. but he saw Matt proposing to her . The next day before the wedding starts Kimmy tells D.J. that Steve was the one who heard what she said on the plane . At the alter Steve calls off the wedding , and D.J. breaks off her engagement to Matt . Back home the two wait a month before they will start dating again . After her their third first date , Steve tells her that the Lakers want him to be the team 's foot doctor . He chooses to stay with her but D.J. called the team and said that he will take the job . </P> <H3> Stephanie Tanner </H3> <P> Stephanie Judith Tanner ( portrayed by Jodie Sweetin ) is the witty , sarcastic middle child of Danny and Pam , the younger sister of D.J. , and the older sister of Michelle . Her mother died when she was five years old . Her catchphrases during the early seasons of the series include `` how rude ! , '' `` well , pin a rose on your nose ! '' and `` hot dog '' . She eventually evolved into something of a tomboy in seasons four and five . Stephanie has a habit of spying on D.J. 's life by reading her diary and eavesdropping on her telephone calls ( having been caught in the act several times ) , and is generally the most athletic and nosiest of the Tanner girls . Her best friends in school are Gia Mahan and Mickey , whom she meets in season seven ( the former is the only one who appears through to season eight ) . Of the three sisters , Stephanie has dealt with the toughest issues , such as peer pressure into smoking ( in season seven 's `` Fast Friends '' ) , `` make - out '' parties ( in season eight 's `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' ) , joyriding ( in season eight 's `` Stephanie 's Wild Ride '' ) , and uncovering a classmate 's child abuse ( in season six 's `` Silence is Not Golden '' ) , as well as the death of her mother when she was only five . In her early years , she is very sentimental about Mr. Bear , a stuffed animal that her mother gave to her after Michelle was born ( this was the focal point of the season two episode `` Goodbye Mr. Bear '' ) . She and Jesse are the most abrasive when it comes to how they feel about Kimmy Gibbler . </P> <P> In Fuller House , Stephanie volunteers to give up her life in London to move back into her childhood home to help take care of her sister 's three kids . Kimmy volunteers to move in as well much to Stephanie 's dismay but she soon puts her abrasive feelings aside , and becomes friends with her . Stephanie confesses to D.J. that she ca n't have kids but wants to . Stephanie starts a relationship with Kimmy 's younger brother Jimmy . Becky schedules Stephanie for a pelvic exam and turns out she has three vivable eggs and can have a baby via surrogacy . Since she has n't been dating Jimmy for that long she does n't want to put pressure on him for being the father , and throwing him into a life long commitment so soon in their relationship . He wants to be the father . They are able to make embryos and Kimmy volunteers to be the surrogate mother . Kimmy is able to get pregnant with the embryos . </P> <H3> Michelle Tanner </H3> Main article : Michelle Tanner <P> Michelle Elizabeth Tanner ( played by twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen ) , is Danny and Pam 's youngest daughter . Danny is more overprotective of Michelle than the other girls . Michelle was just a baby when Pam died , so she hardly remembers her mom . Jesse and Joey 's misadventures in taking care of her when she was a baby provided a great deal of humor . Once Michelle started to grow up , she became the focus of more of the show 's storylines . Her best friends , Teddy and Denise , appear frequently in later seasons . She also has other friends , such as Derek Boyd , Lisa Leeper , and bossy Aaron Bailey , who Michelle has an uneasy friendship with . Her favorite toys ( in earlier seasons ) are Barney , a plush bear who hangs on the wall above her bed , and her stuffed pig . It is apparent that Jesse is somewhat closer to her than her sisters , and he gives her nicknames such as `` munchkin '' , `` shorty '' and `` rugrat '' . She is known for her many recurring catchphrases such as `` you got it , dude ! '' , `` you 're in big trouble , mister ! '' , `` oh , puh - lease ! '' , `` aw , nuts ! '' , `` duh ! '' , and `` no way , José ! '' </P> <P> Michelle does not appear in Fuller House but it is mentioned that she is now living in New York , and owns a fashion company . </P> <H3> Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis </H3> <P> Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis ( portrayed by Lori Loughlin ) , is the sarcastic , practical , but very loving and well - educated woman who becomes the love interest and later wife of Jesse Katsopolis . Becky was born in Valentine , Nebraska and decided to pursue journalism as a career while she was in high school . Becky moves to San Francisco to become the co-host of Wake Up , San Francisco , being paired with Danny as her co-host ; the two become close friends , although she often quips about Danny 's quirks and tendency to ramble in his conversations . She was reluctant to admit her feelings for Jesse at first , but she eventually falls in love with him . The two almost elope in Lake Tahoe in the season two finale `` Luck Be a Lady '' , but backed out when Becky realized that she and Jesse were not really ready to get married . They eventually get married ( in the second part of the season four episode `` The Wedding '' ) on Valentine 's Day . </P> <P> After Jesse has a bittersweet farewell to the rest of the family when he decides to move into Rebecca 's apartment in the season four episode `` Fuller House '' , Rebecca agrees to move in with the

The middle sister on Full House was played by

Who played the middle sister on full house?

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Millennium tower ( San Francisco ) - Wikipedia <H1> Millennium tower ( San Francisco ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Millennium Tower </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Show map of San Francisco Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Location within San Francisco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> General information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Residential condominiums </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> 301 Mission Street San Francisco , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 37 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 122 ° 23 ′ 46 '' W  /  37.7904 ° N 122.3961 ° W  / 37.7904 ; - 122.3961 Coordinates : 37 ° 47 ′ 25 '' N 122 ° 23 ′ 46 '' W  /  37.7904 ° N 122.3961 ° W  / 37.7904 ; - 122.3961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Construction started </Th> <Td> 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Completed </Th> <Td> 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening </Th> <Td> April 23 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cost </Th> <Td> US $350 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Mission Street Development , LLC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Height </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Antenna spire </Th> <Td> 645 ft ( 197 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roof </Th> <Td> 605 ft ( 184 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Top floor </Th> <Td> 592 ft ( 180 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Technical details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Floor count </Th> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Floor area </Th> <Td> 1,151,017 sq ft ( 106,933.0 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lifts / elevators </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Design and construction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architect </Th> <Td> Handel Architects </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer </Th> <Td> Millennium Partners </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Structural engineer </Th> <Td> DeSimone Consulting Engineers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main contractor </Th> <Td> Webcor Builders </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Other information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of units </Th> <Td> 419 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> References </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> 301 Mission Street is a development in the South of Market district of downtown San Francisco . A mixed - use , primarily residential development , it has the tallest residential building in San Francisco . The blue - gray glass , late - modernist buildings are bounded by Mission , Fremont , and Beale Streets , and the north end of the Transbay Transit Center site . Opened to residents on April 23 , 2009 , 301 Mission includes two buildings : a 12 - story tower located on the northeast of the property , and Millennium Tower , a 58 - story , 645 - foot - tall ( 197 m ) condominium skyscraper . The mixed - use , primarily residential structure is the tallest residential building in San Francisco . In total , the project has 419 residential units , with 53 of those units in the smaller tower . The tower 's highest level , 58 floors above the ground , is listed as the 60th , because floors 13 and 44 are missing for superstitious reasons . The French restaurant and wine bar RN74 is housed on the ground floor of the skyscraper . Resident services include a private concierge and access to the 20,000 - square - foot ( 1,900 m ) Owner 's Club Level , which features amenities such as a private lounge , wine cellar , and fitness center . The development 's `` lifestyle '' program organizes cultural events . In May 2016 , residents were informed the main tower was both sinking and tilting , resulting in several lawsuits concerning repair costs and whether the tilt had been withheld from buyers . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Description </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Sinking and tilting problem </Li> <Li> 4 Awards </Li> <Li> 5 Notable residents </Li> <Li> 6 Gallery </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Description ( edit ) </H2> <P> Developed by Mission Street Development LLC , an affiliate of Millennium Partners , the US $350 million project was designed by Handel Architects , engineered by DeSimone Consulting Engineers and constructed by Webcor Builders . At 645 feet ( 197 m ) , it is the tallest concrete structure in San Francisco , the fourth tallest building in San Francisco overall , and the tallest since 345 California Street in 1986 . It was also the tallest residential building west of the Mississippi River when finished ( later surpassed by The Austonian in Texas ) . The tower is slender , with each floor containing 14,000 square feet ( 1,300 m ) of floor space . In addition to the 58 - story tower , there is a 125 - foot ( 38 m ) , 11 - story tower on the northeast end of the complex . Between the two towers is a 43 - foot ( 13 m ) , two - story glass atrium . In total , the project has 419 units . </P> <P> The residences are said to be the priciest on the West Coast , with the penthouse unit selling for US $13 million in December 2016 . The bottom 25 floors of the main tower are called Residences while the floors from 26 to the top have the name Grand Residences . The 53 units in the separate 12 - story tower are called the City Residences . Below street level , there are 434 parking spaces in a five - level subterranean garage located under the 11 - story tower . The building is located next to the site of the future Transbay Transit Center . Overall , the tower 's design is intended to resemble a translucent crystal , and is a landmark for the Transbay Redevelopment and the southern skyline of San Francisco . </P> <P> The development is also home to RN74 , a restaurant and wine bar under the direction of Chef Michael Mina , located on the ground floor of the skyscraper . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> The Millennium Tower in August 2016 <P> Millennium Partners first proposed the development in 2002 with 163 condominiums , 108 rentals and a 136 - unit `` extended stay '' hotel rooms . The project was approved in 2003 by the S.F. Planning Commission 4 -- 1 and construction began in 2005 . The only against vote came from Planning Commissioner Sue Lee . The development was the first high rise built downtown in 20 years . According to Modern Luxury , a proposed 52 - story skyscraper at nearby 80 Natoma by developer Jack Myers which would also have a similar poured concrete construction , was rejected by the city 's Department of Building Inspections ( DBI ) after an outside peer review . The Millennium Tower received no such scrutiny , since Millennium Partners would not submit to a peer review , as that study would have potentially delayed construction by years . </P> <P> On September 6 , 2010 , Dan Goodwin , also known as SpiderDan and Skyscraperman , scaled the outside of the tower using suction cups . Following the climb , Goodwin was arrested by the San Francisco police , who charged him with trespassing and creating a public nuisance . </P> <P> In 2013 , the building sold its final unit , generating US $750 million in total sales , a 25 percent return on the estimated US $600 million in development costs . </P> <H2> Sinking and tilting problem ( edit ) </H2> TTC construction next to the tower <P> After the issue was apparently disclosed in 2015 , in 2016 , the public was notified that the building was sinking and tilting . The foundation of the main tower is a concrete slab built on 60 -- 90 - foot - deep ( 18 -- 27 m ) concrete friction piles through the fill and Young Bay Mud , and embedded into dense Colma sand . A number of other buildings in 301 Mission Street 's area have used similar systems , although due to varying earth conditions , others have pushed piles directly into the bedrock 200 feet ( 61 m ) below . An examination in 2016 showed the building had sunk 16 inches ( 41 cm ) with a two - inch ( 5.1 cm ) tilt at the base and an approximate six - inch ( 15 cm ) tilt at the top of the tower . The building is leaning toward the northwest . </P> <P> The developer blames the sinking problem on the Transbay Joint Powers Authority ( TJPA ) , who were responsible for construction of the neighboring Transbay Transit Center ( TTC ) . However , the sinking problem had reportedly started before TTC construction even broke ground , and TJPA asserted the building had already settled 10 inches ( 25 cm ) , well past the original maximum vertical settling prediction of 5.5 inches ( 14 cm ) in 20 years , by the time TJPA began removing the timber piles under the prior Transbay Terminal in 2011 . The building 's homeowners association , represented by general counsel Adrian Adams of Adams Stirling PLC , retained Dan Petrocelli of O'Melveny & Myers , to sue Webcor , Millennium Partners , and the TJPA . Originally , the homeowners association had hired David Casselman to sue the TJPA instead of developer Millennium Partners , as Casselman noted that `` inverse condemnation law allows residents to collect legal fees on top of any award , whereas suing the developer will steer up to 40 percent of any award to lawyers '' . </P> <P> Another group of tenants who disagree with the homeowners association , led by resident and patent litigator Jerry Dodson , is suing Millennium Partners , the City of San Francisco , and the TJPA . In breaking with Casselman and the homeowners association , Dodson has regarded Millennium Partners as the responsible culprit . </P> <P> In November 2016 , the city of San Francisco filed suit against the tower 's developer Mission Street Developers LLC , claiming that the developers withheld information on the sinking problems from potential apartment buyers . Mission Street Developers rejected the city 's claims . </P> <P> Sage Engineers has been hired by Millennium Partners to provide an engineering study on the sinking problem . Some experts have prognosticated that the cost to fix the tilt could exceed the liability insurance held by Millennium Partners and the building 's various construction vendors . If the TJPA is found to be at fault , San Francisco taxpayers could end up paying for the repairs . </P> <P> As of 2017 , a city inspection has found that the building is still safe to occupy , though there has been damage to the foundation and electrical system . </P> <P> In March 2017 , the homeowners association filed suit against Millennium Partners , Webcor , Handel Architects , Treadwell & Rollo , Langan , DeSimone Consulting Engineers , Arup , and Transbay Joint Powers Authority . They are seeking $200 million to cover repairs and damages . </P> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> The building has garnered several awards from several engineering and architectural organisations . </P> <Ul> <Li> 2008 : American Concrete Institute Awards , Northern California -- Construction </Li> <Li> 2008 : Concrete Industry Board -- Roger H. CIB Award of Merit </Li> <Li> 2009 : American Society of Civil Engineers , Region 9 -- Structural Engineering Project of the Year </Li> <Li> 2008 : American Society of Civil Engineers , San Francisco Section -- Outstanding Structural Engineering Project </Li> <Li> 2009 : Metal Architecture Magazine -- April 2009 edition Top Honor </Li> <Li> 2009 : California Construction -- Outstanding Project Management </Li> <Li> 2009 : California Construction -- Multi-family / Residential , Award of Merit </Li>

The 58-story skyscraper in San Francisco that is tilting and sinking is the

A 58-story skyscraper in san francisco is tilting and sinking?

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When Calls the Heart - wikipedia <H1> When Calls the Heart </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> When Calls the Heart </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Family Drama </Li> <Li> Western </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> Michael Landon Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Erin Krakow </Li> <Li> Daniel Lissing </Li> <Li> Lori Loughlin </Li> <Li> Martin Cummins </Li> <Li> Jack Wagner </Li> <Li> Pascale Hutton </Li> <Li> Kavan Smith </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 50 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael Landon Jr . </Li> <Li> Jimmy Townsend </Li> <Li> Roman Viaris </Li> <Li> Francisco Gonzalez </Li> <Li> Brian Bird </Li> <Li> Brad Krevoy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vicki Sotheran </Li> <Li> Greg Malcolm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 42 -- 84 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Believe Pictures </Li> <Li> Brad Krevoy Television </Li> <Li> Jordan Films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> Super Channel ( Canada ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 480i ( SDTV ) </Li> <Li> 1080i ( HDTV ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . </P> <P> The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton . </P> <P> On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season , which premiered with a two - hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018 , ending in April . On March 21 , 2018 , Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes </Li> <Li> 3 Cast <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Main </Li> <Li> 3.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Characters </Li> <Li> 5 Production </Li> <Li> 6 Broadcast </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . </P> <P> Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 12 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 7 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> New Year 's Wish </Td> <Td colspan="2"> December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 8 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Christmas </Td> <Td colspan="2"> December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="3"> The Christmas Wishing Tree </Td> <Td colspan="2"> December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td colspan="2"> 10 </Td> <Td colspan="1"> February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton </Li> <Li> Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton ( Seasons 1 - 5 ) </Li> <Li> Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton </Li> <Li> Jack Wagner as Bill Avery </Li> <Li> Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen </Li> <Li> Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter </Li> <Li> Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd </Li> <Li> Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery </Li> <Li> Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley </Li> <Li> Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey </Li> <Li> Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan </Li> <Li> Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan </Li> <Li> Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery </Li> <Li> Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery </Li> <Li> Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam </Li> <Li> Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings </Li> <Li> Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery </Li> <Li> Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock </Li> <Li> Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery </Li> <Li> Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn </Li> <Li> Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher </Li> <Li> Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter </Li> <Li> Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton </Li> <Li> Ava Grace Cooper as Opal </Li> <Li> Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton </Li> <Li> Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton </Li> <Li> Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher </Li> <Li> Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington </Li> <Li> Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan </Li> <Li> Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson </Li> <Li> Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher </Li> <Li> Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar </Li> <Li> Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings </Li> <Li> Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher </Li> <Li> Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar </Li> <Li> Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves </Li> <Li> Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) </Li> <Li> Josie Bissett as AJ Foster </Li> </Ul> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss , '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . </Li> <Li> Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall

The first season of When Calls the Heart premiered on

When was the first season of when calls the heart?

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Marshall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dissent </Th> <Td> Blackmun , joined by Burger , Black ; White ( in part ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Laws applied </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> U.S. Const . amend . I ; Cal . Penal Code § 415 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cohen v. California </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) , was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with freedom of speech . The Court overturned a man 's conviction for the crime of disturbing the peace for wearing a jacket in the public corridors of a courthouse that displayed the phrase , `` Fuck the Draft '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background of the case </Li> <Li> 2 The Court 's decision <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Blackmun 's dissent </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Further reading </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background of the case ( edit ) </H2> <P> On April 26 , 1968 , 19 - year - old Paul Robert Cohen was arrested for wearing a jacket bearing the words `` Fuck the Draft '' inside the Los Angeles Courthouse in the corridor outside the division 20 of the municipal court . He was convicted of violating section 415 of the California Penal Code , which prohibited `` maliciously and willfully disturb ( ing ) the peace or quiet of any neighborhood or person ( by ) offensive conduct , '' and sentenced to 30 days in jail . </P> <P> The conviction was upheld by the California Court of Appeal , which held that `` offensive conduct '' means `` behavior which has a tendency to provoke others to acts of violence or to in turn disturb the peace . '' After the California Supreme Court denied review , the U.S. Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari . The case was argued by Melville Nimmer , representing Paul Robert Cohen , and Michael T. Sauer , representing California . </P> <H2> The Court 's decision ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Court , by a vote of 5 - 4 , per Justice John Marshall Harlan II , overturned the appellate court 's ruling . First , Justice Harlan began by emphasizing that this case concerned `` speech '' , and not `` conduct '' , as was at issue in United States v. O'Brien . Harlan then stated that any attempt by California to abridge the content of Cohen 's speech would be no doubt unconstitutional except in a few instances , like , for example , if California was regulating the time , place , or manner of Cohen 's speech independent from the content of the speech . </P> <P> Second , Harlan also expressed the concern of the Court that section 415 was vague and did not put citizens on notice as to what behavior was unlawful . Indeed , the words `` offensive conduct '' alone can not `` be said sufficiently to inform the ordinary person that distinctions between certain locations are thereby created . '' </P> <P> Third , the mere use of an untoward four - letter word did not place the speech into a category of speech that has traditionally been subject to greater regulations by the government , as in Roth v. United States , for example . Similarly , Harlan and the Court refused to categorize the speech at issue as a `` fighting word '' under Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire , because no `` individual actually or likely to be present could reasonably have regarded the words on appellant 's jacket as a direct personal insult . '' Finally , the Court was unwilling to give credence to the idea that the government could suppress the type of speech at issue here in order to protect the public at large . </P> <P> Having discarded what was not at issue in this case , Harlan stated that the issue was `` whether California can excise , as `` offensive conduct '' , one particular scurrilous epithet from the public discourse , either upon the theory ... that its use is inherently likely to cause violent reaction or upon a more general assertion that the States , acting as guardians of public morality , may properly remove this offensive word from the public vocabulary . '' </P> <P> The states could not . As to the first theory , the Court stated that it was not presented with any evidence suggesting that the speech was likely to cause an incitement to violence . As to the second theory , the Court stated that while it was a closer call , the rationale was not sufficient . </P> <P> Specifically , Harlan , citing Justice Brandeis ' opinion in Whitney v. California , emphasized that the First Amendment operates to protect the inviolability of the marketplace of ideas imagined by the Founding Fathers . Allowing California to suppress the speech at issue in this case would be destructive to that marketplace . </P> <P> `` To many , the immediate consequence of this freedom may often appear to be only verbal tumult , discord , and even offensive utterance '' , Justice Harlan wrote . `` These are , however , within established limits , in truth necessary side effects of the broader enduring values which the process of open debate permits us to achieve . That the air may at times seem filled with verbal cacophony is , in this sense not a sign of weakness but of strength . '' </P> <P> `` ( A ) bsent a more particularized and compelling reason for its actions '' , Harlan continued , `` the State may not , consistently with the First and Fourteenth Amendments , make the simple public display of this single four - letter expletive a criminal offense . '' In his opinion Justice Harlan famously wrote `` one man 's vulgarity is another 's lyric . '' </P> <P> Thus , Harlan 's arguments can be constructed in three major points : First , states ( California ) can not censor their citizens in order to make a `` civil '' society . Second , knowing where to draw the line between harmless heightened emotion and vulgarity can be difficult . Third , people bring passion to politics and vulgarity is simply a side effect of a free exchange of ideas -- no matter how radical they may be . </P> <H3> Blackmun 's dissent ( edit ) </H3> <P> In a dissenting opinion , Justice Harry Blackmun , joined by Burger and Black , suggested that Cohen 's wearing of the jacket in the courthouse was not speech but conduct ( an `` absurd and immature antic '' ) and therefore not protected by the First Amendment . </P> <P> The second paragraph of Blackmun 's dissent noted that the Supreme Court of California construed section 415 in In re Bushman 1 Cal. 3d 767 , 83 Cal. Rptr. 375 ( Cal , 1970 ) , which was decided after the Court of Appeal of California 's decision in Cohen v. California and the Supreme Court of California 's denial of review . Blackmun wrote that the case `` ought to be remanded to the California Court of Appeal for reconsideration in the light of the subsequently rendered decision by the State 's highest tribunal in Bushman . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 403 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ American Constitutional Law ; Civil Rights & Liberties ; Stephens & Scheb ; Pg. 189 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 403 U.S. 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 403 U.S. 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 403 U.S. 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 403 U.S. 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 403 U.S. 28 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Balter - Reitz , Susan J. ( 2003 ) . `` Cohen v. California '' . In Parker , Richard A. ( ed . ) . Free Speech on Trial : Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press . pp. 160 -- 171 . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1301 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Fairman , Christopher M. ( 2009 ) . Fuck : Word Taboo and Protecting Our First Amendment Liberties . Sphinx Publishing . ISBN 1572487119 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Text of Cohen v. California , 403 U.S. 15 ( 1971 ) is available from : Findlaw Justia BC </Li> <Li> First Amendment Library entry for Cohen v. California </Li> <Li> Abstract on Cohen v. California , from OYEZ </Li> <Li> Krattenmaker , Thomas G. ( 2012 ) . `` Looking Back at Cohen v. California : A 40 Year Retrospective from Inside the Court '' . William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal . 20 : 651 . ; a retrospective on the case by Thomas G. Krattenmaker , the Supreme Court clerk who drafted the majority opinion </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States First Amendment case law </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Establishment Clause </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Public funding </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> McCollum v. Board of Education ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Mueller v. Allen ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Aguilar v. Felton ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Agostini v. Felton ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Mitchell v. Helms ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Locke v. Davey ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Public displays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Lynch v. Donnelly ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> County of Allegheny v. ACLU ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Van Orden v. Perry ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Pleasant Grove City v. Summum ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> School prayer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Zorach v. Clauson ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Stone v. Graham ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Wallace v. Jaffree ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Lee v. Weisman ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Creationism </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District ( M.D. Pa. 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislature prayer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marsh v. Chambers ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Town of Greece v. Galloway ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Establishment Clause , Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> McGowan v. Maryland ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> McDaniel v. Paty ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Estate of Thornton v. Caldor , Inc. (

The quote "one man's vulgarity is another's lyric" is attributed to

Who said one man's vulgarity is another's lyric?

4739562939044149240

Terra ( satellite ) - wikipedia <H1> Terra ( satellite ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Terra ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Terra <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Terra ( EOS AM - 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mission type </Th> <Td> Climate research </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operator </Th> <Td> NASA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> COSPAR ID </Th> <Td> 1999 - 068A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> SATCAT no . </Th> <Td> 25994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> terra.nasa.gov </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mission duration </Th> <Td> Elapsed : 18 years , 4 months , 8 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Spacecraft properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> NASA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Launch mass </Th> <Td> 4,864 kilograms ( 10,723 lb ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Start of mission </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Launch date </Th> <Td> December 18 , 1999 , 18 : 57 : 39 ( 1999 - 12 - 18UTC18 : 57 : 39Z ) UTC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rocket </Th> <Td> Atlas II AS AC - 141 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Launch site </Th> <Td> Vandenberg SLC - 3E </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Contractor </Th> <Td> ILS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Orbital parameters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reference system </Th> <Td> Geocentric </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regime </Th> <Td> Low Earth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semi-major axis </Th> <Td> 7,080.0 kilometers ( 4,399.3 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eccentricity </Th> <Td> 0.0001392 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Perigee </Th> <Td> 708.7 kilometers ( 440.4 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Apogee </Th> <Td> 710.6 kilometers ( 441.5 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inclination </Th> <Td> 98.2098 ° </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Period </Th> <Td> 98.8 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> RAAN </Th> <Td> 251.3130 degrees </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argument of perigee </Th> <Td> 83.7699 degrees </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean anomaly </Th> <Td> 276.3654 degrees </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean motion </Th> <Td> 14.57110250 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Epoch </Th> <Td> 25 June 2016 , 02 : 58 : 27 UTC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revolution no . </Th> <Td> 87867 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Terra ( EOS AM - 1 ) is a multi-national NASA scientific research satellite in a Sun - synchronous orbit around the Earth . It is the flagship of the Earth Observing System ( EOS ) . The name `` Terra '' comes from the Latin word for Earth . A naming contest was held by NASA among U.S. high school students . The winning essay was submitted by Sasha Jones of Brentwood , Missouri . The identifier `` AM - 1 '' refers to its orbit , passing over the equator in the morning . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Launch </Li> <Li> 2 Mission </Li> <Li> 3 Malicious cyber activities </Li> <Li> 4 Gallery of images by Terra </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Launch ( edit ) </H2> <P> The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on December 18 , 1999 , aboard an Atlas IIAS vehicle and began collecting data on February 24 , 2000 . It was placed into a near - polar , sun - synchronous orbit at an altitude of 705km , with a 10 : 30am descending node . </P> <H2> Mission ( edit ) </H2> <P> Terra carries a payload of five remote sensors designed to monitor the state of Earth 's environment and ongoing changes in its climate system : </P> <Ul> <Li> ASTER ( Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ) ASTER creates high - resolution images of clouds , ice , water and the land surface using 3 different sensor subsystems . They are the Shortwave Infrared ( SWIR ) ; Thermal Infrared ( TIR ) ; and Visible and Near Infrared ( VNIR ) . They cover 14 multi-spectral bands from visible to the thermal infrared . The SWIR stopped working in 2008 . ASTER was provided by Japan 's Ministry of Economy , Trade , and Industry . </Li> <Li> CERES ( Clouds and the Earth 's Radiant Energy System ) </Li> <Li> MISR ( Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer ) </Li> <Li> MODIS ( Moderate - resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ) </Li> <Li> MOPITT ( Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Data from the satellite helps scientists better understand the spread of pollution around the globe . Studies have used instruments on Terra to examine trends in global carbon monoxide and aerosol pollution . The data collected by Terra will ultimately become a new , 15 - year global data set . </P> <P> After launch , operators observed that high energy protons like those found over the South Atlantic Anomaly or the poles could induce single - event upsets that would cause the Motor Drive Assembly ( MDA ) Built - In Test Equipment ( BITE ) to turn off the MDA . These false shut - downs occur 12 - 14 times a month and eventually the operations team automated the recovery to reduce the impact of these shut - downs . </P> <P> Starting in 2007 , increased thermal resistance in the SWIR cryocooler of the ASTER instrument caused the temperature to gradually increase . By 2008 , despite frequent attempts to recycle the cryocooler the data began to significantly degrade and on January 12 , 2009 , ASTER managers declared the SWIR no longer functional due to anomalously high SWIR detector temperatures . Data gathered after April 2008 was declared not usable . </P> <P> On October 13 , 2009 , Terra suffered a single battery cell failure anomaly and a battery heater control anomaly likely the result of a Micrometeoroid or Orbital Debris ( MMOD ) strike . </P> <H2> Malicious cyber activities ( edit ) </H2> <P> In June and October 2008 the spacecraft was targeted by hackers who gained unauthorized access to its command and control systems but did not issue any commands . </P> <H2> Gallery of images by Terra ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> The first image taken by Terra . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Solar eclipse of August 1 , 2008 , over Russia , Norway , and the Arctic Ocean as seen from NASA 's Terra satellite . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The effects of the European winter storms of 2009 -- 2010 on Great Britain , seen from Terra . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Deepwater Horizon oil spill oil slick as seen from space by NASA 's Terra satellite on May 1 , 2010 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Deepwater Horizon oil slick just off the Louisiana coast on April 30 , 2010 , visible from space . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Hurricane Karl , the most destructive hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic Hurricane Season , approaches Mexico on September 16 . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Spaceflight portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terra ( satellite ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Aqua ( satellite ) </Li> <Li> Aura ( satellite ) </Li> <Li> Man - made structures visible from space </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NASA : TERRA ( EOS AM - 1 ) '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maurer , John ( November 2001 ) . `` Overview of NASA 's Terra satellite '' . hawaii.edu ( University of Hawai'i ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stevens , Nicki F. ; Garbeil , Harold ; Mouginis - Mark , Peter J. ( 2004 - 01 - 22 ) . `` NASA EOS Terra ASTER : Volcanic topographic mapping and capability '' ( PDF ) . Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MODIS Terra Satellite Images '' . ucar.edu ( National Center for Atmospheric Research : Earth Observatory Laboratory ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MEASUREMENTS OF POLLUTION IN THE TROPOSPHERE ( MOPITT ) '' . acd.ucar.edu ( NESL 's Atmospheric Chemistry Division ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Terra Satellite Tracks Global Pollution '' . gsfc.nasa.gov ( Goddard Space Flight Center ) . 2004 - 05 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Angelita . `` Terra mission operations : Launch to the present ( and beyond ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ASTER SWIR Alert '' . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 REPORT TO CONGRESS of the U.S. - CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION , page 216 '' ( PDF ) . uscc.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> NASA Terra site </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Orbital meteorological and remote sensing systems </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Earth observation satellite </Li> <Li> Geographic information system ( GIS ) </Li> <Li> Weather satellite </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current projects </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Earth Observing System ( EOS ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GPM </Li> <Li> TRMM </Li> <Li> Landsat 7 </Li> <Li> QuikSCAT </Li> <Li> Terra </Li> <Li> ACRIMSAT </Li> <Li> NMP / EO - 1 </Li> <Li> Jason - 1 </Li> <Li> OSTM / Jason - 2 </Li> <Li> Jason - 3 </Li> <Li> Meteor 3M - 1 / Sage III </Li> <Li> GRACE </Li> <Li> Aqua </Li> <Li> SORCE </Li> <Li> Aura </Li> <Li> CloudSat </Li> <Li> CALIPSO </Li> <Li> NPOESS </Li> <Li> Megha - Tropiques </Li> <Li> SARAL </Li> <Li> IRS </Li> <Li> ESSP </Li> <Li> Aquarius </Li> <Li> Landsat 8 </Li> <Li> SMAP </Li> <Li> JPSS </Li> <Li> NISAR </Li> <Li> ICESat - 2 </Li> <Li> Weather System Follow - on Microwave </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> A-train satellites </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aqua </Li> <Li> Aura </Li> <Li> CALIPSO </Li> <Li> CloudSat </Li> <Li> GCOM - W1 ( Shizuku ) </Li> <Li> OCO - 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Copernicus programme </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sentinel - 1 </Li> <Li> Sentinel - 2 </Li> <Li> Sentinel - 3 </Li> <Li> Sentinel - 4 </Li> <Li> Sentinel - 5 Precursor </Li> <Li> Sentinel - 5 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geostationary meteorological satellites </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elektro - L </Li> <Li> Fengyun - 2 </Li> <Li> GOES </Li> <Li> INSAT </Li> <Li> Meteosat </Li> <Li> Himawari - 8 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other satellites </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CBERS </Li> <Li> COSMO - SkyMed </Li> <Li> DMSP </Li> <Li> DMC </Li> <Li> EROS </Li> <Li> Fengyun - 3 </Li> <Li> GOSAT ( Ibuki ) </Li> <Li> Landsat </Li> <Li> MetOp </Li> <Li> Meteor </Li> <Li> POES </Li> <Li> RADARSAT - 2 </Li> <Li> RapidEye </Li> <Li> Resurs - P </Li> <Li> SMOS </Li> <Li> SPOT </Li> <Li> TerraSAR - X </Li> <Li> THEOS </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former projects </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Completed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ADEOS ( Midori ) </Li> <Li> ADEOS II ( Midori 2 ) </Li> <Li> COSMIC ( FORMOSAT - 3 ) </Li> <Li> Envisat </Li> <Li> ERS </Li> <Li> FORMOSAT - 1

The purpose of the Terra satellite is

What is the purpose of the terra satelite?

4764100575661627990

Tyrann Mathieu - wikipedia <H1> Tyrann Mathieu </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Tyrann Mathieu <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Mathieu in August 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> No. 32 -- Houston Texans </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Position : </Th> <Td> Safety </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Born : </Th> <Td> ( 1992 - 05 - 13 ) May 13 , 1992 ( age 25 ) New Orleans , Louisiana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height : </Th> <Td> 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weight : </Th> <Td> 186 lb ( 84 kg ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High school : </Th> <Td> New Orleans ( LA ) St. Augustine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> College : </Th> <Td> LSU </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NFL Draft : </Th> <Td> 2013 / Round : 3 / Pick : 69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Arizona Cardinals ( 2013 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Houston Texans ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roster status : </Th> <Td> Active </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Pro Bowl ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> First - team All - Pro ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> PFWA All - Rookie Team ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> SEC champion ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Chuck Bednarik Award ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> SEC Defensive Player of the Year ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Consensus All - American ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> First - team All - SEC ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Career NFL statistics as of 2017 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Total tackles : </Th> <Td> 307 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sacks : </Th> <Td> 4.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Forced fumbles : </Th> <Td> 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pass deflections : </Th> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Interceptions : </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defensive touchdowns : </Th> <Td> 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Player stats at NFL.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Player stats at PFR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tyrann Devine Mathieu ( / ˈtaɪrən ˈmæθjuː / ; born May 13 , 1992 ) is an American football safety for the Houston Texans of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football for Louisiana State University ( LSU ) . In college , he developed a reputation for causing turnovers , setting a Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) record with 11 career forced fumbles and earning the nickname , `` Honey Badger '' . In his sophomore season , he was recognized as a consensus All - American , won the Chuck Bednarik Award as the best defensive player in college football , and was a finalist for the Heisman Trophy . Mathieu was dismissed from the LSU football program after that season due to a violation of team rules . </P> <P> After spending a year out of football in 2012 , he was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the third round of the 2013 NFL Draft , reuniting him in the defensive backfield with former college teammate Patrick Peterson . As a rookie he was named to the PFWA All - Rookie Team . In 2015 , he was invited to the Pro Bowl and earned first - team All - Pro honors . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early years </Li> <Li> 2 College career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 2010 season </Li> <Li> 2.2 2011 season </Li> <Li> 2.3 2012 : Dismissal </Li> <Li> 2.4 College career statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Professional career <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Arizona Cardinals </Li> <Li> 3.2 Houston Texans </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 NFL statistics </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early years ( edit ) </H2> <P> A native of New Orleans , Louisiana , Mathieu attended St. Augustine High School , where he played for the St. Augustine Purple Knights high school football team . He recorded 32 tackles , five interceptions , one sack , and one fumble recovery as a senior . </P> <P> While living in New Orleans ' Central City , Mathieu was raised by his grandparents . His biological mother was absent the majority of the time and his biological father , Darrin Hayes , has been incarcerated for murder most of his life . After his grandfather died in 1997 , Mathieu was adopted by his uncle , Tyrone Mathieu , and aunt , Sheila Mathieu . </P> <P> Mathieu also ran track and field for St. Augustine 's track team and was a member of the relay team . He was one of the state 's top performers in the long jump . He had personal - best leaps of 1.93 meters in the high jump and 7.29 meters in the long jump . </P> <P> Considered a four - star recruit by Rivals.com , Mathieu was listed as the No. 13 cornerback in the nation in 2010 . </P> <H2> College career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mathieu accepted an athletic scholarship to attend Louisiana State University , where he played for coach Les Miles ' LSU Tigers football team from 2010 to 2011 . </P> <H3> 2010 season ( edit ) </H3> <P> As a true freshman in 2010 , Mathieu played in all 13 games with one start . He finished the season with 59 tackles , 3 sacks , and 2 interceptions . He was the Most Outstanding Defensive Player of the 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic after he recorded seven tackles , one tackle for loss , two forced fumbles , one fumble recovery , one interception , one sack , and one pass breakup . </P> <H3> 2011 season ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the end of the 2011 regular season , Mathieu had 77 total tackles ( 60 solo and 17 assists ) , 1.5 sacks , 5 forced fumbles , 4 fumble recoveries ( 2 returned for a touchdown ) , and 2 interceptions . On special teams , Mathieu had 26 punt returns for 420 yards , with 2 returned for a touchdown . On October 19 , 2011 , Mathieu was suspended for one game following a violation of LSU 's drug policy . Mathieu was named the most valuable player of the 2011 SEC Championship Game . Mathieu earned the nickname `` The Honey Badger '' for his tenacious ability to play extremely tough football against much larger opponents , as well as his knack for making big plays . This led to him being a Heisman Trophy finalist . On December 8 , 2011 , Mathieu was awarded the Chuck Bednarik Award , given to the year 's best defensive player in college football . This marked the second straight year an LSU defensive player won the nation 's top defensive honor following Patrick Peterson in 2010 . </P> <H3> 2012 : dismissal ( edit ) </H3> <P> On August 10 , 2012 , LSU head coach Les Miles announced that Mathieu would be dismissed from the football team due to a violation of team rules . News outlets reported that the dismissal was a result of repeated drug test failures , although Miles did not confirm those reports . Mathieu had formerly expressed an interest in returning to the program for the 2013 season . On August 17 , 2012 , Mathieu withdrew from LSU and entered a drug rehabilitation program in Houston , Texas . Mathieu 's withdrawal was expected to last for the entire 2012 -- 2013 academic year . However , on September 4 , 2012 , Mathieu ended his withdrawal and enrolled for fall semester classes . On October 25 , 2012 , Mathieu and three other LSU former players were arrested on possession of marijuana . </P> <P> On November 29 , 2012 , it was announced that Mathieu would enter the NFL Draft . Mathieu participated at the 2013 NFL Scouting Combine on February 26 , 2013 . He ran a 4.50 40 - yard dash , had 4 reps of 225 pounds , a 34 - inch vertical , and a 117 - inch broad jump . He also later participated at his pro day on March 27 , 2013 . </P> <H3> College career statistics ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> GP </Th> <Th colspan="4"> Tackles </Th> <Th> Sacks </Th> <Th colspan="4"> Pass defense </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Fumbles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Solo </Th> <Th> Ast </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> Loss -- yards </Th> <Th> No -- yards </Th> <Th> Int -- yards </Th> <Th> BU </Th> <Th> PD </Th> <Th> QBH </Th> <Th> Rcv -- yards - TD </Th> <Th> FF </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> LSU </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 8.5 -- 45 </Td> <Td> 4.5 -- 38 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 13 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2011 </Th> <Th> LSU </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 7.5 -- 45 </Td> <Td> 1.5 -- 10 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 16 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 -- 39 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="14"> Source : </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Professional career ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Pre-draft measurables <Tr> <Th> Ht </Th> <Th> Wt </Th> <Th> Arm length </Th> <Th> Hand size </Th> <Th> 40 - yard dash </Th> <Th> 10 - yd split </Th> <Th> 20 - yd split </Th> <Th> 20 - ss </Th> <Th> 3 - cone </Th> <Th> Vert jump </Th> <Th> Broad </Th> <Th> BP </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 ft 8 ⁄ in ( 1.75 m ) </Td> <Td> 186 lb ( 84 kg ) </Td> <Td> 31 ⁄ in ( 0.79 m ) </Td> <Td> 9 ⁄ in ( 0.24 m ) </Td> <Td> 4.51 s </Td> <Td> 1.49 s </Td> <Td> 2.56 s </Td> <Td> 4.14 s </Td> <Td> 6.87 s </Td> <Td> 34 in ( 0.86 m ) </Td> <Td> 9 ft 9 in ( 2.97 m ) </Td> <Td> 4 reps </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="13"> All values from NFL combine . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) </H3> Mathieu during training camp in 2013 <P> The Arizona Cardinals selected Mathieu in the third round ( 69th overall ) of the 2013 NFL Draft . He was the sixth safety selected in 2013 . On May 23 , 2013 , the Arizona Cardinals signed Mathieu to a four - year , $3.05 million contract that includes $817,187 guaranteed and a signing bonus of $265,000 . There was a statement from Cardinals ' head coach Bruce Arians that Mathieu would be playing free safety . Mathieu stated that he would remove himself from any association with his nickname , saying that he wants to be known as `` Tyrann Mathieu '' as opposed to `` Honey Badger '' . On September 8 , 2013 , Mathieu forced a fumble on St Louis Rams ' tight end Jared Cook by knocking the ball out of his hand just before he entered the end zone , and one of his teammates recovered the football . In the Week 3 loss against the New Orleans Saints , Mathieu grabbed his first career interception . On December 8 , Mathieu tore both his left ACL and LCL in a victory over the St. Louis Rams . On December 10 , he was placed on the injured reserve , officially ending his rookie season . Mathieu was named a first - team All - Pro at the slot cornerback position by Pro Football Focus after the season . </P> <P> On November 2 , 2014 , Mathieu recorded his second

The football player nicknamed "The Honey Badger" is

What football player is called the honey badger?

7214445857680379083

All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1930 film ) - wikipedia <H1> All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1930 film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> All Quiet on the Western Front </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> film poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Lewis Milestone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Carl Laemmle , Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Maxwell Anderson ( adaptation & dialogue ) George Abbott ( screenplay ) Del Andrews ( adaptation ) C. Gardner Sullivan ( supervising story chief ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Lew Ayres Louis Wolheim </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> David Broekman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Arthur Edeson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Edgar Adams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Universal Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Universal Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> April 21 , 1930 ( 1930 - 04 - 21 ) ( US ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 152 minutes 133 minutes ( restored ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $1.2 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $1.5 million ( US ) $3,000,000 ( rentals ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All Quiet on the Western Front is a 1930 American epic pre-Code war film based on the Erich Maria Remarque novel of the same name . Directed by Lewis Milestone , it stars Louis Wolheim , Lew Ayres , John Wray , Arnold Lucy and Ben Alexander . </P> <P> All Quiet on the Western Front opened to wide acclaim in the United States . Considered a realistic and harrowing account of warfare in World War I , it made the American Film Institute 's first 100 Years ... 100 Movies list in 1998 . A decade later , after the same organization polled over 1,500 workers in the creative community , All Quiet on the Western Front was ranked the seventh - best American epic film . In 1990 , the film was selected and preserved by the United States Library of Congress ' National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' The film was the first to win the Academy Awards for both Outstanding Production and Best Director . </P> <P> Its sequel , The Road Back ( 1937 ) , portrays members of the 2nd Company returning home after the war . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Releases </Li> <Li> 5 Reception </Li> <Li> 6 Awards and honors </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Professor Kantorek gives an impassioned speech about the glory of serving in the Army and `` saving the Fatherland '' . On the brink of becoming men , the boys in his class , led by Paul Baumer , are moved to join the army as the new 2nd Company . Their romantic delusions are quickly broken during their brief but rigorous training under the abusive Sergeant Himmelstoss , who bluntly informs them , `` You 're going to be soldiers -- and that 's all . '' </P> <P> The new soldiers arrive by train at the combat zone , which is mayhem , with soldiers everywhere , incoming shells , horse - drawn wagons racing about , and prolonged rain . One in the group is killed before the new recruits can reach their post , to the alarm of one of the new soldiers ( Behn ) . The new soldiers are assigned to a unit composed of older soldiers , who are not exactly accommodating . The young soldiers find that there is no food available at the moment . They have not eaten since breakfast , but the men they have joined have not had food for two days . One of them , `` Kat '' Katczinsky , had gone to locate something to eat and he returns with a slaughtered hog he has stolen from a field kitchen . The young soldiers `` pay '' for their dinner with cigarettes . </P> <P> The new recruits ' first trip to the trenches with the veterans , to re-string barbed wire , is a harrowing experience , especially when Behn is blinded by shrapnel and hysterically runs into machine - gun fire . After spending several days in a bunker under bombardment , they at last move into the trenches and successfully repulse an enemy attack ; they then counterattack and take an enemy trench with heavy casualties , but have to abandon it . They are sent back to the field kitchens to get their rations ; each man receives double helpings , simply because of the number of dead . </P> <P> The men start out eating greedily , but then settle into a satiated torpor . They hear that they are to return to the front the next day and begin a semi-serious discussion about the causes of the war and of wars in general . They speculate about whether geographical entities offend each other and whether these disagreements involve them . Tjaden speaks familiarly about himself and the Kaiser ; Kat jokes that instead of having a war , they should have the leaders of Europe be stripped to their underwear and `` fight it out with clubs '' . </P> <P> One day , Corporal Himmelstoss arrives to the front and is immediately spurned because of his bad reputation ; he is forced to go over the top with the 2nd Company and is promptly killed . In an attack on a cemetery , Paul stabs a French soldier , but finds himself trapped in a hole with the dying man for an entire night . Throughout the night , he desperately tries to help him , bringing him water , but fails miserably to stop him from dying . He cries bitterly and begs the dead body to speak so he can be forgiven . Later , he returns to the German lines and is comforted by Kat . </P> <P> Going back to the front line , Paul is severely wounded and taken to a Catholic hospital , along with his good friend Albert Kropp . Kropp 's leg is amputated , but he does not find out until some time afterwards . Around this time , Paul is taken to the bandaging ward , from which , according to its reputation , nobody has ever returned alive ; but he later returns to the normal rooms triumphantly , only to find Kropp in depression . </P> <P> Paul is given a furlough and visits his family at home . He is shocked by how uninformed everyone is about the actual situation of the war ; everyone is convinced that a final `` push for Paris '' is soon to occur . When Paul visits the schoolroom where he was originally recruited , he finds Professor Kantorek prattling the same patriotic fervor to a class of even younger students . Professor Kantorek asks of Paul to detail his experience , to which the latter reveals that war was not at all like he had envisioned and mentions the deaths of his partners ; this revelation upsets the professor , as well as the young students who promptly call Paul a `` coward '' . Disillusioned and angry , Paul returns to the front and comes upon another 2nd company that is filled with new young recruits who are now disillusioned ; he is then happily greeted by Tjaden . He goes to find Kat , and they discuss the inability of the people to comprehend the futility of the war . Kat 's shin is broken when a bomb dropped by an aircraft falls nearby , so Paul carries him back to a field hospital - only to find that Kat has been killed by a second explosion . Crushed by the loss of his mentor , Paul leaves . </P> <P> In the final scene , Paul is back on the front lines . He sees a butterfly just beyond his trench . Paul smiles and reaches out towards the butterfly , but becoming too exposed , he is shot and killed by an enemy sniper . The final shot shows the 2nd Company arriving at the front for the first time , fading out to the image of a cemetery . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lew Ayres as Paul Bäumer </Li> <Li> Louis Wolheim as Stanislaus Katczinsky </Li> <Li> John Wray as Himmelstoss </Li> <Li> Arnold Lucy as Professor Kantorek </Li> <Li> Ben Alexander as Franz Kemmerich </Li> <Li> Scott Kolk as Leer </Li> <Li> Owen Davis , Jr. as Peter </Li> <Li> William Bakewell as Albert Kropp </Li> <Li> Russell Gleason as Müller </Li> <Li> Richard Alexander as Westhus </Li> <Li> Harold Goodwin as Detering </Li> <Li> Slim Summerville as Tjaden </Li> <Li> Walter Browne Rogers as Behn </Li> <Li> G. Pat Collins as Lieutenant Bertinck </Li> <Li> Edmund Breese as Herr Meyer , the Stammtisch speaker </Li> <Li> Beryl Mercer as Frau Bäumer , Paul 's mother </Li> <Li> Marion Clayton as Erna , Paul 's sister </Li> <Li> Heinie Conklin as Joseph Hammacher </Li> <Li> Bertha Mann as Sister Libertine , nurse </Li> <Li> Raymond Griffith as the killed French soldier </Li> <Li> William Irving as Ginger , the army cook </Li> <Li> Yola d'Avril as Suzanne </Li> <Li> Edwin Maxwell as Herr Bäumer </Li> <Li> Bodil Rosing as Mother of hospital patient ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Arthur Gardner as classroom student ( at the time of his death in December 2014 , he was the last surviving member of the cast or crew ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the film , Paul is shot while reaching for a butterfly . This scene is different from the book , and was inspired by an earlier scene showing a butterfly collection in Paul 's home . The scene was shot during the editing phase , so the actors were no longer available and Milestone had to use his own hand as Paul 's . </P> <P> Noted comedian ZaSu Pitts was originally cast as Paul 's mother and completed the film but preview audiences , used to seeing her in comic roles , laughed when she appeared onscreen so Milestone re-shot her scenes with Beryl Mercer before the film was released . The preview audience remains the only one who saw Pitts in the role , although she does appear for about 30 seconds in the film 's original preview trailer . </P> <P> The film was shot with two cameras side by side , with one negative edited as a sound film and the other edited as an `` International Sound Version '' for distribution in non-English speaking areas . </P> <P> A great number of German Army veterans were living in Los Angeles at the time of filming and were recruited as bit players and technical advisers . Around 2,000 extras were utilized during production . Among them was future director Fred Zinnemann ( From Here to Eternity , High Noon , Julia , A Man for All Seasons ) , who was fired for impudence . </P> <P> See later re-releases information in the release section below . </P> <H2> Releases ( edit ) </H2> <P> A complete cut of the film lasting 152 minutes , silent with synchronised sound , was first shown in Los Angeles on April 21 , 1930 and premiered in New York on

The story of All Quiet on the Western Front is told from the perspective of

From whose perspective is the story of all quiet on the western front told?

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Bay of Pigs invasion - wikipedia <H1> Bay of Pigs invasion </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Invasion of Cuba '' redirects here . For the British invasion in 1741 , see Invasion of Cuba ( 1741 ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Bay of Pigs Invasion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Part of the Cold War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Map showing the location of the Bay of Pigs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> April 17 -- 20 1961 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Bay of Pigs , southern coast of Cuba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> Decisive Cuban victory </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> United States Cuban DRF </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fidel Castro José Ramón Fernández Juan Almeida Bosque Che Guevara Efigenio Ameijeiras </Td> <Td> John F. Kennedy Allen Dulles Charles Cabell Pepe San Román Erneido Oliva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Units involved </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces </Td> <Td> Brigade 2506 CIA U.S. Air Force </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25,000 Cuban army 200,000 Cuban Militia 9,000 armed police </Td> <Td> 1,500 ground forces 8 American B - 26 bombers 5 supply ships </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuban army : 176 killed 500 + wounded </Td> <Td> Brigade 2506 : 118 killed 360 wounded 1,202 captured United States : 4 killed 2 American B - 26 bomber aircraft shot down and 2 supply ships lost </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Location within North America </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Covert United States involvement in regime change </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 Syrian coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 -- 1953 Albania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 -- 56 Tibet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 Iranian coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 -- 57 Syria crisis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 -- 58 Indonesian rebellion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 -- 2000 Cuba , assassination attempts on Fidel Castro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 Congo coup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 Cuba , Bay of Pigs Invasion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 Cuba , Operation Mongoose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 Dominican Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 South Vietnamese coup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 Bolivian coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 Brazilian coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 Ghana coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 Cambodian coup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 Bolivian coup d'état </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 -- 73 Chile </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 -- 89 Afghanistan , Operation Cyclone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 -- 92 Angola , UNITA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 87 Nicaragua , Contras </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 Chad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 Haiti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 Iraq coup attempt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 Afghanistan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 Haiti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 Libyan civil war </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 2017 Syria , Timber Sycamore <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Bay of Pigs Invasion ( Spanish : Invasión de Playa Girón or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos or Batalla de Girón ) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) - sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961 . A counter-revolutionary military group ( made up of mostly Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro 's takeover , but also of some US military personnel ) , trained and funded by the CIA , Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front ( DRF ) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro . Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua , the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces , under the direct command of Castro . </P> <P> The coup of 1952 led by General Fulgencio Batista , an ally of the United States , against President Carlos Prio , forced Prio into exile to Miami , Florida . Prio 's exile was the reason for the 26th July Movement led by Castro . The movement , which did not succeed until after the Cuban Revolution of 31 December 1958 , severed the country 's formerly strong links with the US after nationalizing American economic assets ( banks , oil refineries , sugar and coffee plantations , along with other American owned businesses ) . </P> <P> It was after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 , that Castro forged strong economic links with the Soviet Union , with which , at the time , the United States was engaged in the Cold War . US President Dwight D. Eisenhower was very concerned at the direction Castro 's government was taking , and in March 1960 he allocated $13.1 million to the CIA to plan Castro 's overthrow ( though the plan to overthrow Castro was put off for Kennedy to decide ) . The CIA proceeded to organize the operation with the aid of various Cuban counter-revolutionary forces , training Brigade 2506 in Guatemala . Eisenhower 's successor , John F. Kennedy , approved the final invasion plan on 4 April 1961 . </P> <P> Over 1,400 paramilitaries , divided into five infantry battalions and one paratrooper battalion , assembled in Guatemala before setting out for Cuba by boat on 13 April 1961 . Two days later , on 15 April , eight CIA - supplied B - 26 bombers attacked Cuban airfields and then returned to the US . On the night of 16 April , the main invasion landed at a beach named Playa Girón in the Bay of Pigs . It initially overwhelmed a local revolutionary militia . The Cuban Army 's counter-offensive was led by José Ramón Fernández , before Castro decided to take personal control of the operation . As the US involvement became apparent to the world , and with the initiative turning against the invasion , Kennedy decided against providing further air cover . As a result , the operation only had half the forces the CIA had deemed necessary . The original plan devised during Eisenhower 's presidency had required both air and naval support . On 20 April , the invaders surrendered after only three days , with the majority being publicly interrogated and put into Cuban prisons . </P> <P> The failed invasion helped to strengthen the position of Castro 's leadership , made him a national hero , and cemented the rocky relationship between the former allies . It also strengthened the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . This eventually led to the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . The invasion was a major failure for US foreign policy ; Kennedy ordered a number of internal investigations across Latin America . Cuban forces under Castro 's leadership clashed directly with US forces during the Invasion of Grenada over 20 years later . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution </Li> <Li> 1.2 The counter-revolution </Li> <Li> 1.3 Tensions with the United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Preparation <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Early plans </Li> <Li> 2.2 Eisenhower 's approval </Li> <Li> 2.3 Kennedy 's operational approval </Li> <Li> 2.4 Training </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Participants <Ul> <Li> 3.1 US Government personnel </Li> <Li> 3.2 Cuban government personnel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Prior warnings of invasion </Li> <Li> 5 Prelude to invasion <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Acquisition of Aircraft </Li> <Li> 5.2 Fleet sets sail ( 14 April ) </Li> <Li> 5.3 Air attacks on airfields ( 15 April ) </Li> <Li> 5.4 Deception flight ( Saturday , 15 April ) </Li> <Li> 5.5 Reactions ( 15 April ) </Li> <Li> 5.6 Phony war ( 16 April ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Invasion <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Invasion day ( 17 April ) </Li> <Li> 6.2 Invasion day plus one ( D + 1 ) 18 April </Li> <Li> 6.3 Invasion day plus two ( D + 2 ) 19 April </Li> <Li> 6.4 Invasion day plus three ( D + 3 ) 20 April </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Casualties </Li> <Li> 7.2 Prisoners </Li> <Li> 7.3 Political reaction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Later analysis <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Maxwell Taylor survey </Li> <Li> 8.2 C.I.A. report </Li> <Li> 8.3 Invasion legacy in Cuba </Li> <Li> 8.4 Invasion legacy for Cuban exiles </Li> <Li> 8.5 Spanish term for the event </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Explanatory notes </Li> <Li> 11 References <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 11.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since the middle of the 18th century Cuba had been the crown jewel of the Spanish colonial empire . In the late 19th century , Cuban nationalist revolutionaries rebelled against Spanish dominance , resulting in three liberation wars : the Ten Years ' War ( 1868 -- 1878 ) , the Little War ( 1879 -- 1880 ) and the Cuban War of Independence ( 1895 -- 1898 ) . The United States government proclaimed war on the Spanish Empire , resulting in the Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) . The US subsequently invaded the island , and forced the Spanish army out . On 20 May 1902 , a new independent government proclaimed the foundation of the Republic of Cuba , with US Military governor Leonard Wood handing over control to President Tomás Estrada Palma , a Cuban - born US citizen . Subsequently , large numbers of US settlers and businessmen arrived in Cuba , and by 1905 , 60 % of rural properties were owned by non-Cuban North Americans . Between 1906 and 1909 , 5,000 US Marines were stationed across the island , and returned in 1912 , 1917 and 1921 to intervene in internal affairs , sometimes at the behest of the Cuban government . </P> <H3> Fidel Castro and the Cuban revolution ( edit ) </H3> `` Until Castro , the US was so overwhelmingly influential in Cuba that the American ambassador was the second most important man , sometimes even more important than the Cuban president '' . -- Earl T. Smith , former American Ambassador to Cuba , during 1960 testimony to the US Senate <P> In March 1952 , a Cuban general and politician , Fulgencio Batista , seized power on the island , proclaimed himself president and deposed the discredited president Carlos Prío Socarrás of the Partido Auténtico . Batista canceled the planned presidential elections , and described his new system as `` disciplined democracy '' . Although Batista gained some popular support , many Cubans saw it as the establishment of a one - man dictatorship . Many opponents of the Batista regime took to armed rebellion in an attempt to oust the government , sparking the Cuban Revolution . One of these groups was the National Revolutionary Movement ( Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario -- MNR ) , a militant organization containing largely middle class members that had been founded by the Professor of Philosophy Rafael García Bárcena . Another was the Directorio Revolucionario Estudantil ( DRE ) , which had been founded by the Federation of University Students ( FEU ) President José Antonio Echevarría ( 1932 -- 1957 ) . However , the best known of these anti-Batista groups was the `` 26th of July Movement '' ( MR - 26 - 7 ) , founded by a lawyer named Fidel Castro . With Castro as the MR - 26 - 7 's head , the organization was based upon a clandestine cell system , with each cell containing ten members , none of whom knew the whereabouts or activities of the other

The purpose of the Bay of Pigs mission was

What was the purpose of the bay of pigs mission?

4905519627710399354

June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt - wikipedia <H1> June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ 36 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 24 '' W  /  37.82667 ° N 122.42333 ° W  / 37.82667 ; - 122.42333 </P> <Table> June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Alcatraz , with Angel Island ( the fugitives ' intended destination ) in background </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> June 11 , 1962 ( 1962 - 06 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time </Th> <Td> Approximately 10 : 00 PM ( UTC - 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Alcatraz Island San Francisco , California , United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt is the only successful escape from Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary in its history . Late on the night of June 11 or early morning of June 12 , inmates Clarence Anglin , John Anglin , and Frank Morris tucked heads made out of soap wax resembling their own likenesses into their beds , broke out of the main prison building via an unused utility corridor , and departed Alcatraz Island aboard an improvised inflatable raft to an uncertain fate . </P> <P> Hundreds of leads have been pursued by the FBI and local law enforcement officials in the ensuing years , but no conclusive evidence has ever surfaced favoring the success or failure of the attempt . Numerous theories of widely varying plausibility have been proposed by authorities , reporters , family members , and amateur enthusiasts . In 1979 the FBI officially concluded , on the basis of circumstantial evidence and a preponderance of expert opinion , that the men drowned in the frigid waters of San Francisco Bay before reaching the mainland . The U.S. Marshals Service case file remains open and active , however , and Morris and the Anglin brothers remain on its wanted list . </P> <P> Recent experimental and computer - simulated evidence has suggested that the ultimate outcome of the attempt may have depended on the exact time of the men 's departure aboard the raft . A 2015 documentary presented circumstantial evidence in support of a longstanding rumor that two of the men -- the Anglin brothers -- had survived and fled to Brazil ; but a government expert concluded that the one piece of physical evidence , a 1975 photograph , did not support that conclusion . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Previous attempts </Li> <Li> 2 Inmates <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Frank Morris </Li> <Li> 2.2 John and Clarence Anglin </Li> <Li> 2.3 Allen West </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Escape </Li> <Li> 4 Investigation </Li> <Li> 5 Aftermath </Li> <Li> 6 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Previous attempts ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Alcatraz escape attempts <P> Of the 36 inmates who staged 14 escape attempts over the 29 years that Alcatraz served as a federal penitentiary , 23 were recaptured , six were shot and killed , two drowned , and five ( including Morris and the Anglins ) are listed as missing and presumed drowned . </P> <P> One inmate , John Paul Scott , successfully swam from the island to Fort Point , at the southern end of the Golden Gate Bridge , on December 16 , 1962 . Kids who were on the beach at the time found him and called the police because they thought he was dead . When the police saw him he was immediately identified as the escapee that they had been looking for . He was recaptured the same day and sent back to the rock , exhausted and hypothermic . Today , multitudes of athletes swim the same Alcatraz -- Fort Point route as part of one of two annual triathlon events . </P> <H2> Inmates ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Frank Morris ( edit ) </H3> Frank Morris <P> Frank Lee Morris ( September 1 , 1926 -- disappeared June 11 , 1962 ) was born in Washington , D.C. . He was orphaned at age 11 , and spent most of his formative years in foster homes . He was convicted of his first crime at age 13 , and by his late teens had been arrested for crimes ranging from narcotics possession to armed robbery . Morris reportedly ranked in the top 2 % of the general population in intelligence , as measured by IQ testing . He served time in Florida and Georgia , then escaped from the Louisiana State Penitentiary while serving 10 years for bank robbery . He was recaptured a year later while committing a burglary , and sent to Alcatraz in 1960 as inmate number AZ1441 . </P> <H3> John and Clarence Anglin ( edit ) </H3> John Anglin Clarence Anglin <P> The Anglin brothers , John William ( May 2 , 1930 -- disappeared June 11 , 1962 ) and Clarence ( May 11 , 1931 -- disappeared June 11 , 1962 ) were born into a family of thirteen children in Donalsonville , Georgia . Their parents , George Robert Anglin and Rachael Van Miller Anglin , were seasonal farm workers ; in the early 1940s , they moved the family to Ruskin , Florida , 20 miles south of Tampa , where the truck farms and tomato fields provided a more reliable source of income . Each June they would migrate north as far as Michigan to pick cherries . Clarence and John were reportedly inseparable as youngsters ; they became skilled swimmers , and amazed their siblings by swimming in the frigid waters of Lake Michigan as ice still floated on its surface . </P> <P> They began robbing banks and other establishments as a team in the early 1950s , usually targets that were closed , to ensure that no one got injured . They claimed that they used a weapon only once , during a bank heist -- a toy gun . They were arrested in 1956 . Both received 15 - to 20 - year sentences , which they served at Florida State Prison , Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary , and then Atlanta Penitentiary . </P> <P> After repeated failed attempts to escape from the Atlanta facility , the brothers were transferred to Alcatraz . John arrived on October 21 , 1960 , as inmate AZ1476 , and Clarence on January 10 , 1961 , as inmate AZ1485 . </P> <H3> Allen West ( edit ) </H3> <P> Allen Clayton West ( March 25 , 1929 -- December 21 , 1978 ) was imprisoned for car theft in 1955 , first at Atlanta Penitentiary , then at Florida State Prison . After an unsuccessful escape attempt from the Florida facility , he was transferred to Alcatraz in 1957 and became inmate AZ1335 . </P> <P> West was the only conspirator who did not participate in the actual escape ; he was left behind when a stuck ventilator grill prevented him from leaving his cell . He cooperated fully with the escape investigation and was not charged for his role in the attempt . </P> <P> West was transferred to McNeil Island , Washington when Alcatraz was deactivated in 1963 , and later , back to Atlanta Penitentiary . After serving his sentence , followed by two additional sentences in Georgia and Florida , he was released in 1967 , only to be arrested again in Florida the following year on charges of grand larceny . At Florida State Prison he fatally stabbed another prisoner in October 1972 , in what may have been a racially motivated incident . He was serving multiple sentences , including life imprisonment on the murder conviction , when he died of acute peritonitis in 1978 . </P> <H2> Escape ( edit ) </H2> Escapee 's prison cell , with widened vent opening beneath the sink <P> The four inmates began formulating an escape strategy , under the leadership of Morris , the most intelligent of the four , after they were assigned adjacent cells in December 1961 . ( The men may have known one another previously , at the federal penitentiary in Atlanta as well . ) Working at night over the subsequent six months , they gradually widened ventilation duct openings in their cells ' walls , using saw blades they found discarded on the prison grounds , spoons stolen from the commissary , and a drill improvised from the motor of a broken vacuum cleaner . They concealed the holes with cardboard and paint , and their work noise with Morris 's accordion playing . </P> <P> The widened holes opened into an unguarded utility corridor behind the cell tier . From the corridor they climbed to the roof of their cell block , inside the building , where they set up a small workshop . There , they assembled a variety of stolen and donated materials , including more than 50 raincoats that they turned into makeshift life preservers and a 6 - by - 14 - foot ( 1.8 by 4.3 m ) rubber raft , the seams carefully stitched together and sealed with heat from nearby steam pipes . They stole a small accordion - like concertina from another inmate to serve as a bellows to inflate the raft , and built makeshift paddles from scrap wood . Finally , they climbed a ventilation shaft leading to a large fan and grille on the roof and cut away the rivets holding both in place . </P> Dummy head found in Morris ' cell <P> The men concealed their absences while working outside their cells -- and after the escape itself -- by sculpting dummy heads from a home - made papier - mâché - like mixture of soap and toilet paper , and giving them a realistic appearance with paint from the maintenance shop and hair from the barbershop floor . With towels and clothing piled under the blankets in their bunks and the dummy heads positioned on the pillows , they appeared to be sleeping peacefully . </P> <P> On the night of June 11 , 1962 , with all preparations completed , the men initiated their escape . West had used cement to shore up crumbling concrete around his vent opening , and it had hardened , narrowing the hole and fixing the grill in place . By the time he was able to remove the grill and re-widen the hole sufficiently , the others had left without him ; he returned to his cell and went to sleep . West later cooperated fully with investigators , giving them a detailed description of the escape plan , and as a result was not punished for his role in it . </P> Unguarded utility corridor behind the escapees ' cells <P> From the service corridor , Morris and the Anglins climbed the ventilation shaft to the roof . Guards heard a loud crash as they broke out of the shaft , but since nothing further was heard , the source of the noise was not investigated . Hauling their gear with them , they descended 50 feet ( 15 m ) to the ground by sliding down a kitchen vent pipe , then climbed two 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) barbed - wire perimeter fences . At the northeast shoreline , near the power plant -- a blind spot in the prison 's network of searchlights and gun towers -- they inflated their raft with the concertina . At some time after 10 o'clock , investigators estimated , they departed in the dense fog toward their objective , Angel Island , two miles to the north . </P> <H2> Investigation ( edit ) </H2> FBI wanted poster of John Anglin <P> The escape was not discovered until the morning of June 12 due to the successful dummy head ruse . An extensive air , sea , and land search involving multiple military and law enforcement agencies

The person who escaped from Alcatraz was

Who was the person who escaped from alcatraz?

9200381329776083757

The New Colossus - wikipedia <H1> The New Colossus </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Emma Lazarus sonnet . For the 2017 video game , see Wolfenstein II : The New Colossus . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The New Colossus </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Emma Lazarus 's manuscript </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created </Th> <Td> 1883 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , New York City , New York , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author ( s ) </Th> <Td> Emma Lazarus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Purpose </Th> <Td> Sonnet was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the monument in 1903 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` The New Colossus '' is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus ( 1849 -- 1887 ) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty . In 1903 , the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal 's lower level . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History of the poem </Li> <Li> 2 Contents </Li> <Li> 3 Influence </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History of the poem ( edit ) </H2> The Statue of Liberty in New York City <P> This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the `` Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty '' to raise money for the pedestal 's construction . Lazarus 's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts . Initially she refused but writer Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor . </P> <P> `` The New Colossus '' was the first entry read at the exhibit 's opening on November 2 , 1883 , and remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885 , but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886 . It was , however , published in Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period . In 1901 , Lazarus 's friend Georgina Schuyler began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem , which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty . </P> <P> The line `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' is missing a comma , and reads `` Keep ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' on the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty since its unveiling in 1903 . </P> <P> The original manuscript is held by the American Jewish Historical Society . </P> <H2> Contents ( edit ) </H2> The Colossus of Rhodes , as depicted in an artist 's impression of 1880 <P> Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame , With conquering limbs astride from land to land ; Here at our sea - washed , sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch , whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning , and her name MOTHER OF EXILES . From her beacon - hand Glows world - wide welcome ; her mild eyes command The air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame . `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' cries she With silent lips . `` Give me your tired , your poor , Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free , The wretched refuse of your teeming shore . Send these , the homeless , tempest - tost to me , I lift my lamp beside the golden door ! '' </P> <P> The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet . </P> <P> The title of the poem and the first two lines refer to the Colossus of Rhodes , which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , sometimes described as standing astride the harbor . </P> <P> The `` sea - washed , sunset gates '' are the mouths of the Hudson and East Rivers , to the west of Brooklyn . The `` imprisoned lightning '' refers to the electric light in the torch , then a novelty . </P> <P> The `` air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame '' refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn , which were consolidated into one unit in 1898 , 15 years after the poem was written . </P> <P> The `` huddled masses '' are the many immigrants coming to the United States ( many of them through Ellis Island at the port of New York ) . </P> <H2> Influence ( edit ) </H2> Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty <P> Paul Auster wrote that `` Bartholdi 's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism , but ' The New Colossus ' reinvented the statue 's purpose , turning Liberty into a welcoming mother , a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world . '' </P> <P> John T. Cunningham wrote that `` The Statue of Liberty was not conceived and sculpted as a symbol of immigration , but it quickly became so as immigrant ships passed under the torch and the shining face , heading toward Ellis Island . However , it was ( Lazarus 's poem ) that permanently stamped on Miss Liberty the role of unofficial greeter of incoming immigrants . '' </P> <P> The poem has entered the political realm . It was quoted in John F. Kennedy 's book A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) as well as a 2010 political speech by President Obama advocating immigration policy reform . On August 2nd , 2017 , the poem and its importance to the Statue of Liberty 's symbolism and thus the effect on American immigration policy , was debated in a White House briefing . </P> <P> Classical composer David Ludwig set the poem to music , which was performed at the worship service of President Obama 's 2013 inauguration ceremony . </P> <P> Author and scholar Julia Gordon - Bramer theorizes that Sylvia Plath 's poem , `` Lady Lazarus , '' is about the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus in her book , Fixed Stars Govern a Life : Decoding Sylvia Plath , volume one ( 2014 , Stephen F. Austin State University Press ) . </P> <P> Parts of the poem also appear in popular culture . The Broadway musical Miss Liberty , with music and lyrics by Irving Berlin , an immigrant himself , used the final stanza beginning `` Give me your tired , your poor '' as the basis for a song . It was also read in the 1941 film Hold Back the Dawn as well as being recited by the heroine in Alfred Hitchcock 's wartime film Saboteur . Harpist and singer Joanna Newsom indirectly references the poem in her 2015 song `` Sapokanikan , '' in contrast to the forbidding colossus of Percy Bysshe Shelley 's Ozymandias . The poem is read aloud in the eponymous episode , `` New Colossus '' , in the 2016 Netflix web series The OA . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . US : National Park Service . 2007 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lazarus , Emma , The New Colossus , Liberty State Park </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cara A ( 2003 ) , The Statue of Liberty : The Museum of the City of New York , Barnes & Noble , p. 77 , ISBN 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 4 , auction of art and literary work ; Mark Twain also contributed . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Young , Bette Roth ( 1997 ) , Emma Lazarus in Her World : Life and Letters , The Jewish Publication Society , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0618 - 4 , ... fell into obscurity . At the unveiling of the statue ( ... ) both Emma and her sonnet were absent ( ... ) Georgina Schuyler set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem , inscribed on a bronze tablet , inside the pedestal ... . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Felder , Deborah G ; Rosen , Diana L ( 2003 ) , Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World , Citadel , p. 45 , ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2443 - X , ... William Maxwell Evert ( sic ; presumably a misspelling of `` William Maxwell Evarts ) asked ( ... ) Lazarus ( ... ) to compose original works ( ... ) who ( ... ) refused ( ... ) until ( ... ) Constance Cary Harrison ( ... ) suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York ... . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Image - Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty - Engineering , Construction , and Crossing the Atlantic '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Park Service - Statue of Liberty - Emma Lazarus '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shapiro , Gary ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( 2011 ) , `` How a Sonnet Made a Statue the ' Mother of Exiles ' '' , New York Times , retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Auster , Paul ( 2005 ) , `` NYC = USA '' , Collected Prose : Autobiographical Writings , True Stories , Critical Essays , Prefaces , and Collaborations with Artists , Picador , p. 508 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 42468 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cunningham , John T ( 2003 ) , Ellis Island : Immigration 's Shining Center , Arcadia Publishing , pp. 46 -- 48 , ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2428 - X . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McGill , Meredith L. ( 2008 ) . The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Rutgers University Press . p. 118 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Obama edits Emma Lazarus poem on Statue of Liberty '' . The Oval . USA Today . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curtis Part of Inauguration Day Ceremonies '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Esther Schor , Emma Lazarus , Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2008 , page 255 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) . `` '' ' The text will not yield ' : Fleeting Tesserae in Joanna Newsom 's Sapokanikan `` '' . Medium . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The OA Recap : Yearning to Breathe Free '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : The New Colossus </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Lazarus , Emma , `` The new Colossus '' , A Century of Immigration , 1820

The inscription on the Statue of Liberty is located

Where is the inscription on the statue of liberty?

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I 'm Coming Out - wikipedia <H1> I 'm Coming Out </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the Ugly Betty episode , see I 'm Coming Out ( Ugly Betty ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` I 'm Coming Out '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> One of the cover arts for German vinyl singles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Diana Ross </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Diana </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Give Up '' `` Friend to Friend '' `` Never Say I Do n't Love You '' `` My Old Piano '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> August 22 , 1980 ( 1980 - 08 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 `` , 12 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> December 1979 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Disco , funk , soul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 24 ( album version ) 3 : 59 ( radio edit ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Motown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bernard Edwards , Nile Rodgers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Nile Rodgers , Bernard Edwards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Diana Ross singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Upside Down '' ( 1980 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 1980 ) </Td> <Td> `` My Old Piano '' ( 1980 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Upside Down '' ( 1980 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( 1980 ) </Td> <Td> `` My Old Piano '' ( 1980 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Audio sample </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> file </Li> <Li> help </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Alternative releases </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> French 7 - inch vinyl single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` I 'm Coming Out '' is a song recorded by American singer Diana Ross . It was written and produced by Chic members Bernard Edwards and Nile Rodgers , and released in August 22 , 1980 as the second single from Ross ' self - titled tenth album Diana ( 1980 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Chart success and cultural impact </Li> <Li> 3 LGBT significance </Li> <Li> 4 Trombone solo </Li> <Li> 5 Music video </Li> <Li> 6 Track listings </Li> <Li> 7 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 7.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Samples and covers </Li> <Li> 9 Hella von Sinnen version : `` Mein Coming Out '' </Li> <Li> 10 Amerie version <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Music video </Li> <Li> 10.2 Track listings </Li> <Li> 10.3 Charts </Li> <Li> 10.4 Release history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1979 , Ross commissioned Chic founders Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards to create material for a new album after taking her daughters to see the band in concert , following the success of Ross 's final Ashford & Simpson - composed and produced LP , The Boss . Rodgers got the idea for `` I 'm Coming Out '' after noticing three different drag queens dressed as Diana Ross at a New York club called the GG Barnum Room . The lyrics hold an additional meaning to Ross , as she was leaving Motown Records and `` coming out '' from under Berry Gordy 's thumb . </P> <H2> Chart success and cultural impact ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was another hit from the album , peaking at number five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for two weeks in November 1980 . It is also notable for being the first song usually performed at Ross ' performances and concerts since 1980 . </P> <H2> LGBT significance ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` I 'm Coming Out '' has been regarded as an anthem for the LGBT community . The phrase `` coming out '' to describe one 's self - disclosure of sexual orientation or gender identity had been present in the gay subculture in the early 20th century , analogous to a débutante 's coming - out party or celebration of her formal presentation to society . It has also been understood as `` coming out of the closet '' or coming out from hiding . The song is thus interpreted as a celebration of lesbian , gay , bisexual , or transgender , identity and the encouragement of self - disclosure . </P> <H2> Trombone solo ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rodgers convinced his neighbor , producer Meco Monardo , to contract the horns for the album in return for a commitment by Rodgers to co-produce Monardo 's then - upcoming album of music from The Empire Strikes Back . Monardo , a former first - call session player who had a string of hits in the late 1970s with disco versions of film music , also played trombone on the album and is featured in a solo towards the end of `` I 'm Coming Out '' : </P> <P> Nile recorded all the tracks and vocals and called me and my horn section for a 3 - hour date . We had a great time , as the songs were fabulous -- especially `` Upside Down '' and `` I 'm Coming Out '' . We sounded great -- Nile was pleased and as I was packing up , he asked me to stay and play a jazz trombone solo on one of the tracks . I said , `` Nile , there are a lot of hit records with jazz saxophone solos -- even some with jazz trumpet solos , but not one with a trombone '' ! ! He said . `` That 's exactly why I want you to do it '' ! ! I was a little bit rusty at first as I had n't had a call to play jazz in years , so we ended up with four separate tracks of solos , with the intention of picking the best parts to make one great solo when later he went to mix it . I reminded Nile of our agreement and he said he was looking forward to ' The Empire Strikes Back ' as he was a Star Wars fan himself . </P> -- <P> Trombone solos have been rare on Top 40 songs in the post-big band era and especially so since the 1960s . Notable exceptions include brief solos by James Pankow on a handful of early Chicago hits and Clifford Adams ' brief solo on Kool & the Gang 's 1983 hit `` Joanna '' . The pitch in Monardo 's solo is unusually indistinct for an instrumentalist of his stature , which he later explained was due to problems in the final mixing of the track : </P> <P> Weeks went by when I heard through the grapevine that Diana Ross was incredibly unhappy with the album . She thought Nile and Bernard made her sound like Chic . She took the master tapes from Power Station and went to Motown in Detroit to remix the record . When it came out , her early interviews were very unenthusiastic about it and Nile and Bernard , her producers . Well , as we all know , this turned out to be her biggest - selling solo album ever . `` Upside Down '' was a monster Number - One single and `` I 'm Coming Out '' was a top - ten single . </P> <P> It turned out that when the engineer at Motown saw the track listings of Meco 1 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 , he just assumed that Track 1 was THE track and never listened to the others , and so that 's what is on the record . So , I 'm extremely proud to say that my solo is the only jazz trombone solo of a top - ten pop hit in the last 50 years ! But -- it was n't my best -- that , unfortunately lies in the vaults at Motown . </P> <P> The dispute with Ross led to none of the musicians being credited on the album cover and also may have had a part in Rodgers backing out of his commitment to Monardo 's Meco Plays Music from The Empire Strikes Back album . However , Rodgers and Ross later mended their professional relationship and subsequent digital releases of the album credit Monardo and the other musicians . A 2003 two - disc release of the album included the Rodgers / Edwards mix originally rejected by Ross , as a bonus track . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> Diana Ross performing in the music video to the song with some studio musicians live in concert . </P> <H2> Track listings ( edit ) </H2> <P> U.S. , UK , French , and German 7 '' and 12 '' single </P> <Ul> <Li> Side A : </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` I 'm Coming Out '' </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Side B : </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Give Up '' </Li> </Ol> <P> Dutch 7 '' and 12 '' single </P> <Ul> <Li> Side A : </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` I 'm Coming Out '' </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Side B : </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Never Say I Do n't Love You '' </Li> </Ol> <P> Swedish 7 '' single </P> <Ul> <Li> Side A : </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` I 'm Coming Out '' </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Side B : </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` My Old Piano '' </Li> </Ol> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1980 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( SNEP ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot Soul Singles </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot Disco Singles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1980 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1981 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Samples and covers ( edit ) </H2> <P> The distinctive sound of `` I 'm Coming Out '' and its resulting popularity has led to Ross 's song often being sampled , most notably by Stevie J , who sampled the song for rapper The Notorious B.I.G. 's 1997 song `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' . There 's also been a cover by Marcia Hines . It was featured as a cover for the video game Karaoke Revolution as well . In more recent times , the song was sampled in Keyshia Cole 's remake of `` I 'm Coming Out '' ( featuring Iggy Azalea ) for the original soundtrack of the 2014 movie The Other Woman , starring Cameron Diaz , Kate Upton and Leslie Mann

The song "I'm Coming Out" by Diana Ross was released on

When did i'm coming out come out?