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) </Td> <Td> February 11 , 2018 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain . However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them , before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 128 </Th> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い 誇り 最後 まで ! ベジータ 散る ! ! ) </Td> <Td> February 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament . Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . Even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . He is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him . Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 129 </Th> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界 超絶 突破 ! 身勝手 の 極意 極まる ! ! ) </Td> <Td> March 4 , 2018 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches . Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 130 </Th> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前 絶後 の 超 決戦 ! 究極 の サバイバル バトル ! ! ) </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza . No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren 's blast . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 131 </Th> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡 の 決着 ! さらば 悟空 ! また 会う 日 まで ! ! ) </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2018 </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power , and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons , as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Whis restores Frieza to life . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again . Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength . They race towards each other to fight . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part One </Td> <Td> July 25 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part Two </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 -- 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part Three </Td> <Td> February 20 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 -- 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part Four </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 40 -- 52 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Discs </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 1 </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 2 </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 -- 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 3 </Td> <Td> July 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 -- 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 4 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37 -- 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 5 </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 49 -- 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 6 </Td> <Td> April 4 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 61 -- 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 7 </Td> <Td> August 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73 -- 84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 8 </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 85 -- 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Box 9 </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 97 -- 108

Dragon Ball Super episode 130 was released on

When does dragon ball super episode 130 comes out?

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year formation process toward the Jesuit priesthood . This program is administered by the Chicago Province Society of Jesus . </P> <P> Saint Joseph College Seminary serves the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago and provides vocational training to candidates of diocesan priesthood . Loyola University also provides rigorous religious education for those seeking careers in lay ministry with the Loyola University Institute of Pastoral Studies as well as degree opportunities in interdisciplinary Catholic studies . </P> <P> Loyola 's Department of Theology also offers undergraduate and graduate courses in the study of systematic theology , ethics , and Biblical studies , offering a diverse set of classes that are not limited to religious studies in a Catholic context . </P> <H3> Schools and colleges ( edit ) </H3> <P> Loyola Chicago is composed of the following schools and colleges : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> College of Arts & Sciences </Li> <Li> Quinlan School of Business </Li> <Li> School of Communication </Li> <Li> School of Continuing and Professional Studies </Li> <Li> School of Education </Li> <Li> The Graduate School </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> School of Law </Li> <Li> Stritch School of Medicine </Li> <Li> Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing </Li> <Li> School of Social Work </Li> <Li> Saint Joseph College Seminary </Li> <Li> Arrupe College </Li> <Li> The Institute of Environmental Sustainability </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Student Life ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Residential Life ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most of the residence halls and apartments managed by Loyola 's Department of Residence Life are in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods surrounding the Lake Shore Campus . One , Baumhart Hall , is at the Water Tower Campus on the Magnificent Mile in Chicago . Most of Loyola 's residence halls are named after other Jesuit colleges and universities . </P> <P> First - year students may live in one of the following residences on the Lake Shore campus : Campion Hall , de Nobili Hall , Mertz Hall , Regis Hall , San Francisco Hall , and the Simpson Living Learning Center ( Simpson Hall ) . Simpson , Mertz , and de Nobili Halls are conveniently located above dining halls that serve these buildings and the halls surrounding them . Residence halls on the north side of campus are served by a dining hall and food court in the Damen Student Center . First - and second - year students are required to live in on - campus housing . </P> <P> Upperclass students are permitted to choose from fourteen residences at the Lake Shore campus : Bellarmine , Canisius , Fairfield , Fordham , Georgetown , LeMoyne , Marquette , Marquette South , Messina , Regis , Santa Clara , Seattle , Spring Hill and Xavier Halls . Santa Clara Hall is on Loyola Avenue right on Lake Michigan . Upperclassmen can also choose to live in Baumhart Hall , located at 26 E. Pearson , just a block from the Magnificent Mile in downtown Chicago . It is a 25 - floor apartment - style residence for upperclassmen and graduate students at Loyola University . Students living in Baumhart and taking classes on the Water Tower Campus have access to two dining facilities : Nina 's Cafe ( in the Corboy Law Center ) and LU 's Old - Fashioned Deli and Pub ( in the Terry Student Center ) . </P> <H3> Greek Life ( edit ) </H3> <P> Loyola University Chicago is home to several Greek letter organizations . Among them are traditional social fraternities and sororities , professional co-ed fraternities , and cultural interest fraternities and sororities . </P> <P> Inter-Fraternity Council chapters include Beta Theta Pi , Tau Kappa Epsilon , Sigma Chi , and Delta Sigma Phi . </P> <P> Panhellenic Council chapters include Alpha Chi Omega , Alpha Sigma Alpha , Phi Sigma Sigma , Kappa Kappa Gamma , Chi Omega , and Alpha Delta Pi . </P> <P> Professional co-ed fraternities include Delta Sigma Pi , Phi Delta Epsilon , as well as service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega . </P> <P> Cultural interest fraternities include the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations ( NALFO ) co-ed fraternity Alpha Psi Lambda . Loyola is also home to the Latino fraternity Lambda Upsilon Lambda fraternity , and the African - American fraternities Alpha Phi Alpha , Kappa Alpha Psi , and Phi Beta Sigma . Cultural interest sororities include Gamma Phi Omega , Sigma Lambda Gamma , Lambda Theta Alpha , Delta Phi Lambda , Delta Sigma Theta and Alpha Kappa Alpha . </P> <H3> College radio station ( edit ) </H3> <P> Loyola University owned and operated a low - power , carrier current radio station , WLUC - AM , in the 1960s . Students broadcast an eclectic music format on 600 kHz to Lake Shore Campus buildings and the surrounding Rogers Park neighborhood . The station had a well - equipped studio in a University - owned Student Life house on Loyola Avenue . The structure was demolished to make way for the Crown Center for the Humanities . </P> <P> WLUC - AM was replaced by an on - air FM station , WLUW , in the 1970s . </P> <H3> Athletics ( edit ) </H3> LU Wolf at a Loyola Men 's basketball game Main article : Loyola Ramblers <P> NCAA Division I National Championships ( 3 ) : 1963 Men 's Basketball , 2014 Men 's Volleyball , 2015 Men 's Volleyball </P> <P> Loyola is home to 11 varsity teams , most of which compete in NCAA Division I . The teams include men and women 's basketball , cross country , men and women 's golf , men and women 's soccer , softball , track , and men and women 's volleyball . The nickname `` Ramblers '' was first applied to Loyola 's football team in 1926 because they frequently traveled throughout the United States . </P> <P> LU Wolf is the mascot for the University . He was inspired by the coat - of - arms of St. Ignatius of Loyola , from whom Loyola derives its name , which depicts two wolves standing over a kettle . Taken from the heraldic crest carved in the lintel on St. Ignatius ' family home in Azpeitia , Spain , the wolves and cauldron refer to the prosperity and generosity of the Loyola family , who , after feeding family , retainers and soldiers , had enough food to feed even the wild animals . </P> <P> Loyola 's men 's basketball team , the Ramblers , won the 1963 national championship . Loyola is the only Division I NCAA school in Illinois to have won a national title in men 's basketball . They also hold the all - time highest win percentage of any team to ever compete in the NCAA tournament . Loyola sits slightly ahead of Duke University . The Loyola Ramblers men 's volleyball team won back - to - back NCAA championships in 2014 </P> <P> From 1970 to 1971 , Loyola had a club football team , led by Coach Dick Blackmore . The Ramblers won the Club Football National Championship in 1971 but were shut down after the University showed little interest . In 2012 , the club football program was started again by students Robert L. O'Mullan and Luke Culley . John Clarke was the first head coach , followed by Connor Gomez . The Rambler football team competes in the Great Lakes ( West ) conference in the National Club Football Association . </P> <P> The Loyola Ramblers men 's volleyball team won back - to - back NCAA championships in 2014 and 2015 . </P> <P> In 2018 , Loyola 's men 's basketball team won the Missouri Valley Conference tournament championship to qualify for the 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament for the first time since 1985 . The 11 - seed Ramblers recorded four straight upset victories against the Miami Hurricanes , Tennessee Volunteers , Nevada Wolf Pack , and Kansas State Wildcats to advance to the Final Four . However , the Michigan Wolverines defeated Loyola in the Final Four . </P> <H2> Notable alumni ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Loyola University Chicago people <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` University Facing Potential $4 Million Budget Deficit in 3 Years if Costs Not Cut '' . Loyola Phoenix . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Color Palette : University Marketing and Communication : Loyola University Chicago '' . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood , IL US News Best Hospitals '' . health.usnews.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LUC State of the University Fall 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Chicago Official Athletic Site '' . www.loyolaramblers.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NC Men 's Volleyball '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Key Facts . luc.edu </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Young , Kathy . `` Research Guides : Archives and Special Collections : History of Loyola University Chicago '' . libguides.luc.edu . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The miracle along the lake '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How cheap money is helping Loyola expand '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Us : Loyola University Chicago '' . Loyola University Chicago -- Cuneo Mansion & Gardens . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Chicago Loyola Chicago Best College US News '' . colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A debt - free college for students who struggle most '' . CNN . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Chicago Lake Shore Campus Lake Shore Campus '' . www.luc.edu . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AssetDetail '' . focus.nps.gov . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cudahy Library -- Loyola University Chicago Archived May 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Institute of Environmental Sustainability About Us : Loyola University Chicago '' . Loyola University Chicago -- Institute of Environmental Sustainability . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What Loyola is Doing What Loyola is Doing : Loyola University Chicago '' . Loyola University Chicago -- Institute of Environmental Sustainability . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Greenest Colleges : The Top 10 '' . Sierra Club . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Namesakes of campus buildings highlight Loyola 's long history '' . Loyola Phoenix . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The John and Kathy Schreiber Center : Loyola University Chicago '' . Loyola University Chicago -- Quinlan School of Business . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Loyola selling hospitals to Trinity Health '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Chicago Accelerated Bachelor of Science in Nursing '' . Loyola ABSN . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Loyola University Chicago Rome Center Rome Center '' . www.luc.edu . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Felice 1923 -- 2008 : Loyola University Chicago '' . Loyola University Chicago -- John Felice Rome Center . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^

The name Loyola University originates from

Where does the name loyola university come from?

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Shameless ( Season 8 ) - wikipedia <H1> Shameless ( Season 8 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Shameless ( season 8 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Promotional poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Showtime </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The eighth season of Shameless , an American comedy - drama television series based on the award - winning British series of the same name by Paul Abbott , was announced on December 19 , 2016 , a day after the seventh season finale . The season will consist of a total of 12 episodes . It is slated to premiere on November 5 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main </Li> <Li> 1.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) characters <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher </Li> <Li> Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher </Li> <Li> Jeremy Allen White as Philip `` Lip '' Gallagher </Li> <Li> Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher </Li> <Li> Shanola Hampton as Veronica Fisher </Li> <Li> Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana Fisher </Li> <Li> Steve Howey as Kevin Ball </Li> <Li> Emma Kenney as Deborah `` Debbie '' Gallagher </Li> <Li> Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Christian Isaiah as Liam Gallagher </Li> <Li> Ruby Modine as Sierra </Li> <Li> Zack Pearlman as Neil </Li> <Li> Elliot Fletcher as Trevor </Li> <Li> Scott Michael Campbell as Brad </Li> <Li> Jessica Szohr as Nessa </Li> <Li> Richard Flood as Ford </Li> <Li> Farah Tahir as Adeeb </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 85 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` We Become What We ... Frank ! '' </Td> <Td> Iain B. MacDonald </Td> <Td> John Wells </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 86 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Where 's My Meth ? '' </Td> <Td> Anthony Hemingway </Td> <Td> Nancy M. Pimental </Td> <Td> November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 87 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` God Bless Her Rotting Soul '' </Td> <Td> Michael Morris </Td> <Td> Krista Vernoff </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 88 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' </Td> <Td> Regina King </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 89 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The ( Mis ) Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> Sheila Callaghan </Td> <Td> December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Renewed For Season 8 By Showtime '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Showtime ( R ) Picks Up Eighth Season of Its Hit Series `` Shameless '' `` . The Futon Critic . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jade , Saura ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` TVLine Items : Shameless Return Date , DC 's Legends Hails Caesar and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' : Emmy Rossum Resolves Salary Standoff , Paving Way for Season 8 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , Shelia ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` we 're back , babies ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hampton , Shanola ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` When you get an email with your first table read of SEASON 8 on a show you 've been on since the pilot , you ca n't help but give God praise ! ! ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paolo , Lyn ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` @ cameronmonaghan See you soon ... '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Modine , Ruby ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` First table read '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenney , Emma ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` GIRL VS VEGGIE BURGER . a truthful & telling series by @ zackpearlman . friday night shoot vibezzz '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Shameless enlists Jessica Szohr for Season 8 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Casts Richard Flood ; Merit Leighton Joins ' Alexa & Katie ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- Season 8 Episode 1 '' . Showtime . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- Season 8 Episode 2 '' . Showtime . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- Season 8 Episode 3 '' . Showtime . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- Season 8 Episode 4 '' . Showtime . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shanola Hampton ( @ shanolahampton ) ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` The queen has arrived to direct episode 4 ! ! ! ! Yaaaaassss ! # ReginaKing # Shameless www.instagram.com/p/BWYQeArD7PL/ '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sheila Callaghan ( @ sheilacalla ) ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Episode 805 . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> List of Shameless episodes on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Shameless </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original version </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Episodes </Li> <Li> Characters <Ul> <Li> Frank Gallagher </Li> <Li> Carl Gallagher </Li> <Li> Ian Gallagher </Li> <Li> Jamie Maguire </Li> <Li> Karen Maguire </Li> <Li> Mimi Maguire </Li> <Li> Shane Maguire </Li> <Li> Mickey Maguire </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. adaptation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Episodes <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shameless_(season_8)&oldid=807021668 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Official website not in Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 12 : 26 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

Season 8 of Shameless returns on

When does season 8 of shameless come back?

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Super Bowl 50 halftime show - wikipedia <H1> Super Bowl 50 halftime show </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Super Bowl 50 halftime show <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> February 7 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Santa Clara , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue </Th> <Td> Levi 's Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headliner </Th> <Td> Coldplay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special guests </Th> <Td> Beyoncé , Bruno Mars with Mark Ronson , Gustavo Dudamel , Youth Orchestra L.A , University of California Marching Band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sponsor </Th> <Td> Pepsi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director </Th> <Td> Hamish Hamilton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> Ricky Kirshner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Super Bowl halftime show chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> XLIX ( 2015 ) </Td> <Td> 50 ( 2016 ) </Td> <Td> LI ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show took place on February 7 , 2016 , at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California as part of Super Bowl 50 . It was headlined by the British rock group Coldplay with special guest performers Beyoncé and Bruno Mars , who previously had headlined the Super Bowl XLVII and Super Bowl XLVIII halftime shows , respectively . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Performance </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Controversy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Commercial reception </Li> <Li> 5 Set list </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> Levi 's Stadium , location of Super Bowl 50 and the halftime show <P> Coldplay , Rihanna , and Katy Perry were considered as potential acts for the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show in 2015 . Perry was soon confirmed as the headliner of the halftime show in October 2014 . In late November , 2015 , reports surfaced stating that multiple acts would perform during the halftime show . Coldplay was confirmed as the lead half time performer for Super Bowl 50 on December 3 , 2015 , one day before the release of their seventh studio album A Head Full of Dreams . It was confirmed that Beyoncé and Bruno Mars would join Coldplay as special guests . Chris Martin called Mars to ask him to perform with Coldplay ; however , Mars declined the offer . Nevertheless , the singer of Coldplay invited Mars to his studio in Malibu where he was working . There , Martin revealed to Mars that he wanted for him to perform `` Uptown Funk '' with Beyonce . Despite this , Mars still did n't think it was a good idea and asked the former to talk to Beyonce to see what was her opinion on that . Martin videotaped him and Mars , while the former sang a song to Beyoncé so that she would come to do the Super Bowl with both of them . Beyonce response was receptive to the idea . </P> <P> At that time , Mars and Beyoncé were both doing a diet and stressing out . One day before the performance they were `` watching playback backstage '' , while Beyonce ate a bag of Cheetos . Mars asked her `` That 's what you 're doing ? '' , to which she replied `` There 's nothing more we can do these last two days . It 's gon na be what it 's gon na be . So I 'm gon na enjoy this bag of Cheetos . '' Mars strongly believes that Beyoncé is `` coming for you every single time . So you better bring your A-game every time . '' </P> <H2> Performance ( edit ) </H2> Coldplay performing the halftime show . Coldplay frontman Chris Martin during the performance . Field during the halftime show . The audience participates in a card stunt <P> The show opened with Chris Martin singing the opening chorus from `` Yellow '' . He was then joined by the remaining band members of Coldplay to perform `` Viva la Vida '' , `` Paradise '' , and `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' with the Youth Orchestra Los Angeles conducted by Gustavo Dudamel and the University of California Marching Band . Bruno Mars , Mark Ronson , and a troupe of backing dancers ( dressed in the style of Michael Jackson ) then performed `` Uptown Funk '' . Beyoncé , also in a Jackson - inspired outfit and appearing with a set of backing dancers dressed as Black Panthers , then performed her new single `` Formation '' in a mass choreographed dance number before joining Mars onstage for a verse of `` Uptown Funk '' . Coldplay played a snippet of `` Clocks '' during a video montage of past Super Bowl halftime and national anthem performances , including those by Bruce Springsteen , Missy Elliott , Katy Perry , The Rolling Stones , Paul McCartney , Stevie Wonder , Diana Ross , James Brown , Whitney Houston , Michael Jackson , The Black Eyed Peas , U2 , Prince , Beyoncé and Mars . The show concluded with the band performing `` Fix You '' and `` Up&Up '' with Beyoncé , Mars and everyone taking part in the show . At the end of the performance , the audience participated in a card - stunt creating a rainbow and the phrase , `` Believe in love '' , the closing lyrics to Coldplay 's A Head Full of Dreams . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> Bruno Mars performed at the Super Bowl 50 halftime show and received positive reviews . <P> The performance received generally mixed review from critics , who complimented Beyoncé and Mars ' part of the performance but were critical of Coldplay . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times stated that Coldplay `` acted more as a stagehand than an actual performer '' while Beyoncé 's section of the performance was `` the night 's true event '' . Caramanica also noted that Beyoncé and Mars `` outsang '' Martin during the closing part of the performance . Andrew Barker of Variety similarly noted that `` Coldplay seemed resigned to politely allowing themselves to be played right off their own stage '' by the `` far flashier '' Mars and Beyoncé . In a review for Fox Sports , Chris Chase panned Coldplay 's performance , calling it `` inexplicable , indecipherable , and unnecessary '' and a `` musical snooze '' . Chase complimented Beyoncé 's and Mars ' appearances but described the performance as `` boring '' . Alex Needham of The Guardian gave the performance four stars , saying that `` Queen Bey at the height of her powers effortlessly overwhelmed Coldplay 's widescreen anthems in a show that seemed lightweight until she showed up '' . </P> Beyoncé , seen here performing at the show , was both praised and castigated for her performance . <P> Robert Bianco of USA Today stated that Martin `` seemed overwhelmed '' by the size of the event , and that despite being a `` personable and energetic performer '' , an `` awful lot '' of Martin 's energy `` went into jumping '' . Bianco praised Beyoncé 's appearance and stated that she `` stole the show '' . Wendy Geller of Yahoo ! also complimented Beyoncé 's and Mars ' appearances , but criticized the montage of previous halftime performances , describing it as `` confusing rather than touching '' and stating that the performance was `` definitely a cold play '' . </P> <H3> Controversy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following the performance , Beyoncé was criticized for performing a song that they considered to be `` anti-police '' during the halftime show and for appearing to align herself with the Black Lives Matter movement . Former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani accused the performance of being anti-police and also criticized Beyoncé 's use of Black Power and Black Panther Party symbolism in her dance routine . `` This is football , not Hollywood , and I thought it was really outrageous that she used it as a platform to attack police officers who are the people who protect her and protect us , and keep us alive , '' he said . The controversy caused a `` # BoycottBeyonce '' hashtag on Twitter and protesters announced plans for an `` anti-Beyoncé '' rally on the morning of February 16 outside of the NFL 's headquarters in New York City , but no one showed up for such a rally . CNN political commentator Sally Kohn stated that `` too many police continue to show themselves to be far more interested in reactionary defensiveness and preserving the abusive status quo . '' Black Lives Matter activist Melina Abdullah praised Beyoncé and other artists who `` are willing to raise social consciousness and use their artistry to advance social justice . '' </P> <H2> Commercial reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The halftime show became the fourth highest ever watched show in the United States , with total viewership of 115.5 million . </P> <H2> Set list ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> `` Yellow '' </Li> <Li> `` Viva la Vida '' </Li> <Li> `` Paradise '' </Li> <Li> `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' </Li> <Li> `` Uptown Funk '' ( Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ) ( contains elements of `` U Ca n't Touch This '' ) </Li> <Li> `` Formation '' ( Beyoncé ) ( contains elements of `` Crazy in Love '' ) </Li> <Li> `` Fix You '' / `` Up&Up '' ( featuring Mars and Beyoncé ) ( contains elements of `` Clocks '' , `` Midnight '' , `` Independent Women , Pt 1 '' , `` Just the Way You Are '' , `` Purple Rain '' and `` Beautiful Day '' ) </Li> </Ol> <P> Setlist obtained from Billboard . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 2016 in American music </Li> <Li> 2016 in American television </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Coldplay performed at Pepsi Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` NFL Asks Musicians for Money to Play Super Bowl '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Beyoncé , Redfoo , & Bruno Mars join Coldplay for the Super Bowl 50 halftime show '' . Vox . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eells , Josh ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Bruno Mars : The Private Anxiety of a Pop Perfectionist '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars Talks `` 24K Magic '' , Beyoncé & Prince `` . Rap - Up . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott , Damien ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Bruno Mars Just Wants You to Have a Good Time '' . Black Entertainment Television . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Coldplay lets Beyonce , Bruno Mars overshadow band '' . WIVB . Associated Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : It 's Coldplay , Starring Beyoncé , at Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . The New York Times . February 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review

The halftime show for Super Bowl 50 was performed by

Who is playing halftime show super bowl 50?

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</Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mary ( by Tristan ) Ace ( by Logan ) Loinfruit ( by Lorelai ) Scab - Nose ( childhood ) Droopy Drawers ( by Lorelai ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Freelance journalist Author Editor of Stars Hollow Gazette Former : Intern at Stanford Eagle Gazette Political reporter on Obama campaign </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> Reporter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Lorelai Gilmore ( mother ) Christopher Hayden ( father ) Luke Danes ( stepfather ) Georgia `` Gigi '' Hayden ( half - sister ) April Nardini ( stepsister ) Richard Gilmore ( grandfather ; deceased ) Emily Gilmore ( grandmother ) Lorelai ' Trix ' Gilmore ( great - grandmother ; deceased ) Charles Gilmore ( great - grandfather ; deceased ) Straub Hayden ( grandfather ; deceased ) Francine Hayden ( grandmother ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significant other ( s ) </Th> <Td> Dean Forester , Jess Mariano , Logan Huntzberger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Religion </Th> <Td> Protestant Christian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relationships </Th> <Td> Dean Forester 1st Relationship : From Rory 's Dance ( 1x9 ) to Star Crossed Loves And Other Strangers ( 1x16 ) Jess Mariano From Let the games begin 3x8 - 3x20 Logan Huntzberger ( Unknown ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lorelai Leigh `` Rory '' Gilmore is a fictional character from the WB / CW television series Gilmore Girls played by Alexis Bledel . She first appeared in the pilot episode of the series on October 5 , 2000 and appeared in every episode until the series finale on May 15 , 2007 . Bledel 's performance throughout the series ' run earned her a Young Artist Award , a Family Television Award and two Teen Choice Awards . She also received nominations for an ALMA Award , a Satellite Award , and a Saturn Award . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Storylines </Li> <Li> 3 Development <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Casting and creation </Li> <Li> 3.2 Characterization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rory is the only daughter of Lorelai Gilmore , and the first - born daughter of Christopher Hayden . She was born October 8 , 1984 in Hartford , Connecticut , at 4 : 03am . Every year at that exact time , Lorelai wakes Rory up to tell her the story of her birth . Because Lorelai became pregnant with Rory when she was only sixteen , the two are more like friends than mother and daughter . Rory shares her mother 's taste in junk food , coffee , movies , music , and much more . She spent her first months living with her mother at her grandparent 's mansion until her mother ran away . The rest of her childhood she spent in the Independence Inn in Stars Hollow where her mother worked originally as a maid . The two lived in the potting shed behind the inn where Jackson 's cousin Rune lived in later seasons . Eventually , Lorelai was able to buy a nice house where Rory spent her adolescent years . Rory did not have much contact with her grandparents until she started to attend Chilton , which Lorelai preferred . </P> <H2> Storylines ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rory dreams of studying at Harvard University and gets accepted into the prestigious and fictional Chilton Academy , where she stays for her sophomore , junior , and senior years of high school . To pay tuition , Lorelai asks for the money from her estranged wealthy parents , Richard and Emily . They agree to pay for Rory 's education on the condition that the two come to their house every Friday night for dinner . Before leaving Stars Hollow High School , Rory meets Dean Forester . Rory almost convinced herself not to go to Chilton because of not wanting to leave Dean , but after learning of the huge sacrifices her mother made , she decides to go to Chilton . Rory and Dean date for two seasons , only breaking up once when Dean told Rory he loved her on their 3 - month anniversary , and she replied that she would have to think about it , but they eventually reconcile . Dean escorts Rory when she is presented to society at a debutante ball hosted by her grandmother 's chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution . During her time at Chilton , Rory becomes engaged in a feud with close academic rival , Paris Geller . Though the two later become friends , the rivalry continues into their university studies . Rory reluctantly runs for student government with Paris and wins , and writes for the Chilton paper , The Franklin . </P> <P> When she meets Jess Mariano , Rory feels an immediate attraction . They become friends first , but start to date after Dean breaks up with Rory because he sees that Rory likes Jess . However , various problems make their relationship difficult . After Jess skips school to go to work at Walmart , causing him to be unable to graduate or to take Rory to Prom , Jess decides to leave to go to California to see his estranged father , effectively breaking up with Rory . Jess does not tell Rory he is leaving , but later calls and does not say anything on the phone , until Rory caught on that it was him and revealed that she might have loved him but would just have to get over it . Later that year , still upset , Jess returns and tells Rory that he loves her and then leaves again . </P> <P> After graduating Chilton as valedictorian and with a 4.2 GPA , Rory goes on to attend Yale University , her grandfather 's alma mater , in season four , although her entire life she had wanted to go to Harvard , having decided that the benefits of Yale outweighed her dream of studying at Harvard . During her freshman year , Rory resides at Durfee Hall and shares a dorm room with Tana , Janet , and fellow Chilton alumna Paris Geller . She moves to Branford College , the same residential college that her grandfather , Richard Gilmore , lived in , at the beginning of her sophomore year . There she shares a dorm room with Paris . At Yale , Rory majors in English and pursues her interest in journalism ; she wants to be a foreign correspondent and her role - model is Christiane Amanpour . She writes for the Yale Daily News and is its editor towards the end of her studies . </P> <P> While at Yale , Rory reconnects with Dean , who married Lindsay ( a fellow school mate ) , straight after high school , but it is soon clear that he impulsively did it as a rebound from Rory . During the same period , Jess shows up at Yale to see Rory unexpectedly , and asks her to run away with him , but she refuses . Dean gets jealous but he and Rory grow closer and have an affair , during which Rory loses her virginity . Lorelai is angry and disappointed in Rory , who decides to leave for Europe with her grandmother for the summer to avoid conflicts . Shortly after , Dean separates from Lindsay and the two continue seeing each other . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Rory makes the acquaintance of the heir to the Huntzberger Publishing Company , Logan Huntzberger . She soon becomes interested in him and after Dean breaks up with her ( she was detained at a party arranged by her grandparents to introduce her to the wealthy and eligible sons of their Yale alumni friends , including Logan ) , she makes the first move at her grandparents ' vow - renewal . Their relationship begins casually as a `` no strings attached '' affair , because Logan makes it clear that he does not want to commit to a relationship . However , as time passes , Rory grows dissatisfied with their open relationship , and after a day of drunken introspection , she suggests they should end their sexual relationship and be friends because she is `` a girlfriend kind of girl . '' Logan interprets this as an ultimatum and unexpectedly agrees to date her exclusively . At her first time to dinner at Logan 's family home , the Huntzbergers reject Rory as a fit girlfriend for their son because of her aspirations to work and her background . However , Logan affirms his commitment to their relationship , although the pressure exerted by the Huntzbergers continues to dog the couple . </P> <P> To make amends , Logan 's father , Mitchum Huntzberger gives Rory an internship at one of his newspapers , the Stamford Eagle Gazette . At the end of her internship , Mitchum tells Rory that she does not have what it takes to be a journalist , although she would make a good assistant . Upset and angry , Rory cajoles Logan into leaving his sister 's engagement party , held at a marina , to steal a yacht and vent her frustration . When apprehended , Rory is sentenced to 300 hours of community service and rethinks her lifelong ambitions and current path at Yale . Her decision to take time off to consider her options precipitates the most sustained rift with Lorelai to date , beginning in the season five finale . She moves into her grandparents ' pool house , joins Emily 's branch of the Daughters of the American Revolution and begins working for the organization . Rory and Lorelai barely speak for months and are only reconciled mid-season six , in ' The Prodigal Daughter Returns ' . </P> <P> Experiencing some problems with the restricted liberty living with her grandparents , chiefly centering on her sexual relationship with Logan , Rory reassesses her life after another unexpected visit from Jess . He has achieved something with his own life by writing a novel and he encourages her to see that her current choices do not suit who she really is . However , Jess 's visit and Rory 's subsequent realization that she is doing nothing with her life precipitate an argument with Logan and the couple are estranged for some time . Rory doggedly pursues her former editor for a job at the Stamford Eagle Gazette , takes on extra courses at Yale to make up for her time away and is unexpectedly elected editor of the Yale Daily News , taking over from Paris . </P> <P> Rory and Logan reunite and cement their relationship despite his post-graduation spell working in London , England , and a failed business . She cultivates new friendships with girls involved in the arts and drama , Olivia and Lucy , although these relationships become fraught when Marty , a friend who had a crush on Rory in an earlier season , is revealed to be Lucy 's boyfriend . Having been unexpectedly elected editor of the Yale Daily News , Rory 's tenure later comes to an end and leaves her feeling deflated . She continues to work towards her goal , applying for the Reston Fellowship , to become an intern at the New York Times , as well as applying and interviewing for other jobs . She turns down one firm job offer , counting on getting the Reston Fellowship . When she is rejected , Rory is in turmoil , unable to concentrate on a final exam about John Milton 's epic poem , Paradise Lost , and generally experiencing great uncertainty about her future . </P> <P> At Rory 's own graduation party , where it is revealed she graduated with

Rory and Paris attend college at

Where do rory and paris go to college?

8633446439194247784

List of Indianapolis 500 winners - wikipedia <H1> List of Indianapolis 500 winners </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The winner of the Indianapolis 500 is awarded the Borg - Warner Trophy . <P> The Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race , held annually on the last weekend in May to coincide with Memorial Day . The race is held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , located in Speedway , Indiana . The Indianapolis 500 is an open - wheel car race and is currently sanctioned by Indy Racing League LLC , and has been run as an IndyCar Series event since 1996 . The Indianapolis 500 is considered one of the most traditional and historical races in the world , and is also considered one of the three most significant motorsport races in the world . </P> <P> The first Indianapolis 500 was held in 1911 , where Ray Harroun was declared the first winner , driving the Marmon Wasp . The race has been run annually since 1911 ( with exceptions during World War I and World War II ) and 71 drivers have been crowned champions of the 500 - mile race over the course of 101 races . The most race victories held by a single driver is four , which has been accomplished only by A.J. Foyt , Al Unser and Rick Mears . The Indianapolis 500 has also drawn many international drivers to the Indianapolis Motor Speedway over the years , with 26 of the winners coming from outside of the United States , representing nine separate countries . The most recent champion of the Indianapolis 500 is Takuma Sato , winner of the 2017 race . </P> <P> The winner of the Indianapolis 500 receives many prizes , many based on past tradition . One of the most iconic traditions is for the winner of the Indianapolis 500 to drink a bottle of milk , a tradition started by Louis Meyer who won the race in 1936 . The winner is also presented with a wreath in victory lane , and has the opportunity to kiss the yard of brick ( the start / finish line ) , an Indianapolis Motor Speedway tradition started by NASCAR driver Dale Jarrett in 1996 at the Brickyard 400 and adopted by 500 winners since 2003 . The winner of the race also receives the pace car used during that race , and will have on the Borg - Warner Trophy a bas - relief sculpture of their face added to the base . The Borg - Warner Trophy has been used since 1936 and along with the sculpture on the original trophy , the winning driver and car owner receive a small replica . The Indianapolis 500 winner also receives a large purse , most recently at $ 2.49 million , given to Ryan Hunter - Reay in 2014 . Other prizes have been given to the race winner over the years , including a quilt , made by Jeanetta Holder , which is presented to the driver annually at the winner 's photo shoot . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 List of winners <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Fisher Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1911 -- 1927 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Rickenbacker Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1928 -- 1945 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Hulman / George Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1946 -- 1955 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Hulman / George Era -- USAC sanctioning ( 1956 -- 1995 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 Hulman / George Era -- INDYCAR sanctioning ( 1996 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Driver statistics <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Active driver victories </Li> <Li> 2.2 Multiple victories </Li> <Li> 2.3 Consecutive victories </Li> <Li> 2.4 Rookie winners ( inaugural race inclusive ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 Nationalities of non-American winners </Li> <Li> 2.6 Race and National Championship victories in same year </Li> <Li> 2.7 Winning drivers who did not start next race </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Owners <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Driver / Owners </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Constructors and suppliers <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Chassis </Li> <Li> 4.2 Engines </Li> <Li> 4.3 Tires </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Miscellanea <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Winning starting positions <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Chronological </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 By starting position </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Winning car numbers <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Chronological </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 By Number </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> List of winners ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Fisher Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1911 -- 1927 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Driver </Th> <Th> Team / Owner </Th> <Th> Chassis </Th> <Th> Engine </Th> <Th> Tire </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Race Distance </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Average Speed </Th> <Th> Car Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Laps </Th> <Th> Miles ( km ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1911 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Ray Harroun </Td> <Td> Nordyke & Marmon Company </Td> <Td> Marmon </Td> <Td> Marmon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 42 : 08.039 </Td> <Td> 74.59 mph ( 120.04 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Marmon Wasp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1912 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Joe Dawson </Td> <Td> National Motor Vehicle Company </Td> <Td> National </Td> <Td> National </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 21 : 06.144 </Td> <Td> 78.719 mph ( 126.686 km / h ) </Td> <Td> National Motor Vehicle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1913 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Jules Goux </Td> <Td> Peugeot </Td> <Td> Peugeot </Td> <Td> Peugeot </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 35 : 05.108 </Td> <Td> 75.933 mph ( 122.202 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Peugeot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> René Thomas </Td> <Td> Louis Delâge Company </Td> <Td> Delage </Td> <Td> Delage </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 6 : 03 : 45.060 </Td> <Td> 82.474 mph ( 132.729 km / h ) </Td> <Td> L. Delâge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1915 </Td> <Td> May 31 </Td> <Td> Ralph DePalma </Td> <Td> E.C. Patterson </Td> <Td> Mercedes </Td> <Td> Mercedes </Td> <Td> BF </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 33 : 55.619 </Td> <Td> 89.840 mph ( 144.583 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Mercedes E.C. Patterson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1916 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Dario Resta </Td> <Td> Peugeot Auto Racing Company </Td> <Td> Peugeot </Td> <Td> Peugeot </Td> <Td> BF </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> 300 miles ( 483 km ) </Td> <Td> 3 : 34 : 16.990 </Td> <Td> 84.001 mph ( 135.187 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Peugeot Auto Racing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1917 </Td> <Td colspan="11"> No race held due to World War I </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1918 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1919 </Td> <Td> May 31 </Td> <Td> Howdy Wilcox </Td> <Td> I.M.S. Corporation </Td> <Td> Premier </Td> <Td> Premier </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 40 : 42.930 </Td> <Td> 88.050 mph ( 141.703 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Peugeot Indianapolis Speedway Team </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> May 31 </Td> <Td> Gaston Chevrolet </Td> <Td> William Small Company </Td> <Td> Frontenac </Td> <Td> Frontenac </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 38 : 31.901 </Td> <Td> 88.618 mph ( 142.617 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Monroe William Small </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Tommy Milton </Td> <Td> Louis Chevrolet </Td> <Td> Frontenac </Td> <Td> Frontenac </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 34 : 44.578 </Td> <Td> 89.621 mph ( 144.231 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Frontenac Louis Chevrolet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Jimmy Murphy </Td> <Td> Jimmy Murphy </Td> <Td> Duesenberg </Td> <Td> Miller </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 17 : 30.845 </Td> <Td> 94.484 mph ( 152.057 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Jimmy Murphy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1923 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Tommy Milton </Td> <Td> H.C.S. Motor Company </Td> <Td> Miller </Td> <Td> Miller </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 31 : 19.618 </Td> <Td> 90.545 mph ( 145.718 km / h ) </Td> <Td> H.C.S. Motor Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Lora L. Corum </Td> <Td> Duesenberg </Td> <Td> Duesenberg </Td> <Td> Duesenberg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 05 : 23.595 </Td> <Td> 98.234 mph ( 158.092 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Duesenberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joe Boyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Peter DePaolo </Td> <Td> Duesenberg </Td> <Td> Duesenberg </Td> <Td> Duesenberg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 56 : 39.401 </Td> <Td> 101.127 mph ( 162.748 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Duesenberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> May 31 </Td> <Td> Frank Lockhart </Td> <Td> Peter Kreis </Td> <Td> Miller </Td> <Td> Miller </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 160 * </Td> <Td> 400 miles ( 644 km ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 12 : 48.768 </Td> <Td> 95.904 mph ( 154.343 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Miller Peter Kreis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> George Souders </Td> <Td> William S. White </Td> <Td> Duesenberg </Td> <Td> Duesenberg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 07 : 33.022 </Td> <Td> 97.545 mph ( 156.983 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Duesenberg William White </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Rickenbacker Era -- AAA sanctioning ( 1928 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Driver </Th> <Th> Team / Owner </Th> <Th> Chassis </Th> <Th> Engine </Th> <Th> Tire </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Race Distance </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Average Speed </Th> <Th> Car Name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Laps </Th> <Th> Miles ( km ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Louis Meyer </Td> <Td> Alden Sampson , II </Td> <Td> Miller </Td> <Td> Miller </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 01 : 33.725 </Td> <Td> 99.482 mph ( 160.101 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Miller Alden Sampson , II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Ray Keech </Td> <Td> M.A. Yagle </Td> <Td> Miller </Td> <Td> Miller </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 07 : 25.458 </Td> <Td> 97.585 mph ( 157.048 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Simplex Piston Ring Yagle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Billy Arnold </Td> <Td> Harry Hartz </Td> <Td> Summers </Td> <Td> Miller </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 4 : 58 : 39.720 </Td> <Td> 100.448 mph ( 161.655 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Miller Hartz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td> Louis Schneider </Td> <Td> B.L. Schneider </Td> <Td> Stevens </Td> <Td> Miller </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 500 miles ( 805 km ) </Td> <Td> 5 : 10 : 27.948 </Td> <Td> 96.629 mph ( 155.509 km / h ) </Td> <Td> Bowes Seal Fast Schneider </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> May 30 </Td> <Td>

The winner of the first Indianapolis 500 was

Who was the winner of the first indianapolis 500?

-9098816910125455707

Florida and the Sabine Free State and Spain 's surrender of any claims to the Oregon Country . Article III of the treaty , when properly surveyed , resulted in the acquisition of a small part of central Colorado . </P> <H3> Along Canada -- U.S. border ( edit ) </H3> <P> Webster - Ashburton Treaty of 1842 with Britain split the disputed territory in Maine and New Brunswick and finalized the border with Canada , including the disputed Indian Stream territory . In 1850 Britain ceded to the U.S. less than one acre of underwater rock ( Horseshoe Reef ) in Lake Erie near Buffalo for a lighthouse . </P> <H3> Texas ( edit ) </H3> <P> Texas Annexation of 1845 : The independent Republic of Texas long sought to join the U.S. , despite Mexican claims and the warning by Mexican leader Antonio López de Santa Anna that this would be `` equivalent to a declaration of war against the Mexican Republic . '' Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28 , 1845 . On December 29 , 1845 , Texas became the 28th state . Texas had claimed New Mexico east of the Rio Grande but had only made one unsuccessful attempt to occupy it ; New Mexico was captured by the U.S. Army in August 1846 and then administered separately from Texas . Mexico acknowledged the loss of territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 . </P> <H3> Oregon territory ( edit ) </H3> <P> Oregon Country , the territory of North America west of the Rockies to the Pacific , was jointly controlled by the U.S. and Britain following the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 until June 15 , 1846 when the Oregon Treaty divided the territory at the 49th parallel ( see Oregon boundary dispute ) . The San Juan Islands were claimed and jointly occupied by the U.S. and the U.K. from 1846 -- 72 due to ambiguities in the treaty ( see Northwestern Boundary Dispute ) . Arbitration led to the sole U.S. possession of the San Juan Islands since 1872 . </P> <H3> Mexican Cession ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mexican Cession lands were captured in the Mexican -- American War in 1846 -- 48 , and ceded by Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , where Mexico agreed to the present Mexico -- United States border except for the later Gadsden Purchase . The United States paid $15 million ( equivalent to $394 million in present - day terms ) and agreed to pay claims made by American citizens against Mexico which amounted to more than $3 million ( equivalent to $79 million today ) . </P> <H3> Gadsden Purchase ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 , the United States purchased a strip of land along the Mexico -- United States border for $10 million ( equivalent to $294 million in present - day terms ) , now in New Mexico and Arizona . The territory was also bought as Americans were passing through the land west to California . After the American Mexican War , over the dispute of border claims , American bought the land to prevent future conflict . Few historians would argue the territory was intended for a southern transcontinental railroad . </P> 1833 Eagle Map of the U.S. <H2> Since 1853 ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Alaska ( edit ) </H3> <P> Alaska Purchase from the Russian Empire for $7.2 million ( 2 cents per acre ) on March 30 , 1867 ( equivalent to $126 million in present - day terms ) , as a vital refueling station for ships trading with Asia . The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized territory on May 11 , 1912 , and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3 , 1959 . </P> <H3> Hawaii ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Hawaii and Outlying Islands </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> <P> In 1959 , 94 % of Hawaii 's residents voted to relinquish all land claims ( proposition 2 ) to the United States and become a state . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Today 's United States Minor Outlying Islands excluding Caribbean </P> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Kingdom of Hawaii was closely linked by missionary work and trade to the U.S. by the 1880s . In 1893 business leaders overthrew the Queen of Hawaii and sought annexation . President Grover Cleveland strongly disapproved , so Hawaii set up an independent republic , the Republic of Hawaii . Southern Democrats in Congress strongly opposed a non-white addition . President William McKinley , a Republican , secured a Congressional resolution in 1898 , and the small republic joined the U.S. All its citizens became full U.S. citizens . One factor was the need for advanced naval bases to fend off Japanese ambitions . The Hawaiian Islands officially became an incorporated territory of the U.S. in 1900 . Following 94 % voter approval of the Admission of Hawaii Act , on August 21 , 1959 the Territory of Hawaii became the state of Hawaii , the 50th state . </P> <P> With Hawaii came two remote coral atolls : the Palmyra Atoll which had been annexed by the U.S. in 1859 , abandoned , then claimed in 1862 by the Kingdom of Hawaii , and the Stewart Islands , which had joined the Kingdom a few years before Palmyra . At Hawaiian statehood in 1959 , Palmyra and arguably the Stewarts were excluded from the new state . Palmyra remained an incorporated U.S. territory , while the Stewarts were claimed and are now controlled by the Solomon Islands . </P> <H3> Spanish colonies ( edit ) </H3> Post-Spanish -- American War map of `` Greater America '' . Main article : Spanish -- American War <P> Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines ( for which the United States compensated Spain $20 million , equivalent to $588 million in present - day terms ) , were ceded by Spain after the Spanish -- American War in the 1898 Treaty of Paris . Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over Cuba , but did not cede it to the United States , so it became a protectorate . All four of these areas were under United States Military Government ( USMG ) for extended periods . Cuba became an independent nation in 1902 , and the Philippines became an independent nation in 1946 . </P> <P> This era also saw the first scattered protests against American imperialism . Noted Americans such as Mark Twain spoke out forcefully against these ventures . Opponents of the war , including Twain and Andrew Carnegie , organized themselves into the American Anti-Imperialist League . </P> <P> During this same period the American people continued to strongly chastise the European powers for their imperialism . The Second Boer War was especially unpopular in the United States and soured Anglo - American relations . The anti-imperialist press would often draw parallels between the U.S. in the Philippines and the British in the Second Boer War . </P> Cuba ( edit ) <P> Under the 1898 Treaty of Paris , Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba , with the island to be occupied by the United States . Under the Teller Amendment Congress had already decided against annexation . Cuba gained formal independence on 20 May 1902 . Under the new Cuban constitution , however , the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations through the Platt Amendment ; this , however , was later renounced as part of Franklin Roosevelt 's Good Neighbor Policy . Under the Platt Amendment ( 1901 ) , Cuba also agreed to lease to the U.S. the naval base at Guantánamo Bay . </P> <P> The naval base occupies land which the United States leased from Cuba in 1903 `` ... for the time required for the purposes of coaling and naval stations . '' The two governments later agreed that , `` So long as the United States of America shall not abandon the said naval station of Guantanamo or the two Governments shall not agree to a modification of its present limits , the station shall continue to have the territorial area that it now has , with the limits that it has on the date of the signature of the present Treaty . '' </P> Puerto Rico ( edit ) <P> On July 25 , 1898 , during the Spanish -- American War , Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States with a landing at Guánica . As an outcome of the war , the Jones -- Shafroth Act granted all the inhabitants of Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship in 1917 . The U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor in 1948 . In 1950 , the Truman Administration allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution without affecting the unincorporated territory status with the U.S. A local constitution was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6 , 1952 , ratified by the U.S. Congress , approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year , and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25 , 1952 , the anniversary of the 1898 arrival of U.S. troops . Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado ( literally translated as `` Free Associated State '' ) , officially translated into English as Commonwealth , for its body politic . </P> Guam ( edit ) <P> In Guam , settlement by foreign ethnic groups was small at first . After World War II showed the strategic value of the island , construction of a huge military base began along with a large influx of people from other parts of the world . Guam today has a very mixed population of 164,000 . The indigenous Chamorros make up 37 % of the population . The rest of the population consists mostly of white Americans and Filipinos , with smaller groups of Chinese , Japanese , Koreans , Micronesians , Vietnamese and Indians . Guam today is almost totally Americanized . The situation is somewhat similar to that in Hawaii , but attempts to change Guam 's status as an ' unincorporated ' U.S. territory have yet to meet with success . </P> Philippines ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) and Philippine -- American War <P> The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in April 1896 . The Spanish -- American War came to the Philippines on May 1 , 1898 , when the United States Navy 's Asiatic Squadron , commanded by Commodore George Dewey , defeated the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón during the Battle of Manila Bay . On June 12 , Philippine revolutionaries declared independence and establishment of the First Philippine Republic . On December 10 , 1898 , the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish -- American War was signed . The treaty transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States . This agreement was not recognized by the Philippine revolutionaries , who declared war against the United States on June 2 , 1899 . The Philippine -- American War ensued . In 1901 , Emilio Aguinaldo , president of the Malolos Republic , was captured and pledged his allegiance to the American government . The U.S. unilaterally declared an end to the conflict in 1902 . Scattered fighting continued , however , until 1913 . </P> <P> The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 provided for the establishment of a bicameral legislature composed of an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission , an appointed body with both American and Filipino members . and a popularly elected lower house , the Philippine Assembly . The Philippines became a U.S. colony in the fashion of Europe 's New Imperialism , with benevolent colonial practices . English joined Spanish as an

The United States acquired Puerto Rico

When did the united states acquired puerto rico?

-3235472216710824047

Super Bowl LII - wikipedia <H1> Super Bowl LII </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Super Bowl LII <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) </Th> <Th> New England Patriots ( AFC ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NE </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> February 4 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadium </Th> <Td> U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MVP </Th> <Td> Nick Foles , Quarterback </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Favorite </Th> <Td> Patriots by 5.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Referee </Th> <Td> Gene Steratore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attendance </Th> <Td> 67,612 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Ceremonies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National anthem </Th> <Td> Pink </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coin toss </Th> <Td> Hershel W. Williams , representing Medal of Honor recipients </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Halftime show </Th> <Td> Justin Timberlake </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> TV in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Network </Th> <Td> NBC Universo ( Spanish language ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Announcers </Th> <Td> Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) Cris Collinsworth ( analyst ) Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Edgar López ( play - by - play - Universo ) René Giraldo and Rolando Cantú ( analysts - Universo ) Verónica Contreras ( sidelines - Universo ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nielsen ratings </Th> <Td> 43.1 ( national ) 56.2 ( Philadelphia ) 55.9 ( Boston ) U.S. viewership : 103.4 million est . avg . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Market share </Th> <Td> 68 ( national ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cost of 30 - second commercial </Th> <Td> $5 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Radio in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Network </Th> <Td> Westwood One ESPN Deportes Radio ( Spanish language ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Announcers </Th> <Td> Kevin Harlan ( play - by - play ) Boomer Esiason and Mike Holmgren ( analysts ) Ed Werder and Tony Boselli ( sideline reporters ) Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play - ESPN Deportes Radio ) Raúl Allegre ( analyst - ESPN Deportes Radio ) John Sutcliffe ( sideline - ESPN Deportes Radio ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ← LI </Li> <Li> Super Bowl </Li> <Li> LIII → </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season . The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference ( AFC ) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 , to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960 . The game was played on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis , the northernmost city to ever host the event , after Super Bowl XXVI at the Metrodome during the 1991 season , and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city . </P> <P> New England finished the regular season with an AFC - best 13 -- 3 record , then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten , their third in four years , and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady . Philadelphia also finished the regular season with an NFC - best 13 -- 3 record , a year after Dallas did it in 2016 , but became underdogs entering the playoffs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season - ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by journeyman backup Nick Foles . Still , the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance , having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX . </P> <P> Several records were set during Super Bowl LII , including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined ( 1,151 ) , the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl ( one ) , and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team ( 33 ) . The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1 : 05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points , and Brady 's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired . Foles , who completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception , and caught a one - yard touchdown pass , was named Super Bowl MVP . Foles ' touchdown catch later became known as The Philly Special and joined NFL lore . </P> <P> The broadcast of the game on NBC had the smallest Super Bowl audience in nine years , with an average of 103.4 million viewers . Average TV viewership for the halftime show , headlined by Justin Timberlake , was 106.6 million American television viewers , 9 percent less than the previous year . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Host - city selection </Li> <Li> 1.2 Teams <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Philadelphia Eagles </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 New England Patriots </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Playoffs </Li> <Li> 1.4 Pre-game notes <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Operations </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Associated events </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Broadcasting <Ul> <Li> 2.1 United States <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Advertising </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Lead - out programs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 International broadcasts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Entertainment <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Pre-game </Li> <Li> 3.2 Halftime show </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Game summary <Ul> <Li> 4.1 First Quarter </Li> <Li> 4.2 Second Quarter </Li> <Li> 4.3 Third Quarter </Li> <Li> 4.4 Fourth Quarter </Li> <Li> 4.5 Game statistics </Li> <Li> 4.6 Box score </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Final statistics <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Statistical comparison </Li> <Li> 5.2 Individual statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Starting lineups </Li> <Li> 7 Officials </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Host - city selection ( edit ) </H3> The U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where Super Bowl LII was held . <P> On October 8 , 2013 , the league announced that three venues would vie to host Super Bowl LII : </P> <Ul> <Li> U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Minneapolis hosted Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which was torn down after the 2013 season and replaced in 2014 and 2015 by U.S. Bank Stadium . </Li> <Li> Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 . </Li> <Li> Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The city has hosted 10 Super Bowls , including seven at the Superdome , most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 . </Li> </Ul> <P> On May 20 , 2014 , the league 's owners picked Minneapolis at their meeting in Atlanta , Georgia . </P> <H3> Teams ( edit ) </H3> <P> The NFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed Philadelphia Eagles , while the AFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed New England Patriots , marking the fourth time in the previous five years that the Super Bowl had featured the top team from each conference . </P> Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Nick Foles in 2014 . <P> The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , the same as New England , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh , but the various tie - breaking provisions gave them the NFC 's top seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . It was a substantial improvement for the team under second - year head coach Doug Pederson ; the Eagles finished the two previous seasons with 7 -- 9 records . In the 2017 season , the team scored 457 points ( third in the NFL ) , while giving up just 295 ( fourth ) points . </P> <P> The offense was led by Pro Bowl quarterback Carson Wentz . In just his second season , he recorded a passer rating of 101.9 , throwing for 3,296 yards and 33 touchdowns , with only seven interceptions . His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Zach Ertz , who caught 74 passes for 824 yards and eight touchdowns . Other contributors were two receivers acquired from off - season free agency : Alshon Jeffery , who caught 57 passes for 789 yards and nine scores ; and Torrey Smith , who had 36 receptions for 430 yards . Meanwhile , third - year receiver Nelson Agholor had the best season of his career , hauling in 62 passes for 768 yards and eight touchdowns , a higher total in each category than in his previous two seasons combined . The Eagles rushing attack also benefited from two recently acquired players , LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi . Blount , an off - season signing who won a Super Bowl with the Patriots , gained 776 rushing yards and two touchdowns , while Ajayi , picked up by a mid-season trade with the Miami Dolphins , rushed for 873 yards and caught 24 passes for 154 yards combined with the two teams . Philadelphia also had a superb offensive line , lead by two Pro Bowl selections : Tackle Lane Johnson and Guard Brandon Brooks . </P> <P> The Eagles defense allowed the fourth - fewest yards in the league ( 4,904 ) . Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox made the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career , recording 5 ​ ⁄ sacks and two fumble recoveries , and he had plenty of help around him , such as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long , who had five sacks and forced four fumbles , and defensive end Brandon Graham , who led the team with 9 ​ ⁄ sacks . Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88 . The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins , who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions , along with cornerback Patrick Robinson , who led the team with four interceptions . </P> <P> Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games , but suffered a major setback on December 10 , when Wentz went down with a season - ending ACL tear and was replaced by journeyman backup quarterback Nick Foles , who was playing for his third team in as many years and his second stint with the Eagles . Still , Foles was able to lead the team to victory in that game , as well as the next two . The Eagles lost a meaningless week 17 matchup with the Cowboys led by third - string quarterback Nate Sudfeld . Then in their two playoff games , Foles threw for a combined total of 598 yards , three touchdowns and no interceptions . </P> New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New England Patriots season Tom Brady in 2016 . <P> The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions . For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under 65 - year old coach Bill Belichick , they recorded a double - digit win season , finishing

Super Bowl 52 was played at

Where was the super bowl 52 played at?

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The Bold and the Beautiful Cast members - wikipedia <H1> The Bold and the Beautiful Cast members </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Bold and the Beautiful is an American television soap opera , created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . It first aired on March 23 , 1987 . Currently , John McCook ( Eric Forrester ) and Katherine Kelly Lang ( Brooke Logan ) are the two longest - running cast members , having appeared on the show when it first aired . The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show : the main cast and recurring , or who are upcoming , returning or departing from the series . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Current cast members <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main cast </Li> <Li> 1.2 Recurring cast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Cast changes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Returning </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Former cast members </Li> <Li> 4 Deceased cast members </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Current cast members </H2> <H3> Main cast </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Darin Brooks </Th> <Td> Wyatt Spencer </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kimberlin Brown </Th> <Td> Sheila Carter </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 98 , 2002 -- 03 , 2017 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scott Clifton </Th> <Td> Liam Spencer </Td> <Td> 2010 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Don Diamont </Th> <Td> Bill Spencer , Jr . </Td> <Td> 2009 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reign Edwards </Th> <Td> Nicole Avant </Td> <Td> 2015 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thorsten Kaye </Th> <Td> Ridge Forrester </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Katherine Kelly Lang </Th> <Td> Brooke Logan </Td> <Td> 1987 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> John McCook </Th> <Td> Eric Forrester </Td> <Td> 1987 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alley Mills </Th> <Td> Pamela Douglas </Td> <Td> 2006 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Karla Mosley </Th> <Td> Maya Avant </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annika Noelle </Th> <Td> Hope Logan </Td> <Td> 2018 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ingo Rademacher </Th> <Td> Thorne Forrester </Td> <Td> 2017 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nia Sioux </Th> <Td> Emma </Td> <Td> 2018 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rena Sofer </Th> <Td> Quinn Fuller </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aaron D. Spears </Th> <Td> Justin Barber </Td> <Td> 2009 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heather Tom </Th> <Td> Katie Logan </Td> <Td> 2007 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anthony Turpel </Th> <Td> R.J. Forrester </Td> <Td> 2016 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jacqueline MacInnes Wood </Th> <Td> Steffy Forrester </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 13 , 2015 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Recurring cast </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zane Alexander Achor </Th> <Td> Will Spencer </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Obba Babatundé </Th> <Td> Julius Avant </Td> <Td> 2015 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ian Buchanan </Th> <Td> Dr. James Warwick </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 99 , 2004 , 2007 -- 11 , 2017 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mick Cain </Th> <Td> C.J. Garrison </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2004 , 2007 , 2010 , 2017 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crystal Chappell </Th> <Td> Danielle Spencer </Td> <Td> 2012 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dick Christie </Th> <Td> Charlie Webber </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Othello Clark </Th> <Td> Othello </Td> <Td> 2011 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Andrew Collins </Th> <Td> Jarrett Maxwell </Td> <Td> 2004 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zack Conroy </Th> <Td> Oliver Jones </Td> <Td> 2010 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jennifer Gareis </Th> <Td> Donna Logan </Td> <Td> 2006 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Linsey Godfrey </Th> <Td> Caroline Spencer </Td> <Td> 2012 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Courtney Grosbeck </Th> <Td> Coco Spectra </Td> <Td> 2017 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theodora Greece </Th> <Td> Alison Montgomery </Td> <Td> 2011 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jacqueline Hahn </Th> <Td> Dr. Caspary </Td> <Td> 2005 -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jon Hensley </Th> <Td> Dr. Meade </Td> <Td> 2012 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anna Maria Horsford </Th> <Td> Vivienne Avant </Td> <Td> 2015 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dan Martin </Th> <Td> Lieutenant Baker </Td> <Td> 1997 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chris McKenna </Th> <Td> Dr. Hayden </Td> <Td> 2016 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zach Rance </Th> <Td> Zach </Td> <Td> 2014 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lawrence Saint - Victor </Th> <Td> Carter Walton </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rodney Saulsberry </Th> <Td> Anthony Wallace </Td> <Td> 2010 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scott Turner Schofield </Th> <Td> Nick </Td> <Td> 2015 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tigerlily and Ginger Siler </Th> <Td> Rosie Forrester </Td> <Td> 2011 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taja V. Simpson </Th> <Td> Adele </Td> <Td> 2012 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hunter Tylo </Th> <Td> Taylor Hayes </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2005 -- 13 , 2014 , 2018 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sandra Vergara </Th> <Td> Theresa Corazon </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stephanie Wang </Th> <Td> Madison Lee </Td> <Td> 2007 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fred Willard </Th> <Td> John Forrester </Td> <Td> 2014 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jacob Young </Th> <Td> Rick Forrester </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 99 , 2011 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Andres Zuno </Th> <Td> Rafael </Td> <Td> 2013 -- </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cast changes </H2> <H3> Returning </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Courtney Hope </Th> <Td> Sally Spectra </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Former cast members </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Duration </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marla Adams </Td> <Td> Beth Logan </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luigi Amodeo </Td> <Td> Lorenzo Barelli </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Justin Baldoni </Td> <Td> Graham Darros </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judith Baldwin </Td> <Td> Beth Logan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas Battle </Td> <Td> Marcus Forrester </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kabir Bedi </Td> <Td> Prince Omar Rashid </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 95 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Drew Tyler Bell </Td> <Td> Thomas Forrester </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brandon Beemer </Td> <Td> Owen Knight Casper Knight </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 12 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paulo Benedeti </Td> <Td> Antonio Dominguez </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 02 , 2012 -- 13 , 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tracey E. Bregman </Td> <Td> Lauren Fenmore Baldwin </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 99 , 2002 , 2004 , 2007 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ashleigh Brewer </Td> <Td> Ivy Forrester </Td> <Td> 2014 -- 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Brown </Td> <Td> Blake Hayes </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 92 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarah Joy Brown </Td> <Td> Agnes Jones </Td> <Td> 2009 -- 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Agnes Bruckner </Td> <Td> Bridget Forrester </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 99 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sabrina Bryan </Td> <Td> Alisa Cordova </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nancy Burnett </Td> <Td> Beth Logan </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 89 , 1994 , 1996 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarah G. Buxton </Td> <Td> Morgan DeWitt </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 01 , 2005 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ashley Lyn Cafagna </Td> <Td> Kimberly Fairchild </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Patrick Clarke </Td> <Td> Storm Logan ( # 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 91 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Clary </Td> <Td> Pierre Jourdan </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 89 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darlene Conley </Td> <Td> Sally Spectra </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Felisha Cooper </Td> <Td> Sasha Thompson </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mace Coronel </Td> <Td> R.J. Forrester </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barbara Crampton </Td> <Td> Maggie Forrester </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 98 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patrika Darbo </Td> <Td> Shirley Spectra </Td> <Td> 2017 -- 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eileen Davidson </Td> <Td> Ashley Abbott </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tamara Davies </Td> <Td> Tricia Quick </Td> <Td> 2002 - 03 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michelle Davison </Td> <Td> Ruthanne Owens </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 93 , 1995 , 1997 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William deVry </Td> <Td> Storm Logan </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 08 , 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Dietz </Td> <Td> Mark Maclaine </Td> <Td> 2002 -- 05 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lesley - Anne Down </Td> <Td> Jackie Marone </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Courtnee Draper </Td> <Td> Mary Warwick </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patrick Duffy </Td> <Td> Stephen Logan </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bobbie Eakes </Td> <Td> Macy Alexander </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 2000 , 2001 , 2002 - 03 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrea Evans </Td> <Td> Tawny Moore </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 , 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kayla Ewell </Td> <Td> Caitlin Ramirez </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jennifer Finnigan </Td> <Td> Bridget Forrester </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 03 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Susan Flannery </Td> <Td> Stephanie Forrester </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rome Flynn </Td> <Td> Zende Forrester Dominguez </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pierson Fodé </Td> <Td> Thomas Forrester </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adrienne Frantz </Td> <Td> Amber Moore April Knight </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2005 , 2010 -- 12 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Gaskill </Td> <Td> Oscar Marone </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bryan Genesse </Td> <Td> Rocco Carner </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 89 , 2009 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank and Morgan Gingerich </Td> <Td> Jack Marone </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ricky Paull Goldin </Td> <Td> Jesse Graves </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charles Grant </Td> <Td> Grant Chambers </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 98 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adam Gregory </Td> <Td> Thomas Forrester </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 13 , 2014 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dax Griffin </Td> <Td> Shane McGrath </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ken Hanes </Td> <Td> Mike Guthrie </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 98 , 2010 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winsor Harmon </Td> <Td> Thorne Forrester </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emily Harrison </Td> <Td> Bridget Forrester </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rick Hearst

Jared on The Bold and the Beautiful is played by actor

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( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Children 's television series Adventure Comedy Fantasy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Walt Disney ( characters ) Bobs Gannaway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> Bobs Gannaway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voices of </Th> <Td> Wayne Allwine ( 2006 -- 09 ) Bret Iwan ( 2009 -- 16 ) Tony Anselmo Russi Taylor Tress MacNeille Bill Farmer Will Ryan April Winchell Jim Cummings Dee Bradley Baker Frank Welker Rob Paulsen Corey Burton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mike Feltzenbaum Michael Turner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 125 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bobs Gannaway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 30 minutes per episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Television Animation ( 2006 -- 12 ) Disney Television Animation ( 2012 -- 16 ) DQ Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Buena Vista Television ( 2006 -- 07 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Playhouse Disney ( 2006 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Disney Junior ( 2011 -- 16 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> HD : 1080p / 720p SD : 480p Produced in HD 16 : 9 , cropped to 4 : 3 in most countries . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio format </Th> <Td> Dolby Digital 5.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> May 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 05 ) -- November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> The Mickey Mouse Club Mickey and the Roadster Racers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official website </Th> <Td> disneyjunior.disney.com/mickey-mouse-clubhouse </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse is an American computer - animated interactive children 's television series which aired from May 5 , 2006 , to November 6 , 2016 . The series , Disney Television Animation 's first computer animated series , is aimed at preschoolers . Bobs Gannaway , the Disney veteran who created it , is also responsible for other preschool shows , such as Jake and the Never Land Pirates and for DisneyToon Studios films including Secret of the Wings , The Pirate Fairy , and Planes : Fire & Rescue . The final episode aired on November 6 , 2016 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main Cast </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring Cast </Li> <Li> 2.3 Guest Cast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episode list </Li> <Li> 4 Home media releases </Li> <Li> 5 Production </Li> <Li> 6 Reception </Li> <Li> 7 Spin - off <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Minnie 's Bow - Toons </Li> <Li> 7.2 Mickey and the Roadster Racers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mickey , Minnie , Donald , Daisy , Goofy , Pluto , and a mechanical assistant `` Mouseketool '' called Toodles , interact with the viewer to stimulate problem solving during each episode 's story . Disney says that each episode has the characters help children `` solve a specific age - appropriate problem utilizing basic math skills , such as identifying shapes and counting through ten . '' The series uses `` Disney Junior 's ' whole child ' curriculum of cognitive , social and creative learning opportunities . '' Once the problem of the episode has been explained , Mickey invites viewers to join him at the Mousekadoer , a giant Mickey - head - shaped computer whose main function is to distribute the day 's Mouseketools , a collection of objects needed to solve the day 's problem , to Mickey , one of them being a `` Mystery Mouskatool '' represented by a question mark , which , when the words `` Mystery Mouskatool '' are said , and the question mark change into the The Mouseketool you get to use . Once the tools have been shown to Mickey on the Mousekadoer screen , they are quickly downloaded to Toodles , a small , Mickey - head - shaped flying extension of the Mousekedoer . By calling , `` Oh Toodles ! '' Mickey summons him to pop up from where he is hiding and fly up to the screen so the viewer can pick which tool Mickey needs for the current situation . The show features two original songs performed by American alternative rock band They Might Be Giants , including the opening theme song , in which a variant of a Mickey Mouse Club chant ( `` Meeska Mooska Mickey Mouse ! '' ) is used to summon the Clubhouse . They Might Be Giants also perform the song used at the end of the show , `` Hot Dog ! '' which echoes Mickey 's first spoken words in the 1929 short The Karnival Kid . This is the first time the major Disney characters have regularly appeared on television in computer - animated form . The characters debuted in CG form in 2003 at the Magic Kingdom theme park attraction Mickey 's PhilharMagic , then in the 2004 home video Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main Cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse and Martian Mickey ( 2006 - 09 ) </Li> <Li> Bret Iwan as Mickey Mouse , Martian Mickey , and Count Mickula ( 2009 - 16 ) </Li> <Li> Russi Taylor as Minnie Mouse , Martian Minnie , and Quoodles </Li> <Li> Tony Anselmo as Donald Duck </Li> <Li> Tress MacNeille as Daisy Duck , Chip , Baby Red Bird , and Mommy Red Bird </Li> <Li> Bill Farmer as Goofy , Pluto , Goofbot , and Goofles </Li> <Li> Rob Paulsen as Toodles </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring Cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jim Cummings as Pete </Li> <Li> Corey Burton as Ludwig Von Drake and Dale </Li> <Li> April Winchell as Clarabelle Cow </Li> <Li> Dee Bradley Baker as Boo Boo Chicken , Santa Claus and Coco the monkey </Li> <Li> Frank Welker as Figaro , Butch the Bulldog , and Mr. Pettibone </Li> <Li> Will Ryan as Willie the Giant </Li> <Li> Nika Futterman as the Singing Lock </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest Cast ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Maurice LaMarche as Mortimer Mouse </Li> <Li> Dick Van Dyke as Captain Goof - Beard </Li> <Li> Grace Kaufman as Melody Mouse </Li> <Li> Chloë Grace Moretz as Boodles </Li> <Li> Avalon Robbins as Millie Mouse </Li> <Li> David Tennant as Igor the Door </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episode list ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse episodes <H2> Home media releases ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th> Release Date </Th> <Th> UPC </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey Saves Santa </Td> <Td> Mickey Saves Santa Goofy 's Bird Mickey - Goes - Seek </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 786936704266 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Great Clubhouse Hunt </Td> <Td> Mickey 's Great Clubhouse Hunt ( double length ) Donald 's Hiccups ( bonus episode ) </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 786936715149 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Treat </Td> <Td> Mickey 's Treat Goofy the Grape Doctor Daisy , M.D. </Td> <Td> August 28 , 2007 </Td> <Td> 786936743548 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Storybook Surprises </Td> <Td> Minnie 's Mystery Donald the Frog Prince Minnie Red Riding Hood Sleeping Minnie </Td> <Td> February 24 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 786936764581 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Big Splash </Td> <Td> Donald 's Ducks Pluto 's Bubble Bath Mickey Goes Fishing Pete 's Beach Blanket Luau </Td> <Td> October 5 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 786936789355 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Adventures in Wonderland </Td> <Td> Mickey 's Adventures In Wonderland Goofy Goes Goofy </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 786936746792 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Choo - Choo Express </Td> <Td> Choo - Choo Express Mickey 's Big Job </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 786936787849 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Minnie 's Bow - Tique </Td> <Td> Minnie 's Pajama Party Minnie 's Bow - Tique Minnie 's Bee Story Minnie 's Picnic </Td> <Td> February 9 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 786936796445 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Road Rally ( 71 min ) </Td> <Td> Road Rally Pluto Lends a Paw </Td> <Td> September 7 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 786936804225 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Numbers Round - Up </Td> <Td> Mickey 's Round - Up Daisy Bo - Peep Mickey 's Big Surprise Super Goof 's Super Puzzle Mickey 's Show and Tell </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2010 </Td> <Td> 786936804348 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Minnie 's Masquerade </Td> <Td> Minnie 's Masquerade Minnie 's Mouseke - Calendar A Surprise For Minnie Secret Spy Daisy The Friendship Team </Td> <Td> February 8 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 786936804468 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey 's Great Outdoors </Td> <Td> Mickey 's Camp Out Mickey and Minnie 's Jungle Safari Mickey 's Fishy Story ( bonus episode ) Daisy in the Sky Daisy 's Grasshopper </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 786936813869 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Space Adventure </Td> <Td> Space Adventure Goofy 's Thinking Cap </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 918968246810 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : I Heart Minnie </Td> <Td> Episode 010 -- Minnie 's Birthday Episode 011 -- Daisy 's Dance Episode 035 -- Daisy 's Pet Project Episode 053 -- Minnie 's Rainbow Episode 093 -- Minnie and Daisy 's Flower Shower </Td> <Td> February 7 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 786936819717 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Mickey & Donald Have a Farm </Td> <Td> Episode 100 -- Mickey and Donald Have A Farm Episode 027 -- Goofy 's Petting Zoo Episode 062 -- Clarabelle 's Clubhouse Mooo - sical Episode 030 -- Goofy the Home Maker Episode 081 -- Donald Hatches an Egg </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2012 </Td> <Td> 786936832358 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Quest for the Crystal Mickey </Td> <Td> Episode 101 -- Quest For the Crystal Mickey Episode 074 -- Donald of the Desert Episode 097 -- Donald the Genie Episode 059 -- Goofy 's Coconutty Monkey Episode 073 -- Goofy 's Giant Adventure </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 786936834055 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Minnie 's the Wizard of Dizz </Td> <Td> Episode 103 -- Minnie 's the Wizard of Dizz Episode 087 -- The Golden Boo Boo Episode 092 -- Goofy 's Gone Ten episodes of `` Minnie 's Bow - Toons '' </Td> <Td> February 5 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 786936832396 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Mouse Clubhouse : Super Adventure ! </Td> <Td> Episode 105 -- Super Adventure Episode 082 -- Aye , Aye , Captain Mickey Episode 083 -- Mickey 's Mousekersize Episode 095 -- Mickey 's Little Parade </Td> <Td> December 3 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 786936838121 </Td> </Tr> <Tr>

The voice of Mickey Mouse on Mickey Mouse Clubhouse is provided by

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a mysterious package guarded by an Agency convoy . With Waller refusing to help , Bruce is forced to assist the Pact and escapes with them . Upon returning to the group 's hideout , the target is revealed to have been the Riddler 's body and that his former ally Catwoman is also a member of the Pact . </P> <P> After copying Riddler 's eyes , Harley reveals one of Riddler 's laptops , which he had left in their possession , and Bruce , John and Catwoman head to his hideout to find the location of their mark . After solving another death trap hidden in the lair , they discover the target to be an organization called SANCTUS , which Riddler was formerly associated with . The Pact also begin to suspect a mole , due to the time it took for the job to escalate , and suspicions fall on Bruce . After retrieving Harley 's laptop through help from either Selina or John , Bruce finds that SANCTUS was one of the Agency 's former divisions in charge of experimentation . The laptop contains evidence of a biological weapon called LOTUS and the location of the lab , where it is being kept . After the Pact learn of the lab 's location , Bruce is forced to either give himself or Selina up as the mole , leading to the Pact attempting to execute them . Depending on the decision , Bruce either accompanies them during the heist and sabotages it or escapes from his fate and confronts the group as Batman , possibly with Catwoman 's help . During the heist , Harley betrays the Pact and escapes with the virus , whilst Freeze and Bane are captured by the Agency . </P> <P> While searching for Quinn , Bruce learns that Project LOTUS was a failed restorative agent , with Riddler being the only known survivor of the experiment . The members of the Pact have planned to use his blood to convert the virus into a healing serum to cure their own ailments . However , Waller has been aware of this plan and plotting to blackmail them into joining the Agency , with the promise of a cure . Unknown to all parties , using even the working version can cause mental problems for the user . After following another lead given by John , Bruce finds him surrounded by agents ' bodies . Claiming it to be self defense , John realizes the truth about their `` friendship '' and reveals his knowledge of Bruce 's activities as Batman . Regardless of whether he believes him , Bruce leaves to help the Agency capture a volatile Harley Quinn . During the confrontation , John arrives and attacks the Agency , escaping with LOTUS and potentially Quinn , the latter depending on the player 's choices . </P> <P> Several weeks later , John , now known as `` Joker '' , reemerges , now either a vigilante with a twisted sense of right and wrong or a criminal collaborating with Quinn to get revenge on Bruce . The former has Batman briefly working with Joker to fights off the Agency , until he kidnaps and attempts to kill Waller . However , the latter has Joker and Harley terrorizing the city with LOTUS and forcing Bruce into a demented game , pitting him against his allies . Regardless of the path , Bruce learns that Tiffany murdered Riddler to avenge her father and he eventually defeats Joker . Following Joker 's capture , Waller orders the Agency to leave Gotham and promises not to reveal Bruce 's identity . As Batman , Bruce confronts Tiffany , leading to her either leaving to work for the Agency , joining him in his crusade against crime , escaping to become a fugitive , or being handed over to the authorities for murder . Returning to the manor , Bruce learns that Alfred has decided to leave Gotham to return home , having been struggling to continue since he was kidnapped by Lady Arkham . After a heated discussion , Bruce either decides to leave the life of vigilantism behind to convince Alfred to stay or allows him to leave whilst he continues to operate as Batman . </P> <P> In a post credits scene , Joker is shown to have been returned to Arkham Asylum . If he was a vigilante , he is either visited by Bruce or decides to become the hero 's archenemy . However , if he was a criminal , he is shown playing with a doll version of Bruce , which he promises to see again . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Enigma '' </Td> <Td> Kent Mudle </Td> <Td> James Windeler , Patrick Kevin Day & Shanon Ingles </Td> <Td> August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Pact '' </Td> <Td> Matthew Leach </Td> <Td> Luke McMullen , Chris Hockabout , Shanon Ingles & Patrick Kevin Day </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Fractured Mask '' </Td> <Td> Sean Manning </Td> <Td> Ross Beeley , Shanon Ingles , Lauren R. Mee & Josh R. Trujillo </Td> <Td> November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` What Ails You '' </Td> <Td> Chris Rieser </Td> <Td> Patrick Kevin Day & Lauren R. Mee </Td> <Td> January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Same Stitch '' </Td> <Td> Kent Mudle </Td> <Td> Meghan Thornton , Ross Beeley & Lauren R. Mee </Td> <Td> March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( April 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Batman : The Enemy Within received generally positive reviews from critics , some of which considered it an improvement over its predecessor , earning praise for its story , choices , action sequences , and portrayal of the Batman mythos . The game won the award for `` Performance in a Drama , Supporting '' with Debra Wilson at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards , whereas its other nomination was for `` Game , Franchise Adventure '' . </P> <P> Many reviewers praised the game 's unique depiction of the Joker , with the player being given the opportunity to try to prevent him from becoming a villain . For example , Scott Maslow from GQ was happily surprised by this version of the Joker and said it managed to make `` Batman 's most overexposed villain '' interesting again : `` The Joker has always said his past is multiple - choice , but this is the first time I 've felt like I was the one checking the boxes . '' Bradley Shankar from MobileSyrup was especially positive with a review titled `` Batman : The Enemy Within offers one of the greatest Joker stories ever told '' . He explained : `` ... while there have been numerous great interpretations of the Batman - Joker relationship over the years , there has never been one quite as complex and morally grey as what Telltale has created with The Enemy Within '' . Tamoor Hussain from GameSpot gave the final episode a 9 / 10 , concluding : `` While Telltale 's first Batman season stuck a bit too close to established mythos and delivered an underwhelming ending , the second is a memorable Joker origin story that Bat - fans should make a point of playing . '' Stephanie Chan from VentureBeat was slightly less enthusiastic but still gave the game a score of 80 / 100 and said : `` By the end of the series , I 'll say that Batman : The Enemy Within has tentatively won me over . That 's purely on the strength of the relationship between Batman and The Joker . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Do n't forget - the next episode of Batman : The Enemy Within premieres October 3 ! What are your predictions for ' The Pact ? ' '' . Facebook . September 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/telltalegames/status/971762476110016513 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sheehan , Gavin ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Our Actions Have Consequences : We Review ' Batman : The Enemy Within ' '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moyse , Chris ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Batman - The Enemy Within : The Enigma '' . Destructoid . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Enemy Within - The Telltale Series '' . GameSpot . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Batman : The Enemy Within Finally Makes the Joker Interesting Again , GQ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Batman : The Enemy Within offers one of the greatest Joker stories ever told ( This Week in Gaming ) , MobileSyrup </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Batman : The Enemy Within Episode 5 Review - No More Joking Around , GameSpot </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Batman : The Enemy Within Episode Five review -- The Joker gets the last laugh , VentureBeat </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Telltale Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bone series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Out from Boneville </Li> <Li> The Great Cow Race </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CSI series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3 Dimensions of Murder </Li> <Li> Hard Evidence </Li> <Li> Deadly Intent </Li> <Li> Fatal Conspiracy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sam & Max series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Save the World </Li> <Li> Beyond Time and Space </Li> <Li> The Devil 's Playhouse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Puzzle Agent series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Puzzle Agent </Li> <Li> Puzzle Agent 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poker Night series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Poker Night at the Inventory </Li> <Li> Poker Night 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Walking Dead series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Walking Dead </Li> <Li> Season Two </Li> <Li> Michonne </Li> <Li> A New Frontier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minecraft : Story Mode series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Minecraft : Story Mode </Li> <Li> Season 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Batman series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Batman : The Telltale Series </Li> <Li> The Enemy Within </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Wolf Among Us Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Wolf Among Us </Li> <Li> Season 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Game of Thrones series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Game of Thrones </Li> <Li> Season 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other titles </Th>

The release date of Batman: The Enemy Within Episode 5 is

Batman the enemy with episode 5 release date?

7716908966138948936

Nuclear power in space - wikipedia <H1> Nuclear power in space </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The KIWI A prime nuclear thermal rocket engine Mars rover powered by a RTG on Mars <P> Nuclear power in space is the use of nuclear power in outer space , typically either small fission systems or radioactive decay for electricity or heat . Another use is for scientific observation , as in a Mössbauer spectrometer . One common type is a radioisotope thermoelectric generator , which has been used on many space probes and on manned lunar missions , and another is small fission reactors for Earth observation satellites such as the TOPAZ nuclear reactor . A radioisotope heater unit provides heat from radioactive decay of a material and can potentially produce heat for decades . </P> <P> Russia has sent about 40 reactors into space and its TOPAZ - II reactor can produce 10 kilowatts . The Romashka reactor family uses uranium and direct thermoelectric conversion to electricity , rather than using a heated fluid to drive a turbine . The United States tested a nuclear reactor in space for 43 days in 1965 . While not yet tested in space , the test of the Demonstration Using Flattop Fission ( DUFF ) on September 13 , 2012 was the first test of a nuclear reactor power system for space since then . </P> <P> Examples of nuclear power for space propulsion systems include nuclear electric rocket ( nuclear electric propulsion ) , radioisotope rocket , and radioisotope electric propulsion ( REP ) . One of the more explored is the nuclear thermal rocket , which was tested in the NERVA program . See also Category : Nuclear spacecraft propulsion ( category link ) . Nuclear pulse propulsion was the subject of Project Orion ( nuclear propulsion ) </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Benefits </Li> <Li> 2 Types <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Radioisotope systems </Li> <Li> 2.2 Fission systems </Li> <Li> 2.3 Project Prometheus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Table </Li> <Li> 4 Visuals </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Benefits ( edit ) </H2> Both Viking landers used RTGs for power on the surface of Mars -- they were launched ( a Viking launch vehicle pictured ) and landed on Mars in the late 1970s <P> While solar power is much more commonly used , nuclear power offers great advantages in many areas . Solar cells , although efficient , can only supply energy to spacecraft in orbits where the solar flux is sufficiently high , such as low Earth orbit and interplanetary destinations close enough to the Sun . Unlike solar cells , nuclear power systems function independently of sunlight , which is necessary for deep space exploration . Nuclear reactors are especially beneficial in space because of their lower weight - to - capacity ratio than solar cells . Therefore , nuclear power systems take up much less space than solar power systems . Compact spacecraft are easier to orient and direct in space when precision is needed . Estimates of nuclear power , which can power both life support and propulsion systems , suggest that use of these systems can effectively reduce both cost and flight time . </P> <P> Selected applications and / or technologies for space include </P> <Ul> <Li> Radioisotope thermoelectric generator </Li> <Li> Radioisotope heater unit </Li> <Li> Radioisotope piezoelectric generator </Li> <Li> Radioisotope rocket </Li> <Li> Nuclear thermal rocket </Li> <Li> Nuclear pulse propulsion </Li> <Li> Nuclear electric rocket </Li> </Ul> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Radioisotope systems ( edit ) </H3> SNAP - 27 on the Moon <P> For more than fifty years , radioisotope thermoelectric generators ( RTGs ) have been the United States ' main nuclear power source in space . RTGs offer many benefits ; they are relatively safe and maintenance - free , are resilient under harsh conditions , and can operate for decades . RTGs are particularly desirable for use in parts of space where solar power is not a viable power source . Dozens of RTGs have been implemented to power 25 different US spacecraft , some of which have been operating for more than 20 years . Over 40 radioisotope thermoelectric generators have been used globally ( principally US and USSR ) on space missions . </P> <P> The advanced Stirling radioisotope generator ( ASRG , a model of Stirling radioisotope generator ( SRG ) ) produces roughly four times the electric power of an RTG per unit of nuclear fuel , but it is not yet ready to be implemented on an actual mission . NASA plans to utilize two ASRGs to explore Titan in the distant future . </P> Cutaway diagram of the advanced Stirling radioisotope generator . <P> Radioisotope power generators include : </P> <Ul> <Li> SNAP - 19 , SNAP - 27 ( Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary Power ) </Li> <Li> MHW - RTG </Li> <Li> GPHS - RTG </Li> <Li> MMRTG </Li> <Li> ASRG ( Advanced Stirling radioisotope generator ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Radioisotope heater units ( RHUs ) are also used on spacecraft to warm scientific instruments to the proper temperature so they operate efficiently . A larger model of RHU called the General Purpose Heat Source ( GPHS ) is used to power RTGs and the ASRG . </P> <P> Extremely slow - decaying radioisotopes have been proposed for use on realistic interstellar probes with multi-decade lifetimes . </P> <P> Another direction for development is an RTG assisted by subcritical reactions . </P> <H3> Fission systems ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fission power systems may be utilized to power a spacecraft 's heating or propulsion systems . </P> <P> In terms of heating requirements , when spacecraft require more than 100 kW for power , fission systems are much more cost effective than RTGs . Over the past few decades , several fission reactors have been proposed , but these fission systems have n't been utilized in US space projects as prominently as radioisotope systems have . The Soviet Union , however , launched 31 BES - 5 low power fission reactors in their RORSAT satellites utilizing thermoelectric converters between 1967 and 1988 . Shortly after , the Soviet Union developed TOPAZ reactors , which utilize thermionic converters instead . In 2008 , NASA announced plans to utilize a small fission power system to be used on the surface of the moon and Mars , and began testing `` key '' technologies for it to come to fruition . </P> <P> Nuclear thermal propulsion systems ( NTR ) are based on the heating power of a fission reactor , offering a more efficient propulsion system for thrust in launches and landings than one powered by chemical reactions . Current research focuses more on nuclear electric systems as the power source for providing thrust to propel spacecraft that are already in space . </P> SAFE - 30 small experimental reactor circa 2002 <P> Other space fission reactors for powering space vehicles include the SAFE - 400 reactor and the HOMER - 15 . In 2020 , Roscosmos ( the Russian Federal Space Agency ) plans to launch a spacecraft utilizing nuclear - powered propulsion systems ( developed at the Keldysh Research Center ) , which includes a small gas - cooled fission reactor with 1 MWe . </P> <P> As of 2010 , more than 30 small fission power system nuclear reactors have been sent into space in the Soviet RORSAT satellites , with only one -- SNAP - 10A -- by the US . </P> <P> Proposed fission power system spacecraft and exploration systems have included SP - 100 , JIMO nuclear electric propulsion , and Fission Surface Power . </P> <P> A number of Micro nuclear reactor types have been developed or are in development for space applications : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jan Leen Kloostermans ' U-battery </Li> <Li> RAPID - L </Li> <Li> closed cycle magnetohydrodynamic ( CCMHD ) power generation system </Li> <Li> SP - 100 </Li> <Li> Alkali Metal Thermoelectric Converter ( AMTEC ) </Li> <Li> Kilopower </Li> </Ul> <H3> Project Prometheus ( edit ) </H3> Artists 's Conception of Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter which was mission for Prometheus . It was powered by a small fission reactor , which provided electrical power to ion engines and electronics . The long boom is used to create distance between the reactor and the rest of the space craft , on it are fins that radiate waste heat into space <P> In 2002 , NASA announced an initiative towards developing nuclear systems , which later came to be known as Project Prometheus . A major part of the Prometheus Project was to develop the Stirling Radioisotope Generator and the Multi-Mission Thermoelectric Generator , both types of RTGs . The project also aimed to produce a safe and long - lasting space fission reactor system for a spacecraft 's power and propulsion , replacing the long - used RTGs . Budget constraints resulted in the effective halting of the project , but Project Prometheus has had success in testing new systems . After its creation , scientists successfully tested a High Power Electric Propulsion ( HiPEP ) ion engine , which offered substantial advantages in fuel efficiency , thruster lifetime , and thruster efficiency over other power sources . </P> <H2> Table ( edit ) </H2> <P> Examples of nuclear powered spacecraft : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name and / or model </Th> <Th> Fate / Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Selected examples of nuclear power systems in space </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SNAP - 10A </Td> <Td> Earth orbit ( 900 + km altitude ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 469 BES - 5 Buk </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 516 </Td> <Td> High orbited 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 626 </Td> <Td> Earth orbit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 954 </Td> <Td> Earth re-entry 1978 ( over Canada ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1176 </Td> <Td> 11788 / 11971 Earth orbit 870 -- 970 km </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1402 </Td> <Td> Earth re-entry 1983 ( South Atlantic ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1607 </Td> <Td> High orbited 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1670 </Td> <Td> High orbited 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1677 </Td> <Td> High orbited 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1682 </Td> <Td> High orbited 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1736 </Td> <Td> High orbited 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1771 </Td> <Td> High orbited 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1818 TEU - 5 Topol </Td> <Td> Earth orbit </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1860 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1867 TEU - 5 Topol </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1900 </Td> <Td> High orbited 1987 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cosmos 1932 </Td> <Td> Earth orbit 800 -- 900 km </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> See also Radioisotope thermoelectric generator # Nuclear power systems in space </P> <H2> Visuals ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Red - hot shell containing plutonium undergoing nuclear decay , inside the Mars Science Laboratory MMRTG . MSL was launched in 2011 and landed on Mars in August 2012 . </Td> <Td> The MSL MMRTG exterior </Td> <Td> SNAP - 10A Space Nuclear Power Plant , shown here in tests on the Earth , launched into orbit in the 1960s . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Nuclear technology portal </Li> <Li> Spaceflight portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Austere Human Missions to Mars </Li> <Li> Nuclear pulse propulsion </Li> <Li> Nuclear propulsion </Li> <Li> Nuclear thermal rocket </Li> <Li> Nuclear electric rocket </Li> <Li> Batteries in space </Li> <Li> Solar panels on spacecraft </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hyder , Anthony K. ; R.L. Wiley ; G. Halpert ; S. Sabripour ; D.J. Flood ( 2000 ) . Spacecraft Power Technologies . Imperial College Press . p. 256 . ISBN 1 - 86094 - 117 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up

Scientists have used nuclear power as a fuel for spacecraft by utilizing

How have scientists used nuclear power as a fuel for spacecraft?

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0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 ! 26 </Td> <Td> The Miz </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Roman Reigns & Seth Rollins </Td> <Td> 05 : 20 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 ! 27 </Td> <Td> Rey Mysterio </Td> <Td> Free agent </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Finn Bálor </Td> <Td> 09 : 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 ! 28 </Td> <Td> Roman Reigns </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Shinsuke Nakamura </Td> <Td> 21 : 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 ! 29 </Td> <Td> Goldust </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Dolph Ziggler </Td> <Td> 02 : 43 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 ! 30 </Td> <Td> Dolph Ziggler </Td> <Td> SmackDown </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Finn Bálor </Td> <Td> 02 : 01 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( * ) - Tye Dillinger was announced as the # 10 entrant , but was attacked backstage by Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn , resulting in Zayn taking his spot . ( * * ) - Heath Slater spent significant time outside of the ring before officially entering the Rumble , due to being attacked by Baron Corbin and other wrestlers . ( * * * ) - WWE. com 's official website lists Sheamus ' time to be 20 seconds , but they have otherwise stated 2 seconds . </P> <H3> Women 's Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> -- Raw </Dd> <Dd> -- SmackDown </Dd> <Dd> -- NXT </Dd> <Dd> -- Hall of Famer ( HOF ) </Dd> <Dd> -- Free agent </Dd> <Dd> -- Winner </Dd> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Draw </Th> <Th> Entrant </Th> <Th> Brand </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Eliminated by </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Elimination ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 01 ! 1 </Td> <Td> Sasha Banks </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Brie Bella & Nikki Bella </Td> <Td> 54 : 46 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 02 ! 2 </Td> <Td> Becky Lynch </Td> <Td> SmackDown </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Ruby Riott </Td> <Td> 30 : 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 03 ! 3 </Td> <Td> Sarah Logan </Td> <Td> SmackDown </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Molly Holly </Td> <Td> 16 : 30 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 04 ! 4 </Td> <Td> Mandy Rose </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lita </Td> <Td> 03 : 52 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 05 ! 5 </Td> <Td> Lita </Td> <Td> HOF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Becky Lynch </Td> <Td> 05 : 51 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 06 ! 6 </Td> <Td> Kairi Sane * </Td> <Td> NXT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dana Brooke </Td> <Td> 04 : 49 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 07 ! 7 </Td> <Td> Tamina </Td> <Td> SmackDown </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lita </Td> <Td> 01 : 34 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 08 ! 8 </Td> <Td> Dana Brooke </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Torrie Wilson </Td> <Td> 02 : 59 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 09 ! 9 </Td> <Td> Torrie Wilson </Td> <Td> Free agent </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Sonya Deville </Td> <Td> 03 : 04 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 ! 10 </Td> <Td> Sonya Deville </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Michelle McCool </Td> <Td> 06 : 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 ! 11 </Td> <Td> Liv Morgan </Td> <Td> SmackDown </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Michelle McCool </Td> <Td> 05 : 12 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 ! 12 </Td> <Td> Molly Holly </Td> <Td> Free agent </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Michelle McCool </Td> <Td> 04 : 04 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 ! 13 </Td> <Td> Lana </Td> <Td> SmackDown </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Michelle McCool </Td> <Td> 02 : 54 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 ! 14 </Td> <Td> Michelle McCool </Td> <Td> Free agent </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Natalya </Td> <Td> 08 : 38 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 ! 15 </Td> <Td> Ruby Riott </Td> <Td> SmackDown </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Nia Jax </Td> <Td> 11 : 32 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 ! 16 </Td> <Td> Vickie Guerrero </Td> <Td> Free agent </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Becky Lynch , Michelle McCool , Ruby Riott , & Sasha Banks </Td> <Td> 00 : 57 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 ! 17 </Td> <Td> Carmella </Td> <Td> SmackDown </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Nikki Bella </Td> <Td> 18 : 45 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 ! 18 </Td> <Td> Natalya </Td> <Td> SmackDown </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Trish Stratus </Td> <Td> 25 : 34 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 ! 19 </Td> <Td> Kelly Kelly </Td> <Td> Free agent </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Nia Jax </Td> <Td> 05 : 02 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 ! 20 </Td> <Td> Naomi </Td> <Td> SmackDown </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Nia Jax </Td> <Td> 06 : 49 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 ! 21 </Td> <Td> Jacqueline </Td> <Td> HOF </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Nia Jax </Td> <Td> 01 : 52 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 ! 22 </Td> <Td> Nia Jax </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Asuka , Bayley , Brie Bella , Natalya , Nikki Bella , & Trish Stratus </Td> <Td> 17 : 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 ! 23 </Td> <Td> Ember Moon </Td> <Td> NXT </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Asuka </Td> <Td> 06 : 14 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 ! 24 </Td> <Td> Beth Phoenix </Td> <Td> HOF </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Natalya </Td> <Td> 02 : 22 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 ! 25 </Td> <Td> Asuka </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> 30 ! -- </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> 1941 ! 19 : 41 </Td> <Td> 03 ! 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 ! 26 </Td> <Td> Mickie James </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Trish Stratus </Td> <Td> 08 : 24 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 ! 27 </Td> <Td> Nikki Bella </Td> <Td> SmackDown </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Asuka </Td> <Td> 16 : 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 ! 28 </Td> <Td> Brie Bella </Td> <Td> Free agent </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Nikki Bella </Td> <Td> 11 : 58 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 ! 29 </Td> <Td> Bayley </Td> <Td> Raw </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Sasha Banks </Td> <Td> 05 : 04 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 ! 30 </Td> <Td> Trish Stratus </Td> <Td> HOF </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Sasha Banks </Td> <Td> 05 : 36 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( * ) - Kairi Sane was a last minute replacement for Alicia Fox , who was originally scheduled to participate in the match , but got injured just prior to the event . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 1 / 8 : Reigns IC Title reign continues , Enzo vs. Cedric , the return of Miz , Lesnar responds and get crushed '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cutts , Daniel . `` WWE news : Little Mix hit ' Power ' to be official theme song for first ever women 's Royal Rumble '' . The Sun Newspaper ( UK ) . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Konuwa , Alfred ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Royal Rumble 2018 Results : News And Notes After Shinsuke Nakamura , Asuka Win '' . Forbes . New York City : Forbes Media , LLC. and Integrated Media . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royal Rumble tickets available now '' . WWE . July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The first - ever 30 - Woman Over-The - Top Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fiorvanti , Timothy ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ronda Rousey joining WWE to perform as full - time pro wrestler '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE RAW REPORT 11 / 20 : Survivor Series fallout , Samoa Joe vs. Finn Balor , Reigns in Miz TV , a big name returns '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 11 / 21 : Survivor Series fallout including Shane McMahon responding to KO and Sami attacking him '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 12 / 18 Powell 's WWE Raw Live TV Review : Brock Lesnar and Paul Heyman return , Cedric Alexander vs. Drew Gulak for a WWE Cruiserweight Title shot , the build to the Royal Rumble '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Men 's and Women 's Royal Rumble Match rules revealed '' . WWE . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Stephanie McMahon to join commentary for Women 's Royal Rumble Match this Sunday '' . WWE.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Currier , Joseph ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Royal Rumble Notes : Pre-show Matches , Maria Menounos '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benigno , Anthony . `` Maria Menounos to serve as guest ring announcer for the first - ever Women 's Royal Rumble Match '' . WWE . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grabianowski , Ed . `` How Pro Wrestling Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Discovery Communications . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Live & Televised Entertainment '' . WWE . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) . `` WWE 's ' Smackdown ' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Csonka , Larry . `` Triple H Conference Call Report : Discusses 205 Live , NXT Takeover : Toronto , Says HBK Working at the Performance Center and More '' . 411mania.com . 411mania.com . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powell , Jason ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` 10 / 16 Powell 's WWE Raw Live TV Review : Braun Strowman vs. Roman Reigns in a cage match , the final push for WWE TLC '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE TLC 2017 live review : Kurt Angle , Dean Ambrose , and Seth Rollins vs. Braun Strowman , Kane , The Miz , Sheamus , and Cesaro in a TLC match , AJ Styles vs. Finn Balor ,

The winner of the 2018 women's Royal Rumble match was

Who won the 2018 women's royal rumble match?

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The Endless Summer - wikipedia <H1> The Endless Summer </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1966 documentary film . For other uses , see Endless Summer ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Endless Summer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Bruce Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Bruce Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Bruce Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Mike Hynson Robert August Miki Dora </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Bruce Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> The Sandals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Bruce Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Bruce Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Cinema V Monterey Media </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> June 15 , 1966 ( 1966 - 06 - 15 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 95 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $50,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $20 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Endless Summer is a seminal 1966 surf movie ( the initial release was in 1964 , world - wide release was 1966 ) . </P> <P> Filmmaker / narrator Bruce Brown follows two surfers , Mike Hynson and Robert August , on a surfing trip around the world . Despite the balmy climate of their native California , cold ocean currents make local beaches inhospitable during the winter . They travel to the coasts of Australia , New Zealand , Tahiti , Hawaii , Senegal , Ghana , Nigeria and South Africa in a quest for new surf spots and introduce locals to the sport . Other important surfers of the time , such as Miki Dora , Phil Edwards and Butch Van Artsdalen also appear . </P> <P> Its title comes from the idea , expressed at both the beginning and end of the film , that if one had enough time and money it would be possible to follow the summer up and down the world ( northern to southern hemisphere and back ) , making it endless . The concept of the film was born through the suggestion of a travel agent to Bruce Brown during the planning stages of the film . The travel agent suggested that the flight from Los Angeles to Cape Town , South Africa and back would cost $50 more than a trip circumnavigating the world . After which , Bruce came up with the idea of following the summer season by traveling up and down the world . </P> <P> The narrative presentation eases from the stiff and formal documentary of the 1950s and early 1960s to a more casual and fun - loving personal style filled with sly humor . The surf rock soundtrack to the film was provided by The Sandals . The `` Theme to the Endless Summer '' was written by Gaston Georis and John Blakeley of the Sandals . It has become one of the best known film themes in the surf movie genre . </P> <P> When the movie was first shown , it encouraged many surfers to go abroad , giving birth to the `` surf - and - travel '' culture , with prizes for finding `` uncrowded surf '' , meeting new people and riding the perfect wave . It also introduced the sport , which had become popular outside of Hawaii and the Polynesian Islands in places like California and Australia , to a broader audience . In addition , it set the style for later surf - and - travel movies , including Momentum , ( These Are ) Better Days , and Thicker Than Water . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Development </Li> <Li> 2 Reaction <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Legacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Sequels </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bruce Brown started surfing in the early 1950s . He took still photographs to show his mother what the draw of the sport was . While serving in the United States Navy on Oahu years later , he used an 8 mm movie camera to photograph surfers from California . Once Brown got back to the states , he edited his footage into an hour - long film . Surfer Dale Velzy showed it at his San Clemente shop , charging 25 cents for admission . Velzy bought Brown a 16 mm camera and together they raised $5,000 to make Slippery When Wet , Brown 's first `` real '' surf film . </P> <P> In the winter of 1958 , Brown went back to Hawaii to film the North Shore 's big surf . On the plane ride over , the novice filmmaker read a book about how to make movies . Brown said , `` I never had formal training in filmmaking and that probably worked to my advantage '' . By 1962 , he had spent five years making one surf film per year . He would shoot during the fall and winter months , edit during the spring and show the finished product during the summer . Brown remembered , `` I felt if I could take two years to make a film , maybe I could make something special '' . To do this , he would need a bigger budget than he had on previous films . To raise the $50,000 budget for The Endless Summer , Brown took the best footage from his four previous films and made Waterlogged . </P> <P> Brown took his completed film to several Hollywood studio distributors but was rejected because they did not think it would have mainstream appeal . In January , he took The Endless Summer to Wichita , Kansas for two weeks where moviegoers lined up in snowy weather in the middle of winter and it went on to selling out multiple screenings . Distributors were still not convinced and Brown rented a theater in New York City where his film ran successfully for a year . After the success of the run at New York 's Kips Bay Theater , Don Rugoff of Cinema 5 distribution said he did not want the film or poster changed and wanted them distributed as is , thus Brown selected him over other distributors who wished to alter the poster . </P> <H2> Reaction ( edit ) </H2> <P> When The Endless Summer debuted , it grossed $5 million domestically and over $20 million worldwide . </P> <P> Roger Ebert said of Brown 's work , `` the beautiful photography he brought home almost makes you wonder if Hollywood has n't been trying too hard '' . Time magazine wrote , `` Brown leaves analysis of the surf - cult mystique to seagoing sociologists , but demonstrates quite spiritedly that some of the brave souls mistaken for beachniks are , in fact , converts to a difficult , dangerous and dazzling sport '' . </P> <P> In his review for The New York Times , Robert Alden wrote , `` the subject matter itself -- the challenge and the joy of a sport that is part swimming , part skiing , part sky - diving and part Russian roulette -- is buoyant fun '' . </P> <H3> Legacy ( edit ) </H3> <P> The then - unknown break off Cape St. Francis in South Africa became one of the world 's most famous surfing sites thanks to The Endless Summer . </P> <P> In 2002 , The Endless Summer was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . </P> <H2> Sequels ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1994 , Brown released a sequel , The Endless Summer II , in which surfers Pat O'Connell and Robert `` Wingnut '' Weaver retrace the steps of Hynson and August . It shows the growth and evolution of the surfing scene since the first film , which presented only classic longboard surfing . O'Connell rides a shortboard , which was developed in the time between the two movies , and there are scenes of windsurfing and bodyboarding . The film illustrates how far surfing had spread , with footage of surf sessions in France , South Africa , Costa Rica , Bali , Java , and even Alaska . The sequel follows a similar structure to the original , with another round the world surfing adventure reflecting on cultural differences since the first film was shot . </P> <P> In 2000 , Dana Brown , Bruce 's son , released The Endless Summer Revisited , which consisted of unused footage from the first two films , as well as original cast interviews . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Tim ( October 2004 ) . `` Big Waves , Big Screen '' . Bruce Brown Films . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bharath , Deepa ; Connelly , Laylan ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Surfing through time '' . Huntington Beach Wave . p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benning , Jim ( December 11 , 2006 ) . `` The Enduring Appeal of The Endless Summer '' . WorldHum . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Endless Summer - A Look Back at the Endless Summer ( DVD ) . monterey media . 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Lisanti , Hollywood Surf and Beach Movies : The First Wave , 1959 - 1969 , McFarland 2005 , p270 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 12 , 1967 ) . `` The Endless Summer '' . Chicago Sun - Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Surfs Up '' . Time . July 8 , 1966 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alden , Robert ( June 16 , 1966 ) . `` The Endless Summer '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cosford , Bill ( June 10 , 1994 ) . `` Beach Culture '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Endless Summer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Bruce Brown Films </Li> <Li> The Endless Summer Official Website </Li> <Li> The Endless Summer on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Endless Summer at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Endless_Summer&oldid=818794836 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1966 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1960s sports films </Li> <Li> Films directed by Bruce Brown </Li> <Li> United States National Film Registry films </Li> <Li> Documentary films about surfing </Li> <Li> Films shot in Indonesia </Li> <Li> Films shot in Senegal </Li> <Li> Films set on beaches </Li> <Li> Australian sports films </Li> <Li> Films shot in New Zealand </Li> <Li> Raglan , New Zealand </Li> <Li> Surfing in New Zealand </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About

Part of the classic surfing movie Endless Summer was filmed in

Where was part of the classic surfing movie endless summer filmed?

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Judith Keppel - wikipedia <H1> Judith Keppel </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Judith Keppel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel ( 1942 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1942 ( age 75 ) Wolverhampton , Staffordshire , England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Known for </Th> <Td> First winner of the British television game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , Eggheads </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Desmond Leon Corcoran ( 1964 -- 80 ) ( divorced ) Neil Shand ( 1985 -- 87 ) ( separated ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Sibylla Monacella Corcoran ( born 1966 ) Alexander Martin Desmond Corcoran ( born 1968 ) Aline Rose Corcoran ( born 1972 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent ( s ) </Th> <Td> Walter Arnold Crispin Keppel ( father ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> Arnold Keppel , 8th Earl of Albemarle ( great - grandfather ) Walter , 9th Earl of Albemarle ( grandfather ) Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall ( third cousin ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel ( born 18 August 1942 ) was the first one - million - pound winner on the television game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? in the United Kingdom . She is also the only woman in the United Kingdom to have won it and also the first person to win a million pounds or more on a British television game show . She has appeared on the BBC Two quiz show Eggheads since 2003 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Personal life </Li> <Li> 2 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Keppel 's father Hon Walter Arnold Crispian Keppel ( 1914 -- 1996 ) was a lieutenant commander in the Fleet Air Arm , who moved with the family to various naval postings around Britain until they settled in London when she was 17 . She took A-levels at St Mary 's School , Wantage , and completed a secretarial course , and married her first husband Desmond Corcoran , an art dealer . The couple went on to have three children , Sibylla , Alexander , and Rosie , but divorced in 1980 . In 1985 she married comedy script writer Neil Shand . They separated in 1987 . </P> <P> Keppel is the granddaughter of Walter , 9th Earl of Albemarle . Her great - grandfather , the 8th Earl , was brother - in - law of Alice Keppel , the mistress of King Edward VII , and was the great - granduncle of Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall . The Duchess of Cornwall is therefore her third cousin . Through the noble lineage of her aforementioned grandfather , her ancestry can be traced back to Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II of England , who were the subjects of her million - pound question on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? . </P> <H2> Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> £ 1 million ( 15 of 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Which King was married to Eleanor of Aquitaine ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A : Henry I </Td> <Td> B : Henry II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> C : Richard I </Td> <Td> D: Henry V </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Keppel 's £ 1 million question </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Keppel appeared on the 20 November 2000 episode of the UK edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , becoming the 12th winner in the world and the first in the UK to win one million pounds . At the time , she was a garden designer living in Fulham and was `` struggling for money '' . Nonetheless , she had spent about 100 pounds phoning the quiz show more than 50 times to secure a place . `` BT rang me up and said , ' Do you realise your telephone bills are rising ? ' '' There was speculation at the time that the win was leaked to the press so that ITV would draw ratings away from BBC One which was showing the last episode of One Foot in the Grave in the same timeslot . However , the Independent Television Commission cleared Celador and ITV of the allegations . </P> <P> Keppel now appears on the BBC Two quiz show Eggheads , where she and four other quiz champions are pitted against members of the public . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ ' West Midlands ' county did not exist prior to 1st April 1974 . ' Staffordshire ' is correct </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Mosley ( ed . ) , Burke 's Peerage , Baronetage & Knightage ( London : Burke 's Peerage , 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/233b6186-52c8-11e3-8586-00144feabdc0.html#axzz4115VmSpl </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woods , Judith ( 4 August 2001 ) . `` Thank God , I do n't have to move to France '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sir William Coutts Keppel , 7th Earl of Albemarle thePeerage.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` My secret to winning Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Being single '' . Daily Telegraph . 31 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cool , calm , and collector of quiz show 's first million : But first the adverts as viewers wait for response to the final question '' . Herald Scotland . 21 November 2000 . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Millionaire ? cleared of ratings ' fix ' '' . BBC News . 15 January 2001 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by First winner </Td> <Td> Top prize winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK ) 20 November 2000 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by David Edwards </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judith_Keppel&oldid=800263479 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1942 births </Li> <Li> Contestants on British game shows </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> People from Fulham </Li> <Li> Keppel family </Li> <Li> People educated at Heathfield School , Ascot </Li> <Li> People of United Empire Loyalist descent </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 12 : 34 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The first woman to win "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire" was

Who was the first woman to win who wants to be a millionaire?

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Brown v. Board of Education - wikipedia <H1> Brown v. Board of Education </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Brown v. Board of Education </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Supreme Court of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Argued December 9 , 1952 Reargued December 8 , 1953 Decided May 17 , 1954 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full case name </Th> <Td> Oliver Brown , et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka , et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Citations </Th> <Td> 347 U.S. 483 ( more ) 74 S. Ct. 686 ; 98 L. Ed . 873 ; 1954 U.S. LEXIS 2094 ; 53 Ohio Op. 326 ; 38 A.L.R. 2d 1180 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prior history </Th> <Td> Judgment for defendants , 98 F. Supp. 797 ( D. Kan . 1951 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subsequent history </Th> <Td> Judgment on relief , 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ( Brown II ) ; on remand , 139 F. Supp. 468 ( D. Kan . 1955 ) ; motion to intervene granted , 84 F.R.D. 383 ( D. Kan . 1979 ) ; judgment for defendants , 671 F. Supp. 1290 ( D. Kan . 1987 ) ; reversed , 892 F. 2d 851 ( 10th Cir. 1989 ) ; vacated , 503 U.S. 978 ( 1992 ) ( Brown III ) ; judgment reinstated , 978 F. 2d 585 ( 10th Cir. 1992 ) ; judgment for defendants , 56 F. Supp . 2d 1212 ( D. Kan . 1999 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Holding </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , because separate facilities are inherently unequal . District Court of Kansas reversed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Court membership </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Chief Justice </Dt> <Dd> Earl Warren </Dd> <Dt> Associate Justices </Dt> <Dd> Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Robert H. Jackson Harold H. Burton Tom C. Clark Sherman Minton </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Case opinions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Majority </Th> <Td> Warren , joined by unanimous </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Laws applied </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> U.S. Const . amend . XIV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education ( 1899 ) Berea College v. Kentucky ( 1908 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Educational segregation in the US prior to Brown <P> Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional . The decision effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 , which allowed state - sponsored segregation , insofar as it applied to public education . Handed down on May 17 , 1954 , the Warren Court 's unanimous ( 9 -- 0 ) decision stated that `` separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . '' As a result , de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution . This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement , and a model for many future impact litigation cases . However , the decision 's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools , and the Court 's second decision in Brown II ( 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ) only ordered states to desegregate `` with all deliberate speed '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Case <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Filing and arguments </Li> <Li> 2.2 Supreme Court review </Li> <Li> 2.3 Unanimous opinion and consensus building </Li> <Li> 2.4 Holding </Li> <Li> 2.5 Local outcomes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Social implications <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Deep South </Li> <Li> 3.2 Upland South </Li> <Li> 3.3 North </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Legal criticism and praise </Li> <Li> 5 Brown II </Li> <Li> 6 Brown III </Li> <Li> 7 Related cases </Li> <Li> 8 Other comments </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background </H2> <P> For much of the sixty years preceding the Brown case , race relations in the United States had been dominated by racial segregation . This policy had been endorsed in 1896 by the United States Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson , which held that as long as the separate facilities for the separate races were equal , segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment ( `` no State shall ... deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws '' ) . </P> <P> The plaintiffs in Brown asserted that this system of racial separation , while masquerading as providing separate but equal treatment of both white and black Americans , instead perpetuated inferior accommodations , services , and treatment for black Americans . Racial segregation in education varied widely from the 17 states that required racial segregation to the 16 in which it was prohibited . Brown was influenced by UNESCO 's 1950 Statement , signed by a wide variety of internationally renowned scholars , titled The Race Question . This declaration denounced previous attempts at scientifically justifying racism as well as morally condemning racism . Another work that the Supreme Court cited was Gunnar Myrdal 's An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy ( 1944 ) . Myrdal had been a signatory of the UNESCO declaration . The research performed by the educational psychologists Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark also influenced the Court 's decision . The Clarks ' `` doll test '' studies presented substantial arguments to the Supreme Court about how segregation affected black schoolchildren 's mental status . </P> <P> The United States and the Soviet Union were both at the height of the Cold War during this time , and U.S. officials , including Supreme Court Justices , were highly aware of the harm that segregation and racism played on America 's international image . When Justice William O. Douglas traveled to India in 1950 , the first question he was asked was , `` Why does America tolerate the lynching of Negroes ? '' Douglas later wrote that he had learned from his travels that `` the attitude of the United States toward its colored minorities is a powerful factor in our relations with India . '' Chief Justice Earl Warren , nominated to the Supreme Court by President Eisenhower , echoed Douglas 's concerns in a 1954 speech to the American Bar Association , proclaiming that `` Our American system like all others is on trial both at home and abroad , ... the extent to which we maintain the spirit of our constitution with its Bill of Rights , will in the long run do more to make it both secure and the object of adulation than the number of hydrogen bombs we stockpile . '' </P> <H2> Case </H2> <H3> Filing and arguments </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Education in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> By state and in insular areas </Li> <Li> By subject area </Li> <Li> History of </Li> <Li> Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform </Li> <Li> Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher </Li> <Li> Organizations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Education portal United States portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1951 , a class action suit was filed against the Board of Education of the City of Topeka , Kansas in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas . The plaintiffs were thirteen Topeka parents on behalf of their 20 children . </P> <P> The suit called for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation . The Topeka Board of Education operated separate elementary schools under an 1879 Kansas law , which permitted ( but did not require ) districts to maintain separate elementary school facilities for black and white students in 12 communities with populations over 15,000 . The plaintiffs had been recruited by the leadership of the Topeka NAACP . Notable among the Topeka NAACP leaders were the chairman McKinley Burnett ; Charles Scott , one of three serving as legal counsel for the chapter ; and Lucinda Todd . </P> <P> The named plaintiff , Oliver L. Brown , was a parent , a welder in the shops of the Santa Fe Railroad , an assistant pastor at his local church , and an African American . He was convinced to join the lawsuit by Scott , a childhood friend . Brown 's daughter Linda , a third grader , had to walk six blocks to her school bus stop to ride to Monroe Elementary , her segregated black school one mile ( 1.6 km ) away , while Sumner Elementary , a white school , was seven blocks from her house . </P> <P> As directed by the NAACP leadership , the parents each attempted to enroll their children in the closest neighborhood school in the fall of 1951 . They were each refused enrollment and directed to the segregated schools . </P> <P> The case `` Oliver Brown et al. v . The Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas '' was named after Oliver Brown as a legal strategy to have a man at the head of the roster . The lawyers , and the National Chapter of the NAACP , also felt that having Mr. Brown at the head of the roster would be better received by the U.S. Supreme Court Justices . The 13 plaintiffs were : Oliver Brown , Darlene Brown , Lena Carper , Sadie Emmanuel , Marguerite Emerson , Shirley Fleming , Zelma Henderson , Shirley Hodison , Maude Lawton , Alma Lewis , Iona Richardson , and Lucinda Todd . The last surviving plaintiff , Zelma Henderson , died in Topeka , on May 20 , 2008 , at age 88 . </P> <P> The District Court ruled in favor of the Board of Education , citing the U.S. Supreme Court precedent set in Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) , which had upheld a state law requiring `` separate but equal '' segregated facilities for blacks and whites in railway cars . The three - judge District Court panel found that segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on negro children , but denied relief on the ground that the negro and white schools in Topeka were substantially equal with respect to buildings , transportation , curricula , and educational qualifications of teachers . </P> <H3> Supreme Court Review </H3> <P> The case of Brown v. Board of Education as heard before the Supreme Court combined five cases : Brown itself , Briggs v. Elliott ( filed in South Carolina ) , Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( filed in Virginia ) , Gebhart v. Belton ( filed in Delaware ) , and Bolling v. Sharpe ( filed in Washington D.C. ) . </P> <P> All were NAACP - sponsored cases . The Davis case , the only case of the five originating from a student protest , began when 16 - year - old Barbara Rose Johns organized and led a 450 - student walkout of Moton High School . The Gebhart case was the only one where a trial court , affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court , found that discrimination was unlawful ; in all the other cases the plaintiffs had lost as the original courts had found discrimination to be lawful . </P> <P> The Kansas case was unique among the group in that there was no contention of gross

In the landmark Brown vs. Board of Education case, the plaintiffs ultimately prevailed, not the

Who won in the brown vs board of education case?

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</Td> <Td> . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> guillemets </Td> <Td> `` '' `` '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> hyphen </Td> <Td> ‐ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> hyphen - minus </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> question mark </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> quotation marks </Td> <Td> ' ' `` '' ' ' `` '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> semicolon </Td> <Td> ; </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> slash , stroke , solidus </Td> <Td> / ⁄ </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Word dividers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> interpunct </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> space </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> General typography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ampersand </Td> <Td> & </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> asterisk </Td> <Td> * </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> at sign </Td> <Td> @ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> backslash </Td> <Td> \ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> bullet </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> caret </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> dagger </Td> <Td> † ‡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> degree </Td> <Td> ° </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ditto mark </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> inverted exclamation mark </Td> <Td> ¡ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> inverted question mark </Td> <Td> ¿ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> komejirushi , kome , reference mark </Td> <Td> ※ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> number sign , pound , hash , octothorpe </Td> <Td> # </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> numero sign </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> obelus </Td> <Td> ÷ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> multiplication sign </Td> <Td> × </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ordinal indicator </Td> <Td> o a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> percent , per mil </Td> <Td> % ‰ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> plus and minus </Td> <Td> + − </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> equals sign </Td> <Td> = </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> basis point </Td> <Td> ‱ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> pilcrow </Td> <Td> ¶ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> prime </Td> <Td> ′ '' ′′′ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> section sign </Td> <Td> § </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> tilde </Td> <Td> ~ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> underscore , understrike </Td> <Td> _ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> vertical bar , pipe , broken bar </Td> <Td> ‖ ¦ </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Intellectual property </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> copyright </Td> <Td> © </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> sound - recording copyright </Td> <Td> ℗ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> registered trademark </Td> <Td> ® </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> service mark </Td> <Td> SM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> trademark </Td> <Td> TM </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Currency </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> currency sign </Td> <Td> ¤ </Td> </Tr> </Table> currency symbols <P> ؋ ​ ₳ ​ ฿ ​ ₿ ​ ₵ ​ ¢ ​ ₡ ​ ₢ ​ $ ​ ₫ ​ ₯ ​ ֏ ​ ₠ ​ € ​ ƒ ​ ₣ ​ ₲ ​ ₴ ​ ₭ ​ ₺ ​ ₾ ​ ₼ ​ M ​ ₥ ​ ₦ ​ ₧ ​ ₱ ​ ₰ ​ £ ​ 元 圆 圓 ​ ریال ​ ៛ ​ ₽ ​ ₹ Rs ​ ₪ ​ ৳ ​ ₸ ​ ₮ ​ ₩ ​ ¥ 円 </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Uncommon typography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> asterism </Td> <Td> ⁂ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> fleuron , hedera </Td> <Td> ❧ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> index , fist </Td> <Td> ☞ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> interrobang </Td> <Td> ‽ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> irony punctuation </Td> <Td> ⸮ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> lozenge </Td> <Td> ◊ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> tie </Td> <Td> ⁀ </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Related </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Diacritics </Li> <Li> Logic symbols </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Whitespace characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> In other scripts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Chinese </Li> <Li> Hebrew </Li> <Li> Japanese </Li> <Li> Korean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Inverted question marks ( ¿ ) and exclamation marks ( Commonwealth English ) or exclamation points ( American English ) ( ¡ ) are punctuation marks used to begin interrogative and exclamatory sentences ( or clauses ) , respectively , in written Spanish and sometimes also in languages which have cultural ties with Spanish , such as in older standards of Galician ( now it is optional and not recommended ) and the Waray language . They can also be combined in several ways to express the combination of a question and surprise or disbelief . The initial marks are normally mirrored at the end of the sentence or clause by the common marks ( ? , ! ) used in most other languages . Unlike the ending marks , which are printed along the baseline of a sentence , the inverted marks ( ¿ and ¡ ) descend below the line . </P> <P> Inverted marks were originally recommended by the Real Academia Española ( Spanish Royal Academy ) in 1754 , and adopted gradually over the next century . </P> <P> On computers , inverted marks are supported by various standards , including ISO - 8859 - 1 , Unicode , and HTML . They can be entered directly on keyboards designed for Spanish - speaking countries , or via alternative methods on other keyboards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Usage </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Mixtures </Li> <Li> 4 Computer usage <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Encodings </Li> <Li> 4.2 Input methods </Li> <Li> 4.3 Input methods for macOS </Li> <Li> 4.4 Input methods for LaTeX </Li> <Li> 4.5 Use in filenames </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Usage ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Spanish orthography <P> The inverted question mark ( ¿ ) is a punctuation mark written before the first letter of an interrogative sentence or clause to indicate that a question follows . It is an inverted form of the standard symbol `` ? '' recognized by speakers of languages written with the Latin alphabet . In most languages , a single question mark is used , and only at the end of an interrogative sentence : `` How old are you ? '' This was once true of the Spanish language . </P> <P> The inverted question mark was adopted long after the Real Academia 's decision , published in the second edition of the Ortografía de la lengua castellana ( Orthography of the Castilian language ) in 1754 recommending it as the symbol indicating the beginning of a question in written Spanish -- e.g. ¿ Cuántos años tienes ? ( `` How old are you ? '' ) . The Real Academia also ordered the same inverted - symbol system for statements of exclamation , using the symbols `` ¡ '' and `` ! '' . This helps to recognize questions and exclamations in long sentences . `` Do you like summer ? '' and `` You like summer . '' are translated respectively as `` ¿ Te gusta el verano ? '' and `` Te gusta el verano . '' ( There is no difference between the wording of a yes -- no question and the corresponding statement in Spanish as there is in English . ) These new rules were slowly adopted ; there exist nineteenth - century books in which the writer does not use either opening symbol , neither the `` ¡ '' nor the `` ¿ '' . </P> <P> In sentences that are both declarative and interrogative , the clause that asks a question is isolated with the starting - symbol inverted question mark , for example : Si no puedes ir con ellos , ¿ quieres ir con nosotros ? ( `` If you can not go with them , would you like to go with us ? '' ) </P> <P> Some writers omit the inverted question mark in the case of a short unambiguous question such as : Quién viene ? ( `` Who comes ? '' ) . This is the criterion in Catalan . Certain Catalan - language authorities , such as Joan Solà , insist that both the opening and closing question marks be used for clarity . </P> <P> Some Spanish - language writers , among them Nobel laureate Pablo Neruda ( 1904 -- 1973 ) , refuse to use the inverted question mark . It is common in Internet chat rooms and instant messaging now to use only the single `` ? '' as an ending symbol for a question , since it saves typing time . Multiple closing symbols are used for emphasis : Por qué dices eso ? ? , instead of the standard ¿ Por qué dices eso ? ( `` Why do you say that ? '' ) . Some may also use the ending symbol for both beginning and ending , giving ? Por qué dices eso ? Given the informal setting , this might be unimportant ; however , teachers see this as a problem , fearing and claiming that contemporary young people are inappropriately and incorrectly extending the practice to academic homework and essays . ( See Internet linguistics : Educational perspective . ) </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article is missing information about how inverted punctuation came about in the languages of Spain . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( October 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1668 , John Wilkins proposed using the inverted exclamation mark `` ¡ '' as a symbol at the end of a sentence to denote irony . He was one of many , including Desiderius Erasmus , who felt there was a need for such a punctuation mark , but Wilkins ' proposal , as was true of the other attempts , failed to take hold . </P> <H2> Mixtures ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although it has now become rare , it is correct usage in Spanish to begin a sentence with an opening inverted exclamation mark ( `` ¡ '' ) and end it with a question mark ( `` ? '' ) , or vice versa , for statements that are questions but also have a clear sense of exclamation or surprise such as : ¡ Y tú quién te crees ? ( `` Who do you think you are ? ! '' ) . Normally , four signs are used , always with one type in the outer side and the other in the inner side ( nested ) ( ¿ ¡ Y tú quién te crees ! ? , ¡ ¿ Y tú quién te crees ? ! ) </P> <P> Unicode 5.1 also includes U + 2E18 ⸘ INVERTED INTERROBANG , which is an inverted version of the interrobang ( also known as a `` gnaborretni '' ) , a nonstandard punctuation mark used to denote both excitement and a question in just one glyph . </P> <H2> Computer usage ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Encodings ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` ¡ '' and `` ¿ '' are both located within the Unicode Common block , and are both inherited from ISO - 8859 - 1 . `` ¡ '' has Unicode codepoint U + 00A1 ( decimal entity reference & # 161 ; ) and HTML named entity reference &iexcl ; . `` ¿ '' has Unicode codepoint U + 00BF ( decimal entity reference & # 191 ; ) and has HTML named entity reference &iquest ; . In both cases , the `` i '' in the named entity reference is an initialism for `` inverted '' . </P> <H3> Input methods ( edit ) </H3> The ¡ character is accessible using AltGr + 1 on a modern US - International keyboard . It is also available using

In Spanish, question marks are placed

Where do the question marks go in spanish?

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Indian Presidential election , 2017 - wikipedia <H1> Indian Presidential election , 2017 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Indian presidential election , 2017 <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← 2012 </Td> <Td> 17 July 2017 </Td> <Td> 2022 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Turnout </Th> <Td> 99 % ( estimated ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> Ram Nath Kovind </Td> <Td> Meira Kumar </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Party </Th> <Td> BJP </Td> <Td> INC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alliance </Th> <Td> NDA </Td> <Td> UPA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Home state </Th> <Td> Uttar Pradesh </Td> <Td> Bihar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electoral vote </Th> <Td> 702,044 </Td> <Td> 367,314 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Percentage </Th> <Td> 65.65 % </Td> <Td> 34.35 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> President before election <P> Pranab Mukherjee INC </P> </Td> <Td> Elected President <P> Ram Nath Kovind BJP </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A presidential election was held in India on 17 July 2017 with the votes counted and the results announced on 20 July 2017 . President Pranab Mukherjee , whose term of office was due to expire on 24 July 2017 , declined to seek re-election due to health concerns . </P> <P> Governor of Bihar Ram Nath Kovind of the Bharatiya Janata Party had the backing of the governing National Democratic Alliance coalition , and went up against opposition candidate Meira Kumar of the Indian National Congress in the vote . Kovind secured roughly two thirds of the votes from the electoral college of elected members of federal , state and union territory legislatures and was elected to a five - year term as President . Kovind 's term of office began on 25 July 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Selection process </Li> <Li> 1.2 Electoral college partisan composition </Li> <Li> 1.3 Public opinion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Candidates <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Bharatiya Janata Party </Li> <Li> 2.2 Indian National Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Results <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Reactions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> There was initial speculation that the incumbent , Pranab Mukherjee , would seek re-election . However , he decided not to run again in 2017 , meaning that his term in office ended on 24 July 2017 . </P> <H3> Selection process ( edit ) </H3> Further information : President of India § Selection process , and Electoral College ( India ) <P> The President of India is indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament , the elected members of the Legislative assemblies of the 29 states and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry . As of 2017 , the electoral college comprises 777 MPs and 4,120 MLAs . The system assigns varying numbers of votes to these electoral college members , such that the total weight of MPs and those of MLAs is roughly equal and that the voting power of states and territories are proportional to their population . Overall the members of the electoral college were eligible to cast 1,098,903 votes , yielding a threshold for a majority of 549,452 votes . </P> <P> The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders . The election is held by means of a secret ballot under the single transferable vote system . The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution . </P> <P> The returning officer for the election was Anoop Mishra , the Secretary General of Lok Sabha . </P> <H3> Electoral college partisan composition ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the time of the election the NDA coalition itself was short of a majority by about 25,000 votes , but was expected to be able to rely on other parties to breach the small deficit without difficulty . </P> <Ul> <Li> Source : `` राष्ट्रपति चुनाव 2017 : यूपी और उत्तराखंड की जीत से एनडीए का पलड़ा भारी '' . hindi.firstpost.com . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Party / Alliance </Th> <Th> Party composition </Th> <Th> Lok Sabha votes </Th> <Th> Rajya Sabha votes </Th> <Th> State Assemblies votes </Th> <Th> Total votes </Th> <Th> Percentage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NDA </Td> <Td> BJP , SHS , TDP , LJSP , SAD , RLSP , AD , GFP , MGP , AINRC , JKPDP , NPF , NPP , PMK , SDF , SWP </Td> <Td> 237,888 </Td> <Td> 49,560 </Td> <Td> 239,923 </Td> <Td> 527,371 </Td> <Td> 48.10 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other parties </Td> <Td> AIADMK , YSRCP , JD ( U ) , BJD , TRS , INLD , IND </Td> <Td> 50,268 </Td> <Td> 20,532 </Td> <Td> 63,107 </Td> <Td> 133,907 </Td> <Td> 12.20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Government total ( including non-NDA parties ' support ) </Td> <Td> 661,278 </Td> <Td> 60.30 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UPA </Td> <Td> INC , IUML , RSP , KC ( M ) , DMK </Td> <Td> 34,692 </Td> <Td> 46,020 </Td> <Td> 93,137 </Td> <Td> 173,849 </Td> <Td> 15.90 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other parties </Td> <Td> AITC , CPI ( M ) , NCP , SP , BSP , AAP , RJD , AIUDF , JD ( S ) , JMM , AIMIM , CPI , JKNC </Td> <Td> 60,180 </Td> <Td> 47,436 </Td> <Td> 152,776 </Td> <Td> 260,392 </Td> <Td> 23.80 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="5"> Opposition total </Td> <Td> 434,241 </Td> <Td> 39.70 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Public opinion ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although the election was not a popular vote , some general polling was performed to measure public opinion . In both Business Insider - Ipsos and NDTV polls comparing support of the two candidates , Kovind was the more popular choice with 71 % and 63 % support respectively . </P> <H2> Candidates ( edit ) </H2> <P> Two candidates were nominated . Both the governing NDA coalition and the opposition UPA coalition put forward candidates from their dominant parties , the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress respectively . </P> <H3> Bharatiya Janata Party ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bharatiya Janata Party <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Born </Th> <Th> Current or previous positions </Th> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Announced </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Ram Nath Kovind </P> </Td> <Td> ( 1945 - 10 - 01 ) 1 October 1945 ( age 72 ) Kanpur Dehat , Uttar Pradesh </Td> <Td> 35th Governor of Bihar ( 2015 -- 2017 ) <P> Member of the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh ( 1994 -- 2006 ) </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Uttar Pradesh </P> </Td> <Td> 19 June 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Indian National Congress ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Indian National Congress <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Born </Th> <Th> Current or previous positions </Th> <Th> State </Th> <Th> Announced </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meira Kumar </Td> <Td> ( 1945 - 03 - 31 ) 31 March 1945 ( age 72 ) Patna , Bihar </Td> <Td> 15th Speaker of the Lok Sabha ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Union Minister of Water Resources ( 2009 ) Union Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment ( 2004 - 2009 ) Member of the Indian Parliament for Sasaram ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Member of the Indian Parliament for Karol Bagh ( 1996 - 1999 ) Member of the Indian Parliament for Bijnor ( 1985 - 1989 ) </Td> <Td> Bihar </Td> <Td> 22 June 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Results ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ram Nath Kovind was declared the winner after the counting of votes which was held on 20 July 2017 . He was administered oath by the Chief Justice of India Jagdish Singh Khehar , to take office as the 14th President of India on 25 July 2017 at the Central Hall located in The Parliament House , New Delhi . </P> <Table> Results of the 2017 Indian presidential election <Tr> <Th> Candidate </Th> <Th> Individual votes </Th> <Th> Electoral College votes </Th> <Th> % </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ram Nath Kovind </Td> <Td> 2,930 </Td> <Td> 702,044 </Td> <Td> 65.65 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meira Kumar </Td> <Td> 1,844 </Td> <Td> 367,314 </Td> <Td> 34.35 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Invalid </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 20,942 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Reactions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Immediately after the results were announced , Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted , `` Congratulations to Shri Ram Nath Kovind Ji on being elected the President of India ! Best wishes for a fruitful & inspiring tenure '' . In another tweet he added `` Gladdened by the extensive support for Shri Ram Nath Kovind Ji among MPs & across various parties . I thank members of the electoral college '' . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Presidents of India </Li> <Li> Indian vice-presidential election , 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Prabhu , Sunil ; Varma , Shylaja . `` Presidential Election Sees Nearly 99 % Voting , Ram Nath Kovind Set For Easy Win : 10 Points '' . NDTV . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Election Commission issues notification for President 's election '' . The Hindu . 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hebbar , Nistula ( 21 July 2017 ) . `` Ram Nath Kovind is the 14th President of India '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Not in race for another term : President Mukherjee '' . The News Minute. 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Election of The President '' . Press Information Bureau . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Phukan , Sandeep ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` How BJP 's UP Win Will Impact Presidential Election . Numbers Explained '' . NDTV . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pratiyogita Darpan . Upkar Prakashan . p. 167 . ISBN 9788174828156 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Election to the Office of President of India : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . eci.nic.in . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mishra , Anoop ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Public Notice issued by Returning Officer for Election to the Office of President of India '' . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Goa Forward joins NDA '' . The Goan EveryDay . The Goan. 11 April 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vaidyanathan , A ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` For Presidential Election , Tamil Nadu 's Ruling AIADMK Allies With BJP '' . NDTV . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BJD supports NDA candidate Ram Nath Kovind in Presidential polls '' . The Indian Express . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Telangana CM K.C. Rao extends support to NDA 's Presidential candidate Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . DNA India . Diligent Media Corporation . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tanya Dubey ( 18 July 2017

The candidates nominated for President of India in 2017 were

Who are nominated for president of india 2017?

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He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother - wikipedia <H1> He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by The Hollies . For other uses , see He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by The Hollies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` ' Cos You Like to Love Me '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 26 September 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 25 June and 7 August 1969 Abbey Road Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baroque pop </Li> <Li> soft rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parlophone </Li> <Li> Epic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bob Russell and Bobby Scott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ron Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Hollies singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Sorry Suzanne '' ( 1969 ) </Td> <Td> `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( 1969 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Ca n't Tell the Bottom From the Top '' ( 1970 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Sorry Suzanne '' ( 1969 ) </Td> <Td> `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' ( 1969 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Ca n't Tell the Bottom From the Top '' ( 1970 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' is a popular music ballad written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell . Originally recorded by Kelly Gordon in 1969 , the song became a worldwide hit for The Hollies later that year and again for Neil Diamond in 1970 . It has been covered by many artists in subsequent years . The Hollies ' and Rufus Wainwright 's versions of the song were featured in the film Zoolander . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin of the song </Li> <Li> 2 Origin of the title </Li> <Li> 3 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Neil Diamond version </Li> <Li> 5 Bill Medley version </Li> <Li> 6 The Justice Collective version <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Background </Li> <Li> 6.2 Personnel </Li> <Li> 6.3 Charts <Ul> <Li> 6.3. 1 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.4 Other versions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin of the song ( edit ) </H2> <P> Scott and Russell had been introduced to each other by Johnny Mercer , at a California nightclub . Although Russell was dying of lymphoma and the pair met in person only three times , they managed to collaborate on the song . </P> <H2> Origin of the title ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1884 , James Wells , Moderator of the United Free Church of Scotland , in his book The Parables of Jesus tells the story of a little girl carrying a big baby boy . Seeing her struggling , someone asked if she was n't tired . With surprise she replied , `` No , he 's not heavy ; he 's my brother . '' </P> <P> In a 1918 publication by Ralph Waldo Trine titled The Higher Powers of Mind and Spirit , he relates the following anecdote : `` Do you know that incident in connection with the little Scottish girl ? She was trudging along , carrying as best she could a boy younger , but it seemed almost as big as she herself , when one remarked to her how heavy he must be for her to carry , when instantly came the reply : ' He 's na heavy . He 's mi brither . ' '' </P> <P> The first editor of Kiwanis magazine , Roe Fulkerson , published a column in September 1924 carrying the title `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' , the first use of the phrase exactly as it is rendered in the song title . </P> <P> In the 1940s , the words , adapted as `` He ai n't heavy , Father , he 's my brother '' , were taken as a slogan for Boys Town children 's home by founder Father Edward Flanagan . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Hollies ' recording , which featured Elton John on piano , was released in the UK on 1 September 1969 and on 1 December 1969 in the US . `` He Ai n't Heavy '' reached No. 3 in the UK and No. 7 in the US . The song , paired with rarity `` Carrie '' , was re-released in late 1988 in the UK following its use in a television advertisement for Miller Lite beer . It reached the No. 1 spot in the UK chart for two weeks in September 1988 . </P> <P> Neil Diamond 's version of the song , recorded for his Tap Root Manuscript album , went to No. 20 on the Billboard `` Hot 100 Singles '' chart in late 1970 . </P> <P> The Osmonds covered the song on their 1970 album , Osmonds , as well as on the B - side of their chart - topper `` One Bad Apple ; '' the song is a staple at their concerts . </P> <P> Olivia Newton - John covered the song on her 1975 album `` Clearly Love '' , and it was released as the B - side of the single `` Let It Shine '' / `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' in January 1976 ; the single went to number one on the US Easy Listening ( adult contemporary ) chart and number thirty on the Billboard Hot 100 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1969 -- 2013 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( KMR ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian Top Singles </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian Adult Singles </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Listener ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box Top 100 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1970 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Neil Diamond version ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Neil Diamond version entered at # 68 on the Hot 100 on 7 November 1970 ( UNI Records , 55264 , length 4 : 09 ) . The flip side was `` Free Life '' . The song appears on the Neil Diamond album Tap Root Manuscript , which was released November 1970 . The song was played by KGB - AM radio , San Diego , California , in late 1970 , prior to the then - new Walk for Mankind , in dedication to those who would be walking for donations that day . </P> <H2> Bill Medley version ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bill Medley recorded a version for the soundtrack of the film Rambo III . It was released as a single in the UK and peaked at # 25 , being in the chart the same time as the Hollies ' version in 1988 . </P> <H2> The Justice Collective version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by The Justice Collective </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 17 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CD single </Li> <Li> digital download </Li> <Li> 7 '' single </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> October -- November 2012 Sleeper Studios , Metropolis Studios , Abbey Road Studios ( London ) Parr Street Studios , Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts ( Liverpool ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Metropolis ( 5065001566387 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bob Russell </Li> <Li> Bobby Scott </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guy Chambers </Li> <Li> Richard Flack </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 2012 , a version of the song was recorded , and was released on 17 December 2012 , by musicians and celebrities going under the name The Justice Collective , including Melanie C , Robbie Williams , Paul Heaton , Paloma Faith , Paul McCartney , Gerry Marsden , Kenny Dalglish , Alan Hansen , Rebecca Ferguson , Beverley Knight , and two original members of The Hollies , Bobby Elliott and Tony Hicks , for various charities associated with the Hillsborough disaster . </P> <P> The song went on to take the coveted Christmas number one position for 2012 on the UK Singles Chart , beating The X Factor winner James Arthur , who was number one the previous week . </P> <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the News International phone hacking scandal , members of The Farm along with Pete Wylie and Mick Jones of The Clash performed at an anti-The Sun concert at the Liverpool Olympia in September 2011 . Following this they formed The Justice Tonight Band and toured the United Kingdom and Europe for the next year in order to raise awareness of the Hillsborough Justice Campaign . </P> <P> Initially , the idea was to re-release the 2009 single `` The Fields of Anfield Road '' by The Liverpool Collective featuring The Kop Choir ; however , this idea was rejected by Peter Hooton as only a relatively small number of people would buy it . Inspired by Everton 's Hillsborough tribute on 17 September 2012 , the song was played at Goodison Park prior to their match against Newcastle United . It was then decided that a re-recording of this song by various artists including The Justice Tonight Band would be released as the charity single . </P> <P> Keith Mullen of The Farm recruited Guy Chambers to produce the single and with Chambers offering free use of his Sleeper Studios to record the song . On 25 October 2012 , Steve Rotheram , Guy Chambers and Kenny Dalglish announced plans of the single to be recorded by various artists such as Robbie

The lyrics to "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" were written by

Who wrote he ain't heavy he's my brother lyrics?

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United States Senate - wikipedia <H1> United States Senate </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For current members of the Senate , see Current members of the United States Senate . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> United States Senate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 115th United States Congress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Seal of the U.S. Senate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Flag of the U.S. Senate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Type </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Upper house of the United States Congress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Term limits </Th> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New session started </Th> <Td> January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Leadership </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President of the Senate </Th> <Td> Mike Pence ( R ) Since January 20 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President pro tempore </Th> <Td> Orrin Hatch ( R ) Since January 6 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Majority Leader </Th> <Td> Mitch McConnell ( R ) Since January 3 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minority Leader </Th> <Td> Chuck Schumer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Majority Whip </Th> <Td> John Cornyn ( R ) Since January 3 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minority Whip </Th> <Td> Dick Durbin ( D ) Since January 3 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seats </Th> <Td> 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Political groups </Th> <Td> <P> Majority ( 51 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Republican ( 51 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Minority ( 49 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Democratic ( 47 ) </Li> <Li> Independents ( 2 ) caucusing with the Democrats </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length of term </Th> <Td> 6 years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voting system </Th> <Td> First - past - the - post ; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last election </Th> <Td> November 8 , 2016 ( 34 seats ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Next election </Th> <Td> November 6 , 2018 ( 33 seats ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Meeting place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Senate chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Website </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> senate.gov </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> United States Constitution </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which along with the United States House of Representatives -- the lower chamber -- composes the legislature of the United States . </P> <P> The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety , with each state being equally represented by two senators , regardless of its population , serving staggered terms of six years ; with fifty states presently in the Union , there are 100 U.S. Senators . From 1789 until 1913 , Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , they are now popularly elected . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol , in Washington , D.C. </P> <P> As the upper house , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it ; these include the ratification of treaties and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , other federal executive officials , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President , the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere . </P> <P> The presiding officer of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States , who is President of the Senate . In the Vice President 's absence , the President Pro Tempore , who is customarily the senior member of the party holding a majority of seats , presides over the Senate . In the early 20th century , the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began , although they are not constitutional officers . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Membership <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Qualifications </Li> <Li> 2.2 Elections and term <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Term </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Elections </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 Mid-term vacancies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Oath </Li> <Li> 2.4 Salary and benefits </Li> <Li> 2.5 Seniority </Li> <Li> 2.6 Expulsion and other disciplinary actions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Majority and minority parties <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Seating </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Officers <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Presiding over the Senate </Li> <Li> 4.2 Party leaders </Li> <Li> 4.3 Non-member officers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Procedure <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Daily sessions <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Debate </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Filibuster and cloture </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Voting </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4 Closed session </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Calendars </Li> <Li> 5.3 Committees </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Functions <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Legislation </Li> <Li> 6.2 Checks and balances </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Current composition and election results <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Current party standings </Li> <Li> 7.2 115th Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Bibliography <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Official Senate histories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> Main article : History of the United States Senate <P> The writers of the Constitution created a bicameral Congress primarily as a compromise between those who felt that each state , since it was sovereign , should be equally represented , and those who felt the Legislature must directly represent the people , as the House of Commons did in the United Kingdom . This idea of having one chamber represent people equally , while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population , was known as the Connecticut Compromise . There was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other . One was intended to be a `` People 's House '' directly elected by the people , and with short terms obliging the representatives to remain close to their constituents . The other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government . The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally . The Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation . </P> <P> First convened in 1789 , the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate . The name is derived from the senatus , Latin for council of elders ( from senex meaning old man in Latin ) . </P> <P> James Madison made the following comment about the Senate : </P> <P> In England , at this day , if elections were open to all classes of people , the property of landed proprietors would be insecure . An agrarian law would soon take place . If these observations be just , our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation . Landholders ought to have a share in the government , to support these invaluable interests , and to balance and check the other . They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority . The senate , therefore , ought to be this body ; and to answer these purposes , the people ought to have permanency and stability . </P> <P> The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that state 's consent . The District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation allowed to vote in either House of the Congress . The District of Columbia elects two `` shadow U.S. Senators '' , but they are officials of the D.C. City Government and not members of the U.S. Senate . The United States has had 50 states since 1959 , thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959 . </P> Historical graph of party control of the U.S. Senate and House as well as the presidency <P> The disparity between the most and least populous states has grown since the Connecticut Compromise , which granted each state two members of the Senate and at least one member of the House of Representatives , for a total minimum of three presidential Electors , regardless of population . In 1787 , Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island , whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming , based on the 1790 and 2000 censuses . This means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states . Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state , reducing the disparity of representation . </P> <P> Before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 , Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures . Problems with repeated vacant seats due to the inability of a legislature to elect senators , intrastate political struggles , and even bribery and intimidation had gradually led to a growing movement to amend the Constitution to allow for the direct election of senators . </P> <H2> Membership </H2> <H3> Qualifications </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States Senate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History of the United States Senate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Members </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Current members <Ul> <Li> ( by seniority </Li> <Li> by class ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Former members </Li> <Li> Hill committees <Ul> <Li> ( DSCC </Li> <Li> NRSC ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> United States Vice President ( list ) </Li> <Li> President Pro Tempore ( list ) </Li> <Li> Presiding officer </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Party leaders </Li> <Li> Party leadership of the United States Senate </Li> <Li> Democratic Caucus </Li> <Li> Republican Conference </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics and procedure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Advice and consent </Li> <Li> Blue slip </Li> <Li> Closed session ( list ) </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Cloture </Li> <Li> Committees ( list ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Executive session </Li> <Li> Morning business </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Filibuster </Li> <Li> Nuclear option </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Recess appointment </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Quorum </Li> <Li> Quorum call </Li> <Li> Salaries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Saxbe fix </Li> <Li> Seal </Li> <Li> Holds </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Senatorial courtesy </Li> <Li> Standing Rules </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Traditions </Li> <Li> Unanimous consent </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Places </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States Capitol </Li> <Li> Senate chamber </Li> <Li> Senate Reception Room </Li> <Li> Senate office buildings <Ul> <Li> ( Dirksen </Li> <Li> Hart </Li> <Li> Russell ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr>

The number of Senate seats held by each state is determined by

What determines the number of senate seats held by each state?

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Lupus Foundation of America - wikipedia <H1> Lupus Foundation of America </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Lupus Foundation of America <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1977 ; 41 years ago ( 1977 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Focus </Th> <Td> `` Improve the quality of life for all people affected by lupus through programs of research , education , support and advocacy . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Washington , D.C. , U.S. </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> Sandra C. Raymond ( Chief Executive Officer ) and Stevan Gibson ( President ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> http://www.lupus.org </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Lupus Foundation of America ( LFA ) , founded in 1977 , is a national voluntary health organization based in Washington , D.C. with a network of chapters , offices and support groups located in communities throughout the United States . The Foundation is devoted to solving the mystery of lupus , one of the world 's cruelest , most unpredictable and devastating diseases , while giving caring support to those who suffer from its brutal impact . Its mission is to improve the quality of life for all people affected by lupus through programs of research , education , support and advocacy . </P> <P> The Lupus Foundation of America is a charitable organization with tax - exempt status granted under Section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the Internal Revenue Code . The Foundation is a BBB Accredited Charity and highly rated by Charity Navigator . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Research </Li> <Li> 2 Education & Support </Li> <Li> 3 Advocacy </Li> <Li> 4 Awareness </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Research ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Lupus Foundation of America 's National Research Program is focused on identifying the causes of lupus , accelerating development of new treatments and finding cures . It employs a three - pronged approach to advancing the science and medicine of lupus - lead efforts to improve lives today and find cures , fund direct grants to researchers in medical institutions across the U.S. to advance the lupus research field , and advocate for new money and expanded resources from the biggest funders in research - the federal government and the pharmaceutical and biotech industry . The Lupus Foundation of America 's Center for Clinical Trials Education also provides a comprehensive search tool for clinical trials , points to consider before participating in a clinical trial and a guide to clinical research terms . </P> <P> The Foundation 's direct grant programs , combined with their advocacy efforts , have led to a total investment of $80 million for lupus research and education . </P> <H2> Education & support ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Foundation provides answers to questions and gives caring support to people with lupus and their loved ones . The organization works with lupus experts to answer questions , provide tools , resources and referrals to doctors who treat lupus , and help guide all those affected by lupus toward a better quality of life . In 2016 , the Foundation conducted a National Needs Assessment on Lupus to take a broad , yet in - depth look at the very specific needs and wants of the diverse lupus patient , caregiver and health care professional communities . In response , the Foundation created the National Resource Center on Lupus -- a one - stop resource for all things lupus . The National Resource Center on Lupus aims to connect , empower and educate those whose lives are impacted by lupus by providing trustworthy , reliable and high - quality resources , programs and emotional support services . The Foundation also developed more than 600 medically - reviewed resources in English and Spanish about all aspects of lupus . New content is added on a regular basis developed in response to the needs of the lupus community . Children and teens with the disease can find specialized content created just for them based on their input and unique perspectives ... Through their National Health Educator Call Center and programs conducted by their National Network , the organization provides direct education , support and referrals for more than 40,000 people . They also provide information to nearly 9 million people through their website annually . </P> <H2> Advocacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Lupus Foundation of America and its network of lupus activists across the country have worked diligently to stimulate more than $66 million in federal and state funds for lupus research and education programs . The organization works daily with the United States Congress , federal government agencies and state legislatures to make biomedical research and innovation for lupus a priority . The Foundation 's activists successfully stimulated more than $90 million in new funding for lupus research and education programs since 2004 . The Foundation stimulated $28 in federal lupus research and education for every $1 invested in advocacy . </P> <H2> Awareness ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Foundation 's signature fundraising program , Walk to End Lupus Now TM , has events in more than 60 communities and 70,000 participants , generating visibility , public understanding and support for people with lupus . Money raised is used to support lupus research , education and advocacy programs that serve to improve the quality of life for all people affected by lupus . The Foundation 's multi-media campaign , KNOW LUPUS , continues to educate people about lupus and its impact , has resulted in more than $31 million in donated media and 839 million impressions . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America , Inc . IRS Form 990 '' ( PDF ) . Guidestar . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charity Report - Lupus Foundation of America '' . BBB Wise Giving Alliance . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charity Navigator Rating - Lupus Foundation of America '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America Medical Scientific Advisory Council '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Google Analytics '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lupus Foundation of America Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Lupus Foundation of America 's Website </Li> <Li> The Lupus Foundation of America 's National Resource Center on Lupus </Li> <Li> Walk to End Lupus Now </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lupus_Foundation_of_America&oldid=825656815 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lupus organizations </Li> <Li> Health charities in the United States </Li> <Li> Organizations established in 1977 </Li> <Li> Medical and health organizations based in Washington , D.C. </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 17 : 01 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The Lupus Foundation of America was founded in

When was the lupus foundation of america founded?

2316219466458554937

Aphasia - wikipedia <H1> Aphasia </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Aphagia . For other uses , see Aphasia ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Aphasia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pronunciation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> / əˈfeɪʒə / , / əˈfeɪziə / or / eɪ ˈfeɪziə / </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Classification and external resources </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialty </Th> <Td> Neurology , psychiatry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ICD - 10 </Th> <Td> F80. 0 - F80. 2 , R47. 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ICD - 9 - CM </Th> <Td> 315.31 , 784.3 , 438.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DiseasesDB </Th> <Td> 4024 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MedlinePlus </Th> <Td> 003204 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> eMedicine </Th> <Td> neuro / 437 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D001037 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Dysphasia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Classification and external resources </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialty </Th> <Td> Neurology </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ICD - 10 </Th> <Td> F80. 1 , F80. 2 , R47. 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ICD - 9 - CM </Th> <Td> 438.12 , 784.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Aphasia is an inability to comprehend and formulate language because of damage to specific brain regions . This damage is typically caused by a cerebral vascular accident ( stroke ) , or head trauma ; however , these are not the only possible causes . To be diagnosed with aphasia , a person 's speech or language must be significantly impaired in one ( or several ) of the four communication modalities following acquired brain injury or have significant decline over a short time period ( progressive aphasia ) . The four communication modalities are auditory comprehension , verbal expression , reading and writing , and functional communication . </P> <P> The difficulties of people with aphasia can range from occasional trouble finding words to losing the ability to speak , read , or write ; intelligence , however , is unaffected . Expressive language and receptive language can both be affected as well . Aphasia also affects visual language such as sign language . In contrast , the use of formulaic expressions in everyday communication is often preserved . One prevalent deficit in the aphasias is anomia , which is a deficit in word finding ability . </P> <P> The term aphasia implies that one or more communication modalities in the brain have been damaged and are therefore functioning incorrectly . Aphasia does not refer to damage to the brain that results in motor or sensory deficits , which produces abnormal speech ; that is , aphasia is not related to the mechanics of speech but rather the individual 's language cognition ( although a person can have both problems ) . An individual 's `` language '' is the socially shared set of rules as well as the thought processes that go behind verbalized speech . It is not a result of a more peripheral motor or sensory difficulty , such as paralysis affecting the speech muscles or a general hearing impairment . </P> <P> Aphasia affects about 2 million people in the US and 250,000 people in Great Britain . Though nearly 180,000 people in the US acquire the disorder a year , 84.5 % of people have never heard of the condition . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Signs and symptoms <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Related behaviors <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Subcortical </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Causes </Li> <Li> 3 Classification <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Boston classification </Li> <Li> 3.2 Classical - localizationist approaches </Li> <Li> 3.3 Cognitive neuropsychological approaches </Li> <Li> 3.4 Progressive aphasias </Li> <Li> 3.5 Deaf aphasia </Li> <Li> 3.6 Severity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Prevention </Li> <Li> 5 Management <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Intensity of treatment </Li> <Li> 5.2 Individualized service delivery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Outcomes </Li> <Li> 7 History <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Etymology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Notable cases </Li> <Li> 9 Further Research </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Signs and symptoms ( edit ) </H2> <P> People with aphasia may experience any of the following behaviors due to an acquired brain injury , although some of these symptoms may be due to related or concomitant problems such as dysarthria or apraxia and not primarily due to aphasia . Aphasia symptoms can vary based on the location of damage in the brain . Signs and symptoms may or may not be present in individuals with aphasia and may vary in severity and level of disruption to communication . Often those with aphasia will try to hide their inability to name objects by using words like thing . So when asked to name a pencil they may say it is a thing used to write . </P> <Ul> <Li> Inability to comprehend language </Li> <Li> Inability to pronounce , not due to muscle paralysis or weakness </Li> <Li> Inability to speak spontaneously </Li> <Li> Inability to form words </Li> <Li> Inability to name objects ( anomia ) </Li> <Li> Poor enunciation </Li> <Li> Excessive creation and use of personal neologisms </Li> <Li> Inability to repeat a phrase </Li> <Li> Persistent repetition of one syllable , word , or phrase ( stereotypies ) </Li> <Li> Paraphasia ( substituting letters , syllables or words ) </Li> <Li> Agrammatism ( inability to speak in a grammatically correct fashion ) </Li> <Li> Dysprosody ( alterations in inflexion , stress , and rhythm ) </Li> <Li> Incomplete sentences </Li> <Li> Inability to read </Li> <Li> Inability to write </Li> <Li> Limited verbal output </Li> <Li> Difficulty in naming </Li> <Li> Speech disorder </Li> <Li> Speaking gibberish </Li> <Li> Inability to follow or understand simple requests </Li> </Ul> <H3> Related behaviors ( edit ) </H3> <P> Given the previously stated signs and symptoms the following behaviors are often seen in people with aphasia as a result of attempted compensation for incurred speech and language deficits : </P> <Ul> <Li> Self - repairs : Further disruptions in fluent speech as a result of mis - attempts to repair erred speech production . </Li> <Li> Speech disfluencies : Include previously mentioned disfluencies including repetitions and prolongations at the phonemic , syllable and word level presenting in pathological / severe levels of frequency . </Li> <Li> Struggle in non-fluent aphasias : A severe increase in expelled effort to speak after a life where talking and communicating was an ability that came so easily can cause visible frustration . </Li> <Li> Preserved and automatic language : A behavior in which some language or language sequences that were used so frequently , prior to onset , they still possess the ability to produce them with more ease than other language post onset . </Li> </Ul> Subcortical ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Subcortical aphasias characteristics and symptoms depend upon the site and size of subcortical lesion . Possible sites of lesions include the thalamus , internal capsule , and basal ganglia . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Causes ( edit ) </H2> Regions of the left hemisphere that can give rise to aphasia when damaged <P> Aphasia is most often caused by stroke , but any disease or damage to the parts of the brain that control language can cause aphasia . Some of these can include brain tumors , traumatic brain injury , and progressive neurological disorders . In rare cases , aphasia may also result from herpesviral encephalitis . The herpes simplex virus affects the frontal and temporal lobes , subcortical structures , and the hippocampal tissue , which can trigger aphasia . In acute disorders , such as head injury or stroke , aphasia usually develops quickly . When caused by brain tumor , infection , or dementia , it develops more slowly . </P> <P> Substantial damage to tissue anywhere within the region shown in blue on the figure below can potentially result in aphasia . Aphasia can also sometimes be caused by damage to subcortical structures deep within the left hemisphere , including the thalamus , the internal and external capsules , and the caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia . The area and extent of brain damage or atrophy will determine the type of aphasia and its symptoms . A very small number of people can experience aphasia after damage to the right hemisphere only . It has been suggested that these individuals may have had an unusual brain organization prior to their illness or injury , with perhaps greater overall reliance on the right hemisphere for language skills than in the general population . </P> <P> Primary progressive aphasia ( PPA ) , while its name can be misleading , is actually a form of dementia that has some symptoms closely related to several forms of aphasia . It is characterized by a gradual loss in language functioning while other cognitive domains are mostly preserved , such as memory and personality . PPA usually initiates with sudden word - finding difficulties in an individual and progresses to a reduced ability to formulate grammatically correct sentences ( syntax ) and impaired comprehension . The etiology of PPA is not due to a stroke , traumatic brain injury ( TBI ) , or infectious disease ; it is still uncertain what initiates the onset of PPA in those affected by it . </P> <P> Epilepsy can also include transient aphasia as a prodromal or episodic symptom . Aphasia is also listed as a rare side - effect of the fentanyl patch , an opioid used to control chronic pain . </P> <H2> Classification ( edit ) </H2> <P> Aphasia is best thought of as a collection of different disorders , rather than a single problem . Each individual with aphasia will present with their own particular combination of language strengths and weaknesses . Consequently , it is a major challenge just to document the various difficulties that can occur in different people , let alone decide how they might best be treated . Most classifications of the aphasias tend to divide the various symptoms into broad classes . A common approach is to distinguish between the fluent aphasias ( where speech remains fluent , but content may be lacking , and the person may have difficulties understanding others ) , and the nonfluent aphasias ( where speech is very halting and effortful , and may consist of just one or two words at a time ) . </P> <P> However , no such broad - based grouping has proven fully adequate . There is wide variation among people even within the same broad grouping , and aphasias can be highly selective . For instance , people with naming deficits ( anomic aphasia ) might show an inability only for naming buildings , or people , or colors . </P> <P> It is important to note that there are typical difficulties with speech and language that come with normal aging as well . As we age language can become more difficult to process resulting in slowing of verbal comprehension , reading abilities and more likely word finding difficulties . With each of these though , unlike some aphasias , functionality within daily life remains intact . </P> <H3> Boston classification ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Major characteristics of different types of aphasia according to the Boston classification <Tr> <Th> Type of aphasia </Th> <Th> Speech repetition </Th> <Th> Naming </Th> <Th> Auditory comprehension </Th> <Th> Fluency </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Broca 's aphasia </Td> <Td> Moderate -- severe </Td> <Td> Moderate -- severe </Td> <Td> Mild difficulty </Td> <Td> Non-fluent , effortful , slow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wernicke 's aphasia </Td> <Td> Mild -- severe </Td> <Td> Mild -- severe </Td> <Td> Defective </Td> <Td> Fluent paraphasic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Conduction aphasia </Td> <Td> Poor </Td> <Td> Poor </Td> <Td> Relatively good </Td> <Td> Fluent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mixed transcortical aphasia </Td> <Td> Moderate </Td> <Td> Poor </Td> <Td> Poor </Td> <Td> Non-fluent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transcortical motor

Aphasia is a term defining difficulty or loss of ability to

Aphasia is a term defining difficulty or loss of ability to?

-1833051064924762940

Kelly Reno - Wikipedia <H1> Kelly Reno </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This biographical article needs additional citations for verification , as it includes attribution to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Kelly Reno '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Kelly Reno </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1966 - 06 - 19 ) June 19 , 1966 ( age 51 ) Pueblo , Colorado , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor , rancher , trucker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1979 -- 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lynette Tuttle ( m . 1986 ; div. 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Annette Crump ( m . 1998 ; div. 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Dawn Hickey ( m . 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Three ( with Tuttle ) One stepdaughter ( with Hickey ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Kelly Reno ( born June 19 , 1966 , in Pueblo , Colorado ) is a former child actor who was cast at age 11 in the role of Alec Ramsey , the young boy who is marooned on a deserted island along with a horse , in The Black Stallion ( based on the novel by Walter Farley ) . The film was made in 1977 . </P> <P> Reno also appeared in the 1983 film adaptation of The Black Stallion Returns , alongside Vincent Spano . </P> <P> Reno 's acting career was cut short when the pick - up truck he was driving was hit by a semi-truck . He had severe injuries and the long recovery time put an end to his acting career . In 1985 he appeared as an Alamo messenger who travels through time in an episode entitled `` Alamo Jobe '' in Steven Spielberg 's Amazing Stories . </P> <P> After 20 years as a cattle rancher , he became a semi-truck driver . He lives in Colorado with his third wife and her daughter ( Shaina ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Films </Li> <Li> 1.2 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 3 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Films ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> The Black Stallion </Td> <Td> Alec Ramsey </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Black Stallion Returns </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brady 's Escape </Td> <Td> Miki </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Merv Griffin Show </Td> <Td> Himself </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Amazing Stories ( TV series ) </Td> <Td> Alamo Jobe </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Holmstrom , John . The Moving Picture Boy : An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995 . Norwich , Michael Russell , 1996 , p. 372 - 373 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kelly Reno on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 66074482 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no97030641 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0000 4190 156X </Li> <Li> GND : 1031749829 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb142199525 ( data ) </Li> <Li> BIBSYS : 11050985 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1960s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Reno&oldid=831587328 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1966 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> American male child actors </Li> <Li> People from Pueblo , Colorado </Li> <Li> Truck drivers </Li> <Li> American film actor , 1960s birth stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from November 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> BLP articles lacking sources from November 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles sourced by IMDb </Li> <Li> Articles sourced by IMDb from November 2015 </Li> <Li> Unreferenced BLPs from November 2015 </Li> <Li> All unreferenced BLPs </Li> <Li> All BLP articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 09 : 27 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The role of Alec Ramsay in the movie "The Black Stallion" is played by

Who plays alec ramsay in the black stallion?

891746977133226745

You Must Have been a Beautiful Baby - wikipedia <H1> You Must Have been a Beautiful Baby </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Featured in the 1938 film Hard to Get </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Song by Dick Powell </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 1938 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Harry Warren </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lyricist ( s ) </Th> <Td> Johnny Mercer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby '' is a popular song with music by Harry Warren and lyrics by Johnny Mercer , published in 1938 by Remick Music Corporation . It was featured in the Warner Brothers movie Hard to Get , released November 1938 , in which it was sung by Dick Powell . </P> <P> Originally , the song was recorded by Bing Crosby for the biggest - selling hit version , while other contemporaneous hit versions included recordings by Tommy Dorsey ( with vocal by Edythe Wright ) and Russ Morgan . It was also revived by Bobby Darin in 1961 , reaching the charts again that year . The song has been recorded by many other artists ( see below for a partial list ) and is considered a popular standard . It was used frequently in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies cartoons , also produced by Warner Brothers , under the musical direction of Carl W. Stalling . </P> <H2> Recorded versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Russ Morgan and his orchestra ( recorded August 26 , 1938 , released by Decca Records as catalog number 2125A , with the flip side `` This Is Madness '' ) </Li> <Li> Tommy Dorsey and his Clambake 7 with vocal by Edythe Wright ( recorded September 29 , 1938 , released by Victor Records as catalog number 26066 , with the flip side `` Sailing at Midnight '' ) </Li> <Li> Blue Barron and his orchestra ( recorded October 1 , 1938 , released by Bluebird Records as catalog number 7886 and by Montgomery Ward Records as catalog number 7537 , both with the flip side `` It 's Time to Say Aloha '' ) </Li> <Li> Bing Crosby ( recorded October 14 , 1938 , released by Decca Records as catalog number 2147A , with the flip side `` Summertime '' ) </Li> <Li> Chick Bullock ( recorded October 20 , 1938 , released by Conqueror Records as catalog number 9149 , with the flip side `` I Wo n't Tell a Soul '' ) </Li> <Li> Dorothy Carless and Sam Costa ( `` two voices and a piano '' ) in February 1939 , released by Regal Zonophone ( MR 2984 ) . </Li> <Li> Robert Clary ( released by Capitol Records as catalog number 891 , with the flip side `` Alouette '' ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como ( recorded March 21 , 1946 , released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20 - 1916 , with the flip side `` A Garden in the Rain '' ) </Li> <Li> Bobby Darin ( recorded on June 19 , 1961 released as Atco 6206 , with the flip side `` Sorrow Tomorrow '' ; the biggest hit version , reaching U.S. # 5 and UK # 10 ) </Li> <Li> Joe Loss & his Band with vocal by Chick Henderson ( recorded January 21 , 1939 released on Regal Zonophone MR - 2992 ) </Li> <Li> The Dave Clark Five ( released in 1967 as a U.S. single on Epic Records , catalog number 10179 , with the flip side `` Man in the Pin - Stripe Suit '' ) . Their version peaked at number thirty - five and was their seventeenth and final Top 40 hit </Li> <Li> Johnny Mercer ( recorded January , 1974 , released on the album My Huckleberry Friend . ) </Li> <Li> Red Norvo and his orchestra ( vocal : Mildred Bailey ; released by Brunswick Records as catalog number 8240 , with the flip side `` Just You , Just Me '' ) </Li> <Li> Bob Smith and the Herman Chittison Trio ( released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20 - 2266 , with the flip side `` Where 's Sam ? '' ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Edward Foote ( 2000 ) . Popular Songs of the 20th Century : Chart Detail & Encyclopedia , 1900 - 1949 . St. Paul , Minnesota : Paragon House . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 789 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Joel Whitburn Presents a Century of Pop Music . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 135 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.alfred.com/Products/The-Looney-Tunes-Songbook--00-35330.aspx </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Decca Records in the 2000 to 2499 series </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Victor Records in the 26000 to 26499 series </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bluebird Records in the 7500 to 7999 series </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Montgomery Ward Records in the 7500 to 7999 series </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conqueror Records in the 9000 to 9499 series </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Capitol Records in the 500 to 999 series </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RCA Victor Records in the 20 - 1500 to 20 - 1999 series </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Atco Records in the 6050 to 6792 series </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits : Eighth Edition . Record Research . p. 129 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brunswick Records in the 8000 to 8517 series </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RCA Victor Records in the 20 - 2000 to 20 - 2499 series </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bobby Darin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Discography </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bobby Darin ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> That 's All ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> This is Darin ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> For Teenagers Only ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> The 25th Day of December ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Two of a Kind ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Love Swings ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Twist with Bobby Darin ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Bobby Darin Sings Ray Charles ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Things and Other Things ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Oh ! Look at Me Now ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> You 're the Reason I 'm Living ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> It 's You or No One ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> 18 Yellow Roses ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Earthy ! ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Golden Folk Hits ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Winners ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> From Hello Dolly to Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Venice Blue ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Bobby Darin Sings The Shadow of Your Smile ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> In a Broadway Bag ( Mame ) ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> If I Were a Carpenter ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Inside Out ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Bobby Darin Sings Doctor Dolittle ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Bobby Darin Born Walden Robert Cassotto ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Commitment ( 1969 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Darin at the Copa ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Live at the Desert Inn ( 1987 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Bobby Darin Story ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Aces Back to Back ( 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Splish Splash '' </Li> <Li> `` Early in the Morning '' </Li> <Li> `` Dream Lover '' </Li> <Li> `` Mack the Knife '' </Li> <Li> `` Beyond the Sea '' </Li> <Li> `` You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` Things '' </Li> <Li> `` You 're the Reason I 'm Living '' </Li> <Li> `` If I Were a Carpenter '' </Li> <Li> `` Darlin ' Be Home Soon '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beyond the Sea ( film ) </Li> <Li> Dream Lover : The Bobby Darin Musical </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Book : Bobby Darin </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bing Crosby </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Filmography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Music of Hawaii ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . One ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Patriotic Songs for Children ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Cowboy Songs ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Victor Herbert Melodies , Vol . Two ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> George Gershwin Songs , Vol . One ( 1939 ) </Li> <Li> Ballad for Americans ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Favorite Hawaiian Songs ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Christmas Music ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Star Dust ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Hawaii Calls ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Small Fry ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Crosbyana ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Under Western Skies ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Song Hits from Holiday Inn ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Merry Christmas ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Selections from Going My Way ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Selections from The Bells of St. Mary 's ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Do n't Fence Me In ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> The Happy Prince ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Selections from Road to Utopia ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Bing Crosby -- Stephen Foster ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> What We So Proudly Hail ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . One ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Favorite Hawaiian Songs , Vol . Two ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Blue Skies ( w / Fred Astaire ) ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Bing Crosby -- Jerome Kern ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> St. Patrick 's Day ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Bing Crosby -- Victor Herbert ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Selections from Welcome Stranger ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Our Common Heritage ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> El Bingo ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> The Small One ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> The Man Without a Country ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Drifting and Dreaming ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Blue of the Night ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Selections from Showboat ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Emperor Waltz ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> St. Valentine 's Day ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Bing Crosby Sings with Al Jolson , Bob Hope , Dick Haymes and the Andrews Sisters ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Selections from Road to Rio ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Bing Crosby Sings with Judy Garland , Mary Martin , Johnny Mercer ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Bing Crosby Sings with Lionel Hampton , Eddie Heywood , Louis Jordan ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Auld Lang Syne ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Bing Crosby Sings Songs by George Gershwin ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> South Pacific ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Christmas Greetings ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Ichabod -- The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Top o ' the Morning / Emperor Waltz ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Songs from Mr. Music ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Go West Young Man ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Le Bing : Song Hits of Paris ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li>

The song "You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby" was written with

Who wrote you must have been a beautiful baby?

4315543730143212934

Windows Media Player - wikipedia <H1> Windows Media Player </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Windows Media Player <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> A component of Microsoft Windows </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Windows Media Player 12 running on Windows 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Media player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Included with </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Windows 3.0 MM and Windows 3.1 </Li> <Li> Windows 9x </Li> <Li> Windows 2000 to Windows 10 </Li> <Li> Windows CE and Windows Mobile </Li> <Li> Mac OS 8 and 9 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also available for </Th> <Td> Windows NT 4.0 , Mac OS 7 , Mac OS X , Solaris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Replaces </Th> <Td> ActiveMovie Control , CD Player , DVD Player ( Win32 version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Related components </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Windows Media Center , Microsoft Movies & TV </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Windows Media Player ( WMP ) is a media player and media library application developed by Microsoft that is used for playing audio , video and viewing images on personal computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system , as well as on Pocket PC and Windows Mobile - based devices . Editions of Windows Media Player were also released for classic Mac OS , Mac OS X and Solaris but development of these has since been discontinued . </P> <P> In addition to being a media player , Windows Media Player includes the ability to rip music from and copy music to compact discs , burn recordable discs in Audio CD format or as data discs with playlists such as an MP3 CD , synchronize content with a digital audio player ( MP3 player ) or other mobile devices , and enable users to purchase or rent music from a number of online music stores . </P> <P> Windows Media Player replaced an earlier application called Media Player , adding features beyond simple video or audio playback . </P> <P> Windows Media Player 11 is available for Windows XP and included in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 . The default file formats are Windows Media Video ( WMV ) , Windows Media Audio ( WMA ) , and Advanced Systems Format ( ASF ) , and its own XML based playlist format called Windows Playlist ( WPL ) . The player is also able to utilize a digital rights management service in the form of Windows Media DRM . </P> <P> Windows Media Player 12 is the most recent version of Windows Media Player . It was released on July 22 , 2009 along with Windows 7 and has not been made available for previous versions of Windows nor has it been updated since for Windows 8 , Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 . Unlike Windows 8 , Windows RT does not run Windows Media Player . Beginning with the Fall Creators Update of Windows 10 , WMP is disabled by default and must be reinstalled through the Programs and Features control panel . </P> ActiveMovie was the immediate ancestor of Windows Media Player v6. x <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Features <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Core playback and library functions </Li> <Li> 2.2 Visualizations </Li> <Li> 2.3 Format support <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Windows Media Player Mobile </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Disc burning , ripping , and playback </Li> <Li> 2.5 Portable device sync </Li> <Li> 2.6 Enhanced playback features </Li> <Li> 2.7 Shell integration </Li> <Li> 2.8 Extensibility </Li> <Li> 2.9 Online features </Li> <Li> 2.10 Media streaming </Li> <Li> 2.11 Skin Mode </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Security issues </Li> <Li> 4 Other versions <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Windows Mobile </Li> <Li> 4.2 Mac OS X </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Website </Li> <Li> 6 European Commission case </Li> <Li> 7 Release history </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Media Player 5 <P> The first version of Windows Media Player appeared in 1991 , when Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions was released . Originally called Media Player , this component was included with `` Multimedia PC '' - compatible machines but not available for retail sale . It was capable of playing . mmm animation files , and could be extended to support other formats . It used MCI to handle media files . Being a component of Windows , Media Player shows the same version number as that of the version Windows with which it was included . </P> <P> Microsoft continually produced new programs to play media files . In November of the following year , Video for Windows was introduced with the ability to play digital video files in an AVI container format , with codec support for RLE and Video1 , and support for playing uncompressed files . Indeo 3.2 was added in a later release . Video for Windows was first available as a free add - on to Windows 3.1 , and later integrated into Windows 95 and Windows NT 4.0 . In 1995 , Microsoft released ActiveMovie with DirectX Media SDK . ActiveMovie incorporates a new way of dealing with media files , and adds support for streaming media ( which the original Media Player could not handle ) . In 1996 , ActiveMovie was renamed DirectShow . However , Media Player continued to come with Windows until Windows XP , in which it was officially renamed Windows Media Player v5. 1 . ( `` v5. 1 '' is the version number of Windows XP . ) </P> <P> In 1999 , Windows Media Player 's versioning broke away from that of Windows itself . Windows Media Player 6.4 came as an out - of - band update for Windows 95 , Windows 98 and Windows NT 4.0 that co-existed with Media Player and became a built - in component of Windows 2000 , Windows ME and Windows XP with an mplayer2. exe stub allowing to use this built - in instead of newer versions . Windows Media Player 7.0 and its successors also came in the same fashion , replacing each other but leaving Media Player and Windows Media Player 6.4 intact . Windows XP is the only operating system to have three different versions of Windows Media Player ( v5. 1 , v6. 4 and v8 ) side by side . All versions branded Windows Media Player ( instead of simply Media Player ) support DirectShow codecs . Windows Media Player version 7 was a large revamp , with a new user interface , visualizations and increased functionality . Windows Vista , however , dropped older versions of Windows Media Player in favor of v11 . </P> <P> Beginning with Windows Vista , Windows Media Player supports the Media Foundation framework besides DirectShow ; as such it plays certain types of media using Media Foundation as well as some types of media using DirectShow . Windows Media Player 12 was released with Windows 7 . It included support for more media formats and added new features . With Windows 8 , however , the player did not receive an upgrade . </P> <P> On April 16 , 2012 , Microsoft announced that Windows Media Player would not be included in Windows RT , the line of Windows designed to run on ARM based devices . </P> <H2> Features ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Core playback and library functions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Windows Media Player supports playback of audio , video and pictures , along with fast forward , reverse , file markers ( if present ) and variable playback speed ( seek & time compression / dilation introduced in WMP 9 Series ) . It supports local playback , streaming playback with multicast streams and progressive downloads . Items in a playlist can be skipped over temporarily at playback time without removing them from the playlist . Full keyboard - based operation is possible in the player . </P> <P> Windows Media Player supports full media management , via the integrated media library introduced first in version 7 , which offers cataloguing and searching of media and viewing media metadata . Media can be arranged according to album , artist , genre , date et al. Windows Media Player 9 Series introduced Quick Access Panel to browse and navigate the entire library through a menu . The Quick Access Panel was also added to the mini mode in version 10 but was entirely removed in version 11 . WMP 9 Series also introduced ratings and Auto Ratings . Windows Media Player 10 introduced support for aggregating pictures , Recorded TV shows , and other media into the library . A fully featured tag editor was featured in versions 9 - 11 of WMP , called the Advanced Tag Editor . However , the feature was removed in Windows Media Player 12 . Since WMP 9 Series , the player features dynamically updated Auto Playlists based on criteria . Auto Playlists are updated every time users open them . WMP 9 Series and later also supports Auto Ratings which automatically assigns ratings based on the number of times a song is played . Pre-populated auto playlists are included in Windows Media Player 9 Series . Custom Auto Playlists can be created only on Windows XP and later . </P> <P> In Windows Media Player 11 , the Quick Access Panel was removed and replaced with an Explorer - style navigation pane on the left which can be customized for each library to show the user selected media or metadata categories , with contents appearing on the right , in a graphical manner with thumbnails featuring album art or other art depicting the item . Missing album art can be added directly to the placeholders in the Library itself ( though the program re-renders all album art imported this way into 1x1 pixel ratio , 200x200 resolution jpegs ) . There are separate Tiles , Icons , Details or Extended Tiles views for Music , Pictures , Video and Recorded TV which can be set individually from the navigation bar . Entries for Pictures and Video show their thumbnails . Version 11 also introduced the ability to search and display results on - the - fly as characters are being entered , without waiting for Enter key to be hit . Incremental search results are refined based on further characters that are typed . Stacking allows graphical representations of how many albums there are in a specific category or folder . The pile appears larger as the category contains more albums . The List pane includes an option to prompt the user to remove items skipped in a playlist upon save or skip them only during playback . </P> <H3> Visualizations ( edit ) </H3> Windows Media Player 11 running in mini mode ( in Windows XP MCE ) showing the `` Bars and Waves '' visualization <P> While playing music , Windows Media Player can show visualizations . The current three visualizations are Alchemy , which was first introduced in version 9 , Bars and Waves , which has been used since version 7 , and Battery , introduced version 8 . `` Musical Colors '' was removed starting with version 9 , but is retained if Windows Media Player was upgraded from version 7 or 8 . Version 11 and above refrains from having the former `` Ambience '' , `` Particle '' , `` Plenoptic '' , and `` Spikes '' visualizations . The `` Battery '' visualization was similarly removed in later editions of version 12 . The reason for their removal was that the visualizations do not support full screen controls ( either the visualization gets shifted to the left while there is a thick black bar to the right side of the screen , that there are no full screen controls , or that the visualization have DXE Problems ) . More visualizations such as `` BlazingColors '' , ``

The default file extension for an audio file in Windows Media Player is not Windows Media Video (WMV), but rather

Which is the default file extension for an audio file in windows media player?

-909543708804159189

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead - wikipedia <H1> Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Tom Stoppard 's play . For the 1990 film , see Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( film ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Tom Stoppard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rosencrantz </Li> <Li> Guildenstern </Li> <Li> The Player </Li> <Li> Alfred </Li> <Li> Hamlet </Li> <Li> Tragedians </Li> <Li> King Claudius </Li> <Li> Gertrude </Li> <Li> Polonius </Li> <Li> Ophelia </Li> <Li> Horatio </Li> <Li> Fortinbras </Li> <Li> Soldiers , courtiers , and musicians </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date premiered </Th> <Td> 24 August 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Place premiered </Th> <Td> Edinburgh Fringe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subject </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Tragic comedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Setting </Th> <Td> Shakespeare 's Hamlet </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead , often referred to as just Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , is an absurdist , existentialist tragicomedy by Tom Stoppard , first staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1966 . The play expands upon the exploits of two minor characters from Shakespeare 's Hamlet , the courtiers Rosencrantz and Guildenstern . The action of Stoppard 's play takes place mainly `` in the wings '' of Shakespeare 's , with brief appearances of major characters from Hamlet who enact fragments of the original 's scenes . Between these episodes the two protagonists voice their confusion at the progress of events occurring onstage without them in Hamlet , of which they have no direct knowledge . </P> <P> Comparisons have also been drawn with Samuel Beckett 's Waiting for Godot , for the presence of two central characters who almost appear to be two halves of a single character . Many plot features are similar as well : the characters pass time by playing Questions , impersonating other characters , and interrupting each other or remaining silent for long periods of time . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Title </Li> <Li> 2 Characters </Li> <Li> 3 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 4 Summary <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Act One </Li> <Li> 4.2 Act Two </Li> <Li> 4.3 Act Three </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Motifs and ideas </Li> <Li> 6 Metatheatre </Li> <Li> 7 Notable productions <Ul> <Li> 7.1 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 7.2 Broadway and Off - Broadway </Li> <Li> 7.3 Radio adaptation </Li> <Li> 7.4 Film adaptation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Reception </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Title ( edit ) </H2> <P> The title is taken directly from the final scene of Shakespeare 's Hamlet . In earlier scenes , Prince Hamlet , having been exiled to England by the treacherous King of Denmark ( his uncle , who murdered Hamlet 's father to obtain the throne ) discovered en route a letter from the King carried by his old but now untrusted friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern . The letter commanded Hamlet 's death upon his arrival in England . Hamlet rewrote the letter to command Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's deaths and escaped back to Denmark . By the end of Shakespeare 's play , Prince Hamlet , Laertes , Ophelia , Polonius , King Claudius and Gertrude all lie dead . An ambassador from England arrives to bluntly report `` Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead '' ( Hamlet . Act V , Scene II , line 411 ) and so they join all the stabbed , poisoned , and drowned key characters . By the end of Hamlet , Horatio is the only main figure left alive . </P> <P> A previous , satirical play of a similar nature named Rosencrantz and Guildenstern was written by W.S. Gilbert in 1874 and performed in 1891 . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Rosencrantz and Guildenstern : a pair of schoolmates and childhood friends of Hamlet . They forget who they are quite often . Rosencrantz is simple - minded and is okay with taking things at face value and letting other people do the thinking . Guildenstern is more of a thinker and worries about the consequences and implications for him of an action . </Li> <Li> The Player : A travelling actor with his fair share of wits . He speaks of theatre being only about Love , Blood , and Rhetoric . Stating that everything must contain blood , that it is compulsory and that most things end in death . He is often keeping tabs on the young boy Alfred ( one of his tragedians ) . </Li> <Li> Hamlet : the Prince of Denmark , nephew to Claudius . Throughout the play he seems to be putting on a different face for different people much as he does in Shakespeare 's work . </Li> <Li> Tragedians : travelling with the Player , including Alfred . They provide a chorus for the audience and react to specific things that the player says . The Player is often called a puppet master because of the way he controls them as well as everyone else in the play . </Li> <Li> King Claudius : the King of Denmark , Hamlet 's uncle and stepfather . Sends for Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to learn what afflicts Hamlet . Then sends the three off to England with a letter to the English king stating that , as a favour to him and Denmark , Hamlet should be killed on the spot . </Li> <Li> Gertrude : the Queen of Denmark , and Hamlet 's mother . </Li> <Li> Polonius : Claudius 's chief adviser . He sees through most of Hamlet 's lies and acts but does n't care enough to bring it to too much attention . </Li> <Li> Ophelia : Polonius 's daughter . She drifts across the stage from time to time , though no mention of her death is ever present in the play . </Li> <Li> Horatio : A friend and schoolmate of Hamlet . He has the last line of the play in the scripted work , which is a direct quote from Hamlet . He says these lines as he is holding his dead friend . </Li> <Li> Fortinbras : the nephew of the King of Norway . Appears at the end of the play to take over Denmark , since the Danish monarchy has fallen . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The play concerns the misadventures and musings of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , two minor characters from William Shakespeare 's Hamlet who are childhood friends of the prince , focusing on their actions with the events of Hamlet as background . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is structured as the inverse of Hamlet ; the title characters are the leads , not supporting players , and Hamlet himself has only a small part . The duo appears on stage here when they are off - stage in Shakespeare 's play , with the exception of a few short scenes in which the dramatic events of both plays coincide . In Hamlet , Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are used by the King in an attempt to discover Hamlet 's motives and to plot against him . Hamlet , however , mocks them derisively and outwits them , so that they , rather than he , are executed in the end . Thus , from Rosencrantz 's and Guildenstern 's perspective , the action in Hamlet is largely nonsensical and comical . </P> <P> After the two characters witness a performance of The Murder of Gonzago -- the story within a story in the play Hamlet -- they find themselves on a boat taking Prince Hamlet to England with the troupe that staged the performance . They are intended to give the English king a message telling him to kill Hamlet . Instead , Hamlet discovers this and switches the letter for another , telling the king to kill Rosencrantz and Guildenstern . During the voyage , the two are ambushed by pirates and lose their prisoner , Hamlet , before resigning themselves to their fate and presumably dying thereafter . </P> <H2> Summary ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Act one ( edit ) </H3> <P> The play opens with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern betting on coin flips . Rosencrantz , who bets heads each time , wins ninety - two flips in a row . The extreme unlikeliness of this event according to the laws of probability leads Guildenstern to suggest that they may be `` within un - , sub - or supernatural forces '' . The audience learns why they are where they are : the King has sent for them . Guildenstern theorizes on the nature of reality , focusing on how an event becomes increasingly real as more people witness it . </P> <P> A troupe of Tragedians arrives and offers the two men a show . They seem capable only of performances involving bloodbaths . The next two scenes are from the plot of Hamlet . The first , involving Hamlet and Ophelia , takes place off - stage in the Shakespeare ( the stage directions repeat exactly the words in which Ophelia , in the original , describes the event to Polonius ) . The second is taken directly from Hamlet , and is Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's first appearance in that play . Here the Danish king and queen , Claudius and Gertrude , ask the two to discover the nature of Hamlet 's recent madness . The royal couple demonstrate an inability to distinguish the two courtiers from one another , as indeed do the characters themselves to their irritation . </P> <P> Rosencrantz and Guildenstern attempt to practise for their meeting with the Prince by one pretending to be Hamlet and the other asking him questions , but they glean no new information from it . The act closes with another scene from Hamlet in which they finally meet the Prince face to face . </P> <H3> Act two ( edit ) </H3> <P> The act opens with the end of the conversation between Rosencrantz , Guildenstern , and Hamlet . Guildenstern tries to look on the bright side , while Rosencrantz makes it clear that the pair had made no progress , that Hamlet had entirely outwitted them . </P> <P> The Player returns to the stage . He is angry that the pair had not earlier stayed to watch their play because , without an audience , his Tragedians are nothing . He tells them to stop questioning their existence because , upon examination , life appears too chaotic to comprehend . The Player , Rosencrantz , and Guildenstern lose themselves in yet another illogical conversation that demonstrates the limits of language . The Player leaves in order to prepare for his production of The Murder of Gonzago , set to be put on in front of Hamlet and the King and Queen . </P> <P> The royal couple enters and begins another short scene taken directly from Hamlet : they ask about the duo 's encounter with the Prince , and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern inform them about his interest in the Tragedians ' production . After the king and queen leave , the partners contemplate their job . They see Hamlet walk by but fail to seize the opportunity to interrogate him . </P> <P> The Tragedians return and perform their dress rehearsal of The Murder of Gonzago . The play moves beyond the scope of what the reader sees in Hamlet ; characters resembling Rosencrantz and Guildenstern

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead was written in

When was rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead written?

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The Fault in Our Stars - wikipedia <H1> The Fault in Our Stars </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2012 novel . For the film based on the novel , see The Fault in Our Stars ( film ) . For the film 's soundtrack , see The Fault in Our Stars ( soundtrack ) . <Table> The Fault in Our Stars <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> John Green </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover artist </Th> <Td> Rodrigo Corral </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Young adult novel </Li> <Li> Realistic fiction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> January 10 , 2012 ( Dutton Books ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( hardcover , paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 317 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 525 - 47881 - 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Fault in Our Stars is the sixth novel by author John Green , published in January 2012 . The title is inspired by Act 1 , Scene 2 of Shakespeare 's play Julius Caesar , in which the nobleman Cassius says to Brutus : `` The fault , dear Brutus , is not in our stars , / But in ourselves , that we are underlings . '' The story is narrated by Hazel Grace Lancaster , a 16 - year - old girl with cancer . Hazel is forced by her parents to attend a support group where she subsequently meets and falls in love with 17 - year - old Augustus Waters , an ex-basketball player and amputee . A feature film adaptation of the novel directed by Josh Boone and starring Shailene Woodley , Ansel Elgort and Nat Wolff was released on June 6 , 2014 . Both the book and its film adaptation were met with strong critical and commercial success . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 2 Publication history </Li> <Li> 3 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 4 Film adaptation </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hazel Grace Lancaster -- a 16 - year - old with cancer that has spread to her lungs -- attends a cancer patient support group at her mother 's behest . At first , she hesitates because she feels like it has done her nothing . She thinks attending the support group could be the worst part of her life , until a particular support meeting , Hazel meets a 17 - year - old boy named Augustus Waters , whose osteosarcoma caused him to lose his right leg , which was replaced with a prosthetic . Augustus is at the support meeting to support Isaac , a boy Augustus ' age with eye cancer . Upon catching Augustus staring at her , Hazel suddenly feels self - conscious . They meet after the Support Group and converse on the fact that they were not `` literally '' in the heart of Jesus , but in a basement . When everything seems to go well , Augustus pulls out a cigarette and puts it between his lips . Hazel is disgusted by this and yells at him saying that he 's already got cancer and he wants to pay money for more cancer , `` Not being able to breathe sucks , '' she yells . Augustus calmly explains the metaphor , which is , `` You put the thing that kills you right between your teeth but you do n't give it the power to kill you . '' Hazel , impressed by this , goes to his place to watch a movie . Hazel and Augustus strike a bond immediately and agree to read each other 's favorite novels . Augustus gives Hazel The Price of Dawn , and Hazel recommends An Imperial Affliction , a novel written by Peter Van Houten , who lives in Amsterdam , about a cancer - stricken girl named Anna that parallels Hazel 's own experience . After Augustus finishes reading her book , he is frustrated upon learning that the novel ends abruptly without a conclusion . Hazel explains the novel 's author had retreated following the novel 's publication and has not been heard from since . </P> <P> A week later , Augustus reveals to Hazel that he has tracked down Van Houten 's assistant , Lidewij , and , through her , has managed to start an e-mail correspondence with Van Houten . The two write to Van Houten with questions regarding the novel 's ending and the fate of the mother of Anna . Van Houten eventually replies , explaining that he can only answer Hazel 's questions in person . At a picnic , Augustus surprises Hazel with tickets to Amsterdam to meet Van Houten . </P> <P> While in Amsterdam , Augustus confesses his love for Hazel . Hazel and Augustus finally meet Van Houten but are shocked to find that he is a mean - spirited drunk . Horrified by Van Houten 's behavior , Lidewij confesses to having arranged the meeting on his behalf , angering Van Houten , who proceeds to insult Hazel 's cancer , starting an argument and causing Hazel and Augustus to flee from the drunken author 's home . Later that night they have sex in Augustus 's hotel room , the first time for both of them . </P> <P> Augustus confesses that his cancer has returned . The two affirm their love and support for each other . Upon their return to Indianapolis , Augustus 's health worsens and he ends up in the ICU for a few days . Fearing his death , Augustus invites Isaac and Hazel to his pre-funeral , where they give eulogies . An extremely sick Augustus dies soon after . This leaves Hazel heartbroken and she does n't know what to do with herself . After this traumatic event , Van Houten shows up at Augustus 's funeral to apologize to Hazel . </P> <P> Hazel learns that Augustus was writing a sequel to An Imperial Affliction . Hazel reads Augustus 's words . He says getting hurt in this world is inevitable , but we do get to choose whom we allow to hurt us , and that he is happy with his choice , and hopes she likes her choice too . The book closes with Hazel stating that she is happy with her choice . </P> <H2> Publication history ( edit ) </H2> <P> On December 21 , 2011 , Barnes & Noble accidentally shipped 1500 copies of The Fault in Our Stars before the release date to people who had pre-ordered the book . Green released a statement saying , `` Mistakes happen . The people who made this error were not bad or incompetent people , and they were not acting maliciously . We all make mistakes , and it is not my wish to see Barnes and Noble or any of their employees vilified . '' Many people who received the book pledged not to read it until its release date , January 10 , 2012 , or discuss it until the next day , January 11 , as per a request of Green 's not to spoil it for other readers . Most kept to this promise , leaving the experience untarnished for those who got the book on the intended release date . </P> <P> The book rose to # 84 on the Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble bestseller lists in June 2011 shortly after its title was announced . Green promised that every pre-order would be hand - signed by him , requiring him to sign every copy of the first printing . He proposed that the general public vote on the color Sharpie he would use to sign the books , resulting in him signing the 150,000 books with a variety of Sharpie colors , each in proportion to the amount of votes received for that color . However , some people who ordered from international booksellers received unsigned copies because those bookstores , including Amazon UK , underestimated how many books they needed and ordered more after the signing was complete , but Green agreed to fix this problem , telling people with unsigned pre-orders to email him so they could be sent a signed bookplate . Many fans submitted their book cover designs to various outlets including Tumblr and Twitter , tagging Green in these posts so he could see them . The sizeable number of posts received prompted Green 's publisher Penguin to seek a fan - designed cover for a reprint of one of Green 's other books , An Abundance of Katherines . The Fault in Our Stars debuted at # 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children 's Chapter Books and remained in that spot for seven consecutive weeks . A Hebrew edition of The Fault in Our Stars was published in Israel in August 2012 and more editions of the novel are forthcoming in Dutch , German , Spanish , French , Swedish , Danish , Icelandic , Chinese , and Portuguese . The Fault in Our Stars has also gained places on several bestseller lists . It was # 1 on The Wall Street Journal bestseller list , # 1 on the Indiebound bestseller list , and # 9 on The Bookseller bestseller list . The novel was also The New York Times Book Review Editor 's Choice . As of January 2013 , there are nearly 1 million copies of the novel in print . In December 2012 , it was announced that a special edition with a silver cover and an expanded Q&A , dubbed the ' Exclusive Collector 's Edition ' , would be available from Barnes and Noble . All or at least most of the copies first available for purchase of this edition of the book contained a printing error wherein several pages of the first chapter were replaced with pages from the Q&A section at the back of the book . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Fault in Our Stars received critical acclaim . Critics mostly praised the book for its humor , strong characters , language , themes and new perspective on cancer and romance . The New York Times ' review of the book called it `` a blend of melancholy , sweet , philosophical and funny '' and said that it `` stays the course of tragic realism '' , while noting that the book 's unpleasant plot details `` do nothing to diminish the romance ; in Green 's hands , they only make it more moving . '' NPR 's Rachel Syme noted that `` ( Green 's ) voice is so compulsively readable that it defies categorization , '' saying that the `` elegantly plotted '' book `` may be his best . '' Time called The Fault in Our Stars `` damn near genius . '' Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` ( Augustus and Hazel 's ) love story is as real as it is doomed , and the gut - busting laughs that come early in the novel make the luminous final pages all the more heartbreaking '' , and gave the novel an overall A − grade . Amazon.com calls it `` insightful , bold , irreverent , and raw '' and Green 's `` most ambitious and heartbreaking work yet . '' The Manila Bulletin says that the book is `` a collection of maudlin scenes and trite observations about the fragility of life and the wisdom of dying . And while it does talk about those things and more , the treatment of it is far from being maudlin or trite . '' The Manila Bulletin also added that `` Just two paragraphs

In The Fault in Our Stars, Hazel's boyfriend is

Hazels boyfriend in the fault in our stars?

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NFL win -- loss records - wikipedia <H1> NFL win -- loss records </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The following is a list of win -- loss records for each of the 32 active National Football League ( NFL ) teams . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Regular season </Li> <Li> 2 Playoffs </Li> <Li> 3 Notes </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Regular season ( edit ) </H2> George Halas ( right ) of the Chicago Bears , who have recorded the most regular season wins . <P> The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League ( NFL ) teams ranked by their regular season win -- loss record percentage , accurate as of the end of the 2017 NFL regular season . For teams that previously played in the All - America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , their AAFC win - loss records are not included as the NFL does not officially count AAFC statistics despite the 1950 NFL -- AAFC merger . However , for teams that played in the American Football League ( AFL ) , their AFL win - loss records are included and officially counted by the NFL . Ties are registered as a half win and a half loss when calculating the win - loss record . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Best win -- loss record in division </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Won </Th> <Th> Lost </Th> <Th> Tied </Th> <Th> Pct . </Th> <Th> First NFL Season </Th> <Th> Total Games </Th> <Th> Division </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 502 </Td> <Td> 374 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> . 573 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 882 </Td> <Td> NFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> 737 </Td> <Td> 562 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> . 565 </Td> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> 1,336 </Td> <Td> NFC North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chicago Bears </Td> <Td> 749 </Td> <Td> 579 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> . 562 </Td> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 1,370 </Td> <Td> NFC North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Miami Dolphins </Td> <Td> 445 </Td> <Td> 351 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 559 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> 800 </Td> <Td> AFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> <Td> 489 </Td> <Td> 386 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> . 558 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 884 </Td> <Td> AFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Minnesota Vikings </Td> <Td> 470 </Td> <Td> 390 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> . 546 </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 870 </Td> <Td> NFC North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 190 </Td> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 541 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 352 </Td> <Td> AFC North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> 687 </Td> <Td> 585 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> . 539 </Td> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> 1,305 </Td> <Td> NFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos </Td> <Td> 470 </Td> <Td> 404 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> . 537 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 884 </Td> <Td> AFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> <Td> 528 </Td> <Td> 460 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> . 534 </Td> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 1,002 </Td> <Td> NFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> <Td> 614 </Td> <Td> 538 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> . 532 </Td> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td> 1,172 </Td> <Td> AFC North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 462 </Td> <Td> 411 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> . 529 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 884 </Td> <Td> AFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 506 </Td> <Td> 453 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> . 527 </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> 966 </Td> <Td> AFC South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Kansas City Chiefs </Td> <Td> 457 </Td> <Td> 415 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> . 524 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 884 </Td> <Td> AFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Seattle Seahawks </Td> <Td> 334 </Td> <Td> 325 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 507 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 660 </Td> <Td> NFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 595 </Td> <Td> 581 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> . 506 </Td> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> 1,202 </Td> <Td> NFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Carolina Panthers </Td> <Td> 183 </Td> <Td> 184 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 499 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 368 </Td> <Td> NFC South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Chargers </Td> <Td> 435 </Td> <Td> 438 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> . 498 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 884 </Td> <Td> AFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 555 </Td> <Td> 559 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> . 498 </Td> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> 1,135 </Td> <Td> NFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Cleveland Browns </Td> <Td> 462 </Td> <Td> 482 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> . 490 </Td> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 954 </Td> <Td> AFC North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles </Td> <Td> 568 </Td> <Td> 594 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> . 489 </Td> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td> 1,188 </Td> <Td> NFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 422 </Td> <Td> 456 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> . 481 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 884 </Td> <Td> AFC South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Buffalo Bills </Td> <Td> 409 </Td> <Td> 467 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> . 467 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 884 </Td> <Td> AFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Detroit Lions </Td> <Td> 553 </Td> <Td> 648 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> . 461 </Td> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> 1,233 </Td> <Td> NFC North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals </Td> <Td> 351 </Td> <Td> 417 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 457 </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 772 </Td> <Td> AFC North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> New York Jets </Td> <Td> 397 </Td> <Td> 479 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> . 454 </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 884 </Td> <Td> AFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Jacksonville Jaguars </Td> <Td> 165 </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 448 </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 368 </Td> <Td> AFC South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> New Orleans Saints </Td> <Td> 349 </Td> <Td> 432 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> . 447 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 786 </Td> <Td> NFC South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Atlanta Falcons </Td> <Td> 351 </Td> <Td> 443 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> . 443 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> 790 </Td> <Td> NFC South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Houston Texans </Td> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> 146 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 430 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 256 </Td> <Td> AFC South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 550 </Td> <Td> 740 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> . 429 </Td> <Td> 1920 </Td> <Td> 1,330 </Td> <Td> NFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Tampa Bay Buccaneers </Td> <Td> 255 </Td> <Td> 404 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 387 </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 660 </Td> <Td> NFC South </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Playoffs ( edit ) </H2> Members of the Baltimore Ravens franchise , the team with the highest playoff win -- loss percentage , during the Lombardi Trophy presentation following their Super Bowl XLVII victory Marvin Lewis , head coach of the Cincinnati Bengals , who have registered the lowest playoff win - loss percentage of all time <P> The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League ( NFL ) teams ranked by their playoff win - loss record percentage , accurate as of the end of 2017 -- 18 NFL Wild Card round . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Best win -- loss record in division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Team active in playoffs </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Games </Th> <Th> Won </Th> <Th> Lost </Th> <Th> Pct . </Th> <Th> Last playoff appearance </Th> <Th> Division </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> . 652 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> AFC North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> . 642 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> AFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> . 607 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> NFC North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> . 600 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> NFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> . 590 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> AFC North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> . 568 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> AFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> . 557 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> NFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> Denver Broncos </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> . 548 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> AFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> . 548 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> NFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Carolina Panthers </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> . 529 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> NFC South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Seattle Seahawks </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> . 516 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> NFC West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> NFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 ( tie ) </Td> <Td> Jacksonville Jaguars </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> AFC South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> . 490 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> NFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> . 489 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> AFC South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Miami Dolphins </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> . 488 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> AFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Chicago Bears </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> . 486 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> NFC North </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> New York Jets </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> . 480 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> AFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Buffalo Bills </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> . 467 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> AFC East </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> New Orleans Saints </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> . 444 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> NFC South </Td> </Tr> <Tr>

The team that won the most games in the NFL in 2017 was the

Who has won the most games in nfl 2017?

-7942290859136471251

( Regio Esercito ) was comparatively depleted and weak at the commencement of the war . Italian tanks were of poor quality and radios few in number . The bulk of Italian artillery dated to World War I . The primary fighter of the Italian Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica ) was the Fiat CR. 42 , which , though an advanced biplane , with excellent performance , was obsolete against monoplane fighters of other nations . Of the Regia Aeronautica 's approximately 1,760 aircraft , only 900 could be considered in any way combat - worthy . The Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) had several modern battleships but no aircraft carriers . </P> <P> Italian authorities were acutely aware of the need to modernize and were taking steps to meet the requirements of their own relatively advanced tactical principles . Almost 40 % of the 1939 budget was allocated for military spending . Recognizing the Navy 's need for close air support , the decision was made to build carriers . Three series of modern fighters , capable of meeting the best allied planes on equal terms , were in development , with a few hundred of each eventually being produced . The Carro Armato P40 tank , roughly equivalent to the M4 Sherman and Panzer IV medium tanks , was designed in 1940 ( though no prototype was produced until 1942 and manufacture was not able to begin before the Armistice , owing in part to the lack of sufficiently powerful engines , which were themselves undergoing a development push ; total Italian tank production for the war -- about 3,500 -- was less than the number of tanks used by Germany in its invasion of France ) . The Italians were pioneers in the use of self - propelled guns , both in close support and anti-tank roles . Their 75 / 46 fixed AA / AT gun , 75 / 32 gun , 90 / 53 AA / AT gun ( an equally deadly but less famous peer of the German 88 / 55 ) , 47 / 32 AT gun , and the 20 mm AA autocannon were effective , modern weapons . Also of note were the AB 41 and the Camionetta AS 42 armoured cars , which were regarded as excellent vehicles of their type . None of these developments , however , precluded the fact that the bulk of equipment was obsolete and poor . The relatively weak economy , lack of suitable raw materials and consequent inability to produce suitable quantities of armaments and supplies were therefore the key material reasons for Italian military failure . </P> <P> On paper Italy had one of the world 's largest armies , but the reality was the opposite . According to the estimates of Bierman and Smith , the Italian regular army could field only about 200,000 troops at the war 's beginning . Irrespective of the attempts to modernize , the majority of Italian army personnel were lightly armed infantry lacking sufficient motor transport . There was insufficient budget to train the men in the services , such that the bulk of personnel received much of their training at the front , when it was too late to be of use . Air units had not been trained to operate with the naval fleet and the majority of ships had been built for fleet actions , rather than the convoy protection duties in which they were primarily employed during the war . In any event , a critical lack of fuel kept naval activities to a minimum . </P> <P> Senior leadership was also a problem . Mussolini personally assumed control of all three individual military service ministries with the intention of influencing detailed planning . Comando Supremo ( the Italian High Command ) consisted of only a small complement of staff that could do little more than inform the individual service commands of Mussolini 's intentions , after which it was up to the individual service commands to develop proper plans and execution . The result was that there was no central direction for operations ; the three military services tended to work independently , focusing only on their fields , with little inter-service cooperation . Discrepancies in pay existed for personnel who were of equal rank , but from different units . </P> <H2> Outbreak of the Second World war ( edit ) </H2> See also : Military production during World War II <P> Nazi Germany 's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , marked the beginning of World War II . Despite being an Axis power , Italy remained non-belligerent until June 1940 . </P> <H3> Decision to intervene ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following the German conquest of Poland , Mussolini hesitated to enter the war . The British commander for land forces in the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean , General Sir Archibald Wavell , correctly predicted that Mussolini 's pride would ultimately cause him to enter the war . Wavell would compare Mussolini 's situation to that of someone at the top of a diving board : `` I think he must do something . If he can not make a graceful dive , he will at least have to jump in somehow ; he can hardly put on his dressing - gown and walk down the stairs again . '' </P> <P> Initially , the entry into the war appeared to be political opportunism ( though there was some provocation ) , which led to a lack of consistency in planning , with principal objectives and enemies being changed with little regard for the consequences . Mussolini was well aware of the military and material deficiencies but thought the war would be over soon and did not expect to do much fighting . </P> <H2> Italy enters the war : June 1940 ( edit ) </H2> See also : Fall of France and Italian invasion of France Italy and its colonies in 1940 , before the start of the Western Desert Campaign . <P> On 10 June 1940 , as the French government fled to Bordeaux during the German invasion , declaring Paris an open city , Mussolini felt the conflict would soon end and declared war on Britain and France . As he said to the Army 's Chief - of - Staff , Marshal Badoglio : </P> <P> I only need a few thousand dead so that I can sit at the peace conference as a man who has fought . </P> <P> Mussolini had the immediate war aim of expanding the Italian colonies in North Africa by taking land from the British and French colonies . </P> <P> About Mussolini 's declaration of war in France , President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States said : </P> <P> On this tenth day of June 1940 , the hand that held the dagger has struck it into the back of its neighbor . </P> <P> The Italian entry into the war opened up new fronts in North Africa and the Mediterranean . After Italy entered the war , pressure from Nazi Germany led to the internment in the Campagna concentration camp of some of Italy 's Jewish refugees . </P> <H3> Invasion of France ( edit ) </H3> See also : Italian - occupied France Occupied France in 1940 ; the Italian zone is shown in yellow . <P> In June 1940 , after initial success , the Italian offensive into southern France stalled at the fortified Alpine Line . On 24 June 1940 , France surrendered to Germany . Italy occupied a swathe of French territory along the Franco - Italian border . During this operation , Italian casualties amounted to 1,247 men dead or missing and 2,631 wounded . A further 2,151 Italians were hospitalised due to frostbite . </P> <P> Late in the Battle of Britain , Italy contributed an expeditionary force , the Corpo Aereo Italiano , which took part in the Blitz from October 1940 until April 1941 , at which time the last elements of the force were withdrawn . </P> <P> In November 1942 , the Italian Royal Army occupied south - eastern Vichy France and Corsica as part of Case Anton . From December 1942 , Italian military government of French departments east of the Rhône River was established , and continued until September 1943 , when Italy quit the war . This had the effect of providing a de facto temporary haven for French Jews fleeing the Holocaust . In January 1943 the Italians refused to cooperate with the Nazis in rounding up Jews living in the occupied zone of France under their control and in March prevented the Nazis from deporting Jews in their zone . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop complained to Mussolini that `` Italian military circles ... lack a proper understanding of the Jewish question . '' </P> <P> The Italian Navy established a submarine base at Bordeaux , code named BETASOM , and thirty two Italian submarines participated in the Battle of the Atlantic . Plans to attack the harbour of New York City with CA class midget submarines in 1943 were disrupted when the submarine converted to carry out the attack , the Leonardo da Vinci , was sunk in May 1943 . The armistice put a stop to further planning . </P> <H2> North Africa ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Invasion of Egypt ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Italian invasion of Egypt , North African Campaign , Western Desert Campaign , and Tunisia Campaign The Italian invasion and British counter-offensive <P> The Italians fared poorly in North Africa almost from the beginning . Within a week of Italy 's declaration of war on 10 June 1940 , the British 11th Hussars had seized Fort Capuzzo in Libya . In an ambush east of Bardia , the British captured the Italian 10th Army Engineer - in - Chief , General Lastucci . On 28 June Marshal Italo Balbo , the Governor - General of Libya , was killed by friendly fire while landing in Tobruk . Mussolini ordered Balbo 's replacement , General Rodolfo Graziani , to launch an attack into Egypt immediately . Graziani complained to Mussolini that his forces were not properly equipped for such an operation , and that an attack into Egypt could not possibly succeed ; nevertheless , Mussolini ordered him to proceed . On 13 September , elements of the 10th Army retook Fort Capuzzo and crossed the border into Egypt . Lightly opposed , they advanced about 100 km ( 62 mi ) to Sidi Barrani , where they stopped and began entrenching themselves in a series of fortified camps . </P> <P> At this time , the British had only 36,000 troops available ( out of about 100,000 under Middle Eastern command ) to defend Egypt , against 236,000 Italian troops . The Italians , however , were not concentrated in one location . They were divided between the 5th army in the west and the 10th army in the east and thus spread out from the Tunisian border in western Libya to Sidi Barrani in Egypt . At Sidi Barrani , Graziani , unaware of the British lack of numerical strength , planned to build fortifications and stock them with provisions , ammunition , and fuel , establish a water pipeline , and extend the via Balbia to that location , which was where the road to Alexandria began . This task was being obstructed by British Royal Navy attacks on Italian supply ships in the Mediterranean . At this stage Italian losses remained minimal , but the efficiency of the British Royal Navy would improve as the war went on . Mussolini was fiercely disappointed with Graziani 's sluggishness . However , according to Bauer he had only himself to blame , as he had withheld the trucks , armaments , and supplies that Graziani had deemed necessary for success . Wavell was hoping to see the Italians overextend themselves before his intended counter at Marsa Matruh . </P> General Rodolfo Graziani . <P> Graziani and his staff

Italy entered the Second World War on

When did italy enter the second world war?

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Michael McDowell ( Racing driver ) - wikipedia <H1> Michael McDowell ( Racing driver ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Michael McDowell </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> McDowell at Daytona International Speedway in 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Michael Christopher McDowell ( 1984 - 12 - 21 ) December 21 , 1984 ( age 32 ) Glendale , Arizona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Achievements </Th> <Td> 2004 Star Mazda Championship Champion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> 2007 ARCA Re / MAX Series Rookie of the Year 2003 Star Mazda Championship Rookie of the Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series career </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 245 races run over 10 years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Car no. , team </Th> <Td> No. 95 ( Leavine Family Racing ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 position </Th> <Td> 30th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best finish </Th> <Td> 30th ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First race </Th> <Td> 2008 Goody 's Cool Orange 500 ( Martinsville ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last race </Th> <Td> 2017 Hollywood Casino 400 ( Kansas ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Top tens </Th> <Th> Poles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> NASCAR Xfinity Series career </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 94 races run over 9 years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2016 position </Th> <Td> 93rd </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best finish </Th> <Td> 13th ( 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First race </Th> <Td> 2007 O'Reilly Challenge ( Texas ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last race </Th> <Td> 2016 Road America 180 ( Road America ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First win </Th> <Td> 2016 Road America 180 ( Road America ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Top tens </Th> <Th> Poles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> NASCAR Camping World Truck Series career </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 2 races run over 2 years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best finish </Th> <Td> 111th ( 2009 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First race </Th> <Td> 2007 Kroger 200 ( Martinsville ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last race </Th> <Td> 2009 Heluva Good ! 200 ( Loudon ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Top tens </Th> <Th> Poles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Champ Car career </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 2 races run over 1 year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Best finish </Th> <Td> 21st ( 2005 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First race </Th> <Td> 2005 Lexmark Indy 300 ( Surfers Paradise ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last race </Th> <Td> 2005 Gran Premio Telmex Tecate ( Mexico City ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Podiums </Th> <Th> Poles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Statistics current as of October 22 , 2017 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Michael Christopher McDowell ( born December 21 , 1984 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full - time in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No. 95 Chevrolet SS for Leavine Family Racing . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early career </Li> <Li> 2 Open wheel </Li> <Li> 3 Grand - Am </Li> <Li> 4 ARCA </Li> <Li> 5 NASCAR <Ul> <Li> 5.1 2007 -- 2008 <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Crash at Texas Motor Speedway </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 2009 </Li> <Li> 5.3 2010 -- 2011 </Li> <Li> 5.4 2012 -- 2013 </Li> <Li> 5.5 2014 </Li> <Li> 5.6 2015 -- 2016 </Li> <Li> 5.7 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Personal life </Li> <Li> 7 Images </Li> <Li> 8 Motorsports career results <Ul> <Li> 8.1 American Open - Wheel series <Ul> <Li> 8.1. 1 Champ Car </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.2 NASCAR <Ul> <Li> 8.2. 1 Monster Energy Cup Series <Ul> <Li> 8.2. 1.1 Daytona 500 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.2. 2 Xfinity Series </Li> <Li> 8.2. 3 Camping World Truck Series </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.3 ARCA Re / Max Series </Li> <Li> 8.4 24 Hours of Daytona </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early career ( edit ) </H2> <P> McDowell started out his career at the age of three racing BMX bicycles . He would always win his division because there were not any other three - or four - year - olds to compete against . At the start of each race , someone would have to hold him in the starting gate because his feet did not reach the ground . Then , when McDowell was eight years old , he moved to karting with help from his mother Tracy , his father Bill , and his older brother Billy , who were all avid race fans . After ten years in karts , he would win not only the World Karting Association championship , but he would also take back to back undefeated International Kart Federation championships , along with 18 consecutive feature wins . </P> <H2> Open wheel ( edit ) </H2> <P> From karts McDowell moved into Formula Renault with World Speed Motorsports in 2002 and won the Infineon Raceway , Las Vegas , and Firebird International Raceway events in his rookies season . Moving up the ladder , Michael would move to the Star Mazda Series in 2003 . He took victories at Sebring and Road America en route to a runner - up finish in the points . McDowell won seven races in 2004 en route to winning the series championship . McDowell would be picked up by Champ Car team Rocketsports for Surfer 's Paradise and Mexico City , but decided to move on in 2005 to the Grand - Am Cup Series . </P> <H2> Grand - Am ( edit ) </H2> <P> During his run for the Star Mazda championship , Michael would meet businessman Rob Finlay at the Bob Bondurant School of High Performance Driving , where McDowell was an instructor . McDowell and Finlay soon established a partnership , and McDowell would drive his first sports car , a Porsche 996 in the Grand - Am Cup Series for Finlay Motorsports . In 2005 , Michael would stay at Finlay , but moved up to the Rolex Sports Car Series , joining veteran Memo Gidley in a BMW powered Riley sponsored by the Make A Wish Foundation . Together , they finished sixth in the overall points and took the team 's first victory at Mexico City . McDowell made history by becoming the youngest driver to stand on podium for a Grand - Am race at Barber Motorsports Park , and became the first driver since Mario Andretti to compete in both an open wheel race and a sports car race in the same weekend . Michael would also drive the team 's No. 60 BMW M3 in the Grand - Am Cup series to a podium finish at Daytona . McDowell would stick with Finlay for 2006 , and was again partnered with Gidley . The duo would improve to fourth in points despite being winless . Michael would also drive a No. 15 Ford Mustang with owner Finlay , driving the car to a win at Barber . He would cap off his Grand - Am year with a second - place finish at Miller Motorsports Park . </P> <P> McDowell returned to the series for the 2012 24 Hours of Daytona , driving for Michael Shank Racing and finishing third . </P> <H2> ARCA ( edit ) </H2> <P> ARCA RE / MAX Series owner Eddie Sharp would put McDowell behind the wheel of his No. 2 Dodge for five races of the 2006 season , starting with the Governor 's Cup 200 at the Milwaukee Mile , where he scored a 34th - place finish . McDowell finished in sixth place at Salem , fifth at Talladega , and fourth at Iowa . Michael would return to ESR to run the full schedule for Rookie of the Year honors in 2007 . McDowell was involved in controversy at Toledo when his ESR teammate , Ken Butler III spun him late in the race . Butler would take his first win while McDowell would rally for a top ten finish . Michael got his first stock car win at Kentucky Speedway . He followed that up with wins at Pocono , Chicago , and the season finale at Toledo . Although Michael was in contention for the ARCA Re / Max Seroes championship all season , he was unable to pose a serious threat to Frank Kimmel for Kimmel 's ninth championship . Michael would score a second - place finish in the points along with Rookie of the Year honors , as well as scoring nine pole positions during the season . As McDowell moved to NASCAR , his ESR ride was taken over by former Formula One driver Scott Speed . </P> <H2> NASCAR ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 2007 -- 2008 ( edit ) </H3> <P> McDowell would make his NASCAR debut in the Craftsman Truck Series . Driving the No. 17 for Darrell Waltrip Motorsports , McDowell would qualify 29th and finish 30th after a late wreck . McDowell moved to the Busch Series as a developmental driver for Nextel Cup Series team Michael Waltrip Racing . Driving the No. 00 Toyota , McDowell drove at Texas , Phoenix , and Homestead , finishing respectively 20th , 14th , and 32nd . </P> <P> McDowell was chosen to drive the No. 00 Cup Series car in 2008 after Dale Jarrett 's retirement ; David Reutimann replaced Jarrett in the No. 44 UPS car . McDowell started 34th and finished 26th in his Sprint Cup debut , the Goody 's Cool Orange 500 , after a flat tire near the end of the race . After the race , he was criticized by veteran driver Jeff Burton for having blocked Burton 's way to leader Denny Hamlin near the end of the race ( McDowell was racing for the Lucky Dog free pass , which Burton did not realize at the time of his comments ) . In early August 2008 , McDowell was pulled from the No. 00 Toyota Camry Sprint Cup car in favor of veteran NASCAR driver Mike Skinner for three races . Skinner helped evaluate the team 's progress , while trying to get the No. 00 into the top 35 in owner points , though McDowell returned to the ride at Richmond on September 6 , 2008 . McDowell was again pulled from the No. 00 Toyota Camry when he failed to qualify for the Camping World RV 400 at Kansas on September 28 . McDowell 's contract was not renewed by MWR for 2009 , when Michael Waltrip decided not to retire and the team did not have sponsorship for another car . </P> Crash at Texas Motor Speedway ( edit ) Panorama of McDowell 's crash in sequence at Texas Motor Speedway McDowell 's car on the tow truck after the crash <P> While performing a qualifying attempt for the 2008 Samsung 500 at Texas Motor Speedway on April 4 , 2008 McDowell had an accident that was strikingly similar to that of another racer with a road - racing background ; Gordon Smiley ( who died in a crash during Indianapolis 500 time trials in 1982 ) . McDowell 's right front sway bar broke entering Turn 1 , which caused the car to hit the SAFER barrier almost head on at approximately 185 miles per hour ( 298 km / h ) , according to data obtained and reported by SPEED channel (

The driver of the number 95 car in NASCAR is

Who drives the number 95 car in nascar?

7225402972374213361

Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie - wikipedia <H1> Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Book Cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> David Lubar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cover artist </Th> <Td> R. Lawrence Amari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Young adult novel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Speak </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( Hardback & Paperback ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 978 - 0 - 14 - 240780 - 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> Sophomores and Other Oxymorons </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie is a 2005 young adult novel by David Lubar . It is a story about the high school experiences of a fourteen - year - old boy named Scott Hudson . The book was one of the ALA 's book picks for 2006 . </P> <P> Sleeping Freshmen Never Lie follows the character of Scott Hudson as he attempts to survive high school and attract the attention of his crush Julia , a girl who recently became beautiful . If dealing with school activities and growing up is n't stressful enough , Scott 's mother has announced that she 's going to have a baby . In an attempt to make all of this more manageable , Scott tries to write down tips for getting through daily life and high school for his unborn sibling . The novel follows Scott 's journey as he learns what to do and what not to do in high school as well as balancing activities , homework , friendships , and relationships with girls . Sophomores and Other Oxymorons is a sequel to the book and was released on August 18 , 2015 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Characters </Li> <Li> 3 Themes </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Scott Hudson enters J.P. Zenger High as a freshman , along with his three best friends , Mitch , Patrick , and Kyle , and quickly realizes that it is very different from middle school . Upperclassmen are intimidating and will steal any lunch money along with loose change if you stand in the wrong place . Scott gets put in advanced classes , including an Honors English class which , despite the amount of homework , is his favorite class . His teacher , Mr. Franka , becomes a mentor to him . Scott finds out that he 's not in classes with his friends since he 's carrying all honors and college prep classes . He tries his best from the very start to get the attention of Julia Baskins , a girl who was in his kindergarten class and has recently become very beautiful over the summer . Because of her beauty she quickly blends in with the popular girls and is attracted to the football players who are often bullying Scott . Scott is also connected to another classmate named Louden , who is better known as Mouth . Scott tries every attempt to get Julia 's attention such as joining the school paper , because he thinks that she is part of the staff , only to discover that she has written only a single column for the paper . He then runs for student council , after finding out that Julia is also running as well , and wins a seat , only to find out that she has not won . Because of this , Scott resigns from his position on the student council . It turns out that a lot of other members also resigned including the president meaning Julia who happened to have the 2nd most amount of votes is now president . He also auditions for the school play and is selected as a member of the crew , thinking that Julia is also auditioning for the play . However , Julia has not been selected as a member of the cast or crew . Soon , a new girl named Lee arrives at school , who wears face pins and weird clothes , and has wildly colored hair . Both soon realize that they share the same interests , but he ca n't get past his crush on Julia . Scott suddenly has another `` friend '' named Wesley , a high school senior . Though they share some interests , they have little in common . Then to put the cherry on top of all this excitement going on in his life , his mother announces that she is pregnant . He copes with all of this by creating a tip book for his soon - to - be baby sibling to help him , or her , survive high school when they get to it . In his entries to the baby , he often shows disdain by using degrading terms to talk to it such as `` Smelly '' or `` Blob of unformed goo '' . But he writes it to be a good older brother to this new baby since Scott 's own brother was never very present . As time goes by , Scott tries to find his place , but he starts to lose his best friends . Mitch finds a girlfriend and soon forgets the group , Patrick moves to Texas , then to Japan , and Kyle joins the wrestling team and soon puts Scott down for having a crush on Julia . Soon , Julia 's boyfriend Vernon beats up Scott after finding out from Kyle ( who lost a fight with Scott ) that Scott has a crush on his girlfriend . Scott realizes that what a person says and does can affect the life of another after Mouth attempts to commit suicide . Later , he learns that not everything is what it seems once he finds out that his older brother , Bobby , who is struggling to find a job , can barely read . Scott 's mother eventually gives birth to a new baby boy , whom they name Sean . Meanwhile , Bobby finds a job through guitar - playing and Julia eventually starts dating a nicer guy , though she is now close to Scott enough to give him a kiss on the cheek . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <P> Scott Hudson : Scott is the main protagonist and narrator . A young boy who starts off in the novel transitioning from middle school to high school . At the start he struggles to keep up with the level of homework , dealing with upperclassmen , and maintaining a relationship with his friends . On top of all that , he also finds himself crushing on a girl who he previously did n't notice . Scott is very well - read and smart . He starts off in high school being in honors classes while his childhood friends are in less advanced classes , becomes involved in many activities in school and ends up making some very interesting friends throughout his freshmen year . </P> <P> Julia Baskins : A girl who was in kindergarten with Scott . Scott refers to her at first sight as `` an honest - to - goodness goddess '' . She shares an honors English course with Scott and often says the things he is thinking which only increases his admiration for her . She is extremely intelligent and kind but finds her place with the popular girls and pays no attention to Scott . </P> <P> Lee : A new girl that comes to school in October . She sports bright green short chopped hair , lots of piercings , some of which are actually safety pins , and wears all black . Her and Scott start to get along after bonding about poetry and literature talked about in their honors English class . She is misunderstood by everyone in school and is often bullied for her appearance . Scott protects her when there is a threat posted on her locker and each time after in the book . She proves to be the best friend Scott has because of their similar interests . </P> <P> Wesley Cobble : A senior who is feared by most of the other students in the school . He often shakes down freshmen for their loose change and lunch money . Befriends Scott after Scott lies to him about why he was in the principal 's office . He then bonds with Scott over good books and unexpected food favorites like hot cocoa with little marshmallows . He becomes an older brother figure for Scott . </P> <P> Bobby Hudson : Scott 's older brother . He comes and goes , often looking like he was dragged through the mud whenever he shows up again . He is a good brother to Scott but never very present . Used to be in a band with his friends and has trouble keeping a steady job . Later on Scott finds out that the reason Bobby struggles so much with certain things is because he has trouble reading . </P> <P> Kyle : One of Scott 's three childhood friends . Very athletic and sarcastic towards Scott . He sticks by him the longest but soon gets wrapped up with the friends he makes on the wrestling team and hangs out with them more than Scott . </P> <P> Patrick : One of Scott 's three childhood friends . Often makes fun of Scott for reading all the time , but for the most part , never has too much to say . Halfway through their freshmen year , he has to move away to Texas and then to Japan because of his father 's job . </P> <P> Mouth : A kid who has been in Scott 's classes since kindergarten . Louden is his real name , but nobody ever mentions him by anything other than Mouth . He is called Mouth because he never stops talking and often finds himself in sticky situations because of this word vomit . He thinks he is always doing what is best but it often will get someone in trouble because he does n't know better . Due to stress and rejection , Mouth tries to commit suicide by hanging himself , but survives , and is then transferred to a different school . </P> <P> Mitch : One of Scott 's three childhood friends . He quickly gets a girlfriend coming into high school and ignores his friends from that point on . </P> <P> Vernon : A member of the school football team and Julia 's boyfriend , Vernon is tough and sometimes bullies other people . He gets angry when there is no mention of him in the school paper . He then beats Scott up when he finds out about his crush on Julia . Because of this however , Julia dumps him and starts dating someone else . </P> <H2> Themes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Brotherhood : There are several brothers in the book as well as bonds that are like brothers. There is the weak bond between Scott and his older brother Bobby ; the hate bond that Scott has with his soon - to - be baby brother or sister ; the bond between Scott and his childhood friends that slowly diminishes ; the new bond between Scott and Wesley ; and the faint bond between Scott and his AP English teacher . </P> <P> Growing Up : An obvious theme for a book about going from middle school to high school . Scott deals with fitting in , dealing with stress , a new baby on the way to be his sibling , and growing apart from his friends as they find

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The Witch of Blackbird Pond - wikipedia <H1> The Witch of Blackbird Pond </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> The Witch of Blackbird Pond <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 1958 first edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Elizabeth George Speare </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Children 's novel , Historical novel , Realistic Fiction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Houghton Mifflin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> December 1 , 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Hardcover Paperback Audio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 249 pages </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 395 - 07114 - 3 ( reissue ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Calico Captive </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Followed by </Th> <Td> The Bronze Bow </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Witch of Blackbird Pond is a children 's novel by American author Elizabeth George Speare , published in 1958 . The story takes place in late - 17th century New England . It won the Newbery Medal in 1959 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 2 Characters </Li> <Li> 3 Allusions to local geography </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> In April 1687 , 16 year - old Katherine Tiler ( known throughout the story as Kit Tyler ) leaves her home in Barbados after her grandfather dies and a 50 - year - old man tries to marry her . She goes to Wethersfield , Connecticut to live with her Aunt Rachel and Uncle Matthew in their Puritan community . </P> <P> In Connecticut , there is a brief stop in Saybrook , a small town just downriver from Wethersfield , where four new passengers board the Dolphin , the ship on which Kit is traveling . As the small rowboat returns to the ship , a small girl named Prudence accidentally drops her doll in the water and begs her mother to get it back for her . Her mother , Goodwife Cruff , harshly strikes Prudence and tells her not to be foolish . Impulsively , Kit jumps into the water and retrieves the doll . She nearly freezes in the frigid water because she was used to the pleasantly warm water in Barbados , her old home . When she returns to the rowboat , she is met with astonished suspicion , as few people in Connecticut could swim so well . Goodwife Cruff is the most cynical of them all , believing Kit is a witch , saying , `` No respectable woman could stay afloat like that . '' But Kit knew how to swim because she lived in the islands . On the slow trip upriver , Kit befriends John Holbrook , another passenger coming to Wethersfield to study with Reverend Gershom Bulkeley . After the Dolphin reaches Wethersfield , Kit admits to the captain of the ship that neither her aunt nor uncle knows she is coming . She says that they would welcome her because she is family . </P> <P> When she arrives in Wethersfield , Kit finds Wethersfield very different from Barbados . In her previous home , she had servants , but here she is expected to work along with the rest of the family . There is none of the luxury to which she was accustomed , and even the weather is miserably cold . She has two cousins , Mercy ( who is crippled ) and Judith . She is required to attend church meeting services twice each Sunday , which she finds long and dull . She meets the rich , 25 - year - old William Ashby , who begins courting her , though she does not care for him ; originally , her cousin Judith had hoped to marry William , but soon sets her sights on John Holbrook , now a divinity student studying with local minister Gershom Bulkeley . </P> <P> Kit 's life improves when she and Mercy begin teaching the dame school for the young children of Wethersfield who are preparing for traditional school . Everything goes well until one day , bored with the normal lessons , Kit decides the children will act out a part from the Bible , the tale of the Good Samaritan . Mr. Eleazer Kimberly , the head of the school , enters the house just as things get out of hand . He is outraged at Kit for having the audacity to act out something from the Bible and shuts down the school . Heartbroken , Kit flees to the meadows where she meets and befriends the kind , elderly Hannah Tupper , who was outlawed from the Massachusetts colony because she is a Quaker , and does not attend Meeting . As fellow outcasts , Kit and Hannah develop a deep bond , and even after her uncle forbids Kit to continue the friendship , Kit keeps visiting Hannah . During one of her visits , she again meets the handsome Nathaniel ( Nat ) Eaton , son of the captain of the Dolphin . Without realizing it , she falls in love with him , and though he does n't say so , Nat loves her as well . Unfortunately , Nat is banished from Wethersfield after setting lit jack - o - lanterns in the windows of William Ashby 's unfinished home with two of his shipmates out of jealousy ; he will get 30 lashes if he returns to Wethersfield . Kit also begins secretly teaching Prudence to read and write ; Goodwife Cruff claims the child is a halfwit and refuses to allow her to attend the dame school . </P> <P> When a deadly illness sweeps through Wethersfield , a mob gathers to kill Hannah by burning her house , since everyone believes she is a witch who has cursed the town . Kit risks her life to warn Hannah , and the two women escape to the river just as the Dolphin appears from the early morning mist . Kit flags it down , and she explains to Nat the events of the night . Hannah refuses to leave without her cat , so Nat courageously dashes ashore , risking trouble with the town council for stepping foot in Wethersfield . After taking Hannah aboard , Nat then invites Kit to come with them . She refuses , explaining how Mercy is gravely ill , though Nat believes Kit fears risking her engagement to William Ashby . </P> <P> After the Dolphin sails away , Kit returns home to find that Mercy 's fever has broken . In the middle of the same night , the townspeople come for Kit ; Goodwife Cruff 's husband has accused Kit of being a witch . The next day , after a night in the sheriff 's freezing shed , she is asked to explain the presence of her hornbook in Hannah 's house and a copybook with Prudence 's name written throughout , as the townspeople fear that she and Hannah had been casting a spell over the girl . Kit refuses to explain that it is Prudence herself who wrote her name in the book , as she does not wish Prudence to get in trouble with her parents . Then , just as the case seems to be decided , Nat appears with Prudence , who testifies that she herself wrote her name in the hornbook . To demonstrate her literacy , Prudence reads a Bible passage and writes her name , thus convincing her father both that she is intelligent and that no witchcraft could be involved , as the devil would be foolish to allow a child to be taught to use the Bible against himself . While Nat is initially in trouble for returning and evades capture , Matthew Wood intervenes on his behalf and gets the sentence remitted because Nat came back to see justice done , not to cause further mayhem . </P> <P> Soon after , two engagements are announced : Mercy to John Holbrook and Judith to William Ashby . Kit decides to return to Barbados . However , she soon realizes that she is truly in love with Nat , and she waits for him to return . Nat returns to Wethersfield with his half bought ship , the Witch , named after for Kit . Kit asks to come on board the Witch but Nat says no , not until he owns the ship completely head to toe and they go off to visit Uncle Matthew . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Katherine Tyler : Better known as `` Kit , '' she is the protagonist , an independent , rebellious , and kind girl from aristocratic family in Barbados who lived with her grandfather before he died and struggles to find a new identity in Wethersfield as she lives with her Puritan aunt , Rachel , in the colony . </Li> <Li> Sir Francis Tyler : Kit 's grandfather ( deceased ) . </Li> <Li> Hannah Tupper : A Quaker and outcast who is often rumored to be a witch . </Li> <Li> Nathaniel Eaton : Called `` Nat '' by most . He is Captain Eaton 's son , and also Kit Tyler 's true love and eventual husband . </Li> <Li> Rachel Wood : Kit 's gentle aunt , the timid wife of Matthew Wood . </Li> <Li> Matthew Wood : Kit 's strict Anti-Royalist uncle , an independent man . Husband of Rachel Wood . </Li> <Li> Mercy Wood : Kit 's compassionate and patient cousin , sister of Judith , daughter of Matthew and Rachel Wood , a cripple . Marries John Holbrook . </Li> <Li> Judith Wood : Kit 's haughty cousin , sister of Mercy , daughter of Matthew and Rachel Wood . Marries William Ashby . </Li> <Li> William Ashby : Kit 's rich suitor , ends up marrying Judith . </Li> <Li> John Holbrook : Student of Dr. Gershom Bulkeley , who teaches him about theology , religion , and medicine , who is absorbed in learning , considers his teacher the highest of them all , and often does n't think for himself . Ends up marrying Mercy . </Li> <Li> Dr. Gershom Bulkeley : Royalist minister ( historical figure ) , teacher of John Holbrook . </Li> <Li> Goodwife Cruff : Narrow - minded local woman who accuses Kit of being a witch . Mother of Prudence Cruff . </Li> <Li> Goodman Adam Cruff : Goodwife Cruff 's meek husband and father of Prudence Cruff . </Li> <Li> Prudence Cruff : Cruff 's young , mistreated daughter who befriends Kit . </Li> <Li> Captain Eaton : Captain of the Dolphin and Nat 's father . </Li> <Li> Mistress Eaton : Captain Eaton 's wife . </Li> <Li> Eleazer Kimberly : Puritan schoolmaster ( historical figure ) . </Li> <Li> Governor Edmund Andros : Governor of the Dominion of New England ( including Connecticut ) , an officer of the King 's Dragoons , and a knight ( historical figure ) . </Li> <Li> Captain Samuel Talcott : Magistrate ( historical figure ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Allusions to local geography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many places in the novel are actual locations in Old Wethersfield , Connecticut . They include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Blackbird Pond ( later renamed Wethersfield Cove ) </Li> <Li> Great Meadows </Li> <Li> Congregational church on Main Street </Li> <Li> Buttolph - Williams House is considered to be the house Kit lived in . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Witch of Blackbird Pond by Elizabeth George Speare . Random House . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Speare , Elizabeth George . The Witch of Blackbird Pond . New York , Bantam Doubleday Dell Books , 1993 .

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Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia <H1> Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preamble and Articles of the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amendments to the Constitution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill of Rights </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> II </Li> <Li> III </Li> <Li> IV </Li> <Li> V </Li> <Li> VI </Li> <Li> VII </Li> <Li> VIII </Li> <Li> IX </Li> <Li> X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> XI </Li> <Li> XII </Li> <Li> XIII </Li> <Li> XIV </Li> <Li> XV </Li> <Li> XVI </Li> <Li> XVII </Li> <Li> XVIII </Li> <Li> XIX </Li> <Li> XX </Li> <Li> XXI </Li> <Li> XXII </Li> <Li> XXIII </Li> <Li> XXIV </Li> <Li> XXV </Li> <Li> XXVI </Li> <Li> XXVII </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Unratified Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congressional Apportionment </Li> <Li> Titles of Nobility </Li> <Li> Corwin </Li> <Li> Child Labor </Li> <Li> Equal Rights </Li> <Li> D.C. Voting Rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drafting and ratification timeline </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Convention </Li> <Li> Signing </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Federalism </Li> <Li> Republicanism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Full text of the Constitution and Amendments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Preamble and Articles I -- VII </Li> <Li> Amendments I -- X </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Amendments XI -- XXVII </Li> <Li> Unratified Amendments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States portal </Li> <Li> U.S. Government portal </Li> <Li> Law portal </Li> <Li> Wikipedia book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Twentieth Amendment ( Amendment XX ) to the United States Constitution moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20 , and of members of Congress from March 4 to January 3 . It also has provisions that determine what is to be done when there is no president - elect . The Twentieth Amendment was adopted on January 23 , 1933 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Text </Li> <Li> 2 Historical background </Li> <Li> 3 Proposal and ratification </Li> <Li> 4 Effect of the amendment </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Text ( edit ) </H2> <P> Section 1 . The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January , and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January , of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified ; and the terms of their successors shall then begin . </P> <P> Section 2 . The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year , and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January , unless they shall by law appoint a different day . </P> <P> Section 3 . If , at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President , the President elect shall have died , the Vice President elect shall become President . If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term , or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify , then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified ; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified , declaring who shall then act as President , or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected , and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified . </P> <P> Section 4 . The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them , and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them . </P> <P> Section 5 . Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article . </P> <P> Section 6 . This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three - fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission . </P> <H2> Historical background ( edit ) </H2> Page 1 of joint resolution submitting the Twentieth Amendment for ratification ( source : National Archives ) Page 2 of joint resolution <P> Article I , Section 4 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states that Congress must meet at least once per year , on the first Monday in December , though Congress could by law set another date and the president could summon special sessions . The original text of the Constitution set a duration for the terms of federal elected officials , but not the specific dates on which those terms would begin or end . </P> <P> In September 1788 , after the necessary nine states had ratified the Constitution , the Congress of the Confederation set March 4 , 1789 , as the date `` for commencing proceedings '' of the newly reorganized government . Despite the fact that the new Congress and presidential administration did not begin operation until April , March 4 was deemed to be the beginning of the newly elected officials ' terms of office , and thus of the terms of their successors . The Constitution did not specify a date for federal elections , but by the time of the second presidential election in 1792 , Congress had passed a law requiring presidential electors to be chosen during November or early December . By 1845 , this was narrowed to a single day , in early November . Congressional elections were generally held on the same day . </P> <P> The result of these scheduling decisions was that there was a long , four - month lame duck period between the election and inauguration of the president . For Congress , the situation was perhaps even more awkward . Because Article I , Section 4 , Clause 2 mandated a Congressional meeting every December , after the election but before Congressional terms of office had expired , a lame duck session was required by the Constitution in even - numbered years ; the next session was n't required until the next December , meaning that new members of Congress might not begin their work until more than a year after they had been elected . Special sessions sometimes met earlier in the year , but this never became a regular practice , despite the Constitution allowing for it . In practice , Congress usually met in a long session beginning in Decembers of odd - numbered years , and in a short lame duck session in December of even - numbered years . The long lame duck period might have been a practical necessity at the end of the 18th century , when any newly elected official might require several months to put his affairs in order and then undertake an arduous journey from his home to the national capital , but it eventually had the effect of impeding the functioning of government in the modern age . From the early 19th century onward , it also meant that a lame duck Congress and presidential administration would fail to adequately respond to a significant national crisis in a timely manner . Each institution could do this on the theory that at best , a lame duck Congress or administration had neither the time nor the mandate to tackle problems , whereas the incoming administration or Congress would have both the time , and a fresh electoral mandate , to examine and address the problems that the nation faced . These problems very likely would have been at the center of the debate of the just completed election cycle . </P> <P> This dilemma was seen most notably in 1861 and 1933 , after the elections of Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt , respectively , plus the newly elected Senators and Representatives . Under the Constitution at the time , these presidents had to wait four months before they and the incoming Congresses could deal with the secession of Southern states and the Great Depression respectively . </P> <H2> Proposal and ratification ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Congress proposed the Twentieth Amendment on March 2 , 1932 , and the following states ratified it : </P> <Ol> <Li> Virginia ( March 4 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> New York ( March 11 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Mississippi ( March 16 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Arkansas ( March 17 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Kentucky ( March 17 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> New Jersey ( March 21 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> South Carolina ( March 25 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Michigan ( March 31 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Maine ( April 1 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Rhode Island ( April 14 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Illinois ( April 21 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Louisiana ( June 22 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> West Virginia ( July 30 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania ( August 11 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana ( August 15 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Texas ( September 7 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Alabama ( September 13 , 1932 ) </Li> <Li> California ( January 4 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> North Carolina ( January 5 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> North Dakota ( January 9 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Minnesota ( January 12 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Arizona ( January 13 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Montana ( January 13 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Nebraska ( January 13 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Oklahoma ( January 13 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Kansas ( January 16 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Oregon ( January 16 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Delaware ( January 19 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Washington ( January 19 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Wyoming ( January 19 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Iowa ( January 20 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> South Dakota ( January 20 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Tennessee ( January 20 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Idaho ( January 21 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> New Mexico ( January 21 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Missouri ( January 23 , 1933 ) </Li> </Ol> <P> Missouri was the 36th state to ratify , satisfying the requirement that three - fourths of the then 48 states approve the amendment . The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states : </P> <Ol> <Li> Georgia ( January 23 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Ohio ( January 23 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Utah ( January 23 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Massachusetts ( January 24 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Wisconsin ( January 24 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Colorado ( January 24 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Nevada ( January 26 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Connecticut ( January 27 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> New Hampshire ( January 31 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Vermont ( February 2 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Maryland ( March 24 , 1933 ) </Li> <Li> Florida (

The President of the United States is sworn into office

When is the president sworn into office (date and time of an odd or even year)?

-7179754224203704932

<Tr> <Td> National Assembly shootings </Td> <Td> May 8 , 1984 </Td> <Td> Quebec City , Quebec </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 killed and 13 wounded in an attack on the Quebec National Assembly . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lennoxville massacre </Td> <Td> March 24 , 1985 </Td> <Td> Lennoxville , Quebec </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> part of the Quebec Biker war </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> École Polytechnique massacre </Td> <Td> December 6 , 1989 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Perpetrator killed 14 people and injured 14 , before taking his own life . School Shooting . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ontario Glove Factory murders </Td> <Td> February 3 , 1992 </Td> <Td> Waterloo , Ontario </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Patrick Dombroskie shot and killed boss and co-workers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sydney River McDonald 's murders </Td> <Td> May 7 , 1992 </Td> <Td> Sydney , Nova Scotia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 disabled </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Concordia University massacre </Td> <Td> August 24 , 1992 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> School Shooting , 4 killed , 1 injured </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Giant Mine bombing </Td> <Td> September 18 , 1992 </Td> <Td> Yellowknife , Northwest Territories </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 48 - year - old striking gold miner set explosives inside the mine , which killed nine strikebreaking workers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Chahal massacre </Td> <Td> April 6 , 1996 </Td> <Td> Vernon , B.C. </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Estranged husband murdered wedding party . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> OC Transpo massacre </Td> <Td> April 6 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Ottawa , Ontario </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> A former OC Transpo employee shot six people , killing four , in a shooting spree at OC Transpo 's St. Laurent Boulevard garage , before killing himself . An inquest into the shooting revealed that the shooter had been the subject of bullying . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> W.R. Myers High School </Td> <Td> April 28 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Taber , Alberta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> School Shooting. 1 other injured . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cruse family murders </Td> <Td> 14 June 2002 </Td> <Td> Grimsby , Ontario </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Ex-boyfriend travelled from U.S. with handgun and killed ex-girlfriend , her parents , her 6 - year - old child , and himself . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Penticton Reserve Shooting </Td> <Td> Oct 30 , 2004 </Td> <Td> Penticton Indian Reservation </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> After drinking 35 beers and snorting cocaine , Dustin Paul shot five friends and relatives while they were all partying at a campsite , killing three of them before slitting his own throat . Claiming in court that he heard a voice telling him to do it , Paul lived to be convicted of three counts of second - degree murder and two counts of attempted murder , and was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole after 16 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mayerthorpe tragedy </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2005 </Td> <Td> near Mayerthorpe , Alberta </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> James Roszko shot and killed 4 RCMP officers during a property seizure of his farm , he later turned the gun on himself . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shedden massacre </Td> <Td> April 8 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Shedden , Ontario </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Gang related killing of own gang members . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richardson family murders </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Medicine Hat , Alberta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 - year - old girl and her 23 - year - old boyfriend killed girl 's parents and 8 - year - old brother . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dawson College shooting </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Montreal , Quebec </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> School Shooting . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> C.W. Jeffreys Collegiate Institute </Td> <Td> May , 23 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Toronto , Ontario </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> School Shooting . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Claresholm highway massacre </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Claresholm , Alberta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 - year - old man shot and killed his ex-girlfriend and two young men who were passengers in the same vehicle . The man also shot the female driver , before taking his own life . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danzig Street shooting </Td> <Td> July 16 , 2012 </Td> <Td> West Hill , Toronto , Ontario </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mass shooting at a block party that left 2 dead and 23 injured . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Les Racines de vie Montessori </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Gatineau , Quebec </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> School Shooting . Daycare worker killed , shooter committed suicide . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 Calgary stabbing </Td> <Td> April 14 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Calgary , Alberta </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 22 - year old Matthew de Grood fatally stabbed five people at a party . He was subsequently found Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder on 5 counts of First Degree Murder . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 Moncton shootings </Td> <Td> June 4 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Moncton , New Brunswick </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 - year - old from Moncton , shot five armed officers from the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) , killing three and severely injuring two . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 Edmonton killings </Td> <Td> December 29 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Edmonton , Alberta </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 53 - year - old Phu Lam shot and killed 7 in one Edmonton residence , then went to a home in south Edmonton where he killed Cyndi Duong because he found he was raising child that was not his biologically own . Phu Lam was found the next day after committing suicide in Fort Saskatchewan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> La Loche shootings </Td> <Td> January 22 , 2016 </Td> <Td> La Loche , Saskatchewan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> An unidentified 17 - year - old student allegedly shot and killed two of his cousins at their home , then went to La Loche Community School and continued firing , killing a teacher and an assistant and wounding several others . School Shooting . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scarborough crossbow attack </Td> <Td> 25 August 2016 </Td> <Td> Scarborough , Toronto , Ontario </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 35 - year - old Brett Ryan killed 3 people and wounded 2 others with a crossbow before being apprehended by police . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quebec City mosque shooting </Td> <Td> January 29 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Quebec City , Quebec </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> <P> Single gunman killed 6 people and wounded 18 others . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toronto van attack </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2018 </Td> <Td> North York , Toronto , Ontario </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> <P> Single driver killed 10 people and wounded 15 others in a vehicle - ramming attack . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of conflicts in Canada </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Gallant , Thomas W. ( 2001 ) . `` review of Levene , Roberts The Massacre in History '' . Crime , History & Societies. 5 ( 1 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` massacre . '' Dictionary.com Unabridged . Random House , Inc . December 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven murder counts laid in northern axe deaths '' . The Phoenix . January 31 , 1968 . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arrow Lakes News , September 05 , 2012 '' . Issuu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Bulletin - Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ottawa Citizen - Google News Archivsuche '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Calgary Herald - Google News Archivsuche '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gunman opens fire in Ottawa , killing five '' . CBC News . 1999 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Workplace mistrust persists , 10 years after OC Transpo shooting : driver '' . CBC News . 2009 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tragedy in Grimsby '' . Niagara This Week . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fong , Petti . `` Penticton murderer recalls hearing voices '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Killer to serve at least 16 years for shootings on B.C. reserve '' . CBC News . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Teen dies after Toronto school shooting '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Canadian Press ( December 15 , 2012 ) . `` Claresholm Highway Murders : Anniversary Of Roadside Shooting That Claimed 4 Lives '' . Huffpost Alberta . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rush , Curtis ; Poisson , Jayme ; Powell , Betsy ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` Danzig St. shooting : First - degree murder charges laid in July shootings '' . Toronto Star . Toronto Star Newspapers Limited . Archived from the original on 27 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daycare worker shot in Gatineau identified as French man , 38 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matthew de Grood found not criminally responsible in Brentwood murders '' . Global News . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moncton shootings : 3 RCMP officers dead , 2 wounded '' . CBC . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Man charged in Toronto crossbow killings is a convicted bank robber '' . cbc.ca . CBC . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 6 dead , 2 arrested after shooting at Quebec City mosque '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 9 dead , 16 injured after van strikes pedestrians in North York '' . CBC News . April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists of massacres </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of events named massacres </Li> <Li> List of massacres at sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By country or territory </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> East Timor </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Great Britain </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li>

The last time there was a school shooting in Canada was on

When was the last time there was a school shooting in canada?

422507927579350549

Cuba -- United States relations - wikipedia <H1> Cuba -- United States relations </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Cuba -- United States relations <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cuba </Th> <Th> United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Diplomatic Mission </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cuban Embassy , Washington , D.C. </Th> <Td> United States Embassy , Havana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Envoy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ambassador José Rodríguez </Th> <Td> Chargé d'affaires Lawrence Gumbiner </Td> </Tr> </Table> The Embassy of Cuba to the United States in Washington , DC . The Embassy of the United States to Cuba in Havana . <P> Cuba and the United States restored diplomatic relations on 20 July 2015 , which had been severed in 1961 during the Cold War . U.S. diplomatic representation in Cuba is handled by the United States Embassy in Havana , and there is a similar Cuban Embassy in Washington , D.C. . The United States , however , continues to maintain its commercial , economic , and financial embargo , which makes it illegal for U.S. corporations to do business with Cuba . Leaders in both houses of Congress as well as President Donald Trump support the embargo , although the Cuban government has called for it to be repealed . </P> <P> The hold of the Spanish Empire on possessions in the Americas was reduced in the 1820s as a result of the Spanish American wars of independence ; only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule until the Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) that resulted from the Cuban War of Independence . Under the Treaty of Paris , Cuba became a U.S. protectorate ; the U.S. gained a position of economic and political dominance over the island , which persisted after it became formally independent in 1902 . </P> <P> Following the Cuban Revolution of 1959 , bilateral relations deteriorated substantially . In 1961 , the U.S. severed diplomatic ties with Cuba and began pursuing covert operations to topple the Communist regime . Moreover , the U.S. imposed and subsequently tightened a comprehensive set of restrictions and bans vis - à - vis the Cuban regime as retaliation for the nationalization of U.S. corporations ' property by Cuba . Meanwhile , several organizations , including a nearly unanimous United Nations General Assembly , have called for `` an end to the United States ' decades - long economic , commercial and financial embargo against Cuba . '' </P> <P> On 17 December 2014 , U.S. President Barack Obama and Cuban President Raúl Castro announced the beginning of a process of normalizing relations between Cuba and the U.S. , which media sources have named `` the Cuban Thaw '' . Negotiated in secret in Canada and Vatican City over preceding months , and with the assistance of Pope Francis , the agreement led to the lifting of some U.S. travel restrictions , fewer restrictions on remittances , U.S. banks access to the Cuban financial system , and the establishment of a U.S. embassy in Havana , which closed after Cuba became closely allied with the USSR in 1961 . The countries ' respective `` interests sections '' in one another 's capitals were upgraded to embassies on 20 July 2015 . On 20 March 2016 , President Barack Obama visited Cuba , becoming the first President in 88 years to visit the island . </P> <P> On June 16 , 2017 President Donald Trump announced that he was suspending the policy for unconditional sanctions relief for Cuba , while also leaving the door open for a `` better deal '' between the US and Cuba . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Historical background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Independence in Cuba </Li> <Li> 1.2 Relations 1900 -- 1959 </Li> <Li> 1.3 Post-revolution relations </Li> <Li> 1.4 After the Cold War <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Tightening embargo </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Vision for `` democratic transition '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5 The `` Cuban Thaw '' </Li> <Li> 1.6 Trump administration <Ul> <Li> 1.6. 1 Health issues of American diplomats in Cuba </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Trade relations </Li> <Li> 3 Guantánamo Bay </Li> <Li> 4 U.S. public opinion on Cuba -- United States relations </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Primary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Historical background ( edit ) </H2> John Quincy Adams , who as U.S. Secretary of State compared Cuba to an apple that , if severed from Spain , would gravitate towards the U.S. <P> Relations between the Spanish colony of Cuba and polities on the North American mainland first established themselves in the early 18th century through illicit commercial contracts by the European colonies of the New World , trading to elude colonial taxes . As both legal and illegal trade increased , Cuba became a comparatively prosperous trading partner in the region , and a center of tobacco and sugar production . During this period Cuban merchants increasingly traveled to North American ports , establishing trade contracts that endured for many years . The British occupation of Havana in 1762 opened up trade with the British colonies in North America , and the rebellion of the thirteen colonies in 1776 provided additional trade opportunities . Spain opened Cuban ports to North American commerce officially in November 1776 and the island became increasingly dependent on that trade . </P> Detail of 1591 map of Florida and Cuba <P> After the opening of the island to world trade in 1818 , trade agreements began to replace Spanish commercial connections . In 1820 Thomas Jefferson thought Cuba is `` the most interesting addition which could ever be made to our system of States '' and told Secretary of War John C. Calhoun that the United States `` ought , at the first possible opportunity , to take Cuba . '' In a letter to the U.S. Minister to Spain Hugh Nelson , Secretary of State John Quincy Adams described the likelihood of U.S. `` annexation of Cuba '' within half a century despite obstacles : `` But there are laws of political as well as of physical gravitation ; and if an apple severed by the tempest from its native tree can not choose but fall to the ground , Cuba , forcibly disjoined from its own unnatural connection with Spain , and incapable of self support , can gravitate only towards the North American Union , which by the same law of nature can not cast her off from its bosom . '' </P> <P> In August 1851 , 40 Americans who took part in Narciso López 's filibustering expedition in Cuba , including William L. Crittenden , were executed by Spanish authorities in Havana . In 1854 , a secret proposal known as the Ostend Manifesto was devised by U.S. diplomats , interested in adding a slave state to the Union . The Manifesto proposed buying Cuba from Spain for $130 million . If Spain were to reject the offer , the Manifesto implied that , in the name of Manifest Destiny , war would be necessary . When the plans became public , because of one author 's vocal enthusiasm for the plan , the manifesto caused a scandal , and was rejected , in part because of objections from anti-slavery campaigners . </P> The 10th United States Infantry Regiment -- The Army of Occupation in Havana circa 1898 . <P> By 1877 , Americans purchased 83 percent of Cuba 's total exports . North Americans were also increasingly taking up residence on the island , and some districts on the northern shore were said to have more the character of America than Spanish settlements . Between 1878 and 1898 American investors took advantage of deteriorating economic conditions of the Ten Years ' War to take over estates they had tried unsuccessfully to buy before while others acquired properties at very low prices . Above all this presence facilitated the integration of the Cuban economy into the North American system and weakened Cuba 's ties with Spain . </P> <H3> Independence in Cuba ( edit ) </H3> See also : Spanish -- American War <P> As Cuban resistance to Spanish rule grew , rebels fighting for independence attempted to get support from U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant . Grant declined and the resistance was curtailed , though American interests in the region continued . U.S. Secretary of State James G. Blaine wrote in 1881 of Cuba , `` that rich island , the key to the Gulf of Mexico , and the field for our most extended trade in the Western Hemisphere , is , though in the hands of Spain , a part of the American commercial system ... If ever ceasing to be Spanish , Cuba must necessarily become American and not fall under any other European domination . '' </P> 1900 Campaign poster for the Republican Party depicting American rule in Cuba <P> After some rebel successes in Cuba 's second war of independence in 1897 , U.S. President William McKinley offered to buy Cuba for $300 million . Rejection of the offer , and an explosion that sank the American battleship USS Maine in Havana harbor , led to the Spanish -- American War . In Cuba the war became known as `` the U.S. intervention in Cuba 's War of Independence '' . On the 10th December 1898 Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris and , in accordance with the treaty , Spain renounced all rights to Cuba . The treaty put an end to the Spanish Empire in the Americas and marked the beginning of United States expansion and long - term political dominance in the region . Immediately after the signing of the treaty , the U.S. - owned `` Island of Cuba Real Estate Company '' opened for business to sell Cuban land to Americans . U.S. military rule of the island lasted until 1902 when Cuba was finally granted formal independence . </P> Opening page of the Platt Amendment . <H3> Relations 1900 -- 1959 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Teller Amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain in 1898 disavowed any intention of exercising `` sovereignty , jurisdiction or control '' over Cuba , but the United States only agreed to withdraw its troops from Cuba when Cuba agreed to the eight provisions of the Platt Amendment , an amendment to the 1901 Army Appropriations Act authored by Connecticut Republican Senator Orville H. Platt , which would allow the United States to intervene in Cuban affairs if needed for the maintenance of good government and committed Cuba to lease to the U.S. land for naval bases . Cuba leased to the United States the southern portion of Guantánamo Bay , where a United States Naval Station had been established in 1898 . The Platt Amendment defined the terms of Cuban - U.S. relations for the following 33 years and provided the legal basis for U.S. military interventions with varying degrees of support from Cuban governments and political parties . </P> <P> Despite recognizing Cuba 's transition into an independent republic , United States Governor Charles Edward Magoon assumed temporary military rule for three more years following a rebellion led in part by José Miguel Gómez . In the following 20 years the United States repeatedly intervened militarily in Cuban affairs : 1906 -- 09 , 1912 and 1917 -- 22 . In 1912 U.S. forces were sent to quell protests by Afro - Cubans against discrimination . </P> <P> By 1926 U.S companies owned 60 % of the Cuban sugar industry and imported 95 % of the total Cuban crop , and Washington was generally supportive of successive Cuban governments . However , internal confrontations between the government of Gerardo Machado and political opposition led to his military overthrow by Cuban rebels in 1933 . U.S. Ambassador Sumner Welles requested U.S. military intervention

The United States cut off trade with Cuba in

When did the us cut off trade with cuba?

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electoral victory in 1997 , when a second Scottish devolution referendum was held ; as Labour 's 1997 manifesto had promised to do so . Clear majorities expressed support for both a devolved Scottish Parliament and that Parliament having the power to vary the basic rate of income tax . The Scotland Act 1998 established the new Scottish Parliament , first elected on Thursday 6 May 1999 , with power to legislate on unreserved matters within Scotland . </P> <H3> 2007 SNP administration ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Government of the 3rd Scottish Parliament The Scottish First Minister , Alex Salmond , and the Deputy First Minister , Nicola Sturgeon , at the launch of the National Conversation , 14 August 2007 Debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament <P> A commitment to hold a referendum in 2010 was part of the SNP 's election manifesto when it contested the 2007 Scottish Parliament election . The press were largely hostile towards the SNP , with a headline for The Scottish Sun in May 2007 stating -- along with an image of a hangman 's noose -- `` Vote SNP today and you put Scotland 's head in the noose '' . As a result of that election , the SNP became the largest party in the Scottish Parliament and formed a minority government led by the First Minister , Alex Salmond . </P> <P> The SNP administration launched a ' National Conversation ' as a consultation exercise in August 2007 , part of which included a draft referendum bill , the Referendum ( Scotland ) Bill . After this , a white paper for the proposed Referendum Bill was published , on 30 November 2009 . It detailed 4 possible scenarios , with the text of the Bill and Referendum to be revealed later . The scenarios were : no change ; devolution per the Calman Review ; further devolution ; and full independence . The Scottish government published a draft version of the bill on 25 February 2010 for public consultation ; Scotland 's Future : Draft Referendum ( Scotland ) Bill Consultation Paper contained a consultation document and a draft version of the bill . The consultation paper set out the proposed ballot papers , the mechanics of the proposed referendum , and how the proposed referendum was to be regulated . Public responses were invited . </P> <P> The bill outlined three proposals : the first was full devolution or ' devolution max ' , suggesting that the Scottish Parliament should be responsible for `` all laws , taxes and duties in Scotland '' , with the exception of `` defence and foreign affairs ; financial regulation , monetary policy and the currency '' , which would be retained by the British government . The second proposal outlined Calman - type fiscal reform , gaining the additional powers and responsibilities of setting a Scottish rate of income tax that could vary by up to 10p in the pound compared with the rest of the UK , setting the rate of stamp duty land tax and `` other minor taxes '' , and introducing new taxes in Scotland with the agreement of the UK Parliament , and finally , `` limited power to borrow money '' . The third proposal was for full independence . </P> <P> In the 3rd Scottish Parliament only 50 of 129 MSPs ( 47 SNP , 2 Greens , and Margo MacDonald ) supported a referendum . The Scottish government withdrew the bill after failing to secure opposition support . </P> <H3> 2011 SNP administration ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Government of the 4th Scottish Parliament <P> The SNP repeated its commitment to hold a referendum when it published its 2011 Scottish parliamentary election manifesto . Days before the election , Salmond stated that legislation for a referendum would be proposed in the `` 2nd half of the parliament '' , as he wanted to secure more powers for the Scottish Parliament via the Scotland Bill first . The SNP gained an overall majority in the election , winning 69 from 129 seats , thereby gaining a mandate to hold an independence referendum . </P> <P> In January 2012 , the UK government offered to legislate to provide the Scottish Parliament with the powers to hold a referendum , providing it was `` fair , legal and decisive '' . This would set `` terms of reference for the referendum '' , such as its question ( s ) , elector eligibility and which body would organise the vote . As the UK government worked on legal details , including the timing of the vote , Salmond announced an intention to hold the referendum in the autumn of 2014 . Negotiations continued between the two governments until October 2012 , when the Edinburgh Agreement was reached . </P> <P> The Scottish Independence Referendum ( Franchise ) Act 2013 was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 27 June 2013 and received Royal Assent on 7 August 2013 . On 15 November 2013 , the Scottish government published Scotland 's Future , a 670 - page white paper laying out the case for independence and the means through which Scotland might become an independent country . </P> <H2> Administration ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Date ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Scottish government announced on 21 March 2013 that the referendum would be held on 18 September 2014 . This date was intentionally chosen as it was the 100th anniversary of royal assent to the Irish Home Rule Act . Some media reports mentioned that 2014 would also be the 700th anniversary of the Battle of Bannockburn and that Scotland would also host the 2014 Commonwealth Games and the 2014 Ryder Cup . Salmond agreed that the presence of these events made 2014 a `` good year to hold a referendum '' . </P> <H3> Eligibility to vote ( edit ) </H3> <P> Under the terms of the 2010 Draft Bill , the following people were entitled to vote in the referendum : </P> <Ul> <Li> British citizens who were resident in Scotland ; </Li> <Li> citizens of other Commonwealth countries who were resident in Scotland ; </Li> <Li> citizens of other European Union countries who were resident in Scotland ; </Li> <Li> members of the House of Lords who were resident in Scotland ; </Li> <Li> Service / Crown personnel serving in the UK or overseas in the British Armed Forces or with Her Majesty 's Government who were registered to vote in Scotland . </Li> </Ul> <P> Convicted prisoners were not able to vote in the referendum . The European Court of Human Rights ( ECHR ) earlier ruled that this restriction was unlawful , but Scottish judge Lord Glennie said that he believed the ECHR judgment would apply only to parliamentary elections . Appeals against his ruling were rejected by the Court of Session in Edinburgh and the UK Supreme Court . </P> <P> The normal voting age was reduced from 18 to 16 for the referendum , as it was SNP policy to reduce the voting age for all elections in Scotland . The move was supported by Labour , the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish Greens . </P> <P> In January 2012 , Elaine Murray MSP of Labour led a debate arguing that the franchise should be extended to Scots living outside Scotland , including the approximately 800,000 living in the other parts of the UK . This was opposed by the Scottish Government , which argued that it would greatly increase the complexity of the referendum and stated that there was evidence from the United Nations Human Rights Committee that other nations `` might question the legitimacy of a referendum if the franchise is not territorial '' . </P> <P> In the House of Lords , Baroness Symons argued that the rest of the UK should be allowed to vote on Scottish independence , on the grounds that it would affect the whole country . This argument was rejected by the British government , as the Advocate General for Scotland Lord Wallace said that `` whether or not Scotland should leave the United Kingdom is a matter for Scotland '' . Wallace also pointed to the fact that only two of 11 referendums since 1973 had been across all of the United Kingdom . Professor John Curtice also argued that the Northern Ireland sovereignty referendum of 1973 ( the `` border poll '' ) created a precedent for allowing only those resident in one part of the UK to vote on its sovereignty . </P> <H3> Legality of a referendum ( edit ) </H3> <P> There was debate as to whether the Scottish Parliament had the power to legislate for a referendum relating to the issue of Scottish independence , as the constitution is a reserved matter for the UK Parliament . The Scottish government insisted in 2010 that they could legislate for a referendum , as it would be an `` advisory referendum on extending the powers of the Scottish Parliament '' , whose result would `` have no legal effect on the Union '' . Lord Wallace , Advocate General for Scotland , said in January 2012 that holding a referendum concerning the constitution would be outside the legislative power of the Scottish Parliament and that private individuals could challenge a Scottish Parliament referendum bill . </P> <P> The two governments signed the Edinburgh Agreement , which allowed for the temporary transfer of legal authority . In accordance with the Edinburgh Agreement , the UK government drafted an Order in Council granting the Scottish Parliament the necessary powers to hold , on or before 31 December 2014 , an independence referendum . The draft Order was approved by resolutions of both Houses of Parliament , and the Order , titled The Scotland Act 1998 ( Modification of Schedule 5 ) Order 2013 , was approved by Queen Elizabeth II , following the advice of Her Ministers , at a meeting of the Privy Council on 12 February 2013 . Under the powers temporarily transferred from Westminster under the section 30 Order , the Scottish Parliament adopted the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 , summoning the referendum , defining the question to be asked , giving the date on which the referendum was to be held , and establishing the rules governing the holding of the referendum . The Bill for the Act was passed by the Scottish Parliament on 14 November 2013 and received Royal Assent on 17 December 2013 . Under section 36 of the Act , it came into force the day after Royal Assent . </P> <H3> Electoral supervision ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Electoral Commission was responsible for overseeing the referendum , `` with the exception of the conduct of the poll and announcement of the result , and the giving of grants . In its role of regulating the campaign and campaign spending , the Electoral Commission will report to the Scottish Parliament . ( ... ) The poll and count will be managed in the same way as ( local ) elections , by local returning officers ( ... ) and directed by a Chief Counting Officer '' . </P> <H3> Referendum wording ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Edinburgh Agreement stated that the wording of the question would be decided by the Scottish Parliament and reviewed for intelligibility by the Electoral Commission . The Scottish government stated that its preferred question was `` Do you agree that Scotland should be an independent country ? '' The Electoral Commission tested the proposed question along with three other possible versions . Their research found that the `` Do you agree '' preface made it a leading question , which would be more likely to garner a positive response . The question was amended to `` Should Scotland be an independent country ? '' , which the Electoral Commission found was the most neutral and concise of the versions tested . </P> <H3> Campaign structures ( edit ) </H3> Cost and funding ( edit ) <P> In the 2010 Draft Bill , the Scottish government proposed that

In the Scottish referendum, the individuals allowed to vote were

Who was allowed to vote in scottish referendum?

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Finances of the British Royal family - wikipedia <H1> Finances of the British Royal family </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The British royal family is financed by the hereditary revenues of the Crown . The British Parliament uses a percentage of the Crown Estate , a part of the Crown 's hereditary revenues belonging to the sovereign that is placed at the disposal of the House of Commons , to meet the costs of the sovereign 's official expenditures . This includes the costs of the upkeep of the various royal residences , staffing , travel and state visits , public engagements , and official entertainment . Other sources of income include revenues from the Duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall , a parliamentary annuity , and income from private investments . The Keeper of the Privy Purse is Head of the Privy Purse and Treasurer 's Office and has overall responsibility for the management of the sovereign 's financial affairs . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Income <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Civil List </Li> <Li> 1.2 Sovereign Grant </Li> <Li> 1.3 Duchy of Lancaster </Li> <Li> 1.4 Duchy of Cornwall </Li> <Li> 1.5 Parliamentary annuities </Li> <Li> 1.6 Taxation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Assets <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Private wealth of the Queen </Li> <Li> 2.2 Crown Estate </Li> <Li> 2.3 Assets held in trust </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Income ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Civil List ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Civil list <P> Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues , which included the profits of the Crown Estate ( the royal property portfolio ) . King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List , and this arrangement persisted from 1760 until 2012 . The Civil List was paid from public funds and was intended to support the exercise of the monarch 's duties as head of state of the United Kingdom . In modern times , the Government 's profits from the Crown Estate always significantly exceeded the Civil List . Under the Civil List arrangements the royal family faced criticism for the lack of transparency surrounding Royal finances . The National Audit Office was not entitled to audit the Royal Household . </P> <P> The Queen received an annual £ 7.9 million a year from the Civil List between 2001 and 2012 . The total income of the Royal Household from the Treasury was always significantly larger than the Civil List because it included additional income such as Grants - in - Aid from the Treasury and revenues from the Duchies of Cornwall and Lancaster . The total Royal Household income for the financial years 2011 - 12 and 2012 - 13 was £ 30 million per annum , followed by a 14 % cut in the following year . However , the Treasury provided an additional £ 1 million to pay for Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 2012 . </P> <P> Royal expenditure differs from income due to the use of a Reserve Fund , which can be added to or drawn from . The official reported annual expenditure of the Head of State was £ 41.5 million for the 2008 - 09 financial year . This figure did not include the cost of security provided by the police and the Army and some other expenses . </P> <H3> Sovereign Grant ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Sovereign Grant Act 2011 <P> Under the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 , the system of funding the Royal Household by a mixture of Civil List payments and Grants - in - Aid was replaced . From 1 April 2012 a single annual Sovereign Grant has been paid by the Treasury . The level of funding for the Royal Household is now linked to the Government 's revenue from The Crown Estate . </P> <P> The Sovereign Grant Annual Report states that the Sovereign Grant was £ 31 million for 2012 - 13 , £ 36.1 million for 2013 - 14 and £ 37.9 million for 2014 - 15 . The amount of the Sovereign Grant is 15 % of the income account net surplus of the Crown Estate for the financial year that began two years previously . The arrangements will be reviewed by 2016 ( subsection 7 ( 5 ) of the Act ) . Step 4 of subsection 6 ( 1 ) , and subsection 6 ( 4 ) , of the Act provide a mechanism to prevent the amount of the Sovereign Grant increasing beyond what is necessary because of the growth in Crown Estate revenue . Under the Sovereign Grant the National Audit Office is able to audit the Royal Household . </P> <P> On November 18 , 2016 a plan was announced to increase the Sovereign Grant from 15 % to 25 % to renovate and repair Buckingham Palace . The percentage is set to revert to 15 % when the project is finished in 2027 . </P> <H3> Duchy of Lancaster ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Duchy of Lancaster <P> The Duchy of Lancaster is the private estate of the British Sovereign ( now Queen Elizabeth II ) consisting of land holdings and other assets . As it is held in perpetual trust for future generations of Sovereigns , the Sovereign is not entitled to the estate 's capital . The revenue profits of the Duchy are presented to the Sovereign each year and form part of the Privy Purse , providing income for both the official and private expenses of the monarch . In the financial year ending 31 March 2015 , the Duchy was valued at £ 472 million , providing £ 16 million in income . </P> <P> In 2017 , the Paradise Papers revealed that the Duchy held investments in two offshore financial centres , the Cayman Islands and Bermuda . Both are British Overseas Territories of which Queen Elizabeth II is monarch , and nominally appoints governors . Britain handles foreign policy for both islands to a large extent , but Bermuda has been self - governing since 1620 . The Duchy 's investments included First Quench Retailing off - licences and rent - to - own retailer BrightHouse . Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn posited whether the Queen should apologize , saying anyone with money offshore for tax avoidance should `` not just apologise for it , ( but ) recognise what it does to our society '' . A spokesman for the Duchy said that all of their investments are audited and legitimate and that the Queen voluntarily pays taxes on income she receives from Duchy investments . </P> <H3> Duchy of Cornwall ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Duchy of Cornwall <P> The Duchy of Cornwall is a Crown entity holding land and other assets to produce an income for the monarch 's eldest child . The Duke of Cornwall ( Charles , Prince of Wales ) receives revenue towards charitable work and official activities , supported by The Queen 's Grant - in - aid funding to provide assistance with official travel and property . These financial arrangements also cover the official expenditure of some members of his immediate family . The Duchess of Cornwall , The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry all have their official expenses paid from Duchy income , assisted by grants - in aid from The Queen . For the fiscal year 2011 - 12 the Duchy was valued at £ 728 million with an annual profit of £ 18.3 million paid to the Prince . </P> <H3> Parliamentary annuities ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Duke of Edinburgh receives a parliamentary annuity of £ 359,000 per year from the Treasury . In the past some other members of the British royal family also received funding in the form of parliamentary annuities . The Civil List Act 1952 provided for an allowance to Princess Margaret as well as allowances to the queen 's younger children among others . The Civil List Act 1972 added further members of the royal family to the annuity list . By 2002 there were eight recipients of parliamentary annuities ( all children or cousins of the Queen ) receiving a combined total of £ 1.5 million annually . Between 1993 and 2012 the Queen voluntarily refunded the cost of these annuities to the Treasury . The Sovereign Grant Act 2011 abolished all of these other than that received by the Duke of Edinburgh . Subsequently the living costs of the members of the royal family who carry out official duties , including the Princess Royal , the Duke of York , and the Earl and Countess of Wessex , have mainly been met through the Queen 's income from the Duchy of Lancaster . </P> <H3> Taxation ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Crown has a legal tax - exempt status because certain acts of parliament do not apply to it . Crown bodies such as The Duchy of Lancaster are not subject to legislation concerning income tax , capital gains tax or inheritance tax . Furthermore , the Sovereign has no legal liability to pay such taxes . The Duchy of Cornwall has a Crown exemption and the Prince of Wales is not legally liable to pay income tax on Duchy revenues . </P> <P> A `` Memorandum of Understanding on Royal Taxation '' was published on 5 February 1993 and amended in 1996 , 2009 and 2013 . It is intended that the arrangements in the memorandum will be followed by the next monarch . The memorandum describes the arrangements by which The Queen and The Prince of Wales make voluntary payments to the HM Revenue and Customs in lieu of tax to compensate for their tax exemption . The details of the payments are private . The Queen voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on her private income and income from the Privy Purse ( which includes the Duchy of Lancaster ) that is not used for official purposes . The Sovereign Grant is exempted . A sum equivalent to capital gains tax is voluntarily paid on any gains from the disposal of private assets made after 5 April 1993 . Many of the Sovereign 's assets were acquired earlier than this date but payment is only made on the gains made afterwards . Arrangements also exist for a sum in lieu of inheritance tax to be voluntarily paid on some of the Queen 's private assets . Property passing from monarch to monarch is exempted , as is property passing from the consort of a former monarch to the current monarch . </P> <P> The Prince of Wales voluntarily pays a sum equivalent to income tax on that part of his income from the Duchy of Cornwall that is in excess of what is needed to meet official expenditure . From 1969 he made voluntary tax payments of 50 % of the profits , but this reduced to 25 % in 1981 when he married Lady Diana Spencer . These arrangements were replaced by the memorandum in 1993 . The income of the Prince of Wales from sources other than the Duchy of Cornwall is subject to tax in the normal way . </P> <H2> Assets ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Private wealth of the Queen ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Queen has a private income from her personal investment portfolio , though her personal wealth and income are not known . Jock Colville , a former private secretary to the Queen ( when she was Princess Elizabeth ) and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth at £ 2 million in 1971 ( the equivalent of about £ 26 million today ) . An official statement from Buckingham Palace in 1993 called estimates of £ 100 million `` grossly overstated '' . In 2002 , she inherited her mother 's estate , thought to have been worth £ 70 million ( the equivalent of about £ 105 million today ) . </P>

Royal families get their money from

Where do royal families get their money from?

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Pride of the Marines - wikipedia <H1> Pride of the Marines </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the 1936 film , see Pride of the Marines ( 1936 film ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Pride of the Marines </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Original film poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Delmer Daves </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Jerry Wald </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Delmer Daves ( uncredited ) Marvin Borowsky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Albert Maltz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Al Schmid , Marine 1944 book by Roger Butterfield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> John Garfield Eleanor Parker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Franz Waxman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> J. Peverell Marley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Owen Marks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Warner Bros. Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> August 8 , 1945 ( 1945 - 08 - 08 ) ( Philadelphia ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 119 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Pride of the Marines is a 1945 American biographical war film starring John Garfield and Eleanor Parker . It tells the story of U.S. Marine Al Schmid in World War II , his heroic stand against a Japanese attack during the Battle of Guadalcanal , in which he was blinded by a grenade , and his subsequent rehabilitation . The film was based on the Roger Butterfield book Al Schmid , Marine . </P> <P> Albert Maltz was nominated for an Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 Adaptations </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film is divided in three parts . The first takes place prior to the war where cocky Philadelphia steel worker and `` Man 's man '' Al Schmid ( John Garfield ) despises the idea of marriage and losing his independence until he meets his match in Ruth Hartley ( Eleanor Parker ) . Ruth takes no nonsense from him and impresses Schmid by enjoying a hunting trip he takes her on . </P> <P> In part two , at the Battle of the Tenaru River on Guadalcanal , Schmid is in the crew of a M1917 Browning machine gun with his buddies Lee Diamond ( Dane Clark ) and Johnny Rivers ( Anthony Caruso ) of `` H '' Company 2nd Battalion First Marines . While the three wait for an enemy attack , they practice gun emplacement procedures -- establishing fields of fire , practicing with the range card to estimate firing distances , and determining the optimal traversal and elevation settings for each anticipated line of attack . The subsequent onslaught by the enemy is particularly heavy . Rivers is killed by a bullet through the head , Diamond wounded by three machine gun bullets in his right arm , and Schmid is blinded by a Japanese soldier dropping a hand grenade at the front of the gun pit . In spite of the heavy attack , Schmid is able to fire his weapon by following Diamond 's instructions . Together , they kill 200 of the enemy . </P> <P> The third part is Schmid 's humbling rehabilitation , in which he resents being dependent upon others . He hopes that an operation will restore his sight , but the medical procedure was n't successful . He does n't want Ruth to know that he is nearly completely blind , and he attempts to break up with her . Schmid learns responsibility through Diamond , hospital rehabilitation officer Virginia Pfeiffer ( Rosemary DeCamp ) and the other wounded veterans . He is to be awarded the Navy Cross , but is dismayed that the ceremony will take place in his home town . He initially feels anger and discomfort when he becomes dependent upon family and friends , primarily because he does n't want to be a burden to anyone . In spite of his resentment , Ruth stays by his side and helps him overcome his bitterness , and convinces him that he must learn to live with his new situation . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> John Garfield as Al Schmid </Li> <Li> Eleanor Parker as Ruth Hartley </Li> <Li> Dane Clark as Lee Diamond </Li> <Li> John Ridgely as Jim Merchant </Li> <Li> Rosemary DeCamp as Virginia Pfeiffer </Li> <Li> Ann Doran as Ella May Merchant </Li> <Li> Ann E. Todd as Loretta Merchant </Li> <Li> Anthony Caruso as Johnny Rivers </Li> </Ul> <P> Ann E. Todd is the last surviving cast member . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the Battle of Guadalcanal , two enlisted Marines , Mitchell Paige and John Basilone were awarded the Medal of Honor for their use of the M1917 Browning machine gun against massed Japanese charges . In Jim Proser 's book I 'm Staying With My Boys : The Heroic Life of Sgt . John Basilone USMC Proser tells of Basilone 's friendship with John Garfield and Eddie Bracken when they toured the United States selling war bonds . </P> <P> Screenwriters A.I. Bezzerides and Alvah Bessie developed a 26 - page treatment of Roger Butterfield 's book Al Schmid Marine . Martin Borowsky also did an adaptation of Butterfield 's book that was rewritten by Albert Maltz who Garfield has spoken to about Butterfield 's story . Prior to filming , Garfield visited American soldiers in hospitals in Italy . </P> <P> Garfield met Schmid during his rehabilitation before a movie was ever planned . Once the film was planned , Garfield lived with the Schmids for several weeks , becoming friends with the couple . </P> <P> Both Bessie and Maltz were later blacklisted over their `` un-American '' political opinions . </P> <P> Film locations include the 6500 block of Tulip Street in Philadelphia . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called the film `` a splendid documentation of a dramatic crisis in a hero 's life , '' with performances that were `` all unqualifiedly excellent ... To say that this picture is entertaining to a truly surprising degree is an inadequate recommendation . It is inspiring and eloquent of a quality of human courage that millions must try to generate today . '' Variety called it `` a two - hour celluloid saga which should inspire much pride for many . As an entertainment film with a forceful theme , so punchy that its ' message ' aspects are negligible , it is a credit to all concerned ... ( Garfield ) gives a vividly histrionic performance that will not be easily forgotten . '' Harrison 's Reports called the film `` sensitive and at times forceful '' and called Garfield `` very good , '' but found the discourses by hospitalized servicemen `` so long drawn out that they interrupt the flow of the story . '' Wolcott Gibbs of The New Yorker wrote : `` In spite of the fact that most of this has a somewhat familiar and mechanical air , the picture has its effective moments , mostly owing to Mr. Garfield 's honest and very intelligent performance . '' </P> <P> The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : </P> <Ul> <Li> 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated </Li> </Ul> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <P> Pride of the Marines was adapted as a radio play on the January 31 , 1945 episode of Lux Radio Theater and the June 15 , 1946 episode of Academy Award Theater , both with John Garfield reprising his role . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ McGrath , Patrick J. ( 1993 ) . John Garfield : The Illustrated Career in Films and on Stage . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company , Inc. p. 73 . ISBN 9780899508672 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Proser , Jim with Cutter , Jerry ( 2010 ) . I 'm Staying with My Boys : The Heroic Life of Sgt . John Basilone , USMC . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 61144 - 6 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 22 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ p. 342 footnote Norden , Martin F. The Cinema of Isolation : A History of Physical Disability in Movies 1994 Rutgers University Press </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ p. 71 McGrath , Patrick J. John Garfield : The Illustrated Career in Films and Stage 1993 McFarland </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ p. 115 Gerber , David A . In Search of Al Schmid quoted in Mitchell , David T. and Snyder , Sharon L. The Body and Physical Difference : Discorses of Disability 1997 University of Michigan Press </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ p. 72 McGrath , Patrick J. John Garfield : The Illustrated Career in Films and Stage 1993 McFarland </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://nephillyhistory.com/hnep1994/tacony.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( August 25 , 1945 ) . `` Movie Review - Pride of the Marines '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Film Reviews '' . Variety . New York : Variety , Inc. : p. 22 August 8 , 1945 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Pride of the Marines ' with John Garfield and Eleanor Parker '' . Harrison 's Reports : p. 126 . August 11 , 1945 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibbs , Wolcott ( September 8 , 1945 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker . New York : F-R Publishing Corp. : p. 43 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Pride of the Marines at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Pride of the Marines on IMDb </Li> <Li> Pride of the Marines at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Pride of the Marines at the American Film Institute Catalog </Li> <Li> military.com biography of Albert A. Schmid </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Delmer Daves </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Destination Tokyo ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> The Very Thought of You ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Hollywood Canteen ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Pride of the Marines ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> The Red House ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Dark Passage ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> To the Victor ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> A Kiss in the Dark ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Task Force ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Broken Arrow ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Bird of Paradise ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Return of the Texan ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Treasure of the Golden Condor ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Never Let Me Go ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Demetrius and the Gladiators ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Drum Beat ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Jubal ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Wagon ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> 3 : 10 to Yuma ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Cowboy ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Kings Go Forth ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li>

The cast of the movie "Pride of the Marines" includes

Cast of the movie pride of the marines?

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How Do You Do it ? - Wikipedia <H1> How Do You Do it ? </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` How Do You Do It ? '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> EP cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Gerry and the Pacemakers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Away from You '' ( Marsden - Chadwick ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 14 March 1963 ( UK ) 5 July 1964 ( US ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 22 January 1963 EMI Studios , London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Merseybeat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 1 : 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Columbia DB4987 ( EMI ) Laurie 3261 ( USA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mitch Murray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> George Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Gerry and the Pacemakers singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` How Do You Do It ? '' ( 1963 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Like It '' ( 1963 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` How Do You Do It ? '' ( 1963 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Like It '' ( 1963 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` How Do You Do It ? '' was the debut single by Liverpudlian band Gerry and the Pacemakers . The song was number one in the UK Singles Chart on 11 April 1963 , where it stayed for three weeks . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Other versions </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song was written by Mitch Murray , who offered it to Adam Faith and Brian Poole but was turned down . George Martin of EMI decided to pick it up for the new group he was producing , the Beatles , as the A-side of their first record . The Beatles recorded the song but opposed releasing it , feeling that it did not fit their sound , but worked out changes from Murray 's demo - disc version . These included a new introduction , vocal harmony , an instrumental interlude , small lyric changes and removal of the half - step modulation for the last verse . They recorded the song in September , 1962 ; although Murray disliked their changes , the decision not to release the Beatles ' version was primarily a business one . `` Love Me Do '' was their first single instead . The recording was officially released in November 1995 on the Beatles retrospective Anthology 1 album . </P> <P> Gerry and the Pacemakers ' version , also produced by Martin , became a number - one hit in the UK until it was replaced by `` From Me to You '' ( the Beatles ' third single ) . It was the title song of a seven - inch EP record also featuring `` Away From You '' , `` I Like It '' and `` It 's Happened to Me '' ( Columbia SEG8257 , released July 1963 ) . The single entered the US charts on 5 July 1964 , eventually reaching number nine . </P> <H2> Other versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dick and Dee Dee released a version of the song on their 1966 album , Songs We 've Sung on Shindig . </Li> <Li> The Supremes version appears on the album , `` The Supremes - A Bit Of Liverpool '' on Motown 1964 ( Motown Record Corp. # 623 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Do You Do It ? '' on YouTube </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart UK Top 100 '' . Theofficialcharts.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn , Mark ( 2013 ) . Tune In : The Beatles , All These Years , Vol. 1 . Crown Archetype . pp. 670 -- 671 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lewisohn ( 2013 ) , p. 699 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Do You Do It '' . The Beatles Bible . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 : September 5 , 1964 Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard.com. 1964 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dick and Dee Dee , Songs We 've Sung on Shindig Retrieved May 2 , 2015 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gerry Marsden fan site </Li> <Li> Classic Bands history page </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Summer Holiday '' by Cliff Richard and The Shadows </Td> <Td> UK number - one single 11 April 1963 ( 3 weeks ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` From Me to You '' by The Beatles </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Gerry and the Pacemakers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Gerry Marsden </Li> <Li> Freddie Marsden </Li> <Li> Arthur Mack </Li> <Li> Les Chadwick </Li> <Li> Les Maguire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ferry Cross the Mersey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` How Do You Do It ? '' </Li> <Li> `` I Like It '' </Li> <Li> `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Let the Sun Catch You Crying '' </Li> <Li> `` Ferry Cross the Mersey '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Be There '' </Li> <Li> `` Walk Hand in Hand '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ferry Cross the Mersey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book : Gerry and the Pacemakers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Do_You_Do_It%3F&oldid=805106682 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1963 songs </Li> <Li> 1963 singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Mitch Murray </Li> <Li> Gerry and the Pacemakers songs </Li> <Li> The Beatles songs </Li> <Li> Dick and Dee Dee songs </Li> <Li> Debut singles </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by George Martin </Li> <Li> UK Singles Chart number - one singles </Li> <Li> Columbia Graphophone Company singles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 02 : 46 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The song "How Do You Do It" by Gerry and the Pacemakers was written by

Who wrote how do you do it by gerry and the pacemakers?

9188359206780164872

if integrated with a conditioner , a mower - conditioner . As a manual task , cutting of both grain and hay may be called reaping , involving scythes , sickles , and cradles , followed by differing downstream steps . Traditionally all such cutting could be called reaping , although a distinction between reaping of grain grasses and mowing of hay grasses has long existed ; it was only after a decade of attempts at combined grain reaper / hay mower machines ( 1830s to 1840s ) that designers of mechanical implements began resigning them to separate classes . </P> <P> Mechanical reapers substantially changed agriculture from their appearance in the 1830s until the 1860s through 1880s , when they evolved into related machines , often called by different names ( self - raking reaper , harvester , reaper - binder , grain binder , binder ) , that collected and bound the sheaves of grain with wire or twine . Today reapers and grain binders have been largely replaced by combines in commercial farming , but some smaller farms still use them . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Hand reaping </Li> <Li> 2 Mechanical reaping <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Mechanical reapers in the U.S. </Li> <Li> 2.2 Reapers in the late 19th and 20th century </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 Bibliography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Works Cited </Li> <Li> 4.2 Further reading </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Hand reaping ( edit ) </H2> A reaper cutting rye in Germany in 1949 <P> Hand reaping is done by various means , including plucking the ears of grains directly by hand , cutting the grain stalks with a sickle , cutting them with a scythe , or a scythe fitted with a grain cradle . Reaping is usually distinguished from mowing , which uses similar implements , but is the traditional term for cutting grass for hay , rather than reaping cereals . The stiffer , dryer straw of the cereal plants and the greener grasses for hay usually demand different blades on the machines . </P> <P> The reaped grain stalks are gathered into sheaves ( bunches ) , tied with string or with a twist of straw . Several sheaves are then leant against each other with the ears off the ground to dry out , forming a stook . After drying , the sheaves are gathered from the field and stacked , being placed with the ears inwards , then covered with thatch or a tarpaulin ; this is called a stack or rick . In the British Isles a rick of sheaves is traditionally called a corn rick , to distinguish it from a hay rick ( `` corn '' in British English retains its older sense of `` grain '' generally , not `` maize '' ) . Ricks are made in an area inaccessible to livestock , called a rick - yard or stack - yard . The corn - rick is later broken down and the sheaves threshed to separate the grain from the straw . </P> <P> Collecting spilt grain from the field after reaping is called gleaning , and is traditionally done either by hand , or by penning animals such as chickens or pigs onto the field . </P> <P> Hand reaping is now rarely done in industrialized countries , but is still the normal method where machines are unavailable or where access for them is limited ( such as on narrow terraces ) . </P> <P> The more or less skeletal figure of a reaper with a scythe -- known as the `` Grim Reaper '' -- is a common personification of death in many Western traditions and cultures . In this metaphor , death harvests the living , like a farmer harvests the crops . </P> <H2> Mechanical reaping ( edit ) </H2> <P> A mechanical reaper or reaping machine is a mechanical , semi-automated device that harvests crops . Mechanical reapers and their descendant machines have been an important part of mechanised agriculture and a main feature of agricultural productivity . </P> <H3> Mechanical reapers in the U.S. ( edit ) </H3> <P> The 19th century saw several inventors in the United States claim innovation in mechanical reapers. The various designs competed with each other , and were the subject of several lawsuits . </P> <P> Obed Hussey in Ohio patented a reaper in 1833 , the Hussey Reaper . Made in Baltimore , Maryland , Hussey 's design was a major improvement in reaping efficiency . The new reaper only required two horses working in a non-strenuous manner , a man to work the machine , and another person to drive . In addition , the Hussey Reaper left an even and clean surface after its use . </P> McCormick 's reaper at a presentation in Virginia <P> The McCormick Reaper was designed by Robert McCormick in Walnut Grove , Virginia . However , Robert became frustrated when he was unable to perfect his new device . His son Cyrus asked for permission to try to complete his father 's project . With permission granted , the McCormick Reaper was patented by his son Cyrus McCormick in 1837 as a horse - drawn farm implement to cut small grain crops . This McCormick reaper machine had several special elements : </P> <Ul> <Li> a main wheel frame </Li> <Li> projected to the side a platform containing a cutter bar having fingers through which reciprocated a knife driven by a crank </Li> <Li> upon the outer end of the platform was a divider projecting ahead of the platform to separate the grain to be cut from that to be left standing </Li> <Li> a reel was positioned above the platform to hold the grain against the reciprocating knife to throw it back upon the platform </Li> <Li> the machine was drawn by a team walking at the side of the grain . </Li> </Ul> <P> Cyrus McCormick claimed that his reaper was actually invented in 1834 , giving him the true claim to the general design of the machine . Over the next few decades the Hussey and McCormick reapers would compete with each other in the marketplace , despite being quite similar . </P> <P> In 1861 , the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a ruling on the invention of the polarizing reaper design . It was determined that the money made from reapers was in large part due to Obed Hussey . S.T. Shugert , the acting commissioner of patents , declared that Hussey 's improvements were the foundation of their success . It was ruled that the heirs of Obed Hussey would be monetarily compensated for his hard work and innovation by those who had made money from the reaper . It was also ruled that McCormick 's reaper patent would be renewed for another 7 years . </P> <P> Although the McCormick reaper was a revolutionary innovation for the harvesting of crops , it did not experience mainstream success and acceptance until at least 20 years after it was patented by Cyrus McCormick . This was because the McCormick reaper lacked a quality unique to Obed Hussey 's reaper . Hussey 's reaper used a sawlike cutter bar that cut stalks far more effectively than McCormick 's . Only once Cyrus McCormick was able to acquire the rights to Hussey 's cutter - bar mechanism ( around 1850 ) did a truly revolutionary machine emerge . Other factors in the gradual uptake of mechanized reaping included natural cultural conservatism among farmers ( proven tradition versus new and unknown machinery ) ; the poor state of many new farm fields , which were often littered with rocks , stumps , and areas of uneven soil , making the lifespan and operability of a reaping machine questionable ; and some amount of fearful Luddism among farmers that the machine would take away jobs , most especially among hired manual labourers . </P> <P> Another strong competitor in the industry was the Manny Reaper by John Henry Manny and the companies that succeeded him . Even though McCormick has sometimes been simplistically credited as the ( sole ) `` inventor '' of the mechanical reaper , a more accurate statement is that he independently reinvented aspects of it , created a crucial original integration of enough aspects to make a successful whole , and benefited from the influence of more than two decades of work by his father , as well as the aid of Jo Anderson , a slave held by his family . </P> <H3> Reapers in the late 19th and 20th century ( edit ) </H3> Champion reaper , trade card from 1875 Horse - drawn reaper in Canada in 1941 <P> After the first reapers were developed and patented , other slightly different reapers were distributed by several manufacturers throughout the world . The Champion ( Combined ) Reapers and Mowers , produced by the Champion Interest group ( Champion Machine Company , later Warder , Bushnell & Glessner , absorbed in IHC 1902 ) in Springfield , Ohio in the second half of the 19th century , were highly successful in the 1880s in the United States . Springfield is still known as `` The Champion City '' . </P> <P> Generally , reapers developed into the 1872 invented reaper - binder , which reaped the crop and bound it into sheaves . By 1896 , 400,000 reaper - binders were estimated to be harvesting grain . This was in turn replaced by the swather and eventually the combine harvester , which reaps and threshes in one operation . </P> <P> In Central European agriculture reapers were -- together with reaper - binders -- common machines until the mid-20th century . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> Adriance reaper , late 19th century <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ McCormick 1931 , pp. 59 -- 60 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCormick 1931 , pp. 67 -- 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCormick 1931 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Follet L. Green , ed. ( 1912 ) . Obed Hussey : Who , of All Inventors , Made Bread Cheap . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colman , Gould P. ( July 1968 ) . `` Innovation and Diffusion in Agriculture '' . Agricultural History . 42 : 173 -- 188 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowman , Jeffrey ( 2006 ) . Cyrus Hall McCormick . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Patent X8 , 277 Improvement in Machines for Reaping Small Grain : Cyrus H. McCormick , June 21 , 1834 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel , Gross ( August 1997 ) . Forbes Greatest Business Stories of All Time ( First ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 19653 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Agricultural Machinery in the 1800 's '' . Scientific American . July 25 , 1896 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Olmstead , Alan L. ( June 1975 ) . `` The Mechanization of Reaping and Mowing in American Agriculture '' . The Journal of Economic History . 35 : 327 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022050700075082 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pripps , Robert N. ; Morland , Andrew ( photographer ) ( 1993 ) , Farmall Tractors : History of International McCormick - Deering Farmall Tractors , Farm Tractor Color History Series , Osceola , WI , USA : MBI , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87938 - 763 - 1 , p. 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jo Anderson '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch. 5 February 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` William N. Whiteley '' . Ohio History Central . 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 04 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Works cited ( edit

Cyrus McCormick invented the reaper in

When was the reaper invented by cyrus mccormick?

-2832609809473486311

Flag of the United States - wikipedia <H1> Flag of the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` American Flag '' redirects here . For other uses , see American Flag ( disambiguation ) . <Table> United States of America <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Names </Th> <Td> The American flag , The Stars and Stripes ; Red , White and Blue ; Old Glory ; The Star - Spangled Banner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Use </Th> <Td> National flag and ensign </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proportion </Th> <Td> 10 : 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adopted </Th> <Td> June 14 , 1777 ( original 13 - star version ) July 4 , 1960 ( current 50 - star version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white ; in the canton , 50 white stars of alternating numbers of six and five per horizontal row on a blue field </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The flag of the United States of America , often referred to as the American flag , is the national flag of the United States . It consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red ( top and bottom ) alternating with white , with a blue rectangle in the canton ( referred to specifically as the `` union '' ) bearing fifty small , white , five - pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows , where rows of six stars ( top and bottom ) alternate with rows of five stars . The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America , and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain , and became the first states in the U.S. Nicknames for the flag include The Stars and Stripes , Old Glory , and The Star - Spangled Banner . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 First flag </Li> <Li> 1.2 The Flag Resolution of 1777 </Li> <Li> 1.3 Designer of the first stars and stripes </Li> <Li> 1.4 Later flag acts </Li> <Li> 1.5 The `` Flower Flag '' arrives in Asia </Li> <Li> 1.6 Historical progression of designs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Future of the flag </Li> <Li> 3 Symbolism </Li> <Li> 4 Design <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Creation </Li> <Li> 4.2 Specifications </Li> <Li> 4.3 Colors </Li> <Li> 4.4 The 49 - and 50 - star unions </Li> <Li> 4.5 Decoration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Display and use <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Flag etiquette </Li> <Li> 5.2 Display on vehicles </Li> <Li> 5.3 Display on uniforms </Li> <Li> 5.4 Postage stamps </Li> <Li> 5.5 Display in museums </Li> <Li> 5.6 Places of continuous display </Li> <Li> 5.7 Particular days for display </Li> <Li> 5.8 Display at half - staff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Folding for storage </Li> <Li> 7 Use in funerals </Li> <Li> 8 Related flags <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Gallery of related flags </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Article sections </Li> <Li> 9.2 Associated people </Li> <Li> 9.3 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> See also : Timeline of the flag of the United States <P> The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th ; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777 . The 48 - star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49 - star version became official on July 4 , 1959 . The 50 - star flag was ordered by the then president Eisenhower on August 21 , 1959 , and was adopted in July 1960 . It is the longest - used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over 57 years . </P> <H3> First flag </H3> Main article : Grand Union Flag <Ul> <Li> <P> The Continental Colors ( aka the `` Grand Union Flag '' ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Flag of the British East India Company , 1707 -- 1801 </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> At the time of the Declaration of Independence in July 1776 , the Continental Congress would not legally adopt flags with `` stars , white in a blue field '' for another year . The flag contemporaneously known as `` the Continental Colors '' has historically been referred to as the first national flag . </P> <P> The Continental Navy raised the Colors as the ensign of the fledgling nation in the American War for Independence -- likely with the expedient of transforming their previous British red ensigns by adding white stripes -- and would use this flag until 1777 , when it would form the basis for the subsequent de jure designs . </P> <P> The name `` Grand Union '' was first applied to the Continental Colors by George Preble in his 1872 history of the U.S. flag . </P> <P> The flag closely resembles the British East India Company flag of the era , and Sir Charles Fawcett argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design . Both flags could have been easily constructed by adding white stripes to a British Red Ensign , one of the three maritime flags used throughout the British Empire at the time . However , an East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes , and was not allowed to be flown outside the Indian Ocean . </P> <P> In any case , both the stripes ( barry ) and the stars ( mullets ) have precedents in classical heraldry . Mullets were comparatively rare in early modern heraldry , but an example of mullets representing territorial divisions predating the U.S. flag are those in the coat of arms of Valais of 1618 , where seven mullets stood for seven districts . </P> <H3> The flag resolution of 1777 </H3> <P> On June 14 , 1777 , the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated : `` Resolved , That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes , alternate red and white ; that the union be thirteen stars , white in a blue field , representing a new constellation . '' Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year . While scholars still argue about this , tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the Continental Army at the Middlebrook encampment . </P> <P> The first official U.S. flag flown during battle was on August 3 , 1777 , at Fort Schuyler ( Fort Stanwix ) during the Siege of Fort Stanwix . Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler . Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes ; scarlet material to form the red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers ' wives , while material for the blue union was secured from Capt . Abraham Swartwout 's blue cloth coat . A voucher is extant that Capt . Swartwout of Dutchess County was paid by Congress for his coat for the flag . </P> Francis Hopkinson 's flag for the U.S. Navy , featuring 13 six - pointed stars arranged in rows . 13 - star so - called `` Betsy Ross '' variant <P> The 1777 resolution was most probably meant to define a naval ensign . In the late 18th century , the notion of a national flag did not yet exist , or was only nascent . The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee . On May 10 , 1779 , Secretary of the Board of War Richard Peters expressed concern `` it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States . '' However , the term , `` Standard , '' referred to a national standard for the Army of the United States . Each regiment was to carry the national standard in addition to its regimental standard . The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag . </P> <P> The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement , number of points , nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa . The appearance was up to the maker of the flag . Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star , in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state 's star with its initial . One arrangement features 13 five - pointed stars arranged in a circle , with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle ( as opposed to up ) , the so - called Betsy Ross flag . This flag , however , is more likely a flag used for celebrations of anniversaries of the nation 's birthday . Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by John Trumbull . </P> <P> Despite the 1777 resolution , the early years of American independence featured many different flags . Most were individually crafted rather than mass - produced . While there are many examples of 13 - star arrangements , some of those flags included blue stripes as well as red and white . Benjamin Franklin and John Adams , in a letter dated October 3 , 1778 , to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies , described the American flag as consisting of `` 13 stripes , alternately red , white , and blue , a small square in the upper angle , next the flag staff , is a blue field , with 13 white stars , denoting a new Constellation . '' John Paul Jones used a variety of 13 - star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well - documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance . The Serapis flag had three rows of eight - pointed stars with stripes that were red , white , and blue . The flag for the Alliance , however , had five rows of eight - pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes , and the white stripes were on the outer edges . Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779 , making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars . </P> <H3> Designer of the first stars and stripes </H3> <P> Francis Hopkinson of New Jersey , a naval flag designer , and a signer of the Declaration of Independence , designed the 1777 flag while he was the Chairman of the Continental Navy Board 's Middle Department , sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777 . The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee . Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag , but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy . Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own lifetime , when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work . These claims are documented in the Journals of the Continental Congress and George Hasting 's biography of Hopkinson . Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress , via the Continental Board of Admiralty , on May 25 , 1780 . In this letter , he asked for a `` Quarter Cask of the Public Wine '' as payment for designing the U.S. flag , the seal for the Admiralty Board , the seal for the Treasury Board , Continental currency , the Great Seal of the United States , and other devices . However , in three subsequent bills to Congress , Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash , but he did not list his U.S. flag design . Instead ,

The stars on the American flag represent

What does the stars and stripes mean on the american flag?

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Seattle Slew - wikipedia <H1> Seattle Slew </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Seattle Slew </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Seattle Slew as an older horse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sire </Th> <Td> Bold Reasoning </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grandsire </Th> <Td> Boldnesian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dam </Th> <Td> My Charmer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Damsire </Th> <Td> Poker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sex </Th> <Td> Stallion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foaled </Th> <Td> February 15 , 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> May 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 07 ) ( aged 28 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Color </Th> <Td> Dark bay or brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Breeder </Th> <Td> Ben S. Castleman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Mickey and Karen L. Taylor , Tayhill Stable / Jim Hill , et . al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Racing colors </Th> <Td> Black , yellow yolk , yellow hoops on sleeves , yellow cap , black pompom . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trainer </Th> <Td> William H. Turner , Jr . Douglas R. Peterson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record </Th> <Td> 17 : 14 -- 2 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Earnings </Th> <Td> $1,208,726 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Major wins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <P> Champagne Stakes ( 1976 ) Flamingo Stakes ( 1977 ) Wood Memorial Stakes ( 1977 ) Marlboro Cup ( 1978 ) Woodward Stakes ( 1978 ) Stuyvesant Handicap ( 1978 ) </P> Triple Crown race wins : Kentucky Derby ( 1977 ) Preakness Stakes ( 1977 ) Belmont Stakes ( 1977 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 10th U.S. Triple Crown Champion ( 1977 ) U.S. Champion 2 - Yr - Old Colt ( 1976 ) U.S. Champion 3 - Yr - Old Colt ( 1977 ) American Horse of the Year ( 1977 ) U.S. Champion Older Male Horse ( 1978 ) Leading sire in North America ( 1984 ) North American leading broodmare sire ( 1995 , 1996 ) # 9 - Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century NTRA `` Moment of the Year '' ( 2002 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Honours </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame ( 1981 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Last updated on February 18 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Seattle Slew ( February 15 , 1974 -- May 7 , 2002 ) was an American Thoroughbred race horse who won the Triple Crown in 1977 -- the tenth of twelve horses to accomplish the feat . He is the only horse to have won the Triple Crown while having been undefeated in any race previous . Honored as the 1977 Horse of the Year , he was also a champion at age two , three and four . In the Blood - Horse magazine List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century Seattle Slew was ranked ninth . </P> <P> Joe Hirsch of the Daily Racing Form wrote : `` Every time he ran he was an odds - on favorite , and the response to his presence on the racetrack , either for a morning workout or a major race , was electric . ' Slewmania ' was a virulent and widespread condition . '' </P> <P> Seattle Slew later became an outstanding sire and broodmare sire , leading the North American sire list in 1984 when his son Swale won the Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes . Another son , A.P. Indy , won the Belmont Stakes and continued the sire line through descendants such as Mineshaft , Tapit and California Chrome . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Racing career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 2 - year - old season </Li> <Li> 2.2 Triple Crown season </Li> <Li> 2.3 1978 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Retirement and legacy </Li> <Li> 4 Pedigree </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Seattle Slew was a dark brown colt with a small white patch of hair by his left rear hoof bred by Ben S. Castleman . He was sired by Bold Reasoning who won the Jersey Derby and Withers Stakes in 1971 . His dam My Charmer went on to produce the 2000 Guineas winner Lomond and Seattle Dancer . </P> <P> Horse owners since the early 1970s , Karen Taylor was a former flight attendant , and her husband , Mickey Taylor , was a lumberman . They lived in White Swan , Washington . Their friend Dr. Jim Hill , a veterinarian , recommended that they buy Seattle Slew , a son of Bold Reasoning out of the mare My Charmer , at a 1975 Fasig - Tipton yearling auction . Seattle Slew was foaled at Ben Castleman 's White Horse Acres Farm near Lexington , Kentucky . Hill and his wife , Sally , had met the Taylors through the horse business . In partnership , they bought 13 prospects , including Seattle Slew , who was sold for $17,500 ( equivalent to $80,000 in 2017 ) . They named him for the city of Seattle and the sloughs which loggers once used to transport heavy logs . Karen felt that the spelling of slough -- a slow - moving channel of the Pacific Northwest -- would be too hard for people to remember , so the spelling was changed to Slew . A later co-owner was Glenn Rasmussen , the accountant for the equine partnerships . </P> <P> Seattle Slew 's owners sent the colt to Billy Turner , a friend and former steeplechase rider who had trained horses seasonally in Maryland since the early 1960s . Based at Belmont Park in the mid-1970s , Turner accepted Seattle Slew and another Taylor - Hill purchase and sent them to Andor Farm in Monkton , where his wife at the time , Paula , taught yearlings to be ridden . </P> <P> At maturity , he reached 16 hands ( 64 inches , 163 cm ) high . </P> <H2> Racing career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 2 - year - old season ( edit ) </H3> <P> Seattle Slew made his first start in a six - furlong maiden race on September 20 , 1976 , the fifth race at Belmont Park on Long Island , New York . The big , nearly black colt was bet down to the 5 -- 2 favorite . He gave the public its first look at what was later called his `` war dance '' ( his habit of tiptoeing on the track before his races ) and won by five lengths . Seattle Slew started only twice more as a two - year - old , winning an allowance race on October 5 , 1976 , by 31⁄2 lengths and the one - mile Champagne Stakes 11 days later by 93⁄4 lengths in a fast 1 : 34 ​ ⁄ . Despite starting just three times , Seattle Slew was named Champion 2 - Year - Old of 1976 . </P> <H3> Triple Crown season ( edit ) </H3> <P> Turner scheduled three races for Seattle Slew leading up to the Kentucky Derby . His first start as a three - year - old came on March 9 , 1977 , when he set a seven - furlong track record at Hialeah Park Race Track in winning an allowance race by nine lengths . On March 26 , Seattle Slew won the Flamingo Stakes by four lengths in the third - fastest time in the stakes ' 51 - year history . On April 23 , he completed his Kentucky Derby preparation with a 31⁄4 - length victory in the Wood Memorial Stakes . </P> <P> Seattle Slew went off as the odds - on 1 - 2 favorite in the 11⁄4 - mile Kentucky Derby on May 7 . A `` speed horse '' who normally broke well and went right to the lead , he swerved at the start and was taken up by jockey Jean Cruguet . However , Cruguet and Seattle Slew recovered and got to the lead , dueling with For the Moment for the first mile of the race . At the top of the stretch , Seattle Slew pulled away to win by 13⁄4 lengths over Run Dusty Run . </P> <P> Two weeks later , in the 1 ​ ⁄ - mile Preakness Stakes , Seattle Slew faced a new rival in multiple - stakes - winner Cormorant . Many handicappers believed the predicted speed duel with Cormorant would jeopardize the Derby winner 's chances ; Andrew Beyer picked Cormorant to win in his Washington Post column . Seattle Slew outstayed Cormorant , holding off Iron Constitution to win by 1 ​ ⁄ lengths . </P> <P> The Belmont Stakes was a coronation for the Triple Crown champion , who won by four lengths before a large , enthusiastic crowd . He became the tenth American Triple Crown winner and ( with his nine - for - nine record ) was the first Triple Crown winner to finish the series undefeated . </P> <P> After the Triple Crown , Seattle Slew was sent to Hollywood Park Racetrack , which offered a $400,000 purse to lure him to run in the Swaps Stakes on July 3 , 1977 . In the Swaps , Seattle Slew ( who normally broke on the lead ) was unable to get to the front . Jockey Bill Shoemaker sent J.O. Tobin ( whom Seattle Slew had defeated in the Preakness ) to the lead . J.O. Tobin set fast early fractions for a 11⁄4 - mile race -- 22.40 for the first quarter - mile , 45.40 for the half , 1 : 09.20 for six furlongs and 1 : 33.60 for the mile . Seattle Slew could not keep up and tired badly in the stretch , finishing fourth , 16 lengths behind J.O. Tobin , who won by eight lengths in 1 : 58.40 , less than half a second off the American record for the distance at that time . After this loss , rest and physical problems sidelined Seattle Slew for almost a year . Despite the season - ending loss , however , he was honored at year 's end as champion three - year - old and the Eclipse Award for American Horse of the Year . </P> <H3> 1978 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In early 1978 , Seattle Slew was stabled at Hialeah and was expected to make three starts in Florida before contesting the one - mile Metropolitan Handicap in New York . In Florida , the horse ( who had recovered from a cough as a three - year - old ) took a turn for the worse in January . He stopped eating , occasionally broke into hours - long sweats and sometimes fell when he tried to stand . The cause was a collapsed left jugular vein . He fought off the life - threatening condition and returned to the races in May . Although veterinarians were concerned for his life and had suggested that he would never race again , Slew made it back to the races on a sloppy track at Aqueduct . By that time , Billy Turner had been replaced by Doug Peterson as his trainer . Seattle Slew won that allowance race at Aqueduct by 81⁄2 lengths and won another seven - furlong allowance by six lengths at Saratoga Race Course in August . In preparation for a matchup against the 1978 Triple Crown winner Affirmed , Seattle Slew was sent to the Meadowlands for a night race , the Paterson Handicap . He lost to Dr. Patches in a major upset . Jean Cruguet lost his mount after that race , after expressing doubt if the horse was sufficiently trained . </P> <P> In the Marlboro Cup , the first matchup of

Seattle Slew won the Triple Crown in

When did seattle slew win the triple crown?

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Data Protection Act 1998 - wikipedia <H1> Data Protection Act 1998 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Data Protection Act 1998 <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Act of Parliament </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Parliament of the United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Long title </Th> <Td> An Act to make new provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals , including the obtaining , holding , use or disclosure of such information . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Territorial extent </Th> <Td> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Dates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Royal assent </Th> <Td> 16 July 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commencement </Th> <Td> March 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Other legislation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Replaces </Th> <Td> Data Protection Act 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Status : Current legislation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Text of the Data Protection Act 1998 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Data Protection Act 1998 ( c 29 ) is a United Kingdom Act of Parliament designed to protect personal data stored on computers or in an organised paper filing system . It follows the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 protection , processing and movement of data . Individuals have legal rights to control information about themselves . Most of the Act does not apply to domestic use , for example keeping a personal address book . Anyone holding personal data for other purposes is legally obliged to comply with this Act , subject to some exemptions . The Act defines eight data protection principles to ensure that information is processed lawfully . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Contents <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Scope of protection </Li> <Li> 2.2 Data protection principles </Li> <Li> 2.3 Exceptions </Li> <Li> 2.4 Police and court powers </Li> <Li> 2.5 Offences </Li> <Li> 2.6 Complexity </Li> <Li> 2.7 Definition of personal data </Li> <Li> 2.8 Subject Access Requests </Li> <Li> 2.9 Information Commissioner </Li> <Li> 2.10 EU 's Article 29 Working Party </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links <Ul> <Li> 5.1 UK legislation </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987 and implemented the EU Data Protection Directive 1995 . </P> <P> The Privacy and Electronic Communications ( EC Directive ) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for most electronic marketing to `` positive consent '' such as an opt in box . Exemptions remain for the marketing of `` similar products and services '' to existing customers and enquirers , which can still be given permission on an opt out basis . </P> <P> The Jersey data protection law was modelled on the UK law . </P> <H2> Contents ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Scope of Protection ( edit ) </H3> <P> Section 1 defines `` personal data '' as any data that can be used to identify a living individual . Anonymised or aggregated data is less regulated by the Act , providing the anonymisation or aggregation has not been done in a reversible way . Individuals can be identified by various means including their name and address , telephone number or email address . The Act applies only to data which is held , or intended to be held , on computers ( ' equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose ' ) , or held in a ' relevant filing system ' . </P> <P> In some cases paper records may be classified as a ' relevant filing system ' , such as an address book or a salesperson 's diary used to support commercial activities . </P> <P> The Freedom of Information Act 2000 modified the act for public bodies and authorities , and the Durant case modified the interpretation of the act by providing case law and precedent . </P> <P> A person who has their data processed has the following rights : </P> <Ul> <Li> under section 7 , to view the data an organisation holds on them for a reasonable fee : the maximum fee is £ 2 for requests to credit reference agencies , £ 50 for health and educational request , and £ 10 per individual otherwise , </Li> <Li> under section 14 , request that incorrect information be corrected . If the company ignores the request , a court can order the data to be corrected or destroyed , and in some cases compensation can be awarded . </Li> <Li> under section 10 , require that data is not used in any way that may potentially cause damage or distress . </Li> <Li> under section 11 , require that their data is not used for direct marketing . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Data Protection principles ( edit ) </H3> <P> Schedule 1 lists eight `` data protection principles '' . </P> <Ol> <Li> Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and , in particular , shall not be processed unless : <Ol> <Li> at least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met , and </Li> <Li> in the case of sensitive personal data , at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met . </Li> </Ol> </Li> <Li> Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes , and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes . </Li> <Li> Personal data shall be adequate , relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed . </Li> <Li> Personal data shall be accurate and , where necessary , kept up to date . </Li> <Li> Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes . </Li> <Li> About the rights of individuals e.g. personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects ( individuals ) . </Li> <Li> Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of , or damage to , personal data . </Li> <Li> Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Conditions relevant to the first principle </Dt> </Dl> <P> Personal data should only be processed fairly and lawfully . In order for data to be classed as ' fairly processed ' , at least one of these six conditions must be applicable to that data ( Schedule 2 ) . </P> <Ol> <Li> The data subject ( the person whose data is stored ) has consented ( `` given their permission '' ) to the processing ; </Li> <Li> Processing is necessary for the performance of , or commencing , a contract ; </Li> <Li> Processing is required under a legal obligation ( other than one stated in the contract ) ; </Li> <Li> Processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject ; </Li> <Li> Processing is necessary to carry out any public functions ; </Li> <Li> Processing is necessary in order to pursue the legitimate interests of the `` data controller '' or `` third parties '' ( unless it could unjustifiably prejudice the interests of the data subject ) . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Consent </Dt> </Dl> <P> Except under the below mentioned exceptions , the individual needs to consent to the collection of their personal information and its use in the purpose ( s ) in question . The European Data Protection Directive defines consent as `` ... any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed '' , meaning the individual may signify agreement other than in writing . However , non-communication should not be interpreted as consent . </P> <P> Additionally , consent should be appropriate to the age and capacity of the individual and other circumstances of the case . E.g. , if an organisation `` intends to continue to hold or use personal data after the relationship with the individual ends , then the consent should cover this . '' And even when consent is given , it should n't be assumed to last forever . Although in most cases consent lasts for as long as the personal data needs to be processed , individuals may be able to withdraw their consent , depending on the nature of the consent and the circumstances in which the personal information is being collected and used . </P> <P> The Data Protection Act also specifies that sensitive personal data must be processed according to a stricter set of conditions , in particular any consent must be explicit . </P> <H3> Exceptions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Act is structured such that all processing of personal data is covered by the act , while providing a number of exceptions in Part IV . Notable exceptions are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Section 28 -- National security . Any processing for the purpose of safeguarding national security is exempt from all the data protection principles , as well as Part II ( subject access rights ) , Part III ( notification ) , Part V ( enforcement ) , and Section 55 ( Unlawful obtaining of personal data ) . </Li> <Li> Section 29 -- Crime and taxation . Data processed for the prevention or detection of crime , the apprehension or prosecution of offenders , or the assessment or collection of taxes are exempt from the first data protection principle . </Li> <Li> Section 36 -- Domestic purposes . Processing by an individual only for the purposes of that individual 's personal , family or household affairs is exempt from all the data protection principles , as well as Part II ( subject access rights ) and Part III ( notification ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Police and court powers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Act grants or acknowledges various police and court powers . </P> <Ul> <Li> Section 29 -- Consent of the Data Subject is not required when processing Personal Data to prevent or detect crime , apprehend or prosecute offenders , the assessment and collection of taxes and duties and to discharge a statutory function . </Li> <Li> Section 35 -- Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings . This includes obeying court orders , other laws and are part of legal proceedings . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Offences ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Act details a number of civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject . However , ' consent ' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter . </P> <Ul> <Li> Section 21 ( 1 ) makes it an offence to process personal information without registration . </Li> <Li> Section 21 ( 2 ) makes it an offence to fail to comply with the notification regulations made by the Secretary of State ( proposed by the Information Commissioner under section 25 of the Act ) . </Li> <Li> Section 55 makes unlawful obtaining of personal data . This section makes it an offence for people ( Other Parties ) , such as hackers and impersonators , outside the organisation to obtain unauthorised access to the personal data . </Li> <Li> Section 56 makes it a criminal offence to require an individual to make a Subject Access Request relating to cautions or convictions for the purposes of recruitment , continued employment , or the provision of services . This section came into force

The Data Protection Act regulates the collection, storage, and processing of personal data relating to

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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Wikipedia <H1> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the franchise . For entries in the franchise , see Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Art by Kevin Eastman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Publication information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Mirage Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 ( May 1984 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Kevin Eastman Peter Laird </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> In - story information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Base ( s ) </Th> <Td> Manhattan , New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Member ( s ) </Th> <Td> Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( often shortened to TMNT or Ninja Turtles ) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Italian artists of the Renaissance . They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat sensei in the art of ninjutsu . From their home in the sewers of New York City , they battle petty criminals , evil overlords , mutated creatures , and alien invaders while attempting to remain hidden from society . They were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird . </P> <P> The characters originated in comic books published by Mirage Studios and expanded into cartoon series , films , video games , toys , and other merchandise . During the peak of the franchise 's popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s , it gained worldwide success and fame . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Main characters </Li> <Li> 3 Comics <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Mirage </Li> <Li> 3.2 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures </Li> <Li> 3.3 Dreamwave </Li> <Li> 3.4 IDW </Li> <Li> 3.5 Manga </Li> <Li> 3.6 Comic strip </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Television series <Ul> <Li> 4.1 First animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) </Li> <Li> 4.2 Original video animation </Li> <Li> 4.3 Live - action series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> 4.4 Second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 4.5 Third animated series ( 2012 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 4.6 Fourth animated series ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Feature films </Li> <Li> 6 Merchandise <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Toys </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Video games </Li> <Li> 8 In other media <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Tabletop role playing game </Li> <Li> 8.2 Food tie - ins </Li> <Li> 8.3 Concert tour </Li> <Li> 8.4 At the Disney - MGM Studios theme park </Li> <Li> 8.5 Parodies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Controversies <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Departure from origins </Li> <Li> 9.2 Teenage Mutant `` Hero '' Turtles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Ownership rights <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Television </Li> <Li> 10.2 Films </Li> <Li> 10.3 Comic books </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Cover of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 ( May 1984 ) <P> The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles first appeared in an American comic book published by Mirage Studios in 1984 in Dover , New Hampshire . The concept arose from a humorous drawing sketched out by Eastman during a casual evening of brainstorming and bad television with Laird . Using money from a tax refund , together with a loan from Eastman 's uncle , the young artists self - published a single - issue comic intended to parody four of the most popular comics of the early 1980s : Marvel Comics ' Daredevil and New Mutants , Dave Sim 's Cerebus , and Frank Miller 's Ronin . The TMNT comic book series has been published in various incarnations by various comic book companies since 1984 . </P> <P> The Turtles started their rise to mainstream success when a licensing agent , Mark Freedman , sought out Eastman and Laird to propose wider merchandising opportunities for the franchise . In 1986 , Dark Horse Miniatures produced a set of 15 - mm ( approximately 0.6 inch ) lead figurines . In January 1987 , Eastman and Laird visited the offices of Playmates Toys , a small California toy company that wanted to expand into the action - figure market . Development was undertaken by a creative team of companies and individuals : Jerry Sachs , advertising agent of Sachs - Finley Agency , brought together the animators at Murakami - Wolf - Swenson headed by Fred Wolf . Wolf and his team combined concepts and ideas with the Playmates marketing crew , headed by Karl Aaronian , vice president ( VP ) of sales Richard Sallis , and VP of Playmates Bill Carlson . </P> <P> Aaronian brought on several designers and concepteur and writer John C. Schulte , and worked out the simple backstory that would live on toy packaging for the entire run of the product and show . Sachs called the high concept pitch `` Green Against Brick '' . The sense of humor was honed with the collaboration of the Murakami - Wolf - Swenson animation firm 's writers . Playmates and their team essentially served as associate producers and contributing writers to the miniseries that was first launched to sell - in the toy action figures . Phrases like `` Heroes in a half shell '' and many of the comical catch phrases and battle cries ( `` Turtle power ! '' ) came from the writing and conceptualization of this creative team . As the series developed , veteran writer Jack Mendelsohn came on board as both a story editor and scriptwriter . David Wise , Michael Charles Hill , and Michael Reaves wrote most of the scripts . </P> <P> The miniseries was repeated three times before it found an audience . Once the product started selling , the show got syndicated and picked up and backed by Group W , which funded the next round of animation . The show then went network , on CBS . Accompanied by the popular Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1987 TV series , and the subsequent action figure line , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles became a mainstream success . At the height of the frenzy , in the late 1980s and early 1990s , the Turtles ' likenesses could be found on a wide range of children 's merchandise , from Pez dispensers to skateboards , breakfast cereal , video games , school supplies , linens , towels , cameras , and toy shaving kits . </P> <P> While the animated TV series , which lasted for 10 seasons until 1996 , was more light - hearted , the comic - book series continued in a much darker and grittier tone . In 1990 , a live - action feature film was released , with the Turtles and Splinter being portrayed by actors in partially animatronic suits created by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The film became one of the most successful independent films and spawned two sequels , as well as inspiring a three - dimensional animated film set in the same continuity , which was released in 2007 under the title TMNT . After the end of the cartoon series , a live - action series in the vein of the films was created in 1997 in conjunction with Saban Entertainment . The series was called Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation and introduced a fifth , female turtle called Venus de Milo . However , the series was largely unsuccessful and was canceled after one season . </P> <P> The property lay dormant until 2003 , when a new animated TV series also entitled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles began to air on Fox Box ( 4Kids TV ) . The series storyline stuck much closer to the original Mirage comic book series , but was still less violent . It lasted for seven seasons and 156 episodes , ending in February 2009 . </P> <P> On October 21 , 2009 , it was announced that cable channel Nickelodeon ( a subsidiary of Viacom ) had purchased all of Mirage 's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property . Mirage retains the rights to publish 18 issues a year , though the future involvement of Mirage with the Turtles and the future of Mirage Studios itself is unknown . Nickelodeon has developed a new CGI - animated TMNT television series and partnered with fellow Viacom company Paramount Pictures to bring a new TMNT movie to theaters . The TV show premiered on Nickelodeon on September 29 , 2012 . The live - action film , produced by Platinum Dunes , Nickelodeon Movies , and Paramount Pictures , directed by Jonathan Liebesman , and produced by Michael Bay , was released on August 8 , 2014 . </P> <H2> Main characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters <Ul> <Li> Leonardo ( Leo ) -- The tactical , courageous leader and devoted student of his sensei , Leonardo wears a blue mask and wields two katana . As the most conscientious of the four , he often bears the burden of responsibility for his brothers , which commonly leads to conflict with Raphael . Leonardo was named after the Italian polymath , painter , engineer , inventor , writer , anatomist , and sculptor , Leonardo da Vinci . </Li> <Li> Michelangelo ( Mikey ) -- The most stereotypical teenager of the team , Michelangelo is a free - spirited , relaxed , and often goofy jokester , and known for his love of pizza . Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchucks . He provides the comic relief , though he still has an adventurous side . The least mature of the four Turtles , he shows characteristics of a `` surfer '' type and is often depicted with a Southern Californian accent . He is named after the Italian Renaissance painter , sculptor , architect , poet , and engineer , Michelangelo . His name was originally misspelled `` Michaelangelo '' by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman . </Li> <Li> Donatello ( Donnie or Don ) -- The scientist , inventor , engineer , and technological genius , Donatello wears a purple mask and wields a bo staff . Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle , preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts , but never hesitates to defend his brothers . He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence , Donatello . </Li> <Li> Raphael ( Raph ) -- The team 's bad boy , Raphael wears a red mask and wields a pair of sai . He has an aggressive nature , and seldom hesitates to throw the first punch . He is often depicted with a very pronounced New York accent . His personality can be fierce and sarcastic , and oftentimes delivers deadpan humor . He is intensely loyal to his brothers and sensei . He is named after the Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance , Raphael . </Li> <Li> Splinter -- The Turtles ' sensei and adoptive father , Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master , Hamato Yoshi . In the 1987 TV series , Archie Comics series ,

The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise originated in

When did teenage mutant ninja turtles come out?

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she was pregnant with Henry . </P> <P> After Spencer Reid returns to work following his abduction by serial killer Tobias Hankel , Prentiss experiences a falling out with the young agent due to his harsh behavior toward her ( a function of the irritability resulting from Reid 's use of narcotics to cope with his recent trauma ) . However , the agents eventually gain a mutual respect and even share light - hearted moments . Prentiss sometimes joins in with Morgan in good - natured teasing of Reid 's genius . She also amazes Reid when she beats him at poker even though he is from Las Vegas and never loses . Another turning point in their relationship is when Prentiss and Reid are held captive by a cult group and Prentiss admits she is the FBI agent , causing her to suffer a beating from the cult leader . As a result , Reid feels guilty , but Prentiss reassures him everything is all right and that is not his fault . Prentiss is also the only one Reid tells about his recurring headaches . Reid is one of the most affected by Prentiss 's death , sobbing on JJ 's shoulder because he never got to say goodbye , and even thought about giving up since he felt the BAU had failed at protecting a member of their team . Later , when Prentiss comes back , Reid feels betrayed by Prentiss for not telling him the truth , but Prentiss confronts him and they eventually reconcile . </P> <P> Prentiss is often seen hanging out with Jareau and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia outside of work . Garcia looks up to Prentiss and never fails to vocalize her admiration , whether it is for Prentiss 's fluency in Arabic , wit or the fact she took up salsa dancing classes . Garcia also notes that after four years with the team , Prentiss is a part of the `` BAU family ; '' they hold a close friendship . </P> <H2> On the job ( edit ) </H2> <P> Prentiss is shown to be an extremely competent , level - headed agent . She is not as affected by the nightmares that come with the job and manages to keep her cool in hostile confrontations . She is also shown to put herself in the line of fire , for example , volunteering to enter into the unsub 's house to rescue his young boy , and sacrifice herself for her teammates , as she did for Spencer Reid once in the season 4 episode , `` Minimal Loss '' . She does not act rashly and there was only one rare occasion where she allowed her personal feelings interfere with investigations . It has been mentioned by Morgan that she has problems trusting others , preferring to handle things independently instead of asking others to help , but it was revealed that this reluctance is due to her long background as an undercover agent . </P> <H3> Ian Doyle and `` death '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the sixth season , Agent Prentiss is notified by her former superiors at Interpol that a man named Ian Doyle has escaped from prison in North Korea . Later , after returning home from work , Prentiss receives several hang - up calls on her home phone from an unknown caller . Upon her return home on a subsequent night , she finds an anonymous gift on her doorstep , containing a single purple flower . She experiences a flashback to a past undercover job in Italy , during which she was acting as his girlfriend and surveiling Doyle . Recognizing that the gift of the purple flower means Doyle knows where she lives , Prentiss flees . In `` Coda '' , Prentiss enlists two former Interpol colleagues in hunting Doyle . Tsia Mosely , one of her Interpol colleagues , gets shot in the head by Doyle while visiting someone . At the end of that episode , Prentiss sneaks out of a meeting in order to save her BAU colleagues from Doyle . </P> <P> At the beginning of `` Lauren '' , it is revealed that Prentiss had been a spy eight years previously , on a task force profiling terrorists ; while undercover , she met Ian Doyle ( an arms dealer ) and became his lover . Her betrayal of Doyle led to his arrest and subsequent imprisonment , including time in a North Korean prison . Prentiss tracks down Doyle in Boston and tries to kill him , but he takes her hostage . Later , Rossi realized that she left their team meeting suddenly in order to protect them from Doyle as it was Prentiss that Doyle was after . Hotch says they will treat Doyle as an unsub and Prentiss as his victim , and profile them just as they would in any other case . </P> <P> They eventually track them down to an abandoned building in Boston and arrive with a SWAT team . Prentiss reveals to Doyle that his son , whom Doyle believed had been killed , is actually alive , and that she staged photos of executing the boy in order to get Doyle to break under interrogation in North Korea . After an intense fight , Doyle manages to stab Prentiss in the abdomen with a broken table leg . Even though she is dying , she refuses to tell him where his son is hiding , and Doyle escapes shortly before Morgan reaches her . In the hospital , the BAU team is notified that Prentiss has died . They are seen attending her funeral . The last scene , however , reveals she is alive and in Paris , where JJ meets her and gives her an envelope with `` passports from three different countries , and a bank account in each one to keep ( her ) comfortable '' . </P> <H3> Returning to the BAU ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the season seven premiere , Morgan captures Doyle and Emily returns to the BAU to assist the team in finding who kidnapped Doyle 's son . The team comes under fire from the judiciary panel for their retaliatory actions to avenge Prentiss 's death , but everyone stands their ground to protect the team . Section Chief Erin Strauss later reveals to them that the committee was persuaded by Prentiss ' defense and eventually decided to lift the BAU 's suspensions although they will still be `` keeping a close eye '' on the members . Reid , who is still angry over her ' death ' refuses to speak to her or JJ or even look them in the eye . At the end of `` Proof '' , Prentiss talks it through with him and they make amends . In the premiere it is also revealed that Garcia has been taking care of her cat , Sergio , and when she inquires about him , Garcia jokingly states that she wants visitation rights . </P> <P> In the season seven finale , Prentiss receives an offer to run Interpol 's London office . While still pondering her decision on the offer , Prentiss decides to leave the BAU . In the season eight premiere , Morgan and Garcia mention seeing her while they were in London and that Emily is doing fine . </P> <P> Brewster returned for guest appearances in the season 9 episode `` 200 '' in 2014 and the season 11 episode `` Tribute '' in early 2016 before returning as a regular cast member in the season 12 episode `` Taboo '' later in the year . </P> <P> She is now the Unit Chief of the BAU , following the departure of Aaron Hotchner . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` Breaking : ' Criminal Minds ' drops A.J. Cook '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' stars slam AJ Cook axe '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 2011 ) . `` Paget Brewster Returning To ' Criminal Minds ' Next Season , Rachel Nichols Leaving '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Look Who 's Back ! Paget Brewster Returning to Criminal Minds '' . eonline.com . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Paget Brewster Upped to Series Regular in Season 12 Following Thomas Gibson 's Firing '' . tvline.com . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cold Comfort '' , Season 4 Episode 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annihilator '' , Season 13 Episode 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lessons Learned '' , Season 2 Episode 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lauren '' Season 6 Episode 18 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Demonology '' , Season 4 Episode 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Honor Among Thieves '' , Season 2 Episode 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` <P> A million years ago when Paget was still on the show , they came up with this storyline that Paget 's character was gon na like , get up out of bed , and there was gon na be a woman in bed with her , and ... '' You Gotta Have An Aquafina Man Mindset . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . </P> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen 's podcast `` Let 's Process '' Episode Five : Kirsten Vangsness - AfterEllen `` . AfterEllen. 2015 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` * EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW * Paget Brewster on Coming Home , Emily 's Future ! '' . criminalmindsfans.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Valhalla '' , Season 6 Episode 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It Takes a Village '' , Season 7 Episode 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Proof '' , Season 7 Episode 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taboo '' , Season 12 , Episode 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elliot 's Pond '' , Season 12 , Episode 6 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Criminal Minds </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Criminal Minds </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jason Gideon </Li> <Li> Aaron Hotchner </Li> <Li> Elle Greenaway </Li> <Li> Derek Morgan </Li> <Li> Spencer Reid </Li> <Li> Jennifer Jareau </Li> <Li> Penelope Garcia </Li> <Li> Emily Prentiss </Li> <Li> David Rossi </Li> <Li> Alex Blake </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Video game </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Suspect Behavior </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sam Cooper </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Beyond Borders </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jack Garrett </Li> <Li> Clara Seger </Li> <Li> Russ Montgomery </Li> <Li> Matt Simmons </Li> <Li> Mae Jarvis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> South Korean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved

The team finds out that Prentiss is alive in

When does the team find out prentiss is alive?

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members . </P> <P> By April 6 , 1607 , Godspeed , Susan Constant and Discovery arrived at the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico , where they stopped for provisions before continuing their journey . In April 1607 , the expedition reached the southern edge of the mouth of what is now known as the Chesapeake Bay . After an unusually long journey of more than four months , the 104 men and boys ( one passenger of the original 105 died during the journey ) arrived at their chosen settlement spot in Virginia . There were no women on the first ships . </P> <P> Arriving at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay in late April , they named the Virginia capes after the sons of their king , the southern Cape Henry , for Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , and the northern Cape Charles , for his younger brother , Charles , Duke of York . On April 26 , 1607 , upon landing at Cape Henry , Chaplain Robert Hunt offered a prayer , and they set up a cross near the site of the current Cape Henry Memorial . This site came to be known as the `` first landing . '' A party of the men explored the area and had a minor conflict with some Virginia Indians . </P> <H2> Exploration , seeking a site ( edit ) </H2> Map in Marker in Puerto Rico 's which traces the routes taken by the Godspeed , Susan Constant and the Discovery and which commemorates their stopping in Puerto Rico from April 5 -- 10 , 1607 on their way to Virginia . <Table> <Tr> <Th> History of Virginia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> By year </Li> <Li> Pre-statehood </Li> <Li> American Revolution </Li> <Li> U.S. Civil War </Li> <Li> Post-Civil War </Li> <Li> Topics : Cities - Politics - Slavery </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> After the expedition arrived in what is now Virginia , sealed orders from the Virginia Company were opened . These orders named Captain John Smith as a member of the governing Council . Smith had been arrested for mutiny during the voyage and was incarcerated aboard one of the ships . He had been scheduled to be hanged upon arrival , but was freed by Captain Newport after the opening of the orders . The same orders also directed the expedition to seek an inland site for their settlement , which would afford protection from enemy ships . </P> <P> Obedient to their orders , the settlers and crewmembers re-boarded their three ships and proceeded into the Chesapeake Bay . They landed again at what is now called Old Point Comfort in the City of Hampton . In the following days , seeking a suitable location for their settlement , the ships ventured upstream along the James River . Both the James River and the settlement they sought to establish , Jamestown ( originally called `` James His Towne '' ) were named in honor of King James I . </P> <H3> The selection of Jamestown ( edit ) </H3> <P> On May 14 , 1607 , the colonists chose Jamestown Island for their settlement pretty much because the Virginia Company advised them to select a location that could be easily defended from attacks by other European states that were also establishing New World colonies and were periodically at war with England , notably the Dutch Republic , France , and Spain . </P> <P> The island fit the criteria as it had excellent visibility up and down the James River , and it was far enough inland to minimize the potential of contact and conflict with enemy ships . The water immediately adjacent to the land was deep enough to permit the colonists to anchor their ships , yet have an easy and quick departure if necessary . An additional benefit of the site was that the land was not occupied by the Virginia Indians , most of whom were affiliated with the Powhatan Confederacy . Largely cut off from the mainland , the shallow harbor afforded the earliest settlers docking of their ships . This was its greatest attraction , but it also created a number of challenging problems for the settlers . </P> <H3> Original Council ( edit ) </H3> <P> King James I had outlined the members of the Council to govern the settlement in the sealed orders which left London with the colonists in 1606 . </P> <P> Those named for the initial Council were : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bartholomew Gosnold , Captain of Godspeed </Li> <Li> Christopher Newport , Captain of Susan Constant , later of Sea Venture </Li> <Li> George Kendall , later executed by capital punishment in Jamestown </Li> <Li> John Martin , later founder of Martin 's Brandon Plantation </Li> <Li> George Percy , twice president of the council </Li> <Li> John Ratcliffe , Captain of Discovery , second President of the Council </Li> <Li> John Smith , third President of the Council , and author of many books from the period . </Li> <Li> Edward Maria Wingfield , first President of the Council at Jamestown </Li> </Ul> <H2> The early settlement ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Construction of the fort ( edit ) </H3> <P> The settlers came ashore and quickly set about constructing their initial fort . Many of the settlers who came over on the initial three ships were not well - equipped for the life they found in Jamestown . A number of the original settlers were upper - class gentlemen who were not accustomed to manual labor ; the group included very few farmers or skilled laborers . Also notable among the first settlers was Robert Hunt , chaplain who gave the first Christian prayer at Cape Henry on April 26 , 1607 , and held open - air services at Jamestown until a church was built there . </P> <P> Despite the immediate area of Jamestown being uninhabited , the settlers were attacked less than two weeks after their arrival on May 14 , by Paspahegh Indians who succeeded in killing one of the settlers and wounding eleven more . Within a month , James Fort covered an acre on Jamestown Island . By June 15 , the settlers finished building the triangular James Fort . The wooden palisaded walls formed a triangle around a storehouse , church , and a number of houses . A week later , Newport sailed back for London on Susan Constant with a load of pyrite ( `` fools ' gold '' ) and other supposedly precious minerals , leaving behind 104 colonists and Discovery . </P> <P> It soon became apparent why the Virginia Indians did not occupy the site : Jamestown Island , then a peninsula , is a swampy area , and its isolation from the mainland meant that there was limited hunting available , as most game animals required larger foraging areas . The settlers quickly hunted and killed off all the large and smaller game animals that were found on the tiny peninsula . In addition , the low , marshy area was infested with airborne pests , including mosquitoes , which carried malaria , and the brackish water of the tidal James River was not a good source of water . Over 135 settlers died from malaria , and drinking the salinated and contaminated water caused many to suffer from saltwater poisoning , fevers , and dysentery . Despite original intentions to grow food and trade with the Virginia Indians , the barely surviving colonists became dependent upon supply missions . </P> <H3> First Supply ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Jamestown supply missions § First supply mission <P> Newport returned twice from England with additional supplies in the following 18 months , leading what were termed the First and Second Supply missions . The `` First Supply '' arrived on January 2 , 1608 . It contained insufficient provisions and more than 70 new colonists . Shortly after its arrival , the fort burned down . The Council received additional members from the First and Second Supply missions brought by Captain Newport . These were : Matthew Scrivener ( First Supply ) , and Peter Winne ( Second Supply ) . </P> <H3> Second Supply ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Second Supply Working reconstruction of the Jamestown Glasshouse at Historic Jamestowne , located next to the ruins of the original glassworks constructed in 1608 by settlers from the Second Supply . <P> On October 1 , 1608 , 70 new settlers arrived aboard the English `` Mary and Margaret '' with the Second Supply , following a journey of approximately three months . Included in the Second Supply were Thomas Graves , Thomas Forrest , Esq and `` Mistress Forrest and Anne Burras her maide . '' Mistress Forrest and Anne Burras were the first two women known to have come to the Jamestown Colony . Remains unearthed at Jamestown in 1997 may be those of Mistress Forrest . </P> <P> Also included were the first non-English settlers . The company recruited these as skilled craftsmen and industry specialists : soap - ash , glass , lumber milling ( wainscot , clapboard , and ' deal ' -- planks , especially soft wood planks ) and naval stores ( pitch , turpentine , and tar ) . Among these additional settlers were eight `` Dutch - men '' ( consisting of unnamed craftsmen and three who were probably the wood - mill - men -- Adam , Franz and Samuel ) `` Dutch - men '' ( probably meaning German or German - speakers ) , Polish and Slovak craftsmen , who had been hired by the Virginia Company of London 's leaders to help develop and manufacture profitable export products . There has been debate about the nationality of the specific craftsmen , and both the Germans and Poles claim the glassmaker for one of their own , but the evidence is insufficient . Ethnicity is further complicated by the fact that the German minority in Royal Prussia lived under Polish control during this period . Originally , the colony 's Polish craftsmen were barred from participating in the elections , but after the craftsmen refused to work , colonial leadership agreed to enfranchise them . These workers staged the first recorded strike in Colonial America for the right to vote in the colony 's 1619 election . </P> <P> William Volday / Wilhelm Waldi , a Swiss German mineral prospector , was also among those who arrived in 1608 . His mission was seeking a silver reservoir that was believed to be within the proximity of Jamestown . Some of the settlers were artisans who built a glass furnace which became the first proto - factory in British North America . Additional craftsmen produced soap , pitch , and wood building supplies . Among all of these were the first made - in - America products to be exported to Europe . However , despite all these efforts , profits from exports were not sufficient to meet the expenses and expectations of the investors back in England , and no silver or gold had been discovered , as earlier hoped . </P> <H2> Ongoing struggles ( edit ) </H2> Engraving depicting Capt . John Smith . <H3> Smith 's Role ( edit ) </H3> John Smith 's map of Virginia , ca . 1609 . <P> In the months before becoming president of the colony for a year in September 1608 , Captain John Smith did considerable exploration up the Chesapeake Bay and along the various rivers . He is credited by legend with naming Stingray Point ( near present - day Deltaville in Middlesex County for an incident there ) . Smith was always seeking a supply of food for the colonists , and he successfully traded for food with the Nansemonds , who were located along the Nansemond River in the modern - day City of Suffolk , and several other

Before the arrival of the English, Jamestown was

Who lived in jamestown before the arrival of the english?

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List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters - wikipedia <H1> List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2018 Winter Olympics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bid process ( bid details ) </Li> <Li> Venues </Li> <Li> Torch relay </Li> <Li> Mascots </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) </Li> <Li> Chronological summary </Li> <Li> Medal table ( medalists ) </Li> <Li> World and Olympic records </Li> <Li> Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) </Li> <Li> Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) </Li> <Li> Paralympics </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> IOC </Li> <Li> KOC </Li> <Li> POCOG </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang are televised by a number of broadcasters throughout the world . As with previous years , Olympic Broadcasting Services together with Japan 's NHK produces the world feed provided to local broadcasters for use in their coverage , including about 90 hours of content captured in 8K . </P> <P> The Games are broadcast in ultra-high resolution and high dynamic range in select markets . In South Korea , terrestrial UHD broadcasts employ ATSC 3.0 standard , launched on May 31 , 2017 by SBS , MBC , and KBS in major South Korean markets such as Seoul and Incheon . In the United States UHD broadcasts are available to cable subscribers of NBCUniversal , and to subscribers of satellite TV providers DirecTV and Dish Network . </P> <H2> Broadcasters ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications -- owner of Eurosport , had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics from 2018 through 2024 across Europe , excluding Russia , on all platforms . Discovery will sub-license its broadcast rights to local free - to - air networks on a territorial basis . Discovery 's rights deal will , initially , not cover France due to pre-existing rights deals with France Télévisions that run through the 2020 Games . Unlike previous pan-European deals , such as with the European Broadcasting Union and Sportfive , Discovery will not solely serve as a reseller , and intends to carry coverage on its regional properties , but has committed to sub-licensing at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air networks . In the United Kingdom , Discovery will sub-license exclusive pay television rights from the BBC ( which still holds broadcast rights through 2020 ) , in exchange for sub-licensing free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery . </P> <P> In addition , IMG was awarded the in - flight / in - ships broadcast rights . The Olympic Channel will broadcast the Games across the Indian subcontinent . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Territory </Th> <Th> Rights holder </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asia </Td> <Td> Dentsu </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Seven Network </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Grupo Globo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CBC / Radio - Canada </Li> <Li> Bell Media </Li> <Li> Rogers Media </Li> <Li> TLN </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caribbean </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Media Content Ltd . </Li> <Li> SportsMax </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cayman Islands </Td> <Td> Cayman 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> CCTV </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chinese Taipei </Td> <Td> ELTA </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> ICRT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eurosport </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> RTSH </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andorra </Td> <Td> RTVA </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> APMTV </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> ORF </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AzTV </Li> <Li> İdman TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> Belteleradio </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> VRT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> BHRT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> BNT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> HRT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> ČT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> DR </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> Eesti Meedia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> Yle </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> GPB </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ARD </Li> <Li> ZDF </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> ERT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> MTVA </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> RÚV </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> RTÉ </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> Sport 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> RAI </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kosovo </Td> <Td> RTK </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> LTV </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td> SRG SSR </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> TV3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> MRT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> TVR </Li> <Li> TRM </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> RTCG </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> NOS </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> TVNorge </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> TVP </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> RTP </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> TVR </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> RTS </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> RTVS </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> RTV </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> DMAX </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Kanal 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> SRG SSR </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> TRT </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> UA : PBC </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BBC </Li> <Li> Eurosport </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> France Télévisions </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hong Kong </Td> <Td> TVB </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> IRIB Varzesh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Japan Consortium </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> RTRK </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> KTRK </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latin America </Td> <Td> América Móvil </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> Astro </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MENA </Td> <Td> beIN Sports </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> TV5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Sky Television </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Korea </Td> <Td> SBS </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oceania </Td> <Td> Sky Television </Td> <Td> ' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> PTV </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> TV5 Network </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Perviy Kanal </Li> <Li> VGTRK </Li> <Li> Match TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eleven Sports Network </Li> <Li> MediaCorp </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SABC </Li> <Li> SuperSport </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SBS </Li> <Li> MBC </Li> <Li> KBS </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sub-Saharan Africa </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Econet Media </Li> <Li> SuperSport </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> Varzish TV </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> Workpoint TV </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> NBCUniversal </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> Uzreport TV </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> VTV </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Rights to be sold to local broadcaster </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Including microstate of San Marino and Vatican City </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazer , Bryant ( 8 February 2018 ) . `` NBC 's 4K HDR Olympics by the Numbers -- and the Broadcast Tech Behind It '' . studiodaily . Studiodaily.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pennington , Adrian ( 31 January 2018 ) . `` Winter Olympics innovates with 8K HDR and live 5G production firsts '' . ibc.org . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carter , Jamie ( 4 February 2018 ) . `` The top tech at the 2018 Winter Olympics : 5G , VR , 4K , bullet time and SmartSuits '' . South China Morning Post . scmp.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` South Korean Broadcasters Ready to Launch ATSC 3.0 '' . TV Technology . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvey , Steve ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` 2018 A Crucial Year for ATSC 3.0 '' . Pro Sound News . Prosoundnetwork.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ways to Watch the Winter Olympics in 4K UHD with X1 '' . Xfinity . xfinity.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` XXIII Olympic Winter Games '' . mydish . mydish.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC awards European broadcast rights to SPORTFIVE '' . ESPN . 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through ' 24 '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC appoints IMG as inflight rights holder for Olympic Games '' . getconnected.aero . Get Connected . 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Olympic Channel to broadcast PyeongChang 2018 across India and sub-continent '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 - 2024 broadcast rights in Asia '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven Network reclaims rights to broadcast Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro in 2016 and Tokyo in 2020 '' . News.com.au. 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC reaches agreement for broadcast rights in Brazil with Grupo Globo through to 2032 '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2018 - 2020 broadcast rights in Canada '' . International Olympic Committee . Olympic.org. 28 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carp , Sam ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` TLN seals Olympic rights in Canada '' . SportsPro . Sportspromedia.com . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Furlong , Christopher ( 20 July 2016 ) . `` IOC

In Canada, the Winter Olympics are being covered by

Who is covering the winter olympics in canada?

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List of Girl Meets World characters - wikipedia <H1> List of Girl Meets World characters </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The main characters . From left to right : Lucas , Auggie , Topanga , Riley , Cory , Maya , and Farkle . <P> Girl Meets World is an American comedy television series created by Michael Jacobs and April Kelly that aired on Disney Channel from June 27 , 2014 to January 20 , 2017 . The series is a spinoff of Boy Meets World and stars Rowan Blanchard , Ben Savage , Sabrina Carpenter , Peyton Meyer , August Maturo , Danielle Fishel , and Corey Fogelmanis . </P> <P> The series centers around the life of Riley and her friends and family , particularly their school life , in which Cory is their history teacher . Riley shares a strong relationship with her best friend Maya Hart , who assists her in learning to cope with the social and personal issues of adolescence . Several Boy Meets World cast members make appearances in the series , reprising their roles from Boy Meets World . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Main characters <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Riley Matthews </Li> <Li> 1.2 Cory Matthews </Li> <Li> 1.3 Maya Hart </Li> <Li> 1.4 Lucas Friar </Li> <Li> 1.5 Auggie Matthews </Li> <Li> 1.6 Topanga Matthews </Li> <Li> 1.7 Farkle Minkus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Recurring characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Evelyn Rand </Li> <Li> 2.2 Ava Morgenstern </Li> <Li> 2.3 Smackle </Li> <Li> 2.4 Katy Hart </Li> <Li> 2.5 Ms. Kossal </Li> <Li> 2.6 Dewey / Doy </Li> <Li> 2.7 Zay Babineaux </Li> <Li> 2.8 Charlie Gardner </Li> <Li> 2.9 Sarah </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Boy Meets World alumni <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Mr. Feeny </Li> <Li> 3.2 Minkus </Li> <Li> 3.3 Harley Keiner </Li> <Li> 3.4 Alan Matthews </Li> <Li> 3.5 Amy Matthews </Li> <Li> 3.6 Joshua Matthews </Li> <Li> 3.7 Shawn Hunter </Li> <Li> 3.8 Eric Matthews </Li> <Li> 3.9 Angela Moore </Li> <Li> 3.10 Chet Hunter </Li> <Li> 3.11 TJ Murphy </Li> <Li> 3.12 Mr. Turner </Li> <Li> 3.13 Jack Hunter </Li> <Li> 3.14 Jennifer Bassett Minkus </Li> <Li> 3.15 Morgan Matthews </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References <Ul> <Li> 6.1 General references </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Main characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Riley Matthews ( edit ) </H3> <P> Riley Matthews ( Rowan Blanchard ) is the daughter of Cory and Topanga Matthews , and has a younger brother named Auggie . </P> <P> At the start of the series , Riley is 12 years old and in seventh grade . She and her best friend , Maya Hart , explore school and life together while making new friends along the way . She and Maya are in middle school for the first two seasons and then high school beginning in the third season . Riley is very much like her father , having similar personality and character traits , but in the season two episode `` Girl Meets Cory and Topanga '' she finds out how goofy both her parents were in their childhood and now realizes that she is like both of them . </P> <P> In the pilot episode , Riley develops a crush on Lucas Friar , whom she met on the subway on the way to school ; he later becomes her classmate in Cory 's history class ; they go out for the first time in `` Girl Meets First Date '' . During season two Riley and Maya discover that they both like Lucas and he also likes the two of them , but Riley is Lucas ' choice in season three 's two - part episode `` Girl meets Ski Lodge '' . </P> <P> She is periodically portrayed by Lindsey Lamer in flashbacks to Riley and Maya 's childhood , and as an adult in one episode by Mariah Buzolin . </P> <H3> Cory Matthews ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Cory Matthews <P> Cory Matthews ( Ben Savage ) is Riley and Auggie 's father and Topanga 's husband . He has taken a job as a history teacher at John Quincy Adams Middle School for the first two seasons and then Abigail Adams High School beginning the third season . In both settings , his class consists of his daughter and her friends and his history lessons relate to their lives , becoming life lessons for them . In addition to being Riley 's father , he often acts as a father figure to Maya . He also acts as a mentor to his students , much like Mr. Feeny was to Cory , Topanga , and Shawn in Boy Meets World . </P> <H3> Maya Hart ( edit ) </H3> <P> Maya Hart ( Sabrina Carpenter ) is Riley 's best friend . Maya was raised in a single - parent household by her mother Katy ; she is tomboyish , social and street smart , but has a troubled past rooted in the fact that her father Kermit abandoned her and Katy before Maya turned five . Consequently , Maya is wild and rebellious as evidenced by her actions , such as protesting homework and almost lighting a class assignment on fire , but her friendship with Riley and the Matthews ' family keep her grounded most of the time . </P> <P> In the second season three - part episode `` Girl Meets Texas '' , Maya is shown to have deeper feelings for Lucas than she normally lets on ; Riley notices Maya 's feelings and decides to step back from Lucas and let Maya start a relationship with him , which turns out to be awkward . In season 3 , Maya goes through an identity crisis stemming from the fact that she loves Riley so much that Maya was influenced by her , which turned out to be an underlying reason why she liked Lucas . After Riley helped bring Maya back to her true self , she realized that she does n't like Lucas but was protective of Riley and showed her support for Riley and Lucas as a couple . </P> <P> Beginning in the first season , Maya develops a crush on Cory 's younger brother Joshua . He downplays it as a schoolgirl crush until season 3 when , in the two - parter `` Girl Meets Ski Lodge '' , Maya tells him she genuinely likes him , and he finally admits he has feelings for her as well ; he tells her that there is a chance for them and that he is willing to play the long game and see what happens . In the third season , after her mother Katy marries Shawn Hunter , Shawn presents Maya with adoption papers , and Maya accepts , proclaiming herself as Maya Hunter . </P> <P> Maya is periodically portrayed by Ivy George in flashbacks to Maya and Riley 's childhood , and as an adult in one episode by Ruby Lewis . </P> <H3> Lucas Friar ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lucas Friar ( Peyton Meyer ) is another member of the group and at first was both Riley and Maya 's love interest until Maya decided Riley and Lucas were good for one another . </P> <P> Originally from Austin , Texas , Lucas has gentlemanly manners and common sense , and has shown to be the protector of the group as he is fearless and unstoppable when defending his friends . Because of his Texas upbringing , Maya often addresses Lucas stereotypically calling him derisive but good - natured names like `` Huckleberry '' , `` Ranger Rick '' and `` Bucky McBoingboing '' ; in `` Girl Meets 1961 '' Lucas finds out that he is from a family of cowboys and had a great grandfather who had a brief career as a musician . In `` Girl Meets the Secret of Life '' , it is revealed that Lucas is a year older than his classmates , and his father was transferred to New York giving Lucas a fresh start . He had been expelled from his former school in Austin . The reason for his expulsion involved sticking up for his friend Zay Babineaux after he got into trouble with some students . </P> <H3> Auggie Matthews ( edit ) </H3> <P> Auggie Matthews ( August Maturo ) is Riley 's precocious young brother and Cory and Topanga 's son . In the pilot episode he believed himself to be Riley 's twin , and wants to be like his father when he grows up . </P> <H3> Topanga Matthews ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Topanga Matthews <P> Topanga Matthews ( Danielle Fishel ) is Riley and Auggie 's mother and Cory 's wife . Topanga is Cory 's high school girlfriend and they have been friends since they were babies . Topanga has become a successful lawyer and is a loving and protective mother as shown in `` Girl Meets Sneak Attack '' . She later inherits Svorski 's from the late Mrs. Svorski , later changing the bakery 's name to Topanga 's . </P> <H3> Farkle Minkus ( edit ) </H3> <P> Farkle Minkus ( Corey Fogelmanis ) is close friends with Riley and Maya , but is also infatuated with them . In `` Girl Meets Sneak Attack '' , it is shown that he cares for the two and will do anything for them to be happy . He is smart , eccentric , and a big flirt . He is shown to be the teacher 's pet in many episodes . He is the son of Cory and Topanga 's former classmates , Stuart Minkus and Jennifer Bassett ; of the two , Farkle bears great similarities to his father . </P> <P> Farkle cares a great deal about his education and always keeps his grades up in class . In the season two episode `` Girl Meets I Am Farkle '' , his IQ score is found to be exceptionally high , so his guidance counselor has him take a series of tests to find out whether or not he has Asperger 's Syndrome , which he and his friends are relieved to find that he does not ; in this same episode he begins a relationship with his former arch - nemesis , Isadora Smackle , who reveals she was diagnosed with Asperger 's at age five . </P> <H2> Recurring characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Evelyn Rand ( edit ) </H3> <P> Evelyn Rand ( Jackée Harry ) meets Riley and Maya on the subway in the pilot ; they later call her Crazy Hat because of the obscure hats they see her wearing at the subway station . She is revealed to be a successful businesswoman . </P> <H3> Ava Morgenstern ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ava Morgenstern ( Ava Kolker ) is Auggie 's girlfriend . Being slightly older , she manipulates Auggie into doing whatever she wants , remaining oblivious to how this affects him . Ava 's personality appears to be a product of her mom 's way of raising her . Early on , Topanga makes it clear that she does not like Ava , but in the season 2 episode `` Girl Meets STEM '' , she takes Ava 's side : Ava is furious when she and Auggie get exactly the same trophy after Ava singlehandedly defeats Auggie 's soccer team 29 - 0 . In the season 3 premiere `` Girl Meets High School : Part One '' , Ava comes to Cory , Topanga , and Auggie when her parents are splitting up . In `` Girl Meets I Do , '' Ava attends Shawn and Katy 's

The actor who plays the dad in Girl Meets World is

Who plays the dad in girl meets world?

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Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle - wikipedia <H1> Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Danny Leiner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nathan Kahane </Li> <Li> Greg Shapiro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jon Hurwitz </Li> <Li> Hayden Schlossberg </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Cho </Li> <Li> Kal Penn </Li> <Li> Paula Garcés </Li> <Li> Neil Patrick Harris </Li> <Li> Anthony Anderson </Li> <Li> Fred Willard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> David Kitay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Bruce Douglas Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Jeff Betancourt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Senator International </Li> <Li> Kingsgate Films </Li> <Li> Endgame Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> New Line Cinema </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> July 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 30 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 88 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $9 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $23.9 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle ( alternatively known as Harold & Kumar Get the Munchies ) is a 2004 American stoner comedy film and the first installment of the Harold & Kumar series . The film was written by Jon Hurwitz and Hayden Schlossberg , and directed by Danny Leiner . </P> <P> The story follows Harold Lee ( John Cho ) and Kumar Patel ( Kal Penn ) as they decide to go to the fast food chain White Castle after smoking marijuana , but end up on a series of comical misadventures along the way . </P> <P> The film also features Fred Willard , Paula Garcés , Anthony Anderson , Dan Bochart , Ethan Embry , Jamie Kennedy , Bobby Lee , Christopher Meloni , Ryan Reynolds , Shaun Majumder , David Krumholtz , Eddie Kaye Thomas , Malin Åkerman , and Neil Patrick Harris , who plays a fictionalized version of himself . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 4.2 Critical reception </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Sequels </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Investment banker Harold Lee is persuaded by his colleagues to do their work while they leave for the weekend . Kumar Patel attends a medical school interview , but intentionally botches it to prevent getting accepted . Harold is attracted to his neighbor , Maria , but is unable to admit his feelings . After smoking marijuana with Kumar , and seeing an advertisement for White Castle , the pair decide to get hamburgers . After traveling to the nearest White Castle in New Brunswick , they find it replaced by `` Burger Shack '' but learn of another White Castle in Cherry Hill . </P> <P> Kumar suggests stopping at Princeton University to buy more marijuana . Kumar buys marijuana from a student and they are discovered by campus security and forced to flee , losing their marijuana . Harold and Kumar resume their drive , and Kumar pulls over to urinate . A raccoon gets in the car and bites Harold . Kumar takes Harold to a hospital where Kumar 's father and older brother work . Kumar steals ID badges to obtain medical marijuana , but after being mistaken for his brother , Kumar performs surgery on a gunshot victim and , after the surgery , the patient tells them how to reach White Castle . </P> <P> Kumar spots Maria at a movie theatre . He decides to get her attention so Harold can talk to her , but Harold panics and crashes the car . They are rescued by Freakshow , a tow - truck driver , who takes them to his house to repair their car . Harold and Kumar are propositioned by Freakshow 's wife , but after Freakshow suggests a foursome , Harold and Kumar flee in disgust . Kumar pick up a hitchhiker , Neil Patrick Harris , who is high on ecstasy . Harold and Kumar go into a convenience store to get directions and Harris drives away . The duo are then harassed by a racist police officer for jaywalking . Harold attempts to punch Kumar for teasing the officer , but ends up punching the officer , resulting in his arrest . </P> <P> Kumar fakes a 911 call to draw the police away and breaks into the station to free Harold . Harold and Kumar flee . The pair encounters an escaped cheetah , and after smoking marijuana with it , they ride it . After encountering a group of extreme sports punks who have been harassing the pair , Harold and Kumar steal their truck . A police officer spots the speeding truck and chases them . They are trapped when they reach the edge of a cliff . Spotting the White Castle below , Harold and Kumar use a hang glider from the truck to reach their destination . The pair place their orders but are disheartened to find they have no money . Harris suddenly appears , and pays for their meal as an apology for stealing their car . </P> <P> Kumar realizes he wants to be a doctor , but is afraid of conforming to the stereotype of Indians becoming doctors . Harold notices his co-workers pull up with two women and gets angry at them because they said they had to work with clients but were actually out partying . He tells them off and threatens to get them fired and humiliated if it happens again . After returning to their apartment they encounter Maria . Harold professes his feelings for her and they kiss . She informs Harold that she is leaving for Amsterdam but will return in ten days . Kumar convinces Harold to go with him to Amsterdam to pursue Maria , reminding him that marijuana is legal in the Netherlands . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> John Cho as Harold Lee , a second generation Korean - American man working at his first job in investment banking . </Li> <Li> Kal Penn as Kumar Patel , a second generation Indian - American whose family thinks that he will become a doctor like his father and brother . </Li> <Li> Paula Garcés as Maria Perez , Harold and Kumar 's neighbor , on whom Harold has a crush . </Li> <Li> Neil Patrick Harris as a fictionalized version of himself . </Li> <Li> Ryan Reynolds as an OR nurse </Li> <Li> David Krumholtz as Goldstein , Harold and Kumar 's neighbor and Rosenberg 's roommate </Li> <Li> Eddie Kaye Thomas as Rosenberg , Harold and Kumar 's neighbor and Goldstein 's roommate </Li> <Li> Brooke D'Orsay as Clarissa , twin sister student at Princeton University who agreed to smoke weed with Kumar </Li> <Li> Kate Kelton as Chrissy , twin sister student at Princeton University who agreed to smoke weed with Kumar </Li> <Li> Christopher Meloni as Randy / Freakshow , a car mechanic with infected pimples on his face and neck who fixed Harold and Kumar 's car </Li> <Li> Sandy Jobin Bevans as Officer Palumbo , a police officer </Li> <Li> Fred Willard as Dr. Willoughby , medical school dean who interviewed Kumar </Li> <Li> Robert Tinkler as J.D. </Li> <Li> Anthony Anderson as the Burger Shack Employee </Li> <Li> Siu Ta as Cindy Kim , student at Princeton University who has a crush on Harold </Li> <Li> Malin Åkerman as Liane , Freakshow 's wife </Li> <Li> Dov Tiefenbach as Bradley Thomas , student at Princeton University who sold weed to Kumar </Li> <Li> Gary Anthony Williams as Tarik Jackson , a philosophical black man in who has been arrested for being black </Li> <Li> Gary Archibald as Nathaniel Brooks </Li> <Li> Craig Stevens as Ralph </Li> <Li> Jamie Kennedy as Creepy Guy ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Ethan Embry as Billy Carver </Li> </Ul> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle -- Soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various Artists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> July 27th , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Bulletproof </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle : Original Soundtrack was released on July 27 , 2004 . It contains 16 songs from the film . </P> The Princeton campus was used as one of the sets in Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle . <Dl> <Dt> Track list </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Chick Magnet '' -- MxPx </Li> <Li> `` One Good Spliff '' -- Ziggy Marley / The Melody Makers </Li> <Li> `` Yeah ( Dream of Me ) '' -- All Too Much </Li> <Li> `` Righteous Dub '' -- Long Beach Dub All Stars </Li> <Li> `` Skunk One '' -- Kottonmouth Kings </Li> <Li> `` Same Old Song '' -- Phunk Junkeez </Li> <Li> `` White Castle Blues '' -- The Smithereens </Li> <Li> `` Crazy On You '' -- Heart </Li> <Li> `` Cameltoe '' -- Fannypack </Li> <Li> `` Kinda High , Kinda Drunk '' -- Coolio </Li> <Li> `` Mary Jane '' -- Rick James </Li> <Li> `` I Wanna Get Next to You '' -- Rose Royce </Li> <Li> `` Hold On '' -- Wilson Phillips </Li> <Li> `` Ridin ' '' -- Classic & 86 </Li> <Li> `` Arrival at White Castle '' -- Heiruspecs </Li> <Li> `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' -- Nicki French </Li> </Ol> <P> Songs that are in the film but do not appear on the soundtrack include : </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Also Sprach Zarathustra '' -- David Kitay </Li> <Li> `` Baby Baby '' -- Amy Grant </Li> <Li> `` Ballin ' Boy '' -- No Good </Li> <Li> `` Click Click Pow '' -- Lexicon ( real song title is `` The Official '' ) </Li> <Li> `` Warrior Dance '' -- Zion I feat . Pep Love </Li> <Li> `` Fall In Line '' -- Phunk Junkeez </Li> <Li> `` Faraway '' -- Dara Schindler </Li> <Li> `` Gangsta Gangsta '' -- J. O'Neal / D. Black </Li> <Li> `` Girl From Ypsilanti '' -- Daniel May </Li> <Li> `` Let 's Get Retarded '' -- Black Eyed Peas ( this song is the unedited version of their `` Let 's Get It Started '' hit ) </Li> <Li> `` Looney '' -- Moonshine Bandits </Li> <Li> `` Mariachi Speier '' -- Eric Speier </Li> <Li> `` On the Ganges '' -- Matt Hirt </Li> <Li> `` Rock to the Rhythm '' -- Lexicon ( actual song name is `` Rock '' ) </Li> <Li> `` Rock Your Body 2004 '' -- Stagga Lee </Li> <Li> `` Ooh Wee '' -- Mark Ronson </Li> </Ol> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> In its opening weekend , the film grossed $5,480,378 in 2135 theatres in the United States and Canada . In total it had a worldwide gross of $23,936,908 . </P> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film was positively received by critics , with a 74 % rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 147 reviews ; the consensus states `` The likable leads and subversion of racial stereotypes elevate Harold and Kumar above the typical stoner comedy . '' </P> <P> Film critic

The White Castle that Harold and Kumar go to is located

Where is the white castle that harold and kumar go to?

4721622231665415813

the United Kingdom - wikipedia <H1> Child benefits in the United Kingdom </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Child benefits in the United Kingdom are a series of welfare payments and tax credits made to parents with children in the UK , a major part of the welfare state . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 The child tax allowance </Li> <Li> 2 Family Allowance </Li> <Li> 3 Family Income Supplement </Li> <Li> 4 Child Benefit and the end of child tax allowance </Li> <Li> 5 Current rates </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> The child tax allowance ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first modern child tax credit was introduced in the 1909 ' People 's Budget ' of Lloyd - George . This introduced a £ 10 income tax allowance per child , for tax payers earning under £ 500 per annum . Following extensive Parliamentary debate , the Budget became law as the Finance Act ( 1909 -- 1910 ) 1910 on 29 April 1910 . Since the income tax rate was then 1 shilling , two pence in the pound ( 5.83 % ) , the value of the tax credit was therefore 11 shillings and eight pence per child . Since most people did not earn enough to pay tax , this was a subsidy for middle class parents . The nominal value of these tax credits were generally , though not always , increased in line with income tax rates . For instance , by 1916 , income tax had increased to five shillings in the pound ( 25 % ) , and the tax credit to £ 25 , giving a value of the tax credit of £ 6 5 shillings . </P> <H2> Family allowance ( edit ) </H2> <P> Calls began for a specific family payment in the early part of the 20th century . These were successfully opposed by those who saw men , earning higher wages than women , as bread - winners , supporting the family through their wages - family allowance payments were seen as socialist and / or feminist in nature . In addition , eugenicist arguments perceived the poor as unworthy of support . </P> <P> Over the 1930s , growing evidence showed that large numbers of children were born into poverty , with 47 % suffering five years or more of malnutrition . Higher wages would not effectively target these children , as the majority of male workers had no dependent children . A White Paper of Family Allowances was published in May 1942 , giving costings for various levels of family allowance . These were not immediately adopted , and following the publication of the Beveridge Report , which called for subsistence levels of payments , uprated with the cost of living , the Family Allowances Act 1945 was passed . This provide for a five shilling per week payment for each child , after the first . This was designed to support large families , and was set well below the nine shilling a week subsistence level ( further devalued by inflation ) recommended by Beveridge . In 1952 the rate was increased to eight shillings per week . In 1956 the rate for the third and subsequent children was increased to ten shillings per week , and the maximum age for payments for dependent children was increased from 15 to 18 . </P> <P> In 1968 the rates were increased from 8 to 15 and then 18 shillings and from 10 to 17 shillings and then £ 1 respectively , but this was paid for in part by a reduction in the value of child tax allowance , so that the poor would benefit , but the middle classes did not . </P> <P> In 1975 , the rate was increased to £ 1.50 for each child after the first . </P> <H2> Family income Supplement ( edit ) </H2> <P> Family Income Supplement was introduced in 1970 by the new Conservative government of Edward Heath , following a child poverty campaign , effective from August 1971 , and provided for a payment to families on low wages . Claimants were required to provide payslips , to prove they were in employment , for a minimum of 24 hours per week . Takeup of the benefit was initially poor , with only half of those eligible claiming . </P> <P> Rates were raised largely in line with inflation to 1979 , but several above - inflation increases followed under the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher . By November 1984 , rates had risen to a maximum £ 23 / week for one child , and an additional maximum of £ 2 / week for each subsequent child , based on a maximum income threshold of £ 90 / week , plus £ 10 / week for each additional child . In addition , the numbers of families in receipt of the benefit , which showed no increase in the number of recipients over the 1970s ( in 1972 , there were 89,000 in receipt , and in 1980 , 88,000 ) , grew increased sevenfold over the course of the 1979 -- 1997 Conservative governments . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Claimants </Th> <Th> Annual Growth rate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 89,000 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 85,000 </Td> <Td> 0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 199,000 </Td> <Td> 18.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 300,000 </Td> <Td> 9.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> 600,000 </Td> <Td> 13.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 780,000 </Td> <Td> 6.8 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Social Security Act 1986 provided for Family Income Supplement to be replaced with Family Credit , a similar scheme . </P> <H2> Child benefit and the end of child tax allowance ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Child Benefit Bill was introduced in 1975 by Barbara Castle , introducing for the first time a universal payment , paid for each child , doubling the number of children within its scope . Like the family allowance , which it replaced , the new benefit was not means tested ; an attempt by the Callaghan government to introduce this was thwarted in 1976 when cabinet papers were leaked to the Child Poverty Action Group . </P> <P> The rate payable was £ 1 / week for the first and £ 1.50 for each subsequent child . An addition 50p was payable to lone - parent families . Unlike the family allowance , provision was made for the rate to be uprated , at the Secretary of State 's discretion , each year . By the end of 1978 the rate had been increased to £ 3 / week for each child , with an additional £ 2 / week payable to lone - parent families . </P> <P> In 1979 the Child Tax Allowance was removed , the value of the allowance taken up in higher child benefit payments , now £ 4 / week , plus £ 2.50 / week extra for lone - parent families . </P> <P> Child benefit rates were uprated roughly in line with inflation until 1988 , but subsequently was frozen until 1990 , in order to curb welfare spending . A new higher rate of child benefit , payable for the first child only , was introduced in 1991 . This was £ 1 higher than the rate payable for subsequent children , which was again frozen , at £ 7.25 / week . From 1991 Child Benefit increased in line with inflation , until 1998 , when the new Labour government increased the first child rate by more than 20 % , and abolished the Lone Parent rate . </P> <P> Rates increased again in line with inflation until 2010 , since which time they have been frozen . </P> <P> Effective from 7 January 2013 , Child Benefit , a universal benefit since its introduction , became means tested - those earning more than £ 50,000 per year would have part of their benefit withdrawn , and if earning over £ 60,000 , would receive nothing at all . The charge was based on individual , not household income , hence two earners on £ 49,999 would receive full child benefit , while one earner earning £ 60,000 would receive none . </P> <H2> Current rates ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following are the rates that apply as of March 2017 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Who the allowance is for </Th> <Th> Weekly rate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eldest or only child </Td> <Td> £ 20.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Additional children </Td> <Td> £ 13.70 ( per child ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Speenhamland system </Li> <Li> Family Credit </Li> <Li> Working Families Tax Credit </Li> <Li> Child Tax Credit </Li> <Li> Universal Credit </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Finance ( 1909 - 10 ) Act 1910 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Family , Dependence , and the Origins of the Welfare State : Britain and France - Susan Pedersen </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Cabinet Papers -- The Beveridge Report and child benefit '' . nationalarchives.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Family Allowances and National Insurance Act 1967 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Committee Office , House of Commons ( 3 March 1999 ) . `` House of Commons - Social Security - Report '' . publications.parliament.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Family Allowances : 15 Jul 1968 : House of Commons debates - TheyWorkForYou '' . theyworkforyou.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Social Security Benefits Act 1975 '' . legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Documents on Health and Social Services : 1834 to the Present Day - Brian Watkin </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ff / taxcredits '' . ifs.org.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Late Labour MP Malcolm Wicks admits child benefit leak '' . BBC . 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Child Benefit '' ( PDF ) . Revenuebenefits.org.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HM Revenue & Customs : The High Income Child Benefit charge - the basics '' . hmrc.gov.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Child benefit cap is tough but fair - FT.com '' . ft.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gov.uk ( last updated 27 March 2017 ) . Child Benefit rates . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Child_benefits_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=837848914 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Pensions and benefits in the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 April

Child benefit was first paid for the first child in

When was child benefit paid for the first child?

243685073103458654

of trade isolation and distortions in the socialist planned economies . They have emphasized that the transition strategies adopted reflected the need to resolve the economic crisis besetting the socialist planned economies and the overriding objective was the transformation to capitalist market economies rather than the fostering of economic growth and welfare . </P> <P> But by 2000 , the EBRD was reporting that the effects of the initial starting point in each transition economy on the reform process had faded . Although the foundations had been laid for a functioning market economy through sustained liberalization , comprehensive privatization , openness to international trade and investment , and the establishment of democratic political systems there remained institutional challenges . Liberalized markets were not necessarily competitive and political freedom had not prevented powerful private interests from exercising undue influence . </P> <P> Ten years on , in the Transition Report for 2010 , the EBRD was still finding that the quality of market - enabling institutions continued to fall short of what was necessary for well - functioning market economies . Growth in the transition economies had been driven by trade integration into the world economy with `` impressive '' export performance , and by `` rapid capital inflows and a credit boom '' . But such growth had proved volatile and the EBRD considered that governments in the transition economies should foster the development of domestic capital markets and improve the business environment , including financial institutions , real estate markets and the energy , transport and communications infrastructure . The EBRD expressed concerns about regulatory independence and enforcement , price setting , and the market power of incumbent infrastructure operators . </P> <P> Income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient rose significantly in the transition economies between 1987 and 1988 and the mid-1990s . Poverty re-emerged with between 20 and 50 percent of people living below the national poverty line in the transition economies . The UN Development Programme calculated that overall poverty in Eastern Europe and the CIS increased from 4 percent of the population in 1988 to 32 percent by 1994 , or from 14 million people to 119 million . Unemployment and rates of economic inactivity were still high in the late 1990s according to survey data . </P> <P> By 2007 , the year before the global financial crisis hit , the index for GDP had reached 112 compared to 100 in 1989 for the transition economies . In other words , it took nearly 20 years to restore the level of output that had existed prior to the transition . The index of economic output ( GDP ) in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe was 151 in 2007 ; for the Balkans / South - eastern Europe the index was 111 , and for the Commonwealth of Independent States and Mongolia it was 102 . Several CIS countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia as well as Moldova and Ukraine had economies that were substantially smaller than in 1989 . </P> <P> The global recession of 2008 - 09 and the Eurozone crisis of 2011 - 13 destabilized the transition economies , reduced growth rates and increased unemployment . The slowdown hit government revenues and widened fiscal deficits but almost all transition economies had experienced a partial recovery and had maintained low and stable inflation since 2012 . </P> <H2> Process ( edit ) </H2> <P> Transition trajectories have varied considerably in practice . Some nations have been experimenting with market reform for several decades , while others are relatively recent adopters ( e.g. , Macedonia , Serbia and Montenegro ) . In some cases reforms have been accompanied with political upheaval , such as the overthrow of a dictator ( Romania ) , the collapse of a government ( the Soviet Union ) , a declaration of independence ( Croatia ) , or integration with another country ( East Germany ) . In other cases economic reforms have been adopted by incumbent governments with little interest in political change ( China , Laos , Vietnam ) . Transition trajectories also differ in terms of the extent of central planning being relinquished ( e.g. , high centralized coordination among the CIS states ) as well as the scope of liberalization efforts being undertaken ( e.g. , relatively limited in Romania ) . Some countries , such as Vietnam , have experienced macro-economic upheavals over different periods of transition , even transition turmoil . </P> <P> According to the World Bank 's 10 Years of Transition report `` ... the wide dispersion in the productivity of labour and capital across types of enterprises at the onset of transition and the erosion of those differences between old and new sectors during the reform provide a natural definition of the end of transition . '' Mr. Vito Tanzi , Director of the IMF 's Fiscal Affairs Department , gave definition that the transformation to a market economy is not complete until functioning fiscal institutions and reasonable and affordable expenditure programs , including basic social safety nets for the unemployed , the sick , and the elderly , are in place . Mr Tanzi stated that these spending programs must be financed from public revenues generated -- through taxation -- without imposing excessive burdens on the private sector . </P> <P> According to the EBRD a well - functioning market economy should enjoy a diverse range of economic activities , equality of opportunity and convergence of incomes . These outcomes had not yet been achieved by 2013 and progress in establishing well - functioning market economies had stalled since the 1990s . On the EBRD 's measure of transition indicators the transition economies had become `` stuck in transition '' . Price liberalization , small - scale privatization and the opening - up of trade and foreign exchange markets were mostly complete by the end of the 1990s . However economic reform had slowed in areas such governance , enterprise restructuring and competition policy , which remained substantially below the standard of other developed market economies . </P> <P> Inequality of opportunity was higher in the transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia than in some other developed economies in Western Europe ( except France , where inequality of opportunity was relatively high ) . The highest inequality of opportunity was found in the Balkans and Central Asia . In terms of legal regulations and access to education and health services , inequality of opportunity related to gender was low in Europe and Central Asia but medium to high in respect of labour practices , employment and entrepreneurship and in access to finance . In Central Asia women also experienced significant lack of access to health services , as was the case in Arab countries . While many transition economies performed well with respect to primary and secondary education , and matched that available in many other developed economies , they were weaker when it came to training and tertiary education . </P> <P> Over the decade 1994 to 2004 , the transition economies had closed some of the gap in income per person with the average for the European Union in purchasing power parity terms . These gains had been driven by sustained growth in productivity as obsolete capital stock was scrapped and production shifted to take advantage of the opening - up of foreign trade , price liberalization and foreign direct investment . However the rapid growth rates of that period of catch - up had stalled since the late 2000s and the prospects for income convergence have receded according to the EBRD 's prognosis , unless there are additional productivity - enhancing structural reforms . </P> <P> The recent history of transition suggested that weak political institutions and entrenched interest groups had hindered economic reform . The EBRD 's Transition Report 2013 looked at the relationship between transition and democratization . The report acknowledged that the academic literature was divided on whether economic development fostered democracy but argued that there was nonetheless strong empirical support for the hypothesis . It suggested that countries with high inequality were less inclined to support a limited and accountable state . In general , the proportion of the population with an income of between US $10 -- 50 a day ( the so - called `` middle class '' ) correlated with the level of democracy ; however this correlation disappeared in transition countries with high income inequality . Those countries with large natural resource endowments , for example oil and gas producers like Russia and Kazakhstan , had less accountable governments and faced less electoral pressure to tackle powerful vested interests because the government could rely on resource rents and did not have to tax the population heavily . Countries with a strong institutional environment -- that is , effective rule of law , secure property rights and uncorrupted public administration and corporate governance -- were better placed to attract investment and undertake restructuring and regulatory change . </P> <P> To spur further economic reform and break out of a vicious circle , the EBRD Transition Report 2013 proposed that the transition economies should : </P> <Ul> <Li> Open - up trade and finance , which made reform more resilient to popular pressure ( `` market aversion '' ) and meant that countries could access the EU single market either as member states or through association agreements ( such as those being negotiated with Ukraine , Moldova and Georgia ) ; </Li> <Li> Encourage transparent and accountable government , with media and civil society scrutiny , and political competition at elections ; </Li> <Li> Invest in human capital , especially by improving the quality of tertiary education . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Countries in transition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although the term `` transition economies '' usually covers the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , this term may have a wider context . There are countries outside of Europe , emerging from a socialist - type command economy towards a market - based economy ( e.g. , China ) . Moreover , in a wider sense the definition of transition economy refers to all countries which attempt to change their basic constitutional elements towards market - style fundamentals . Their origin could be also in a post-colonial situation , in a heavily regulated Asian - style economy , in a Latin American post-dictatorship or even in a somehow economically underdeveloped country in Africa . </P> <P> In 2000 , the IMF listed the following countries with transition economies : </P> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kyrgyz Republic </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Slovak Republic </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Tajikistan </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition , in 2002 the World Bank defined Bosnia and Herzegovina , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( later Serbia and Montenegro ) as transition economies . In 2009 , World Bank included Kosovo in the list of transition economies . Some World Bank studies also include Mongolia . According to the IMF , Iran is in transition to a market economy , demonstrating early stages of a transition economy . </P> <P> The eight first - wave accession countries , which joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 ( Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Poland , Slovakia , Slovenia ) and the two second - wave accession countries that joined on 1 January 2007 ( Romania and Bulgaria ) have completed the transition process . According to the World Bank , `` the transition is over '' for the 10 countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 . It can be also understood as all countries

The initial effect of the transition from command to market economies in Eastern Europe was an increase in

What was the initial effect of the transition from command to market economies in eastern europe?

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One More Light - wikipedia <H1> One More Light </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the album 's title track , see One More Light ( song ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> One More Light </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Studio album by Linkin Park </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> September 2015 -- February 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> Various ( show ) <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Larrabee Studios , Van Nuys , California </Li> <Li> Sphere Studios , Los Angeles , California </Li> <Li> The Pool Recording Studio , London , UK </Li> <Li> The Warehouse Studio , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pop </Li> <Li> pop rock </Li> <Li> electropop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 35 : 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Warner Bros . </Li> <Li> Machine Shop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brad Delson </Li> <Li> Mike Shinoda </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Linkin Park studio album chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) The Hunting Party 2014 </Td> <Td> One More Light ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Singles from One More Light </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> `` Heavy '' Released : February 16 , 2017 </Li> <Li> `` Talking to Myself '' Released : July 25 , 2017 </Li> <Li> `` One More Light '' Released : October 3 , 2017 </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> One More Light is the seventh studio album by American rock band Linkin Park . It was released on May 19 , 2017 through Warner Bros. and Machine Shop . It is the last Linkin Park record produced before lead vocalist Chester Bennington 's death on July 20 , 2017 . </P> <P> The band recorded the album between September 2015 and February 2017 in multiple studios . Band members Brad Delson and Mike Shinoda served as the album 's primary producers . The sound of One More Light has been described as being more pop - focused , departing from the alternative metal sound of their previous album , The Hunting Party ( 2014 ) . The album features guest vocal appearances from Pusha T , Stormzy , and Kiiara , and production and songwriting collaborations with Julia Michaels , Justin Tranter , Ross Golan , Andrew Goldstein , blackbear , and Eg White . The album is also the band 's first to feature a title track , as they felt that the song `` One More Light '' was the heart of the album . </P> <P> The album 's lead single , `` Heavy '' , featuring Kiiara , was released on February 16 , 2017 . `` Battle Symphony '' , `` Good Goodbye '' , and `` Invisible '' were released as promotional singles prior to the album 's release . `` Talking to Myself '' and `` One More Light '' were released as radio singles later on . The album performed well commercially , debuting at number one in several countries ; it became the band 's fifth number - one album on the Billboard 200 , as well . It was certified gold in three countries and silver by the BPI in the UK . Despite a positive commercial performance , it received mixed reviews from music critics . This , along with accusations of selling out , prompted an angry response from Bennington . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Composition </Li> <Li> 3 Recording </Li> <Li> 4 Artwork and packaging </Li> <Li> 5 Promotion </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 6.2 Band response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Track listing </Li> <Li> 8 Personnel </Li> <Li> 9 Charts <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 9.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Certifications </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2014 , Linkin Park released their sixth studio album The Hunting Party . The album , produced by Mike Shinoda and Brad Delson , marked a shift from the overall rock sound in their previous albums produced with help of Rick Rubin . The pre-production of One More Light began in mid-2015 during The Hunting Party Tour by Shinoda on his phone . The main production began as soon as the tour ended . In the process , the band decided to write songs with some external help . They worked with Zayed Hassan , which resulted in his song `` Sailing Through the Clouds '' , Martin Garrix , Hot Karl , Mike Baczor of the band Her0 , The Lonely Island , which resulted in `` Things in My Jeep '' , and One Ok Rock . None of these collaborations , however , made the final version of the album . The album marks the second to be self - produced following The Hunting Party . </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> As a new concept to the band , all the songs featured on the album began with vocals being recorded first . They worked on the story first , then the hook , and finally the music . In an interview with Zane Lowe , Shinoda explained the composition as , `` In terms of the style of the record , it 's one of the most diverse stylistically , there 's more genres mashed into this album than anything we 've ever put out . You do n't hear a lot of super heavy guitars . There is n't any screaming on the record . '' He adds , `` To some extent it is a very polished record . Stylistically we wanted to blend all of the sound and genres together in a way you ca n't tell them apart '' . As to why they chose `` Heavy '' to present the album to the world , he told Billboard , `` One of the reasons why we chose ' Heavy ' as the first single is because it is really the core sound of the album . This was n't a scenario where the whole album sounds one way and the single sounds different . This is how the album sounds . So we wanted to go out with a song like that , where everybody can get a sense of the direction of this body of work . '' According to him , a lot of songs on the album can make the listener think of old songs by The Cure or Tears For Fears . </P> <P> In an interview with MusicRadar Brad Delson explained , </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> I wound up putting a lot of guitar on this album . There 's a lot of layers and a lot of different guitars . The guitar work is nuanced and complementary to all of the other elements that we have put in there . I find guitar to be a dominant ingredient in any soup . The minute I put loud heavy guitars into an arrangement , I feel like it is a heavy colour . One of the goals of the production of this album was to do away with any notion of genre . We were looking at ways to juxtapose influences that we have in ways that you have n't heard before . Building the guitar work into that was a fun challenge . I love the guitar work and tones that our engineer Ethan helped create with me and Mike ( Shinoda ) throughout this album . Even though you do n't hear guitar in the foreground in a heavy - handed way , there really is a ton of guitar on this album , and I 'm really proud of it . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> -- Brad Delson </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Further elaborating on his guitar work , Delson said , `` I love the acoustic work on ' Sharp Edges ' . I really like all of the layering of guitars on ' Invisible ' as well . There 's also a really unique presentation of the guitar in a way that I do n't think we 've ever done on a song called ' Sorry For Now ' . That was one of the things that we were really excited about - it is wildly different to anything else that we have been doing . '' </P> <P> The albums features collaborations with songwriters and other artists . `` Heavy '' features vocals by pop singer Kiiara , and `` Good Goodbye '' features verses by rappers Pusha T and Stormzy . Genre-wise , the album has been described as pop , pop rock and electropop . </P> <H2> Recording ( edit ) </H2> One of Bennington 's final performances with Linkin Park on July 4 , 2017 at the O2 Brixton Academy in London . <P> The band had been writing and recording mostly in Los Angeles but also had a few sessions in London and Canada where they worked with a few songwriters . In Los Angeles , the band started working at the Larrabee Studios where they had worked for their previous album . After noticing the band needed a bit more space they shifted to Sphere Studios . Starting in the early 2016 the band decided , for the first time , to open up their process to fans through social media by doing live streams , posting pictures and videos of their day by day in the studio , and sending studio updates to their mailing list . </P> <P> In an interview with Billboard , Shinoda said `` We 've focused almost exclusively on songwriting , not on sound , not on genre , not on arrangement , on words and melodies . And that is something Rick ( Rubin ) has always told us to do years past and we never listened because we started always track first . Now we 're writing songs and now we 're just starting to get into the style of that . '' While working with Justin Parker in London , Mike also learned a different approach to songwriting : to write without any sound in mind and , instead , write with meaning in mind . Instead of writing tracks piece by piece , the band would n't leave a session without having a song . It would all start as a conversation , and out of those the songs would build progressively from a chord progression to lyrics . </P> <P> In a promotional teaser , Shinoda said : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> The one thing that I am super excited about , I really wan na like make the riskiest songs now , because I feel like we 're at the point where it 's like , `` okay , we 've handled so many things '' and risky could be a lot of different kinds of risky . Risky could mean the most weirdest , the weirdest thing , weirdest chord progressions or whatever , or could be the poppiest thing that comes to mind . That we just got like we made that work like it sounds like us , it does n't sound weird , it sounds like very cool , and I wan na make some songs where you go like `` holy shit '' That 's where we got ta find that . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> -- Mike Shinoda </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> While most of the collaborators on the album were just songwriters , the band also brought in vocal producers because they wanted a different perspective on

Linkin Park released their album "One More Light" on

When did linkin park release one more light?

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Disputed status of Gibraltar - wikipedia <H1> Disputed status of Gibraltar </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The neutrality of this article 's introduction is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Gibraltar </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Gibraltar </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Constitution ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Constitution of Gibraltar <Ul> <Li> Constitution Order 1950 </Li> <Li> Constitution Order 1964 </Li> <Li> Constitution Order 1969 </Li> <Li> Constitution Order 2006 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Crown ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Monarch <Ul> <Li> Queen Elizabeth II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Governor <Ul> <Li> Ed Davis </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Chief Minister <Ul> <Li> Fabian Picardo </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Council of Ministers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) Parliament <Ul> <Li> Speaker <Ul> <Li> Adolfo J. Canepa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Her Majesty 's Most Loyal Opposition </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Judiciary of Gibraltar </Li> <Li> Law of Gibraltar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Elections </Li> <Li> Political parties <Ul> <Li> Politicians </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Last election </Li> <Li> Next election </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Disputed status of Gibraltar <Ul> <Li> Sovereignty referendum , 1967 </Li> <Li> Sovereignty referendum , 2002 </Li> <Li> Gibraltar and Brexit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Disputed status of the isthmus </Li> <Li> History of nationality <Ul> <Li> Gibraltar passport </Li> <Li> Gibraltar identity card </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Political development in modern Gibraltar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Gibraltar , a British Overseas Territory , located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula , is the subject of an irredentist territorial claim by Spain . It was captured in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701 -- 1714 ) . The Spanish Crown formally ceded the territory in perpetuity to the British Crown in 1713 , under Article X of the Treaty of Utrecht . Spain later attempted to recapture the territory during the thirteenth siege ( 1727 ) and the Great siege ( 1779 -- 1783 ) . British sovereignty over Gibraltar was confirmed in later treaties signed in Seville ( 1729 ) and the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) . </P> <P> Reclamation of the territory became government policy under the regime of the dictator General Franco and has remained in place under successive governments following the Spanish transition to democracy . The Gibraltarians themselves reject any such claim and no political party or pressure group in Gibraltar supports union with Spain . In a referendum in 2002 the people of Gibraltar rejected a joint sovereignty proposal on which Spain and the United Kingdom were said to have reached `` broad agreement '' . The British Government has stated that it would `` never ... enter into an agreement on sovereignty without the agreement of the Government of Gibraltar and their people '' . The British Government now refuses to discuss sovereignty without the consent of the Gibraltarians . </P> <P> In 2000 , a political declaration of unity was signed by the members of the Gibraltar Parliament ; it stated `` In essence the declaration stated that the people of Gibraltar will never compromise , give up or trade their sovereignty or their right to self - determination ; that Gibraltar wants good , neighbourly , European relations with Spain ; and that Gibraltar belongs to the people of Gibraltar and is neither Spain 's to claim or Britain 's to give away . '' </P> <P> Spain insists on a bilateral agreement with the UK over sovereignty , whereas the UK will only discuss sovereignty if Gibraltar is included in the discussions . </P> <P> The United Nations understanding of the positions of each party is set out in their 2016 report . The UN considers Gibraltar a Non-Self - Governing Territory . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Capture of Gibraltar and the Treaty of Utrecht </Li> <Li> 2 Differing positions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Spanish position </Li> <Li> 2.2 British position </Li> <Li> 2.3 Gibraltarian position </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Resolution discussions </Li> <Li> 4 Gibraltar political development </Li> <Li> 5 Areas of contention <Ul> <Li> 5.1 The isthmus </Li> <Li> 5.2 Territorial waters </Li> <Li> 5.3 Economy </Li> <Li> 5.4 Military importance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Re-emergence of dispute <Ul> <Li> 6.1 1953 : Rekindling the dispute </Li> <Li> 6.2 1967 and 2002 referendums </Li> <Li> 6.3 Spanish restrictions </Li> <Li> 6.4 Disputes prior to Brexit </Li> <Li> 6.5 The effect of Brexit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 8.2 Sources </Li> <Li> 8.3 Further reading </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Capture of Gibraltar and the Treaty of Utrecht ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Capture of Gibraltar and Treaty of Utrecht Statue of Admiral Sir George Rooke at Waterport Avenue in Gibraltar <P> Gibraltar was captured in 1704 by a force led by Admiral Sir George Rooke representing the Grand Alliance on behalf of the Archduke Charles , pretender to the Spanish Throne . After the battle , almost all the original inhabitants decided to leave to the surrounding areas of Campo de Gibraltar . Spanish attempts to regain the territory in the Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar failed , and it was eventually ceded to the Kingdom of Great Britain by Spain in the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht as part of the settlement of the War of the Spanish Succession . In that treaty , Spain ceded to Great Britain `` the full and entire propriety of the town and castle of Gibraltar , together with the port , fortifications , and forts thereunto belonging ... for ever , without any exception or impediment whatsoever . '' </P> <P> Should the British Crown ever wish to relinquish Gibraltar , a reversion clause holds that the territory would first be offered to Spain , `` And in case it shall hereafter seem meet to the Crown of Great Britain to grant , sell or by any means to alienate therefrom the propriety of the said town of Gibraltar , it is hereby agreed and concluded that the preference of having the sale shall always be given to the Crown of Spain before any others . '' </P> <P> Furthermore , the Treaty stipulates `` that the above - named propriety be yielded to Great Britain without any territorial jurisdiction , and without any open communication by land with the country round about '' ( although there is dispute over whether this disclaims territorial jurisdiction over Gibraltar , or over the `` country round about '' ) and that no overland trade between Gibraltar and Spain is to take place , except for emergency provisions in the case that Gibraltar is unable to be resupplied by sea . The British Government and the Government of Gibraltar today argue that the membership of both Gibraltar and Spain in the European Union ( EU ) -- Gibraltar was included as a Special member state territory when the United Kingdom joined the EU in 1973 ; Spain joined the EU in 1986 -- supersedes such restrictions as the EU is committed to free movement of goods and services . </P> <H2> Differing positions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United Nations February 2016 report sets out the differing points of view of the various parties with regard to Gibraltar which the United Nations considers to be a Non-Self - Governing Territory administered by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . </P> <P> Gibraltar was given the Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006 by Britain which established a form of government whereby the Governor of Gibraltar is responsible for the conduct of external affairs , defence , internal security and for certain appointments to public office , and the Government of Gibraltar is made responsible for all other matters . The UK believes that as an independent territory , recognised by the United Nations Gibraltar enjoys the individual and collective rights that are set out in the 2006 constitution and the right of self - determination . Spain disputes the legality of the constitution and claims that it does not change the position of Gibraltar as a colony of the UK with only the UK empowered to discuss Gibraltar matters on the international scene . </P> <P> The territorial government of Gibraltar , based on law in the 2006 constitution , collects its own taxes and budgets its costs and capital expenditure , with maximum personal tax rates of 28 % and company tax of 10 % . Spain notes that the European Commission is investigating the tax regime of Gibraltar and that Spain considers Gibraltar a tax haven . The UK believes Gibraltar meets all EU laws regarding the issues of anti money laundering , direct taxation and financial supervision . </P> <P> Gibraltar has a robust financial regulation system with anti tax evasion agreements on exchange of tax information with 79 countries including all the EU nations except Spain who have not responded . The UK asked for Gibraltar to be subject to an EU evaluation of anti money laundering issues . Spain recalls that crimes of tobacco smuggling and money - laundering from Gibraltar had been noted in an EU anti fraud report in 2014 . </P> <P> Crossing the land border between Gibraltar and Spain is subject to checks . Spain stresses that checks are not politically motivated , it being necessary to ensure strict compliance with EU border regulations to counter the common illicit trafficking issues and that Spain complies with the recommendations from the EU to improve the border crossing . The location of the checkpoint does not conform to the border recognised by Spain . The airport is a military area where civilian aircraft are permitted to operate . Spain claims the airfield is occupied illegally by the UK . The UK claims its sovereignty extends over the isthmus area on which the airfield is built . The UK also claims a three - mile limit in the territorial waters around Gibraltar whereas Spain claims maritime rights to all areas except inside the ports on Gibraltar . UK claimed incursions of Spanish vessels into Gibraltar territorial waters being considered by Spain to be routine activity of Spanish ships in their own waters . </P> <P> In 2004 a system of trilateral discussion began with Spain , the UK and Gibraltar participating . The discussions ended in 2010 with the UK and Gibraltar asking for their continuance from 2012 to 2014 . Spain stating they believed the forum no longer existed and that only ad hoc discussions on local issues should take place with Campo de Gibraltar also included . </P> <P> In 2015 the UK reaffirmed its claim to sovereignty , that Gibraltar had its right to self - determination set out in the 2006 constitution and that the UK would not enter into any sovereignty discussions unless Gibraltar agreed and further that the UK was committed to safeguarding Gibraltar , its people and its economy

Spain and the United Kingdom are in a dispute over the territory of

What territory is spain and the united kingdom in a dispute over?

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East India Company - wikipedia <H1> East India Company </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 16th -- 19th - century English and British trading company . For the current East India Company ( founded 2010 ) , see Sanjiv Mehta ( British businessman ) . For other uses , see East India Company ( disambiguation ) . `` HEIC '' redirects here . For other uses , see HEIC ( disambiguation ) . <Table> East India Company ( EIC ) <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Company flag ( 1801 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Coat of arms ( 1698 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former type </Th> <Td> Public </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> International trade </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fate </Th> <Td> Dissolved , after being mostly nationalised in 1858 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 31 December 1600 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founders </Th> <Td> John Watts , George White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> 1 June 1874 ( 1874 - 06 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> London , England ( Great Britain ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Colonial India <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Imperial entities of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dutch India </Th> <Td> 1605 -- 1825 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Danish India </Th> <Td> 1620 -- 1869 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French India </Th> <Td> 1668 -- 1954 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Portuguese India ( 1505 -- 1961 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Casa da Índia </Th> <Td> 1434 -- 1833 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portuguese East India Company </Th> <Td> 1628 -- 1633 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> British India ( 1612 -- 1947 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East India Company </Th> <Td> 1612 -- 1757 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Company rule in India </Th> <Td> 1757 -- 1858 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> British Raj </Th> <Td> 1858 -- 1947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> British rule in Burma </Th> <Td> 1824 -- 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Princely states </Th> <Td> 1721 -- 1949 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Partition of India </Th> <Td> 1947 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The East India Company ( EIC ) , also known as the Honourable East India Company ( HEIC ) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company , was an English and later British joint - stock company , formed to trade with the East Indies ( in present - day terms , Maritime Southeast Asia ) , but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent . </P> <P> Originally chartered as the `` Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies '' , the company rose to account for half of the world 's trade , particularly in basic commodities including cotton , silk , indigo dye , salt , saltpetre , tea , and opium . The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India . </P> <P> The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600 , coming relatively late to trade in the Indies . Before them the Portuguese Estado da India had traded there for much of the 16th century and the first of half a dozen Dutch Companies sailed to trade there from 1595 , which amalgamated in March 1602 into the United East Indies Company ( VOC ) , which introduced the first permanent joint stock from 1612 ( meaning investment into shares did not need to be returned , but could be traded on a stock exchange ) . Wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the EIC 's shares . Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control until 1657 when permanent joint stock was established . </P> <P> During its first century of operation , the focus of the company was trade , not the building of an empire in India . Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the East India Company struggled with its French counterpart , the French East India Company ( Compagnie française des Indes orientales ) during the Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s . The battles of Plassey and Buxar , in which the British defeated the Bengali powers , left the company in control of Bengal and a major military and political power in India . In the following decades it gradually increased the extent of the territories under its control , controlling the majority of the Indian subcontinent either directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force by its Presidency armies , much of which were composed of native Indian sepoys . </P> <P> By 1803 , at the height of its rule in India , the British East India company had a private army of about 260,000 -- twice the size of the British Army , with Indian revenues of £ 13,464,561 , and expenses of £ 14,017,473 . The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its private armies , exercising military power and assuming administrative functions . Company rule in India effectively began in 1757 and lasted until 1858 , when , following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Government of India Act 1858 led to the British Crown 's assuming direct control of the Indian subcontinent in the form of the new British Raj . </P> <P> Despite frequent government intervention , the company had recurring problems with its finances . It was dissolved in 1874 as a result of the East India Stock Dividend Redemption Act passed one year earlier , as the Government of India Act had by then rendered it vestigial , powerless , and obsolete . The official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Origins </Li> <Li> 1.2 Formation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Early voyages to the East Indies </Li> <Li> 3 Foothold in India </Li> <Li> 4 Expansion <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Japan </Li> <Li> 4.2 Mughal convoy piracy incident of 1695 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Forming a complete monopoly <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Trade monopoly </Li> <Li> 5.2 Saltpetre trade </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Basis for the monopoly <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Colonial monopoly </Li> <Li> 6.2 East India Company Army and Navy <Ul> <Li> 6.2. 1 Expansion and conquest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.3 Opium trade </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Regulation of the company 's affairs <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Writers </Li> <Li> 7.2 Financial troubles </Li> <Li> 7.3 Regulating Acts of Parliament <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 East India Company Act 1773 </Li> <Li> 7.3. 2 East India Company Act 1784 ( Pitt 's India Act ) </Li> <Li> 7.3. 3 Act of 1786 </Li> <Li> 7.3. 4 East India Company Act 1793 ( Charter Act ) </Li> <Li> 7.3. 5 East India Company Act 1813 ( Charter Act ) </Li> <Li> 7.3. 6 Government of India Act 1833 </Li> <Li> 7.3. 7 English Education Act 1835 </Li> <Li> 7.3. 8 Government of India Act 1853 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Indian Rebellion and disestablishment </Li> <Li> 9 Establishments in Britain </Li> <Li> 10 Legacy and criticisms </Li> <Li> 11 Symbols <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Flags </Li> <Li> 11.2 Coat of arms </Li> <Li> 11.3 Merchant mark </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Ships </Li> <Li> 13 Records </Li> <Li> 14 See also </Li> <Li> 15 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 16 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 16.1 Historiography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 17 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Origins ( edit ) </H3> James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 <P> Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 , captured Spanish and Portuguese ships with their cargoes enabled English voyagers to potentially travel the globe in search of riches . London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean . The aim was to deliver a decisive blow to the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly of Far Eastern Trade . Elizabeth granted her permission and on 10 April 1591 James Lancaster in the Edward Bonaventure with two other ships sailed from Torbay around the Cape of Good Hope to the Arabian Sea on one of the earliest English overseas Indian expeditions . Having sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula , they preyed on Spanish and Portuguese ships there before returning to England in 1594 . </P> <P> The biggest capture that galvanised English trade was the capture of the great Portuguese Carrack Madre de Deus by Sir Walter Raleigh and the Earl of Cumberland at the Battle of Flores ( 1592 ) . When she was brought in to Dartmouth she was the largest vessel that had been seen in England and her cargo consisted of chests filled with jewels , pearls , gold , silver coins , ambergris , cloth , tapestries , pepper , cloves , cinnamon , nutmeg , benjamin , red dye , cochineal and ebony . Equally valuable was the ships rutter containing vital information on the China , India , and Japan trades . These riches aroused the English to engage in this opulent commerce . </P> <P> In 1596 , three more English ships sailed east but were all lost at sea . A year later however saw the arrival of Ralph Fitch an adventurer merchant who along with his companions had made a remarkable fifteen year overland journey to Mesopotamia , the Persian Gulf , the Indian Ocean , India and Southeast Asia was also of significance . Fitch was then consulted on the Indian affairs and gave even more valuable information to Lancaster . </P> <H3> Formation ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 22 September 1599 , a group of merchants met and stated their intention `` to venture in the pretended voyage to the East Indies ( the which it may please the Lord to prosper ) , and the sums that they will adventure '' , committing £ 30,133 . Two days later , `` the Adventurers '' reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project . Although their first attempt had not been completely successful , they nonetheless sought the Queen 's unofficial approval to continue . They bought ships for their venture and increased their capital to £ 68,373 . </P> <P> The Adventurers convened again , a year later on 31 December and this time they succeeded ; the Queen granted a Royal Charter to `` George , Earl of Cumberland , and 215 Knights , Aldermen , and Burgesses '' under the name , Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies . For a period of fifteen years , the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan . Any traders in breach of the charter without a licence from the company were liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo ( half of which went to the Crown and the other half to the company ) , as well as imprisonment at the `` royal pleasure '' . </P> <P> The governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or `` committees '' , who made up the Court of Directors . They , in turn , reported to the Court of Proprietors , which appointed them . Ten committees reported to the Court of Directors . According to tradition , business was initially transacted at the Nags Head Inn , opposite St Botolph 's church in Bishopsgate , before moving to India House in Leadenhall Street . </P> <H2> Early voyages to the East Indies ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 aboard

Britain set up the East Indian Trading Company on

When did britain set up east indian trading company?

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, Akers spent time trying to make the team with the Atlanta Falcons and Carolina Panthers . </P> <H3> Washington Redskins ( edit ) </H3> <P> Akers was signed by the Washington Redskins in 1998 and played in one game for them , making two extra points but missing two field goal attempts of 48 + yards each . He was waived by the Redskins during the 1999 season . </P> <H3> Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) </H3> <P> After Washington cut Akers , the Philadelphia Eagles claimed him off waivers and allocated him to NFL Europe . A solid season with the Berlin Thunder helped him earn the kicking job for the Eagles in 2000 . Akers proved to be one of the biggest special teams surprises in all of the NFL that season . He made 29 out of 33 field goals ( an 87.9 % success rate ) , and had a team - record 121 points . Akers earned the NFC Special Teams Player of the Month award in November 2000 . He made the Pro Bowl for the first time in 2001 as he went 26 - for - 31 , making a team - record seventeen consecutive field goals during the season . </P> Akers attempting a field goal in August 2009 . <P> Akers ' best statistical season was 2002 when he connected on 30 of 34 field goals ( 88.2 % ) , scored a team - record 133 points , and made another Pro Bowl . He got fewer chances in 2003 , but still made 24 of 29 field goals . He made the third - longest field goal in Eagles ' history on September 14 , 2003 , a 57 - yarder against the New England Patriots at the new Lincoln Financial Field ( the only longer field goals in Eagles ' history were Jake Elliott 's 61 - yard field goal in 2017 and Tony Franklin 's 59 - yard field goal in 1979 . ) In 2004 , Akers continued his consistent kicking with an 84.4 % field goal percentage , and he made his third Pro Bowl . </P> <P> Injuries finally got to Akers in 2005 when he tore the hamstring in his non-kicking leg during the opening kickoff against the Oakland Raiders on September 25 , 2005 . Akers left the game , but returned in the second half with a heavily taped leg to make two extra points and then kick the game - winning 28 - yard field goal before collapsing in pain as his teammates mobbed him . He missed the next four games and finished the season 16 for 22 . </P> <P> In 2006 , Akers was injury - free , but made only 18 of 23 attempts ( 78.3 % ) , his second worst season statistically . </P> <P> On December 16 , 2007 , in a 10 - 6 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Akers set the Philadelphia Eagles franchise record for most points and on Thanksgiving in 2008 , Akers passed 1,000 career points during a 48 - 20 win over the Arizona Cardinals . </P> <P> On December 7 , 2008 , Akers kicked a 51 - yard field goal at Giants Stadium , his longest of the season . In the same game he had two field goals blocked , one of which was returned for a touchdown . At the end of the 2008 regular season , Akers again set the team single - season scoring record with an NFC - best 144 points . He connected on 33 of 40 field goals ( 82.5 pct ) , his best percentage since 2004 . </P> <P> On January 11 , 2009 , Akers kicked three field goals in three attempts during a divisional playoff win over the New York Giants . The second of these set an NFL record for consecutive field goals without a miss during the postseason , previously held by one - time Eagle Gary Anderson . Akers eventually ran his streak to a record 19 consecutive postseason field goal conversions ; it was snapped the very next week against the Arizona Cardinals . Akers currently has thirty - five total postseason field goal conversions . </P> <P> Akers was selected to the 2010 Pro Bowl , his fourth . He was also named to the NFL All - Decade Team for the 2000s . After the 2010 season , he was selected to his fifth career Pro Bowl . </P> <H3> San Francisco 49ers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Akers was signed by the San Francisco 49ers to a $9 million , three - year contract on July 29 , 2011 . He kicked a 59 - yard field goal just before halftime in a preseason game against the New Orleans Saints on August 12 , 2011 . On September 18 , 2011 , he kicked a 55 - yard field goal against the Dallas Cowboys , setting a record for the longest field goal made at Candlestick Park . </P> <P> Akers broke the 49ers ' record for most points scored in a season in a 20 -- 3 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers in a Monday Night Football matchup on December 19 , 2011 . The record was formerly held by the 49ers ' Hall of Fame wide receiver , Jerry Rice . In that same game against the Seahawks , Akers broke the all - time record for field goals in a season , surpassing Neil Rackers ' 40 in 2005 . </P> <P> On January 1 , 2012 , Akers broke the NFL record for most points by a kicker in a single season against the St. Louis Rams ; he finished with 166 points . In this game , he also extended his NFL record for most field goals made in a single season , finishing with 44 , and threw for a touchdown on a fake field goal . Akers made his sixth Pro Bowl at the end of the season . </P> <P> On September 9 , 2012 , Akers tied the NFL record for the longest field goal by kicking a 63 - yard field goal off the crossbar against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field . The record was originally set by Tom Dempsey and was shared with Jason Elam and Sebastian Janikowski until Broncos kicker Matt Prater broke the record with a 64 - yard field goal on December 8 , 2013 . </P> <P> The long field goals by Elam , Janikowski , and Prater were all made in Denver , where the ball has the ability to travel slightly farther in thinner air . Elam kicked his 63 - yard field goal at Mile High Stadium , while the 63 - yarder by Janikowski and the 64 - yarder by Prater were at Sports Authority Field at Mile High . It should be noted in track and field , the IAAF denotes any records set 1,000 metres ( about 3,937 feet ) or more above sea level as altitude - assisted records , and the Dempsey ( Tulane Stadium ) and Akers ( Lambeau Field ) records were set below the 1,000 m threshold . </P> <P> The 49ers advanced to Super Bowl XLVII following the 2012 season , marking Akers ' second appearance in the game . In the game , Akers went 3 for 3 in field goal attempts , but San Francisco narrowly lost to the Baltimore Ravens by a 34 -- 31 score . </P> <P> On March 6 , 2013 , Akers was released after two seasons with the 49ers . </P> <H3> Detroit Lions ( edit ) </H3> <P> On April 6 , 2013 , Akers signed with the Detroit Lions , three days after the retirement of 21 - season Lions kicker Jason Hanson . </P> <H3> NFL records ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Points in a single decade ( 2000 -- 2009 ) : 1,169 </Li> <Li> Points in Pro Bowl History : 57 </Li> <Li> Most points in a season , no touchdowns ( 2011 ) : 166 </Li> <Li> Most games 4 + field goals in a season ( 2011 ) : 6 </Li> <Li> Most games 10 + points in a season ( 2011 ) : 10 - tied with four others </Li> <Li> Field Goals in an NFL Season : 44 </Li> <Li> Field Goals attempted in an NFL Season : 52 </Li> <Li> Longest Field Goal in Pro Bowl History : 53 yards , 2005 ( Eagles ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> NFL statistics ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Games </Th> <Th> Field Goals Made </Th> <Th> Field Goals Attempted </Th> <Th> Field Goal Percentage </Th> <Th> 1 - 19 </Th> <Th> 20 - 29 </Th> <Th> 30 - 39 </Th> <Th> 40 - 49 </Th> <Th> 50 + </Th> <Th> Longest Field Goal </Th> <Th> Extra Points Made </Th> <Th> Extra Point Attempts </Th> <Th> Points </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> WSH </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 50.0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 87.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 83.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 88.2 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 82.8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 84.4 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 122 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 72.7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 78.3 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 75.0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 82.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 144 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> PHI </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 86.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td>

David Akers kicked the 63-yard field goal on

When did david akers kick the 63 yard field goal?

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John Calipari - wikipedia <H1> John Calipari </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Calipari '' redirects here . For the Italian major general , see Nicola Calipari . <Table> John Calipari <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Calipari in 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sport ( s ) </Th> <Td> Basketball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Current position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> Head coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Td> Kentucky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Td> SEC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record </Th> <Td> 271 -- 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual salary </Th> <Td> $7,450,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Biographical details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1959 - 02 - 10 ) February 10 , 1959 ( age 59 ) Moon Township , Pennsylvania </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Playing career </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1978 -- 1980 </Th> <Td> UNC Wilmington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980 -- 1982 </Th> <Td> Clarion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Position ( s ) </Th> <Td> Point guard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Coaching career ( HC unless noted ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1982 -- 1985 </Th> <Td> Kansas ( associate assistant ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1985 -- 1988 </Th> <Td> Pittsburgh ( assistant ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1988 -- 1996 </Th> <Td> UMass </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1996 -- 1999 </Th> <Td> New Jersey Nets </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1999 -- 2000 </Th> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers ( assistant ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000 -- 2009 </Th> <Td> Memphis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2009 -- present </Th> <Td> Kentucky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> International </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2011 -- 2012 </Th> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2017 -- present </Th> <Td> USA U-19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Head coaching record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Overall </Th> <Td> 674 -- 202 ( college ) 72 -- 112 ( NBA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Accomplishments and honors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> NCAA Division I Tournament ( 2012 ) 4x NCAA Regional -- Final Four ( 1996 * , 2008 * , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 ) 4 × C - USA Tournament ( 2006 -- 2009 ) 5 × C - USA regular season ( 2004 , 2006 -- 2009 ) NIT ( 2002 ) 5 × A10 Tournament ( 1992 -- 1996 ) 5 × A10 regular season ( 1992 -- 1996 ) 5 × SEC regular season ( 2010 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) 6 × SEC Tournament ( 2010 , 2011 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> 3 × Naismith College Coach of the Year ( 1996 , 2008 , 2015 ) Associated Press Coach of the Year ( 2015 ) 3 × NABC Coach of the Year ( 1996 , 2009 , 2015 ) Basketball Times Coach of the Year ( 1996 , 2015 ) Sports Illustrated Coach of the Year ( 2009 ) 2 × Adolph Rupp Cup ( 2010 , 2015 ) 3 × A10 Coach of the Year ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 ) 3 × C - USA Coach of the Year ( 2006 , 2008 , 2009 ) Jim Phelan National Coach of the Year ( 2009 ) 3 × SEC Coach of the Year ( 2010 , 2012 , 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Medal record ( hide ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Head Coach for Dominican Republic </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Dominican Republic national team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> FIBA Americas Championship </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 Mar del Plata </Td> <Td> Men 's Basketball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Centrobasket </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 Puerto Rico </Td> <Td> Men 's Basketball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Marchand Cup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 Marchand Cup </Td> <Td> Men 's Basketball </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> John Vincent Calipari ( born February 10 , 1959 ) is an American basketball coach . Since 2009 , he has been the head coach of the University of Kentucky men 's team , with whom he won the NCAA Championship in 2012 . He has been named Naismith College Coach of the Year three times ( in 1996 , 2008 and 2015 ) , and was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2015 . </P> <P> He was previously the head coach at the University of Massachusetts from 1988 to 1996 , the NBA 's New Jersey Nets from 1996 to 1999 and the University of Memphis from 2000 to 2009 , and was the head coach of the Dominican Republic national team in 2011 and 2012 . </P> <P> Calipari has coached Kentucky to four Final Fours , in 2011 , 2012 , 2014 and 2015 . He also led UMass and Memphis to the Final Four in 1996 and 2008 respectively ; those appearances were later vacated , although Calipari was not personally implicated by the NCAA in either case . As a college coach , Calipari has 21 20 - win seasons , eight 30 - win seasons , and three 35 - win seasons . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Biography <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Playing career </Li> <Li> 1.2 Coaching career <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 University of Massachusetts </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 New Jersey Nets </Li> <Li> 1.2. 3 University of Memphis </Li> <Li> 1.2. 4 University of Kentucky <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 4.1 2009 -- 10 </Li> <Li> 1.2. 4.2 2010 -- 11 </Li> <Li> 1.2. 4.3 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> 1.2. 4.4 Hall of Fame </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Controversies <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Marcus Camby </Li> <Li> 2.2 Insult directed at journalist </Li> <Li> 2.3 Derrick Rose </Li> <Li> 2.4 Overall wins </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Head coaching record <Ul> <Li> 3.1 College </Li> <Li> 3.2 NBA </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Biography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Calipari was born in Moon Township , Pennsylvania , a suburb of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . He is of Italian descent . </P> <H3> Playing career ( edit ) </H3> John Calipari , 1979 -- 1980 UNCW basketball team <P> Calipari lettered two years at UNC Wilmington before transferring to Clarion University of Pennsylvania , from which he graduated with a bachelor 's degree in marketing . He played point guard at Clarion during the 1981 and 1982 seasons , leading the team in assists and free throw percentage . </P> <H3> Coaching career ( edit ) </H3> <P> From 1982 to 1985 , Calipari was an assistant at the University of Kansas under Ted Owens and Larry Brown . Calipari had several jobs as the lowest coach in the pecking order when Ted Owens hired him as a volunteer assistant for the Jayhawks ' 1982 -- 83 season , including serving food at the training table . `` I was blessed to have the chance . Can you imagine being 22 , 23 and your first opportunity to be around the game is at a program like Kansas ? '' </P> <P> From 1985 to 1988 , he was an assistant coach at the University of Pittsburgh under Roy Chipman and Paul Evans . From 1988 to 1996 , he was head coach at the University of Massachusetts . From 1996 to 1999 , he was head coach and Executive VP of basketball operations for the NBA 's New Jersey Nets . During the 1999 -- 2000 season , he was an assistant coach for the Philadelphia 76ers under coach Larry Brown , before moving on to his next position at the University of Memphis . He was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in 2004 . </P> <P> Calipari is famous for popularizing the dribble drive motion offense , developed by Vance Walberg , which is sometimes known as the Memphis Attack . Calipari is a published author with several titles to his credit , including Bounce Back : Overcoming Setbacks to Succeed in Business and in Life and Players First : Coaching from the Inside Out . Additionally , Calipari starred in the 30 for 30 documentary from ESPN `` One and Not Done '' which details his professional career . </P> <P> In his 22 official seasons ( 23 seasons overall ) as a collegiate head coach , Calipari 's record is 667 -- 194 (. 775 ) . His record in the month of March is 107 -- 37 (. 743 ) . His NCAA adjusted ( the records of two appearances being removed ) official record in the NCAA tournament is 38 -- 12 (. 760 ) , and in the NIT is 15 -- 6 (. 714 ) . His teams have made 15 NCAA tournament appearances ( 13 official , due to 2 later being vacated ) , including reaching the Sweet Sixteen 12 times ( 10 official , due to 2 later being vacated ) , the Elite Eight 10 times ( 8 official , due to 2 later being vacated ) , the Final Four 6 times ( 4 official , due to 2 later being vacated ) , the NCAA Championship Game 3 times ( twice officially , with the 2008 Championship Game appearance while at Memphis being vacated by the NCAA ) , winning the NCAA Championship at Kentucky in 2012 , and finishing NCAA Runner Up in 2014 . </P> <P> As a college coach , Calipari has 21 20 - win seasons ( 20 official ) and 9 30 - win seasons ( 8 official ) . He has also coached 6 teams to the NIT , winning the NIT Championship at Memphis in 2002 . He is one of only four coaches in NCAA Division I history to direct three different schools to a # 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament . </P> University of Massachusetts ( edit ) <P> From 1988 to 1996 at UMass , Calipari led the Minutemen program to five consecutive Atlantic 10 titles and NCAA Tournament appearances , including periods where the program was ranked first nationally . He finished with a 193 -- 71 record overall , with a 91 -- 41 record in Atlantic 10 conference games . Calipari was named Atlantic 10 Coach of the Year in 1992 , 1993 , and 1996 . He was also named the Naismith , NABC , Basketball Times & Sporting News National Coach of the Year in 1996 . He led UMass to its first - ever appearance in the Final Four with the play of the John R. Wooden Award winner and Naismith College Player of the Year Marcus Camby , although this appearance was later vacated by the NCAA because Camby had accepted about $28,000 from two sports agents who were luring him to enter the NBA draft after his Sophomore season . </P> <P> Calipari helped accelerate the construction of the Mullins Center , UMass ' basketball and hockey facility . He also reached out to eastern Massachusetts and Boston to enlarge the fan base . Before moving on to the New Jersey Nets , Calipari became the second winningest coach in UMass history behind Jack Leaman . </P> <P> In February 2010 , Pat Forde , at the time the writer of a regular college sports column called `` Forde Minutes '' for ESPN.com , recalled the 1992 team : </P> <P> Calipari 's greatest strength as a coach is his ability to create teams that play together . His 1992 Massachusetts team remains one of the most overachieving units The Minutes has ever seen , featuring a shooting guard with range so limited he made one 3 - pointer all season ( Jim McCoy ) , a 6 - foot - 3 power forward

The coach of the University of Kentucky basketball team is

Who is the coach of university of kentucky basketball?

-163195825366469164

Dermis - wikipedia <H1> Dermis </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Dermis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cross-section of human skin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cross section of skin under the microscope </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Part of </Th> <Td> Skin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D020405 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A16. 0.00. 010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TH </Th> <Td> H3. 12.00. 1.03001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 70323 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis ( with which it makes up the cutis ) and subcutaneous tissues , that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain . It is divided into two layers , the superficial area adjacent to the epidermis called the papillary region and a deep thicker area known as the reticular dermis . The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane . Structural components of the dermis are collagen , elastic fibers , and extrafibrillar matrix . It also contains mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and thermoreceptors that provide the sense of heat . In addition , hair follicles , sweat glands , sebaceous glands , apocrine glands , lymphatic vessels and blood vessels are present in the dermis . Those blood vessels provide nourishment and waste removal for both dermal and epidermal cells . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure </Li> <Li> 2 Layers <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Papillary dermis </Li> <Li> 2.2 Reticular dermis </Li> <Li> 2.3 Dermal papillae </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> The dermis is composed of three major types of cells : fibroblasts , macrophages , and adipocytes . </P> <P> Apart from these cells , the dermis is also composed of matrix components such as collagen ( which provides strength ) , elastin ( which provides elasticity ) , and extrafibrillar matrix , an extracellular gel - like substance primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans ( most notably hyaluronan ) , proteoglycans , and glycoproteins . </P> <H2> Layers ( edit ) </H2> Illustration of dermal circulation and layers <H3> Papillary dermis ( edit ) </H3> <P> The papillary dermis is the uppermost layer of the dermis . It intertwines with the rete ridges of the epidermis and is composed of fine and loosely arranged collagen fibers . </P> <P> The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue . This is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae , that extend toward the epidermis and contain either terminal networks of blood capillaries or tactile Meissner 's corpuscles . </P> <H3> Reticular dermis ( edit ) </H3> <P> The reticular dermis is the lower layer of the dermis , found under the papillary dermis , composed of dense irregular connective tissue featuring densely packed collagen fibers . It is the primary location of dermal elastic fibers . </P> <P> The reticular region is usually much thicker than the overlying papillary dermis . It receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous , elastic , and reticular fibers that weave throughout it . These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength , extensibility , and elasticity . Within the reticular region are the roots of the hair , sebaceous glands , sweat glands , receptors , nails , and blood vessels . The orientation of collagen fibers within the reticular dermis creates lines of tension called Langer 's lines , which are of some relevance in surgery and wound healing . </P> <H3> Dermal papillae ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Dermal papillae </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Papilla of the hand , treated with acetic acid . Magnified 350 times . A. Side view of a papilla of the hand . a . Cortical layer . b . Tactile corpuscle . c . Small nerve of the papilla , with neurolemma . d . Its two nervous fibers running in spiral coils around the tactile corpuscle . e . Apparent termination of one of these fibers . B. Tactile papilla seen from above so as to show its transverse section . a . Cortical layer . b . Nerve fiber . c . Outer layer of the tactile body , with nuclei . d . Clear interior substance . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> papillae dermis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D020405 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A16. 0.00. 010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TH </Th> <Td> H3. 12.00. 1.03001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 70323 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The dermal papillae ( DP ) ( singular papilla , diminutive of Latin papula , ' pimple ' ) are small , nipple - like extensions ( or interdigitations ) of the dermis into the epidermis . At the surface of the skin in hands and feet , they appear as epidermal or papillary ridges ( colloquially known as fingerprints ) . </P> <P> Blood vessels in the dermal papillae nourish all hair follicles and bring nutrients and oxygen to the lower layers of epidermal cells . The pattern of ridges they produce in hands and feet are partly genetically determined features that develop before birth . They remain substantially unaltered ( except in size ) throughout life , and therefore determine the patterns of fingerprints , making them useful in certain functions of personal identification . </P> <P> The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis , the papillary dermis , and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis . Because the main function of the dermis is to support the epidermis , this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen , nutrients , and waste products between these two layers . Additionally , the increase in surface area prevents the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each other by strengthening the junction between them . With age , the papillae tend to flatten and sometimes increase in number . </P> <P> Dermal papillae also play a pivotal role in hair formation , growth and cycling . </P> <P> In mucous membranes , the equivalent structures to dermal papillae are generally termed `` connective tissue papillae '' , which interdigitate with the rete pegs of the superficial epithelium . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of cutaneous conditions </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ James , William ; Berger , Timothy ; Elston , Dirk ( 2005 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology ( 10th ed . ) . Saunders . Pages 1 , 11 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Marks , James G ; Miller , Jeffery ( 2006 ) . Lookingbill and Marks ' Principles of Dermatology ( 4th ed . ) . Elsevier Inc . Page 8 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 3185 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Ageing Skin - Structure </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/vsc422/secure/VSC422AppledHistologyLabHandout.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross M , Pawlina W ( 2011 ) . Histology : A Text and Atlas ( 6th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 498 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7200 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dermal papillae '' . Probert Encyclopaedia . Retrieved February 2010 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Friction Skin '' . Ridges and Furrows . Retrieved February 2010 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lin , Chang - min ; et al. ( October 2008 ) . `` Microencapsulated human hair dermal papilla cells : a substitute for dermal papilla ? '' . Archives of Dermatological Research . Springer . 300 ( 9 ) : 531 -- 535 . doi : 10.1007 / s00403 - 008 - 0852 - 3 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Skin and related structures </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Skin </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Epidermis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stratum corneum </Li> <Li> Stratum lucidum </Li> <Li> Stratum granulosum </Li> <Li> Stratum spinosum </Li> <Li> Stratum basale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basement membrane </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Basal keratinocyte </Li> <Li> Lamina lucida </Li> <Li> Lamina densa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dermis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Papillary <Ul> <Li> Dermal papillae </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Reticular </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subcutaneous tissue </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Panniculus / Pannus ( Panniculus adiposus </Li> <Li> Panniculus carnosus ) </Li> <Li> Membranous layer </Li> <Li> Loose connective tissue </Li> <Li> Superficial fascia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adnexa </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Skin glands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sweat glands : Apocrine sweat gland </Li> <Li> Eccrine sweat gland </Li> <Li> Sebaceous </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hair </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Root sheath </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Outer root sheath </Li> <Li> Inner root sheath <Ul> <Li> Henle 's layer </Li> <Li> Huxley 's layer </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hair shaft </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cuticle </Li> <Li> Cortex </Li> <Li> Medulla </Li> <Li> Bulb with matrix cells </Li> <Li> Hair follicle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Muscle </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arrector pili muscle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pilosebaceous unit </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hair sebaceous gland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nail </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nail matrix </Li> <Li> Nail plate <Ul> <Li> Lunula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Eponychium </Li> <Li> Paronychium </Li> <Li> Hyponychium </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Connective tissue </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Physiology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soft tissue </Li> <Li> Fibrosis </Li> <Li> Scarring </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composition </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cells </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Resident </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fibroblast </Li> <Li> Fibrocyte </Li> <Li> Reticular cell </Li> <Li> Tendon cell </Li> <Li> Adipocyte </Li> <Li> Melanocyte </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wandering cells </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mast cell </Li> <Li> Macrophage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extracellular matrix </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ground substance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tissue fluid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fibers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Collagen fibers </Li> <Li> Reticular fibers <Ul> <Li> COL3A1 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Elastic fibers <Ul> <Li> Elastin </Li> <Li> Fibrillin </Li> <Li> FBN1 <Ul> <Li> FBN2 </Li> <Li> FBN3 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> EMILIN1 </Li> <Li> Elaunin </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Types </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Proper </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Loose </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Reticular </Li> <Li> Adipose <Ul> <Li> Brown </Li> <Li> White </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dense </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dense irregular connective tissue <Ul> <Li> Submucosa </Li> <Li> Dermis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dense regular connective tissue <Ul> <Li> Ligament </Li> <Li> Tendon </Li> <Li> Aponeurosis </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Embryonic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mucoid </Li> <Li> Mesenchymal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialized </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cartilage </Li> <Li> Bone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Routes of administration , dosage forms </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oral </Th>

The papillary layer of the skin lies

Where does the papillary layer of the skin lie?

-642255764943734268

List of actors who played Santa Claus - wikipedia <H1> List of actors who played Santa Claus </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This is a list of actors who have played Santa Claus in film and on television , including voice acting roles . This does not count actors whose characters have dressed as Santa Claus . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Film / TV </Th> <Th> Date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tim Allen </Td> <Td> The Santa Clause </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Santa Clause 2 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ed Asner </Td> <Td> The Story of Santa Claus ( voice ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elf </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christmas on the Bayou </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 2014 animated TV special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred Astaire </Td> <Td> The Man in the Santa Claus Suit </Td> <Td> 1979 TV - Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Attenborough </Td> <Td> Miracle on 34th Street </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Bacic </Td> <Td> Deck the Halls </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alec Baldwin ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Rise of the Guardians </Td> <Td> 2012 film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Don Beddoe </Td> <Td> Bewitched , episode Humbug Not to Be Spoken Here </Td> <Td> Season 4 , 1967 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Bell ( voice ) </Td> <Td> The Powerpuff Girls : ' Twas the Fight Before Christmas </Td> <Td> Direct - to - video , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian Blessed </Td> <Td> The Amazing World of Gumball , episode Christmas ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Season 2 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sooty , episode Pranks and Presents </Td> <Td> Season 2 , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danger Mouse , episode The Snowman Cometh ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Season 1 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lloyd Bridges </Td> <Td> In the Nick of Time </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beau Bridges </Td> <Td> The Christmas Secret </Td> <Td> 2009 TV - Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Buza </Td> <Td> A Christmas Horror Story </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Isaac Hayes </Td> <Td> The Pullmans </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Broadbent ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Arthur Christmas </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sebastian Cabot </Td> <Td> Miracle on 34th Street </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Call </Td> <Td> Santa Claus Conquers the Martians </Td> <Td> 1964 film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas Campbell </Td> <Td> Once Upon a Christmas </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Art Carney </Td> <Td> The Night They Saved Christmas </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Twilight Zone episode `` Night of the Meek '' </Td> <Td> 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oliver Clark </Td> <Td> Ernest Saves Christmas </Td> <Td> 1988 ; he starts out as a local actor named Joe Carruthers , but ultimately becomes the new Santa Claus , replacing Douglas Seale 's . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tim Conway ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Saving Santa </Td> <Td> Direct - to - video , 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Cosmo </Td> <Td> The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Santa Incident -- 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bryan Cranston </Td> <Td> The Santa Claus Brothers </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hume Cronyn </Td> <Td> Santa and Pete </Td> <Td> 1999 TV - Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Cullen ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Christmas Comes to Pac - Land </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andy Devine </Td> <Td> Batman , episode The Duo is Slumming </Td> <Td> season 2 , 1966 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charles Durning </Td> <Td> Elmo Saves Christmas </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mr. St. Nick </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Earl Jones </Td> <Td> Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stan Francis ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Frees ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Rudolph 's Shiny New Year </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frosty the Snowman </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Giamatti </Td> <Td> Fred Claus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Goldberg </Td> <Td> Santa 's Slay </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Goodman </Td> <Td> The Year Without a Santa Claus </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Futurama </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> It 's a Spongebob Christmas ! </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keith Wickham </Td> <Td> Thomas & Friends </Td> <Td> eighteenth - season episode , Last Train For Christmas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A. Cameron Grant </Td> <Td> I Love Lucy Christmas Show </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Griffiths </Td> <Td> A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Gross </Td> <Td> Becoming Santa </Td> <Td> 2015 TV - Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Guttenberg plays Santa 's son , Nick </Td> <Td> Single Santa Seeks Mrs. Claus </Td> <Td> 2004 who then takes over the job from his father on Meet the Santas , 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edmund Gwenn </Td> <Td> Miracle on 34th Street </Td> <Td> 1947 film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alan Hale , Jr . </Td> <Td> Gilligan 's Island , episode Birds Gotta Fly , Fish Gotta Talk </Td> <Td> Season 1 , 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tom Hanks ( voice ) </Td> <Td> The Polar Express </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nigel Hawthorne </Td> <Td> Call Me Claus </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Holt ( voice ) </Td> <Td> The Bear Who Slept Through Christmas </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Hootkins </Td> <Td> Like Father , Like Santa </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Huddleston </Td> <Td> Santa Claus : The Movie </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edward Ivory ( voice ) </Td> <Td> The Nightmare Before Christmas , </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peeter Jakobi </Td> <Td> Rare Exports : A Christmas Tale </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kevin James </Td> <Td> Elmo 's Christmas Countdown </Td> <Td> 2007 Christmas television special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Dorough </Td> <Td> The Clarks </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Joles ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Uncle Grandpa episode Christmas Special </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cecil Kellaway </Td> <Td> Bewitched , Episode `` A Vision of Sugar Plums '' </Td> <Td> Season 1 , 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Lewis </Td> <Td> Defending Christmas </Td> <Td> television film , 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sal Lizard </Td> <Td> The Box </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dakin Matthews </Td> <Td> The Big Bang Theory , episode `` The Santa Simulation '' </Td> <Td> Season 6 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chuck McCann </Td> <Td> A Very Retail Christmas </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bruce McGill ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Family Guy , episode Road to the North Pole </Td> <Td> Season 9 , 2010 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Mitchell </Td> <Td> The Munsters ' Scary Little Christmas </Td> <Td> television film , 1996 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jose Elias Moreno </Td> <Td> Santa Claus </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ferdinard Munier </Td> <Td> Babes in Toyland </Td> <Td> 1934 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Road to Utopia </Td> <Td> 1946 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leslie Nielsen </Td> <Td> All I Want For Christmas and Santa Who ? </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mairtin O'Carrigan </Td> <Td> Mistletoe Over Manhattan -- </Td> <Td> 2011 TV - Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dick O'Neill </Td> <Td> `` Reality Bites '' The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air </Td> <Td> Season 5 , 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austin Pendleton </Td> <Td> Christmas with the Kranks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Riehle </Td> <Td> The Hebrew Hammer </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Search for Santa Paws </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mickey Rooney ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Year Without a Santa Claus </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Miser Brothers ' Christmas </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jan Rubeš </Td> <Td> One Magic Christmas </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Will Sasso </Td> <Td> Finding Mrs. Claus </Td> <Td> 2002 TV - Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas Seale </Td> <Td> `` Santa ' 85 '' Amazing Stories </Td> <Td> Season 1 , 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ernest Saves Christmas </Td> <Td> ( 1988 ) ; in the latter , his mortal name is `` Seth Applegate '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Shatner ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Eek ! The Cat , episode `` It 's a Very Merry Eek 's Mas '' </Td> <Td> Season 2 , 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gotta Catch Santa Claus </Td> <Td> 2008 Christmas television special </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Shukoff </Td> <Td> Epic Rap Battles of History , episode `` Moses vs. Santa Claus '' </Td> <Td> Season 2 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hal Smith ( voice ) </Td> <Td> The Flintstones , episode Christmas Flintstone </Td> <Td> Season 5 , 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A Flintstone Christmas </Td> <Td> 1977 Christmas television special ( live action ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Brady Bunch </Td> <Td> Season 1 , 1969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Santa and the Three Bears </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Sorvino </Td> <Td> Santa Baby 2 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Staahl ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred Tatasciore ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Scooby Doo ! Haunted Holidays </Td> <Td> Direct - to - DVD , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ricky Tomlinson ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Robbie the Reindeer : Hooves of Fire </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dick Van Patten </Td> <Td> The Santa Trap </Td> <Td> television film , 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Wagner </Td> <Td> Northpole </Td> <Td> 2014 TV - Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phil Pierce </Td> <Td> A Bad Moms Christmas </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Welker ( voice ) </Td> <Td> A Chipmunk Christmas </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Wendt </Td> <Td> Santa Baby </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Wendt Santa Buddies ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Wheeler </Td> <Td> Single Santa Seeks Mrs. Claus </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meet The Santas </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Step by Step episode `` Too Many Santas '' </Td> <Td> season 7 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_actors_who_played_Santa_Claus&oldid=836271075 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of actors by role </Li> <Li> Santa Claus in fiction </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia

The role of Santa Claus in the Santa Clause movies was played by

Who played santa in the santa clause movies?

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Kudzu in the United States - wikipedia <H1> Kudzu in the United States </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Kudzu smothering trees in Atlanta , Georgia . <P> Kudzu is an invasive plant species in the United States . It has been spreading in the southern U.S. at the rate of 150,000 acres ( 61,000 ha ) annually , `` easily outpacing the use of herbicide spraying and mowing , as well increasing the costs of these controls by $6 million annually '' . This claim , however , has recently been disputed , the United States Forest Service estimating an increase of only 2,500 acres ( 1,000 ha ) per year . Its introduction has produced devastating environmental consequences . This has earned it the nickname , `` The vine that ate the South '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History and underlying biology <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Description </Li> <Li> 1.2 Origin in Asia </Li> <Li> 1.3 History of US introduction </Li> <Li> 1.4 Uses and cultivation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Ecology in and effect on new communities <Ul> <Li> 2.1 New communities </Li> <Li> 2.2 Ecological relationships </Li> <Li> 2.3 Economic and cultural impact </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Control and removal methods <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Mechanical </Li> <Li> 3.2 Chemical </Li> <Li> 3.3 Biological </Li> <Li> 3.4 Animals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History and underlying biology ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Description ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kudzu is a perennial vine native to Asia , primarily subtropical and temperate regions of China , Japan , and Korea , with trifoliate leaves composed of three leaflets . Five species in the genus Pueraria ( P. montana , P. lobata , P. edulis , P. phaseoloides and P. thomsoni ) are closely related and kudzu populations in the United States seem to have ancestry from more than one of the species . Each leaflet is large and ovate with two to three lobes each and hair on the underside . The leaves have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen , which can supply up to 95 % of leaf nitrogen to the plant in poor soils . Along the vines are nodes , points at which stems or tendrils can propagate to increase support and attach to structures . As a twining vine , kudzu uses stems or tendrils that can extend from any node on the vine to attach to and climb most surfaces . In addition , the nodes of the kudzu vine have the ability to root when exposed to soil , further anchoring the vine to the ground . The roots are tuberous and are high in starch and water content , and the twining of the plant allows for less carbon concentration in the construction of woody stems and greater concentration in roots , which aids root growth . The roots can account for up to 40 % of total plant biomass . </P> <P> Kudzu 's primary method of reproduction is asexual vegetative spread ( cloning ) which is aided by the ability to root wherever a stem is exposed to soil . For sexual reproduction , kudzu is entirely dependent on pollinators . </P> <P> Although kudzu prefers forest regrowth and edge habitats with high Sun exposure , the plant can survive in full sun or partial shade . These attributes of kudzu made it attractive as an ornamental plant for shading porches in the southeastern United States , but they facilitated the growth of kudzu as it became a `` structural parasite '' of the South , enveloping entire structures when untreated and often referred to as `` the vine that ate the South '' . </P> <P> The word `` kudzu '' comes from the Japanese word for the plant , 葛 , or kuzu . </P> <H3> Origin in Asia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kudzu is believed to have originated in Japan , where the ecosystem ( primarily the tendency of kudzu to experience above - ground die back over winter ) kept the vine from becoming a nuisance , and it is thought to have been introduced to China and likely Korea . </P> <P> In Japan , kudzu thrives in mountainous regions , ranging from the 44th parallel north ( the island of Hokkaido ) to the 30th parallel north ( the island of Kuchinoshima ) and many of the lowlands and the islands . In Korea , kudzu grows in areas where the temperature can drop to - 30 ° Celsius . </P> <H3> History of U.S. introduction ( edit ) </H3> <P> The kudzu plant was introduced to the United States from Japan in 1876 at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia . Kudzu was introduced to the Southeast in 1883 at the New Orleans Exposition . The vine was widely marketed in the Southeast as an ornamental plant to be used to shade porches , and in the first half of the 20th century , kudzu was distributed as a high - protein content cattle fodder and as a cover plant to prevent soil erosion . It was cultivated by Civilian Conservation Corps workers as a solution for the erosion during the Dust Bowl . The Soil Erosion Service recommended the use of kudzu to help control erosion of slopes which led to the government - aided distribution of 85 million seedlings and government - funded plantings of kudzu which paid $19.75 per hectare . By 1946 , it was estimated that 1,200,000 hectares ( 3,000,000 acres ) of kudzu had been planted . When boll weevil infestations and the failure of cotton crops caused farmers to abandon their farms , kudzu plantings were left unattended . The climate and environment of the Southeastern United States allowed the kudzu to grow virtually unchecked . In 1953 the United States Department of Agriculture removed kudzu from a list of suggested cover plants and listed it as a weed in 1970 . By 1997 , the vine was placed on the `` Federal Noxious Weed List '' . Today , kudzu is estimated to cover 3,000,000 hectares ( 7,400,000 acres ) of land in the southeastern United States , mostly in Alabama , Georgia , Tennessee , Florida , North Carolina , South Carolina and Mississippi . It has been recorded in Nova Scotia , Canada , in Columbus , Ohio , and in all five boroughs of New York City . </P> <P> Recent U.S. Forest Service information indicates that kudzu is much less of a problem than previously thought . It shows kudzu to cover 227,000 acres ( 92,000 ha ) , with `` an increase of no more than 2,500 acres ( 1,000 ha ) a year '' . This can be compared to invasive Asian privet in the United States , which covers 3,200,000 acres ( 1,300,000 ha ) . </P> <H3> Uses and cultivation ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the United States , kudzu has been used as livestock feed , in fertilizer , and in erosion control , and the vines have been used for folk art . In Korea , kudzu root is harvested for its starch , which is used in various foods including naengmyon , as well as a health food and herbal medicine . In China , kudzu root is used in herbal remedies , teas , and the treatment of alcohol - related problems . The efficacy of the treatment of alcohol - related problems is currently under question , but experiments show promising results . In Japan , the kudzu root starch ( or kuzu root starch ) extracted from kudzu roots is used in cooking and natural medicines , and it is used to make hay that sick animals will eat . The starch is used in Japanese cuisine , and is widely consumed as such in that country . Kudzu is also used as a food crop in Java , Sumatra , and Malaya , and can be found in Puerto Rico and South America . </P> <P> Other uses may include : paper products , food products , insect repellents ( the smoke from burning leaves ) , honey , and methane production . </P> <P> Kudzu also has potential as a source for biofuel . </P> <H2> Ecology in and effect on New communities ( edit ) </H2> Infestation of Kudzu in the United States . <H3> New communities ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kudzu was intentionally introduced to North America by the Soil Erosion Service and Civilian Conservation Corp in 1876 for the purpose of controlling soil erosion in Pennsylvania . When kudzu was first introduced in the southeast , it was initially used as an ornamental vine to shade homes . By the early 20th century , southerners began to use kudzu for purposes other than ornamentation and so kudzu began to come closer in contact with the land which , in turn , encouraged its spread throughout the southeast . In the 135 years since its introduction , kudzu has spread over three million hectares ( ha ) of the southern United States , and continues to ' consume ' the south at an estimated rate of 50,000 hectares ( 120,000 acres ) per year , destroying power lines , buildings , and native vegetation in its path . In the United States , kudzu is extensively reported in Alabama , Arkansas , Washington , D.C. , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Illinois , Indiana , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Missouri , Mississippi , North Carolina , North Dakota , New Jersey , Oregon , Ohio , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , and West Virginia . Of these states , three in the southeast have the heaviest infestations : Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi . </P> <H3> Ecological relationships ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kudzu kills or damages other plants by smothering them under a blanket of leaves , encompassing tree trunks , breaking branches , or even uprooting entire trees . Kudzu 's ability to grow quickly , survive in areas of low nitrogen availability , and acquire resources quickly allows it to out - compete native species . Of the plants that can successfully compete with kudzu , many are other invasive species such as the Chinese privet and the Japanese honeysuckle . In the southeast , the spread of kudzu is especially troublesome because of the high level of biodiversity in this region that is not found in other regions of the United States . Kudzu and other invasive weeds pose a significant threat to the biodiversity in the southeast . They reduce the environment to impoverished `` vine barrens '' . The fast growth and high competitive ability is achieved through several key features of kudzu that are detailed below . </P> <P> Kudzu is a very stress - tolerant plant . Kudzu is drought tolerant and only the above ground portions of the plant are damaged by frost . Kudzu also forms symbiotic relationships with nitrogen - fixing bacteria to convert atmospheric nitrogen ( N ) into ammonium which can be used by surrounding plants . Now the dominant nitrogen - fixing plant in the eastern United States , kudzu fixes an estimated 235 kg of nitrogen per hectare per year , which is an order of magnitude higher than the rates of native species . This ability allows it to flourish in nitrogen - poor sites where other plants are unable to grow . In the absence of other plants , nitrogen then builds up in the soil , allowing the maintenance of large leaf areas and high photosynthetic rates . </P> <P> While little research has been conducted on the impacts of plant invasion on atmospheric conditions , a study conducted at Stony Brook University in New York shows that kudzu has increased the concentration of atmospheric NOx in the eastern United States , which causes a 2 ppb increase in tropospheric ozone during high temperature events in addition

Kudzu was introduced to the United States in

When was kudzu introduced to the united states?

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Ready Player One - Wikipedia <H1> Ready Player One </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel by Ernest Cline . For the film based on the novel , see Ready Player One ( film ) . <Table> Ready Player One <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> First edition cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Ernest Cline </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> LitRPG , Science fiction , dystopian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Random House </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> August 16 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media type </Th> <Td> Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , e-book , audiobook </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 385 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 978 - 0307887436 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ready Player One is a 2011 LitRPG science fiction novel , and the debut novel of American author Ernest Cline . The story , set in a dystopian 2040s , follows protagonist Wade Watts on his search for an Easter egg in a worldwide virtual reality game , the discovery of which will lead him to inherit the game creator 's fortune . Cline sold the rights to publish the novel in June 2010 , in a bidding war to the Crown Publishing Group ( a division of Random House ) . The book was published on August 16 , 2011 . An audiobook was released the same day ; it was narrated by Wil Wheaton , who was mentioned briefly in one of the chapters . In 2012 , the book received an Alex Award from the Young Adult Library Services Association division of the American Library Association and won the 2012 Prometheus Award . </P> <P> A film adaptation , screenwritten by Cline and Zak Penn and directed by Steven Spielberg , was released on March 29 , 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Setting </Li> <Li> 1.2 Plot </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Characters </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 Spin - offs and sequels <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Short story </Li> <Li> 4.2 Sequel novel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 In other media <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Easter egg hunt promotion </Li> <Li> 5.2 Film adaptation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Setting ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 2040s , the world has been gripped by an energy crisis from the depletion of fossil fuels and the consequences of global warming , and overpopulation , causing widespread social problems and economic stagnation . To escape the decline their world is facing , people turn to the OASIS , a virtual reality simulator accessible by players using visors and haptic technology such as gloves . It functions both as an MMORPG and as a virtual society , with its currency being the most stable in the real world . It was created by James Halliday who , when he died , had announced in his will to the public that he had left an Easter egg inside OASIS , and the first person to find it would inherit his entire fortune and the corporation . The story follows the adventures of Wade Watts , starting about five years after the announcement , when he discovers one of the three keys pointing to the treasure . </P> <H3> Plot ( edit ) </H3> <P> Teenager Wade Watts lives with his aunt in Oklahoma City in the `` stacks '' , a poverty - stricken district constructed of trailer homes piled on top of each other . He spends his spare time as a `` gunter '' ( `` egg hunter '' ) , logging on to the OASIS as an avatar under the moniker Parzival , reading Halliday 's journal Anorak 's Almanac , and researching details of the 1980s pop culture , mainly classic video games and movies , that Halliday loved . One day , he realizes that the first key is located on the same virtual world as his own online high school , in a re-creation of the Dungeons & Dragons module Tomb of Horrors . He meets Art3mis , a famous female gunter and blogger who has been exploring the place , and advances further than she does when he defeats the AI Acererak at the video game Joust . He is awarded the Copper Key , and Parzival appears on the `` Scoreboard '' , attracting the world 's attention . </P> <P> Parzival completes the gate 's puzzles by playing through the Dungeons of Daggorath video game and then role - playing Matthew Broderick 's character in the film WarGames . Art3mis clears the gate shortly afterwards , as does Wade 's friend Aech . Wade 's fame enables him to make a living by endorsing virtual products . It also brings him to the attention of Nolan Sorrento , head of operations at Innovative Online Industries ( IOI ) , a multinational corporation bent on taking control of the OASIS and monetizing it through a well - funded effort to find the Easter Egg . When Wade refuses to join IOI , Sorrento attempts to kill him by blowing up the stacks where Wade lives , disguising the explosion as a meth lab accident . </P> <P> Wade escapes Oklahoma City and moves to Columbus , Ohio , where he lies low , assuming the pseudonym Bryce Lynch and living in an anonymous apartment designed for hardcore OASIS users . He considers an alliance with Aech , Art3mis , and Daito and Shoto , two Japanese gunters who have also earned the Copper Key . Instead , he and Art3mis begin a wary friendship , but when he asks her out , Art3mis declines . IOI operatives , called Sixers , attempt to assassinate Wade and Art3mis at the birthday party of OASIS co-founder Ogden Morrow . They are stopped by Morrow , who has special privileges and powers within the OASIS . Five months pass . Neither Wade nor anyone else has found the next token , the Jade Key . </P> <P> When Art3mis finds the Jade Key , Parzival scrambles to planet Archaide , where he plays a perfect game of Pac - Man , receiving only a quarter as a prize . Aech provides a hint leading him to the planet Frobozz where he solves the text adventure game Zork . Sorrento , who had tracked Art3mis and Aech using a premium locator artifact , establishes a base there to farm their company 's avatars with keys , and unlocks the second Gate and acquires the Jade Key . Shoto tells Parzival that the Sixers infiltrated Daito 's real - life apartment and threw him out of the building , killing him . </P> <P> Parzival unlocks the Jade Gate , a Voight - Kampff machine in the Blade Runner universe , and completes the arcade game Black Tiger as a character from the first - person shooter perspective . Using his knowledge of Rush , he acquires the Crystal Key , and after playing `` Discovery '' , the third movement from the title track of their album `` 2112 '' , finds a clue regarding the conditions to unlock the final gate . As he messages Art3mis , Aech , and Shoto with his solution , Sorrento ends their covert attempts to clear the third gate , Castle Anorak , and places a force field around it . </P> <P> Wade manipulates his assumed identity in order to be arrested and placed in indentured servitude in IOI 's tech support department . While inside IOI , he uses black market passwords and security exploits to hack into IOI 's intranet : he acquires a wealth of information , including footage of Daito 's murder . The information also includes the attempt on his own life , as well as plans to kill Shoto and Art3mis in real life . After escaping the corporation , he shares his information with his friends and publicizes a gathering of avatars to storm the castle . They are interrupted by Ogden Morrow , who offers them a safe haven at his home in Oregon . Wade meets the real - life Aech and Ogden , but not Art3mis and Shoto , who are already hooked into Ogden 's immersion pods . </P> <P> The day of the battle , Wade uses his planted hack to bring down the barricade , and a massive fight among avatars ensues . After Parzival uses the giant robot Leopardon to fight against Sorrento 's Mechagodzilla Kiryu , Parzival and friends unlock the gate , at which point the Sixers use an artifact called the Cataclyst to destroy the castle and all avatars over a large area . Parzival survives because having the Pac - Man quarter granted him an extra life . As he enters the Crystal Gate , he announces that if he wins he will share his fortune with his three friends . With Sorrento and his Sixers on his heels , Parzival plays Tempest , role - plays King Arthur and various characters in Monty Python and the Holy Grail , and retrieves the Easter egg in Adventure . His victory grants him control of the OASIS , including wiping out his enemies ' avatars , resurrecting his friends , and a Big Red Button that would wipe OASIS . Sorrento is arrested for the murder of Daito and for conspiring to kill Wade and the others . Back in Oregon , Wade and Art3mis meet in person and rekindle their relationship with a kiss . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Wade Owen Watts a.k.a. Parzival : the viewpoint character , an orphan from the `` stacks '' surrounding metropolitan Oklahoma City . Wade names his OASIS character Parzival after the Arthurian knight involved in the quest for the holy grail , and dedicates his life to finding James Halliday 's Easter egg . He is 18 years old when he finds the Copper Key in the prologue of the book . His username at the virtual high school he attends is Wade3 . Wade 's character was based on a mix of Cline as well as his geek friends . </Li> <Li> James Donovan Halliday a.k.a. Anorak : creator of OASIS . A big fan of 1980s culture , he announces in his will his plans to leave his entire fortune to whoever can find his Easter egg that he had hidden in OASIS . His character was initially inspired by Willy Wonka who Cline described as a `` rich eccentric holding a fantastic contest '' . Cline used the personalities of Howard Hughes and Richard Garriott , and placed Halliday 's birth year around the same as his own so that his pop culture interests would coincide with Cline 's `` and the other middle - aged uber geeks I know '' . </Li> <Li> Aech ( pronounced like the letter H ) : Wade 's best friend , fellow gunter , and rival in the quest to find the egg . Aech 's specialty is in PvP and first - person shooter games , and is one of the top combatants on OASIS . Although Aech 's avatar is an athletic Caucasian heterosexual male , Aech is played by an African - American lesbian named Helen Harris , who grew up in Atlanta , Georgia and is about the same age as Wade . Aech is based partly on Cline 's friend Harry Knowles as well as himself and other geeks , both men and women . </Li> <Li> Art3mis : a famous female gunter and blogger . Wade has a huge cyber-crush on her , which is complicated by their competition in search of the egg . She chose her avatar 's name from the Greek goddess of the hunt

In the novel and film Ready Player One, OASIS stands for

In ready player one what does oasis stand for?

4911813695697896179

Alveolar process - wikipedia <H1> Alveolar process </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Alveolar process </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Left maxilla . Outer surface . ( Alveolar process visible at bottom . ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cartilages of the nose , seen from below . ( Alveolar process of maxilla visible at bottom . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> Processus alveolaris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dorlands / Elsevier </Th> <Td> p_34 / 12667282 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A02. 1.12. 035 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 52897 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The alveolar process ( / ælˈviːələr / ) ( alveolar bone ) is the thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets ( dental alveoli ) on bones that hold teeth . In humans , the tooth - bearing bones are the maxillae and the mandible . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Features </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Clinical significance <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Developmental disturbances </Li> <Li> 2.2 Pathology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Additional images </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> On the maxillae , the alveolar process is a ridge on the inferior surface , and on the mandible it is a ridge on the superior surface . It makes up the thickest part of the maxillae . </P> <P> The alveolar process contains a region of compact bone adjacent to the periodontal ligament ( PDL ) , which is called the lamina dura when viewed on radiographs . It is this part which is attached to the cementum of the roots by the periodontal ligament . It is uniformly radiopaque ( or lighter ) . Integrity of the lamina dura is important when studying radiographs for pathological lesions . </P> <P> The alveolar bone or process is divided into the alveolar bone proper and the supporting alveolar bone . Microscopically , both the alveolar bone proper and the supporting alveolar bone have the same components : fibers , cells , intercellular substances , nerves , blood vessels , and lymphatics . </P> <P> The alveolar bone proper is the lining of the tooth socket or alveolus ( plural , alveoli ) . Although the alveolar bone proper is composed of compact bone , it may be called the cribriform plate because it contains numerous holes where Volkmann canals pass from the alveolar bone into the PDL . The alveolar bone proper is also called bundle bone because Sharpey fibers , a part of the fibers of the PDL , are inserted here . Similar to those of the cemental surface , Sharpey fibers in alveolar bone proper are each inserted at 90 degrees , or at a right angle , but are fewer in number , although thicker in diameter than those present in cementum . As in cellular cementum , Sharpey fibers in bone are generally mineralized only partially at their periphery . </P> <P> The alveolar crest is the most cervical rim of the alveolar bone proper . In a healthy situation , the alveolar crest is slightly apical to the cementoenamel junction ( CEJ ) by approximately 1.5 to 2 mm . The alveolar crests of neighboring teeth are also uniform in height along the jaw in healthy situation . </P> <P> The supporting alveolar bone consists of both cortical bone and trabecular bone . The cortical bone , or cortical plates , consists of plates of compact bone on the facial and lingual surfaces of the alveolar bone . These cortical plates are usually about 1.5 to 3 mm thick over posterior teeth , but the thickness is highly variable around anterior teeth . The trabecular bone consists of cancellous bone that is located between the alveolar bone proper and the plates of cortical bone . The alveolar bone between two neighboring teeth is the interdental septum ( or interdental bone ) . </P> <H3> Features ( edit ) </H3> <P> The mineral content of alveolar bone is mostly calcium hydroxyapatite , which is similar to that found in higher percentages in both enamel and dentin , but is most similar to the levels in cementum ( 50 % ) . Like all bone , mature alveolar bone is by weight 60 % mineralized or inorganic material , 25 % organic material , and 15 % water . The minerals of potassium , manganese , magnesium , silica , iron , zinc , selenium , boron , phosphorus , sulfur , chromium , and others are also present but in smaller amounts . Alveolar bone is more easily remodeled than cementum , thus allowing orthodontic tooth movement . When viewing a stained histological section , the remodeled alveolar bone shows arrest lines and reversal lines , as does all bone tissue . </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Developmental disturbances ( edit ) </H3> <P> The developmental disturbance of anodontia ( or hypodontia , if only one tooth ) , in which tooth germs are congenitally absent , may affect the development of the alveolar processes . This occurrence can prevent the alveolar processes of either the maxillae or the mandible from developing . Proper development is impossible because the alveolar unit of each dental arch must form in response to the tooth germs in the area . </P> <H3> Pathology ( edit ) </H3> <P> After extraction of a tooth , the clot in the alveolus fills in with immature bone , which later is remodeled into mature secondary bone . However , with the loss of teeth , a patient becomes edentulous , either partially or completely , and the alveolar bone undergoes resorption . The underlying basal bone of the body of the maxilla or mandible remains less affected , however , because it does not need the presence of teeth to remain viable . The loss of alveolar bone , coupled with attrition of the teeth , causes a loss of height of the lower third of the vertical dimension of the face when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation . The extent of this loss is determined based on clinical judgment using the Golden Proportions . </P> <P> The density of the alveolar bone in a given area also determines the route that dental infection takes with abscess formation , as well as the efficacy of local infiltration during the use of local anesthesia . In addition , the differences in alveolar process density determine the easiest and most convenient areas of bony fracture to be used , if needed during tooth extraction of impacted teeth . </P> <P> During chronic periodontal disease that has affected the periodontium ( periodontitis ) , localized bone tissue is also lost . </P> <H2> Additional images ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> This X-ray film reveals some bone loss on the right side of the mandible . The associated teeth exhibit poor crown - to - root ratios and may be subject to secondary occlusal trauma . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Alveolar process </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Alveolar process of maxilla </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Alveolar process of mandible </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dental alveolus </Li> <Li> Periodontium </Li> <Li> Periodontal disease </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Entry `` alveolar '' in Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ten Cate 's Oral Histology , Nanci , Elsevier , 2013 , page 219 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Illustrated Dental Embryology , Histology , and Anatomy , Bath - Balogh and Fehrenbach , Elsevier , 2011 , page 176 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Photo of model at Waynesburg College skeleton / alveolarprocess </Li> <Li> `` Anatomy diagram : 34256.000 - 1 '' . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator . Elsevier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Diagram at case.edu </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dentistry involving supporting structures of teeth ( Periodontology ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Anatomy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Periodontium </Li> <Li> Alveolar bone </Li> <Li> Biologic width </Li> <Li> Bundle bone </Li> <Li> Cementum </Li> <Li> Free gingival margin </Li> <Li> Gingiva </Li> <Li> Gingival fibers </Li> <Li> Gingival sulcus </Li> <Li> Junctional epithelium </Li> <Li> Mucogingival junction </Li> <Li> Periodontal ligament </Li> <Li> Sulcular epithelium </Li> <Li> Stippling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disease </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Diagnoses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chronic periodontitis </Li> <Li> Localized aggressive periodontitis </Li> <Li> Generalized aggressive periodontitis </Li> <Li> Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease </Li> <Li> Periodontosis </Li> <Li> Necrotizing periodontal diseases </Li> <Li> Abscesses of the periodontium </Li> <Li> Combined periodontic - endodontic lesions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Infection </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A. actinomycetemcomitans </Li> <Li> Capnocytophaga sp . </Li> <Li> F. nucleatum </Li> <Li> P. gingivalis </Li> <Li> P. intermedia </Li> <Li> T. forsythia </Li> <Li> T. denticola </Li> <Li> Red complex </Li> <Li> Entamoeba gingivalis </Li> <Li> Trichomonas tenax </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Calculus </Li> <Li> Clinical attachment loss </Li> <Li> Edentulism </Li> <Li> Fremitus </Li> <Li> Furcation defect </Li> <Li> Gingival enlargement </Li> <Li> Gingival pocket </Li> <Li> Gingival recession </Li> <Li> Gingivitis </Li> <Li> Horizontal bony defect </Li> <Li> Linear gingival erythema </Li> <Li> Occlusal trauma </Li> <Li> Periodontal pocket </Li> <Li> Periodontal disease </Li> <Li> Periodontitis </Li> <Li> Plaque </Li> <Li> Vertical bony defect </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Treatment and prevention </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Periodontal examination </Li> <Li> Ante 's law </Li> <Li> Brushing </Li> <Li> Bleeding on probing </Li> <Li> Chlorhexidine gluconate </Li> <Li> Flossing </Li> <Li> Hydrogen peroxide </Li> <Li> Mouthwash </Li> <Li> Oral hygiene </Li> <Li> Tetracycline </Li> <Li> Triclosan </Li> <Li> Host modulatory therapy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Treatment </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Conventional therapy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Debridement </Li> <Li> Scaling and root planing </Li> <Li> Full mouth disinfection </Li> <Li> Full mouth ultrasonic debridement </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surgery </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apically positioned flap </Li> <Li> Bone graft </Li> <Li> Coronally positioned flap </Li> <Li> Crown lengthening </Li> <Li> Open flap debridement </Li> <Li> Gingival graft </Li> <Li> Gingivectomy </Li> <Li> Guided bone regeneration </Li> <Li> Guided tissue regeneration </Li> <Li> Enamel matrix derivative </Li> <Li> Implant placement </Li> <Li> Lateral pedicle graft </Li> <Li> Pocket reduction surgery </Li> <Li> Socket preservation </Li> <Li> Sinus lift </Li> <Li> Subepithelial connective tissue graft </Li> <Li> Tools <Ul> <Li> Curette </Li> <Li> Membrane </Li> <Li> Probe </Li> <Li> Scaler </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Important personalities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tomas Albrektsson </Li> <Li> Frank Beube </Li> <Li> Per - Ingvar Brånemark </Li> <Li> Robert Gottsegen </Li> <Li> Gary Greenstein </Li> <Li> Jan Lindhe </Li> <Li> Brian Mealey </Li> <Li> Preston D. Miller </Li> <Li> Willoughby D. Miller </Li> <Li> Carl E. Misch </Li> <Li> John Mankey Riggs </Li> <Li> Jay Seibert </Li> <Li> Jørgen Slots </Li> <Li> Paul Roscoe Stillman </Li> <Li> Dennis P. Tarnow </Li> <Li> Hom - Lay Wang </Li> <Li> James Leon Williams </Li> <Li> W.J. Younger </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other specialties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Endodontology </Li> <Li> Orthodontology </Li> <Li> Prosthodontology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The facial skeleton of the skull </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maxilla </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Surfaces </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anterior : fossae ( Incisive fossa , Canine fossa ) </Li> <Li> Infraorbital foramen </Li> <Li> Anterior nasal spine </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Infratemporal : Alveolar canals </Li> <Li> Maxillary tuberosity </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Orbital : Infraorbital groove

The radiographic term used to describe the dense bone of the socket and septal crest is the

The radiographic term used to describe the dense bone of the socket and septal crest is?

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Guano islands Act - wikipedia <H1> Guano islands Act </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Guano Islands Act ( 11 Stat. 119 , enacted August 18 , 1856 , codified at 48 U.S.C. ch. 8 § § 1411 - 1419 ) is a United States federal law passed by the U.S. Congress that enables citizens of the United States to take possession of unclaimed islands containing guano deposits . The islands can be located anywhere , so long as they are not occupied and not within the jurisdiction of another government . It also empowers the President of the United States to use the military to protect such interests and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States in these territories . </P> <P> Whenever any citizen of the United States discovers a deposit of guano on any island , rock , or key , not within the lawful jurisdiction of any other Government , and not occupied by the citizens of any other Government , and takes peaceable possession thereof , and occupies the same , such island , rock , or key may , at the discretion of the President , be considered as appertaining to the United States . </P> -- Section 1 of the Guano Islands Act <P> The Act continues to be part of the law of the United States . The most recent Guano Islands Act claim was made to Navassa Island , however , the claim was discarded because an American court ruled the island was already under American jurisdiction ( a claim Haiti disputes ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Criminal jurisdiction </Li> <Li> 3 Claims </Li> <Li> 4 Disputed claims </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the 1840s , guano came to be prized as a source of saltpeter for gunpowder as well as an agricultural fertilizer . The United States began importing it in 1843 through New York . By the early 1850s , the U.K. imported over 200,000 tons a year , and U.S. imports totaled about 760,000 tons . The `` guano mania '' of the 1850s led to high prices in an oligopolistic market , attempts of price control , fear of resource exhaustion , and eventually the enactment of the Guano Islands Act 1856 in August 1856 . The Act enables U.S. citizens to take possession of unclaimed islands containing guano for the U.S. , and empowering the President to send in armed military to intervene . This encouraged American entrepreneurs to search and exploit new deposits on tiny islands and reefs in the Caribbean and in the Pacific . </P> <P> This is the beginning of the concept of insular areas in U.S. territories . Up to this time , any territory acquired by the U.S. was considered to have become an integral part of the country unless changed by treaty and eventually to have the opportunity to become a state of the Union . With insular areas , land could be held by the federal government without the prospect of its ever becoming a state in the Union . </P> <H2> Criminal jurisdiction ( edit ) </H2> <P> Section 6 provides that criminal acts on or adjacent to these territories `` shall be deemed committed on the high seas , on board a merchant ship or vessel belonging to the United States ; and shall be punished according to the laws of the United States relating to such ships or vessels and offenses on the high seas ... '' The provision was considered and ruled constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in Jones v. United States , 137 U.S. 202 ( 1890 ) . </P> <H2> Claims ( edit ) </H2> <P> More than 100 islands have been claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act , but most claims have been withdrawn . The Act specifically allows the islands to be considered possessions of the U.S. , but it also provides that the U.S. is not obliged to retain possession after guano is exhausted . On the other hand , it also does not say that the U.S. can not retain possession though the guano is exhausted . </P> <P> The Act does not specify what the status of the territory is after it is abandoned by private U.S. interests . </P> <P> The islands still claimed by the United States under the Act are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Baker Island </Li> <Li> Howland Island </Li> <Li> Jarvis Island </Li> <Li> Johnston Atoll </Li> <Li> Kingman Reef / Danger Rock </Li> <Li> Midway Atoll </Li> <Li> Navassa Island ( claimed by Haiti ) </Li> <Li> Bajo Nuevo Bank ( disputed with Colombia ) </Li> <Li> Serranilla Bank ( disputed with Colombia ) </Li> <Li> Swains Island ( part of American Samoa ; no evidence that guano was mined ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Disputed claims ( edit ) </H2> <P> The claim by the United States under the Guano Act of 1856 to a number of islands are subject to territorial disputes . In most cases , the dispute stems from attempts by a state to expand its exclusive economic zone over the surrounding seas . </P> <P> To cement the U.S. claim to Navassa Island against Haiti , President James Buchanan issued Executive Orders establishing United States territorial jurisdiction beyond just the Guano Act of 1856 . The United States Supreme Court in 1890 ruled the Guano Act constitutional ; and , citing the actions of the Executive Branch , amongst other points in law , determined Navassa Island as pertaining to the United States . Control of Navassa Island was transferred by the Department of the Interior to the Director of the Office of Insular Affairs under Order No. 3205 on January 16 , 1997 . Both the Department of the Interior and Insular Affairs would later grant administration responsibilities to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service under Order No. 3210 on December 3 , 1999 . Order No 3210 also established a 12 - nautical - mile ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) territorial sea boundary for the United States around Navassa Island . </P> <P> Multiple countries have claimed ownership of Serranilla Bank and the Bajo Nuevo Bank . Bajo Nuevo Bank is the subject of conflicting claims made by a number of sovereign states . </P> <P> In 1899 , a claim was made on Fox Island , Quebec . Fox Island consists of two uninhabited islands - one located on the north end of Lake Kipawa near Kipawa , Quebec and the other located south of Harrington Harbour , Quebec in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . </P> <P> In 1964 , Leicester Hemingway , brother of author Ernest Hemingway , attempted to establish a country ( or more appropriately , a micronation ) dubbed the Republic of New Atlantis , on an 8 x 30 foot bamboo raft anchored with an engine block outside the territorial waters of Jamaica , using the Guano Islands Act as part of a claim to sovereignty . His apparent intention was to use the new country as the headquarters for his own International Marine Research Society , with which he planned to further marine research , as well as to protect Jamaican fishing . Neither the US nor Jamaica recognized his claim before the raft was destroyed in a storm in 1966 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Islands portal </Li> <Li> Law portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of Guano Island claims </Li> <Li> United States Miscellaneous Pacific Islands </Li> <Li> United States Minor Outlying Islands </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/07/08/by-kevin-underhill-the-guano-islands-act/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav. ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . Massachusetts : The MIT Press , pp. 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Skaggs & Wines , R.A. ( 1985 ) . Fertilizer in America . Philadelphia : Temple University Press , pp. 54 - 70 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guano Islands Act ( 11 Stat. 119 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Acquisition Process of Insular Areas '' . United States Government , Department of the Interior . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stahr , Walter ( 2012 ) . Seward : Lincoln 's Indispensable Man . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 2794 - 0 . several islands first claimed under the guano island law ; Kindle location 2856 of 15675 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Skaggs , Jimmy M. ( 1994 ) . The Great Guano Rush : Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 10316 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones v. United States , 137 U.S. 202 ( 1890 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hale , Russell . `` Contents of a Country : Leicester Hemingway 's Republic of New Atlantis '' . University of Texas Humanities Research Center . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2013 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Surveying the American Tropics : A Literary Geography from New York to Rio . Liverpool University Press . 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Text of U.S. Code , Title 48 , Chapter 8 </Li> <Li> 34th Congress Statutes at Large </Li> <Li> 43rd Congress Statutes at Large </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Territorial expansion of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) </Li> <Li> Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) </Li> <Li> Red River Cession ( 1818 ) </Li> <Li> Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) </Li> <Li> Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) </Li> <Li> Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) </Li> <Li> Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) </Li> <Li> Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) </Li> <Li> Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) </Li> <Li> Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) </Li> <Li> Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Concept : Manifest destiny </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Political divisions of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li>

The Guano Islands Act

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</Li> <Li> 2.3 Marketing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Cast and characters </Li> <Li> 4 Plot <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Season one </Li> <Li> 4.2 Season two </Li> <Li> 4.3 Season three </Li> <Li> 4.4 Season four </Li> <Li> 4.5 Season five </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.2 Awards and accolades </Li> <Li> 5.3 Fan base </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Television ratings <Ul> <Li> 6.1 U.S. ratings </Li> <Li> 6.2 International ratings </Li> <Li> 6.3 DVR ratings </Li> <Li> 6.4 Affluent viewers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Distribution <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Online episodes </Li> <Li> 7.2 Syndication </Li> <Li> 7.3 DirecTV </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Home media releases <Ul> <Li> 8.1 DVD and Blu - ray </Li> <Li> 8.2 Soundtracks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Potential film sequel </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Inspiration ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Friday Night Lights ( film ) <P> Friday Night Lights was inspired by H.G. `` Buzz '' Bissinger 's non-fiction book Friday Night Lights : A Town , a Team , and a Dream ( 1990 ) and the 2004 film based on it . The book , which explores the 1988 season of the Permian Panthers , a high school football team in Odessa , Texas , was a factual work of documentary journalism . The people featured were not renamed in the book . The Universal Pictures film , which stars Billy Bob Thornton and was directed by Peter Berg , Bissinger 's second cousin , based its characters on the residents of Odessa c. 1988 . </P> <H3> Conception ( edit ) </H3> Peter Berg , who directed the film , developed the series , and wrote and directed the pilot episode . <P> Once filming on the movie was completed , Berg began to explore adapting the story for television . Berg later said he had regretted having to jettison many of the interpersonal topics from the book because of the time constraints of a feature film . Creating a TV series , particularly one based on fictional characters , allowed him to address many of those elements in - depth . </P> <P> He decided to set the series in a fictional town of Dillon , Texas , with some characteristics of Odessa . The football team was given the Panthers name . Berg deliberately carried elements from the film to the series , particularly for the pilot , which was closely related to the film . He cast Connie Britton as the wife of head coach Eric Taylor , and Brad Leland as Buddy Garrity , a major businessman and football booster , in roles similar to those they played in the film . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Filming for the show 's pilot began in February 2006 in Austin , Texas . Berg said he required filming the pilot and eventually the show in Texas as `` a deal breaker '' in order to agree to participate weekly in the project . The show features homages to its Texas heritage . In the pilot , Berg featured former Texas Longhorns football coach Mack Brown as a Dillon booster and had a caller to the fictional Panther Radio compare Panthers ' coach Eric Taylor to Brown . The pilot referred to much of the surrounding area in its scenes . Football scenes were filmed at Pflugerville High School 's Kuempel Stadium and at the RRISD Complex . The Dillon Panther football team and coaches ' uniforms were based on the uniforms of the Pflugerville Panthers . Some of the scenes were filmed at Texas School for the Deaf . </P> <P> Berg 's observation of local high school students while preparing to film the movie inspired his development of some of the characters . For example , Jason Street , the character whose promising football career is ended by a spinal injury in the pilot , was inspired by a local event . David Edwards , a football player from San Antonio 's Madison High , was paralyzed during a November 2003 game . Berg was at the game when this accident occurred ; he was profoundly affected by Edwards ' injury and how it overturned his life . Berg set up a similar incident in the pilot . </P> <H3> Performances ( edit ) </H3> <P> While relying on a script each week , the producers decided at the outset to allow the cast leeway in what they said and did on the show . Their decisions could affect the delivery of their lines and the blocking of each scene . If the actors felt that something was untrue to their character or a mode of delivery did n't work , they were free to change it , provided they still hit the vital plot points . </P> <P> This freedom was complemented by filming without rehearsal and without extensive blocking . Camera operators were trained to follow the actors , rather than having the actors stand in one place with cameras fixed around them . The actors knew that the filming would work around them . Executive producer Jeffrey Reiner described this method as `` no rehearsal , no blocking , just three cameras and we shoot . '' </P> <P> Working in this fashion profoundly influenced everyone involved with the show . Series star Kyle Chandler said : `` When I look back at my life , I 'm going to say , ' Wow , ( executive producer ) Peter Berg really changed my life . ' '' Executive producer and head writer Jason Katims echoed this sentiment , saying : `` When I first came on ( the FNL ) set , I thought , it 's interesting -- this is what I imagined filmmaking would be , before I saw what filmmaking was . '' </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> All five seasons of Friday Night Lights were filmed in Austin and Pflugerville . With the show yielding roughly $33 million a year in revenue , other states courted the production company after the state of Texas failed to pay all the rebates it had promised to the show 's producers . The Texas legislature authorized funding to match the offers of other states , and the production company preferred to stay near Austin , so the show remained in Texas . </P> <P> Friday Night Lights is unusual for using actual locations rather than stage sets and sound stage . These factors together with reliance on filming hundreds of locals as extras , gives the series an authentic feel and look . </P> <P> The producers used a documentary - style filming technique . Three cameras were used for each shoot and entire scenes were shot in one take . In contrast , most productions film a scene from each angle and typically repeat the scene several times while readjusting lighting to accommodate each shot . The first takes usually made the final cut . By filming a scene all at once , the producers tried to create an environment for the actors that was more organic and allowed for the best performances . </P> <P> The series borrowed the uniforms , cheerleaders , fans and stadium of the Pflugerville Panthers . Producers shot Pflugerville games and used them as game footage in the series . University of Southern California football announcers Peter Arbogast and Paul McDonald provided off - screen commentary during the football game sequences . The facilities , colors and bobcat logos of Texas State University in San Marcos were used as the setting and creative inspiration for the fictional Texas Methodist University . The show features the fictional Herrmann Field , named for George Herrmann , the head coach of the Pflugerville Panthers . </P> <P> Some scenes were filmed outside Texas . On June 20 , 2010 , scenes were filmed at Temple University , which was to portray the fictional Braemore College . An episode from Julie 's senior year in high school was filmed in the Boston area , at Boston College , Boston University , and Tufts University . </P> <P> Some scenes at fictional Oklahoma Tech University were filmed at Gregory Gym at The University of Texas at Austin . </P> <H3> Marketing ( edit ) </H3> Promotional website with Toyota . <P> Initially targeted at the youth market , the show emphasized the football element . NBC teamed with social networking site Bebo to create a site that allowed students to upload video and photos , as well as create blogs about their local football teams . Students who participated were eligible for one of 10 $5,000 scholarships . NBC had negotiated with Bebo for network and series promotion on Bebo 's network of youth - oriented sites including Piczo , Hi5 , Tickle , Ringo , and FastWeb . </P> <P> To complement this promotion , NBC sent out `` School Spirit '' kits to 1,000 high schools around the country . These kits included posters , pom - poms , mini-footballs and disposable cameras , all bearing the show 's logo . The kits also contained copies of the show 's pilot episode on DVD . The network repeated this promotion for its second season promotion , when it teamed with HouseParty.com to send out 1,000 `` Party Kits , '' which contained advance copies of the Season 2 opener along with other promotional material . </P> <P> NBC also paired with Toyota to create the `` Hometown Sweepstakes '' , in which students could earn cash grants of up to $50,000 for their school 's athletics program . It was open to high school students ages 14 to 18 and was designed to draw people to the show 's official website , where they could download AOL Instant Messenger icons , screensavers and desktop wallpaper . Students who registered could also download free movie theater passes to special early screenings of the pilot episode . These movie theater screenings took place in 50 cities nationwide and ran until a week before the show premiered on NBC . </P> <P> In the later part of the season , NBC chose to switch course and pursue the female demographic . The network designed a strategy based on the personal elements of the show , giving the show the tagline , `` It 's about life '' . NBC Marketing President Vince Manze stressed that the goal was to ensure viewers that the show was family and relationships as well as athletics . The network ran 30 - second spots in movie theaters that featured cast members and fans being interviewed about the show . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Friday Night Lights characters Young members of the Friday Night Lights cast <P> As a show about the community of Dillon , Texas , Friday Night Lights has an ensemble cast . The show features Panthers ' football coach Eric Taylor ( Kyle Chandler ) , who strives to balance his work , family , status in a sometimes confrontational community and his personal ambitions . His family -- wife Tami Taylor ( Connie Britton ) , a guidance counselor turned principal at Dillon High , and teenage daughter Julie Taylor ( Aimee Teegarden ) -- are also central to the show . Coach Taylor and Tami are the only two characters to appear in every episode . </P> <P> Outside of the Taylor family , the show explores the lives of the Dillon high school football players . In the pilot , Coach Taylor 's protege and star quarterback Jason Street ( Scott Porter ) , suffers a spinal injury that ends his football career . He faces life as a paraplegic . At first , Street struggles with these disabilities and the upturn of his life . Gradually , he copes with his new reality . Lyla Garrity ( Minka Kelly ) , his girlfriend , undergoes her own changes , making

The TV show Friday Night Lights was filmed in

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Continental drift - wikipedia <H1> Continental drift </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the development of the continental drift hypothesis before 1958 . For the contemporary theory , see plate tectonics . For the Russell Banks novel , see Continental Drift ( novel ) . For the fourth film in the Ice Age franchise , see Ice Age : Continental Drift . The continental drift of the last 250 million years Antonio Snider - Pellegrini 's Illustration of the closed and opened Atlantic Ocean ( 1858 ) . <P> Continental drift is the movement of the Earth 's continents relative to each other , thus appearing to `` drift '' across the ocean bed . The speculation that continents might have ' drifted ' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596 . The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 , but his theory was rejected by some for lack of a mechanism ( though this was supplied later by Arthur Holmes ) . The idea of continental drift has been subsumed by the theory of plate tectonics , which explains how the continents move . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early history </Li> <Li> 1.2 Wegener and his predecessors </Li> <Li> 1.3 Rejection of Wegener 's theory , 1910s -- 1950s </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Evidence of continental drift </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 Works cited </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Timeline of the development of tectonophysics ( before 1954 ) <H3> Early history ( edit ) </H3> <P> Abraham Ortelius ( Ortelius 1596 ) , Theodor Christoph Lilienthal ( 1756 ) , Alexander von Humboldt ( 1801 and 1845 ) , Antonio Snider - Pellegrini ( Snider - Pellegrini 1858 ) , and others had noted earlier that the shapes of continents on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean ( most notably , Africa and South America ) seem to fit together . W.J. Kious described Ortelius ' thoughts in this way : </P> <P> Abraham Ortelius in his work Thesaurus Geographicus ... suggested that the Americas were `` torn away from Europe and Africa ... by earthquakes and floods '' and went on to say : `` The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves , if someone brings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coasts of the three ( continents ) . '' </P> <P> Writing in 1889 , Alfred Russel Wallace remarks , `` It was formerly a very general belief , even amongst geologists , that the great features of the earth 's surface , no less than the smaller ones , were subject to continual mutations , and that during the course of known geological time the continents and great oceans had again and again changed places with each other . '' He quotes Charles Lyell as saying , `` Continents , therefore , although permanent for whole geological epochs , shift their positions entirely in the course of ages . '' and claims that the first to throw doubt on this was James Dwight Dana in 1849 . </P> <P> In his Manual of Geology , 1863 , Dana says , `` The continents and oceans had their general outline or form defined in earliest time . This has been proved with respect to North America from the position and distribution of the first beds of the Silurian -- those of the Potsdam epoch. ... and this will probably prove to the case in Primordial time with the other continents also '' . Dana was enormously influential in America -- his Manual of Mineralogy is still in print in revised form -- and the theory became known as Permanence theory . </P> <P> This appeared to be confirmed by the exploration of the deep sea beds conducted by the Challenger expedition , 1872 - 6 , which showed that contrary to expectation , land debris brought down by rivers to the ocean is deposited comparatively close to the shore on what is now known as the continental shelf . This suggested that the oceans were a permanent feature of the Earth 's surface , and did not change places with the continents . </P> <H3> Wegener and his predecessors ( edit ) </H3> Alfred Wegener <P> The idea that the American continents had once formed a single landmass together with Europe and Asia before assuming their present shapes and positions was speculated by several scientists before Alfred Wegener 's 1912 paper . Although Wegener 's theory was formed independently and was more complete than those of his predecessors , Wegener later credited a number of past authors with similar ideas : Franklin Coxworthy ( between 1848 and 1890 ) , Roberto Mantovani ( between 1889 and 1909 ) , William Henry Pickering ( 1907 ) and Frank Bursley Taylor ( 1908 ) . In addition , Eduard Suess had proposed a supercontinent Gondwana in 1885 and the Tethys Ocean in 1893 , assuming a land - bridge between the present continents submerged in the form of a geosyncline , and John Perry had written an 1895 paper proposing that the earth 's interior was fluid , and disagreeing with Lord Kelvin on the age of the earth . </P> <P> For example : the similarity of southern continent geological formations had led Roberto Mantovani to conjecture in 1889 and 1909 that all the continents had once been joined into a supercontinent ; Wegener noted the similarity of Mantovani 's and his own maps of the former positions of the southern continents . In Mantovani 's conjecture , this continent broke due to volcanic activity caused by thermal expansion , and the new continents drifted away from each other because of further expansion of the rip - zones , where the oceans now lie . This led Mantovani to propose an Expanding Earth theory which has since been shown to be incorrect . </P> <P> Continental drift without expansion was proposed by Frank Bursley Taylor , who suggested in 1908 ( published in 1910 ) that the continents were moved into their present positions by a process of `` continental creep '' . In a later paper he proposed that this occurred by their being dragged towards the equator by tidal forces during the hypothesized capture of the moon in the Cretaceous , resulting in `` general crustal creep '' toward the equator . Although his proposed mechanism was wrong , he was the first to realize the insight that one of the effects of continental motion would be the formation of mountains , and attributed the formation of the Himalayas to the collision between the Indian subcontinent with Asia . Wegener said that of all those theories , Taylor 's , although not fully developed , had the most similarities to his own . In the mid-20th century , the theory of continental drift was referred to as the `` Taylor - Wegener hypothesis '' , although this terminology eventually fell out of common use . </P> <P> Alfred Wegener first presented his hypothesis to the German Geological Society on 6 January 1912 . His hypothesis was that the continents had once formed a single landmass , called Pangaea , before breaking apart and drifting to their present locations . </P> <P> Wegener was the first to use the phrase `` continental drift '' ( 1912 , 1915 ) ( in German `` die Verschiebung der Kontinente '' -- translated into English in 1922 ) and formally publish the hypothesis that the continents had somehow `` drifted '' apart . Although he presented much evidence for continental drift , he was unable to provide a convincing explanation for the physical processes which might have caused this drift . His suggestion that the continents had been pulled apart by the centrifugal pseudoforce ( Polflucht ) of the Earth 's rotation or by a small component of astronomical precession was rejected , as calculations showed that the force was not sufficient . The Polflucht hypothesis was also studied by Paul Sophus Epstein in 1920 and found to be implausible . </P> <H3> Rejection of Wegener 's theory , 1910s -- 1950s ( edit ) </H3> <P> The theory of continental drift was not accepted for many years . One problem was that a plausible driving force was missing . A second problem was that Wegener 's estimate of the velocity of continental motion , 250 cm / year , was implausibly high . ( The currently accepted rate for the separation of the Americas from Europe and Africa is about 2.5 cm / year ) . And it did not help that Wegener was not a geologist . Other geologists also believed that the evidence that Wegener had provided was not sufficient . It is now accepted that the plates carrying the continents do move across the Earth 's surface , although not as fast as Wegener believed ; ironically one of the chief outstanding questions is the one Wegener failed to resolve : what is the nature of the forces propelling the plates ? </P> <P> The British geologist Arthur Holmes championed the theory of continental drift at a time when it was deeply unfashionable . He proposed in 1931 that the Earth 's mantle contained convection cells that dissipated radioactive heat and moved the crust at the surface . His Principles of Physical Geology , ending with a chapter on continental drift , was published in 1944 . </P> <P> David Attenborough , who attended university in the second half of the 1940s , recounted an incident illustrating its lack of acceptance then : `` I once asked one of my lecturers why he was not talking to us about continental drift and I was told , sneeringly , that if I could prove there was a force that could move continents , then he might think about it . The idea was moonshine , I was informed . '' </P> <P> Geological maps of the time showed huge land bridges spanning the Atlantic and Indian oceans to account for the similarities of fauna and flora and the divisions of the Asian continent in the Permian era but failing to account for glaciation in India , Australia and South Africa . </P> <P> As late as 1953 -- just five years before Carey introduced the theory of plate tectonics -- the theory of continental drift was rejected by the physicist Scheidegger on the following grounds . </P> <Ul> <Li> First , it had been shown that floating masses on a rotating geoid would collect at the equator , and stay there . This would explain one , but only one , mountain building episode between any pair of continents ; it failed to account for earlier orogenic episodes . </Li> <Li> Second , masses floating freely in a fluid substratum , like icebergs in the ocean , should be in isostatic equilibrium ( in which the forces of gravity and buoyancy are in balance ) . But gravitational measurements showed that many areas are not in isostatic equilibrium . </Li> <Li> Third , there was the problem of why some parts of the Earth 's surface ( crust ) should have solidified while other parts were still fluid . Various attempts to explain this foundered on other difficulties . </Li> </Ul> <P> Geophysicist Jack Oliver is credited with providing seismologic evidence supporting plate tectonics which encompassed and superseded continental drift with the article `` Seismology and the New Global Tectonics '' , published in 1968 , using data collected from seismologic stations , including those he set up in the South Pacific . </P> <P> It is now known that there are two kinds of crust : continental crust and oceanic crust . Continental crust is inherently lighter and its composition is different from oceanic crust , but both kinds reside above a much deeper `` plastic '' mantle . Oceanic crust is created at spreading centers , and this , along with subduction , drives the

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Last train from Gun Hill - wikipedia <H1> Last train from Gun Hill </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Last Train from Gun Hill </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> John Sturges </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Hal B. Wallis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> James Poe from a story by Les Crutchfield </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Kirk Douglas Anthony Quinn Carolyn Jones Earl Holliman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Dimitri Tiomkin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Charles B. Lang Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Bryna Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Paramount Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> July 29 , 1959 ( 1959 - 07 - 29 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 95 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $2.5 million ( est . US / Canada rentals ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Last Train from Gun Hill is a 1959 Western by action director John Sturges . It stars Kirk Douglas , Anthony Quinn , Carolyn Jones , and Earl Holliman . Douglas and Holliman had previously appeared together in Sturges ' Gunfight at the O.K. Corral ( 1957 ) , which used much of the same crew . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Filming locations </Li> <Li> 4 Comic book adaption </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Two old friends , Matt Morgan ( Kirk Douglas ) and Craig Belden ( Anthony Quinn ) , now find themselves on opposite sides of the law . Belden , a rich cattle baron , is the de facto ruler of the town of Gun Hill . Morgan is a U.S. Marshal living in another town with his Native American / Indian wife ( played by Ziva Rodann ) and young son , Petey . </P> <P> Two young drunken cowboys rape and murder Morgan 's wife while she is returning with their son from a visit to her father . The boy escapes on one of the killers ' horses , bearing a distinctive , fancy saddle . </P> <P> Morgan sets off to find the killer . His one clue is the saddle , which he recognizes as belonging to Belden . Assuming it was stolen from his old friend , Morgan travels to the town of Gun Hill to pick up the trail , but once there he quickly realizes that Belden 's son Rick ( Earl Holliman ) is the killer . </P> <P> Belden refuses to turn over his son , forcing Morgan to go against the entire town . He vows to capture Rick and get him on that night 's last train from Gun Hill . </P> <P> Morgan takes Rick prisoner , holding him at the hotel . Belden sends men to rescue his son , but Morgan manages to hold them off . In the meantime , Belden 's former lover ( Carolyn Jones ) decides to help Morgan . She sneaks a shotgun to his hotel room . The second rapist , Lee , sets fire to the hotel to flush out Morgan . </P> <P> Morgan presses the shotgun to Rick 's chin on the way to the train depot , threatening to pull the trigger if anyone attempts to stop him . Lee tries to kill Morgan but shoots Rick instead . Morgan then kills Lee with the shotgun . As the train prepares to leave , a devastated Belden confronts Morgan in a final showdown and is gunned down . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kirk Douglas as Matt Morgan </Li> <Li> Anthony Quinn as Craig Belden </Li> <Li> Carolyn Jones as Linda </Li> <Li> Earl Holliman as Rick Belden </Li> <Li> Brian G. Hutton as Lee Smithers </Li> <Li> Brad Dexter as Beero </Li> <Li> Ziva Rodann as Catherine Morgan </Li> <Li> Val Avery as Steve , Horseshoe Bartender </Li> <Li> Bing Russell as Skag </Li> <Li> Walter Sande as Sheriff Bartlett </Li> </Ul> <H2> Filming locations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The movie was filmed in and around Old Tucson Studios outside of Tucson , Arizona , as well as at Paramount Studios and their back lot in Los Angeles , California . </P> <H2> Comic book adaption ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dell Four Color # 1012 ( July 1959 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of American films of 1959 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1959 : Probable Domestic Take '' , Variety , 6 January 1960 p 34 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dell Four Color # 1012 '' . Grand Comics Database . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dell Four Color # 1012 at the Comic Book DB </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Last Train from Gun Hill on IMDb </Li> <Li> Last Train from Gun Hill at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by John Sturges </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Man Who Dared ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Shadowed ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Alias Mr. Twilight ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> For the Love of Rusty ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Keeper of the Bees ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Thunderbolt ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> The Sign of the Ram ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Best Man Wins ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Walking Hills ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> The Capture ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Mystery Street ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Right Cross ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> The Magnificent Yankee ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Kind Lady ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> The People Against O'Hara ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> It 's a Big Country ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> The Girl in White ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Jeopardy ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Fast Company ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Escape from Fort Bravo ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Bad Day at Black Rock ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Underwater ! ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> The Scarlet Coat ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Backlash ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Gunfight at the O.K. Corral ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> The Law and Jake Wade ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> The Old Man and the Sea ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Last Train from Gun Hill ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Never So Few ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Magnificent Seven ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> By Love Possessed ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Sergeants 3 ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> A Girl Named Tamiko ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Escape ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Satan Bug ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> The Hallelujah Trail ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Hour of the Gun ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Ice Station Zebra ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Marooned ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Joe Kidd ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Chino ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> McQ ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Eagle Has Landed ( 1976 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Train_from_Gun_Hill&oldid=820036984 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1959 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1950s Western ( genre ) films </Li> <Li> American Western ( genre ) films </Li> <Li> Films scored by Dimitri Tiomkin </Li> <Li> Films directed by John Sturges </Li> <Li> Films produced by Hal B. Wallis </Li> <Li> Paramount Pictures films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> Bryna Productions films </Li> <Li> Films adapted into comics </Li> <Li> United States Marshals Service in fiction </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 18 : 35 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The 1959 Western film "Last Train from Gun Hill" starred

Who played in last train from gun hill?

9104579908306893648

Queen of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) - wikipedia <H1> Queen of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Queen of Hearts </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Alice character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> John Tenniel 's illustration of the King and Queen of Hearts at the trial of the Knave of Hearts . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> Disney 's Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Lewis Carroll </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Barbara Hershey ( Once Upon a Time ) Miranda Richardson Kathy Bates ( Alice ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voiced by </Th> <Td> Verna Felton ( 1951 ) Tress MacNeille ( 1998 - 2010 ) April Winchell ( 2011 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nickname ( s ) </Th> <Td> Red Queen ( sometimes mistakenly ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> playing card </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Female </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Queen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> The King of Hearts King of Hearts ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Ten Hearts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Td> Wonderland </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Queen of Hearts is a fictional character from the book Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland by the writer Lewis Carroll , in which she appears as the primary antagonist . She is a foul - tempered monarch whom Carroll himself describes as `` a blind fury '' , and who is quick to give death sentences at the slightest offense . One of her most famous lines she states often is `` Off with their heads ! '' </P> <P> The Queen is referred to as a card from a pack of playing cards by Alice , yet somehow she is able to talk and is the ruler of the lands in the story , alongside her tiny husband , the King of Hearts . She is often confused with the Red Queen from the sequel , Through the Looking - Glass , although the two are very different . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 Origins </Li> <Li> 3 Illustrations </Li> <Li> 4 Confusion with the Red Queen </Li> <Li> 5 Adaptions <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Disney </Li> <Li> 5.2 Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 5.3 American McGee 's Alice </Li> <Li> 5.4 The Looking - Glass Wars </Li> <Li> 5.5 Alice in the Country of Hearts </Li> <Li> 5.6 SyFy TV miniseries </Li> <Li> 5.7 Once Upon a Time </Li> <Li> 5.8 Other versions and adaptations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Citations </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> Alice observes three playing cards painting white roses red . They drop to the ground face down at the approach of the Queen of Hearts , whom Alice has never met . When the Queen arrives and asks Alice who is lying on the ground ( since the backs of all playing cards look alike ) , Alice tells her that she does not know . The Queen then becomes frustrated and commands that her head be severed . She is deterred by her comparatively moderate husband by being reminded that Alice is only a child . </P> <P> Generally , however , as we are told by Carroll : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The Queen had only one way of settling all difficulties , great or small . ' Off with his head ! ' she said , without even looking round . </Dd> </Dl> <P> One of the Queen 's hobbies -- besides ordering executions -- is croquet ; however , it is Wonderland croquet , where the balls are live hedgehogs and the mallets are flamingoes . This is presumably with the aim that the birds ' blunt beaks should strike , but , as Alice observes , it is complicated by the fact that they keep looking back up at the players - as well as the hedgehogs ' tendency to scuttle away without waiting to be hit . The Queen 's soldiers act as the arches ( or hoops ) on the croquet grounds , but have to leave off being arches every time the Queen has an executioner drag away the victim , so that , by the end of the game in the story , the only players that remain are the Queen herself , the King , and Alice . </P> <P> Despite the frequency of death sentences , it would appear few people are actually beheaded , the King of Hearts , quietly pardons many of his subjects when the Queen is not looking ( although this did not seem to be the case with The Duchess ) , and her soldiers humor her but do not carry out her orders . The Gryphon tells Alice , `` It 's all her fancy : she never executes nobody , you know . '' Nevertheless , all creatures in Wonderland fear the Queen . In the final chapters , the Queen sentences Alice again ( for defending the Knave of Hearts ) , and she offers a bizarre approach towards justice : sentence before verdict . </P> <P> Modern portrayals in popular culture usually let her play the role of a villain because of the menace the character exemplifies , but in the book she does not fill that purpose . She is just one of the many obstacles that Alice has to encounter on the journey , but unlike other obstacles , she makes a higher potential threat . </P> <H2> Origins ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Queen is believed by some to be a caricature of Queen Victoria , with elements of reality that Dodgson felt correctly would make her at once instantly recognizable to parents reading the story to children , and also fantastical enough to make her unrecognizable to children . The reference is explicit in Jonathan Miller 's 1966 television version where she and the King of Hearts are portrayed without any attempt at fantasy , or disguise as to their true natures or personality . </P> <P> The Queen may also be a reference to Queen Margaret of the House of Lancaster . During the War of the Roses , a red rose was the symbol of the House Lancaster . Their rivals , the House of York , had a white rose for their symbol . The gardeners ' painting the white roses red may be a reference to these two houses . </P> <H2> Illustrations ( edit ) </H2> Image of Elizabeth de Mowbray , Duchess of Norfolk that inspired the original illustrations of the Queen of Hearts . <P> After unsuccessfully attempting to illustrate Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland himself , Lewis Carroll was persuaded to engage a professional artist to provide the illustrations . He turned to cartoonist John Tenniel , who was known for his regular contributions to the satirical magazine Punch ( published 1841 -- 1992 , 1996 -- 2002 ) . </P> <P> Tenniel 's inspiration for the Queen of Hearts was an image of Elizabeth de Mowbray , Duchess of Norfolk in one of the medieval stained glass windows at Holy Trinity Church , Long Melford , Suffolk . </P> <P> The illustrations for the Alice books were engraved onto blocks of wood , to be printed in the wood engraving process . The original wood blocks are now in the collection of the Bodleian Library in Oxford , England . They are not usually on public display , but were exhibited in 2003 . </P> <H2> Confusion with the Red Queen ( edit ) </H2> <P> She is commonly mistaken for the Red Queen in the story 's sequel , Through the Looking - Glass , but in reality shares none of her characteristics other than being a queen . Indeed , Carroll , in his lifetime , made the distinction of the two Queens by saying : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> I pictured to myself the Queen of Hearts as a sort of embodiment of ungovernable passion -- a blind and aimless Fury . </Dd> <Dd> The Red Queen I pictured as a Fury , but of another type ; her passion must be cold and calm -- she must be formal and strict , yet not unkindly ; pedantic to the 10th degree , the concentrated essence of all governesses ! </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> -- Lewis Carroll , in `` Alice on the Stage '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 1951 animated film Alice in Wonderland perpetuates the long - standing confusion between the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts . In the film , the Queen of Hearts delivers several of the Red Queen 's statements , the most notable being based on her `` all the ways about here belong to me '' . Both characters say this to suggest importance and possible arrogance , but in the Red Queen 's case it has a double meaning since her status as a Chess - queen means that she can move in any direction she desires . </P> <P> In the American McGee 's Alice adaptation of the books , the characters are also conflated , leading to further popular misconception . </P> <H2> Adaptions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Disney ( edit ) </H3> Disney 's adaptation of the Queen of Hearts . <P> In the Disney animated feature Alice in Wonderland , the Queen of Hearts is the main antagonist who appears , as Alice puts it in a moment of temper , as `` a fat , pompous , bad tempered old tyrant '' . The character was voiced by Verna Felton . She is portrayed as a haughty sadist , who enjoys decapitating anyone who merely annoys her . Her presence is all the more striking because of how tiny her husband the King is ( he barely comes up to her knee ) . Similar to the book , Alice meets three cards painting the roses red , since they planted white roses by mistake . When the Queen arrives , she orders those three cards beheaded , then turns her attention to Alice . Refusing to answer her questions with presumption that only she can ask them , she quickly ropes her into a game of croquet . The game ends with the Queen tripping herself over , due to the Cheshire Cat 's mischievous antics . The Queen angrily blames Alice for it , but before she can give the order , the King suggests holding a trial for Alice . The Queen , grudgingly , but reasonably , agrees . The Queen calls the March Hare , the Dormouse , and the Mad Hatter to witness , who hold an unbirthday party for her and cheer her up considerably . During the party , the Cheshire Cat reappears and upsets the Dormouse . The frightened Dormouse runs all over , and in an attempt to crush the mouse , the King of Hearts accidentally hits the Queen on the head with the gavel , which is hastily passed into the March Hare 's hands , then the Hatter 's , and finally Alice 's . The Queen , of course , blames Alice for it , and is going to have her beheaded . But Alice eats mushrooms she had procured earlier , which make her grow bigger

The Queen of Hearts in Alice in Wonderland is

Who is the queen of hearts in alice in wonderland?

5154394238729460303

List of U.S. States and territories by area - wikipedia <H1> List of U.S. States and territories by area </H1> Jump to : navigation , search States by area . Sizes of Alaska and Hawaii are distorted by the inset . <P> This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area , land area , and water area . The water area numbers include inland waters , coastal waters , the Great Lakes , and territorial waters . Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Area by state / territory </Li> <Li> 2 Area by division </Li> <Li> 3 Area by region </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Area by state / territory ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th colspan="3"> Total area </Th> <Th colspan="4"> Land area </Th> <Th colspan="4"> Water </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State / territory </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> sq mi </Th> <Th> km2 </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> sq mi </Th> <Th> km2 </Th> <Th> % land </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> sq mi </Th> <Th> km2 </Th> <Th> % water </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> 665,384.04 </Td> <Td> 1,723,337 </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> 570,640.95 </Td> <Td> 1,477,953 </Td> <Td> 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % </Td> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> <Td> 94,743.10 </Td> <Td> 245,384 </Td> <Td> 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> <Td> 268,596.46 </Td> <Td> 695,662 </Td> <Td> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> <Td> 261,231.71 </Td> <Td> 676,587 </Td> <Td> 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % </Td> <Td> 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 </Td> <Td> 7,364.75 </Td> <Td> 19,075 </Td> <Td> 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 </Td> <Td> 163,696.32 </Td> <Td> 423,972 </Td> <Td> 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 </Td> <Td> 155,779.22 </Td> <Td> 403,466 </Td> <Td> 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.16 % </Td> <Td> 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 </Td> <Td> 7,915.52 </Td> <Td> 20,501 </Td> <Td> 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montana </Td> <Td> 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 </Td> <Td> 147,039.71 </Td> <Td> 380,831 </Td> <Td> 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 </Td> <Td> 145,545.80 </Td> <Td> 376,962 </Td> <Td> 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % </Td> <Td> 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 </Td> <Td> 1,493.91 </Td> <Td> 3,869 </Td> <Td> 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Td> <Td> 121,590.30 </Td> <Td> 314,917 </Td> <Td> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Td> <Td> 121,298.15 </Td> <Td> 314,161 </Td> <Td> 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % </Td> <Td> 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 </Td> <Td> 292.15 </Td> <Td> 757 </Td> <Td> 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 </Td> <Td> 113,990.30 </Td> <Td> 295,234 </Td> <Td> 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 </Td> <Td> 113,594.08 </Td> <Td> 294,207 </Td> <Td> 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % </Td> <Td> 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 </Td> <Td> 396.22 </Td> <Td> 1,026 </Td> <Td> 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nevada </Td> <Td> 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 </Td> <Td> 110,571.82 </Td> <Td> 286,380 </Td> <Td> 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 </Td> <Td> 109,781.18 </Td> <Td> 284,332 </Td> <Td> 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % </Td> <Td> 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 </Td> <Td> 790.65 </Td> <Td> 2,048 </Td> <Td> 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 </Td> <Td> 104,093.67 </Td> <Td> 269,601 </Td> <Td> 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 </Td> <Td> 103,641.89 </Td> <Td> 268,431 </Td> <Td> 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % </Td> <Td> 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 </Td> <Td> 451.78 </Td> <Td> 1,170 </Td> <Td> 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 </Td> <Td> 98,378.54 </Td> <Td> 254,799 </Td> <Td> 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 </Td> <Td> 95,988.01 </Td> <Td> 248,608 </Td> <Td> 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % </Td> <Td> 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 </Td> <Td> 2,390.53 </Td> <Td> 6,191 </Td> <Td> 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td> 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 </Td> <Td> 97,813.01 </Td> <Td> 253,335 </Td> <Td> 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 </Td> <Td> 97,093.14 </Td> <Td> 251,470 </Td> <Td> 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % </Td> <Td> 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 </Td> <Td> 719.87 </Td> <Td> 1,864 </Td> <Td> 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 </Td> <Td> 96,713.51 </Td> <Td> 250,487 </Td> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> 56,538.90 </Td> <Td> 146,435 </Td> <Td> 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % </Td> <Td> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> <Td> 40,174.61 </Td> <Td> 104,052 </Td> <Td> 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 </Td> <Td> 86,935.83 </Td> <Td> 225,163 </Td> <Td> 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 </Td> <Td> 79,626.74 </Td> <Td> 206,232 </Td> <Td> 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % </Td> <Td> 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 </Td> <Td> 7,309.09 </Td> <Td> 18,930 </Td> <Td> 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 </Td> <Td> 84,896.88 </Td> <Td> 219,882 </Td> <Td> 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 </Td> <Td> 82,169.62 </Td> <Td> 212,818 </Td> <Td> 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % </Td> <Td> 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 </Td> <Td> 2,727.26 </Td> <Td> 7,064 </Td> <Td> 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Idaho </Td> <Td> 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 </Td> <Td> 83,568.95 </Td> <Td> 216,443 </Td> <Td> 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 </Td> <Td> 82,643.12 </Td> <Td> 214,045 </Td> <Td> 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % </Td> <Td> 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 </Td> <Td> 925.83 </Td> <Td> 2,398 </Td> <Td> 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 </Td> <Td> 82,278.36 </Td> <Td> 213,100 </Td> <Td> 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 </Td> <Td> 81,758.72 </Td> <Td> 211,754 </Td> <Td> 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % </Td> <Td> 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 </Td> <Td> 519.64 </Td> <Td> 1,346 </Td> <Td> 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 </Td> <Td> 77,347.81 </Td> <Td> 200,330 </Td> <Td> 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 </Td> <Td> 76,824.17 </Td> <Td> 198,974 </Td> <Td> 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % </Td> <Td> 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 </Td> <Td> 523.64 </Td> <Td> 1,356 </Td> <Td> 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Dakota </Td> <Td> 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 </Td> <Td> 77,115.68 </Td> <Td> 199,729 </Td> <Td> 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 </Td> <Td> 75,811.00 </Td> <Td> 196,350 </Td> <Td> 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % </Td> <Td> 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 </Td> <Td> 1,304.68 </Td> <Td> 3,379 </Td> <Td> 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 </Td> <Td> 71,297.95 </Td> <Td> 184,661 </Td> <Td> 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 </Td> <Td> 66,455.52 </Td> <Td> 172,119 </Td> <Td> 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % </Td> <Td> 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 </Td> <Td> 4,842.43 </Td> <Td> 12,542 </Td> <Td> 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Dakota </Td> <Td> 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 </Td> <Td> 70,698.32 </Td> <Td> 183,108 </Td> <Td> 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 </Td> <Td> 69,000.80 </Td> <Td> 178,711 </Td> <Td> 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % </Td> <Td> 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 </Td> <Td> 1,697.52 </Td> <Td> 4,397 </Td> <Td> 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 </Td> <Td> 69,898.87 </Td> <Td> 181,037 </Td> <Td> 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 </Td> <Td> 68,594.92 </Td> <Td> 177,660 </Td> <Td> 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % </Td> <Td> 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 </Td> <Td> 1,303.95 </Td> <Td> 3,377 </Td> <Td> 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> 69,706.99 </Td> <Td> 180,540 </Td> <Td> 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 </Td> <Td> 68,741.52 </Td> <Td> 178,040 </Td> <Td> 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % </Td> <Td> 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 </Td> <Td> 965.47 </Td> <Td> 2,501 </Td> <Td> 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> 65,757.70 </Td> <Td> 170,312 </Td> <Td> 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 </Td> <Td> 53,624.76 </Td> <Td> 138,887 </Td> <Td> 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % </Td> <Td> 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 </Td> <Td> 12,132.94 </Td> <Td> 31,424 </Td> <Td> 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 </Td> <Td> 65,496.38 </Td> <Td> 169,635 </Td> <Td> 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 </Td> <Td> 54,157.80 </Td> <Td> 140,268 </Td> <Td> 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % </Td> <Td> 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 </Td> <Td> 11,338.57 </Td> <Td> 29,367 </Td> <Td> 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 </Td> <Td> 59,425.15 </Td> <Td> 153,910 </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> 57,513.49 </Td> <Td> 148,959 </Td> <Td> 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % </Td> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> 1,911.66 </Td> <Td> 4,951 </Td> <Td> 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 </Td> <Td> 57,913.55 </Td> <Td> 149,995 </Td> <Td> 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 </Td> <Td> 55,518.93 </Td> <Td> 143,793 </Td> <Td> 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % </Td> <Td> 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 </Td> <Td> 2,394.62 </Td> <Td> 6,202 </Td> <Td> 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 </Td> <Td> 56,272.81 </Td> <Td> 145,746 </Td> <Td> 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 </Td> <Td> 55,857.13 </Td> <Td> 144,669 </Td> <Td> 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % </Td> <Td> 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 </Td> <Td> 415.68 </Td> <Td> 1,077 </Td> <Td> 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 </Td> <Td> 54,554.98 </Td> <Td> 141,297 </Td> <Td> 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 </Td> <Td> 47,126.40 </Td> <Td> 122,057 </Td> <Td> 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % </Td> <Td> 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 </Td> <Td> 7,428.58 </Td> <Td> 19,240 </Td> <Td> 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> 53,819.16 </Td> <Td> 139,391 </Td> <Td> 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 </Td> <Td> 48,617.91 </Td> <Td> 125,920 </Td> <Td> 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % </Td> <Td> 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 </Td> <Td> 5,201.25 </Td> <Td> 13,471 </Td> <Td> 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 </Td> <Td> 53,178.55 </Td> <Td> 137,732 </Td> <Td> 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 </Td> <Td> 52,035.48 </Td> <Td> 134,771 </Td> <Td> 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % </Td> <Td> 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 </Td> <Td> 1,143.07 </Td> <Td> 2,961 </Td> <Td> 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 </Td> <Td> 52,420.07 </Td> <Td> 135,767 </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> 50,645.33 </Td> <Td> 131,171 </Td> <Td> 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % </Td> <Td> 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 </Td> <Td> 1,774.74 </Td> <Td> 4,597 </Td> <Td> 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 </Td> <Td> 52,378.13 </Td> <Td> 135,659 </Td> <Td> 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 </Td> <Td> 43,203.90 </Td> <Td> 111,898 </Td> <Td> 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % </Td> <Td> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Td> <Td> 9,174.23 </Td> <Td> 23,761 </Td> <Td> 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 </Td> <Td> 48,431.78 </Td> <Td> 125,438 </Td> <Td> 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 </Td> <Td> 46,923.27 </Td> <Td> 121,531 </Td> <Td> 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % </Td> <Td> 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 </Td> <Td> 1,508.51 </Td> <Td> 3,907 </Td> <Td> 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 </Td> <Td> 46,054.35 </Td> <Td> 119,280 </Td> <Td> 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 </Td> <Td> 44,742.70 </Td> <Td> 115,883 </Td> <Td> 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % </Td> <Td> 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 </Td> <Td> 1,311.64 </Td> <Td> 3,397 </Td> <Td> 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 </Td> <Td> 44,825.58 </Td> <Td> 116,098 </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> 40,860.69 </Td> <Td> 105,829 </Td> <Td> 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % </Td> <Td> 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 </Td> <Td> 3,964.89 </Td> <Td> 10,269 </Td> <Td> 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> 42,774.93 </Td> <Td> 110,787 </Td> <Td> 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 </Td> <Td> 39,490.09 </Td> <Td> 102,279 </Td> <Td> 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % </Td> <Td> 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 </Td> <Td> 3,284.84 </Td> <Td> 8,508 </Td> <Td> 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 </Td> <Td> 42,144.25 </Td> <Td> 109,153 </Td> <Td> 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 </Td> <Td> 41,234.90 </Td> <Td> 106,798 </Td> <Td> 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % </Td> <Td> 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 </Td> <Td> 909.36 </Td> <Td> 2,355 </Td> <Td> 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 </Td> <Td> 40,407.80 </Td> <Td> 104,656 </Td> <Td> 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 </Td> <Td> 39,486.34 </Td> <Td> 102,269

The largest state in the US by land mass is

Largest state in the us by land mass?

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Somebody 's Watching Me - wikipedia <H1> Somebody 's Watching Me </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Somebody 's Watching Me ( album ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Side - A label of US 12 - inch vinyl single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Rockwell </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> from the album Somebody 's Watching Me </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Somebody 's Watching Me ( Instrumental ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 '' single </Li> <Li> cassette single </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Synth - funk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 59 ( Album version ) 4 : 00 ( Single version ) 3 : 33 ( Radio version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Motown M 1702 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Curtis Anthony Nolen </Li> <Li> Rockwell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Rockwell singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) </Td> <Td> `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' is a song by American singer Rockwell from his debut studio album Somebody 's Watching Me ( 1984 ) . It was released as Rockwell 's debut single and lead single from the album on January 14 , 1984 , by Motown . It features former Jackson 5 members Michael Jackson ( vocals in the chorus ) and Jermaine Jackson ( additional backing vocals ) . </P> <P> `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' became a commercial success internationally , topping the charts in Belgium , France and Spain . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' also peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , as well as reaching number six on the UK Singles Chart . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Composition </Li> <Li> 3 Music video <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Plot </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Charts and certifications <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 4.2 Year - end charts </Li> <Li> 4.3 Sales and certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' </Li> <Li> 6 Beatfreakz version <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Track listing </Li> <Li> 6.2 Chart performance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Other cover versions </Li> <Li> 8 Sampling </Li> <Li> 9 Appearances in other media <Ul> <Li> 9.1 TV </Li> <Li> 9.2 Film </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Rockwell is a son of Motown CEO Berry Gordy . At the time of the recording , Rockwell was estranged from his father and living with Ray Singleton , his father 's ex-wife and the mother of his older half - brother , Kerry Gordy . Singleton served as executive producer on the project and would occasionally play some demo tracks to Berry . The elder Gordy was less than enthusiastic about Rockwell 's music until he heard the single with a familiar voice featured prominently on background vocals . </P> <P> Produced by Curtis Anthony Nolen , the song featured backing vocals by Michael Jackson and Alan Murray on percussion . </P> <P> Due in part to the popularity of the music video , the song is sometimes used for Halloween celebrations , with cover versions found in various collections of Halloween music . </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song is written in the key of C - sharp minor in 4 4 time with a tempo of 124 beats per minute . The vocals span from C to C . </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The single 's music video underscores the song 's paranoid tone with a haunted house - inspired theme , including imagery of floating heads , ravens , graveyards , and shower scenes referencing Psycho . </P> <H3> Plot ( edit ) </H3> <P> The video opens with Rockwell coming home to discover that the wrong newspaper has been delivered to his doorstep . As he takes a quick shower , he begins to have strange visions ( in a manner recalling The Dead Zone ) of himself being pursued around his house by assorted ghoulish appartions , of the looming figure of a cadaverous - looking man , and of finding a tombstone engraved with his own name . His shower is interrupted when he hears something outside and goes out on his balcony to investigate . He is shocked to see the man from his visions standing at his gate , but as he struggles to get a better look in spite of the sun in his face he is greatly relieved to see that he is merely a mailman , come to deliver the correct newspaper . As the mailman walks up the path towards the front porch , however , a brief close - up of his arm reveals that he is , in fact , a zombie . Rockwell emerges onto the porch to receive the paper , which the mailman genially hands over . As the mailman brings his other arm around to strike , Rockwell has just enough time to notice that he is not human . </P> <H2> Charts and certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1984 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( IFOP ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain ( AFYVE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Dance / Disco Top 80 ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Top Tracks ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1984 ) </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM Top 100 Singles ) </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( IFOP ) </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy ( FIMI ) </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Top Black Singles ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Sales and certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Music Canada ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 354,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Somebody Dance with Me <P> DJ BoBo based his 1992 single `` Somebody Dance with Me '' on `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' with new lyrics and rap . The DJ BoBo single peaked at no . 1 in Sweden and Switzerland , no . 3 in Austria , Netherlands and Norway , at no . 4 in Germany and no . 13 in Australia . </P> <P> In 2012 , a remix of the hit was made by Remady titled `` Somebody Dance With Me ( Remady 2013 Mix ) '' by DJ BoBo featuring Manu - L. Released early in 2013 , it charted in Swiss Hitparade reaching no . 4 . The mix was made on the 20th anniversary of the initial hit by DJ BoBo in November 1992 . </P> <H2> Beatfreakz version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Single by Beatfreakz </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> April 24 , 2006 ( UK ) </Li> <Li> June 9 , 2006 ( US ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Dance , house </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Beatfreakz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Beatfreakz singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) </Td> <Td> `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 2006 , Dutch dance group Beatfreakz recorded a pseudo-cover of the song which sampled the chorus but omitted the verses . Their version peaked at no . 1 in Spain , no . 3 in the UK Singles Chart , no . 3 in the German Official Dance Chart , no . 4 in Russia , no . 5 in Ireland , no . 7 in Finland and New Zealand , no . 12 in the Dutch Top 40 , no . 18 in France , no . 36 in the Belgium Ultratop 50 , and no . 38 in Australia . </P> <H3> Track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> CD single </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Somebody 's Watching Me (

The song "Somebody's Watching Me" features Michael Jackson and is sung by

Who sings somebody's watching me with michael jackson?

-89839634525298434

Darlene Cates - wikipedia <H1> Darlene Cates </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Darlene Cates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Rita Darlene Guthrie ( 1947 - 12 - 13 ) December 13 , 1947 Borger , Texas , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) ( aged 69 ) Forney , Texas , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1993 -- 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Robert Cates ( m . 1963 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Darlene Cates ( born Rita Darlene Guthrie ; December 13 , 1947 -- March 26 , 2017 ) was an American actress . She was best known for her role in the 1993 film What 's Eating Gilbert Grape , in which she played the title character 's housebound mother . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Career </Li> <Li> 2 Personal life </Li> <Li> 3 Death </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film </Li> <Li> 4.2 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Author and screenwriter Peter Hedges saw a tape of Cates on a 1992 episode of Sally entitled `` Too Heavy to Leave Their House '' . On the show , she discussed her battle with obesity and how it had affected her life . In 1986 , pelvic infections caused by her excess weight kept her bedridden for two years , during which she gained an additional 149 pounds . Hedges offered her the role of a morbidly obese mother in the 1993 film What 's Eating Gilbert Grape , which she accepted . Television roles followed on the shows Picket Fences in 1994 and Touched by an Angel in 1996 . She had a small role in the 2001 film Wolf Girl . Producer J. Miles Dale flew a small crew and the film 's stars from Romania to Texas to shoot their scenes with Cates . </P> <P> Her performance in What 's Eating Gilbert Grape , her first attempt at acting in any form , received critical acclaim and was lauded by her costars Leonardo DiCaprio and Johnny Depp . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Cates was born in Borger , Texas to Truman Madison and Dorothy Ann Guthrie , and grew up in Dumas . Her parents divorced when she was 12 years old . She took solace in food , and her overeating led to obesity . She underwent gastroplasty in 1981 , when she weighed 408 lb ( 29 st 2 lb or 185 kg ) . She lost 99 lb ( 7 st 1 lb or 45 kg ) but eventually gained the weight back and more , topping out at 548 lb ( 39 st 2 lb or 249 kg ) . </P> <P> Darlene married Robert Cates , a U.S. Marine , on January 11 , 1963 . She had one daughter , Sheri Ann ( b . 1966 ) , and two sons , Mark ( b . 1967 ) and Chris ( b . 1971 ) . She had four grandchildren and lived in the Dallas suburbs . In 1992 , she received her high school diploma via correspondence courses . In 2012 , Cates had lost 240 pounds after a series of 2010 health issues kept her hospitalized for nearly a year , and she expressed a desire to resume her acting career . </P> <H2> Death ( edit ) </H2> <P> Darlene died in her sleep at age 69 on March 26 , 2017 . Her daughter , Sheri Cates Morgan , announced her passing on a Facebook post . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> What 's Eating Gilbert Grape </Td> <Td> Bonnie Grape </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Mother </Td> <Td> Mother </Td> <Td> Short </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Billboard </Td> <Td> Penny </Td> <Td> Post-production , ( final film role ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Picket Fences </Td> <Td> Sophie Wallace </Td> <Td> `` Squatter 's Rights '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Touched by an Angel </Td> <Td> Claudia Bell </Td> <Td> `` Statute of Limitations '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wolf Girl </Td> <Td> Athena the Fat Lady </Td> <Td> TV film </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Leonardi , Marisa ( December 12 , 1993 ) . `` Darlene Cates Knows a Weighty Role When It 's Offered '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim ( August 9 , 2012 ) . `` Darlene Cates Loses 250 Lbs. , Sets Sights on Acting Again '' . People Magazine . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars flashback : whatever happened to Gilbert Grape 's mama ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaul , Greta ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` Forney actress in ' What 's Eating Gilbert Grape ' sheds 240 pounds , looks to act again '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' What 's Eating Gilbert Grape ' Star Darlene Cates Dies at 69 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cummings , Tommy ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Forney resident Darlene Cates , the overweight mom in ' What 's Eating Gilbert Grape , ' died '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Darlene Cates on IMDb </Li> <Li> Darlene 's Biography at the Wayback Machine ( archived December 19 , 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 85081059 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2003054863 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darlene_Cates&oldid=836413884 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1947 births </Li> <Li> 2017 deaths </Li> <Li> American film actresses </Li> <Li> American television actresses </Li> <Li> People from Borger , Texas </Li> <Li> 20th - century American actresses </Li> <Li> 21st - century American actresses </Li> <Li> Actresses from Dallas </Li> <Li> People from Dumas , Texas </Li> <Li> People from Forney , Texas </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2017 </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 17 : 35 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The role of the mom in the movie "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" was played by

Who played the mom on what's eating gilbert grape?

4094570070863238215

Vikings ( season 4 ) - wikipedia <H1> Vikings ( season 4 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Vikings ( season 4 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> DVD cover art for both parts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Canada / Ireland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> History </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> Part 1 : February 18 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) -- April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) Part 2 : November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) -- February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> List of Vikings episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The fourth season of the historical drama television series Vikings premiered on February 18 , 2016 on History in Canada . The series broadly follows the exploits of the legendary Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok and his crew , and later those of his sons . The first season of the series begins at the start of the Viking Age , marked by the Lindisfarne raid in 793 . </P> <P> The fourth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes , split into two parts of ten episodes ; the second half premiered on November 30 , 2016 . The season follows the battles between Ragnar and Rollo in Francia , Bjorn 's raid into the Mediterranean , and the Viking invasion of England . It concluded in its entirety on February 1 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main </Li> <Li> 1.2 Recurring </Li> <Li> 1.3 Special Guest </Li> <Li> 1.4 Guest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Vikings characters <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Travis Fimmel as King Ragnar Lothbrok , the head of the Earldom of Kattegat who became king after Horik 's death </Li> <Li> Katheryn Winnick as Queen Lagertha , a shieldmaiden and Ragnar 's ex-wife ; she controls the Earldom of Hedeby calling herself Earl Ingstad . Later , she becomes queen of Kattegat . </Li> <Li> Clive Standen as Duke Rollo , a warrior and Ragnar 's brother ; he was granted the title of Duke of Normandy by Emperor Charles . </Li> <Li> Gustaf Skarsgård as Floki , a gifted shipbuilder and a friend of Ragnar </Li> <Li> Alexander Ludwig as Bjorn Ironside , Ragnar and Lagertha 's son , who has a relationship with Torvi </Li> <Li> Alyssa Sutherland as Queen Aslaug , Brynhildr 's daughter and Ragnar 's second wife </Li> <Li> Ben Robson as Earl Kalf , a Viking warrior ; he shares the control of Hedeby with Lagertha . </Li> <Li> Lothaire Bluteau as Emperor Charles of West Francia </Li> <Li> John Kavanagh as The Seer , the seiðrmann of Kattegat </Li> <Li> Peter Franzén as King Harald Finehair , a Viking ambitious to become the first King of Norway </Li> <Li> Jasper Pääkkönen as Halfdan the Black , Harald 's violent younger brother </Li> <Li> Kevin Durand as Harbard , a charismatic wanderer and storyteller </Li> <Li> Moe Dunford as Prince Aethelwulf , son of King Ecbert </Li> <Li> Alex Høgh as Ivar the Boneless , fourth son of Ragnar and Aslaug </Li> <Li> Marco Ilsø as Hvitserk , second son of Ragnar and Aslaug </Li> <Li> David Lindström as Sigurd Snake - in - the - Eye , third son of Ragnar and Aslaug </Li> <Li> Jordan Patrick Smith as Ubbe , eldest son of Ragnar and Aslaug </Li> <Li> Linus Roache as King Ecbert of Wessex , the ruthless king of Wessex </Li> <Li> Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Bishop Heahmund , a very religious warrior priest </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : In Part 1 , Dunford , Høgh , Ilsø , Lindström , and Smith are credited as guests . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> George Blagden as Athelstan , an Anglo - Saxon monk and friend of Ragnar 's . He was killed by Floki and appears in Ragnar and Ecbert 's visions . </Li> <Li> Dianne Doan as Yidu , Queen Aslaug 's new slave </Li> <Li> Maude Hirst as Helga , Floki 's long - suffering lover and wife </Li> <Li> Owen Roe as Count Odo of Paris </Li> <Li> Edvin Endre as Erlendur , son of King Horik and second husband of Torvi </Li> <Li> Georgia Hirst as Torvi , wife of Erlendur and , later , wife of Bjorn </Li> <Li> Morgane Polanski as Princess Gisla of West Francia , daughter of Emperor Charles , wedded to Duke Rollo </Li> <Li> Stephen Rockett as young Hvitserk </Li> <Li> Luke Shanahan as young Ubbe </Li> <Li> Elijah O'Sullivan as young Sigurd Snake - in - the - Eye </Li> <Li> James Quinn Markey as young Ivar the Boneless </Li> <Li> Rosalie Connerty as Angrboda , daughter of Floki and Helga </Li> <Li> Huw Parmenter as Roland , Count Odo 's first - in - command and Therese 's brother </Li> <Li> Karen Hassan as Therese , Roland 's sister and Count Odo 's mistress </Li> <Li> Amy Bailey as Queen Kwenthrith of Mercia </Li> <Li> Jennie Jacques as Princess Judith of Northumbria , daughter of King Aelle , wedded to Aethelwulf </Li> <Li> Seán T. Ó Meallaigh as Prudentius of Troyes , a monk serving at the court of King Ecbert </Li> <Li> Des Carney as Waerferth the Scout , serving King Ecbert </Li> <Li> Conor Ó Hanlon as infant Alfred , Princess Judith and Athelstan 's son </Li> <Li> Philip O'Sullivan as Bishop Edmund , serving at the court of King Ecbert </Li> <Li> Nathan O'Toole as young Bjorn , Ragnar and Lagertha 's son . He appears in Ragnar 's visions . </Li> <Li> Niall Cusack as Abbot Lupus , serving at the court of Emperor Charles </Li> <Li> Ivan Kaye as King Aelle of Northumbria </Li> <Li> Ruby O'Leary as Gyda , Ragnar and Lagertha 's daughter . She appears in Ragnar 's visions . </Li> <Li> Josefin Asplund as Astrid , Lagertha 's lover and advisor </Li> <Li> Ida Marie Nielsen as Margrethe , one of Queen Aslaug 's slaves </Li> <Li> Anton Giltrap as Guthrum , Jarl Borg and Torvi 's son </Li> <Li> Charles Last as William , first son of Rollo and Gisla </Li> <Li> Isaac O'Sullivan as child Alfred , Princess Judith and Athelstan 's son </Li> <Li> André Eriksen as Odin , appearing in visions </Li> <Li> Sinead Gormally as Tanaruz , a Moorish child </Li> <Li> Charlie Kelly as Egil , an agent of King Harald </Li> <Li> Cathy White as Queen Ealhswith of Northumbria , King Aelle 's wife </Li> <Li> Caitlin Scott as Princess Blaeja , daughter of King Aelle </Li> <Li> Jack Nolan as Earl Jorgensen , a Swedish warlord </Li> <Li> Sophie Vavasseur as Princess Ellisif , the object of King Harald 's affections </Li> <Li> Gary Buckley as Earl Vik , Princess Ellisif 's husband </Li> <Li> Gary Murphy as Bishop Unwan , serving at the court of King Aelle </Li> </Ul> <H3> Special Guest ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Josh Donaldson as Hoskuld , a Viking warrior of great skill </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Søren Pilmark as Stender , a farmer whose family was killed in Wessex . He was killed by Ragnar and appears in his dreams . </Li> <Li> Steve Wall as Einar , a scheming troublemaker . He is killed by Lagertha . </Li> <Li> Frankie McCafferty as Sinric , a polyglot drifter </Li> <Li> Cillian O'Sullivan as Eirik , a Viking warrior in Paris , former second in command of Rollo . He is betrayed by him and killed by Franks . </Li> <Li> Robban Follin as Berserker , an assassin recruited by Erlendur and Kalf to kill Bjorn . He is killed by Bjorn himself . </Li> <Li> Declan Conlon as Lord Wigstan , Queen Kwenthrith 's second cousin and the head of the Royal Family of Mercia </Li> <Li> John Kavanagh as Pope Leo IV </Li> <Li> Adam McNamara as Thorhall , a Danish Viking who delivers bad news to Queen Aslaug and Bjorn </Li> <Li> Liam Clarke as Gudmund </Li> <Li> Ed Murphy as Gardar </Li> <Li> Jack Walsh as John Scotus Eriugena </Li> <Li> Cameron Hogan as Magnus , Queen Kwenthrith and King Ragnar 's supposed son </Li> <Li> Tamaryn Payne as Widow Ordlaf , a lady of Sherborne </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Vikings episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="13"> Part 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Good Treason '' </Td> <Td> Ciarán Donnelly </Td> <Td> Michael Hirst </Td> <Td> February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Ragnar , wounded and near death , has a dream of walking towards the open gates of Valhalla , only to see them close before him . Aslaug asks the Seer if a woman would rule Kattegat , should Ragnar die . Bjorn has Floki arrested for killing Athelstan . When Ragnar awakens , he chastises Bjorn for imprisoning his friend . Bjorn wants to prove himself by surviving deep in the wilderness . Aslaug procures a new slave girl , Yidu . In Hedeby , Earl Kalf announces that he and Lagertha will share the Earldom , to the dislike of Einar . Kalf invites Einar and his men to vote to exile Lagertha , then turns on them , killing the dissidents and allowing Lagertha to kill Einar . In Paris , Rollo is living as a Frankish noble . He marries Princess Gisla , who weeps through the ceremony and holds a knife to his throat on their wedding night . Rollo rides to the Viking encampment outside Paris , and orders their massacre . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Kill the Queen '' </Td> <Td> Ciarán Donnelly </Td> <Td> Michael Hirst </Td> <Td> February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Bjorn has set off alone into the harsh Scandinavian winter . Helga frees Floki from his bonds . Ragnar confronts Helga , who admits what she has done , and he tells her that he understands . Ubbe accompanies the manhunt for Floki , and discovers him hiding in a stream . After he is captured , Ragnar chains Floki inside a damp cave . Ragnar finds Helga digging a grave in the frozen ground for her daughter . In Wessex , King Ecbert proposes to rescue Princess Kwenthrith of Mercia and her child , who are being held by rebel nobles . Aethelwulf engages in battle and rescues Kwenthrith . Aethelwulf does not know that his wife Judith is sleeping with his father . In Francia , Duke Rollo tries to assimilate by cutting his hair and dressing appropriately , but continues to be mocked by his new wife . He proposes building forts to stop the Vikings from sailing upriver . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Mercy '' </Td> <Td> Ciarán Donnelly </Td> <Td> Michael Hirst </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="6"> Ragnar and King Ecbert experience separate visions of Athelstan , who relays the words `` mercy '' .

The second part of Vikings Season 4 starts on

When does the second part of vikings season 4 start?

-1084748809184043293

Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor - wikipedia <H1> Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For more information , see Causes of World War II . <P> A series of events led to the attack on Pearl Harbor . War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation 's military forces planned for in the 1920s , though real tension did not begin until the 1931 invasion of Manchuria by Japan . Over the next decade , Japan expanded slowly into China , leading to the Second Sino - Japanese war in 1937 . In 1940 Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to embargo all imports into China , including war supplies purchased from the U.S. This move prompted the United States to embargo all oil exports , leading the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) to estimate it had less than two years of bunker oil remaining and to support the existing plans to seize oil resources in the Dutch East Indies . Planning had been underway for some time on an attack on the `` Southern Resource Area '' to add it to the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Japan envisioned in the Pacific . </P> <P> The Philippines , at that time an American territory , were also a Japanese target . The Japanese military concluded an invasion of the Philippines would provoke an American military response . Rather than seize and fortify the islands , and wait for the inevitable U.S. counterattack , Japan 's military leaders instead decided on the preventive Pearl Harbor attack , which they assumed would negate the American forces needed for the liberation and reconquest of the islands . </P> <P> Planning for the attack on Pearl Harbor had begun in very early 1941 , by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto . He finally won assent from the Naval High Command by , among other things , threatening to resign . The attack was approved in the summer at an Imperial Conference and again at a second Conference in the fall . Simultaneously over the year , pilots were trained , and ships prepared for its execution . Authority for the attack was granted at the second Imperial Conference if a diplomatic result satisfactory to Japan was not reached . After final approval by Emperor Hirohito the order to attack was issued at the beginning of December . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background to conflict </Li> <Li> 2 Breaking off negotiations <Ul> <Li> 2.1 War </Li> <Li> 2.2 Intelligence gathering </Li> <Li> 2.3 Planning <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Concept of a Japanese invasion of Hawaii </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Strike force <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Execute order </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Lack of preparation </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background to conflict ( edit ) </H2> <P> Tensions between Japan and the prominent Western countries ( the United States , France , Britain and the Netherlands ) increased significantly during the increasingly militaristic early rule of Emperor Hirohito . Japanese nationalists and military leaders increasingly influenced government policy , promoting a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere as part of Japan 's alleged `` divine right '' to unify Asia under Hirohito 's rule . </P> Hirohito <P> During the 1930s , Japan 's increasingly expansionist policies brought it into renewed conflict with its neighbors , Russia and China ( Japan had fought the First Sino - Japanese War with China in 1894 -- 95 and the Russo - Japanese War with Russia in 1904 -- 05 ; Japan 's imperialist ambitions had a hand in precipitating both conflicts ) . In March 1933 , Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in response to international condemnation of its conquest of Manchuria and subsequent establishment of the Manchukuo puppet government . On January 15 , 1936 , Japan withdrew from the Second London Naval Disarmament Conference because the United States and Great Britain refused to grant the Japanese Navy parity with theirs . A second war between Japan and China began with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937 . </P> <P> Japan 's 1937 attack on China was condemned by the U.S. and several members of the League of Nations including Britain , France , Australia and the Netherlands . Japanese atrocities during the conflict , such as the notorious Nanking Massacre that December , served to further complicate relations with the rest of the world . The U.S. , Britain , France and the Netherlands each possessed colonies in East and Southeast Asia . Japan 's new military power and willingness to use it threatened these Western economic and territorial interests in Asia . </P> <P> Beginning in 1938 , the U.S. adopted a succession of increasingly restrictive trade restrictions with Japan . This included terminating its 1911 commercial treaty with Japan in 1939 , further tightened by the Export Control Act of 1940 . These efforts failed to deter Japan from continuing its war in China , or from signing the Tripartite Pact in 1940 with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , officially forming the Axis Powers . </P> <P> Japan would take advantage of Hitler 's war in Europe to advance its own ambitions in the Far East . The Tripartite Pact guaranteed assistance if a signatory was attacked by any country not already involved in conflict with the signatory ; this implicitly meant the U.S. By joining the pact , Japan gained geopolitical power and sent the unmistakable message that any U.S. military intervention risked war on both of her shores -- with Germany and Italy on the Atlantic , and with Japan on the Pacific . The Roosevelt administration would not be dissuaded ; believing the American way of life would be endangered if Europe and the Far East fell under military dictatorship , it committed to help the British and Chinese through loans of money and materiel , and pledged sufficient continuing aid to ensure their survival . Thus , the United States slowly moved from being a neutral power to one preparing for war . </P> <P> On October 8 , 1940 , Admiral James O. Richardson , Commander in Chief , Pacific Fleet , provoked a confrontation with Roosevelt by repeating his earlier arguments to Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Harold R. Stark and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox that Pearl Harbor was the wrong place for his ships . Roosevelt believed relocating the fleet to Hawaii would exert a `` restraining influence '' on Japan . </P> <P> Richardson asked the President if the United States was going to war . Roosevelt 's view was : </P> <P> At least as early as October 8 , 1940 , ... affairs had reached such a state that the United States would become involved in a war with Japan ... ' that if the Japanese attacked Thailand , or the Kra Peninsula , or the Dutch East Indies we would not enter the war , that if they even attacked the Philippines he doubted whether we would enter the war , but that they ( the Japanese ) could not always avoid making mistakes and that as the war continued and that area of operations expanded sooner or later they would make a mistake and we would enter the war . ' ... </P> <P> Japan 's 1940 move into Vichy - controlled Indochina further raised tensions . When combined with its war with China , withdrawal from the League of Nations , alliance with Germany and Italy and increasing militarization , the move provoked an attempt to restrain Japan economically . The United States embargoed scrap metal shipments to Japan and closed the Panama Canal to Japanese shipping . This particularly hit Japan 's economy hard because 74.1 % of Japan 's scrap iron came from the United States in 1938 . Also , 93 % of Japan 's copper in 1939 came from the United States . In early 1941 , Japan moved into southern Indochina , thereby threatening British Malaya , North Borneo and Brunei . </P> <P> Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during the course of 1941 in an effort to improve relations . During these negotiations , Japan considered withdrawal from most of China and Indochina after drawing up peace terms with the Chinese . Japan would also adopt an independent interpretation of the Tripartite Pact , and would not discriminate in trade , provided all other countries reciprocated . However , these compromises in China were rejected by General Tojo , then War Minister . Responding to Japanese occupation of key airfields in Indochina ( July 24 ) following an agreement between Japan and Vichy France , the U.S. froze Japanese assets on July 26 , 1941 , and on August 1 established an embargo on oil and gasoline exports to Japan . The oil embargo was an especially strong response because oil was Japan 's most crucial import , and more than 80 % of Japan 's oil at the time came from the United States . </P> <P> Japanese war planners had long looked south , especially to Brunei for oil and Malaya for rubber and tin . In the autumn of 1940 , Japan requested 3.15 million barrels of oil from the Dutch East Indies , but received a counteroffer of only 1.35 million . The Navy was ( mistakenly ) certain any attempt to seize this region would bring the U.S. into the war , but the complete U.S. oil embargo removed any hesitancy . Moreover , any southern operation would be vulnerable to attack from the Philippines , then a U.S. commonwealth , so war with the U.S. seemed necessary in any case . </P> <P> After the embargoes and the asset freezes , the Japanese ambassador to Washington , Kichisaburō Nomura , and U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull held multiple meetings in order to resolve Japanese - American relations . No solution could be agreed upon for three key reasons : </P> <Ol> <Li> Japan honored its alliance to Germany and Italy through the Tripartite Pact . </Li> <Li> Japan wanted economic control and responsibility for southeast Asia . </Li> <Li> Japan refused to leave mainland China ( without Manchoukuo ) . </Li> </Ol> <P> The U.S. embargoes gave Japan a sense of urgency . It would either have to agree to Washington 's demands or use force to gain access to the resources it needed . </P> <P> In their final proposal on November 20 , Japan offered to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina and not to launch any attacks in southeast Asia provided the U.S. , Britain , and the Netherlands ceased aiding China and lifted their sanctions against Japan . The American counterproposal of November 26 ( the Hull note ) required Japan to evacuate all of China , without conditions , and to conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers . </P> <H2> Breaking off negotiations ( edit ) </H2> <P> Part of the Japanese plan for the attack included breaking off negotiations with the United States 30 minutes before the attack began . Diplomats from the Japanese embassy in Washington , including the Japanese ambassador , Admiral Kichisaburō Nomura and special representative Saburō Kurusu , had been conducting extended talks with the State Department regarding the U.S. reactions to the Japanese move into French Indochina in the summer . </P> <P> In the days before the attack , a long 14 - part message was sent to the embassy from the Foreign Office in Tokyo ( encrypted with the Type 97 cypher machine , in a cipher named PURPLE by U.S. cryptanalysts ) , with instructions to deliver it to Secretary of State Cordell Hull at 1 : 00 p.m. Washington time . The last part arrived late Saturday night ( Washington time ) , but because of decryption and typing delays , as well as Tokyo 's failure to stress the crucial necessity of the timing , embassy personnel did not deliver the message

The United States stopped trading with Japan in

When did the us stop trading with japan?

-5869834741419224491

Premier League Golden Boot - wikipedia <H1> Premier League Golden Boot </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Premier League Golden Boot </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Thierry Henry has won the most Golden Boot awards with four . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awarded for </Th> <Td> The leading goalscorer in a given Premier League season . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sponsored by </Th> <Td> Barclays </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> The Football Association </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First awarded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last awarded </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Currently held by </Th> <Td> Harry Kane </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Premier League Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Premier League . For sponsorship purposes , from 1994 to 2001 it was called the Carling Golden Boot and from 2001 to 2004 , the Barclaycard Golden Boot ; as of 2015 , it is referred to as the Barclays Golden Boot . In addition to the trophy , winners of the Golden Boot are usually given £ 1,000 for every goal they scored throughout the season to donate to a charity of their choice , although Robin van Persie was given £ 30,000 after scoring 26 goals in the 2012 -- 13 season . </P> <P> The Premier League was founded in 1992 , when the clubs of the First Division left The Football League and established a new commercially independent league that negotiated its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements . The newly formed league had no sponsor for its inaugural season until Carling agreed to a four - year £ 12 million deal that started the following season , and it was simply known as the Premier League in its first year . As a result , the award was called the `` Premier League Golden Boot '' when Teddy Sheringham received the inaugural award in 1993 . Originally consisting of 22 teams , the league contracted to 20 teams after the 1994 -- 95 season ; this reduced the number of games played from 42 to 38 . </P> <P> Thierry Henry has won the Golden Boot on four occasions , more than any other player . Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Dwight Yorke were the first non-English and non-European winners , respectively , when they shared the award with Michael Owen in 1999 . Alan Shearer is the only player other than Henry to win the award in three consecutive seasons . Phillips , Henry , Cristiano Ronaldo and Luis Suárez won the European Golden Shoe in the same season as the Premier League Golden Boot , with Henry achieving this on two occasions ( 2004 and 2005 ) . Shearer , Hasselbaink and Van Persie are the only players to win the Golden Boot with two clubs . </P> <P> Andy Cole and Shearer -- with 34 goals in 1993 -- 94 and 1994 -- 95 , respectively -- scored the most goals to win the Golden Boot , while Nicolas Anelka scored the fewest to clinch the award outright , with 19 goals in 2008 -- 09 . The all - time record for lowest number of goals scored to be bestowed the award , however , is 18 goals ; this was achieved during the 1997 -- 98 and 1998 -- 99 seasons , when the award was shared between three players both times . The latter season marked the last time the Golden Boot was shared until 2010 -- 11 , when Dimitar Berbatov and Carlos Tevez both scored 20 goals that season to tie for the award . Harry Kane recorded the highest goals - to - games ratio to win the award , scoring 29 goals in 30 games in 2016 -- 17 for a rate of 0.97 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Winners </Li> <Li> 2 Awards won by nationality </Li> <Li> 3 Awards won by club </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Winners ( edit ) </H2> Teddy Sheringham won the inaugural Premier League Golden Boot in 1993 . Cristiano Ronaldo , the 2008 winner , is one of four players to win the European Golden Shoe alongside the Golden Boot . Dwight Yorke , the 1999 co-recipient , is the first winner of the Golden Boot from outside Europe . <Table> Key <Tr> <Th> Player ( X ) </Th> <Td> Name of the player and number of times they had won the award at that point ( if more than one ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Games </Th> <Td> The number of Premier League games played by the winner that season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rate </Th> <Td> The winner 's goals - to - games ratio that season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Indicates multiple award winners in the same season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Indicates player also won the European Golden Shoe in the same season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> § </Th> <Td> Denotes the club were Premier League champions in the same season </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Premier League Golden Boot winners <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Club </Th> <Th> Goals </Th> <Th> Games </Th> <Th> Rate </Th> <Th> Ref ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 93 </Td> <Th> Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Tottenham Hotspur </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 0.54 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 94 </Td> <Th> Cole , Andy Andy Cole </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Newcastle United </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 0.85 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 95 </Td> <Th> Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Th> Blackburn Rovers </Th> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 0.81 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 96 </Td> <Th> Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Blackburn Rovers </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 0.89 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 97 </Td> <Th> Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer ( 3 ) </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Newcastle United </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 0.81 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> <Th> Sutton , Chris Chris Sutton </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Blackburn Rovers </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 0.51 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> <Th> Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Coventry City </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 0.50 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> <Th> Owen , Michael Michael Owen </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 0.50 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> <Th> Owen , Michael Michael Owen ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 0.60 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> <Th> Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke </Th> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Th> Manchester United </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 0.55 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 99 </Td> <Th> Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink </Th> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Leeds United </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 0.50 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Th> Phillips , Kevin Kevin Phillips </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Sunderland </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 0.83 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 01 </Td> <Th> Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 0.66 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 02 </Td> <Th> Henry 1 ! Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry </Th> <Td> France </Td> <Th> Arsenal </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 0.73 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Th> Nistelrooy , Ruud van Ruud van Nistelrooy </Th> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Th> Manchester United </Th> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 0.74 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 04 </Td> <Th> Henry 2 ! Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> France </Td> <Th> Arsenal </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 0.81 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 05 </Td> <Th> Henry 3 ! Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry ( 3 ) </Th> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Arsenal </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 0.78 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Th> Henry 4 ! Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry ( 4 ) </Th> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Arsenal </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 0.84 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 07 </Td> <Th> Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba </Th> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 0.56 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Th> Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo </Th> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Th> Manchester United </Th> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 0.91 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 09 </Td> <Th> Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka </Th> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Chelsea </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 0.53 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- 10 </Td> <Th> Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> Ivory Coast </Td> <Th> Chelsea </Th> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 0.91 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Th> Tevez , Carlos Carlos Tevez </Th> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 0.65 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 11 </Td> <Th> Berbatov , Dimitar Dimitar Berbatov </Th> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Th> Manchester United </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 0.63 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Th> Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie </Th> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Arsenal </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 0.79 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Th> Persie , Robin van Robin van Persie ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Th> Manchester United </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 0.68 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Th> Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez </Th> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> Liverpool </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 0.94 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Th> Aguero , Sergio Sergio Agüero </Th> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Manchester City </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 0.79 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 -- 16 </Td> <Th> Kane , Harry Harry Kane </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Tottenham Hotspur </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 0.65 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- 17 </Td> <Th> Kane , Harry Harry Kane ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> England </Td> <Td> Tottenham Hotspur </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 0.97 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards won by nationality ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> England </Th> <Td> 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands </Th> <Td> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France </Th> <Td> 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Argentina </Th> <Td> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ivory Coast </Th> <Td> 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trinidad and Tobago </Th> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal </Th> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bulgaria </Th> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uruguay </Th> <Td> 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards won by club ( edit ) </H2> Alan Shearer ( left ) and Robin van Persie

If there is a tie, the Golden Boot is

Who gets the golden boot if its a tie?

-8828538942223020699

As the crow flies - Wikipedia <H1> As the crow flies </H1> Jump to : navigation , search A crow flying For other uses , see As the Crow Flies ( disambiguation ) . <P> As the crow flies , similar to in a beeline , is an idiom for the most direct path between two points . This meaning is attested from the early 19th century , and appeared in Charles Dickens 's novel Oliver Twist : </P> <P> We cut over the fields at the back with him between us -- straight as the crow flies -- through hedge and ditch . </P> <P> According to BBC Focus , `` ' As the crow flies ' is a pretty common saying but it is n't particularly accurate '' . Crows do not swoop in the air like swallows or starlings , but they often circle above their nests . Crows do conspicuously fly alone across open country , but neither crows nor bees ( as in `` beeline '' ) fly in particularly straight lines . Before modern navigational methods were introduced , Crows were kept upon ships and released when land was sought . Crows instinctively fly towards land . ( See the sea - Nautical language . ) </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 See also </Li> <Li> 2 References </Li> <Li> 3 Further reading </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Geodesic </Li> <Li> Great - circle distance </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Allen , Robert ( 2008 ) . Allen 's Dictionary of English Phrases . Penguin UK . ISBN 9780141917689 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knowles , Elizabeth ( 2006 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . Oxford University Press , UK . ISBN 9780191578564 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Villazon , Luis . `` Do crows actually fly in a straight line ? '' , BBC Focus ( August 30 , 2017 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://see-the-sea.org/nautical/naut-body.htm </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dundes , Alan ( 2004 ) . `` As the Crow Flies : A Straightforward Study of Lineal Worldview in American Folk Speech '' . In Lau , Kimberley J. ; et al. What Goes Around Comes Around : The Circulation of Proverbs in Contemporary Life . Utah State University Press . pp. 171 -- 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87421 - 592 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Winfield , Charles H. ( 1882 ) . Adjudged Words and Phrases : Being a Collection of Adjudicated Definitions of Terms Used in the Law , with References to Authorities . Jersey City , NJ : J.J. Griffiths . p. 45 . OCLC 3364516 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up as the crow flies in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` As the crow flies '' The Phrase Finder . </Li> <Li> `` As the crow flies '' World Wide Words . </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This vocabulary - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_the_crow_flies&oldid=835709035 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> English phrases </Li> <Li> Navigation </Li> <Li> English - language idioms </Li> <Li> Vocabulary and usage stubs </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> Navigation </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 09 : 15 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The expression "as the crow flies" originates from

Where does the expression as the crow flies come from?

6792980250224411482

Ministry of local government and Urban Development ( Zimbabwe ) - Wikipedia <H1> Ministry of local government and Urban Development ( Zimbabwe ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The Ministry of Local Government , Rural and Urban Development is a government ministry , responsible for local government in Zimbabwe . The incumbent minister is Hon July Moyo and the deputy minister is Sesel Zvidzai . It oversees : </P> <Ul> <Li> Municipalities of Zimbabwe </Li> <Li> Districts of Zimbabwe </Li> <Li> Provinces of Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.herald.co.zw/live-updates-ministers-swearing-in-ceremony/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cabinet sworn in amid chaotic scenes '' . NewZimbabwe.com. 13 Feb 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mugabe swears in 19 deputy ministers , 5 Ministers of State '' . NewZimbabwe.com. 20 Feb 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 20 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article about government in Zimbabwe is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Local_Government_and_Urban_Development_(Zimbabwe)&oldid=838182093 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Zimbabwean government stubs </Li> <Li> Government of Zimbabwe </Li> <Li> Provinces of Zimbabwe </Li> <Li> Districts of Zimbabwe </Li> <Li> Populated places in Zimbabwe </Li> <Li> Local government ministries </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 12 : 35 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

The Minister of Local Government in Zimbabwe is

Who is the minister of local government in zimbabwe?

-2148459599633305846

Limbic system - wikipedia <H1> Limbic system </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Limbic system </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cross section of the human brain showing parts of the limbic system from below . Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie ( 1786 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> The limbic system largely consists of what was previously known as the limbic lobe . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> Systema limbicum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NeuroNames </Th> <Td> ancil - 247 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dorlands / Elsevier </Th> <Td> s_33 / 12787580 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 242000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The limbic system is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus , immediately beneath the cerebrum . It has also been referred to as the paleomammalian cortex . It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the telencephalon , diencephalon , and mesencephalon . It includes the olfactory bulbs , hippocampus , hypothalamus , amygdala , anterior thalamic nuclei , fornix , columns of fornix , mammillary body , septum pellucidum , habenular commissure , cingulate gyrus , parahippocampal gyrus , entorhinal cortex , and limbic midbrain areas . </P> <P> The limbic system supports a variety of functions including emotion , behavior , motivation , long - term memory , and olfaction . Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system , and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories . </P> <P> Although the term only originated in the 1940s , some neuroscientists , including Joseph LeDoux , have suggested that the concept of a functionally unified limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete because it is grounded mainly in historical concepts of brain anatomy that are no longer accepted as accurate . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure </Li> <Li> 2 Function <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Hippocampus <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Spatial memory </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Learning </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Hippocampus damage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Amygdala <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Attentional and emotional processes </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 Social processing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Evolution </Li> <Li> 4 Clinical significance </Li> <Li> 5 Society and culture <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Etymology and history </Li> <Li> 5.2 Academic dispute </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> Anatomical components of the limbic system <P> The limbic system was originally defined by Paul Broca as a series of cortical structures surrounding the limit between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem : the border , or limbus , of the brain . These structures were known together as the limbic lobe . Further studies began to associate these areas with emotional and motivational processes and linked them to subcortical components that were grouped into the limbic system . The existence of such a system as an isolated entity responsible for the neurological regulation of emotion has gone into disuse and currently it is considered as one of the many parts of the brain that regulate visceral , autonomic processes . </P> <P> Therefore , the definition of anatomical structures considered part of the limbic system is a controversial subject . The following structures are , or have been considered , part of the limbic system : </P> <Ul> <Li> Cortical areas : <Ul> <Li> Limbic lobe </Li> <Li> Orbitofrontal cortex , a region in the frontal lobe involved in the process of decision - making . </Li> <Li> Piriform cortex , part of the olfactory system . </Li> <Li> Entorhinal cortex , related with memory and associative components . </Li> <Li> Hippocampus and associated structures , which play a central role in the consolidation of new memories . </Li> <Li> Fornix , a white matter structure connecting the hippocampus with other brain structures , particularly the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Subcortical areas : <Ul> <Li> Septal nuclei , a set of structures that lie in front of the lamina terminalis , considered a pleasure zone . </Li> <Li> Amygdala , located deep within the temporal lobes and related with a number of emotional processes . </Li> <Li> Nucleus accumbens : involved in reward , pleasure , and addiction . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Diencephalic structures : <Ul> <Li> Hypothalamus : a center for the limbic system , connected with the frontal lobes , septal nuclei and the brain stem reticular formation via the medial forebrain bundle , with the hippocampus via the fornix , and with the thalamus via the mammillothalamic fasciculus . It regulates a great number of autonomic processes . </Li> <Li> Mammillary bodies , part of the hypothalamus that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the thalamus . </Li> <Li> Anterior nuclei of thalamus receive input from the mammillary bodies . Involved in memory processing . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <P> The structures of the limbic system are involved in motivation , emotion , learning , and memory . The limbic system is where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex . The limbic system operates by influencing the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system . It is highly interconnected with the nucleus accumbens , which plays a role in sexual arousal and the `` high '' derived from certain recreational drugs . These responses are heavily modulated by dopaminergic projections from the limbic system . In 1954 , Olds and Milner found that rats with metal electrodes implanted into their nucleus accumbens , as well as their septal nuclei , repeatedly pressed a lever activating this region , and did so in preference to eating and drinking , eventually dying of exhaustion . The limbic system also includes the basal ganglia . The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical structures that direct intentional movements . The basal ganglia are located near the thalamus and hypothalamus . They receive input from the cerebral cortex , which sends outputs to the motor centers in the brain stem . A part of the basal ganglia called the striatum controls posture and movement . Recent studies indicate that , if there is an inadequate supply of dopamine , the striatum is affected , which can lead to visible behavioral symptoms of Parkinson 's disease . </P> <P> The limbic system is also tightly connected to the prefrontal cortex . Some scientists contend that this connection is related to the pleasure obtained from solving problems . To cure severe emotional disorders , this connection was sometimes surgically severed , a procedure of psychosurgery , called a prefrontal lobotomy ( this is actually a misnomer ) . Patients having undergone this procedure often became passive and lacked all motivation . </P> <P> The limbic system is often classified as a `` cerebral structure '' . This structure is closely linked to olfaction , emotions , drives , autonomic regulation , memory , and pathologically to encephalopathy , epilepsy , psychotic symptoms , cognitive defects . The functional relevance of the limbic system has proven to serve many different functions such as affects / emotions , memory , sensory processing , time perception , attention , consciousness , instincts , autonomic / vegetative control , and actions / motor behavior . Some of the disorders associated with the limbic system are epilepsy and schizophrenia . </P> <H3> Hippocampus ( edit ) </H3> <P> Various processes of cognition involve the hippocampus . </P> Spatial memory ( edit ) <P> The first and most widely researched area concerns memory , spatial memory in particular . Spatial memory was found to have many sub-regions in the hippocampus , such as the dentate gyrus ( DG ) in the dorsal hippocampus , the left hippocampus , and the parahippocampal region . The dorsal hippocampus was found to be an important component for the generation of new neurons , called adult - born granules ( GC ) , in adolescence and adulthood . These new neurons contribute to pattern separation in spatial memory , increasing the firing in cell networks , and overall causing stronger memory formations . </P> <P> While the dorsal hippocampus is involved in spatial memory formation , the left hippocampus is a participant in the recall of these spatial memories . Eichenbaum and his team found , when studying the hippocampal lesions in rats , that the left hippocampus is `` critical for effectively combining the ' what , ' when , ' and ' where ' qualities of each experience to compose the retrieved memory . '' This makes the left hippocampus a key component in the retrieval of spatial memory . However , Spreng found that the left hippocampus is , in fact , a general concentrated region for binding together bits and pieces of memory composed not only by the hippocampus , but also by other areas of the brain to be recalled at a later time . Eichenbaum 's research in 2007 also demonstrates that the parahippocampal area of the hippocampus is another specialized region for the retrieval of memories just like the left hippocampus . </P> Learning ( edit ) <P> The hippocampus , over the decades , has also been found to have a huge impact in learning . Curlik and Shors examined the effects of neurogenesis in the hippocampus and its effects on learning . This researcher and his team employed many different types of mental and physical training on their subjects , and found that the hippocampus is highly responsive to these latter tasks . Thus , they discovered an upsurge of new neurons and neural circuits in the hippocampus as a result of the training , causing an overall improvement in the learning of the task . This neurogenesis contributes to the creation of adult - born granules cells ( GC ) , cells also described by Eichenbaum in his own research on neurogenesis and its contributions to learning . The creation of these cells exhibited `` enhanced excitability '' in the dentate gyrus ( DG ) of the dorsal hippocampus , impacting the hippocampus and its contribution to the learning process . </P> Hippocampus damage ( edit ) <P> Damage related to the hippocampal region of the brain has reported vast effects on overall cognitive functioning , particularly memory such as spatial memory . As previously mentioned , spatial memory is a cognitive function greatly intertwined with the hippocampus . While damage to the hippocampus may be a result of a brain injury or other injuries of that sort , researchers particularly investigated the effects that high emotional arousal and certain types of drugs had on the recall ability in this specific memory type . In particular , in a study performed by Parkard , rats were given the task of correctly making their way through a maze . In the first condition , rats were stressed by shock or restraint which caused a high emotional arousal . When completing the maze task , these rats had an impaired effect on their hippocampal - dependent memory when compared to the control group . Then , in a second condition , a group of rats were injected with anxiogenic drugs . Like the former these results reported similar outcomes , in that hippocampal - memory was also impaired . Studies such as these reinforce the impact that the hippocampus has on memory processing , in particular the recall function of spatial memory . Furthermore , impairment to the hippocampus can occur from prolonged exposure to stress hormones such as

The limbic system is located

Where is the limbic system located and what is its function?

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Maxin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Screamin ' Jay Hawkins singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Even Though '' ( 1956 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1956 ) </Td> <Td> `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1957 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Even Though '' ( 1956 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Put a Spell on You '' ( 1956 ) </Td> <Td> `` You Made Me Love You '' ( 1957 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` I Put a Spell on You '' is a 1956 song written by Screamin ' Jay Hawkins , whose recording was selected as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . It was also ranked No. 313 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The track became a classic cult song covered by a variety of artists and was his greatest commercial success , reportedly surpassing a million copies in sales , although it failed to make the Billboard pop or R&B charts . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 The original composition </Li> <Li> 2 Personnel </Li> <Li> 3 Covers and samples </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> The original composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hawkins had originally intended to record `` I Put a Spell on You '' as `` a refined love song , a blues ballad '' . However , the producer `` brought in ribs and chicken and got everybody drunk , and we came out with this weird version ... I do n't even remember making the record . Before , I was just a normal blues singer . I was just Jay Hawkins . It all sort of just fell in place . I found out I could do more destroying a song and screaming it to death . '' </P> <P> Hawkins first recorded `` I Put a Spell on You '' as a ballad during his stint with Grand Records in late 1955 . However , that version was not released at the time ( it has since been reissued on Hawkins ' UK Rev - Ola CD The Whamee 1953 -- 55 ) . The following year , Hawkins re-recorded the song for Columbia 's Okeh Records -- the notorious screaming version , which was released in October 1956 . This version was banned from radio for its outrageous style . A truncated version was released but the ban remained . The record still sold over a million copies . </P> <P> The hit brought Hawkins together with Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed who promptly added him to his `` Rock and Roll Revue . '' Up to this time , Hawkins had been a blues performer : emotional , but not wild . Freed suggested a gimmick to capitalize on the `` demented '' sound of `` I Put a Spell on You '' : Hawkins wore a long cape , and appeared onstage by rising out of a coffin in the midst of smoke and fog . The act was a sensation , later bolstered by tusks worn in Hawkins ' nose , on - stage snakes and fireworks , and a cigarette - smoking skull named `` Henry '' . </P> <P> This theatrical act was one of the first shock rock performances . </P> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Guitar -- Mickey Baker </Li> <Li> Piano -- Ernie Hayes </Li> <Li> Tenor Saxophone -- Sam `` The Man '' Taylor </Li> <Li> Baritone Saxophone -- Bud Johnson </Li> <Li> Bass -- Al Lucas </Li> <Li> Drums -- David `` Panama '' Francis </Li> <Li> Arranged By -- Leroy Kirkland </Li> <Li> Recorded 12 September 1956 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Covers and samples ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` I Put a Spell on You '' has been covered by other artists extensively ; there are several hundred versions available on online stores like iTunes . Most of the covers treat the song seriously ; few attempt to duplicate Hawkins 's bravura performance . Although Hawkins ' version did not make any charts , several later cover versions have . </P> <Ul> <Li> Nina Simone 's version reached No. 23 on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart in 1965 ; it also reached No. 49 on the UK singles chart that year , and No. 28 when it was reissued in 1969 . </Li> <Li> The version by The Alan Price Set reached No. 9 in the UK in 1966 and No. 80 on the Billboard Hot 100 . </Li> <Li> Creedence Clearwater Revival 's version reached No. 58 on the U.S. Hot 100 in 1968 . The band later performed it at the Woodstock Festival in 1969 . </Li> <Li> A disco version by Dutch singer Dee Dee ( Anna Dekkers ) reached No. 16 on the Dutch charts in 1978 and was also released in Belgium ( where it peaked on No. 12 ) , France , Germany , Spain , and Australia . </Li> <Li> In the UK , Bryan Ferry 's version reached No. 18 in 1993 . </Li> <Li> The version by Sonique reached No. 36 in 1998 and No. 8 on reissue in 2000 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Other versions of note : </P> <Ul> <Li> Marilyn Manson covered the song on the 1995 EP Smells Like Children </Li> <Li> The Crazy World of Arthur Brown covered the track on their self - titled album . </Li> <Li> Manfred Mann released a version on their U.K. EP No Living Without Loving in November 1965 ( also appeared on the band 's 1966 U.S. album ' Pretty Flamingo ' ) . </Li> <Li> The 2010 version by Jeff Beck featuring Joss Stone was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 53rd Grammy Awards . </Li> <Li> Bette Midler covered the song in the film Hocus Pocus in an elaborate song and dance sequence . Midler performed the song again during her 2015 Divine Intervention Tour , wearing a costume similar to the one she wore in Hocus Pocus . </Li> <Li> Annie Lennox included a version of the song on her 2014 album Nostalgia . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bush , John . Screamin ' Jay Hawkins - I Put a Spell on You at AllMusic . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mike McPadden ( 1 May 2012 ) . If You Like Metallica ... : Here Are Over 200 Bands , CDs , Movies , and Other Oddities That You Will Love . Backbeat Books . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4768 - 1357 - 8 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edward M. Komara ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues : A-J . Routledge . p. 415 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ed Sikov ( 1996 ) . Laughing Hysterically : American Screen Comedy of the 1950s . Columbia University Press . p. 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2003 ) . Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 155 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 115 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julia Rubiner , Contemporary Musicians : Profiles of the People in Music , Volume 8 , Gale , 1992 , p. 117 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 2011 ) , The Encyclopedia of Popular Music , Omnibus Press , p. 2680 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chris Morris ( Feb 26 , 2000 ) , `` Legendary Screamin ' Jay Hawkins Dies At 70 '' , Billboard </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gillespie , Paula , and Neal Lerner . The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring . Boston : Allyn , 2000 . Print . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Screamin-Jay-Hawkins-I-Put-A-Spell-On-You-The-Singles-1954-1957/release/3181566 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 911 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 795 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/creedence-clearwater-revival/1969/max-yasgurs-farm-bethel-ny-13d6b529.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Tony , Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick , The Complete Book of the British Charts : Singles and Albums , Omnibus Press , London , 2002 p. 371 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Betts , Graham ( 2004 ) . Complete UK Hit Singles 1952 -- 2004 ( 1st ed . ) . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717931 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nominees And Winners -- GRAMMY.com '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . </Li> </Ol> <P> Catégorie : Single publié par Okeh Records </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Put_a_Spell_on_You&oldid=838253449 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1956 singles </Li> <Li> 1956 songs </Li> <Li> 1966 singles </Li> <Li> 1968 singles </Li> <Li> 2001 singles </Li> <Li> Alan Price songs </Li> <Li> Annie Lennox songs </Li> <Li> Arthur Brown ( musician ) songs </Li> <Li> Bette Midler songs </Li> <Li> Creedence Clearwater Revival songs </Li> <Li> Decca Records singles </Li> <Li> Disney songs </Li> <Li> Eels ( band ) songs </Li> <Li> Eric Burdon songs </Li> <Li> Fantasy Records singles </Li> <Li> Halloween songs </Li> <Li> Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs </Li> <Li> Natacha Atlas songs </Li> <Li> Nina Simone songs </Li> <Li> Parrot Records singles </Li> <Li> Rhythm and blues songs </Li> <Li> Screamin ' Jay Hawkins songs </Li> <Li> She & Him songs </Li> <Li> Sonique ( musician ) songs </Li> <Li> The Animals songs </Li> <Li> Van Morrison songs </Li> <Li> Okeh Records singles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 21 : 39 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul>

In the movie Hocus Pocus, the song "I Put a Spell on You" was sung by

Who sang i put a spell on you in hocus pocus?

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International Monetary Fund - wikipedia <H1> International Monetary Fund </H1> Jump to : navigation , search See also : Notable Current and Former IMF Employees `` IMF '' redirects here . For other uses , see IMF ( disambiguation ) . <Table> International Monetary Fund <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Coat of arms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abbreviation </Th> <Td> IMF </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 27 December 1945 ( 72 years ago ) ( 1945 - 12 - 27 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> International financial institution </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Purpose </Th> <Td> Promote international monetary co-operation , facilitate international trade , foster sustainable economic growth , make resources available to members experiencing balance of payments difficulties </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 38 ° 53 ′ 56.42 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 39.21 '' W  /  38.8990056 ° N 77.0442250 ° W  / 38.8990056 ; - 77.0442250 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 56.42 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 39.21 '' W  /  38.8990056 ° N 77.0442250 ° W  / 38.8990056 ; - 77.0442250 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Td> Worldwide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Membership </Th> <Td> 189 countries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Managing Director </Th> <Td> Christine Lagarde </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main organ </Th> <Td> Board of governors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent organization </Th> <Td> United Nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Staff </Th> <Td> 2,700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> imf.org </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) is an international organization headquartered in Washington , D.C. , of `` 189 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation , secure financial stability , facilitate international trade , promote high employment and sustainable economic growth , and reduce poverty around the world . '' Formed in 1945 at the Bretton Woods Conference primarily by the ideas of Harry Dexter White and John Maynard Keynes , it came into formal existence in 1945 with 29 member countries and the goal of reconstructing the international payment system . It now plays a central role in the management of balance of payments difficulties and international financial crises . Countries contribute funds to a pool through a quota system from which countries experiencing balance of payments problems can borrow money . As of 2016 , the fund had SDR 477 billion ( about $668 billion ) . </P> <P> Through the fund , and other activities such as the gathering of statistics and analysis , surveillance of its members ' economies and the demand for particular policies , the IMF works to improve the economies of its member countries . The organisation 's objectives stated in the Articles of Agreement are : to promote international monetary co-operation , international trade , high employment , exchange - rate stability , sustainable economic growth , and making resources available to member countries in financial difficulty . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Functions <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Surveillance of the global economy </Li> <Li> 1.2 Conditionality of loans <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Structural adjustment </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Benefits </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Since 2000 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Member countries <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Qualifications </Li> <Li> 3.2 Benefits </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Leadership <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Board of Governors </Li> <Li> 4.2 Executive Board </Li> <Li> 4.3 Managing Director <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 List of Managing Directors </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Voting power <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Effects of the quota system </Li> <Li> 5.2 Inflexibility of voting power </Li> <Li> 5.3 Overcoming borrower / creditor divide </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Use <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Exceptional Access Framework -- sovereign debt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 IMF and globalization </Li> <Li> 8 Criticisms <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Conditionality </Li> <Li> 8.2 Reform <Ul> <Li> 8.2. 1 Function and policies </Li> <Li> 8.2. 2 US influence and voting reform </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.3 Support of dictatorships </Li> <Li> 8.4 Impact on access to food </Li> <Li> 8.5 Impact on public health </Li> <Li> 8.6 Impact on environment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Scandals </Li> <Li> 10 Alternatives </Li> <Li> 11 In the media </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 Notes and references <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 13.2 References </Li> <Li> 13.3 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 Further reading </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Functions ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to the IMF itself , it works to foster global growth and economic stability by providing policy , advice and financing the members , by working with developing nations to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty . The rationale for this is that private international capital markets function imperfectly and many countries have limited access to financial markets . Such market imperfections , together with balance - of - payments financing , provide the justification for official financing , without which many countries could only correct large external payment imbalances through measures with adverse economic consequences . The IMF provides alternate sources of financing . </P> <P> Upon the founding of the IMF , its three primary functions were : to oversee the fixed exchange rate arrangements between countries , thus helping national governments manage their exchange rates and allowing these governments to prioritise economic growth , and to provide short - term capital to aid the balance of payments . This assistance was meant to prevent the spread of international economic crises . The IMF was also intended to help mend the pieces of the international economy after the Great Depression and World War II . As well , to provide capital investments for economic growth and projects such as infrastructure . </P> <P> The IMF 's role was fundamentally altered by the floating exchange rates post-1971 . It shifted to examining the economic policies of countries with IMF loan agreements to determine if a shortage of capital was due to economic fluctuations or economic policy . The IMF also researched what types of government policy would ensure economic recovery . A particular concern of the IMF was to prevent financial crisis , such as those in Mexico 1982 , Brazil in 1987 , East Asia in 1997 -- 98 and Russia in 1998 , from spreading and threatening the entire global financial and currency system . The challenge was to promote and implement policy that reduced the frequency of crises among the emerging market countries , especially the middle - income countries which are vulnerable to massive capital outflows . Rather than maintaining a position of oversight of only exchange rates , their function became one of surveillance of the overall macroeconomic performance of member countries . Their role became a lot more active because the IMF now manages economic policy rather than just exchange rates . </P> <P> In addition , the IMF negotiates conditions on lending and loans under their policy of conditionality , which was established in the 1950s . Low - income countries can borrow on concessional terms , which means there is a period of time with no interest rates , through the Extended Credit Facility ( ECF ) , the Standby Credit Facility ( SCF ) and the Rapid Credit Facility ( RCF ) . Nonconcessional loans , which include interest rates , are provided mainly through Stand - By Arrangements ( SBA ) , the Flexible Credit Line ( FCL ) , the Precautionary and Liquidity Line ( PLL ) , and the Extended Fund Facility . The IMF provides emergency assistance via the Rapid Financing Instrument ( RFI ) to members facing urgent balance - of - payments needs . </P> <H3> Surveillance of the global economy ( edit ) </H3> <P> The IMF is mandated to oversee the international monetary and financial system and monitor the economic and financial policies of its member countries . This activity is known as surveillance and facilitates international co-operation . Since the demise of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates in the early 1970s , surveillance has evolved largely by way of changes in procedures rather than through the adoption of new obligations . The responsibilities changed from those of guardian to those of overseer of members ' policies . </P> <P> The Fund typically analyses the appropriateness of each member country 's economic and financial policies for achieving orderly economic growth , and assesses the consequences of these policies for other countries and for the global economy . </P> IMF Data Dissemination Systems participants : IMF member using SDDS IMF member using GDDS IMF member , not using any of the DDSystems non-IMF entity using SDDS non-IMF entity using GDDS no interaction with the IMF <P> In 1995 the International Monetary Fund began work on data dissemination standards with the view of guiding IMF member countries to disseminate their economic and financial data to the public . The International Monetary and Financial Committee ( IMFC ) endorsed the guidelines for the dissemination standards and they were split into two tiers : The General Data Dissemination System ( GDDS ) and the Special Data Dissemination Standard ( SDDS ) . </P> <P> The executive board approved the SDDS and GDDS in 1996 and 1997 respectively , and subsequent amendments were published in a revised Guide to the General Data Dissemination System . The system is aimed primarily at statisticians and aims to improve many aspects of statistical systems in a country . It is also part of the World Bank Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction Strategic Papers . </P> <P> The primary objective of the GDDS is to encourage member countries to build a framework to improve data quality and statistical capacity building to evaluate statistical needs , set priorities in improving the timeliness , transparency , reliability and accessibility of financial and economic data . Some countries initially used the GDDS , but later upgraded to SDDS . </P> <P> Some entities that are not themselves IMF members also contribute statistical data to the systems : </P> <Ul> <Li> Palestinian Authority -- GDDS </Li> <Li> Hong Kong -- SDDS </Li> <Li> Macau -- GDDS </Li> <Li> EU institutions : <Ul> <Li> the European Central Bank for the Eurozone -- SDDS </Li> <Li> Eurostat for the whole EU -- SDDS , thus providing data from Cyprus ( not using any DDSystem on its own ) and Malta ( using only GDDS on its own ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Conditionality of loans ( edit ) </H3> <P> IMF conditionality is a set of policies or conditions that the IMF requires in exchange for financial resources . The IMF does require collateral from countries for loans but also requires the government seeking assistance to correct its macroeconomic imbalances in the form of policy reform . If the conditions are not met , the funds are withheld . The concept of conditionality was introduced in a 1952 Executive Board decision and later incorporated into the Articles of Agreement . </P> <P> Conditionality is associated with economic theory as well as an enforcement mechanism for repayment . Stemming primarily from the work of Jacques Polak , the theoretical underpinning of conditionality was the `` monetary approach to the balance of payments '' . </P> Structural Adjustment ( edit ) Further information : Structural adjustment <P> Some of the conditions for structural adjustment can include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Cutting expenditures , also known as austerity . </Li> <Li> Focusing economic output on direct export and resource extraction , </Li> <Li> Devaluation of currencies , </Li> <Li> Trade liberalisation , or lifting import and export restrictions , </Li> <Li> Increasing the stability of investment ( by supplementing foreign direct investment with the opening of domestic stock markets ) , </Li> <Li> Balancing budgets and not overspending , </Li> <Li> Removing price controls and state subsidies , </Li> <Li> Privatization , or divestiture of all or part of state - owned enterprises ,

The primary role of the International Monetary Fund is

What are the roles of international monetary fund?

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List of Star Wars films and television series - wikipedia <H1> List of Star Wars films and television series </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Star Wars logo <P> The Star Wars films include two complete trilogies : the original trilogy released between 1977 and 1983 , and the prequel trilogy released between 1999 and 2005 . A third trilogy that follows the first two began in 2015 . Other films have taken or will take place between the trilogy films . There have also been several Star Wars television series and films , with the first being released in 1978 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Feature films <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Film series </Li> <Li> 1.2 Cast </Li> <Li> 1.3 Technical information <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Music and sound effects </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 Stunts </Li> <Li> 1.3. 3 Re-releases </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Box office performance </Li> <Li> 1.5 Critical and public response <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1 Academy Awards </Li> <Li> 1.5. 2 National Film Registry </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Television and internet <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Animated series </Li> <Li> 2.2 Television films and specials <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Critical and public response </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Parodies <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Lucasfilm Star Wars parodies </Li> <Li> 3.2 Lego Star Wars <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Short films </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Television specials </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 Animated series </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Other licensed Star Wars parodies <Ul> <Li> 3.3. 1 Parody Star Wars themed TV specials </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Feature films ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film series ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Film trilogies <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Release date </Th> <Th> Director ( s ) </Th> <Th> Screenwriter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Story by </Th> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Initial distributor ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Original trilogy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode IV -- A New Hope </Th> <Td> May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) </Td> <Td colspan="3"> George Lucas </Td> <Td> Gary Kurtz </Td> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back </Th> <Td> May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> Irvin Kershner </Td> <Td> Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan </Td> <Td> George Lucas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi </Th> <Td> May 25 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> Richard Marquand </Td> <Td> Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas </Td> <Td> Howard Kazanjian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Prequel trilogy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode I -- The Phantom Menace </Th> <Td> May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> George Lucas </Td> <Td colspan="2"> George Lucas </Td> <Td> Rick McCallum </Td> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode II -- Attack of the Clones </Th> <Td> May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> George Lucas and Jonathan Hales </Td> <Td> George Lucas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith </Th> <Td> May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) </Td> <Td colspan="2"> George Lucas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Sequel trilogy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode VII -- The Force Awakens </Th> <Td> December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> J.J. Abrams </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Lawrence Kasdan & J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt </Td> <Td> Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Bryan Burk </Td> <Td> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi </Th> <Td> December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) </Td> <Td colspan="3"> Rian Johnson </Td> <Td> Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode IX </Th> <Td> December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> J.J. Abrams </Td> <Td colspan="2"> J.J. Abrams & Chris Terrio </Td> <Td> Kathleen Kennedy , Michelle Rejwan and J.J. Abrams </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Standalone films <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Release date </Th> <Th> Director ( s ) </Th> <Th> Screenwriter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Story by </Th> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Initial distributor ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Animated film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Star Wars : The Clone Wars </Th> <Td> August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> Dave Filoni </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Henry Gilroy , Steven Melching & Scott Murphy </Td> <Td> George Lucas and Catherine Winder </Td> <Td> Warner Bros . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="7"> Anthology films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rogue One : A Star Wars Story </Th> <Td> December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> Gareth Edwards </Td> <Td> Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy </Td> <Td> John Knoll and Gary Whitta </Td> <Td> Kathleen Kennedy , Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel </Td> <Td> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Solo : A Star Wars Story </Th> <Td> May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> Ron Howard </Td> <Td colspan="2"> Jon Kasdan & Lawrence Kasdan </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Cast ( edit ) </H3> Further information : List of Star Wars cast members and List of Star Wars characters <H3> Technical information ( edit ) </H3> <P> All seven films of the Star Wars series were shot in an aspect ratio of 2.39 : 1 . The original and sequel trilogies were shot with anamorphic lenses . Episodes IV , V , and VII were shot in Panavision , while Episode VI was shot in Joe Dunton Camera ( JDC ) scope . Episode I was shot with Hawk anamorphic lenses on Arriflex cameras , and Episodes II and III were shot with Sony 's CineAlta high - definition digital cameras . </P> Music and sound effects ( edit ) <P> Lucas hired Ben Burtt to oversee the sound effects on the original 1977 film . Burtt 's accomplishment was such that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented him with a Special Achievement Award because it had no award at the time for the work he had done . Lucasfilm developed the THX sound reproduction standard for Return of the Jedi . John Williams composed the scores for all eight films . Lucas 's design for Star Wars involved a grand musical sound , with leitmotifs for different characters and important concepts . Williams 's Star Wars title theme has become one of the most famous and well - known musical compositions in modern music history . </P> Stunts ( edit ) <P> Lucas hired ' the Dean of Special Effects ' John Stears , who created R2 - D2 , Luke Skywalker 's Landspeeder , the Jedi Knights ' lightsabers , and the Death Star . The technical lightsaber choreography for the original trilogy was developed by leading filmmaking sword - master Bob Anderson . Anderson trained actor Mark Hamill ( Luke Skywalker ) and performed all the sword stunts as Darth Vader during the lightsaber duels in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , wearing Vader 's costume . Anderson 's role in the original Star Wars trilogy was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade , where he shares his experiences as the fight choreographer developing the lightsaber techniques for the movies . </P> Re-releases ( edit ) Main article : List of changes in Star Wars re-releases <H3> Box office performance ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Release date </Th> <Th> Budget </Th> <Th colspan="4"> Box office revenue </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Box office ranking </Th> <Th> Refs . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Th> Other territories </Th> <Th> Worldwide </Th> <Th> Adjusted for inflation ( North America ) </Th> <Th> All - time North America </Th> <Th> All - time worldwide </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Star Wars </Td> <Td> May 25 , 1977 </Td> <Td> $11 million </Td> <Td> $460,998,007 </Td> <Td> $314,400,000 </Td> <Td> $775,398,007 </Td> <Td> $1,359,782,041 </Td> <Td> # 11 </Td> <Td> # 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Empire Strikes Back </Td> <Td> May 21 , 1980 </Td> <Td> $11 -- $33 million </Td> <Td> $290,475,067 </Td> <Td> $257,493,937 </Td> <Td> $547,969,004 </Td> <Td> $776,875,106 </Td> <Td> # 84 </Td> <Td> # 166 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Return of the Jedi </Td> <Td> May 25 , 1983 </Td> <Td> $32.5 -- 42.7 million </Td> <Td> $309,306,177 </Td> <Td> $165,800,000 </Td> <Td> $475,106,177 </Td> <Td> $748,807,361 </Td> <Td> # 68 </Td> <Td> # 198 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Original trilogy total </Td> <Td> $54.5 -- 86.7 million </Td> <Td> $ 7009106077925100000 ♠ 1,060,779,251 </Td> <Td> $ 7008728100000000000 ♠ 728,100,000 </Td> <Td> $ 7009178887925100000 ♠ 1,788,879,251 </Td> <Td> $2,885,464,508 </Td> <Th colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Phantom Menace </Td> <Td> May 19 , 1999 </Td> <Td> $115 million </Td> <Td> $474,544,677 </Td> <Td> $552,500,000 </Td> <Td> $1,027,044,677 </Td> <Td> $722,955,556 </Td> <Td> # 12 </Td> <Td> # 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Attack of the Clones </Td> <Td> May 16 , 2002 </Td> <Td> $115 million </Td> <Td> $310,676,740 </Td> <Td> $338,721,588 </Td> <Td> $649,398,328 </Td> <Td> $429,035,543 </Td> <Td> # 66 </Td> <Td> # 117 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Revenge of the Sith </Td> <Td> May 19 , 2005 </Td> <Td> $113 million </Td> <Td> $380,270,577 </Td> <Td> $468,484,191 </Td> <Td> $848,754,768 </Td> <Td> $476,488,298 </Td> <Td> # 29 </Td> <Td> # 61 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Prequel trilogy total </Td> <Td> $343 million </Td> <Td> $ 7009116549199400000 ♠ 1,165,491,994 </Td> <Td> $ 7009135970577900000 ♠ 1,359,705,779 </Td> <Td> $ 7009252519777300000 ♠ 2,525,197,773 </Td> <Td> $1,628,479,397 </Td> <Th colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Force Awakens </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2015 </Td> <Td> $245 million </Td> <Td> $936,662,225 </Td> <Td> $1,131,516,000 </Td> <Td> $2,068,178,225 </Td> <Td> $955,104,548 </Td> <Td> # 1 </Td> <Td> # 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Last Jedi </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> $200 million </Td> <Td> $620,164,565 </Td> <Td> $712,484,660 </Td> <Td> $1,332,649,225 </Td> <Td> $620,164,565 </Td> <Td> # 7 </Td> <Td> # 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Sequel trilogy total </Td> <Td> $445 million </Td> <Td> $ 7009153266838300000 ♠ 1,532,668,383 </Td> <Td> $ 7009180651870100000 ♠ 1,806,518,701 </Td> <Td> $ 7009333918708400000 ♠ 3,339,187,084 </Td> <Td> $1,551,110,706 </Td> <Th colspan="3"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Clone Wars </Td> <Td> August 15 , 2008 </Td> <Td> $8.5 million </Td> <Td> $35,161,554 </Td> <Td> $33,121,290 </Td> <Td> $68,282,844 </Td> <Td> $35,679,744 </Td> <Td> # 2,187 </Td> <Th colspan="1"> </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rogue One </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2016 </Td> <Td> $200 million </Td> <Td> $532,177,324 </Td> <Td> $523,879,949 </Td> <Td> $1,056,057,273 </Td> <Td> $532,091,909 </Td> <Td> # 9 </Td> <Td> # 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> All films total </Th> <Th> $1 billion </Th> <Th> $3,950,319,348 </Th> <Th> $4,006,323,018 </Th> <Th> $7,956,642,366 </Th> <Th> $ 7009569086667300000 ♠ 5,690,866,673 </Th> <Th> # 2 </Th> <Th> # 3 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Critical and public response ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Rotten Tomatoes </Th> <Th> Metacritic </Th> <Th> CinemaScore </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Star Wars </Td> <Td> 93 % ( 8.6 / 10 average rating ) ( 113 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 90 ( 24 reviews ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Empire Strikes Back </Td> <Td> 94 % ( 8.9 / 10 average rating ) ( 90 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 82 ( 25 reviews ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Return of the Jedi </Td> <Td> 80 % ( 7.2 / 10 average rating ) ( 86 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 58 ( 24 reviews ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace </Td> <Td> 55 % ( 6 / 10 average rating ) ( 216 reviews ) </Td> <Td> 51 ( 36 reviews ) </Td> <Td> A − </Td>

The first Star Wars film was released on

When was the first star wars film released?

9199587263422732891

Ted Levine - wikipedia <H1> Ted Levine </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Ted Levine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Ted Levine in December 2008 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Frank Theodore Levine ( 1957 - 05 - 29 ) May 29 , 1957 ( age 60 ) Bellaire , Ohio , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1983 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Kim Phillips </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Frank Theodore `` Ted '' Levine ( born May 29 , 1957 ) is an American actor . He is known for his roles as Buffalo Bill in The Silence of the Lambs and as Captain Leland Stottlemeyer in the television series Monk . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life and career </Li> <Li> 2 Mainstream success </Li> <Li> 3 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Feature films </Li> <Li> 3.2 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life and career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Levine was born in Bellaire , Ohio , the son of Charlotte Virginia ( Clark ) and Milton Dmitri Levine , who were both doctors and members of Physicians for Social Responsibility . Levine 's father was of Russian Jewish descent and his mother had Welsh ancestry . He describes himself as a `` hillbilly Jew '' . He grew up in Oak Park , Illinois . In 1975 , he enrolled at Marlboro College . He became a fixture in the Chicago theatre scene and joined the Remains Theatre which was co-founded by Gary Cole and William Petersen . After his stage experience , Levine began to devote most of his energy during the 1980s toward finding roles in film and television . </P> <H2> Mainstream success ( edit ) </H2> <P> After his breakout role in The Silence of the Lambs ( as primary antagonist Buffalo Bill ) , there was a period where he was typecast in villainous roles . Levine was able to remedy this by playing more positive characters , such as a member of Al Pacino 's police unit in Heat , astronaut Alan Shepard in the HBO mini-series From the Earth to the Moon , and Paul Walker 's police superior Sergeant Tanner in The Fast and the Furious . In the drama Georgia , he played Mare Winningham 's husband , one of his most sympathetic roles . His résumé also includes an uncredited role as the voice of the sociopathic trucker `` Rusty Nail '' in 2001 's Joy Ride , and his performance as Detective Sam Nico in the 2003 film Wonderland , based on the gruesome murders in the Hollywood Hills . From 2002 to 2009 , he co-starred as Captain Leland Stottlemeyer on USA Network 's detective series Monk , starring Tony Shalhoub . </P> <P> Levine provided the voice of the supervillain Sinestro in Superman : The Animated Series , Static Shock , Justice League , and Justice League Unlimited . Levine also appeared as a patriarch whose family takes a turn for the worse in the remake of The Hills Have Eyes ( 2006 ) . In 2007 , he portrayed local Sheriff James Timberlake in The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and appeared in Ridley Scott 's American Gangster , alongside Denzel Washington and Russell Crowe . In 2010 , he appeared as the warden of the island prison in Shutter Island , starring Leonardo DiCaprio . In 2012 , he appeared as Sheriff Bloom Towne in Deep Dark Canyon , alongside Spencer Treat Clark and Nick Eversman , who portray Sheriff Towne 's sons , Nate and Skylar , respectively . In 2013 , he had a major supporting role in the FX murder mystery series The Bridge as Lieutenant Hank Wade , commander of a police homicide unit in a Texas border city . In 2014 he portrayed General Underwood in the British - Finnish action film Big Game . In February 2017 , Levine was cast in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom as Ken Wheatley . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Feature films ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> One More Saturday Night </Td> <Td> Cop in Station </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ironweed </Td> <Td> Pocono Pete </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Betrayed </Td> <Td> Wes </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Next of Kin </Td> <Td> Willy Simpson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Love at Large </Td> <Td> Frederick King / James McGraw </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> The Silence of the Lambs </Td> <Td> Jame `` Buffalo Bill '' Gumb </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Paint Job </Td> <Td> Kenny the D.J. </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Nowhere to Run </Td> <Td> Mr. Dunston </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Todo cambia </Td> <Td> Vince </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> The Mangler </Td> <Td> Officer John Hunton </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Jake </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Heat </Td> <Td> Det . Mike Bosko </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bullet </Td> <Td> Louis Stein </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Mad City </Td> <Td> Lemke </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Switchback </Td> <Td> Deputy Nate Booker </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Flubber </Td> <Td> Wesson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> You Can Thank Me Later </Td> <Td> Eli Cooperberg </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Wild Wild West </Td> <Td> General ' Bloodbath ' McGrath </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Evolution </Td> <Td> General Russell Woodman </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> The Fast and the Furious </Td> <Td> Sgt . Tanner </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Joy Ride </Td> <Td> Rusty Nail </Td> <Td> Voice role </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Ali </Td> <Td> Joe Smiley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> The Truth About Charlie </Td> <Td> Emil Zadapec </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Wonderland </Td> <Td> Sam Nico </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Manchurian Candidate </Td> <Td> Colonel Howard </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Birth </Td> <Td> Mr. Conte </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> The L.A. Riot Spectacular </Td> <Td> Tom Saltine </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Memoirs of a Geisha </Td> <Td> Colonel Derricks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> The Hills Have Eyes </Td> <Td> Big Bob Carter </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford </Td> <Td> Sheriff James Timberlake </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> American Gangster </Td> <Td> Capt. Lou Toback </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shutter Island </Td> <Td> Warden </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Deep Dark Canyon </Td> <Td> Bloom Towne </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Jimmy </Td> <Td> James Lee Mitchell </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> A Single Shot </Td> <Td> Cecile </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Banshee Chapter </Td> <Td> Thomas Blackburn </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Big Game </Td> <Td> General Underwood </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Dig Two Graves </Td> <Td> Sheriff Waterhouse </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Gutshot Straight </Td> <Td> Lewis </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Little Boy </Td> <Td> Sam </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Bleed for This </Td> <Td> Lou Duva </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Bottom of the World </Td> <Td> The Preacher </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom </Td> <Td> Ken Wheatley </Td> <Td> Post-production </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> A Violent Separation </Td> <Td> Quinn </Td> <Td> filming </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Through Naked Eyes </Td> <Td> Patrolman </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Two Fathers ' Justice </Td> <Td> Bennett </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> American Playhouse </Td> <Td> Commander </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Killing Floor '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Crime Story </Td> <Td> Frank Holman </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 -- 87 </Td> <Td> Crime Story </Td> <Td> Frank Holman </Td> <Td> 13 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> The Fulfillment of Mary Gray </Td> <Td> Jonathan </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Murder in High Places </Td> <Td> Carson Russell </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Dead and Alive : The Race for Gus Farace </Td> <Td> Charles Rose </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Death Train </Td> <Td> Alex Tierney </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> The Last Outlaw </Td> <Td> Potts </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Broken Promises : Taking Emily Back </Td> <Td> Gary Ward </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Nowhere Man </Td> <Td> Dave ' Eddie ' Powers </Td> <Td> 2 episodes ( voice ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wiseguy </Td> <Td> Paul Callendar </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 1999 </Td> <Td> Superman : The Animated Series </Td> <Td> Karkull Sinestro </Td> <Td> `` Absolute Zero '' `` In Brightest Day '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Ellen Foster </Td> <Td> Bill Hammond </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> From the Earth to the Moon </Td> <Td> Alan Shepard </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Moby Dick </Td> <Td> Starbuck </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Harlan County War </Td> <Td> Silas Kincaid </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Wonderland </Td> <Td> Dr. Robert Banger </Td> <Td> 8 Episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Third Watch </Td> <Td> Brian O'Malley </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Falling '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 06 </Td> <Td> Justice League </Td> <Td> Bulldozer / Sinestro </Td> <Td> 6 Episodes ( voice ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 09 </Td> <Td> Monk </Td> <Td> Captain Leland Stottlemeyer </Td> <Td> 125 Episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Static Shock </Td> <Td> Sinestro </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Fallen Hero '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Hell on Wheels </Td> <Td> Captain Daniel Johnson </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Luck </Td> <Td> Isadore Cohen </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> The Bridge </Td> <Td> Lt. Hank Wade </Td> <Td> Main role ( 26 episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Child of Grace </Td> <Td> Chief Edwards </Td> <Td> Movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> The Spoils Before Dying </Td> <Td> Gerhart Moll </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Trip Trap '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Mad Dogs </Td> <Td> Conrad Tull </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Ray Donovan </Td> <Td> Bill Primm </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Lethal Weapon </Td> <Td> Ned Brower </Td> <Td>

The villainous character in the movie "The Silence of the Lambs" is

Who was the bad guy in silence of the lambs?

-507214070235479571

Epidemiology - wikipedia <H1> Epidemiology </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Epidemiology ( disambiguation ) . `` Clinical Epidemiology '' redirects here . For the journal , see Clinical Epidemiology ( journal ) . <P> Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution and determinants of health and disease conditions in defined populations . It is the cornerstone of public health , and shapes policy decisions and evidence - based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare . Epidemiologists help with study design , collection , and statistical analysis of data , amend interpretation and dissemination of results ( including peer review and occasional systematic review ) . Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research , public health studies , and , to a lesser extent , basic research in the biological sciences . </P> <P> Major areas of epidemiological study include disease causation , transmission , outbreak investigation , disease surveillance , forensic epidemiology , occupational epidemiology , screening , biomonitoring , and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials . Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes , statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions , social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes , and engineering for exposure assessment . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Modern era </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Types of studies <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Case series </Li> <Li> 3.2 Case - control studies </Li> <Li> 3.3 Cohort studies </Li> <Li> 3.4 Outbreak investigation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Causal inference <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Bradford Hill criteria </Li> <Li> 4.2 Legal interpretation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Population - based health management </Li> <Li> 6 Applied field epidemiology <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Humanitarian context </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Validity : precision and bias <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Random error </Li> <Li> 7.2 Systematic error <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 Selection bias </Li> <Li> 7.2. 2 Information bias </Li> <Li> 7.2. 3 Confounding </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 The profession </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 10.2 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Epidemiology , literally meaning `` the study of what is upon the people '' , is derived from Greek epi , meaning ' upon , among ' , demos , meaning ' people , district ' , and logos , meaning ' study , word , discourse ' , suggesting that it applies only to human populations . However , the term is widely used in studies of zoological populations ( veterinary epidemiology ) , although the term `` epizoology '' is available , and it has also been applied to studies of plant populations ( botanical or plant disease epidemiology ) . </P> <P> The distinction between `` epidemic '' and `` endemic '' was first drawn by Hippocrates , to distinguish between diseases that are `` visited upon '' a population ( epidemic ) from those that `` reside within '' a population ( endemic ) . The term `` epidemiology '' appears to have first been used to describe the study of epidemics in 1802 by the Spanish physician Villalba in Epidemiología Española . Epidemiologists also study the interaction of diseases in a population , a condition known as a syndemic . </P> <P> The term epidemiology is now widely applied to cover the description and causation of not only epidemic disease , but of disease in general , and even many non-disease , health - related conditions , such as high blood pressure and obesity . Therefore , this epidemiology is based upon how the pattern of the disease cause changes in the function of everyone . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Greek physician Hippocrates is known as the father of medicine , sought a logic to sickness ; he is the first person known to have examined the relationships between the occurrence of disease and environmental influences . Hippocrates believed sickness of the human body to be caused by an imbalance of the four humors ( air , fire , water and earth `` atoms '' ) . The cure to the sickness was to remove or add the humor in question to balance the body . This belief led to the application of bloodletting and dieting in medicine . He coined the terms endemic ( for diseases usually found in some places but not in others ) and epidemic ( for diseases that are seen at some times but not others ) . </P> <H3> Modern era ( edit ) </H3> See also : History of emerging infectious diseases <P> In the middle of the 16th century , a doctor from Verona named Girolamo Fracastoro was the first to propose a theory that these very small , unseeable , particles that cause disease were alive . They were considered to be able to spread by air , multiply by themselves and to be destroyable by fire . In this way he refuted Galen 's miasma theory ( poison gas in sick people ) . In 1543 he wrote a book De contagione et contagiosis morbis , in which he was the first to promote personal and environmental hygiene to prevent disease . The development of a sufficiently powerful microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1675 provided visual evidence of living particles consistent with a germ theory of disease . </P> <P> Wu Youke ( 1582 -- 1652 ) developed the concept that some diseases were caused by transmissible agents , which he called liqi ( pestilential factors ) . His book Wenyi Lun ( Treatise on Acute Epidemic Febrile Diseases ) can be regarded as the main etiological work that brought forward the concept , ultimately attributed to Westerners , of germs as a cause of epidemic diseases ( source : http://baike.baidu.com/view/143117.htm ) . His concepts are still considered in current scientific research in relation to Traditional Chinese Medicine studies ( see : http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js6170e/4.html ) . </P> <P> Another pioneer , Thomas Sydenham ( 1624 -- 1689 ) , was the first to distinguish the fevers of Londoners in the later 1600s . His theories on cures of fevers met with much resistance from traditional physicians at the time . He was not able to find the initial cause of the smallpox fever he researched and treated . </P> Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 . <P> John Graunt , a haberdasher and amateur statistician , published Natural and Political Observations ... upon the Bills of Mortality in 1662 . In it , he analysed the mortality rolls in London before the Great Plague , presented one of the first life tables , and reported time trends for many diseases , new and old . He provided statistical evidence for many theories on disease , and also refuted some widespread ideas on them . </P> <P> John Snow is famous for his investigations into the causes of the 19th century cholera epidemics , and is also known as the father of ( modern ) epidemiology . He began with noticing the significantly higher death rates in two areas supplied by Southwark Company . His identification of the Broad Street pump as the cause of the Soho epidemic is considered the classic example of epidemiology . Snow used chlorine in an attempt to clean the water and removed the handle ; this ended the outbreak . This has been perceived as a major event in the history of public health and regarded as the founding event of the science of epidemiology , having helped shape public health policies around the world . However , Snow 's research and preventive measures to avoid further outbreaks were not fully accepted or put into practice until after his death . </P> <P> Other pioneers include Danish physician Peter Anton Schleisner , who in 1849 related his work on the prevention of the epidemic of neonatal tetanus on the Vestmanna Islands in Iceland . Another important pioneer was Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis , who in 1847 brought down infant mortality at a Vienna hospital by instituting a disinfection procedure . His findings were published in 1850 , but his work was ill - received by his colleagues , who discontinued the procedure . Disinfection did not become widely practiced until British surgeon Joseph Lister ' discovered ' antiseptics in 1865 in light of the work of Louis Pasteur . </P> <P> In the early 20th century , mathematical methods were introduced into epidemiology by Ronald Ross , Janet Lane - Claypon , Anderson Gray McKendrick , and others . </P> <P> Another breakthrough was the 1954 publication of the results of a British Doctors Study , led by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill , which lent very strong statistical support to the link between tobacco smoking and lung cancer . </P> <P> In the late 20th century , with advancement of biomedical sciences , a number of molecular markers in blood , other biospecimens and environment were identified as predictors of development or risk of a certain disease . Epidemiology research to examine the relationship between these biomarkers analyzed at the molecular level , and disease was broadly named `` molecular epidemiology '' . Specifically , `` genetic epidemiology '' has been used for epidemiology of germline genetic variation and disease . Genetic variation is typically determined using DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes . Since the 2000s , genome - wide association studies ( GWAS ) have been commonly performed to identify genetic risk factors for many diseases and health conditions . </P> <P> While most molecular epidemiology studies are still using conventional disease diagnosis and classification systems , it is increasingly recognized that disease evolution represents inherently heterogeneous processes differing from person to person . Conceptually , each individual has a unique disease process different from any other individual ( `` the unique disease principle '' ) , considering uniqueness of the exposome ( a totality of endogenous and exogenous / environmental exposures ) and its unique influence on molecular pathologic process in each individual . Studies to examine the relationship between an exposure and molecular pathologic signature of disease ( particularly cancer ) became increasingly common throughout the 2000s . However , the use of molecular pathology in epidemiology posed unique challenges including lack of research guidelines and standardized statistical methodologies , and paucity of interdisciplinary experts and training programs . Furthermore , the concept of disease heterogeneity appears to conflict with the long - standing premise in epidemiology that individuals with the same disease name have similar etiologies and disease processes . To resolve these issues and advance population health science in the era of molecular precision medicine , `` molecular pathology '' and `` epidemiology '' was integrated to create a new interdisciplinary field of `` molecular pathological epidemiology '' ( MPE ) , defined as `` epidemiology of molecular pathology and heterogeneity of disease '' . In MPE , investigators analyze the relationships between ; ( A ) environmental , dietary , lifestyle and genetic factors ; ( B ) alterations in cellular or extracellular molecules ; and ( C ) evolution and progression of disease . A better understanding of heterogeneity of disease pathogenesis will further contribute to elucidate etiologies of disease . The MPE approach can be applied to not only neoplastic diseases but also non-neoplastic diseases . The concept and paradigm of MPE have become widespread in the 2010s . </P> <H2> Types of studies ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Study design <P> Epidemiologists employ a range of study designs from the observational to experimental and generally categorized as descriptive , analytic ( aiming to further examine known associations or hypothesized relationships ) , and experimental ( a term often equated with clinical or community trials of treatments and other interventions ) . In observational studies , nature

Epidemiologists attempt to explain the link between health and variables such as

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Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb - wikipedia <H1> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Shawn Levy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shawn Levy </Li> <Li> Chris Columbus </Li> <Li> Mark Radcliffe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Guion </Li> <Li> Michael Handelman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mark Friedman </Li> <Li> David Guion </Li> <Li> Michael Handelman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Characters by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ben Stiller </Li> <Li> Robin Williams </Li> <Li> Owen Wilson </Li> <Li> Dan Stevens </Li> <Li> Ben Kingsley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Alan Silvestri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Guillermo Navarro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Dean Zimmerman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 21 Laps Entertainment </Li> <Li> 1492 Pictures </Li> <Li> TSG Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) </Li> <Li> December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 97 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $127 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $363.2 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a 2014 American comedy adventure film directed by Shawn Levy and written by David Guion and Michael Handelman . It is the sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum and the 2009 film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . The film stars Ben Stiller , Robin Williams , Owen Wilson , Dan Stevens and Ben Kingsley . In Secret of the Tomb , security guard Larry Daley must travel to London to return the tablet of Ahkmenrah , an Egyptian artifact which causes the exhibits to come to life , before the magic disappears . </P> <P> Principal photography of Secret of the Tomb took place from January to May 2014 in London , England and British Columbia , Canada . The film premiered on December 11 , 2014 , at New York City 's Ziegfeld Theater and was released in the United States on December 19 , 2014 . Secret of the Tomb grossed over $363 million at the box office . This film was dedicated to the memory of Robin Williams , who died four months before the film 's release , and fellow Night at the Museum actor Mickey Rooney , who died before principal photography was finished . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Voices </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Music <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Track listing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Home media </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1938 Egypt , a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah , including a young Cecil Fredericks , finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah . The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic . In present day New York City , Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History . He , Theodore Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila the Hun , Jedediah , Octavius and Dexter the capuchin monkey help re-open the Hayden Planetarium . A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced , identifying Larry as his father . Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding , which later causes the exhibits to act erratically , causing mayhem at the planetarium 's reopening . Afterwards , Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party , who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life . </P> <P> Larry reunites with Cecil , now in retirement , who realises the end of the tablet 's magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless . Cecil explains Ahkmenrah 's parents , Merenkahre and Shepseheret , may be able to restore the tablet 's power , but are located in the British Museum . Larry convinces the museum 's curator , Dr. McPhee , to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet , convinced that McPhee knows its secrets . Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum , bypassing the night guard Tilly . To Larry 's surprise , Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila , Jed , Octavius , Dexter , and Laaa have come as well . Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum , the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life . </P> <P> They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton . Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft , but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter . The group find Ahkmenrah 's parents , learning the tablet 's power can be regenerated by moonlight , since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu . Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it , leaving to find Camelot . Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape , Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly , but they become attracted to each other . </P> <P> Lancelot crashes a performance of the musical Camelot , starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere , but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof , where the New York exhibits begin to die . Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back . The moonlight restores the tablet 's power , saving the exhibits . They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents , even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life . Back in New York , Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise . </P> <P> Three years later , Larry now works as a teacher , and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York . Tilly becomes the new night guard , and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee , showing him its power , and allowing the exhibits to awaken again . Outside , Larry watches them party inside . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History . <Ul> <Li> Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States . </Li> <Li> Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a cowboy diorama miniature . </Li> <Li> Steve Coogan as Octavius , a Roman soldier miniature . </Li> <Li> Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the director of the Museum of Natural History . </Li> <Li> Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps , the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History . </Li> <Li> Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot , the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table . </Li> <Li> Rebel Wilson as Tilly , the night security guard at the British Museum . </Li> <Li> Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films . </Li> <Li> Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh . </Li> <Li> Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun , the statue of the leader of the Huns . </Li> <Li> Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt 's girlfriend . </Li> <Li> Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah 's father . </Li> <Li> Dick Van Dyke as Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks , a retired security guard from the first film . <Ul> <Li> Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mickey Rooney as Gus , a retired security guard from the first film . </Li> <Li> Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a retired security guard from the first film . </Li> <Li> Andrea Martin as Rose , an archivist at the Museum of Natural History . </Li> <Li> Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks , C.J. 's father in the prologue . </Li> <Li> Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley , an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue . </Li> <Li> Anjali Jay as Shepseheret , the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah . </Li> <Li> Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a Capuchin monkey . </Li> <Li> Hugh Jackman as Himself ( uncredited ) </Li> <Li> Alice Eve as Herself ( uncredited ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Voices ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact . </Li> <Li> Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head . </Li> <Li> Regina Taufen as New York Reporter . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> On January 21 , 2010 , co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood , `` I think it 's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3 , in fact . I wonder if someone 's not even already working on a script for that . I can not confirm that for a fact , but I can not deny it for a fact either ... It might be in the works . '' In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Stiller confirmed the sequel , however , he said that it was only in the `` ideas stage '' . In February 2013 it was announced that the film , directed by Shawn Levy , would be released on December 25 , 2014 . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014 . </P> <P> On November 8 , 2013 , actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot . On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley . On December 18 , 2013 , it was announced that Stiller , Robin Williams , and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel . On January 9 , 2014 , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum . On January 14 , 2014 , the film 's release date was moved up from December 25 , 2014 , to December 19 , 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum . Principal photography and production began on January 27 , 2014 . On May 6 , 2014 , it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In May 2014 , principal photography ended . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <P> Alan Silvestri returned to score the final installment of the trilogy . </P> <Table> <Tr>

Night at the Museum 3 was filmed in

When was night at the museum 3 filmed?

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Puente Hills Mall - wikipedia <H1> Puente Hills Mall </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Puente Hills Mall <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> South Exterior </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Industry , California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening date </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer </Th> <Td> The Hahn Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Kam Sang Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of stores and services </Th> <Td> 155 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of anchor tenants </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total retail floor area </Th> <Td> 1.1 million square feet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of floors </Th> <Td> 2 ( 3 for Macy 's ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Puente Hills Mall , located in the City of Industry , California , United States , is a major regional shopping center in the San Gabriel Valley region of Los Angeles County . It is most famous for serving as the filming site for the Twin Pines / Lone Pine Mall for the 1985 movie Back to the Future starring Michael J. Fox and Christopher Lloyd . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Back to the Future </Li> <Li> 3 Nobel Son </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Puente Hills Mall was built in 1974 after the completion of the Pomona Freeway a few years earlier . It opened with four primary anchors in a cross-shaped design by The Hahn Company . One of the mall 's original tenants was the first Foot Locker store and that store still stands there today . </P> <P> Two anchors departed in 1996 , The Broadway ( at the time purchased by Macy 's ) and JCPenney . At the time of JCPenney 's departure , the mall had about a 50 % occupancy . The mall was extensively renovated afterwards and now features a 20 - screen AMC Theatres megaplex , and stores traditionally found in power centers such as 24 Hour Fitness and Burlington Coat Factory , in addition to the remaining two original anchors , Macy 's ( formerly Robinsons - May ) and Sears . Linens ' n Things , which had an anchor in the store , closed its Puente Hills store in 2008 as a nationwide effort to take the company 's operations online . On August 28 , 2010 , the Japanese sports entertainment chain Round1 opened Round1 Bowling & Amusement , a state - of - the - art video game arcade and bowling alley with karaoke rooms , as a new anchor to Puente Hills Mall , marking the Japanese company 's first store overseas , taking Linens ' n Things ' old anchor . </P> <P> It also includes popular stores such as Forever 21 , Hollister , Old Navy , Hot Topic , Zumiez , Aéropostale and G by Guess . The newest addition to the mall , Toys R Us , opened its doors in June 2011 , replacing Circuit City . However , Toys R Us is closing all locations in efforts to close the company . This Toys R Us was previously located in the Plaza at Puente Hills on Gale Avenue in Industry . </P> <P> Today the mall is almost fully occupied and is the regional hub of a shopping and entertainment district that includes restaurants , auto dealerships , big - box stores , and a go - kart track . </P> <P> The center of the mall previously featured a large cubed water fountain , then a merry - go - round attraction built in 1990 , but it was later removed by the mall 's owners , Krausz Companies , as they were losing money in its operation . An East Asian - style koi pond replaced the carousel , but was removed as of 2006 . The koi were moved to Sycamore Lake at Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier . The mall underwent a full interior makeover in 2007 , shortly after the removal of the koi pond . </P> <P> Due to the large and influential Asian immigrant populations residing and / or operating businesses in nearby areas ( notably in Industry , Hacienda Heights , Rowland Heights , Walnut , and Diamond Bar ) , past owners of the mall redesigned some elements of Puente Hills Mall in order to conform to feng shui principles . There are also outlets of the Filipino chain restaurants Max 's of Manila , designed to attract the large Filipino - American population in the Rowland Heights , Walnut , and West Covina areas . Jolibee and Chow 's King outlets have since closed . Puente Hills Mall also caters to a large Latino population that primarily reside in the La Puente , El Monte , Hacienda Heights , Rowland Heights , and West Covina areas . </P> <H2> Back to the Future ( edit ) </H2> <P> Puente Hills Mall served as a filming location for the fictional Twin Pines Mall ( later Lone Pine Mall ) in the 1985 film Back to the Future . In the film , Doc Brown ( Christopher Lloyd ) uses the mall 's south parking lot ( visible in the above photograph ) to stage his time travel experiments with the DeLorean time machine . A JCPenney store and Robinson 's features prominently in the background . A Ross Dress For Less store can be seen in a strip mall across the street . The scenes were filmed in January 1985 . According to the DVD audio commentary , screenplay writer Bob Gale says that several fans gathered at the Puente Hills Mall in the early hours of October 26 , 1985 , the date given in the film as the present day , to see if anything would happen . </P> <P> Puente Hills Mall featured replicas of the Twin Pines Mall sign , the time machine , and Dr. E. Brown Enterprises truck in its parking lot in October 2015 . </P> <H2> Nobel Son ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nobel Son , a 2007 American comedy featuring Alan Rickman , Mary Steenburgen ( who was coincidentally in Back to the Future Part III ) , Bryan Greenberg and Danny DeVito was filmed at Puente Hills Mall in 2005 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Puente Hills Mall '' ( PDF ) . glimcher.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PUENTE HILLS MALL '' . www.glimcher.com . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Foot Locker Stores Over 40 Years '' . solecollector.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fickes , Michael ( January 1 , 1998 ) . `` The Puente Hills Comeback '' . Retail Traffic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.sgvtribune.com/2018/01/24/toys-r-us-casualties-include-west-covina-and-puente-hills-stores/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Belgum , Deborah ( 2002 - 01 - 21 ) , `` Colima Road : Neighborhood puts Cultural Face on Firms . ( Chinese Prosperity -- L.A. 's Growth Market ) '' , Los Angeles Business Journal </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , Danny . `` Photos : ' Back To The Future ' Fans Swarm The ' Twin Pines Mall ' '' . laist . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official Puente Hills Website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Industry , California </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Education </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Primary and secondary schools </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hacienda La Puente Unified School District <Ul> <Li> Workman High School </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bassett Unified School District </Li> <Li> Rowland Unified School District </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Other </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landmarks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Industry Hills Expo Center </Li> <Li> Puente Hills Mall </Li> <Li> Workman and Temple Family Homestead Museum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> This list is incomplete . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Shopping malls in California </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Northern California </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Alameda </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bay Street Emeryville </Li> <Li> Bayfair Center </Li> <Li> Eastmont Town Center </Li> <Li> Fremont Hub </Li> <Li> NewPark Mall </Li> <Li> Oakland City Center </Li> <Li> Pacific Commons </Li> <Li> Rockridge Market Hall </Li> <Li> Skywest Commons </Li> <Li> Southland Mall </Li> <Li> Stoneridge Shopping Center </Li> <Li> Union Landing Shopping Center </Li> <Li> Westgate Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Contra Costa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abella Center </Li> <Li> Broadway Plaza </Li> <Li> El Cerrito Plaza </Li> <Li> Macdonald 80 Shopping Center </Li> <Li> Pacific East Mall </Li> <Li> Somersville Towne Center </Li> <Li> Sunvalley Shopping Center </Li> <Li> The Shops at Hilltop </Li> <Li> Willows Shopping Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fresno </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fashion Fair Mall </Li> <Li> River Park </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mall at Northgate </Li> <Li> Town Center at Corte Madera </Li> <Li> Village at Corte Madera </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monterey </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Del Monte Center </Li> <Li> Northridge Mall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sacramento </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arden Fair Mall </Li> <Li> Downtown Commons </Li> <Li> Florin Mall </Li> <Li> Florin Towne Centre </Li> <Li> Sunrise Mall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> San Francisco </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Metreon </Li> <Li> Stonestown Galleria </Li> <Li> Union Square </Li> <Li> Union Street Stores </Li> <Li> Westfield San Francisco Centre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> San Mateo </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hillsdale Shopping Center </Li> <Li> Serramonte Center </Li> <Li> Shops at Tanforan </Li> <Li> Westlake Shopping Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> San Joaquin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sherwood Mall </Li> <Li> Weberstown Mall </Li> <Li> West Valley Mall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Santa Clara </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eastridge </Li> <Li> Great Mall of the Bay Area </Li> <Li> Mayfield Mall </Li> <Li> PruneYard Shopping Center </Li> <Li> San Antonio Shopping Center </Li> <Li> Santana Row </Li> <Li> Stanford Shopping Center </Li> <Li> Sunnyvale Town Center </Li> <Li> Vallco Shopping Mall </Li> <Li> Westfield Oakridge </Li> <Li> Westfield Valley Fair </Li> <Li> Westgate Mall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sonoma </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coddingtown Mall </Li> <Li> Montgomery Village </Li> <Li> Santa Rosa Plaza </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elsewhere </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bayshore Mall </Li> <Li> Capitola Mall </Li> <Li> Chico Mall </Li> <Li> Solano Town Center </Li> <Li> Vintage Faire Mall </Li> <Li> Visalia Mall </Li> <Li> Westfield Galleria at Roseville </Li> <Li> Yuba Sutter Mall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Southern California </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Los Angeles </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Los Angeles proper </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza </Li> <Li> Beverly Center </Li> <Li> Brentwood Country Mart </Li> <Li> El Mercado de Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Farmers Market </Li> <Li> FIGat7th </Li> <Li> Grove at Farmers Market </Li> <Li> Hollywood and Highland Center </Li> <Li> Promenade at Howard Hughes Center </Li> <Li> West Hollywood Gateway Project </Li> <Li> Westfield Century City </Li> <Li> Westside Pavilion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> San Fernando Valley </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Americana at Brand </Li> <Li> Burbank Town Center </Li> <Li> Crossroads of the World </Li>

The mall used in the filming of Back to the Future was

What mall did they use in back to the future?

-3719623571078658627

R / T - wikipedia <H1> R / T </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the vehicle badge . For other uses , see RT . Dodge R / T vehicles badge <P> R / T is the performance marker used on Dodge automobiles since the 1960s ( much like Chevrolet Super Sport ) . R / T stands for Road / Track ( no `` and '' ) . R / T models usually come with R / T badging and a combination of upgraded suspension , tires , brakes , and often more powerful engines . Many models have also come with monotone paint and stripes as well as aggressive body kits . In 2004 the Chrysler SRT Division ( Chrysler Corp . SRT Vehicles ) replaced R / T as the high performance auto group for Dodge vehicles , though the trim level is still in use on many current models . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Current Vehicles </Li> <Li> 2 Previous Vehicles </Li> <Li> 3 Other vehicles using R / T properties </Li> <Li> 4 Concept vehicles using R / T properties </Li> <Li> 5 Engines Gallery </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Current Vehicles ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Vehicle </Th> <Th> Type </Th> <Th> Engine </Th> <Th> 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) </Th> <Th> Photo </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Challenger R / T 2008 - Present </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 375 hp ( Manual ) 372 hp ( Automatic ) </Td> <Td> 5.0 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Charger R / T 2011 - Present </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 370 hp </Td> <Td> 5.3 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Durango R / T 2011 - Present </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 360 hp </Td> <Td> 7.3 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Journey R / T 2012 - Present </Td> <Td> V6 </Td> <Td> 3.6 Chrysler Pentastar engine 283hp </Td> <Td> 6.2 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Previous Vehicles ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Vehicle </Th> <Th> Type </Th> <Th> Engine </Th> <Th> 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) </Th> <Th> Photo </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Spirit R / T 1991 - 1992 </Td> <Td> I4 </Td> <Td> 2.2 Chrysler Turbo DOHC K engine Turbocharged 224 hp </Td> <Td> 5.8 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Daytona IROC R / T 1992 - 1993 </Td> <Td> I4 </Td> <Td> 2.2 Chrysler Turbo DOHC K engine Turbocharged 224 hp </Td> <Td> 6.0 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Neon R / T 1998 - 1999 </Td> <Td> I4 </Td> <Td> 2.0 Chrysler Neon A588 engine 150 hp </Td> <Td> 7.5 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Neon R / T 2001 - 2004 </Td> <Td> I4 </Td> <Td> 2.0 Chrysler Neon Magnum engine 150 hp </Td> <Td> 7.6 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Caliber R / T 2004 - 2007 </Td> <Td> I4 </Td> <Td> 2.4 World engine 172 hp </Td> <Td> 10.1 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Stratus R / T 2001 - 2005 </Td> <Td> V6 </Td> <Td> 3.0 Mitsubishi SOHC 6G72 engine 200 hp </Td> <Td> 7.4 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Intrepid R / T 2000 - 2002 </Td> <Td> V6 </Td> <Td> 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 242 hp </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Avenger R / T 2008 - 2014 </Td> <Td> V6 </Td> <Td> 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGF engine 283 hp </Td> <Td> 6.0 s </Td> <Td> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Nitro R / T 2008 - 2009 </Td> <Td> V6 </Td> <Td> 4.0 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 255 hp </Td> <Td> 7.7 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Journey R / T 2009 - 2015 </Td> <Td> V6 </Td> <Td> 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 235 hp </Td> <Td> 8.0 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Stealth R / T 1991 - 1996 </Td> <Td> V6 </Td> <Td> 3.0 Mitsubishi DOHC 6G72 engine 222 hp 3.0 Mitsubishi Twin - Turbo DOHC 6G72 engine 296 - 320 hp </Td> <Td> -- - 5.3 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Coronet R / T 1967 - 1970 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP <P> 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Magnum 375 HP </P> </Td> <Td> 6.1 s 7.0 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Charger R / T 1968 - 1971 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP </Td> <Td> 5.3 s 7.4 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Challenger R / T 1970 - 1971 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP </Td> <Td> -- - 6.2 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Aspen R / T 1976 - 1980 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.9 Chrysler LA 360 engine 170 hp </Td> <Td> 9.9 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Dakota R / T 1998 - 2003 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.9 Chrysler LA Magnum engine 250 hp </Td> <Td> 7.0 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Durango R / T 1999 - 2003 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.9 Chrysler LA Magnum engine 250 hp </Td> <Td> 8.2 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Magnum R / T 2004 - 2007 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340 hp </Td> <Td> 6.1 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Ram 1500 R / T 2005 - 2010 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 345 hp ( ' 06 - 07 ) / 370 hp ( 08 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 5.7 s </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Charger R / T 2006 - 2010 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340 - 350 hp ( ' 06 - 07 ) / 368 hp ( 08 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Viper R / T10 1992 - 1997 </Td> <Td> V10 </Td> <Td> 8.0 Chrysler Viper engine 400 hp </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other vehicles using R / T properties ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Vehicle </Th> <Th> Type </Th> <Th> Engine </Th> <Th> 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) </Th> <Th> Photo </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Coronet Super Bee 1968 - 1970 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Charger Daytona 1969 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Charger Super Bee 1971 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Ram 1500 SS / T 1996 - 1998 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.9 Chrysler Hemi engine 240HP </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Ram 1500 Rumble Bee 2004 - 2005 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340HP </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Charger Daytona 2006 - 2009 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 350HP ( 06 - 07 ) / 370HP ( 08 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Concept vehicles using R / T properties ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Vehicle </Th> <Th> Type </Th> <Th> Engine </Th> <Th> 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) </Th> <Th> Photo </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Copperhead 1997 </Td> <Td> V6 </Td> <Td> 2.7 Chrysler LH engine 180HP </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Sidewinder 1997 </Td> <Td> V10 </Td> <Td> 8.0 Chrysler Viper engine 410HP </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Charger R / T ( 1999 concept ) 1999 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 4.7 Chrysler engine 325HP </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dodge Super 8 Hemi 2005 </Td> <Td> V8 </Td> <Td> 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340HP </Td> <Td> -- - </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Engines gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> The Turbocharged 2.4 L I4 Chrysler Neon Engine that used in Dodge Neon SRT - 4 is also used in Dodge Stratus R / T . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Chrysler 5.7 Hemi Engine is used in most of modern R / T V8 vehicles . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A picture of the 8.0 Chrysler LA Viper engine which is used in the Dodge Viper R / T10 and the concept Dodge Sidewinder . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The 7.2 Chrysler 440 SixPack engine , this was used in most of classic muscle cars made by Dodge and Plymouth . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A picture of the classic 7.0 Chrysler Hemi engine with a power of 425HP , the modern aftermarket - or custom - 426 Hemi produce nearly to 600 HP . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chrysler Group SRT Vehicles </Li> <Li> Mercedes - AMG </Li> <Li> Chevrolet SS Vehicles </Li> <Li> BMW M Power </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ dodge Challenger R / T 2011 0 - 60 m / h - MotorTrend </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R / T 2011 0 - 60 m / h - MotorTrend </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Durango R / T 2011 0 - 60 m / h - MotorTrend </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Journey R / T 2012 0 - 60 m / h </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Spirit R / T 0 - 60 m / h - OnlineHome.us </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Daytona IROC R / T 0 - 60 m / h - moparautos.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Neon 1998 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Neon R / T 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Caliber R / T 0 - 60 m / h - InsideLine </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Stratus R / T 0 - 60 m / h - ModernRacer </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Avenger R / T 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Nitro R / T 0 - 60 m / h - InsideLine </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge JourneyR / T 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Stealth R / T 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Coronet R / T Hemi 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Coronet R / T SixPack 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R / T Hemi 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006 - 09 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R / T SixPack 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Archived 2006 - 09 -

On a Dodge car, "RT" stands for

What does rt mean on a dodge car?

-3436933223479131319

The Breakfast Club - wikipedia <H1> The Breakfast Club </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1985 film directed by John Hughes . For other uses , see The Breakfast Club ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> The Breakfast Club </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> John Hughes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Ned Tanen John Hughes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> John Hughes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Emilio Estevez </Li> <Li> Paul Gleason </Li> <Li> Anthony Michael Hall </Li> <Li> Judd Nelson </Li> <Li> Molly Ringwald </Li> <Li> Ally Sheedy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Keith Forsey Gary Chang </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Thomas Del Ruth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Dede Allen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> A&M Films Channel Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Universal Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> February 15 , 1985 ( 1985 - 02 - 15 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 97 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $1 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $51.5 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Breakfast Club is a 1985 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film written , produced , and directed by John Hughes , starring Emilio Estevez , Paul Gleason , Anthony Michael Hall , Judd Nelson , Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy . The storyline follows five teenagers , each members of different high school cliques , who spend a Saturday in detention together and come to realize that they are all more than their respective stereotypes , while facing a strict disciplinarian . </P> <P> The film premiered in Los Angeles on February 7 , 1985 . Universal Pictures released the film in cinemas in the United States on February 15 , 1985 . It received critical acclaim and earned $51.5 million on a $1 million budget . Critics consider it one of the greatest high school films of all time , as well as one of Hughes ' most memorable and recognizable works . The media referred to the film 's five main actors as members of a group called the `` Brat Pack . '' </P> <P> The title comes from the nickname invented by students and staff for morning detention at New Trier High School , the school attended by the son of one of John Hughes ' friends . Thus , those who were sent to detention before school starting time were designated members of `` The Breakfast Club . '' In 2016 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' </P> <P> The film was digitally remastered and was re-screened throughout 430 theaters in celebration of its 30th anniversary in 2015 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.2 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.3 Poster </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Themes </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.2 Box office </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Legacy </Li> <Li> 8 Soundtrack <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Track listing </Li> <Li> 8.2 Critical reception </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Further reading </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> On Saturday , March 24 , 1984 , five students report at 7 : 00 a.m. for all - day detention at Shermer High School in Shermer , Illinois . While not complete strangers , each of them comes from a different clique , and they seem to have nothing in common : the beautiful and pampered Claire Standish , the state champion wrestler Andrew Clark , the geekish intellect Brian Johnson , the introverted outcast Allison Reynolds , and the rebellious delinquent John Bender . </P> <P> They gather in the high school library , where assistant principal Richard Vernon instructs them not to speak , move from their seats , or sleep until they are released at 3 : 00 p.m. He assigns them a thousand - word essay , in which each must describe `` who you think you are . '' He then leaves , returning only occasionally to check on them . John , who has a particularly antagonistic relationship with Vernon , ignores the rules and frequently riles up the other students , teasing Brian and Andrew and harassing Claire . Allison is initially quiet , except for an occasional random outburst . Over the course of the day , Vernon gives John several weekends ' worth of additional detention and even locks him in a storage closet , but he escapes and returns to the library . </P> <P> The students pass the hours by talking , arguing , and , at one point , smoking marijuana that John retrieves from his locker . Gradually , they open up to each other and reveal their deepest personal secrets : Allison is a compulsive liar ; Andrew can not easily think for himself ; John comes from an abusive household ; Brian was planning suicide with a flare gun due to the inability to cope with a bad grade ; and Claire is a virgin who feels constant pressure from her friends to be a certain way . They also discover that they all have strained relationships with their parents , which are a key cause for their personal issues as well : Allison 's parents ignore her due to their own problems ; Andrew 's father constantly criticizes his efforts at wrestling and pushes him as hard as possible ; John 's father verbally and physically abuses him ; Brian 's overbearing parents put immense pressure on him to earn high grades ; and Claire 's parents use her to get back at each other during frequent arguments . The students realize that , even with their differences , they face similar pressures and complications in their lives . </P> <P> Despite their differences in social status , the group begins to form friendships as the day progresses . Claire gives Allison a makeover , to reveal just how pretty she really is , which sparks romantic interest in Andrew . Claire decides to break her `` pristine '' virgin appearance by kissing John in the closet and giving him a hickey . Although they suspect that the relationships will end with the end of their detention , their mutual experiences will change the way they look at their peers afterwards . </P> <P> As the detention nears its end , the group requests that Brian complete the essay for everyone and John returns to the storage closet to fool Vernon into thinking he has not left . Brian writes the essay and leaves it in the library for Vernon to read after they leave . As the students part ways outside the school , Allison and Andrew kiss , as do Claire and John . Allison rips Andrew 's state champion patch from his letterman jacket to keep , and Claire gives John one of her diamond earrings , which he attaches to his earlobe . Vernon reads the essay , in which Brian states that Vernon has already judged who they are , using simple definitions and stereotypes . One by one , the five students ' voices add , `` But what we found out is that each one of us is a brain , and an athlete , and a basket case , a princess , and a criminal . '' Brian signs the letter as `` The Breakfast Club . '' John raises his fist in triumph as he walks across the school football field toward home . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Judd Nelson as John Bender </Li> <Li> Molly Ringwald as Claire Standish </Li> <Li> Emilio Estevez as Andy Clark </Li> <Li> Anthony Michael Hall as Brian Johnson </Li> <Li> Ally Sheedy as Allison Reynolds </Li> <Li> Paul Gleason as Assistant Principal Vernon </Li> <Li> John Kapelos as Carl Reed </Li> <Li> Ron Dean as Mr. Clark </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Molly Ringwald and Anthony Michael Hall both starred in Hughes ' 1984 film Sixteen Candles . Towards the end of filming , Hughes asked them both to be in The Breakfast Club . Hall became the first to be cast , agreeing to the role of Brian Johnson . Ringwald was originally approached to play the character of Allison Reynolds , but she was `` really upset '' because she wanted to play Claire Standish . She eventually convinced the director and the studio to give her the part . The role of Allison ultimately went to Ally Sheedy . </P> <P> Emilio Estevez originally auditioned for the role of John Bender . However , when Hughes was unable to find someone to play Andrew Clarke , Estevez was recast . Nicolas Cage was considered for the role of John Bender , which was the last role to be cast , though the role was narrowed down to John Cusack and Judd Nelson . Hughes eventually cast Cusack , but decided to replace him with Nelson before shooting began , because Cusack did not look threatening enough for the role . At one point , Hughes was disappointed at Nelson because he stayed in character by harassing Ringwald off - camera , and the other actors had to convince Hughes not to fire him . </P> <P> Rick Moranis was originally cast as the janitor but left due to creative differences and was replaced by John Kapelos . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1999 , Hughes said that his request to direct the film met with resistance and skepticism because he lacked filmmaking experience . Hughes ultimately convinced the film 's investors that due to the modest $1 million budget and its single location shoot , he could greatly minimize their risk . Hughes originally thought that The Breakfast Club would be his directorial debut . Hughes opted for an insular , largely one room set and wrote it about high school students , who would be played by younger actors . </P> <P> Principal photography began on March 28 , 1984 , and ended in May . Filming took place at Maine North High School in Des Plaines , Illinois , shuttered in 1981 . The same setting was used for interior scenes of Hughes ' 1986 film Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , which featured exterior shots from nearby Glenbrook North High School . The library at Maine North High School , considered too small for the film , prompted the crew to build the set in the school 's gymnasium . The actors rehearsed with each other for three weeks and then shot the film in sequence . On the Ferris Bueller 's Day Off DVD commentary ( featured on the 2004 DVD version ) , Hughes revealed that he shot the two films concurrently to save time and money , and some outtakes of both films feature elements of the film crews working on the other film . The first print was 150 minutes in length . </P> <P> During a cast reunion in honor of the film 's 25th anniversary , Ally Sheedy revealed that a Director 's Cut existed but Hughes ' widow did not disclose any details concerning its whereabouts . </P> <P> In 2015 the first draft of the film 's

The movie "The Breakfast Club" was released in

When did the movie breakfast club come out?

2178534208098154067

Style Guide - Wikipedia <H1> Style Guide </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For Wikipedia 's own style manual , see Wikipedia : Manual of Style . <Table> Style guides <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ACS Style Guide </Li> <Li> AMA Manual of Style </Li> <Li> AP Stylebook </Li> <Li> APA Style </Li> <Li> The ASA Style Guide </Li> <Li> Bluebook </Li> <Li> Brazilian National Standards Organization </Li> <Li> The Business Style Handbook </Li> <Li> The Chicago Manual of Style </Li> <Li> Citing Medicine </Li> <Li> The Elements of Style </Li> <Li> The Elements of Typographic Style </Li> <Li> Fowler 's Modern English Usage </Li> <Li> IEEE style </Li> <Li> ISO 690 </Li> <Li> McGill Guide </Li> <Li> MHRA Style Guide </Li> <Li> The Microsoft Manual of Style </Li> <Li> MLA Handbook </Li> <Li> The New York Times Manual </Li> <Li> The Oxford Guide to Style / New Hart 's Rules </Li> <Li> Scientific Style and Format ( CSE style ) </Li> <Li> The Sense of Style </Li> <Li> Turabian : A Manual for Writers </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> List of style guide abbreviations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A style guide ( or manual of style ) is a set of standards for the writing and design of documents , either for general use or for a specific publication , organization , or field . ( It is often called a style sheet , though that term has other meanings . ) </P> <P> A style guide establishes and enforces style to improve communication . To do that , it ensures consistency within a document and across multiple documents and enforces best practice in usage and in language composition , visual composition , orthography and typography . For academic and technical documents , a guide may also enforce the best practice in ethics ( such as authorship , research ethics , and disclosure ) , pedagogy ( such as exposition and clarity ) , and compliance ( technical and regulatory ) . </P> <P> Style guides are common for general and specialized use , for the general reading and writing audience , and for students and scholars of various academic disciplines , medicine , journalism , the law , government , business , and specific industries . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Varieties <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Sizes </Li> <Li> 1.2 Topics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Updating </Li> <Li> 3 Examples <Ul> <Li> 3.1 International </Li> <Li> 3.2 Europe </Li> <Li> 3.3 Australia </Li> <Li> 3.4 Canada </Li> <Li> 3.5 United Kingdom <Ul> <Li> 3.5. 1 General </Li> <Li> 3.5. 2 Journalism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6 United States <Ul> <Li> 3.6. 1 General </Li> <Li> 3.6. 2 Academic papers </Li> <Li> 3.6. 3 Business </Li> <Li> 3.6. 4 Government </Li> <Li> 3.6. 5 Journalism </Li> <Li> 3.6. 6 Law </Li> <Li> 3.6. 7 Religion </Li> <Li> 3.6. 8 Science <Ul> <Li> 3.6. 8.1 Hard sciences </Li> <Li> 3.6. 8.2 Social sciences </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6. 9 Web publishing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Varieties ( edit ) </H2> <P> Style guides vary widely in scope and size . </P> <H3> Sizes ( edit ) </H3> <P> This variety in scope and length is enabled by the cascading of one style over another , in a way analogous to how styles cascade in web development and in desktop publishing ( e.g. , how inline styles in HTML cascade over CSS styles ) . </P> <P> A short style guide is often called a style sheet . A comprehensive guide tends to be long and is often called a style manual or manual of style ( MOS or MoS ) . In many cases , a project such as one book , journal , or monograph series typically has a short style sheet that cascades over the somewhat larger style guide of an organization such as a publishing company , whose content is usually called house style . Most house styles , in turn , cascade over an industry - wide or profession - wide style manual that is even more comprehensive . Some examples of these industry style guides include the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> AP style for journalism and most forms of corporate communications </Li> <Li> USGPO style or AGPS style for government publications </Li> <Li> Oxford style and Chicago style for academic publishing and readership </Li> <Li> APA style and ASA style for the social sciences </Li> <Li> CSE style for various physical sciences </Li> <Li> ACS style for chemistry </Li> <Li> AMA style for medicine </Li> <Li> Bluebook style for law </Li> </Ul> <P> Finally , these reference works cascade over the orthographic norms of the language in use ( for example , English orthography for English - language publications ) . This , of course , may be subject to national variety such as the different varieties of American English and British English . </P> <H3> Topics ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some style guides focus on specific topic areas such as graphic design , including typography . Website style guides cover a publication 's visual and technical aspects along with text . </P> <P> Style guides that cover usage may suggest ways of describing people that avoid racism , sexism , and homophobia . Guides in specific scientific and technical fields cover nomenclature , which specifies names or classifying labels that are preferred because they are clear , standardized , and ontologically sound ( e.g. , taxonomy , chemical nomenclature , and gene nomenclature ) . </P> <H2> Updating ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most style guides are revised periodically to accommodate changes in conventions and usage . The frequency of updating and the revision control are determined by the subject matter . For style manuals in reference work format , new editions typically appear every 1 to 20 years . For example , the AP Stylebook is revised annually , and the Chicago , APA , and ASA manuals are in their 17th , 6th , and 4th editions , respectively . Many house styles and individual project styles change more frequently , especially for new projects . </P> <H2> Examples ( edit ) </H2> Further information : List of style guides <H3> International ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several basic style guides for technical and scientific communication have been defined by international standards organizations . One example is ISO 215 Documentation -- Presentation of contributions to periodicals and other serials . </P> <H3> Europe ( edit ) </H3> <P> The European Union publishes an Interinstitutional style guide -- encompassing 24 languages across the European Union . This manual is `` obligatory '' for all those employed by the institutions of the EU who are involved in preparing EU documents and works . The Directorate - General for Translation of the European Commission publishes its own English Style Guide , intended primarily for English - language authors and translators , but aiming to serve a wider readership as well . </P> <H3> Australia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Style Manual : For Authors , Editors and Printers by Snooks & Co for the Department of Finance and Administration . 6th ed . ISBN 0 - 7016 - 3648 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Australian Guide to Legal Citation </Li> <Li> Australian manual of scientific style ( AMOSS ) - online . by by Biotext ; illustrated by Biotext . 1st ed . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9946369 - 0 - 4 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> <P> General </P> <Ul> <Li> Public Works and Government Services Canada , Translation Bureau . The Canadian Style : A Guide to Writing and Editing. Rev. ed . Toronto : Dundurn Press , 1997 . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 276 - 8 . </Li> <Li> The Canadian Press Stylebook : A Guide for Writers and Editors , 14th ed . Toronto : Canadian Press , 2006 . Guide to newspaper style in Canada . ISBN 0 - 920009 - 38 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Lexicographical Centre for Canadian English A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles : Dictionary of Canadian English Walter Spencer Avis ( ed . ) Toronto : W.J. Gage ( 1967 ) OCLC 301088035 </Li> <Li> Editing Canadian English , 2nd ed . Prepared for the Editors ' Association of Canada / Association canadienne des réviseurs by Catherine Cragg , Barbara Czarnecki , Iris Hossé Phillips , Katharine Vanderlinden , and Sheila Protti . Toronto , ON : Macfarlane Walter and Ross , 2000 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Law </P> <Ul> <Li> McGill Law Journal . Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation / Manuel canadien de la référence juridique . 8th ed . Toronto : Carswell , 2014 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> United Kingdom ( edit ) </H3> General ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Style , by F.L. Lucas , 1955 ; 3rd edition , Harriman House , 2012 </Li> <Li> Butcher 's Copy - editing : The Cambridge Handbook for Editors , Copy - editors and Proofreaders , Judith Butcher , Caroline Drake , Maureen Leach . 4th ed. 2006 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 - 0521847131 </Li> <Li> Fowler 's Dictionary of Modern English Usage . Ed . Jeremy Butterfield . 4th ed . Oxford University Press , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966135 - 0 ( hardcover ) . Based on Fowler 's Modern English Usage , by Henry Watson Fowler . </Li> <Li> The King 's English , by Henry Watson Fowler and Francis George Fowler . </Li> <Li> New Hart 's Rules 2005 . ( formerly republished as The Oxford Guide to Style , 2002 ) . </Li> <Li> The Complete Plain Words , by Sir Ernest Gowers . </Li> <Li> MHRA Style Guide : A Handbook for Authors , Editors , and Writers of Theses , 2nd ed . London : Modern Humanities Research Association , 2008 . </Li> <Li> The Oxford Style Manual . Edited by Robert Ritter . Oxford -- New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 ( republished as New Oxford Style Manual , 2012 ) . Combines New Hart 's Rules ( 2002 ) and The Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors ( 2000 ) . </Li> <Li> Usage and Abusage , by Eric Partridge . </Li> </Ul> Journalism ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> The BBC News Style Guide : by the British Broadcasting Corporation . </Li> <Li> The Economist Style Guide : by The Economist ( UK ) . </Li> <Li> The Guardian Style Guide : by The Guardian ( United Kingdom ) . </Li> <Li> The Times Style and Usage Guide . Rev. ed . Compiled by Tim Austin . London : Times Books , 2003 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> United States ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the United States , most public - facing corporate communication and journalism writing is written with styles following The Associated Press Stylebook . Book publishers and authors of journals requiring reference sections generally choose the Chicago Manual of Style , while scholarly writing often follows the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing . One of the most popular grammar guides used in third - person writing is The Elements of Style . The Associated Press Stylebook is written to be used together with The Elements of Style to provide a very complete grammar and English style reference with no conflicts . </P> General ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> The Careful Writer , by Theodore Bernstein . </Li> <Li> The Elements of Style , by William Strunk , Jr. and E.B. White . ( Commonly called `` Strunk and White '' ) </Li> <Li> Style : Lessons in Clarity and Grace , by Joseph M. Williams </Li> <Li> The Well - Spoken Thesaurus , by Tom Heehler </Li> <Li> The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed . Chicago -- London : University of Chicago Press , 2017 . </Li> <Li>

The value of style guides and style sheets lies in their ability to

What are the value of style guides and style sheet?

1915885935757407192

Blood volume - wikipedia <H1> Blood volume </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Blood volume is the volume of blood ( both red blood cells and plasma ) in the circulatory system of any individual . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Humans <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Semi-automated system </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Other animals </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Humans ( edit ) </H2> <P> A typical adult has a blood volume of approximately 5 liters , with females generally having less blood volume than males . Blood volume is regulated by the kidneys . </P> <P> Blood volume ( BV ) can be calculated given the hematocrit ( HC ; the fraction of blood that is red blood cells ) and plasma volume ( PV ) , with the hematocrit being regulated via the blood oxygen content regulator : </P> <Dl> <Dd> B V = P V 1 − H C ( \ displaystyle BV = ( \ frac ( PV ) ( 1 - HC ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Blood volume measurement may be used in people with congestive heart failure , chronic hypertension , renal failure and critical care . </P> <P> The use of relative blood volume changes during dialysis is of questionable utility . </P> <P> Total Blood Volume can be measured manually via the Dual Isotope or Dual Tracer Technique , a classic technique , available since the 1950s . This technique requires double labeling of the blood ; that is 2 injections and 2 standards ( 51Cr - RBC for tagging red blood cells and I - HAS for tagging plasma volume ) as well as withdrawing and re-infusing patients with their own blood for blood volume analysis results . This method may take up to 6 hours for accurate results . </P> <H3> Semi-automated system ( edit ) </H3> <P> Blood Volume may also be measured semi-automatically . The Daxor BVA - 100 consists of an automated well counter interfaced with a computer . It is able to report Total Blood Volume ( TBV ) , Plasma Volume ( PV ) and Red Cell Volume ( RCV ) using the indicator dilution principle , microhematocrit centrifugation and the Ideal Height and Weight Method . The indicator or tracer , is an I - 131 albumin injection . An equal amount of the tracer is injected into a known and unknown volume . Clinically , the unknown volume is the patient 's blood volume , with the tracer having been injected into the patient 's blood stream and tagged to the blood plasma . Once the tracer is injected a technician takes five blood samples which undergo microhematocrit centrifugation to extrapolate true blood volume at time 0 . The concentration of the I - 131 in the blood is determined from the blood radioactivity against the standard , which has a known I - 131 dilution in a known volume . The unknown volume is inversely proportional to the concentration of the indicator in the known volume ; the larger the unknown volume , the lower the tracer concentration , thus the unknown volume can be calculated . The microhematocrit data along with the I - 131 indicator data provide a normalized hematocrit number , more accurate than hematocrit or peripheral hematocrit measurements . Measurements are taken 5 times in 6 minute intervals so that the BVA - 100 can calculate the albumin transudation time to understand the flux of liquid through capillary membranes . </P> <H2> Other animals ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Animal </Th> <Th> Blood volume ( ml / kg ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cat </Td> <Td> 55 ( 47 - 66 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cow </Td> <Td> 55 ( 52 - 57 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dog </Td> <Td> 86 ( 79 - 90 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ferret </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gerbil </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goat </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guinea pig </Td> <Td> 75 ( 67 - 92 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hamster </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Horse </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Human </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monkey ( rhesus ) </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mouse </Td> <Td> 79 ( 78 - 80 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pig </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rabbit </Td> <Td> 56 ( 44 - 70 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rat </Td> <Td> 64 ( 50 - 70 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sheep </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marmoset </Td> <Td> 60 - 70 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The table at right shows circulating blood volumes , given as volume per kilogram , for healthy adults and some animals . However , it can be 15 % less in obese and old animals . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Volume status </Li> <Li> Hypovolemia </Li> <Li> Hypervolemia </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Lee , Lan Na ( 1998 ) . `` Volume of Blood in a Human '' . The Physics Factbook . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dasselaar , JJ ; van der Sande , FM ; Franssen , CF ( 2012 ) . `` Critical evaluation of blood volume measurements during hemodialysis '' . Blood purification. 33 ( 1 - 3 ) : 177 -- 82 . doi : 10.1159 / 000334142 . PMID 22269777 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Yu , Mihae ( 2011 ) . `` A Prospective Randomized Trial Using Blood Volume Analysis in Addition to Pulmonary Artery Catheter , Compared with Pulmonary Catheter Alone , to Guide Shock Resuscitation in Critically Ill Surgical Patients '' . Shock. 35 ( 3 ) : 220 -- 228 . doi : 10.1097 / shk. 0b013e3181fc9178 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manzone , T.A. ; Dam , H.Q. ; Soltis , D. ; Sagar , V.V. ( 11 May 2007 ) . `` Blood Volume Analysis : A New Technique and New Clinical Interest Reinvigorate a Classic Study '' . Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology . 35 ( 2 ) : 55 -- 63 . doi : 10.2967 / jnmt. 106.035972 . PMID 17496003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Park , Junki ; Puri , Sonika ; Mattoo , Aditya ; Modersitzki , Frank ; Goldfarb , David ( 2012 ) . `` Radioisotope Blood Volume Measurement in Hemodialysis Patients '' . American Society of Nephrology . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : A Compendium of Drugs Used for Laboratory Animal Anesthesia , Analgesia , Tranquilization and Restraint Archived June 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . at Drexel University College of Medicine . Retrieved April 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , Monica ; Plasma and Blood Volume in the Cow Using the T - 1824 Hematocrit Method American Journal of Physiology - June 1953 vol. 173 no . 3 421 - 427 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolfensohn & Lloyd , 2003 , Handbook of Laboratory Animal Management and Welfare , 3rd Edition </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Klabunde , Richard E. ( 25 April 2014 ) . `` Blood Volume '' . Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Physiology of the cardiovascular system </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heart </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Cardiac output </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cardiac cycle </Li> <Li> Cardiac output <Ul> <Li> Heart rate </Li> <Li> Stroke volume </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stroke volume <Ul> <Li> End - diastolic volume </Li> <Li> End - systolic volume </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Afterload </Li> <Li> Preload </Li> <Li> Frank -- Starling law </Li> <Li> Cardiac function curve </Li> <Li> Venous return curve </Li> <Li> Wiggers diagram </Li> <Li> Pressure volume diagram </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ultrasound </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension </Li> <Li> End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension </Li> <Li> Aortic valve area calculation </Li> <Li> Ejection fraction </Li> <Li> Cardiac index </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heart rate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cardiac pacemaker </Li> <Li> Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) </Li> <Li> Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) </Li> <Li> Inotropic ( Contractility ) </Li> <Li> Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) </Li> <Li> Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conduction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conduction system </Li> <Li> Cardiac electrophysiology </Li> <Li> Action potential <Ul> <Li> cardiac </Li> <Li> atrial </Li> <Li> ventricular </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Effective refractory period </Li> <Li> Pacemaker potential </Li> <Li> Electrocardiography <Ul> <Li> P wave </Li> <Li> PR interval </Li> <Li> QRS complex </Li> <Li> QT interval </Li> <Li> ST segment </Li> <Li> T wave </Li> <Li> U wave </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hexaxial reference system </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chamber pressure </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central venous </Li> <Li> Right <Ul> <Li> atrial </Li> <Li> ventricular </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> pulmonary artery <Ul> <Li> wedge </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Left <Ul> <Li> atrial </Li> <Li> ventricular </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Aortic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ventricular remodeling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vascular system / Hemodynamics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Blood flow </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Compliance </Li> <Li> Vascular resistance </Li> <Li> Pulse </Li> <Li> Perfusion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blood pressure </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pulse pressure <Ul> <Li> Systolic </Li> <Li> Diastolic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mean arterial pressure </Li> <Li> Jugular venous pressure </Li> <Li> Portal venous pressure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regulation of BP </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baroreflex </Li> <Li> Kinin -- kallikrein system </Li> <Li> Renin -- angiotensin system </Li> <Li> Vasoconstrictors </Li> <Li> Vasodilators </Li> <Li> Autoregulation <Ul> <Li> Myogenic mechanism </Li> <Li> Tubuloglomerular feedback </Li> <Li> Cerebral autoregulation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Paraganglia <Ul> <Li> Aortic body </Li> <Li> Carotid body </Li> <Li> Glomus cell </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_volume&oldid=813741213 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Blood </Li> <Li> Mathematics in medicine </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 00 : 32 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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The approximate volume of blood in the human body is

What is the approximate volume of blood in your body?

-1116288849470511210

Occupation of the Ruhr - wikipedia <H1> Occupation of the Ruhr </H1> Jump to : navigation , search French soldiers in the Ruhr in 1923 <P> The Occupation of the Ruhr ( German : Ruhrbesetzung ) was a period of military occupation of the German Ruhr valley by France and Belgium between 1923 and 1925 in response to the Weimar Republic 's failure to continue its reparation payments in the aftermath of World War I . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Occupation </Li> <Li> 3 Passive resistance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Sympathy for Germany </Li> <Li> 3.2 Poincaré </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 British perspective </Li> <Li> 5 Aftermath <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Dawes Plan </Li> <Li> 5.2 German politics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Sources <Ul> <Li> 8.1 French and German </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> Map of the occupation of the Rhineland ( 1918 -- 1919 ) <P> The Ruhr region had been occupied by Allied troops in the immediate aftermath of the First World War , during the Allied occupation of the Rhineland ( 1918 -- 1919 ) . Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) , which formally ended the war , Germany accepted responsibility for the damages caused in the war and was obliged to pay war reparations to the various Allies , principally France . The total sum of reparations demanded from Germany -- around 226 billion gold marks ( US $ 878 billion in 2018 ) -- was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission . In 1921 , the amount was reduced to 132 billion ( at that time , $31.4 billion ( US $442 billion in 2018 ) , or £ 6.6 billion ( UK £ 284 billion in 2018 ) ) . Even with the reduction , the debt was huge . As some of the payments were in raw materials , German factories were unable to function , and the German economy suffered , further damaging the country 's ability to pay . </P> <P> By late 1922 , the German defaults on payments had grown so regular that a crisis engulfed the Reparations Commission ; the French and Belgian delegates urged occupying the Ruhr as a way of forcing Germany to pay more , while the British delegate urged a lowering of the payments . As a consequence of a German default on timber deliveries in December 1922 , the Reparations Commission declared Germany in default , which led to the Franco - Belgian occupation of the Ruhr in January 1923 . Particularly galling to the French was that the timber quota the Germans defaulted on was based on an assessment of their capacity the Germans made themselves and subsequently lowered . The Allies believed that the government of Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno had defaulted on the timber deliveries deliberately as a way of testing the will of the Allies to enforce the treaty . The entire conflict was further exacerbated by a German default on coal deliveries in early January 1923 , which was the thirty - fourth coal default in the previous thirty - six months . The French Premier Raymond Poincaré was deeply reluctant to order the Ruhr occupation and took this step only after the British had rejected his proposals for non-military sanctions against Germany . Frustrated at Germany not paying reparations , Poincaré hoped for joint Anglo - French economic sanctions against Germany in 1922 and opposed military action . However , by December 1922 he was faced with Anglo - American - German opposition and saw coal for French steel production and payments in money as laid out in the Treaty of Versailles draining away . Poincaré was exasperated with British opposition , and wrote to the French ambassador in London : </P> <P> Judging others by themselves , the English , who are blinded by their loyalty , have always thought that the Germans did not abide by their pledges inscribed in the Versailles Treaty because they had not frankly agreed to them ... We , on the contrary , believe that if Germany , far from making the slightest effort to carry out the treaty of peace , has always tried to escape her obligations , it is because until now she has not been convinced of her defeat ... We are also certain that Germany , as a nation , resigns herself to keep her pledged word only under the impact of necessity . </P> <H2> Occupation ( edit ) </H2> French Chasseurs Alpins in Buer <P> Poincaré decided to occupy the Ruhr on 11 January 1923 to extract the reparations himself . The real issue during the Ruhrkampf ( Ruhr struggle ) , as the Germans labelled the battle against the French occupation , was not the German defaults on coal and timber deliveries but the sanctity of the Versailles Treaty . Poincaré often argued to the British that letting the Germans defy Versailles in regards to the reparations would create a precedent that would lead to the Germans dismantling the rest of the Versailles treaty . Finally , Poincaré argued that once the chains that had bound Germany in Versailles were destroyed , it was inevitable that Germany would plunge the world into another world war . </P> <P> Initiated by French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré , the invasion took place on 11 January 1923 . General Alphonse Caron 's 32nd infantry corps under the supervision of General Jean - Marie Degoutte carried out the operation . Some theories state that the French aimed to occupy the centre of German coal , iron , and steel production in the Ruhr area valley simply to get the money . Some others state that France did it to ensure that the reparations were paid in goods , because the Mark was practically worthless because of hyperinflation that already existed at the end of 1922 . France had the iron ore and Germany had the coal . Each state wanted free access to the resource it was short of , as together these resources had far more value than separately . ( Eventually this problem was resolved in the post-World War II European Coal and Steel community . ) </P> <P> Following France 's decision to invade the Ruhr , the Inter-Allied Mission for Control of Factories and Mines ( MICUM ) was set up as a means of ensuring coal repayments from Germany . </P> <H2> Passive resistance ( edit ) </H2> Protests by gymnasts from the Ruhr at the 1923 Munich Gymnastics Festival ( The sign on the left reads `` The Ruhr remains German '' ; the sign on the right reads `` We never want to be vassals '' . ) <P> The occupation was greeted by a campaign of passive resistance . Approximately 130 German civilians were killed by the French occupation army during the events , including during civil disobedience protests , e.g. against dismissal of German officials . Some theories assert that to pay for passive resistance in the Ruhr , the German government began the hyperinflation that destroyed the German economy in 1923 . Others state that the road to hyperinflation was well established before with the reparation payments that started on November 1921 , see 1920s German inflation . In the face of economic collapse , with high unemployment and hyperinflation , the strikes were eventually called off in September 1923 by the new Gustav Stresemann coalition government , which was followed by a state of emergency . Despite this , civil unrest grew into riots and coup attempts targeted at the government of the Weimar Republic , including the Beer Hall Putsch . The Rhenish Republic was proclaimed at Aachen ( Aix - la - Chapelle ) in October 1923 . </P> <P> Though the French did succeed in making their occupation of the Ruhr pay , the Germans through their passive resistance in the Ruhr and the hyperinflation that wrecked their economy , won the world 's sympathy , and under heavy Anglo - American financial pressure ( the simultaneous decline in the value of the franc made the French very open to pressure from Wall Street and the City ) , the French were forced to agree to the Dawes Plan of April 1924 , which substantially lowered German reparations payments . Under the Dawes Plan , Germany paid only 1 billion marks in 1924 , and then increasing amounts for the next three years , until the total rose to 2.25 billion marks by 1927 . </P> <H3> Sympathy for Germany ( edit ) </H3> Front page of Chicago Daily Tribune , 6 March 1923 , announcing French troops killing four resisting Germans <P> Internationally , the French invasion of Germany did much to boost sympathy for the German Republic although no action was taken in the League of Nations since it was technically legal under the Treaty of Versailles . The French , with their own economic problems , eventually accepted the Dawes Plan and withdrew from the occupied areas in July and August 1925 . The last French troops evacuated Düsseldorf and Duisburg along with the city 's important harbour in Duisburg - Ruhrort , ending French occupation of the Ruhr region on 25 August 1925 . According to Sally Marks , the occupation of the Ruhr `` was profitable and caused neither the German hyperinflation , which began in 1922 and ballooned because of German responses to the Ruhr occupation , nor the franc 's 1924 collapse , which arose from French financial practices and the evaporation of reparations '' . Marks suggests the profits , after Ruhr - Rhineland occupation costs , were nearly 900 million gold marks . </P> <H3> Poincaré ( edit ) </H3> <P> Despite his disagreements with Britain , Poincaré desired to preserve the Anglo - French entente and thus moderated his aims to a degree . His major goal was the winning of the extraction of reparations payments from Germany . His inflexible methods and authoritarian personality led to the failure of his diplomacy . </P> <H2> British perspective ( edit ) </H2> <P> When on 12 July 1922 , Germany demanded a moratorium on reparation payments , tension developed between the French government of Raymond Poincaré and the Coalition government of David Lloyd George . The British Labour Party demanded peace and denounced Lloyd George as a troublemaker . It saw Germany as the martyr of the postwar period and France as vengeful and the principal threat to peace in Europe . The tension between France and Britain peaked during a conference in Paris in early 1923 , by which time the coalition led by Lloyd George had been replaced by the Conservatives . The Labour Party opposed the occupation of the Ruhr throughout 1923 , which it rejected as French imperialism . The British Labour Party believed it had won when Poincaré accepted the Dawes Plan in 1924 . </P> <H2> Aftermath ( edit ) </H2> French troops leaving Dortmund <H3> Dawes Plan ( edit ) </H3> <P> To deal with the implementation of the Dawes Plan , a conference took place in London in July -- August 1924 . The British Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald , who viewed reparations as impossible to pay , successfully pressured the French Premier Édouard Herriot into a whole series of concessions to Germany . The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps commented that `` The London Conference was for the French ' man in the street ' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission , the right of sanctions in the event of German default , the economic occupation of the Ruhr , the French - Belgian railroad Régie , and finally , the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year '' . The Dawes Plan was significant in European history as it marked the first time that Germany had succeeded in defying Versailles , and revised an aspect of the treaty in its favour . </P> <P>

France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr in

When did france and belgium invade the ruhr?

1787430967072848088

Goodbye , Mr. Chips - wikipedia <H1> Goodbye , Mr. Chips </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Goodbye , Mr. Chips ( disambiguation ) . `` Mr. Chips '' redirects here . For other uses , see Mr. Chips ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Goodbye , Mr. Chips <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> Cover of the UK first edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> James Hilton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Illustrator </Th> <Td> Ethel ' Bip ' Pares </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Psychological fiction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Little , Brown ( USA ) Hodder & Stoughton ( UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> June 1934 ( 1934 - 06 ) ( USA ) October 1934 ( 1934 - 10 ) ( UK ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OCLC </Th> <Td> 8462789 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Goodbye , Mr. Chips is a novella about the life of a schoolteacher , Mr. Chipping , written by the English writer James Hilton and first published by Hodder & Stoughton in October 1934 . It has been adapted into two cinema films and two television presentations . The novella has remained an essential part of the English subject syllabus taught at Pakistan 's higher secondary school level for the past 30 years , although its choice has received some criticism in the recent past due to perceived lack of relevance to the local society and education system . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Plot summary </Li> <Li> 3 Inspiration </Li> <Li> 4 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 4.1 1936 radio </Li> <Li> 4.2 1938 stage </Li> <Li> 4.3 1939 film </Li> <Li> 4.4 1939 radio </Li> <Li> 4.5 1969 film </Li> <Li> 4.6 1982 stage musical </Li> <Li> 4.7 1984 serial </Li> <Li> 4.8 2002 TV film </Li> <Li> 4.9 Parodies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The story was originally issued in 1933 , as a supplement to the British Weekly , an evangelical newspaper . It came to prominence when it was reprinted as the lead piece of the April 1934 issue of The Atlantic . The success of the Atlantic Monthly publication prompted a book deal between the author and the US publisher Little , Brown and Company , who published the story in book form for the first time in June 1934 . The Great Depression had elevated business risks for most publishing houses , and Little , Brown were no exception . They cautiously released a small first print run . Public demand for more was immediate , and Little , Brown went into an almost immediate reprinting the same month . Public demand remained strong , and Little , Brown continued to reprint the book in cautious lots for many months , with at least two reprintings per month . </P> <P> The first British edition went to press in October 1934 . The publishers were Hodder & Stoughton , who had observed the success of the book in the United States , and they released a much larger first print run . It sold 15,000 copies on the day of publication , and they quickly found themselves going into reprints as the reading public 's demand for the book proved insatiable . With the huge success of this book , James Hilton became a best - selling author . </P> <H2> Plot summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> The novella tells the story of a beloved school teacher , Mr Chipping , and his long tenure at Brookfield School , a fictional minor British boys ' public boarding school located in the fictional village of Brookfield , in the Fenlands . Mr Chips , as the boys call him , is conventional in his beliefs and exercises firm discipline in the classroom . His views broaden , and his pedagogical manner loosens after he marries Katherine , a young woman whom he meets on holiday in the Lake District . Katherine charms the Brookfield teachers and headmaster , and quickly wins the favour of Brookfield 's pupils . Despite Chipping 's mediocre credentials and his view that Greek and Latin ( his academic subjects ) are dead languages , he is an effective teacher who becomes highly regarded by students and the school 's governors . In his later years , he develops an arch sense of humour that pleases everyone . </P> <P> Although the book is unabashedly sentimental , it depicts the sweeping social changes that Chips experiences throughout his life : he begins his tenure at Brookfield in September 1870 , at the age of 22 , as the Franco - Prussian War was breaking out ; he dies in November 1933 , at the age of 85 , shortly after Adolf Hitler 's rise to power . </P> <H2> Inspiration ( edit ) </H2> <P> The setting for Goodbye , Mr. Chips is probably based on The Leys School , Cambridge , where James Hilton was a pupil ( 1915 -- 18 ) . Hilton is reported to have said that the inspiration for the protagonist , Mr. Chips , came from many sources , including his father , who was the headmaster of Chapel End School . Mr. Chips is also likely to have been based on W.H. Balgarnie , a master at The Leys ( 1900 -- 30 ) , who was in charge of the Leys Fortnightly ( in which Hilton 's first short stories and essays were published ) . Over the years , old boys wrote to Geoffery Houghton , a master at The Leys and a historian of the school , confirming the links between Chipping and Balgarnie , who eventually died at Porthmadog at the age of 82 . Balgarnie had been linked with the school for 51 years and spent his last years in modest lodgings nearby . Like Mr. Chips , Balgarnie was a strict disciplinarian , but would also invite boys to visit him for tea and biscuits . </P> <P> Hilton wrote upon Balgarnie 's death that `` Balgarnie was , I suppose , the chief model for my story . When I read so many other stories about public school life , I am struck by the fact that I suffered no such purgatory as their authors apparently did , and much of this miracle was due to Balgarnie . '' The mutton chop side whiskers of one of the masters at The Leys earned him the nickname `` Chops '' , a likely inspiration for Mr Chips ' name . </P> <P> In Hilton 's final novel , Time and Time Again ( 1953 ) , protagonist Charles Anderson bears clear biographical similarities to Hilton himself . Early in the novel , Anderson briefly reminisces about attending Brookfield and knowing `` Chips '' . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1936 radio ( edit ) </H3> <P> A 50 - minute adaptation by James Hilton and Barbara Burnham was broadcast on the BBC National Programme at 20 : 00 on 23 July 1936 , with Richard Goolden in the title part and a cast that included Norman Shelley , Ronald Simpson , Lewis Shaw and Hermione Hannen . There was a repeat broadcast the following evening . </P> <H3> 1938 stage ( edit ) </H3> <P> Barbara Burnham adapted the book for a stage production in three acts , which was first performed at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 23 September 1938 , with Leslie Banks as Mr. Chips and Constance Cummings as his wife Katherine . It ran for over 100 performances until 14 January 1939 . </P> <H3> 1939 film ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Goodbye , Mr. Chips ( 1939 film ) <P> This version stars Robert Donat , Greer Garson , Terry Kilburn , John Mills , and Paul Henreid . Donat won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the lead role , beating Clark Gable , James Stewart , Laurence Olivier , and Mickey Rooney . </P> <P> While some of the incidents depicted in the various screen adaptations do not appear in the book , this film is generally faithful to the original story . </P> <P> The exteriors of the buildings of the fictional Brookfield School were filmed at Repton School , an independent school ( at the time of filming , for boys only ) , located in the village of Repton , in Derbyshire , in the Midlands area of England , whilst the interiors , school courtyards and annexes , including the supposedly exterior shots of the Austrian Tyrol Mountains , were filmed at Denham Film Studios , near the village of Denham in Buckinghamshire . Around 200 boys from Repton School stayed on during the school holidays so that they could appear in the film . </P> <H3> 1939 radio ( edit ) </H3> <P> A radio adaptation by the Lux Radio Theatre starring Laurence Olivier and Edna Best and presented by Cecil B. DeMille was first broadcast on November 20 , 1939 . </P> <H3> 1969 film ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Goodbye , Mr. Chips ( 1969 film ) <P> In 1969 a musical film version appeared , starring Peter O'Toole and Petula Clark , with songs by Leslie Bricusse and an underscore by John Williams . In this version the character of Katherine is greatly expanded , and the time setting of the story is moved forward several decades , with Chips ' career beginning in the early 20th century and later career covering World War II , rather than World War I. O'Toole and Clark 's performances were widely praised . At the 42nd Academy Awards , O'Toole was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor , and he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy . </P> <H3> 1982 stage musical ( edit ) </H3> <P> A stage musical based on the original novel , but using most of the Leslie Bricusse vocal score of the 1969 film , was mounted at the Chichester Festival and opened on 11 August 1982 . The book was by Roland Starke and the production was directed by Patrick Garland and Christopher Selbie . Among the Chichester Festival cast were John Mills as Mr. Chips , Colette Gleeson as Kathie , Nigel Stock as Max , Michael Sadler and Robert Meadmore in supporting roles , and 20 local school boys , including Kevin Farrar who was selected by Bricusse to sing the final verse of the iconic `` School Song '' , which features on the original cast album which was recorded on ' That 's Entertainment Records ' label TER 1025 at Abbey Roads Studios in London on 17 / 18 August 1982 . JAY - jay Records also have a release of it . </P> <H3> 1984 serial ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1984 it was adapted as a television serial by the BBC . It starred Roy Marsden and Jill Meager and ran for six half - hour episodes . Many scenes were filmed at Repton School , Derbyshire , in an effort to remain faithful to the original film . </P> <H3> 2002 TV film ( edit ) </H3> <P> A television film adaptation was produced by STV Productions ( then known as `` SMG TV Productions '' ) in 2002 . It aired on the ITV Network in Britain and on PBS 's Masterpiece Theatre in the United States . It starred Martin Clunes and Victoria Hamilton with Henry Cavill , William Moseley , Oliver Rokison and Harry Lloyd . </P> <H3> Parodies ( edit ) </H3> <P> Goodbye , Mr. Chips was parodied in the British sketch comedy programmes Hale and Pace ( as Piss Off , Mr. Chips ) and Big Train . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1934 in literature </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li>

The novel "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" is an example of

What type of novel is goodbye mr chips?

2105265206768647509

Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles - wikipedia <H1> Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Men 's singles </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Men 's singles at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue </Th> <Td> Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung , South Korea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dates </Th> <Td> 16 -- 17 February </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competitors </Th> <Td> 30 from 21 nations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winning score </Th> <Td> 317.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Medalists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 01 ! </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yuzuru Hanyu </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 02 ! </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shoma Uno </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 03 ! </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Javier Fernández </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> ← 2014 2022 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="3"> Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> Qualification </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> men </Td> <Td> ladies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pairs </Th> <Td colspan="2"> mixed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ice dancing </Th> <Td colspan="2"> mixed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team event </Th> <Td colspan="2"> mixed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The men 's single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held on 16 and 17 February 2018 at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung , South Korea . The short program was held on 16 February and the free skating was held on 17 February . </P> <P> This medal event was the 1000th medal event in the history of the Winter Olympic Games . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Summary </Li> <Li> 2 Qualification </Li> <Li> 3 Schedule </Li> <Li> 4 Results <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Short program </Li> <Li> 4.2 Free skating </Li> <Li> 4.3 Overall </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> With his victory at the 2018 Winter Olympics , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first male figure skater to win two consecutive gold medals after Dick Button , who did so in 1952 . Fellow countryman Shoma Uno won the silver medal , and Spain 's Javier Fernández won the bronze medal . Fernández won Spain 's first figure skating medal and fourth medal at the Winter Olympics . </P> <P> After the short program , Hanyu , Fernández , Uno , and Jin Boyang were first , second , third , and fourth respectively . Nathan Chen , originally one of the favorites for the podium , skated an uncharacteristically poor short program that placed him at 17th , but fought back to win the free skating with a score of 215.08 -- 8.91 points above the second place free skating by Hanyu . He ended up fifth overall . In the free program , Jin Boyang overtook Chen by less than a point overall , and placed fourth . </P> <P> In the victory ceremony , the medals were presented by Tsunekazu Takeda , member of the International Olympic Committee , accompanied by Alexander Lakernik , ISU Figure Skating Vice President . </P> <P> Vincent Zhou landed the first quadruple lutz at the Olympics . Nathan Chen became the first to ever land six quads , five clean . He also landed the first quadruple flip at the Olympics . With these jumps he holds the new record for highest free skating technical score . For complete list of figure skating records , see list of highest scores in figure skating . </P> <H2> Qualification ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification <P> A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete for the event , with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three . 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . Each country decided the entry of its teams , and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete . All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score , which does not include component scores . For the short program this was 25.00 and the free skating 45.00 . </P> <H2> Schedule ( edit ) </H2> <P> All times are ( UTC + 9 ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Round </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 February </Td> <Td> 10 : 00 </Td> <Td> Short program </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 February </Td> <Td> 10 : 00 </Td> <Td> Free skating </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Results ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Short program ( edit ) </H3> <P> The short program was held on 16 February 2018 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pl . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Nation </Th> <Th> TSS </Th> <Th> TES </Th> <Th> PCS </Th> <Th> SS </Th> <Th> TR </Th> <Th> PE </Th> <Th> CH </Th> <Th> IN </Th> <Th> Ded </Th> <Th> StN </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Yuzuru Hanyu </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 111.68 </Td> <Td> 63.18 </Td> <Td> 48.50 </Td> <Td> 9.71 </Td> <Td> 9.43 </Td> <Td> 9.86 </Td> <Td> 9.75 </Td> <Td> 9.75 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Javier Fernández </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 107.58 </Td> <Td> 59.79 </Td> <Td> 47.79 </Td> <Td> 9.36 </Td> <Td> 9.36 </Td> <Td> 9.71 </Td> <Td> 9.68 </Td> <Td> 9.68 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Shoma Uno </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 104.17 </Td> <Td> 58.13 </Td> <Td> 46.04 </Td> <Td> 9.29 </Td> <Td> 9.00 </Td> <Td> 9.25 </Td> <Td> 9.29 </Td> <Td> 9.21 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Jin Boyang </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 103.32 </Td> <Td> 60.27 </Td> <Td> 43.05 </Td> <Td> 8.79 </Td> <Td> 8.29 </Td> <Td> 8.82 </Td> <Td> 8.54 </Td> <Td> 8.61 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Dmitri Aliev </Td> <Td> Olympic Athletes from Russia </Td> <Td> 98.98 </Td> <Td> 56.98 </Td> <Td> 42.00 </Td> <Td> 8.43 </Td> <Td> 8.11 </Td> <Td> 8.50 </Td> <Td> 8.50 </Td> <Td> 8.46 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Patrick Chan </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 90.01 </Td> <Td> 45.08 </Td> <Td> 45.93 </Td> <Td> 9.36 </Td> <Td> 9.07 </Td> <Td> 9.00 </Td> <Td> 9.29 </Td> <Td> 9.21 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Adam Rippon </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 87.95 </Td> <Td> 44.48 </Td> <Td> 43.47 </Td> <Td> 8.57 </Td> <Td> 8.43 </Td> <Td> 8.86 </Td> <Td> 8.68 </Td> <Td> 8.93 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Mikhail Kolyada </Td> <Td> Olympic Athletes from Russia </Td> <Td> 86.69 </Td> <Td> 43.84 </Td> <Td> 43.85 </Td> <Td> 8.96 </Td> <Td> 8.54 </Td> <Td> 8.64 </Td> <Td> 8.82 </Td> <Td> 8.89 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Michal Březina </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 85.15 </Td> <Td> 44.34 </Td> <Td> 40.81 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> 7.89 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> 8.21 </Td> <Td> 8.21 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Keegan Messing </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 85.11 </Td> <Td> 45.50 </Td> <Td> 40.61 </Td> <Td> 8.04 </Td> <Td> 7.96 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> <Td> 8.29 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> − 1.00 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Jorik Hendrickx </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 84.74 </Td> <Td> 44.17 </Td> <Td> 40.57 </Td> <Td> 7.96 </Td> <Td> 7.89 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.29 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Vincent Zhou </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 84.53 </Td> <Td> 48.50 </Td> <Td> 36.03 </Td> <Td> 7.39 </Td> <Td> 6.96 </Td> <Td> 7.11 </Td> <Td> 7.32 </Td> <Td> 7.25 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Oleksii Bychenko </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 84.13 </Td> <Td> 43.63 </Td> <Td> 40.50 </Td> <Td> 7.93 </Td> <Td> 7.71 </Td> <Td> 8.36 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.32 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Misha Ge </Td> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> 83.90 </Td> <Td> 41.75 </Td> <Td> 42.15 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.54 </Td> <Td> 8.46 </Td> <Td> 8.79 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> Cha Jun - hwan </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 83.43 </Td> <Td> 43.79 </Td> <Td> 39.64 </Td> <Td> 7.93 </Td> <Td> 7.68 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> <Td> 8.00 </Td> <Td> 7.96 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Brendan Kerry </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 83.06 </Td> <Td> 45.49 </Td> <Td> 37.57 </Td> <Td> 7.57 </Td> <Td> 7.36 </Td> <Td> 7.61 </Td> <Td> 7.57 </Td> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> Nathan Chen </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 82.27 </Td> <Td> 41.39 </Td> <Td> 41.88 </Td> <Td> 8.46 </Td> <Td> 8.32 </Td> <Td> 8.14 </Td> <Td> 8.57 </Td> <Td> 8.39 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> Daniel Samohin </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> 80.69 </Td> <Td> 43.29 </Td> <Td> 38.40 </Td> <Td> 7.79 </Td> <Td> 7.29 </Td> <Td> 7.79 </Td> <Td> 7.71 </Td> <Td> 7.82 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> Yan Han </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 80.63 </Td> <Td> 40.99 </Td> <Td> 40.64 </Td> <Td> 8.46 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> <Td> 7.86 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> <Td> − 1.00 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> Keiji Tanaka </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 80.05 </Td> <Td> 40.30 </Td> <Td> 40.75 </Td> <Td> 8.36 </Td> <Td> 7.86 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> <Td> 8.21 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> Deniss Vasiļjevs </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> 79.52 </Td> <Td> 39.34 </Td> <Td> 41.18 </Td> <Td> 8.25 </Td> <Td> 8.00 </Td> <Td> 8.18 </Td> <Td> 8.39 </Td> <Td> 8.36 </Td> <Td> -- 1.00 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> Moris Kvitelashvili </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 76.56 </Td> <Td> 40.88 </Td> <Td> 36.68 </Td> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 7.11 </Td> <Td> 7.32 </Td> <Td> 7.43 </Td> <Td> 7.36 </Td> <Td> − 1.00 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> Matteo Rizzo </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 75.63 </Td> <Td> 39.23 </Td> <Td> 36.40 </Td> <Td> 7.29 </Td> <Td> 7.11 </Td> <Td> 7.29 </Td> <Td> 7.39 </Td> <Td> 7.32 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> Paul Fentz </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 74.73 </Td> <Td> 37.71 </Td> <Td> 37.02 </Td> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 7.25 </Td> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 7.39 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="14"> Did not advance to free skating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> Julian Yee </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> 73.58 </Td> <Td> 38.37 </Td> <Td> 35.21 </Td> <Td> 7.07 </Td> <Td> 6.82 </Td> <Td> 7.11 </Td> <Td> 7.14 </Td> <Td> 7.07 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> Chafik Besseghier </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 72.10 </Td> <Td> 38.41 </Td> <Td> 33.69 </Td> <Td> 6.79 </Td> <Td> 6.29 </Td> <Td> 6.89 </Td> <Td> 6.86 </Td> <Td> 6.86 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> Denis Ten </Td> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> 70.12 </Td> <Td> 30.77 </Td> <Td> 39.35 </Td> <Td> 8.11 </Td> <Td> 7.82 </Td> <Td> 7.46 </Td> <Td> 8.07 </Td> <Td> 7.89 </Td> <Td> 0.00 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> Michael Christian Martinez </Td> <Td>

The winner of the men's figure skating event at the 2018 Olympics was

Who won the mens figure skating in 2018 olympics?

134587584998146088

the uniform worn in combat was essentially the same as that worn for everyday duties . This was the common practice with most armies of the time . This changed in modern times , as field uniforms were developed which were more suited for battle . </P> Further information : Military uniform <P> During the Civil War era , army uniforms were relatively simple . Typically , the same uniform served as a garrison uniform and as a combat uniform . Combat soldiers in the Civil War wore a standard dark blue coat , just like personnel in garrisons or in army offices and headquarters . In the first half of the war , many states supplied their regiments with uniforms , resulting in distinctive jackets and buttons . Rank was indicated by a shoulder strap for officers , and chevrons on the sleeves for non-commissioned officers . Branch or specialty could be indicated by the color of the enlisted badge of rank , or the background color for officers ' shoulder straps . Uniform standards were relaxed during the war years , especially on campaign , and men often wore a variety of hats in the field . </P> <P> The 1899 Army Uniform Regulations provided for a cotton khaki uniform for field service , drawing on the experience of the Spanish -- American War when both blue and drab clothing had been worn . From 1902 to 1917 , the army had two uniforms : a service uniform of wool olive drab Melton cloth for use by soldiers in the field , and a blue dress uniform used for ceremonies and off - post wear by enlisted men . </P> <P> Lieutenant General Edmund B. Gregory , the Quartermaster General , looking back in 1946 , pointed out that World War I uniforms had subtly changed from a comfortable loose - fitting four pocket field garment to a tight - fitting version suitable only for garrison wear . At the outbreak of World War II , the army had to develop new loose - fitting patterns which the men could live in , as well as muster on the parade ground . Gregory noted that this gradual change to a tight - fitting uniform in peacetime has been characteristic of the history of uniforms in all armies . </P> <P> Around 1940 , soldiers began to use special uniforms designed for combat or field operations , with numerous special equipment and packs . The M - 1941 Field Jacket was one of the first clothing items which was approved specifically for use in the field , and which was not meant to be part of a standard service uniform . </P> <P> After this , service uniforms started to become more elaborate , as they were not needed to be useful in combat , and could take on a unique appearance , with new features and embellishments . Units began to display their own special patches , and badges were added for various specialties . </P> <P> Among the earliest unit patches was for the 81st Infantry Division . This unit trained at Fort Jackson , South Carolina . They created patches showing a wildcat , so that they could identify each other quickly in combat . Some officers questioned this , but General John Pershing decided it was a good idea , so the army started to implement it for all units . </P> <P> The first commendation ever used by the U.S. military was the original Purple Heart , designed personally by George Washington . It was originally a medal for valor , and at the time was the only one issued by the U.S. Army . It fell out of use after the American Revolution but was later revived and became the modern commendation for wounds in battle , which is how it is used today . World War I was the first time that the army began to award a variety of medals and decorations , except for the Medal of Honor , which was first awarded during the Civil War . </P> <P> The Combat Infantryman Badge and the Expert Infantryman Badge were created in 1943 by the United States Secretary of War . The combat infantryman badge was originally awarded for valor in combat . In 1947 , every soldier who earned it was given a Bronze Star , and since then , it is awarded for having participated in ground combat . </P> <H2> Current dress / service uniform ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Blue service uniform for officers , as worn by General George W. Casey , Jr . An ARNG sergeant in 2012 wearing the enlisted version of the ASU . <H3> History ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Army currently uses the blue Army Service Uniform . According to Army Regulation 670 - 1 : Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia , Army White , and Army Blue uniforms are considered Dress Uniforms . The Army Service Uniform seeks to combine these distinctions through wear stipulations . Possession and use of the blue ASU is now mandatory for all soldiers as of October 1 , 2015 , when the green class A was retired . As of fall 2010 , enlisted soldiers receive the blue service uniform as part of their basic clothing bag issue when they enter the army during initial entry training . The army further provides active - duty enlisted soldiers an annual clothing allowance to maintain proper fit and appearance of their basic clothing bag issue items . The army includes a series of stipends in this annual clothing allowance towards the replacement of the green service uniform and all basic clothing bag items . </P> <P> Commissioned officers are given a one - time stipend when commissioned to purchase their required uniform items . Officers then maintain proper fit and appearance of their uniform items throughout their career . The army requires officers to purchase and maintain only the blue service uniform . </P> <P> To streamline the number of uniforms soldiers purchase and maintain throughout their careers , the army has phased out the green and white service uniforms and retained the blue service uniform as the army service uniform . </P> <P> The ASU was announced in 2006 by then - Army Chief of Staff General Peter Schoomaker , and will serve as the U.S. Army 's dress , garrison , and ceremonial uniform . Since the new army uniform is now standard , the only green uniform remaining in the U.S. military are the olive green Marine Corps service uniform . </P> <P> The ASU made its `` debut '' at the 2007 State of the Union Address , when General Schoomaker wore his army blue uniform . </P> <P> The ASU used the preexisting `` army blue '' uniform as a model . Accordingly , in terms of color the ASU resembles the campaign uniforms worn by soldiers during the Mexican -- American War , American Civil War , Indian Wars , and the Spanish -- American War prior to the introduction of khaki uniforms in the 1890s ( phased out in 1985 ) and olive drab uniforms in 1902 ( phased out and replaced with `` army green '' between 1955 and 1957 ) , making the blue uniform a dress uniform . Dress uniforms of dark - blue tunics and light - blue trousers were worn by all ranks until 1917 and reintroduced in a modernized form ( with open collar and tie ) for officers and warrant officers in 1937 . </P> <H3> Description ( edit ) </H3> <P> The ASU includes a midnight blue coat and low waist trousers for male soldiers ; and a midnight blue coat , slacks and skirt for female soldiers . The fabric for the ASU is heavier and more wrinkle resistant than previously manufactured uniforms and will consist of 55 % wool and 45 % polyester material . The ASU coat has a tailored , athletic cut to improve uniform fit and appearance . The ASU includes an improved heavier and wrinkle resistant short and long - sleeved white shirt with permanent military creases and shoulder loops . The JROTC version replaces the white shirt with the prototype grey shirt and gold braid is not worn on the blue trousers or on the sleeves of the class A coat . Compared to the Army 's previous uniforms , the ASU does not include a garrison cap ; soldiers will continue to wear the Army 's berets . </P> <P> The army encourages soldiers and leaders who own the current army blue uniform to wear it , when appropriate , as their dress , class `` A '' , or class `` B '' Uniform . The fielding of the new uniform policy establishes a class `` B '' uniform category for the current army blue uniform as part of its bridging strategy . The class `` B '' uniform category defines those ASU items worn without the service coat . </P> <H3> Dress ASU ( edit ) </H3> <P> The dress blue ASU for males includes the blue coat and trousers and a long - sleeved white shirt with black tie . The dress blue ASU for females includes the blue coat , skirt , and a long - sleeved white shirt with black neck tab . Currently , females in army bands , honor guards , and female chaplains are authorized to wear army blue slacks in the performance of their duties . The black beret and service cap are authorized for wear with this uniform . Combat boots and organizational items , such as brassards , military police accessories and distinctive unit insignia are not worn . All other accessories and insignia authorized for wear with the class `` A '' service uniform are authorized for wear on the dress blue ASU . </P> Evening social events ( edit ) <P> When the dress blue ASU is worn for social events in the evening ( i.e. after retreat ) , men may wear a black bow tie rather than a black four - in - hand necktie , and commanders may direct that headgear is not required . </P> <P> ALARACT 202 / 2008 specifies that the `` dress blue ASU '' for men includes a `` black bowtie . '' It makes no mention of the black four - in - hand necktie in connection with the `` dress blue ASU . '' Since , according to paragraph 10 of the same ALARACT and paragraph 27 - 19a of AR 670 - 1 , the bow tie is worn only after retreat , this text suggests that the `` dress blue ASU '' is not conceived of as a uniform order for the daytime , that the `` dress blue ASU '' for males is not an all - hours uniform including an evening variant with bow tie , and that the `` class A ASU '' is the highest order of dress for daytime wear . </P> <H3> Class `` a '' ASU ( edit ) </H3> <P> The class `` A '' ASU includes the army blue coat and trousers / skirt / slacks , a short or long sleeved white shirt and four - in - hand necktie ( male ) / neck tab ( female ) ( for accessories and other items authorized for wear on the class `` A '' ASU , see ASU accessory items authorized for wear ) . </P> New blue ASU class `` A '' uniform with jump boots . <P> This uniform also exists in the army JROTC program in a modified version . The main difference is that the AJROTC version mostly resembles the original trial version of the army service uniform which consisted of a grey , long or short

In the Army, you receive your dress blues

When do you get your dress blues in the army?

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year for which the award was to be given and the cash prize was increased to ₹ 1.5 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 22 lakh or US $34,000 in 2017 ) from 1981 . </P> <P> As of 2015 , the cash prize has been revised to ₹ 11 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 12 lakh or US $19,000 in 2017 ) and out of twenty - three eligible languages the award has been presented for works in fifteen languages : Hindi ( eleven ) , Kannada ( eight ) , Bengali ( six ) , Malayalam ( five ) , Gujarati , Marathi , Odia , and Urdu ( four each ) , Telugu ( three ) , Assamese , Punjabi , and Tamil ( two each ) , Kashmiri , Konkani , and Sanskrit ( one each ) . The award has been conferred upon fifty - seven writers including seven women authors . In 1976 , Bengali novelist Ashapoorna Devi became the first woman to win the award and was honoured for the 1965 novel Pratham Pratisruti ( The First Promise ) , the first in a trilogy . The most recent recipient of the award is Hindi fiction writer and essayist Krishna Sobti who was awarded for the year 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Rules and selection process </Li> <Li> 3 List of recipients </Li> <Li> 4 Explanatory notes </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Bharatiya Jnanpith , a research and cultural institute founded in 1944 by industrialist Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Sahu Jain family , conceived an idea in May 1961 to start a scheme `` commanding national prestige and of international standard '' to `` select the best book out of the publications in Indian languages '' . Later in November , Rama Jain , the Founder President of the Bharatiya Jnanpith , invited a few literary experts to discuss various aspects of the scheme . Jain along with Kaka Kalelkar , Harivansh Rai Bachchan , Ramdhari Singh Dinkar , Jainendra Kumar , Jagdish Chandra Mathur , Prabhakar Machwe , Akshaya Kumar Jain , and Lakshmi Chandra Jain presented the initial draft to the then President of India Rajendra Prasad who had shown interest in the scheme 's implementation . The idea was also discussed at the 1962 annual sessions of the All India Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad . </P> <P> On 2 April 1962 , around 300 writers of various Indian languages were invited to Delhi for the two sessions conducted by Dharamvir Bharati in which the draft was finalised and later presented to Prasad . The first award selection committee meeting was scheduled on 16 March 1963 and Prasad was appointed as its president . However , Prasad died on 28 February 1963 and thus the scheduled meeting was chaired by Kalelkar and Sampurnanand acted as president of the committee . </P> <P> The first Selection Board consisted of Kalelkar , Niharranjan Ray , Karan Singh , R.R. Diwakar , V. Raghavan , B. Gopal Reddy , Harekrushna Mahatab , Rama Jain , and Lakshmi Chandra Jain and was headed by Sampurnanand . Works that were published between 1921 and 1951 were considered for the first award . The nine language committees that were formed were to submit to the board nominations along with translations of the work into Hindi or English . The final round had four authors ; Kazi Nazrul Islam ( Bengali ) , D.V. Gundappa ( Kannada ) , Viswanatha Satyanarayana ( Telugu ) , and G. Sankara Kurup ( Malayalam ) . On 19 November 1966 , Kurup was presented with the citation , statue of Saraswati , and a cheque for prize of ₹ 1 lakh ( US $1,600 ) at a ceremony held at Vigyan Bhavan , Delhi . In his acceptance speech , Kurup appreciated the concept of the new award and thanked it for bringing `` integration of the diverse people of this land on a spiritual plane '' . </P> <H2> Rules and Selection process ( edit ) </H2> <P> The nominations for the award are received from various literary experts , teachers , critics , universities , and numerous literary and language associations . Every three years , an advisory committee is constituted for each of the languages . The language of the most recent recipient 's work is not eligible for consideration for the next two years . Each committee consists of three literary critics and scholars of their respective languages . All the nominations are scrutinised by the committee and their recommendations are submitted to the Jnanpith Award Selection Board ( Pravara Parishad ) . </P> <P> The Selection Board consists of between seven and eleven members of `` high repute and integrity '' . Each member is part of the committee for a term of three years which can also be extended further for two more terms . The recommendations of all language advisory committees are evaluated by the board based on complete or partial translations of the selected writings of the proposed writers into Hindi or English . The recipient for a particular year is announced by the Selection Board , which has final authority in selection . </P> <H2> List of recipients ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Key <Tr> <Td> † </Td> <Td> Indicates a joint award for the given year </Td> </Tr> </Table> G. Sankara Kurup was the first recipient of the award . Krishna Sobti is the most recent recipient of the award . <Table> List of award recipients , showing the year , and language ( s ) <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Recipient ( s ) </Th> <Th> Language ( s ) </Th> <Th> Refs. / Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 ( 1st ) </Td> <Th> Kurup , G. Sankara G. Sankara Kurup </Th> <Td> Malayalam ! Malayalam </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 ( 2nd ) </Td> <Th> Bandyopadhyay , Tarasankar Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay </Th> <Td> Bengali ! Bengali </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 ( 3rd ) † </Td> <Th> Joshi , Umashankar Umashankar Joshi </Th> <Td> Gujarati ! Gujarati </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 ( 3rd ) † </Td> <Th> Puttappa ' Kuvempu ' , Kuppali Venkatappa Kuppali Venkatappa Puttappa ' Kuvempu ' </Th> <Td> Kannada ! Kannada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 ( 4th ) </Td> <Th> Pant , Sumitranandan Sumitranandan Pant </Th> <Td> Hindi ! Hindi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 ( 5th ) </Td> <Th> Gorakhpuri , Firaq Firaq Gorakhpuri </Th> <Td> Urdu ! Urdu </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 ( 6th ) </Td> <Th> Satyanarayana , Viswanatha Viswanatha Satyanarayana </Th> <Td> Telugu ! Telugu </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 ( 7th ) </Td> <Th> Dey , Bishnu Bishnu Dey </Th> <Td> Bengali ! Bengali </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 ( 8th ) </Td> <Th> Singh ' Dinkar ' , Ramdhari Ramdhari Singh ' Dinkar ' </Th> <Td> Hindi ! Hindi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 ( 9th ) † </Td> <Th> Bendre , D.R. D.R. Bendre </Th> <Td> Kannada ! Kannada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 ( 9th ) † </Td> <Th> Mohanty , Gopinath Gopinath Mohanty </Th> <Td> Odia ! Odia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 10th ) </Td> <Th> Khandekar , Vishnu Sakharam Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar </Th> <Td> Marathi ! Marathi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 11th ) </Td> <Th> , Akilan Akilan </Th> <Td> Tamil ! Tamil </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 ( 12th ) </Td> <Th> Devi , Ashapoorna Ashapoorna Devi </Th> <Td> Bengali ! Bengali </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 ( 13rd ) </Td> <Th> Karanth , K. Shivaram K. Shivaram Karanth </Th> <Td> Kannada ! Kannada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 ( 14th ) </Td> <Th> Vatsyayan , Sachchidananda Sachchidananda Vatsyayan </Th> <Td> Hindi ! Hindi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 ( 15th ) </Td> <Th> Bhattacharya , Birendra Kumar Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya </Th> <Td> Assamese ! Assamese </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 ( 16th ) </Td> <Th> Pottekkatt , S.K. S.K. Pottekkatt </Th> <Td> Malayalam ! Malayalam </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 ( 17th ) </Td> <Th> Pritam , Amrita Amrita Pritam </Th> <Td> Punjabi ! Punjabi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 ( 18th ) </Td> <Th> Varma , Mahadevi Mahadevi Varma </Th> <Td> Hindi ! Hindi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 19th ) </Td> <Th> Iyengar , Masti Venkatesha Masti Venkatesha Iyengar </Th> <Td> Kannada ! Kannada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 ( 20th ) </Td> <Th> Pillai , Thakazhi Sivasankara Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai </Th> <Td> Malayalam ! Malayalam </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 ( 21st ) </Td> <Th> Patel , Pannalal Pannalal Patel </Th> <Td> Gujarati ! Gujarati </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 ( 22nd ) </Td> <Th> Routray , Sachidananda Sachidananda Routray </Th> <Td> Odia ! Odia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 23rd ) </Td> <Th> Shirwadkar ' Kusumagraj ' , Vishnu Vaman Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar ' Kusumagraj ' </Th> <Td> Marathi ! Marathi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 24th ) </Td> <Th> Reddy , C. Narayana C. Narayana Reddy </Th> <Td> Telugu ! Telugu </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 25th ) </Td> <Th> Hyder , Qurratulain Qurratulain Hyder </Th> <Td> Urdu ! Urdu </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 26th ) </Td> <Th> Gokak , Vinayaka Krishna Vinayaka Krishna Gokak </Th> <Td> Kannada ! Kannada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 ( 27th ) </Td> <Th> Mukhopadhyay , Subhash Subhash Mukhopadhyay </Th> <Td> Bengali ! Bengali </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 28th ) </Td> <Th> Mehta , Naresh Naresh Mehta </Th> <Td> Hindi ! Hindi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 29th ) </Td> <Th> Mahapatra , Sitakant Sitakant Mahapatra </Th> <Td> Odia ! Odia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 30th ) </Td> <Th> Ananthamurthy , U.R. U.R. Ananthamurthy </Th> <Td> Kannada ! Kannada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 ( 31st ) </Td> <Th> Nair , M.T. Vasudevan M.T. Vasudevan Nair </Th> <Td> Malayalam ! Malayalam </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 32nd ) </Td> <Th> Devi , Mahasweta Mahasweta Devi </Th> <Td> Bengali ! Bengali </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 33rd ) </Td> <Th> Jafri , Ali Sardar Ali Sardar Jafri </Th> <Td> Urdu ! Urdu </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 ( 34th ) </Td> <Th> Karnad , Girish Girish Karnad </Th> <Td> Kannada ! Kannada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 ( 35th ) † </Td> <Th> Verma , Nirmal Nirmal Verma </Th> <Td> Hindi ! Hindi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 ( 35th ) † </Td> <Th> Singh , Gurdial Gurdial Singh </Th> <Td> Punjabi ! Punjabi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 ( 36th ) </Td> <Th> Goswami , Mamoni Raisom Mamoni Raisom Goswami </Th> <Td> Assamese ! Assamese </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 37th ) </Td> <Th> Shah , Rajendra Rajendra Shah </Th> <Td> Gujarati ! Gujarati </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 ( 38th ) </Td> <Th> Jayakanthan , Jayakanthan </Th> <Td> Tamil ! Tamil </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 ( 39th ) </Td> <Th> Karandikar , Vinda Vinda Karandikar </Th> <Td> Marathi ! Marathi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 40th ) </Td> <Th> Rahi , Rehman Rehman Rahi </Th> <Td> Kashmiri ! Kashmiri </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 ( 41st ) </Td> <Th> Narayan , Kunwar Kunwar Narayan </Th> <Td> Hindi ! Hindi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 ( 42nd ) † </Td> <Th> Kelekar , Ravindra Ravindra Kelekar </Th> <Td> Konkani ! Konkani </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 ( 42nd ) † </Td> <Th> Shastri , Satya Vrat Satya Vrat Shastri </Th> <Td> Sanskrit !

The recipient of the first Jnanpith award was an author who wrote in

The recipient of first jnanpith award was an author which language?

4835361556991861440

It has also been suggested that heavy land - revenue assessment in some areas by the British resulted in many landowning families either losing their land or going into great debt to money lenders , and providing ultimately a reason to rebel ; money lenders , in addition to the Company , were particular objects of the rebels ' animosity . The civilian rebellion was also highly uneven in its geographic distribution , even in areas of north - central India that were no longer under British control . For example , the relatively prosperous Muzaffarnagar district , a beneficiary of a Company irrigation scheme , and next door to Meerut , where the upheaval began , stayed relatively calm throughout . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Charles Canning , the Governor - General of India during the rebellion . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Lord Dalhousie , the Governor - General of India from 1848 to 1856 , who devised the Doctrine of Lapse . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Lakshmibai , the Rani of Maratha - ruled Jhansi , one of the principal leaders of the rebellion who earlier had lost her kingdom as a result of the Doctrine of Lapse . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Bahadur Shah Zafar the last Mughal Emperor , crowned Emperor of India , by the Indian troops , he was deposed by the British , and died in exile in Burma </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> `` Utilitarian and evangelical - inspired social reform '' , including the abolition of sati and the legalisation of widow remarriage were considered by many -- especially the British themselves -- to have caused suspicion that Indian religious traditions were being `` interfered with '' , with the ultimate aim of conversion . Recent historians , including Chris Bayly , have preferred to frame this as a `` clash of knowledges '' , with proclamations from religious authorities before the revolt and testimony after it including on such issues as the `` insults to women '' , the rise of `` low persons under British tutelage '' , the `` pollution '' caused by Western medicine and the persecuting and ignoring of traditional astrological authorities . European - run schools were also a problem : according to recorded testimonies , anger had spread because of stories that mathematics was replacing religious instruction , stories were chosen that would `` bring contempt '' upon Indian religions , and because girl children were exposed to `` moral danger '' by education . </P> <P> The justice system was considered to be inherently unfair to the Indians . The official Blue Books , East India ( Torture ) 1855 -- 1857 , laid before the House of Commons during the sessions of 1856 and 1857 , revealed that Company officers were allowed an extended series of appeals if convicted or accused of brutality or crimes against Indians . </P> <P> The economic policies of the East India Company were also resented by many Indians . </P> <H3> The Bengal Army ( edit ) </H3> <P> Each of the three `` Presidencies '' into which the East India Company divided India for administrative purposes maintained their own armies . Of these , the Army of the Bengal Presidency was the largest . Unlike the other two , it recruited heavily from among high - caste Hindus and comparatively wealthy Muslims . The Muslims formed a larger percentage of the 18 irregular cavalry units within the Bengal army , whilst Hindus were mainly to be found in the 84 regular infantry and cavalry regiments . The sepoys were therefore affected to a large degree by the concerns of the landholding and traditional members of Indian society . In the early years of Company rule , it tolerated and even encouraged the caste privileges and customs within the Bengal Army , which recruited its regular soldiers almost exclusively amongst the landowning Brahmins and Rajputs of the Bihar and Awadh regions . These soldiers were known as Purbiyas . By the time these customs and privileges came to be threatened by modernising regimes in Calcutta from the 1840s onwards , the sepoys had become accustomed to very high ritual status and were extremely sensitive to suggestions that their caste might be polluted . </P> <P> The sepoys also gradually became dissatisfied with various other aspects of army life . Their pay was relatively low and after Awadh and the Punjab were annexed , the soldiers no longer received extra pay ( batta or bhatta ) for service there , because they were no longer considered `` foreign missions '' . The junior European officers became increasingly estranged from their soldiers , in many cases treating them as their racial inferiors . In 1856 , a new Enlistment Act was introduced by the Company , which in theory made every unit in the Bengal Army liable to service overseas . Although it was intended to apply only to new recruits , the serving sepoys feared that the Act might be applied retroactively to them as well . A high - caste Hindu who travelled in the cramped conditions of a wooden troop ship could not cook his own food on his own fire , and accordingly risked losing caste through ritual pollution . </P> <H2> Onset of the rebellion ( edit ) </H2> Indian mutiny map showing position of troops on 1 May 1857 <P> Several months of increasing tensions coupled with various incidents preceded the actual rebellion . On 26 February 1857 the 19th Bengal Native Infantry ( BNI ) regiment became concerned that new cartridges they had been issued were wrapped in paper greased with cow and pig fat , which had to be opened by mouth thus affecting their religious sensibilities . Their Colonel confronted them supported by artillery and cavalry on the parade ground , but after some negotiation withdrew the artillery , and cancelled the next morning 's parade . </P> <H2> Mangal Pandey ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Mangal Pandey <P> On 29 March 1857 at the Barrackpore parade ground , near Calcutta , 29 - year - old Mangal Pandey of the 34th BNI , angered by the recent actions of the East India Company , declared that he would rebel against his commanders . Informed about Pandey 's behaviour Sergeant - Major James Hewson went to investigate , only to have Pandey shoot at him . Hewson raised the alarm . When his adjutant Lt. Henry Baugh came out to investigate the unrest , Pandey opened fire but hit Baugh 's horse instead . </P> <P> General John Hearsey came out to the parade ground to investigate , and claimed later that Mangal Pandey was in some kind of `` religious frenzy '' . He ordered the Indian commander of the quarter guard Jemadar Ishwari Prasad to arrest Mangal Pandey , but the Jemadar refused . The quarter guard and other sepoys present , with the single exception of a soldier called Shaikh Paltu , drew back from restraining or arresting Mangal Pandey . Shaikh Paltu restrained Pandey from continuing his attack . </P> <P> After failing to incite his comrades into an open and active rebellion , Mangal Pandey tried to take his own life , by placing his musket to his chest and pulling the trigger with his toe . He managed only to wound himself . Court - martialled on 6 April , he was hanged two days later . </P> <P> The Jemadar Ishwari Prasad was sentenced to death and hanged on 22 April . The regiment was disbanded and stripped of its uniforms because it was felt that it harboured ill - feelings towards its superiors , particularly after this incident . Shaikh Paltu was promoted to the rank of havildar in the Bengal Army , but was murdered shortly before the 34th BNI dispersed . </P> <P> Sepoys in other regiments thought these punishments were harsh . The demonstration of disgrace during the formal disbanding helped foment the rebellion in view of some historians . Disgruntled ex-sepoys returned home to Awadh with a desire for revenge . </P> <H3> Unrest during April 1857 ( edit ) </H3> <P> During April , there was unrest and fires at Agra , Allahabad and Ambala . At Ambala in particular , which was a large military cantonment where several units had been collected for their annual musketry practice , it was clear to General Anson , Commander - in - Chief of the Bengal Army , that some sort of rebellion over the cartridges was imminent . Despite the objections of the civilian Governor - General 's staff , he agreed to postpone the musketry practice and allow a new drill by which the soldiers tore the cartridges with their fingers rather than their teeth . However , he issued no general orders making this standard practice throughout the Bengal Army and , rather than remain at Ambala to defuse or overawe potential trouble , he then proceeded to Simla , the cool `` hill station '' where many high officials spent the summer . </P> <P> Although there was no open revolt at Ambala , there was widespread arson during late April . Barrack buildings ( especially those belonging to soldiers who had used the Enfield cartridges ) and European officers ' bungalows were set on fire . </P> <H3> Meerut ( edit ) </H3> `` The Sepoy revolt at Meerut , '' from the Illustrated London News , 1857 An 1858 photograph by Felice Beato of a mosque in Meerut where some of the rebel soldiers may have prayed <P> At Meerut , a large military cantonment , 2,357 Indian sepoys and 2,038 British soldiers were stationed along with 12 British - manned guns . The station held one of the largest concentrations of British troops in India and this was later to be cited as evidence that the original rising was a spontaneous outbreak rather than a pre-planned plot . </P> <P> Although the state of unrest within the Bengal Army was well known , on 24 April Lieutenant Colonel George Carmichael - Smyth , the unsympathetic commanding officer of the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry , ordered 90 of his men to parade and perform firing drills . All except five of the men on parade refused to accept their cartridges . On 9 May , the remaining 85 men were court martialled , and most were sentenced to 10 years ' imprisonment with hard labour . Eleven comparatively young soldiers were given five years ' imprisonment . The entire garrison was paraded and watched as the condemned men were stripped of their uniforms and placed in shackles . As they were marched off to jail , the condemned soldiers berated their comrades for failing to support them . </P> <P> The next day was Sunday . Some Indian soldiers warned off - duty junior European officers that plans were afoot to release the imprisoned soldiers by force , but the senior officers to whom this was reported took no action . There was also unrest in the city of Meerut itself , with angry protests in the bazaar and some buildings being set on fire . In the evening , most European officers were preparing to attend church , while many of the European soldiers were off duty and had gone into canteens or into the bazaar in Meerut . The Indian troops , led by the 3rd Cavalry , broke into revolt . European junior officers who attempted to quell the first outbreaks were killed by the rebels . European officers ' and civilians ' quarters were attacked , and four civilian men , eight women and eight children were killed . Crowds in the bazaar attacked the off - duty soldiers there . About 50 Indian civilians , some officers ' servants who tried to defend or conceal their employers , were also killed by the sepoys . The sepoys freed their 85 imprisoned comrades from the jail . </P> <P> Some sepoys ( especially from the 11th Bengal Native Infantry ) escorted trusted British officers and women and children to safety before joining the revolt .

The first to declare the mutiny against the British was

Who was the first to declare the mutiny against the british?

3130297943294617952

Synapse - wikipedia <H1> Synapse </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about synapses of the nervous system . For other uses , see Synapse ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Structure of a typical chemical synapse </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Postsynaptic density Voltage - gated Ca channel Synaptic vesicle Neurotransmitter transporter Receptor Neurotransmitter Axon terminal Synaptic cleft Dendrite </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the nervous system , a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron ( or nerve cell ) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target efferent cell . </P> <P> Santiago Ramón y Cajal proposed that neurons are not continuous throughout the body , yet still communicate with each other , an idea known as the neuron doctrine . The word `` synapse '' -- from the Greek synapsis ( συνάψις ) , meaning `` conjunction '' , in turn from συνάπτεὶν ( συν ( `` together '' ) and ἅπτειν ( `` to fasten '' ) ) -- was introduced in 1897 by the English neurophysiologist Charles Sherrington in Michael Foster 's Textbook of Physiology . Sherrington struggled to find a good term that emphasized a union between two separate elements , and the actual term `` synapse '' was suggested by the English classical scholar Arthur Woollgar Verrall , a friend of Michael Foster . Some authors generalize the concept of the synapse to include the communication from a neuron to any other cell type , such as to a motor cell , although such non-neuronal contacts may be referred to as junctions ( a historically older term ) . </P> <P> Synapses are essential to neuronal function : neurons are cells that are specialized to pass signals to individual target cells , and synapses are the means by which they do so . At a synapse , the plasma membrane of the signal - passing neuron ( the presynaptic neuron ) comes into close apposition with the membrane of the target ( postsynaptic ) cell . Both the presynaptic and postsynaptic sites contain extensive arrays of a molecular machinery that link the two membranes together and carry out the signaling process . In many synapses , the presynaptic part is located on an axon and the postsynaptic part is located on a dendrite or soma . Astrocytes also exchange information with the synaptic neurons , responding to synaptic activity and , in turn , regulating neurotransmission . Synapses ( at least chemical synapses ) are stabilized in position by synaptic adhesion molecules ( SAMs ) projecting from both the pre - and post-synaptic neuron and sticking together where they overlap ; SAMs may also assist in the generation and functioning of synapses . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Chemical or electrical </Li> <Li> 2 Types of interfaces </Li> <Li> 3 Role in memory </Li> <Li> 4 Study models </Li> <Li> 5 Synaptic polarization </Li> <Li> 6 Additional images </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Chemical or electrical ( edit ) </H2> An example of chemical synapse by the release of neurotransmitters like acetylcholine or glutamic acid . <P> There are two fundamentally different types of synapses : </P> <Ul> <Li> In a chemical synapse , electrical activity in the presynaptic neuron is converted ( via the activation of voltage - gated calcium channels ) into the release of a chemical called a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors located in the plasma membrane of the postsynaptic cell . The neurotransmitter may initiate an electrical response or a secondary messenger pathway that may either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron . Chemical synapses can be classified according to the neurotransmitter released : glutamatergic ( often excitatory ) , GABAergic ( often inhibitory ) , cholinergic ( e.g. vertebrate neuromuscular junction ) , and adrenergic ( releasing norepinephrine ) . Because of the complexity of receptor signal transduction , chemical synapses can have complex effects on the postsynaptic cell . </Li> <Li> In an electrical synapse , the presynaptic and postsynaptic cell membranes are connected by special channels called gap junctions or synaptic cleft that are capable of passing an electric current , causing voltage changes in the presynaptic cell to induce voltage changes in the postsynaptic cell . The main advantage of an electrical synapse is the rapid transfer of signals from one cell to the next . </Li> </Ul> <P> Synaptic communication is distinct from an ephaptic coupling , in which communication between neurons occurs via indirect electric fields . </P> <P> An autapse is a chemical or electrical synapse that forms when the axon of one neuron synapses onto dendrites of the same neuron . </P> <H2> Types of interfaces ( edit ) </H2> <P> Synapses can be classified by the type of cellular structures serving as the pre - and post-synaptic components . The vast majority of synapses in the mammalian nervous system are classical axo - dendritic synapses ( axon synapsing upon a dendrite ) , however , a variety of other arrangements exist . These include but are not limited to axo - axonic , dendro - dendritic , axo - secretory , somato - dendritic , dendro - somatic , and somato - somatic synapses . </P> <P> The axon can synapse onto a dendrite , onto a cell body , or onto another axon or axon terminal , as well as into the bloodstream or diffusely into the adjacent nervous tissue . </P> Different types of synapses <H2> Role in memory ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Hebbian theory <P> It is widely accepted that the synapse plays a role in the formation of memory . As neurotransmitters activate receptors across the synaptic cleft , the connection between the two neurons is strengthened when both neurons are active at the same time , as a result of the receptor 's signaling mechanisms . The strength of two connected neural pathways is thought to result in the storage of information , resulting in memory . This process of synaptic strengthening is known as long - term potentiation . </P> <P> By altering the release of neurotransmitters , the plasticity of synapses can be controlled in the presynaptic cell . The postsynaptic cell can be regulated by altering the function and number of its receptors . Changes in postsynaptic signaling are most commonly associated with a N - methyl - d - aspartic acid receptor ( NMDAR ) - dependent long - term potentiation ( LTP ) and long - term depression ( LTD ) due to the influx of calcium into the post-synaptic cell , which are the most analyzed forms of plasticity at excitatory synapses . </P> <H2> Study models ( edit ) </H2> <P> For technical reasons , synaptic structure and function have been historically studied at unusually large model synapses , for example : </P> <Ul> <Li> Squid giant synapse </Li> <Li> Neuromuscular junction ( NMJ ) , a cholinergic synapse in vertebrates , glutamatergic in insects </Li> <Li> Ciliary calyx in the ciliary ganglion of chicks </Li> <Li> Calyx of Held in the brainstem </Li> <Li> Ribbon synapse in the retina </Li> <Li> Schaffer collateral synapse in the hippocampus </Li> </Ul> <H2> Synaptic polarization ( edit ) </H2> <P> The function of neurons depends upon cell polarity . The distinctive structure of nerve cells allows action potentials to travel directionally ( from dendrites to cell body down the axon ) , and for these signals to then be received and carried on by post-synaptic neurons or received by effector cells . Nerve cells have long been used as models for cellular polarization , and of particular interest are the mechanisms underlying the polarized localization of synaptic molecules . PIP2 signaling regulated by IMPase plays an integral role in synaptic polarity . </P> <P> Phosphoinositides ( PIP , PIP2 , and PIP3 ) are molecules that have been shown to affect neuronal polarity . A gene ( ttx - 7 ) was identified in Caenorhabditis elegans that encodes myo - inositol monophosphatase ( IMPase ) , an enzyme that produces inositol by dephosphorylating inositol phosphate . Organisms with mutant ttx - 7 genes demonstrated behavioral and localization defects , which were rescued by expression of IMPase . This led to the conclusion that IMPase is required for the correct localization of synaptic protein components . The egl - 8 gene encodes a homolog of phospholipase C β ( PLCβ ) , an enzyme that cleaves PIP2 . When ttx - 7 mutants also had a mutant egl - 8 gene , the defects caused by the faulty ttx - 7 gene were largely reversed . These results suggest that PIP2 signaling establishes polarized localization of synaptic components in living neurons . </P> <H2> Additional images ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> A typical central nervous system synapse </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The synapse and synaptic vesicle cycle </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Major elements in chemical synaptic transmission </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Neuroscience portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Active zone </Li> <Li> Autapse </Li> <Li> Exocytosis </Li> <Li> Immunological synapse </Li> <Li> Neurotransmitter vesicle </Li> <Li> Postsynaptic density </Li> <Li> Synaptopathy </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Foster , M. ; Sherrington , C.S. ( 1897 ) . Textbook of Physiology , volume 3 ( 7th ed . ) . London : Macmillan . p. 929 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elias , Lorin J. ; Saucier , Deborah M. ( 2006 ) . Neuropsychology : Clinical and Experimental Foundations . Boston : Pearson / Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 20534361 - 4 . LCCN 2005051341 . OCLC 61131869 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` synapse '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tansey , E.M. ( 1997 ) . `` Not committing barbarisms : Sherrington and the synapse , 1897 '' . Brain Research Bulletin . Amsterdam : Elsevier . 44 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 212 . doi : 10.1016 / S0361 - 9230 ( 97 ) 00312 - 2 . PMID 9323432 . The word synapse first appeared in 1897 , in the seventh edition of Michael Foster 's Textbook of Physiology . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schacter , Daniel L. ; Gilbert , Daniel T. ; Wegner , Daniel M. ( 2011 ) . Psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Worth Publishers . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3719 - 2 . LCCN 2010940234 . OCLC 696604625 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perea , G. ; Navarrete , M. ; Araque , A. ( August 2009 ) . `` Tripartite synapses : astrocytes process and control synaptic information '' . Trends in Neurosciences . Cambridge , MA : Cell Press . 32 ( 8 ) : 421 -- 431 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2009.05. 001 . PMID 19615761 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Missler , M ; Südhof , TC ; Biederer , T ( 2012 ) . `` Synaptic cell adhesion '' . Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 4 : a005694 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a005694 . PMC 3312681 . PMID 22278667 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silverthorn , Dee Unglaub ( 2007 ) . Human Physiology : An Integrated Approach . Illustration coordinator William C. Ober ; illustrations by Claire W. Garrison ; clinical consultant Andrew C. Silverthorn ; contributions by Bruce R. Johnson ( 4th ed . ) . San Francisco : Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8053 - 6851 - 2 . LCCN 2005056517 . OCLC 62742632 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch , M.A. ( January 1 , 2004 ) . `` Long - Term Potentiation and Memory '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 1 ) : 87 -- 136 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00014.2003 . PMID 14715912 . </Li> <Li> Jump up

Neural communication between cells occurs through chemicals, a discovery made by

Who discovered that neural communication between cells occurs through chemicals?

-5135603630401750734

of the first - season cast were set to return , the producers had a large number of new characters to cast for the second season . Due to this , Benioff and Weiss postponed the introduction of several key characters and merged several characters into one or assigned plot functions to different characters . </P> <H3> Writing </H3> George R.R. Martin , author of A Song of Ice and Fire , is a series co-executive producer and wrote one episode for each of the first four seasons . <P> Game of Thrones used seven writers in six seasons . Series creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the showrunners , write most of the episodes each season . </P> <P> A Song of Ice and Fire author George R.R. Martin wrote one episode in each of the first four seasons . Martin did not write an episode for the later seasons , since he wanted to focus on completing the sixth novel ( The Winds of Winter ) . Jane Espenson co-wrote one first - season episode as a freelance writer . </P> <P> Bryan Cogman , initially a script coordinator for the series , was promoted to producer for the fifth season . Cogman , who wrote at least one episode for the first five seasons , is the only other writer in the writers ' room with Benioff and Weiss . Before his promotion , Vanessa Taylor ( a writer during the second and third seasons ) worked closely with Benioff and Weiss . Dave Hill joined the writing staff for the fifth season after working as an assistant to Benioff and Weiss . Although Martin is not in the writers ' room , he reads the script outlines and makes comments . </P> <P> Benioff and Weiss sometimes assign characters to particular writers ; for example , Cogman was assigned to Arya Stark for the fourth season . The writers spend several weeks writing a character outline , including what material from the novels to use and the overarching themes . After these individual outlines are complete , they spend another two to three weeks discussing each main character 's individual arc and arranging them episode by episode . A detailed outline is created , with each of the writers working on a portion to create a script for each episode . Cogman , who wrote two episodes for the fifth season , took a month and a half to complete both scripts . They are then read by Benioff and Weiss , who make notes , and parts of the script are rewritten . All ten episodes are written before filming begins , since they are filmed out of order with two units in different countries . </P> <P> Benioff and Weiss write each of their episodes together , with one of them writing the first half of the script and the other the second half . After that they begin with passing the drafts back and forth to make notes and rewrite parts of it . </P> <H3> Adaptation schedule </H3> <P> Benioff and Weiss originally intended to adapt the entire , still - incomplete A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels for television . After Game of Thrones began outpacing the published novels in the sixth season , the series was based on a plot outline of the future novels provided by Martin and original content . In April 2016 , the showrunners ' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season : seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth . Later that month , the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven - episode order . As of 2017 , seven seasons have been ordered and filmed , adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Ordered </Th> <Th> Filming </Th> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> <Th> Novel ( s ) adapted </Th> <Th> Refs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 1 </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Second half of 2010 </Td> <Td> April 17 , 2011 </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2011 </Td> <Td> A Game of Thrones </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 2 </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Second half of 2011 </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2012 </Td> <Td> June 3 , 2012 </Td> <Td> A Clash of Kings and some early chapters from A Storm of Swords </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 3 </Td> <Td> April 10 , 2012 </Td> <Td> July -- November 2012 </Td> <Td> March 31 , 2013 </Td> <Td> June 9 , 2013 </Td> <Td> About the first two - thirds of A Storm of Swords </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 4 </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2013 </Td> <Td> July -- November 2013 </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2014 </Td> <Td> June 15 , 2014 </Td> <Td> The remaining one - third of A Storm of Swords and some elements from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 5 </Td> <Td> April 8 , 2014 </Td> <Td> July -- December 2014 </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2015 </Td> <Td> June 14 , 2015 </Td> <Td> A Feast for Crows , A Dance with Dragons and original content , with some late chapters from A Storm of Swords and elements from The Winds of Winter </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 6 </Td> <Td> July -- December 2015 </Td> <Td> April 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> June 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Original content and outline from The Winds of Winter , with some late elements from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 7 </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> August 2016 -- February 2017 </Td> <Td> July 16 , 2017 </Td> <Td> August 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Original content and outline from The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Season 8 </Td> <Td> July 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> October 2017 -- Mid 2018 </Td> <Td> 2018 / 19 </Td> <Td> 2018 / 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The first two seasons adapted one novel each . For the later seasons , its creators see Game of Thrones as an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire as a whole rather than the individual novels ; this enables them to move events across novels , according to screen - adaptation requirements . </P> <H3> Filming </H3> The Azure Window at Ras - id - Dwerja , on Gozo , was the site of the Dothraki wedding in season one . <P> Principal photography for the first season was scheduled to begin on July 26 , 2010 , and the primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast , Northern Ireland . Exterior scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed at Sandy Brae in the Mourne Mountains ( standing in for Vaes Dothrak ) , Castle Ward ( Winterfell ) , Saintfield Estates ( the Winterfell godswood ) , Tollymore Forest ( outdoor scenes ) , Cairncastle ( the execution site ) , the Magheramorne quarry ( Castle Black ) and Shane 's Castle ( the tourney grounds ) . Doune Castle in Stirling , Scotland , was also used in the original pilot episode for scenes at Winterfell . The producers initially considered filming the whole series in Scotland , but decided on Northern Ireland because of the availability of studio space . </P> <P> The first season 's southern scenes were filmed in Malta , a change in location from the pilot episode 's Moroccan sets . The city of Mdina was used for King 's Landing . Filming was also done at Fort Manoel ( representing the Sept of Baelor ) , at the Azure Window on the island of Gozo ( the Dothraki wedding site ) and at San Anton Palace , Fort Ricasoli , Fort St. Angelo and St. Dominic monastery ( all used for scenes in the Red Keep ) . </P> The walled city of Dubrovnik became King 's Landing in season two . <P> Filming of the second season 's southern scenes shifted from Malta to Croatia , where the city of Dubrovnik and nearby locations allowed exterior shots of a walled , coastal medieval city . The Walls of Dubrovnik and Fort Lovrijenac were used for scenes in King 's Landing and the Red Keep . The island of Lokrum , the St. Dominic monastery in the coastal town of Trogir , the Rector 's Palace in Dubrovnik , and the Dubac quarry ( a few kilometers east ) were used for scenes set in Qarth . Scenes set north of the Wall , in the Frostfangs and at the Fist of the First Men , were filmed in November 2011 in Iceland : on the Vatnajökull glacier near Smyrlabjörg , the Svínafellsjökull glacier near Skaftafell and the Mýrdalsjökull glacier near Vik on Höfðabrekkuheiði . </P> <P> Third - season production returned to Dubrovnik , with the Walls of Dubrovnik , Fort Lovrijenac and nearby locations again used for scenes in King 's Landing and the Red Keep . Trsteno Arboretum , a new location , is the garden of the Tyrells in King 's Landing . The third season also returned to Morocco ( including the city of Essaouira ) to film Daenerys ' scenes in Essos . Dimmuborgir and the Grjótagjá cave in Iceland were used as well . One scene , with a live bear , was filmed in Los Angeles . The production used three units ( Dragon , Wolf and Raven ) filming in parallel , six directing teams , 257 cast members and 703 crew members . </P> Ballintoy Harbour was Lordsport on the Iron Islands . <P> The fourth season returned to Dubrovnik and included new locations , including Diocletian 's Palace in Split , Klis Fortress north of Split , Perun quarry east of Split , the Mosor mountain range , and Baška Voda further south . Thingvellir National Park in Iceland was used for the fight between Brienne and the Hound . Filming took 136 days and ended on November 21 , 2013 . The fifth season added Seville , Spain , used for scenes of Dorne , as well as Córdoba . </P> <P> The sixth season , which began filming in July 2015 , returned to Spain and filmed in Navarra , Guadalajara , Seville , Almeria Girona and Peniscola . Filming also returned to Dubrovnik , Croatia . </P> <P> Filming of the seven episodes of season 7 began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , with other filming in Iceland , Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain . Spain filming locations included Seville , Cáceres , Almodovar del Rio , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . The series also filmed in Dubrovnik , which is used for location of King 's Landing . Filming continued until the end of February 2017 as necessary to ensure winter weather in some of the European locations . </P> <H3> Directing </H3> <P> Each ten - episode season of Game of Thrones has four to six directors , who usually direct back - to - back episodes . Alan Taylor has directed seven episodes , the most episodes of the series . Alex Graves , David Nutter , Mark Mylod and Jeremy Podeswa have directed six each . Daniel Minahan directed five episodes , and Michelle MacLaren , Alik Sakharov , and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each . Brian Kirk directed three episodes during the first season , and Tim Van Patten directed the series ' first two episodes . Neil Marshall directed two episodes , both with large battle scenes : `` Blackwater '' and `` The Watchers on the Wall '' . Other directors have been Jack Bender , David Petrarca , Daniel Sackheim , Michael Slovis and

The TV show Game of Thrones has adapted up to the

How far into game of thrones is the tv show?

-1059932910092423631

Gestalt psychology - wikipedia <H1> Gestalt psychology </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Psychology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Outline </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Subfields </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basic types ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Abnormal </Li> <Li> Behavioral genetics </Li> <Li> Biological </Li> <Li> Cognitive / Cognitivism </Li> <Li> Comparative </Li> <Li> Cross-cultural </Li> <Li> Cultural </Li> <Li> Differential </Li> <Li> Developmental </Li> <Li> Evolutionary </Li> <Li> Experimental </Li> <Li> Mathematical </Li> <Li> Neuropsychology </Li> <Li> Personality </Li> <Li> Positive </Li> <Li> Quantitative </Li> <Li> Social </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Applied psychology ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Applied behavior analysis </Li> <Li> Clinical </Li> <Li> Community </Li> <Li> Consumer </Li> <Li> Counseling </Li> <Li> Critical </Li> <Li> Educational </Li> <Li> Environmental </Li> <Li> Ergonomics </Li> <Li> Forensic </Li> <Li> Health </Li> <Li> Humanistic </Li> <Li> Industrial and organizational </Li> <Li> Interpretive </Li> <Li> Legal </Li> <Li> Medical </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Occupational health </Li> <Li> Political </Li> <Li> Religion </Li> <Li> School </Li> <Li> Sport </Li> <Li> Traffic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lists ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Disciplines </Li> <Li> Organizations </Li> <Li> Psychologists </Li> <Li> Psychotherapies </Li> <Li> Publications </Li> <Li> Research methods </Li> <Li> Theories </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> Topics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Psychology portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Gestalt psychology or gestaltism ( German : Gestalt ( ɡəˈʃtalt ) `` shape , form '' ) is a philosophy of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology . Gestalt psychology is an attempt to understand the laws behind the ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world . The central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms a global whole with self - organizing tendencies . The assumed physiological mechanisms on which Gestalt theory rests are poorly defined and support for their existence is lacking . The Gestalt theory of perception has been criticized as being descriptive of the end products of perception without providing much insight into the processes that lead to perception . In the introduction to a 2016 special issue of the journal Vision Research on Gestalt perception , the authors concluded that `` even though they study the same phenomena as earlier Gestaltists , there is little theoretical coherence . What happened to the Gestalt school that always aspired to provide a unified vision of psychology ? Perhaps there is , in fact , little that holds the classic phenomena of Gestalt psychology together . '' </P> <P> This principle maintains that when the human mind ( perceptual system ) forms a percept or `` gestalt '' , the whole has a reality of its own , independent of the parts . The original famous phrase of Gestalt psychologist Kurt Koffka , `` The whole is other than the sum of the parts '' is often incorrectly translated as `` The whole is greater than the sum of its parts '' , and thus used when explaining gestalt theory , and further incorrectly applied to systems theory . Koffka did not like the translation . He firmly corrected students who replaced `` other '' with `` greater '' . `` This is not a principle of addition '' he said . The whole has an independent existence . </P> <P> In the study of perception , Gestalt psychologists stipulate that perceptions are the products of complex interactions among various stimuli . Contrary to the behaviorist approach to focusing on stimulus and response , gestalt psychologists sought to understand the organization of cognitive processes ( Carlson and Heth , 2010 ) . The gestalt effect is the capability of our brain to generate whole forms , particularly with respect to the visual recognition of global figures instead of just collections of simpler and unrelated elements ( points , lines , curves , etc . ) . </P> <P> In psychology , gestaltism is often opposed to structuralism . Gestalt theory , it is proposed , allows for the deconstruction of the whole situation into its elements . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origins <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Gestalt therapy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Theoretical framework and methodology </Li> <Li> 3 Support from cybernetics and neurology </Li> <Li> 4 Properties <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Emergence </Li> <Li> 4.2 Reification </Li> <Li> 4.3 Multistability </Li> <Li> 4.4 Invariance </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Prägnanz </Li> <Li> 6 Criticisms </Li> <Li> 7 Gestalt views in psychology <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Fuzzy - trace theory </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Use in design </Li> <Li> 9 Music </Li> <Li> 10 Quantum cognition modeling </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origins ( edit ) </H2> <P> The concept of gestalt was first introduced in philosophy and psychology in 1890 by Christian von Ehrenfels ( a member of the School of Brentano ) . The idea of gestalt has its roots in theories by David Hume , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Immanuel Kant , David Hartley , and Ernst Mach . Max Wertheimer 's unique contribution was to insist that the `` gestalt '' is perceptually primary , defining the parts it was composed from , rather than being a secondary quality that emerges from those parts , as von Ehrenfels 's earlier Gestalt - Qualität had been . </P> <P> Both von Ehrenfels and Edmund Husserl seem to have been inspired by Mach 's work Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen ( Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations , 1886 ) , in formulating their very similar concepts of gestalt and figural moment , respectively . On the philosophical foundations of these ideas see Foundations of Gestalt Theory ( Smith , ed. , 1988 ) . </P> <P> Early 20th century theorists , such as Kurt Koffka , Max Wertheimer , and Wolfgang Köhler ( students of Carl Stumpf ) saw objects as perceived within an environment according to all of their elements taken together as a global construct . This ' gestalt ' or ' whole form ' approach sought to define principles of perception -- seemingly innate mental laws that determined the way objects were perceived . It is based on the here and now , and in the way things are seen . Images can be divided into figure or ground . The question is what is perceived at first glance : the figure in front , or the background . </P> <P> These laws took several forms , such as the grouping of similar , or proximate , objects together , within this global process . Although gestalt has been criticized for being merely descriptive , it has formed the basis of much further research into the perception of patterns and objects ( Carlson et al. 2000 ) , and of research into behavior , thinking , problem solving and psychopathology . </P> <H3> Gestalt therapy ( edit ) </H3> <P> The founders of Gestalt therapy , Fritz and Laura Perls , had worked with Kurt Goldstein , a neurologist who had applied principles of Gestalt psychology to the functioning of the organism . Laura Perls had been a Gestalt psychologist before she became a psychoanalyst and before she began developing Gestalt therapy together with Fritz Perls . The extent to which Gestalt psychology influenced Gestalt therapy is disputed , however . In any case it is not identical with Gestalt psychology . On the one hand , Laura Perls preferred not to use the term `` Gestalt '' to name the emerging new therapy , because she thought that the gestalt psychologists would object to it ; on the other hand Fritz and Laura Perls clearly adopted some of Goldstein 's work . Thus , though recognizing the historical connection and the influence , most gestalt psychologists emphasize that gestalt therapy is not a form of gestalt psychology . </P> <P> Mary Henle noted in her presidential address to Division 24 at the meeting of the American Psychological Association ( 1975 ) : `` What Perls has done has been to take a few terms from Gestalt psychology , stretch their meaning beyond recognition , mix them with notions -- often unclear and often incompatible -- from the depth psychologies , existentialism , and common sense , and he has called the whole mixture gestalt therapy . His work has no substantive relation to scientific Gestalt psychology . To use his own language , Fritz Perls has done ' his thing ' ; whatever it is , it is not Gestalt psychology '' With the Gestalt theory however , she restricts herself explicitly to only three of Perls ' books from 1969 and 1972 , leaving out Perls ' earlier work , and Gestalt therapy in general . </P> <P> There are clinical applications of Gestalt psychology in the psychotherapeutic field , foremost in Europe , e.g. Gestalt theoretical psychotherapy . </P> <H2> Theoretical framework and methodology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The school of gestalt practiced a series of theoretical and methodological principles that attempted to redefine the approach to psychological research . This is in contrast to investigations developed at the beginning of the 20th century , based on traditional scientific methodology , which divided the object of study into a set of elements that could be analyzed separately with the objective of reducing the complexity of this object . </P> <P> The theoretical principles are the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Principle of Totality -- The conscious experience must be considered globally ( by taking into account all the physical and mental aspects of the individual simultaneously ) because the nature of the mind demands that each component be considered as part of a system of dynamic relationships . </Li> <Li> Principle of psychophysical isomorphism -- A correlation exists between conscious experience and cerebral activity . </Li> </Ul> <P> Based on the principles above the following methodological principles are defined : </P> <Ul> <Li> Phenomenon experimental analysis -- In relation to the Totality Principle any psychological research should take phenomena as a starting point and not be solely focused on sensory qualities . </Li> <Li> Biotic experiment -- The school of gestalt established a need to conduct real experiments that sharply contrasted with and opposed classic laboratory experiments . This signified experimenting in natural situations , developed in real conditions , in which it would be possible to reproduce , with higher fidelity , what would be habitual for a subject . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Support from cybernetics and neurology ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the 1940s and 1950s , laboratory research in neurology and what became known as cybernetics on the mechanism of frogs ' eyes indicate that perception of ' gestalts ' ( in particular gestalts in motion ) is perhaps more primitive and fundamental than ' seeing ' as such : </P> <Dl> <Dd> A frog hunts on land by vision ... He has no fovea , or region of greatest

Today, Gestalt psychology ideas are part of the

Today gestalt psychology ideas are part of which branch of psychology?

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List of governors of Oklahoma - wikipedia <H1> List of governors of Oklahoma </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Standard of the Governor of Oklahoma <P> The following is a list of Governors of the State of Oklahoma and Oklahoma Territory . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 List of Governors <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Governors of Oklahoma Territory </Li> <Li> 1.2 Governors of the State of Oklahoma </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Other high offices held </Li> <Li> 3 Living former U.S. governors of Oklahoma </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> List of governors ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Governors of Oklahoma Territory ( edit ) </H3> <P> Oklahoma Territory was formally organized on May 2 , 1890 . </P> <P> As secretaries of Oklahoma Territory in 1891 and 1901 respectively , Robert Martin and William C. Grimes both served as acting governor whenever the presidentially appointed governorship was vacant . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Parties </Dt> </Dl> <P> Republican ( 6 ) Democratic ( 1 ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Picture </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Governor ( Birth -- Death ) </Th> <Th> Party </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th> Appointing President </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Washington Steele ( 1839 -- 1922 ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> May 22 , 1890 </Td> <Td> October 18 , 1891 </Td> <Td> Benjamin Harrison </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Martin ( 1833 -- 1897 ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> October 18 , 1891 </Td> <Td> February 1 , 1892 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Acting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Abraham Jefferson Seay ( 1832 -- 1915 ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> February 1 , 1892 </Td> <Td> May 7 , 1893 </Td> <Td> Benjamin Harrison </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Cary Renfrow ( 1845 -- 1922 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> May 7 , 1893 </Td> <Td> January 31 , 1897 </Td> <Td> Grover Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cassius M. Barnes ( 1845 -- 1925 ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 31 , 1897 </Td> <Td> April 15 , 1901 </Td> <Td> William McKinley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Miller Jenkins ( 1856 -- 1941 ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> April 15 , 1901 </Td> <Td> November 30 , 1901 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William C. Grimes ( 1857 -- 1931 ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> November 30 , 1901 </Td> <Td> December 9 , 1901 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Acting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thompson Benton Ferguson ( 1857 -- 1921 ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> December 9 , 1901 </Td> <Td> January 5 , 1906 </Td> <Td> Theodore Roosevelt </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frank Frantz ( 1872 -- 1941 ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 5 , 1906 </Td> <Td> November 16 , 1907 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Governors of the State of Oklahoma ( edit ) </H3> <P> Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory joined the Union as the State of Oklahoma on November 16 , 1907 . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Parties </Dt> </Dl> <P> Democratic ( 22 ) Republican ( 5 ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Governor ( Birth -- Death ) </Th> <Th> Party </Th> <Th> Took office </Th> <Th> Left office </Th> <Th colspan="2"> Lt. Governor </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles N. Haskell ( 1860 -- 1933 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> November 16 , 1907 </Td> <Td> January 9 , 1911 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George W. Bellamy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lee Cruce ( 1863 -- 1933 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 9 , 1911 </Td> <Td> January 11 , 1915 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J.J. McAlester </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert L. Williams ( 1868 -- 1948 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 11 , 1915 </Td> <Td> January 13 , 1919 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martin E. Trapp </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James B.A. Robertson ( 1871 -- 1938 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 13 , 1919 </Td> <Td> January 8 , 1923 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martin E. Trapp </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jack C. Walton ( 1881 -- 1949 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 8 , 1923 </Td> <Td> November 19 , 1923 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martin E. Trapp </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Martin E. Trapp ( 1877 -- 1951 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> November 19 , 1923 </Td> <Td> January 10 , 1927 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> vacant </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Henry S. Johnston ( 1867 -- 1965 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 10 , 1927 </Td> <Td> March 20 , 1929 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William J. Holloway </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William J. Holloway ( 1888 -- 1970 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> March 20 , 1929 </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1931 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> vacant </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> William H. Murray ( 1869 -- 1956 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1931 </Td> <Td> January 14 , 1935 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert Burns </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E.W. Marland ( 1874 -- 1941 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 15 , 1935 </Td> <Td> January 9 , 1939 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James E. Berry </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leon C. Phillips ( 1890 -- 1958 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 9 , 1939 </Td> <Td> January 11 , 1943 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James E. Berry </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert S. Kerr ( 1896 -- 1963 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 11 , 1943 </Td> <Td> January 13 , 1947 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James E. Berry </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roy J. Turner ( 1894 -- 1973 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 13 , 1947 </Td> <Td> January 8 , 1951 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James E. Berry </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johnston Murray ( 1902 -- 1974 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 8 , 1951 </Td> <Td> January 10 , 1955 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James E. Berry </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Raymond D. Gary ( 1908 -- 1993 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 10 , 1955 </Td> <Td> January 12 , 1959 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cowboy Pink Williams </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> J. Howard Edmondson ( 1925 -- 1971 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 12 , 1959 </Td> <Td> January 6 , 1963 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Nigh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Nigh ( 1927 -- ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 6 , 1963 </Td> <Td> January 14 , 1963 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> vacant </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Henry Bellmon ( 1921 -- 2009 ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 14 , 1963 </Td> <Td> January 9 , 1967 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leo Winters </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dewey F. Bartlett ( 1919 -- 1979 ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 9 , 1967 </Td> <Td> January 11 , 1971 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Nigh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Hall ( 1930 -- 2016 ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 11 , 1971 </Td> <Td> January 13 , 1975 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Nigh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David L. Boren ( 1941 -- ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 13 , 1975 </Td> <Td> January 8 , 1979 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Nigh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George Nigh ( 1927 -- ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 8 , 1979 </Td> <Td> January 12 , 1987 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spencer Bernard </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Henry Bellmon ( 1921 -- 2009 ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 12 , 1987 </Td> <Td> January 14 , 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert S. Kerr III </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Walters ( 1951 -- ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 14 , 1991 </Td> <Td> January 9 , 1995 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jack Mildren </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frank Keating ( 1944 -- ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 9 , 1995 </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mary Fallin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brad Henry ( 1963 -- ) </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2003 </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mary Fallin ( Republican ) Jari Askins ( Democratic ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mary Fallin ( 1954 -- ) </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> January 10 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Incumbent </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Todd Lamb </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other high offices held ( edit ) </H2> <P> This is a table of congressional seats , other federal offices , and other governorships held by governors . All representatives and senators mentioned represented Oklahoma except where noted . * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Governor </Th> <Th> Gubernatorial term </Th> <Th colspan="2"> U.S. Congress </Th> <Th> Other offices held </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House </Th> <Th> Senate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Washington Steele </Td> <Td> 1890 -- 1891 ( territorial ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> U.S. Representative from Indiana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William H. Murray </Td> <Td> 1931 -- 1935 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> First Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> E.W. Marland </Td> <Td> 1935 -- 1939 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert S. Kerr </Td> <Td> 1943 -- 1947 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> J. Howard Edmondson </Td> <Td> 1959 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> S * </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henry Bellmon </Td> <Td> 1963 -- 1967 1987 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dewey F. Bartlett </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1971 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Boren </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1979 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> President of the University of Oklahoma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Keating </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States Associate Attorney General ; United States Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development </Td> </Tr> <Tr>

The first territorial governor of Oklahoma was

Who was the first territorial governor of oklahoma?

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Sneaky Pete - wikipedia <H1> Sneaky Pete </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Sneaky Pete </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Crime drama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Shore </Li> <Li> Bryan Cranston </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Giovanni Ribisi </Li> <Li> Marin Ireland </Li> <Li> Shane McRae </Li> <Li> Libe Barer </Li> <Li> Michael Drayer </Li> <Li> Peter Gerety </Li> <Li> Margo Martindale </Li> <Li> Jane Adams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Harder Out Here '' by The Bright Light Social Hour </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nathan Barr </Li> <Li> Stephen Lukach </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 20 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Graham Yost </Li> <Li> Michael Dinner </Li> <Li> Fred Golan </Li> <Li> Bryan Cranston </Li> <Li> Seth Gordon </Li> <Li> James Degus </Li> <Li> David Shore ( Pilot ) </Li> <Li> Erin Gunn ( Pilot ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sal Calleros </Li> <Li> Margo Myers Massey </Li> <Li> Mary Rohlich ( Pilot ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rene Ohashi </Li> <Li> David Hennings ( Pilot ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Single - camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 41 -- 59 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Shore Z Productions Nemo Films Moonshot Entertainment Exhibit A Sony Pictures Television Amazon Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Amazon Video </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sneaky Pete is an American crime drama series created by David Shore and Bryan Cranston . The series follows Marius Josipović ( Giovanni Ribisi ) , a released convict who adopts the identity of his cell mate , Pete Murphy , in order to avoid his past life . The series also stars Marin Ireland , Shane McRae , Libe Barer , Michael Drayer , Peter Gerety , and Margo Martindale . The pilot debuted on August 7 , 2015 , and was followed by a full series order that September . Shore left the project in early 2016 and was replaced by Graham Yost , who served as executive producer and showrunner for the remaining nine episodes . The first season premiered in its entirety on January 13 , 2017 , exclusively on Amazon Video . On January 19 , 2017 , Amazon announced that Sneaky Pete had been renewed for a second season , which was released on March 9 , 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> <Li> 2.3 Guest stars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Critical </Li> <Li> 5.2 Awards and nominations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sneaky Pete follows `` Marius , a con man who gets out of prison only to find himself hunted by the vicious gangster he once robbed . With nowhere else to turn , Marius takes cover from his past by assuming the identity of his cellmate , Pete , and then `` reunites '' with Pete 's estranged family -- who have no reason to suspect he 's not their long - lost loved one . '' </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Giovanni Ribisi as Marius Josipović / Pete Murphy </Li> <Li> Marin Ireland as Julia Bowman </Li> <Li> Shane McRae as Taylor Bowman </Li> <Li> Libe Barer as Carly Bowman </Li> <Li> Michael Drayer as Eddie Josipović ( season 1 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Gerety as Otto Bernhardt </Li> <Li> Margo Martindale as Audrey Bernhardt </Li> <Li> Jane Adams as Maggie Murphy ( season 2 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bryan Cranston as Vince Lonigan </Li> <Li> Victor Williams as Richard </Li> <Li> Karolina Wydra as Karolina </Li> <Li> Jacob Pitts as Lance Lord </Li> <Li> Michael O'Keefe as Detective Winslow </Li> <Li> Virginia Kull as Katie Boyd </Li> <Li> Alison Wright as Marjorie </Li> <Li> Mike Houston as Dennis </Li> <Li> Brad William Henke as Brendon Boyd </Li> <Li> Jeté Laurence as Ellen </Li> <Li> Justine Cotsonas as Shannon </Li> <Li> Kevin Chapman as Bo Lockley </Li> <Li> Jay O. Sanders as Sam </Li> <Li> Chaske Spencer as Chayton Dockery </Li> <Li> René Ifrah as Wali </Li> <Li> Jasmine Carmichael as Gina </Li> <Li> Pej Vahdat as Raj Kumar Mukherjee </Li> <Li> Max Darwin as Tate </Li> <Li> Jeffrey De Serrano as Ayawamat </Li> <Li> Malcolm - Jamal Warner as James Bagwell </Li> <Li> C.S. Lee as Joseph Lee </Li> <Li> Ben Vereen as Porter </Li> <Li> Domenick Lombardozzi as Abraham Persikof </Li> <Li> Debra Monk as Connie Persikof </Li> <Li> Ethan Embry as the real Pete Murphy </Li> <Li> Jennifer Ferrin as Joyce Roby ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Miriam Morales as Teacher ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> John Ales as Luka Delchev ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Sara Tomko as Suzanne ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Chris Ashworth as Miro ( season 2 ) </Li> <Li> Justine Lupe as Hannah ( season 2 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest stars ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Rory Culkin as Gavin </Li> <Li> Wayne Duvall as Charles McGregor </Li> <Li> Steve Wiebe as Stephen Davidson </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Pilot '' </Td> <Td> Seth Gordon </Td> <Td> Story by : David Shore & Bryan Cranston Teleplay by : David Shore </Td> <Td> August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Safe '' </Td> <Td> Michael Dinner </Td> <Td> Graham Yost </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Mr. Success '' </Td> <Td> Michael Pressman </Td> <Td> Fred Golan </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Fury '' </Td> <Td> Craig Zisk </Td> <Td> Benjamin Cavell </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Sam '' </Td> <Td> Sarah Pia Anderson </Td> <Td> Graham Yost </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Coyote Is Always Hungry '' </Td> <Td> Adam Arkin </Td> <Td> Jennifer Kennedy </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Lieutenant Bernhardt '' </Td> <Td> Laura Innes </Td> <Td> Sal Calleros </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Roll Over '' </Td> <Td> Bryan Cranston </Td> <Td> Ian MacDonald </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` The Turn '' </Td> <Td> Rosemary Rodriguez </Td> <Td> Benjamin Cavell </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The Longest Day '' </Td> <Td> Michael Dinner </Td> <Td> Story by : Graham Yost Teleplay by : Fred Golan </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Sinister Hotel Room Mystery '' </Td> <Td> Adam Arkin </Td> <Td> Graham Yost </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Inside Out '' </Td> <Td> Giovanni Ribisi </Td> <Td> Fred Golan </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Man on the Run '' </Td> <Td> Ami Canaan Mann </Td> <Td> Ingrid Escajeda </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Maggie '' </Td> <Td> Cherie Nowlan </Td> <Td> Jennifer Kennedy </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The Tower '' </Td> <Td> Jon Avnet </Td> <Td> Sal Calleros </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` 11 Million Reasons You Ca n't Go Home Again '' </Td> <Td> Laura Innes </Td> <Td> Ian MacDonald </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Reluctant Taxidermist '' </Td> <Td> Helen Shaver </Td> <Td> Adam Reid & Max Reid </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Marius Josipovic '' </Td> <Td> Adam Bernstein </Td> <Td> Story by : Graham Yost Teleplay by : Ingrid Escajeda </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Buffalo Soldiers '' </Td> <Td> Denise Di Novi </Td> <Td> Story by : Graham Yost Teleplay by : Sal Calleros </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Switch '' </Td> <Td> Michael Dinner </Td> <Td> Graham Yost & Fred Golan </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> Promotional poster . <P> In November 2014 , CBS gave a production commitment to Sneaky Pete . A formal pilot for the show was shot in New York in March 2015 . On May 8 , CBS decided to pass on the pilot , while also canceling David Shore 's other series on the network , Battle Creek . Just two days later , it was reported that the pilot might be moving to cable networks , with many expressing interest . </P> <P> In June , it was reported that Amazon was in negotiations to pick up the pilot , with some tweaking and possible minor reshoots before being made available to the viewers . The pilot was released on Amazon on August 7 , 2015 and was ordered to series on September 2 , 2015 . </P> <P> In March 2016

The actor who plays Sneaky Pete is

Who is the actor that plays sneaky pete?

-99722774431057184

Arctic Circle - wikipedia <H1> Arctic Circle </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about one of the five major circles of latitude . For other uses , see Arctic Circle ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Arctic , with the Arctic Circle in blue and the July 10 ° C mean isotherm in red <P> The Arctic Circle is the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth . It marks the northernmost point at which the noon sun is just visible on the December solstice and the southernmost point at which the midnight sun is just visible on the June solstice . The region north of this circle is known as the Arctic , and the zone just to the south is called the Northern Temperate Zone . </P> <P> As seen from the Arctic , the Sun is above the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore visible at midnight ) and below the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year ( and therefore not visible at noon ) . This is also true in the Antarctic region , south of the equivalent Antarctic Circle . </P> <P> The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed ; as of 9 January 2018 , it runs 66 ° 33 ′ 47.0 '' north of the Equator . Its latitude depends on the Earth 's axial tilt , which fluctuates within a margin of 2 ° over a 40,000 - year period , due to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon . Consequently , the Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 15 metres ( 49 feet ) per year . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Midnight sun and polar night </Li> <Li> 3 Human habitation </Li> <Li> 4 Geography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Climate </Li> <Li> 4.2 Sites along the Arctic Circle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The word arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός ( arktikos : `` near the Bear , northern '' ) and that from the word ἄρκτος ( arktos : `` bear '' ) . </P> <H2> Midnight sun and Polar night ( edit ) </H2> Relationship of Earth 's axial tilt ( ε ) to the tropical and polar circles Further information : Midnight sun and Polar night <P> The Arctic Circle is the southernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere at which the sun can remain continuously above or below the horizon for twenty - four hours ; as a result , at least once each year at any location within the Arctic Circle the sun is visible at local midnight , and at least once it is not visible at local noon . </P> <P> Directly on the Arctic Circle these events occur , in principle , exactly once per year : at the June and December solstices , respectively . However , because of atmospheric refraction and mirages , and because the sun appears as a disk and not a point , part of the midnight sun may be seen on the night of the northern summer solstice up to about 50 minutes ( ′ ) ( 90 km ( 56 mi ) ) south of the Arctic Circle ; similarly , on the day of the northern winter solstice , part of the sun may be seen up to about 50 ′ north of the Arctic Circle . That is true at sea level ; those limits increase with elevation above sea level , although in mountainous regions there is often no direct view of the true horizon . </P> <H2> Human habitation ( edit ) </H2> Cylindrical projection showing the Arctic Circle in red Further information : Arctic peoples <P> Only four million people live north of the Arctic Circle due to the severe climate ; nonetheless , some areas have been settled for thousands of years by indigenous peoples , who today make up 10 % of the region 's population . Tens of thousands of years ago , waves of people migrated from eastern Siberia across the Bering Strait into North America to settle . Much later , in the historic period , there has been migration into some Arctic areas by Europeans and other immigrants . </P> <P> The largest communities north of the Arctic Circle are situated in Russia and Norway : Murmansk ( population 307,257 ) , Norilsk ( 175,365 ) , Tromsø ( 71,295 ) and Vorkuta ( 59,231 ) . Rovaniemi ( 61,329 ) in Finland is the largest settlement in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle , lying 6 kilometres ( 4 miles ) south of the line . </P> <P> In contrast , the largest North American community north of the Arctic Circle , Sisimiut ( Greenland ) , has approximately 5,000 inhabitants . Of the Canadian and United States Arctic communities , Barrow , Alaska is the largest settlement with about 4,000 inhabitants . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Export all coordinates as KML </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Export all coordinates as GPX </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Map all microformatted coordinates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Place data as RDF </Td> </Tr> </Table> The countries transcending the Arctic Circle <P> The Arctic Circle is roughly 16,000 kilometres ( 9,900 mi ) . The area north of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km ( 7,700,000 sq mi ) and covers roughly 4 % of Earth 's surface . </P> <P> The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean , the Scandinavian Peninsula , North Asia , Northern America and Greenland . The land within the Arctic Circle is divided among 8 countries : Norway , Sweden , Finland , Russia , the United States ( Alaska ) , Canada ( Yukon , Northwest Territories and Nunavut ) , Denmark ( Greenland ) and Iceland ( where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey ) . </P> <H3> Climate ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Climate of the Arctic <P> The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold , but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream , which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice - free all year long . In the interior , summers can be quite warm , while winters are extremely cold . For example , summer temperatures in Norilsk , Russia will sometimes reach as high as 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) , while the winter temperatures frequently fall below − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) . </P> <H3> Sites along the Arctic Circle ( edit ) </H3> <P> Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastwards , the Arctic Circle passes through : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Co-ordinates </Th> <Th> Country , territory or sea </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 000 ° 00 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 0.000 ° E  / 66.567 ; 0.000  ( Prime Meridian ) </Td> <Th> Arctic Ocean </Th> <Td> Norwegian Sea </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 12 ° 48 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 12.800 ° E  / 66.567 ; 12.800  ( Nordland County , Norway ) </Td> <Th> Norway </Th> <Td> Nordland County </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 15 ° 31 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 15.517 ° E  / 66.567 ; 15.517  ( Norrbotten County , Sweden ) </Td> <Th> Sweden </Th> <Td> Norrbotten County ( Provinces of Lapland and Norrbotten ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 23 ° 51 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 23.850 ° E  / 66.567 ; 23.850  ( Lapland Province , Finland ) </Td> <Th> Finland </Th> <Td> Lapland Region , crosses Rovaniemi Airport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 29 ° 28 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 29.467 ° E  / 66.567 ; 29.467  ( Karelia , Russia ) </Td> <Th> Russia </Th> <Td> Republic of Karelia Murmansk Oblast -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 31 ° 36 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 31.600 ° E  / 66.567 ; 31.600  ( Murmansk , Russia ) Republic of Karelia -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 32 ° 37 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 32.617 ° E  / 66.567 ; 32.617  ( Karelia , Russia ) Murmansk Oblast ( Grand Island ) -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 33 ° 10 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 33.167 ° E  / 66.567 ; 33.167  ( Murmansk , Russia ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 33 ° 25 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 33.417 ° E  / 66.567 ; 33.417  ( Kandalaksha Gulf , White Sea ) </Td> <Th> White Sea </Th> <Td> Kandalaksha Gulf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 28 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 34.467 ° E  / 66.567 ; 34.467  ( Murmansk Oblast , Russia ) </Td> <Th> Russia </Th> <Td> Murmansk Oblast ( Kola Peninsula ) -- for about 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 34 ° 38 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 34.633 ° E  / 66.567 ; 34.633  ( Kandalaksha Gulf , White Sea ) </Td> <Th> White Sea </Th> <Td> Kandalaksha Gulf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 35 ° 0 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 35.000 ° E  / 66.567 ; 35.000  ( Murmansk Oblast , Kola Peninsula , Russia ) </Td> <Th> Russia </Th> <Td> Murmansk Oblast ( Kola Peninsula ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 40 ° 42 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 40.700 ° E  / 66.567 ; 40.700  ( White Sea ) </Td> <Th> White Sea </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 44 ° 23 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 44.383 ° E  / 66.567 ; 44.383  ( Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) </Td> <Th> Russia </Th> <Td> Nenets Autonomous Okrug Komi Republic -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 50 ° 51 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 50.850 ° E  / 66.567 ; 50.850  ( Komi Republic , Russia ) Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 63 ° 48 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 63.800 ° E  / 66.567 ; 63.800  ( Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 71 ° 5 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 71.083 ° E  / 66.567 ; 71.083  ( Gulf of Ob ) </Td> <Th> Gulf of Ob </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 ° 34 ′ N 72 ° 27 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 72.450 ° E  / 66.567 ; 72.450  ( Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug , Russia ) </Td> <Th> Russia </Th> <Td> Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug Krasnoyarsk Krai -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 83 ° 3 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 83.050 ° E  / 66.567 ; 83.050  ( Krasnoyarsk Krai , Russia ) Sakha Republic -- from 66 ° 34 ′ N 106 ° 18 ′ E  /  66.567 ° N 106.300

The Arctic Circle is located at the

Where is the arctic circle located on a world map?

-4649146182478016322

Virgin Australia - Wikipedia <H1> Virgin Australia </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the holding company that owns Virgin Australia , see Virgin Australia Holdings . <Table> Virgin Australia <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> IATA </Th> <Th> ICAO </Th> <Th> Callsign </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> VA </Td> <Td> VOZ </Td> <Td> VELOCITY </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1999 ( as Virgin Blue ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commenced operations </Th> <Td> 31 August 2000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hubs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Auckland Airport </Li> <Li> Brisbane Airport </Li> <Li> Melbourne Airport </Li> <Li> Sydney Airport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Focus cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adelaide Airport </Li> <Li> Gold Coast Airport </Li> <Li> Perth Airport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequent - flyer program </Th> <Td> Velocity Frequent Flyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fleet size </Th> <Td> 116 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Company slogan </Th> <Td> Here 's to looking up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent company </Th> <Td> Virgin Australia Holdings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Bowen Hills , Brisbane </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Borghetti ( CEO ) </Li> <Li> Richard Branson ( co-founder ) </Li> <Li> Brett Godfrey ( co-founder and former CEO ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revenue </Th> <Td> A $4.7 billion ( 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating income </Th> <Td> A - $49 million ( 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total assets </Th> <Td> A $5.8 billion ( 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total equity </Th> <Td> A $1 billion ( 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> virginaustralia.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Virgin Australia Airlines Pty Ltd , formerly Virgin Blue Airlines , is Australia 's second - largest airline after Qantas and it is the largest airline by fleet size to use the ' Virgin ' brand . Now based in Bowen Hills , Brisbane , the airline was co-founded by British businessman Richard Branson , the founder of parent Virgin Group and former Virgin Blue CEO Brett Godfrey . It was established in November 1999 with two aircraft operating on a single route , and suddenly found itself catapulted to the position of Australia 's second airline after the collapse of Ansett Australia in September 2001 . The airline has grown to directly serve 29 cities in Australia from hubs in Brisbane , Melbourne and Sydney , using a fleet of narrow - body Boeing and Embraer jets ; and Airbus and Boeing widebody jets . </P> <P> After several years operating as a low - cost carrier it improved its services to become a so - called ( self - described ) `` New World Carrier '' -- essentially a business model which offers the `` guest '' the choice of purchasing a ticket with aspects of the `` no frills '' approach of low - cost carriers or paying a little more to receive services more in line with full - service airlines -- to compete more effectively with Qantas in the business travel market . In 2011 it took this strategy further by introducing new uniforms ; new catering options on board ; new widebody aircraft to compete with Qantas on Perth -- Melbourne -- Sydney services ; and the concurrent introduction of business class in January 2012 ; together with a new livery and renaming of the brand to Virgin Australia . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early years as Virgin Blue ( 2000 - 2006 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Codesharing and network consolidation ( 2006 - 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Launch of V Australia ( 2008 - 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Reorganisation and rebranding into Virgin Australia ( 2011 - present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Corporate affairs <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Head office </Li> <Li> 2.2 Sister airlines </Li> <Li> 2.3 Marketing and sponsorship </Li> <Li> 2.4 Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Destinations <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Codeshare agreements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Fleet <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Regional expansion <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Current fleet </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Former fleet </Li> <Li> 4.1. 3 Orders </Li> <Li> 4.1. 4 Cargo </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Cabin <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Domestic and short - haul international operations <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Business class </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Premium economy </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Economy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 International long - haul operations <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 International business class </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 International premium economy class </Li> <Li> 5.2. 3 International economy class </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 In - flight amenities <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Food and beverages </Li> <Li> 6.2 In - flight entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Virgin Australia lounge <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Locations </Li> <Li> 7.2 Access </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Velocity frequent flyer </Li> <Li> 9 Controversies </Li> <Li> 10 Footnote </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early years as Virgin Blue ( 2000 - 2006 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Virgin Australia was launched as Virgin Blue in August 2000 , with two Boeing 737 - 400 aircraft , one of which was leased from then - sister airline Virgin Express . Initially offering seven return flights a day between Brisbane and Sydney , this has since been expanded to cover all major Australian cities and many holiday destinations . The Virgin Blue name was the result of an open competition ; it was a play on the predominantly red livery and the Australian slang tradition of calling a red - headed male ' Blue ' or ' Bluey ' . </P> Virgin Blue 's 50th Boeing 737 Virgin - ia Blue was the only aircraft in the fleet to be actually painted blue . This aircraft is now in Virgin Australia livery . <P> The timing of Virgin Blue 's entry into the Australian market was fortunate as it was able to fill the vacuum created by the failure of Ansett Australia in September 2001 . Ansett 's failure allowed Virgin to grow rapidly to become Australia 's second domestic carrier , rather than staying just a cut - price alternative to the established players . It also gave Virgin access to terminal space without which growth would have been significantly limited . Delays in negotiating access to the former Ansett terminal at Sydney Airport however , forced Virgin to use its original terminal there -- a collection of prefabricated buildings without aerobridges -- longer than was needed . As the airline grew , it acquired new equipment , enabling it to phase - out its older 737 - 400s in favour of 737 - 700 and - 800 series aircraft with modern glass cockpits , winglets and greater fuel efficiency . </P> <P> Virgin Group 's holding in Virgin Australia has since been reduced , initially via a sale of a half interest to Australian logistics conglomerate Patrick Corporation , and later by a public float . In early 2005 Patrick launched a hostile takeover for Virgin Blue . Patrick had been unhappy for some time with the company 's direction . By the closure of the offer , Patrick held 62 % of the company , giving it control . Virgin Group retains a 25 % share . </P> <P> In May 2006 Toll Holdings acquired Patrick and became the majority owner of Virgin Blue . In July 2008 Toll sold its majority holding via a special dividend to hold 1.7 % of the company . In June 2013 Air New Zealand owned 23 % of the company . </P> Boeing 737 - 800 in the old Virgin Blue red livery at Perth Airport in 2004 <P> Virgin Blue previously used a familiar formula pioneered by airlines such as Southwest Airlines and Ryanair of eliminating costs such as included in - flight meals and printed tickets in favour of selling food on - board and using telephone and internet booking systems . It also cut costs in the past by limiting the number of airports serviced and by operating one type of aircraft , the Boeing 737 . This strategy changed with the introduction of a second type into the fleet . The airline ordered 20 Embraer E-jets , in a mix of six E170s and 14 E190s . These were ordered specifically so that the airline could re-enter the Sydney -- Canberra market that it abandoned in 2004 , and to fly to less populous areas . The first E-170 arrived in Australia in September 2007 and by the end of the year the three on initial order had been delivered . These were placed on limited - frequency services before full - scale operations were launched on 4 February 2008 with services from Sydney to Canberra ( branded as ' Capital Jet ' services ) , Mackay in Queensland , and the New South Wales regional centres of Port Macquarie and Albury , which were promoted with a one - cent fare . The flights to Canberra and the regional centres signified an effort to compete more directly with Qantas and its subsidiary QantasLink operation , which flies to all three cities , and with independent Regional Express Airlines . </P> <H3> Codesharing and network consolidation ( 2006 - 2010 ) ( edit ) </H3> The first Virgin Australia Boeing 737 to wear the airline 's new livery arrives at Sydney Airport for the launch of the new brand <P> At its inception in 2000 , Virgin Blue did not have interline or marketing alliances with other airlines . However , after the collapse of its domestic competitor Ansett Australia , it began a codeshare agreement with United Airlines . This allowed United customers to fly from the United States to any of Virgin Blue 's Australian destinations that United did not already serve . In 2006 , in an effort to compete with Qantas , Virgin Blue started exploring these relationships , forming frequent flyer agreements with Emirates , Hawaiian Airlines and Malaysia Airlines . Virgin Blue also has an Interline Agreement with Regional Express Airlines for travellers to and from smaller regional centres in the eastern states of Australia , and operates its own two routes with Virgin Australia Regional Airlines in Western Australia . In November 2007 , the airline announced an agreement with Garuda Indonesia , offering easy transfer from a domestic Virgin Blue flight to an international Garuda service departing from Perth , Melbourne , Sydney or Darwin . Since then Virgin Blue has also announced an agreement with Vietnam Airlines which allows passengers to fly from Melbourne and Sydney and connect with Vietnam Airlines 's destinations through its flight network . </P> Close - up of the new Virgin Australia titles on Boeing 737 Bondi Beach , at Sydney Airport for the launch of the new brand <P> In 2008 , premium economy class was introduced throughout its entire fleet . New seating was installed in the first three rows of the cabin . These could be converted from three seats in economy configuration to two seats for premium economy . The premium product offered priority check - in , larger baggage allowance , lounge access , priority boarding , increased legroom and all - inclusive in flight entertainment , meals and beverages on board . The product was aimed at business and corporate customers . The airline began charging economy - class passengers for checked baggage in September 2008 . </P> The former Virgin Blue logo , used until May 2011 <P> The airline further announced its intention to operate Airbus A330 aircraft between Perth and the East Coast , starting in May 2011 . </P> <P> In December 2010 , Virgin Blue entered into alliances with Etihad Airways and Air New Zealand for code - sharing , reciprocal lounge and frequent flyer access and other co-operational projects . Virgin Blue also entered into talks with Delta

Virgin Australia, formerly known as Virgin Blue, commenced flying in Australia in

When did virgin australia (formerly virgin blue) commence flying in australia?

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Condenser ( optics ) - wikipedia <H1> Condenser ( optics ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> A condenser is an optical lens which renders a divergent beam from a point source into a parallel or converging beam to illuminate an object . In the context of microscopy , the parallel illumination scheme is known as Köhler illumination whereas the converging illumination scheme is known as critical illumination . </P> <P> Condensers are an essential part of any imaging device , such as microscopes , enlargers , slide projectors , and telescopes . The concept is applicable to all kinds of radiation undergoing optical transformation , such as electrons in electron microscopy , neutron radiation and synchrotron radiation optics . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Microscope condenser <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Abbe condenser </Li> <Li> 1.2 Aplanatic and achromatic condensers </Li> <Li> 1.3 Specialized condensers </Li> <Li> 1.4 Condensers and numerical aperture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 References </Li> <Li> 3 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Microscope condenser ( edit ) </H2> A condenser ( right ) and its respective diaphragm ( left ) A condenser between the stage and mirror of a vintage microscope <P> Condensers are located above the light source and under the sample in an upright microscope , and above the stage and below the light source in an inverted microscope . They act to gather light from the microscope 's light source and concentrate it into a cone of light that illuminates the specimen . The aperture and angle of the light cone must be adjusted ( via the size of the diaphragm ) for each different objective lens with different numerical apertures . </P> <P> Condensers typically consist of a variable - aperture diaphragm and one or more lenses . Light from the illumination source of the microscope passes through the diaphragm and is focused by the lens ( es ) onto the specimen . After passing through the specimen the light diverges into an inverted cone to fill the front lens of the objective . </P> <P> The first simple condensers were introduced on pre-achromatic microscopes in the 17th century . Robert Hooke used a combination of a salt water filled globe and a plano - convex lens , and shows in the ' Micrographia ' that he understands the reasons for its efficiency . Makers in the 18th century such as Benjamin Martin , Adams and Jones understood the advantage of condensing the area of the light source to that of the area of the object on the stage . This was a simple plano - convex or bi-convex lens , or sometimes a combination of lenses . With the development of the modern achromatic objective in 1829 , by Joseph Jackson Lister , the need for better condensers became increasingly apparent . By 1837 , the use of the achromatic condenser was introduced in France , by Felix Dujardin , and Chevalier . English makers early took up this improvement , due to the obsession with resolving test objects such as diatoms and Nobert ruled gratings . By the late 1840s , English makers such as Ross , Powell and Smith ; all could supply highly corrected condensers on their best stands , with proper centring and focus . It is erroneously stated that these developments were purely empirical - no - one can design a good achromatic , spherically corrected condenser relying only on empirics . On the Continent , in Germany , the corrected condenser was not considered either useful or essential , mainly due to a misunderstanding of the basic optical principles involved . Thus the leading German company , Carl Zeiss in Jena , offered nothing more than a very poor chromatic condenser into the late 1870s . French makers , such as Nachet , provided excellent achromatic condensers on their stands . When the leading German bacteriologist , Robert Koch , complained to Ernst Abbe , that he was forced to buy a Seibert achromatic condenser for his Zeiss microscope , in order to make satisfactory photographs of bacteria , Abbe produced a very good achromatic design in 1878 . </P> <P> There are three types of condenser : </P> <Ol> <Li> The chromatic condenser , such as the Abbe where no attempt is made to correct for spherical or chromatic aberration . It contains two lenses that produce an image of the light source that is surrounded by a blue and red color at its edges . </Li> <Li> The aplanatic condenser is corrected for spherical aberration . </Li> <Li> The compound achromatic condenser is corrected for both spherical and chromatic aberrations . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Abbe condenser ( edit ) </H3> The sub-stage condenser focuses light through the specimen to match the aperture of the objective lens system . <P> The Abbe condenser is named for its inventor Ernst Abbe , who developed it in 1870 . The Abbe condenser , which was originally designed for Zeiss , is mounted below the stage of the microscope . The condenser concentrates and controls the light that passes through the specimen prior to entering the objective . It has two controls , one which moves the Abbe condenser closer to or further from the stage , and another , the iris diaphragm , which controls the diameter of the beam of light . The controls can be used to optimize brightness , evenness of illumination , and contrast . Abbe condensers are difficult to use for magnifications of above 400X , as the aplanatic cone is only representative of a numerical aperture ( NA ) of 0.6 . </P> <P> This condenser is composed of two lenses , a plano - convex lens somewhat larger than a hemisphere and a large bi-convex lens serving as a collecting lens to the first . The focus of the first lens is traditionally about 2mm away from the plane face coinciding with the sample plane . A pinhole cap can be used to align the optical axis of the condenser with that of the microscope . The Abbe condenser is still the basis for most modern light microscope condenser designs , even though its optical performance is poor . </P> <H3> Aplanatic and achromatic condensers ( edit ) </H3> <P> An aplanatic condenser corrects for spherical aberration in the concentrated light path , while an achromatic compound condenser corrects for both spherical and chromatic aberration . </P> <H3> Specialized condensers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dark field and phase contrast setups are based on an Abbe , aplanatic , or achromatic condenser , but to the light path add a dark field stop or various size phase rings . These additional elements are housed in various ways . In most modern microscope ( ca . 1990s -- ) , such elements are housed in sliders that fit into a slot between the illuminator and the condenser lens . Many older microscopes house these elements in a turret - type condenser , these elements are housed in a turret below the condenser lens and rotated into place . </P> <P> Specialised condensers are also used as part of Differential Interference Contrast and Hoffman Modulation Contrast systems , which aim to improve contrast and visibility of transparent specimens . </P> <P> In epifluorescence microscopy , the objective lens acts not only as a magnifier for the light emitted by the fluorescing object , but also as a condenser for the incident light . </P> <P> The Arlow - Abbe condenser is a modified Abbe condenser that replaces the iris diaphragm , filter holder , lamp and lamp optics with a small OLED or LCD digital display unit . The display unit allows for digitally synthesised filters for dark - field , Rheinberg , oblique and dynamic ( constantly changing ) illumination under direct computer control . The device was first described by Dr. Jim Arlow in Microbe Hunter magazine , issue 38 . </P> <H3> Condensers and numerical aperture ( edit ) </H3> <P> Like objective lenses , condensers vary in their numerical aperture ( NA ) . It is NA that determines optical resolution , in combination with the NA of the objective . Different condensers vary in their maximum and minimum numerical aperture , and the numerical aperture of a single condenser varies depending on the diameter setting of the condenser aperture . In order for the maximum numerical aperture ( and therefore resolution ) of an objective lens to be realized , the numerical aperture of the condenser must be matched to the numerical aperture of the used objective . The technique most commonly used in microscopy to optimize the light pathway between the condenser ( and other illumination components of the microscope ) and the objective lens is known as Köhler illumination . </P> <P> The maximum NA is limited by the refractive index of the medium between the lens and the sample . As with objective lenses , a condenser lens with a maximum numerical aperture of greater than 0.95 is designed to be used under oil immersion ( or , more rarely , under water immersion ) , with a layer of immersion oil placed in contact with both the slide / coverslip and the lens of the condenser . An oil immersion condenser may typically have NA of up to 1.25 . Without this oil layer , not only is maximum numerical aperture not realized , but the condenser may not be able to precisely focus light on the object . Condensers with a numerical aperture of 0.95 or less are designed to be used without oil or other fluid on the top lens and are termed dry condensers . Dual dry / immersion condensers are basically oil immersion condensers that can nonetheless focus light with the same degree of precision even without oil between the top lens and the slide . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Royal Microscopical Society , `` Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society '' , Williams and Norgate , London ( 1882 ) , p. 411 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chamot , E.M. , `` Elementary chemical microscopy '' , John Wiley and Sons , London ( 1916 ) , p. 36 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of the Microscope '' . Bradbury . S , Pergamon Press , ( 1967 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> General </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Abbe condenser '' , Photonics Dictionary ( abridged online edition ) , Pittsfield MA : Laurin Publishing , 2006 . </Li> <Li> `` Abbe , Ernst '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . </Li> <Li> `` Glossary of microscope terms '' , Microbus ( website ) , 2003 . </Li> <Li> `` Anatomy of the Microscope : Substage Condenser '' by Mortimer Abramowitz and Michael W. Davidson , Olympus Microscopy Resource Center , 2006 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Anatomy of the Microscope : Substage Condenser '' by Mortimer Abramowitz and Michael W. Davidson , Molecular Expressions . ( Slightly different from the version found at Olympus site . ) </Li> <Li> `` The Condenser '' by Paul James , Micscape Magazine ( online publication ) , February 2002 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Condenser_(optics)&oldid=821940720 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lenses </Li> <Li> Optics </Li> <Li> Microscope components </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li>

The condenser is located

Where is the condenser located on a microscope?