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https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2051&end=2055 | a digital image, computer image, computer-generated image | english | 2,051.08 | 2,054.1 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2054&end=2058 | that is or is indistinguishable from | english | 2,054.1 | 2,057.74 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2062&end=2066 | get at Justice Thomas' hint in his concurrence | english | 2,062.06 | 2,065.4 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2065&end=2071 | that if the technology gets better, the statute could be upheld. | english | 2,065.4 | 2,070.56 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2070&end=2076 | And the vigil depiction is created, adapted, so on, to appear that an identifiable minor | english | 2,070.56 | 2,075.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2075&end=2083 | or, sorry, or the depiction is created so that it appears to be an identifiable minor. | english | 2,075.96 | 2,082.52 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2082&end=2088 | And this is really getting at this, again, this idea of morphing that there is a minor | english | 2,082.52 | 2,087.12 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2087&end=2094 | and the picture is then kind of changed to make it sexually explicit. | english | 2,087.12 | 2,093.48 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2093&end=2104 | The statute defines identifiable minor and you can kind of look at the definition there. | english | 2,093.48 | 2,103.48 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2103&end=2108 | One of the kind of key pieces in this definition of identifiable | english | 2,103.48 | 2,107.92 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2107&end=2114 | minor, and we'll see this again next week when we talk about New Jersey law on virtual child | english | 2,107.92 | 2,113.76 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2113&end=2120 | pornography, there is a New Jersey Supreme Court case on this under the New Jersey statute. And, | english | 2,113.76 | 2,119.76 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2119&end=2126 | you know, one of the questions is, well, what would a prosecutor have to prove to, you know, show | english | 2,119.76 | 2,125.84 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2125&end=2134 | that it's an identifiable minor? And so here the statute says it's recognizable as an actual | english | 2,125.84 | 2,133.6 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2133&end=2139 | person, but you don't have to show who the actual minor was. You know, so for example, | english | 2,133.6 | 2,138.8 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2138&end=2148 | what if somebody just grabs a random image of a child off of Google Images, and, you know, manipulates that to | english | 2,138.8 | 2,147.44 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2147&end=2154 | make it appear sexually explicit, and then kind of trades it or sells it as child pornography, | english | 2,147.44 | 2,153.58 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2153&end=2161 | and there's no way to really trace who the original image was of, it still would satisfy | english | 2,153.58 | 2,160.46 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2161&end=2172 | So, indistinguishable, notice that definition as well because that's an important definition. And I think you can see by reading it, it's the, you know, Congress | english | 2,161.46 | 2,171.04 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2171&end=2176 | is sort of struggling with a way to kind of define this. Indistinguishable means virtually | english | 2,171.04 | 2,175.08 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2175&end=2183 | indistinguishable. An ordinary person would conclude that it's an actual minor and it's | english | 2,175.08 | 2,182.5 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2189&end=2196 | Those are going to raise this part of the statute is still in force and these these modifications are still in force | english | 2,189.24 | 2,195.32 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2197&end=2203 | There are issues about how they get applied what that means and we'll look a little bit more at that | english | 2,197.36 | 2,202.36 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2217&end=2221 | big deal in the late 1990s. It was another | english | 2,217.12 | 2,220.88 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2221&end=2229 | kind of early effort by Congress to deal with a range of issues around pornography, | english | 2,221.48 | 2,228.84 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2228&end=2233 | obscenity, and the like on the Internet. | english | 2,228.84 | 2,232.4 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2232&end=2237 | And it was kind of within the Internet law community at the time, another one of these | english | 2,232.4 | 2,236.18 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2237&end=2249 | I mean, the sort of the copy left, the cyber exceptionalist elements of internet law at the time were really outraged | english | 2,237.18 | 2,248.76 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2248&end=2256 | by this statute and, you know, really felt like it was a significant impingement on free | english | 2,248.76 | 2,255.18 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2255&end=2260 | speech and, of course, it gets challenged in various ways, including this challenge | english | 2,255.18 | 2,259.86 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2259&end=2263 | by the ACLU, which gets up to the Supreme Court. | english | 2,259.86 | 2,262.86 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2265&end=2273 | the parts that that we're looking at tonight, it's about the ability of young | english | 2,265.08 | 2,272.84 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2272&end=2277 | people, of children, to access pornography and other types of material | english | 2,272.84 | 2,276.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2276&end=2283 | of that sort online. Now notice this is not a child pornography statute. It is a | english | 2,276.96 | 2,282.72 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2282&end=2287 | statute that involves any kind of obscene material that a minor | english | 2,282.72 | 2,286.56 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2293&end=2300 | Obscene or indecent material if the transmitter knew that the recipient was under 18 | english | 2,293 | 2,299.88 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2301&end=2312 | Same thing about sending or displaying that kind of material. It had some defenses built in, so you know if you took some good-faith actions to restrict | english | 2,301.4 | 2,311.58 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2311&end=2318 | access by minors and it created a safe harbor by saying if you require credit | english | 2,311.58 | 2,317.14 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2317&end=2324 | card verification or an adult ID number or code to verify that the user is an | english | 2,317.14 | 2,323.94 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2323&end=2331 | adult, then that would that could be a safe harbor. So you can see what this statute is trying to do is trying to say to any | english | 2,323.94 | 2,330.12 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2334&end=2339 | if there's any chance that the material is going to be obscene and is going to be | english | 2,334.88 | 2,338.52 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2339&end=2345 | Able to be accessed by a child which really you can't know for sure who's going to access your stuff | english | 2,339.32 | 2,344.6 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2346&end=2350 | on the internet, then you would have to have some kind of means of verification. | english | 2,346.08 | 2,349.8 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2349&end=2356 | It was really trying to force some kind of means of verification. | english | 2,349.8 | 2,355.32 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2355&end=2362 | And so here again the court finds this part of this statute unconstitutional. | english | 2,355.32 | 2,361.16 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2361&end=2371 | And now you have a majority opinion by Justice Stevens. As I mentioned, Stevens is a strong defender of the First Amendment values. And Stevens says this is | english | 2,361.16 | 2,370.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2371&end=2377 | a blanket restriction on certain kinds of speech. It's not, in his opinion, just a time, | english | 2,371.68 | 2,376.4 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2376&end=2387 | place, or manner restriction. Notice this quote. And this is a a place where US Supreme Court law is perhaps at the | english | 2,376.4 | 2,387 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2387&end=2396 | height of what we called cyber exceptionalism in our module on our first module on internet | english | 2,387 | 2,395.06 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2397&end=2404 | So notice this quote, never before after has the vast have the vast democratic fora of | english | 2,397.02 | 2,403.28 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2403&end=2407 | the internet been subject to this kind of government | english | 2,403.28 | 2,406.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2406&end=2412 | supervision or regulation of the same sort that attends the broadcast industry. And what he's | english | 2,406.64 | 2,411.76 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2411&end=2421 | referring to there are the various kind of decency rules, censorship rules in public television and | english | 2,411.76 | 2,420.16 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2421&end=2428 | public broadcasting. Stephen says the internet is not as invasive | english | 2,421.04 | 2,427.32 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2429&end=2433 | Radio or television, you turn it on and it's on. | english | 2,429.44 | 2,432.8 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2435&end=2440 | And if one of the prohibited bad words comes over the air, | english | 2,435.44 | 2,439.84 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2447&end=2455 | broadcast television show, the kids will see it. He says not so with the internet. Now I think, | english | 2,447.68 | 2,454.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2454&end=2462 | you know, this is a piece of this case that is perhaps a little bit frozen in amber from 1997. | english | 2,454.96 | 2,461.52 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2461&end=2466 | I'm not sure that anyone would really agree that the internet is not as | english | 2,461.52 | 2,465.8 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2465&end=2472 | invasive as radio or television today because we all have the internet in the | english | 2,465.8 | 2,471.92 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2471&end=2476 | pock- in our pockets in our phones including our kids and you might say | english | 2,471.92 | 2,475.8 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2475&end=2482 | well don't give your kid a phone you know if you if you have a young teenage | english | 2,475.8 | 2,481.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2481&end=2487 | preteen kid you know they're gonna have a phone and it's | english | 2,481.2 | 2,486.04 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2486&end=2490 | partly because you're gonna feel safer if they're out somewhere and they have a | english | 2,486.04 | 2,489.56 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2489&end=2493 | phone and so on. But we all know we all have the Internet, it's totally | english | 2,489.56 | 2,492.8 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2492&end=2499 | accessible, but this is 1997, you know, and it was a little bit of a different world. | english | 2,492.8 | 2,498.76 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2498&end=2508 | All right, so Stevens also says that the statute is not specific enough, the terms aren't well-defined, | english | 2,498.76 | 2,507.1 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2507&end=2514 | it doesn't really follow the Miller test for what might or might not be obscene. | english | 2,507.1 | 2,513.54 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2513&end=2521 | He suggests that the safe harbors and the good faith defenses are unfeasible, they're | english | 2,513.54 | 2,520.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2520&end=2526 | too expensive, the technology to implement them doesn't really exist | english | 2,520.96 | 2,525.44 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2526&end=2532 | in any sort of meaningful way. You know, that piece of this case is kind of interesting. To | english | 2,526.16 | 2,531.6 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2531&end=2538 | some extent that's probably still true. You know, if somebody wants to get around a verification | english | 2,531.6 | 2,537.12 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2537&end=2541 | technology, they probably can get around it. To some extent it's not true. I mean, people have | english | 2,537.12 | 2,540.32 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2540&end=2548 | talked about biometrics, for example, having some kind of requirement for a fingerprint | english | 2,540.32 | 2,547.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2547&end=2552 | reader or something along those lines for certain kind of sites. | english | 2,547.64 | 2,551.08 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2551&end=2559 | It certainly is technologically feasible, but it involves expense and transaction costs, | english | 2,551.08 | 2,558.08 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2558&end=2563 | you know, the time and effort to do it. | english | 2,558.08 | 2,562.28 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2562&end=2567 | And you know, note again this kind of strong piece of cyber exceptionalism. | english | 2,562.28 | 2,566.72 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2566&end=2574 | Stephen says the CDA threatens to torch—great word from Justice Stevens—to torch a large segment | english | 2,566.72 | 2,573.04 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2574&end=2582 | of the internet community. And ultimately, Stephen says this statue could only be upheld to the | english | 2,574.08 | 2,581.44 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2581&end=2587 | extent it's really targeted toward the kind of obscene speech that you | english | 2,581.44 | 2,586.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2586&end=2591 | could regulate under the Miller test. | english | 2,586.64 | 2,590.56 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2590&end=2595 | So again here we have a robust debate among members of the court with some concurrences | english | 2,590.56 | 2,594.62 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2596&end=2601 | So we have a concurrence and partial concurrence, partial dissent from Justice O'Connor. | english | 2,596.44 | 2,600.68 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2600&end=2607 | Notice you've got Stevens, kind of the very strong First Amendment view. | english | 2,600.68 | 2,606.36 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2606&end=2613 | You have O'Connor, as she often does in these cases and as well as in other kinds of cases, | english | 2,606.36 | 2,612.44 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2612&end=2618 | kind of occupying this middle, trying to find some kind of middle space. | english | 2,612.44 | 2,617.68 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2617&end=2627 | And O'Connor is looking at this as a kind of zoning regulation. So O'Connor says you can have zoning regulations that deal with | english | 2,617.68 | 2,626.8 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2628&end=2635 | obscene material or a material that is kind of questionable. So, you know, even if it might not | english | 2,628.32 | 2,634.56 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2634&end=2641 | be possible in a particular area to completely ban all pornographic literature or pornographic movies | english | 2,634.56 | 2,640.72 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2642&end=2648 | under the Miller test, you could zone and say you can only buy those | english | 2,642 | 2,647.82 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2647&end=2654 | things in the red-light district. And, you know, those kind of zoning regulations | english | 2,647.82 | 2,653.26 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2653&end=2660 | generally the court had upheld unless they're really just kind of | english | 2,653.26 | 2,659.86 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2659&end=2664 | subterfuge for banning the material, but generally the zoning regulations are | english | 2,659.86 | 2,663.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2663&end=2668 | upheld. But notice again a really strong element of cyber | english | 2,663.64 | 2,667.34 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2668&end=2672 | exceptionalism in this case here from Justice O'Connor. O'Connor says | english | 2,668.04 | 2,671.74 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2672&end=2677 | cyberspace, the electronic world, is fundamentally different. Fundamentally different. | english | 2,672.44 | 2,677 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2677&end=2682 | Cyberspace allows speakers and listeners to mask their identity. | english | 2,677.94 | 2,681.26 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2684&end=2692 | mask their identity. And so what she's saying here is, you know, you really can't do this kind of zoning in cyberspace. It's just not really possible to say, you | english | 2,684.68 | 2,691.36 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2691&end=2695 | know, 42nd Street is the red light district. Of course now it's the Disney | english | 2,691.36 | 2,694.48 |