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https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2694&end=2699 | district, but you know, years past. 42nd Street is the red light district and this | english | 2,694.48 | 2,699 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2699&end=2708 | is the family district. She says you can't do that online. But note this, she does say cyberspace is malleable. | english | 2,699 | 2,707.58 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2707&end=2714 | It could be feasible in the future to create adult-only zones if the technology develops | english | 2,707.58 | 2,713.54 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2714&end=2718 | Again, this case, 1997. | english | 2,714.54 | 2,717.88 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2717&end=2724 | So she says with existing technology, the Communications Decency Act should have been | english | 2,717.88 | 2,723.6 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2725&end=2730 | circumstance where the party initiating the communication knows that all the recipients | english | 2,725.28 | 2,729.72 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2732&end=2738 | I mean, it might be in a particular chat room or a particular email or something along those | english | 2,732.4 | 2,737.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2737&end=2742 | lines, but in that narrow case. | english | 2,737.96 | 2,741.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2741&end=2748 | But notice that O'Connor does leave open the possibility that if technology makes that kind of zoning possible, | english | 2,741.64 | 2,747.56 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2752&end=2761 | So after the court strikes down the CDA, Congress tries again with a statute called the Child Online Protection Act or COPA. | english | 2,752.68 | 2,760.36 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2760&end=2773 | And COPA has a very long history through the courts, and that's why I call it the Copa saga. So Copa statute says said that whoever knowingly and with | english | 2,760.76 | 2,772.12 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2775&end=2779 | commerce or by means of the World Wide Web, a specific reference here to the | english | 2,775 | 2,778.4 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2778&end=2783 | web, makes any communication for commercial purposes that is available to | english | 2,778.4 | 2,782.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2782&end=2787 | any miner and that includes material harmful to minors | english | 2,782.96 | 2,786.08 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2788&end=2797 | Defines a minor as a person under 17 years of age and defines material harmful to minors to track the Miller obscenity test | english | 2,788.84 | 2,796.88 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2797&end=2804 | Now the district court issues a preliminary injunction against the enforcement of the statute | english | 2,797.76 | 2,803.46 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2804&end=2810 | It goes up to the Court of Appeals and then goes up to the Supreme Court. | english | 2,804.04 | 2,809.08 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2809&end=2817 | So the posture is that there's a preliminary injunction finding the statute unconstitutional | english | 2,809.08 | 2,816.6 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2818&end=2824 | So the majority opinion authored by Justice Thomas, the majority as to the result, you'll | english | 2,818.66 | 2,823.24 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2825&end=2830 | opinions and there is no kind of majority as to the reasoning, but there is a majority | english | 2,825.56 | 2,829.48 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2829&end=2836 | to the result. The majority as to the result is to say, well, kind of the facial challenge | english | 2,829.48 | 2,835.24 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2835&end=2846 | saying that this reliance on community standards renders the statute substantially overbroad, it's not specific enough, it's not detailed | english | 2,835.24 | 2,845.88 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2845&end=2854 | enough, the statute is not facially overbroad, it can refer to the community standards under | english | 2,845.88 | 2,853.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2856&end=2863 | But as you'll see, what ends up happening is that the case is remanded for further proceedings | english | 2,856.36 | 2,862.56 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2862&end=2869 | and then it comes back to the Supreme Court again. Before we get there let's talk about some of the other opinions | english | 2,862.56 | 2,868.28 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2868&end=2875 | about the reasoning. So Thomas's reasoning is joined by Scalia, Rehnquist, | english | 2,868.28 | 2,874.88 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2874&end=2883 | and O'Connor and you know the the issue here is whether the community standard | english | 2,874.88 | 2,882.04 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2882&end=2887 | has to be a local standard. So this statute is trying to | english | 2,882.04 | 2,886.34 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2886&end=2895 | establish a national standard for what kind of material could be available to | english | 2,886.34 | 2,894.14 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2894&end=2901 | children and the facial challenge was to say Miller requires a local | english | 2,894.14 | 2,900.06 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2900&end=2906 | standard. And Thomas's reasoning here joined by by Scalia, Rehnquist, O'Connor says, no, it | english | 2,900.06 | 2,905.28 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2905&end=2913 | doesn't have to be a local standard. Miller permits a local standard, but doesn't require | english | 2,905.28 | 2,912.36 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2912&end=2922 | a local standard. The definition in COPPA of the kind of material that is defined as | english | 2,912.36 | 2,921.36 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2921&end=2928 | prohibited, is material that appeals to the prurient interest, it has no literary | english | 2,921.36 | 2,927.84 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2927&end=2935 | or scientific value, and therefore the definitions in the statute really limit the kind of material | english | 2,927.84 | 2,934.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2934&end=2938 | that could be covered. | english | 2,934.2 | 2,937.56 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2937&end=2945 | And notice this, another sort of bit of cyber-exceptionalism creeping in here. | english | 2,937.56 | 2,944.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2945&end=2951 | hold this unconstitutional, what we would say is that there can be no federal obscenity | english | 2,945.58 | 2,950.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2950&end=2956 | law as applied to the web, because the web is not local. | english | 2,950.96 | 2,955.98 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2955&end=2960 | The web transcends localities. | english | 2,955.98 | 2,959.7 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2959&end=2967 | And if you're going to have to say that kind of the most permissive locality that's available on the | english | 2,959.7 | 2,966.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2966&end=2974 | web is the one that must govern, then effectively you're saying there can't be any regulation | english | 2,966.96 | 2,973.88 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2976&end=2982 | And Thomas says, you know, if a publisher chooses, in sort of the brick and mortar world, | english | 2,976.56 | 2,981.48 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2981&end=2988 | if a publisher chooses to send material to a particular community, then that community's standards are going to, you know, the publisher | english | 2,981.48 | 2,987.92 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2987&end=2994 | is going to have to abide by that community's standards for the purpose of obscenity law. | english | 2,987.92 | 2,993.08 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2993&end=2999 | And the fact is, if you're distributing your material to every community in the nation, | english | 2,993.08 | 2,998.24 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=2998&end=3004 | then you have to presume that you're sending it to very restrictive communities as well | english | 2,998.24 | 3,003.76 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3003&end=3008 | as very permissive communities. | english | 3,003.76 | 3,007.34 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3007&end=3015 | And so ultimately the result here is to vacate the holding that the statute is invalid and | english | 3,007.34 | 3,014.22 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3014&end=3024 | to send it back to the Court of Appeals actually for further proceedings to develop how this | english | 3,014.22 | 3,023.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3023&end=3027 | standard would actually apply to the statute at issue. | english | 3,023.2 | 3,027 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3027&end=3032 | Justice O'Connor again concurs. | english | 3,027 | 3,032 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3032&end=3039 | O'Connor says in fact that a national community standard is necessary for Internet obscenity. | english | 3,032 | 3,039 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3039&end=3048 | Notice again this thread in O'Connor's jurisprudence of the Internet at this period in time of | english | 3,039 | 3,047.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3047&end=3053 | pretty significant cyber exceptionalism. | english | 3,047.2 | 3,052.16 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3052&end=3057 | Further O'Connor says this notion that there are these local communities like what's permissible | english | 3,052.16 | 3,056.86 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3056&end=3069 | in Maine might be less than what's permissible in Las Vegas or New York is kind of collapsing and part of the reason it's collapsing is exactly because of the | english | 3,056.86 | 3,069 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3069&end=3074 | Internet. Justice Kennedy writes a concurrence joined by Souter and | english | 3,069 | 3,073.98 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3073&end=3086 | Ginsburg. Kennedy ultimately agrees with a decision to remand but Kennedy says that the web | english | 3,073.98 | 3,085.36 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3087&end=3095 | complicates all this You know, how do you judge something as a whole judge the work as a whole as the Miller test requires? | english | 3,087.28 | 3,094.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3094&end=3103 | When the work is in the context of the web and effect Kennedy's again sounding a note of cyber exceptionalism | english | 3,094.8 | 3,102.16 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3102&end=3108 | What is the work? Is it that individual file? | english | 3,102.44 | 3,107.12 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3117&end=3123 | Do you effectively have to judge the work as a whole? | english | 3,117.08 | 3,122.08 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3125&end=3130 | And Justice Kennedy says, really, what's going on here | english | 3,125.92 | 3,129.12 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3130&end=3136 | We need to know more about who the material that's | english | 3,130.64 | 3,135.32 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3135&end=3140 | at issue in a particular case is trying to reach | english | 3,135.32 | 3,139.44 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3139&end=3144 | and who it's actually reaching and how | english | 3,139.44 | 3,143.16 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3143&end=3148 | that applies to the interconnected context of the Internet as a whole. | english | 3,143.16 | 3,148 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3148&end=3169 | Justice Stevens dissents. So Stevens says, really kind of takes O'Con community standards on the Internet. And he, you | english | 3,148 | 3,168.04 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3168&end=3172 | know, uses this nice little zinger here, if a prurient appeal is offensive and | english | 3,168.04 | 3,171.68 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3171&end=3177 | impure in village, it may be a crime to post it on the web. And he is saying that | english | 3,171.68 | 3,177 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3177&end=3184 | there is simply no way to segregate speech on the Internet. The Internet is | english | 3,177 | 3,183.8 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3186&end=3193 | and there simply is no way to have separate areas or ways in which you can discern | english | 3,186.96 | 3,192.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3192&end=3199 | that a child in some very conservative community might have access to the material. | english | 3,192.64 | 3,198.8 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3201&end=3209 | And Stevens even goes a little further and says, you know, the the prurient interest aspect of the Miller test is | english | 3,201.28 | 3,208.16 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3218&end=3224 | Appeals to the prurient interest of a minor. I think he has in mind here, you know, like a 13 year old boy or something | english | 3,218.52 | 3,223.88 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3228&end=3234 | Stevens does say that that kind of really hardcore pornography really | english | 3,228.04 | 3,234 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3234&end=3243 | shouldn't be on on the Internet, but we just effectively can't regulate this. And | english | 3,234 | 3,242.68 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3242&end=3248 | you'll notice again here, flipping it on its head but a note | english | 3,242.68 | 3,247.24 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3247&end=3257 | of cyber exceptionalism we in the real world we can find communities and places | english | 3,247.24 | 3,256.32 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3256&end=3263 | where if we share a certain kind of interest in sexually explicit speech we | english | 3,256.32 | 3,262.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3262&end=3266 | can do that and other people don't have to directly be affected by it. | english | 3,262.2 | 3,265.44 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3265&end=3271 | If we don't want that, we can separate ourselves out from it, but we just can't do that in | english | 3,265.44 | 3,270.82 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3276&end=3281 | Okay, so the case gets remanded. | english | 3,276.08 | 3,281 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3281&end=3288 | The Court of Appeals looks at it again under the new articulation of this as confused as | english | 3,281 | 3,287.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3287&end=3293 | it is that the Supreme Court gives them and perhaps not surprisingly the Court of Appeals | english | 3,287.64 | 3,292.22 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3292&end=3298 | says yep we're going to affirm the District Court's injunction, we're going to say that | english | 3,292.22 | 3,297.72 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3297&end=3304 | the statute is unconstitutional and then it comes back up to the Supreme Court, the Court | english | 3,297.72 | 3,303.76 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3303&end=3311 | takes it once again, uncert. And so now Justice Kennedy writes the majority opinion. And | english | 3,303.76 | 3,310.76 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3310&end=3316 | now Justice Kennedy is going to address this in a framework that's sort of | english | 3,310.76 | 3,315.84 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3315&end=3322 | more consistent with traditional First Amendment jurisprudence, and | english | 3,315.84 | 3,321.44 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3321&end=3329 | particularly First Amendment jurisprudence aimed at the content of speech. | english | 3,321.44 | 3,328.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3328&end=3335 | And he asks whether this statute is the least restrictive means of advancing the purpose | english | 3,328.2 | 3,334.88 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3334&end=3339 | of trying to protect minors from having access to this. | english | 3,334.88 | 3,338.98 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3339&end=3349 | He says users can implement on their own filtering and blocking software if they want to. | english | 3,339.98 | 3,348.08 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3348&end=3354 | And that kind of software, he says, can be relatively effective. | english | 3,348.08 | 3,353.4 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3353&end=3359 | It can't be mandated by Congress, but it can be encouraged by Congress. | english | 3,353.4 | 3,358.36 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3358&end=3363 | And really what he's saying is, you know, it's up to the family, it's up to the parent | english | 3,358.36 | 3,362.16 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3362&end=3366 | to put software on the system that will filter this kind of | english | 3,362.16 | 3,365.52 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/Z96wLHMN62g?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=3366&end=3373 | So under Kennedy's opinion, the district court's injunction is left in place. | english | 3,366.76 | 3,372.84 |