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https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=771&end=775 | in what we might describe as a kind of progressive | english | 771.26 | 774.58 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=774&end=778 | or liberal vision of state power | english | 774.58 | 777.78 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=779&end=783 | that involved nonpartisan service, | english | 779.66 | 782.72 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=782&end=788 | that involved career service to the government, that involved the use of science | english | 782.72 | 787.84 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=787&end=792 | and expertise to serve the public good. | english | 787.84 | 791.6 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=791&end=795 | And on the other hand, he was, throughout this whole time, | english | 791.6 | 794.72 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=794&end=799 | a really deep ideological conservative | english | 794.72 | 798.12 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=798&end=802 | on questions of race, on questions of religion, | english | 798.12 | 801.68 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=801&end=805 | on questions of law and order, and above all, | english | 801.68 | 804.84 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=805&end=810 | which is really the big theme of Hoover's life. | english | 805.96 | 809.68 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=809&end=815 | And I think what fascinated me about his story | english | 809.68 | 814.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=822&end=828 | into a career that lasted for a very, very long time. | english | 822.16 | 827.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=837&end=842 | which is really the moment that the FBI gets his power, | english | 837.32 | 841.16 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=841&end=845 | but used those tools really to serve a variety | english | 841.16 | 844.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=844&end=848 | of conservative causes in the end | english | 844.64 | 847.92 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=847&end=852 | and made those two pieces work together. | english | 847.92 | 851.28 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=851&end=855 | So that's sort of the political puzzle of the book. | english | 851.28 | 854.4 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=857&end=861 | to Hoover was simply the opportunity | english | 857.16 | 860.72 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=860&end=864 | to reinterpret a figure that actually hadn't been | english | 860.72 | 863.72 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=863&end=868 | revisited in a very long time. | english | 863.72 | 867.06 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=869&end=874 | since the last round of Hoover biographies. | english | 869.92 | 873.44 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=876&end=882 | which was, I will admit, in 2009, so about 13 years ago, | english | 876.32 | 881.32 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=882&end=889 | even then it was clear not only that Hoover was in many ways ripe for reinterpretation, | english | 882.72 | 888.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=893&end=898 | and it seemed like an opportunity to delve into those. | english | 893.8 | 897.74 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=902&end=907 | that I think really help us to rethink some of the ways | english | 902.74 | 906.48 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=914&end=918 | some of them through the Freedom of Information Act, | english | 914.52 | 917.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=921&end=927 | others that were released in a routine way by the FBI. | english | 921.84 | 926.24 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=927&end=934 | So I am, you know, in my core really a kind of archive nerd, a history nerd. I love sitting | english | 927.04 | 933.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=933&end=940 | there with these giant piles of files trying to figure out things that we didn't know before. | english | 933.2 | 939.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=939&end=947 | And I will say the amount of information available about a figure like Hoover | english | 939.76 | 946.66 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=946&end=950 | is both part of the appeal of writing this book, which | english | 946.66 | 949.8 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=954&end=959 | And of course, is one of the big challenges of doing it. | english | 954.84 | 958.12 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=958&end=963 | How do you not read absolutely everything, | english | 958.12 | 962.04 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=966&end=971 | And of course, in Hoover's case, that basic problem | english | 966.88 | 970.6 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=970&end=975 | of expansive but limited research | english | 970.6 | 974.22 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=976&end=980 | ran a very, very secretive bureaucracy. | english | 976.6 | 979.86 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=979&end=985 | And so many of those files are, even today, | english | 979.86 | 984.68 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=984&end=990 | 51 years after his death, are still redacted, | english | 984.68 | 989.4 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=989&end=993 | are hard to access, are hard to figure out. | english | 989.4 | 992.8 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=992&end=998 | So I'd be happy to talk more about that research project | english | 992.8 | 997.08 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=997&end=1001 | as it evolved over the period that I worked on it | english | 997.08 | 1,000.88 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1003&end=1008 | But all told, those variety of factors, the political puzzle | english | 1,003.32 | 1,007.68 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1013&end=1018 | of the 20th century, and then the wealth of new material that | english | 1,013.24 | 1,017.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1017&end=1022 | was available made me think that this was a good moment | english | 1,017.2 | 1,021.08 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1021&end=1029 | to revisit this figure that I think has been and still is a household name, but who has | english | 1,021.08 | 1,028.56 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1028&end=1034 | been a pretty one-dimensional figure in lots of ways. And my goal in writing a biography of him | english | 1,028.56 | 1,033.6 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1034&end=1042 | was not only to intervene in this set of academic conversations, but to really sort of take him | english | 1,034.16 | 1,041.12 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1041&end=1050 | from where he's been, which is this one-dimensional figure sort of seen as this rogue actor in American history, and really bring him | english | 1,041.12 | 1,049.08 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1049&end=1057 | back into a more complicated story about the 20th century, and really bring him | english | 1,049.08 | 1,056.12 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1056&end=1062 | back into the center of things and to the center of a political story about | english | 1,056.12 | 1,061.36 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1061&end=1067 | this period of time. Because while we tend to think of him as someone | english | 1,061.36 | 1,066.04 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1066&end=1072 | that everyone loves to hate, there are very few people in our own day and age | english | 1,066.04 | 1,071.6 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1071&end=1078 | who want to claim a figure like Hoover. Nonetheless, during his lifetime he was | english | 1,071.6 | 1,077.52 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1077&end=1084 | enormously popular, he was enormously influential, and of course any one of | english | 1,077.52 | 1,083.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1085&end=1091 | Democrats, four Republicans, could have fired him at any moment and did not. And | english | 1,085.44 | 1,090.36 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1090&end=1097 | so the story of his longevity, his popularity, the sources of his support is | english | 1,090.36 | 1,097 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1097&end=1102 | also a piece of his story that I wanted to tell in this book, and I think in many | english | 1,097 | 1,101.52 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1101&end=1107 | ways maybe the most counterintuitive piece of that story, | english | 1,101.52 | 1,106.32 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1106&end=1113 | given how widely hated and condemned he is in our own day. | english | 1,106.32 | 1,112.68 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1112&end=1117 | So I wanted to take a few minutes now and just put | english | 1,112.68 | 1,116.16 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1116&end=1121 | a little more detail onto this story of Hoover, | english | 1,116.16 | 1,120.28 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1120&end=1125 | run relatively quickly through the sections of the book | english | 1,120.28 | 1,124.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1124&end=1128 | so you can get a sense of the kind of amazing scope | english | 1,124.2 | 1,127.32 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1138&end=1143 | So this is a real birth to death biography. | english | 1,138.76 | 1,142.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1145&end=1149 | one of the advantages of the biographical form | english | 1,145 | 1,148.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1154&end=1158 | I did not try to upend the biographical form. | english | 1,154.04 | 1,157.16 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1163&end=1167 | Wearing a dress, his baby photo. | english | 1,163.84 | 1,166.88 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1166&end=1178 | But Hoover is a child of Washington, D.C. He was born in Washington, D.C. in 1895 and he never left. | english | 1,166.88 | 1,177.04 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1177&end=1190 | He's born there in 1895, he dies there in 1972, and his biography really is a story about Washington DC, what that | english | 1,177.6 | 1,189.26 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1189&end=1195 | city meant and how it changed over the course of his lifetime. And during his | english | 1,189.26 | 1,194.74 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1194&end=1200 | early years I think there are two themes that are really important for his future | english | 1,194.74 | 1,199.9 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1199&end=1207 | development. The first is that he was born into a world of government | english | 1,199.9 | 1,206.54 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1207&end=1211 | He was born on Capitol Hill, just a few blocks | english | 1,207.36 | 1,210.62 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1215&end=1221 | in the late 19th century had decades of service | english | 1,215.36 | 1,220.16 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1220&end=1225 | to the federal government in the sort of professionalized end | english | 1,220.16 | 1,224.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1227&end=1233 | that really were part of the federal civil service at that point. | english | 1,227.9 | 1,232.12 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1232&end=1239 | The government in the late 19th century, particularly the executive branch, is much, much smaller | english | 1,232.12 | 1,238.56 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1238&end=1243 | and has many fewer duties than what we are accustomed to today. | english | 1,238.56 | 1,242.92 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1249&end=1253 | His father was sort of a mid-level civil servant, | english | 1,249.12 | 1,253 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1253&end=1257 | and it was what Hoover saw all around him. | english | 1,253 | 1,256.24 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1256&end=1260 | Washington, DC, as the national capital | english | 1,256.24 | 1,259.6 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1265&end=1270 | of which is that Washington DC residents could not vote. | english | 1,265.94 | 1,269.74 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1274&end=1278 | government or in federal elections. | english | 1,274.22 | 1,277.22 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1277&end=1283 | So Hoover was not only born into this tradition of civil service, | english | 1,277.22 | 1,282.18 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1284&end=1289 | stood sort of proudly apart from partisanship | english | 1,284.26 | 1,288.66 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1288&end=1292 | that was a world of career service | english | 1,288.66 | 1,291.68 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1291&end=1295 | and in which he had very little access | english | 1,291.68 | 1,294.7 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1294&end=1298 | to any sort of democratic participation. | english | 1,294.7 | 1,297.78 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1308&end=1315 | critical for understanding where he came from and who he became. The other piece | english | 1,308.64 | 1,314.84 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1314&end=1320 | that's really critical is that he was born into Washington that was | english | 1,314.84 | 1,319.02 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1319&end=1325 | essentially a conservative southern city in the late 19th century. It was a city | english | 1,319.02 | 1,324.08 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1324&end=1328 | that was actively undergoing a process | english | 1,324.08 | 1,327.24 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1327&end=1332 | of racial segregation, had been a pretty multiracial city | english | 1,327.24 | 1,331.6 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1331&end=1335 | in the mid and late 19th century, | english | 1,331.6 | 1,334.84 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1344&end=1349 | He went to segregated public schools in Washington, DC, | english | 1,344.88 | 1,348.96 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1348&end=1354 | and then he went on to a segregated private university, | english | 1,348.96 | 1,353.92 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1359&end=1363 | under the Wilson administration was precisely the moment | english | 1,359.08 | 1,362.64 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1365&end=1369 | and actively segregating federal employment | english | 1,365.36 | 1,368.7 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1370&end=1375 | So these two pieces, this government service tradition, | english | 1,370.96 | 1,374.2 |
https://www.youtube.com/embed/YnFEIDvTvtc?modestbranding=1&loop=1&start=1374&end=1378 | a tradition of racial conservatism, | english | 1,374.2 | 1,377.28 |