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who signed the civil rights act of 1991

President Bush had used his veto against the more comprehensive Civil Rights Act of 1990 . He feared racial quotas would be imposed but later approved the 1991 version of the bill .

Bush

Civil Rights Act of 1991

civil rights act of 1991

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States labor law , passed in response to United States Supreme Court decisions that limited the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination . The Act represented the first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural and substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases . It provided the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims and introduced the possibility of emotional distress damages and limited the amount that a jury could award .

President Bush had used his veto against the more comprehensive Civil Rights Act of 1990 . He feared racial quotas would be imposed but later approved the 1991 version of the bill . Contents 1 Predecessors 2 Background 3 Changes 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Predecessors ( edit ) The 1991 Act combined elements from two different civil right acts of the past : the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , better known by the number assigned to it in the codification of federal laws as Section 1981 , and the employment - related provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , generally referred to as Title VII . The two statutes , passed nearly a century apart , approached the issue of employment discrimination very differently : Section 1981 prohibited only discrimination based on race or color , but Title VII also prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex , religion , and national origin . Section 1981 , which had lain dormant and unenforced for a century after its passage , allowed plaintiffs to seek compensatory damages and trial by jury . Title VII , passed in the 1960s when it was assumed that Southern juries could not render a fair verdict , allowed only trial by the court and provided for only traditional equitable remedies : back pay , reinstatement , and injunctions against future acts of discrimination . By the time the 1991 Act was passed , both allowed for an award of attorneys fees . The 1991 Act expanded the remedies available to victims of discrimination by amending Title VII of the 1964 Act . Background ( edit ) Congress had amended Title VII once before , in 1972 , when it broadened the coverage of the Act . It was moved to overhaul Title VII in 1991 and to harmonize it with Section 1981 jurisprudence , with a series of controversial Supreme Court decisions : Patterson v. McLean Credit Union , 491 U.S. 164 ( 1988 ) , which held that an employee could not sue for damages caused by racial harassment on the job because even if the employer 's conduct were discriminatory , the employer had not denied the employee the `` same right ... to make and enforce contracts ... as is enjoyed by white citizens , '' the language that Congress chose in passing the law in 1866 . Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio , 490 U.S. 642 ( 1989 ) , which made it more difficult for employees of Wards Cove Packing Company to prove that an employer 's personnel practices , neutral on their face , had an unlawful disparate impact on them by requiring that they identify the particular policy or requirement that allegedly produced inequalities in the workplace and show that it , in isolation , had that effect . Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins , 490 U.S. 228 ( 1989 ) , which held that the burden of proof shifted , once an employee had proved that an unlawful consideration had played a part in the employer 's personnel decision , to the employer to prove that it would have made the same decision if it had not been motivated by that unlawful factor , but such proof by the employer would constitute a complete defense for the employer . Martin v. Wilks , 490 U.S. 755 ( 1989 ) , which permitted white firefighters who had not been party to the litigation , establishing a consent decree governing hiring and promotion of black firefighters in the Birmingham , Alabama , Fire Department , to bring suit to challenge the decree . Changes ( edit ) The Patterson case had attracted much criticism since it appeared to leave employees who had been victimized by racial harassment on the job with no effective remedies , as they could not prove a violation of Section 1981 and could rarely show any wage losses that they could recover under Title VII . In addition , the Court 's narrow reading of the phrase `` make or enforce contracts '' eliminated any liability under Section 1981 for lost promotions and most other personnel decisions that did not constitute a refusal and that was the end to hire or a discharge on the basis of race or color . Congress addressed the issue by redefining the phrase `` make and enforce contracts '' to include `` the making , performance , modification , and termination of contracts , and the enjoyment of all benefits , privileges , terms , and conditions of the contractual relationship . '' Congress also clarified that Section 1981 applied to both governmental and private discrimination , the issue that the Supreme Court originally announced it would decide in Patterson . Congress also believed that the Wards Cove case made it too difficult to prove disparate impact claims under Title VII . The Act was amended to provide that an employee could prove a case by showing either that an individual practice or group of practices resulted in `` a disparate impact on the basis of race , color , religion , sex , or national origin , and the respondent fails to demonstrate that such practice is required by business necessity . '' Congress added , however , `` The mere existence of a statistical imbalance in an employer 's workforce on account of race , color , religion , sex , or national origin is not alone sufficient to establish a prima facie case of disparate impact violation . '' While the majority in Congress supported the burden - shifting rule in Price Waterhouse , it was uncomfortable with an employer 's ability to prove that it would have made the same decision in any event , as a complete defense in a case in which it had been shown that race or gender or another unlawful factor played a significant role in its decision . Congress amended the Act to provide that the employer 's proof that it would have made the same decision in any case was a defense to back pay , reinstatement and other remedies but not to liability per se . The practical effect of this change was to allow a party that proved that the employer discriminated but could not show that it made any practical difference in the outcome could still recover attorney 's fees after showing that the employer discriminated , even if no other remedy was awarded . Finally , Congress limited the rights of non-parties to attack consent decrees by barring any challenges by parties who knew or should have known of the decree or who were adequately represented by the original parties . The Court also authorizes jury trials on Title VII claims and allows Title VII plaintiffs to recover emotional distress and punitive damages , while imposing caps on such relief under Title VII . The 1991 Act also made technical changes affecting the length of time allowed to challenge unlawful seniority provisions , to sue the federal government for discrimination , and to bring age discrimination claims , but it allowed successful plaintiffs to recover expert witness fees as part of an award of attorney 's fees and to collect interest on any judgment against the federal government . See also ( edit ) US labor law Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` S. 1745 ( 102nd ) : Civil Rights Act of 1991 '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` S. 1745 ( 102nd ) : Civil Rights Act of 1991 '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ Devroy , Ann . `` Bush Vetoes Civil Rights Bill ; Measure Said to Encourage Job Quotas ; Women , Minorities Sharply Critical . '' Washington Post 23 October 1990 , Print . External links ( edit ) Modified Text of the Civil Rights Act of 1991 Changes in Title VII made by the Civil Rights Act of 1991 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Rights_Act_of_1991&oldid=818818268 '' Categories : 1991 in law 102nd United States Congress Anti-discrimination law in the United States United States federal civil rights legislation United States statutes that abrogate Supreme Court decisions Post -- Civil Rights Era African - American history Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 19 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20Rights%20Act%20of%201991

what is the meaning of the name fernanda

Fernanda is a Portuguese , Spanish and Italian feminine equivalent of Fernando , a male given name of Germanic origin , with an original meaning of `` adventurous , bold journey '' .

adventurous , bold journey

Fernanda

fernanda

Fernanda is a Portuguese , Spanish and Italian feminine equivalent of Fernando , a male given name of Germanic origin , with an original meaning of `` adventurous , bold journey '' .

Contents 1 People 2 See also 3 References People ( edit ) Fernanda Abreu ( born 1961 ) , Brazilian popular singer Fernanda Brandao ( born 1983 ) , Brazilian singer , dancer , recording artist and celebrity , based in Munich , Germany Fernanda Castillo ( born 1982 ) , Mexican actress Fernanda Cornejo ( born 1989 ) , Ecuadorian beauty pageant titleholder , crowned Miss International Ecuador 2011 Fernanda de Freitas ( born 1980 ) , Brazilian film , television and stage actress Fernanda Eberstadt ( born 1960 ) , American writer Fernanda G. Weiden , system administrator and a former council member of Free Software Foundation Latin America Fernanda González ( born 1990 ) , Olympic and National record - holding backstroke swimmer from Mexico Fernanda Hermenegildo ( born 1988 ) , professional Brazilian tennis player and former member of the Brazil Fed Cup team Fernanda Keller , professional triathlete from Brazil who was the first Brazilian woman to compete in the Ironman Triathlon World Championships Fernanda Lara ( born 1976 ) , Brazilian musician Fernanda Lauro ( born 1978 ) , Argentine sprint canoeist Fernanda Lessa ( born 1977 ) , Brazilian top model Fernanda Lima ( born 1977 ) , Brazilian actress , television hostess and model Fernanda Lissoni ( born 1980 ) , female water polo player from Brazil Fernanda Machado ( born 1980 ) , Brazilian film , television and stage actress Fernanda Marlowe ( born 1942 ) , British actress Fernanda Montenegro ( born 1929 ) , Brazilian stage , television and film actress Fernanda Motta ( born 1981 ) , Brazilian model , actress , and television host Fernanda Nissen ( 1862 -- 1920 ) , Norwegian journalist , literary critic , theatre critic , politician and feminist pioneer Fernanda Oliveira ( born 1980 ) , Brazilian sailor Fernanda Paes Leme ( born 1983 ) , Brazilian actress Fernanda Pires da Silva ( born 1926 ) , Portuguese businesswoman Fernanda Pivano ( 1917 -- 2009 ) , Italian writer , journalist , translator and critic Fernanda Porto ( born 1965 ) , Brazilian singer of Drum ' n ' Bossa Fernanda Ribeiro ( born 1993 ) , Brazilian model Fernanda Rodrigues ( born 1979 ) , Brazilian film and television actress and entertainer Fernanda Romero ( born 1985 ) , Mexican actress , model and singer Fernanda Takai ( born 1971 ) , Brazilian singer , lead vocalist of rock band Pato Fu Fernanda Tavares ( born 1980 ) , Brazilian model Fernanda Torres ( born 1965 ) , Brazilian movie , theatre and television actress Fernanda Urrejola ( born 1981 ) , Chilean television , theatre and soap opera actress Fernanda Vasconcellos , ( born 1984 ) , Brazilian movie , theatre and television actress Fernanda Viégas , Brazilian scientist and designer See also ( edit ) Hurricane Fernanda ( disambiguation ) , tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.nordicnames.de/wiki/Ferdinand `` Ferdinand '' ; Nordic Names Wiki ; Accessed : 15 August 2011 Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernanda&oldid=864141131 '' Categories : Given names Italian feminine given names Spanish feminine given names Portuguese feminine given names Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch Español Esperanto Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 10 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who sings last night a dj saved my life

Last Night a DJ Saved My Life

last night a dj saved my life

`` Last Night a D.J. Saved My Life '' is a song written by Michael Cleveland for American group Indeep . It features vocals from Réjane `` Reggie '' Magloire and Rose Marie Ramsey .

The lyrics tell the story of a woman who is bored alone at home . She wants to speak to her man , but can not reach him and considers leaving him , until a DJ plays a hot song and thereby saves her life . In the second verse , she leaves home , but does not reach her destination . The sound of squeaky wheels suggests she has an accident , but is saved by a DJ playing a good song on the radio . The song was mixed by Tony Humphries and released as a single in 1982 , becoming the most popular and successful hit released by its record label , Sound of New York / Becket Records . In the U.S. `` Last Night a D.J. Saved My Life '' reached number ten on the R&B / Hip - Hop Singles chart and number two on the Club Singles chart . In February 1983 it peaked at number thirteen in the United Kingdom , and in March 1983 at number two in the Dutch Top 40 and the Belgium Ultratop 50 . The track appears as the third track of the namesake album released in 1983 . Rolling Stone magazine declared the song `` one of the greatest songs ever written about being a girl , listening to the radio , or any combination of the two , '' and , in 2005 , editors of Blender magazine placed it at number 406 on its 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born list . The song also provided the inspiration of the title of the book Last Night a DJ Saved My Life : The History of the Disc Jockey ( 2000 ) . Because of the limited success of Indeep 's later releases , the group 's first single was its only major hit and placed it into the one - hit wonder category of artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 Charts 2 Covers 3 Samplings 4 Other uses 5 References Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position Belgium Ultratop 50 Dutch Top 40 UK Singles Chart 13 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 10 U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play U.S. Billboard Hot 100 103 Covers ( edit ) In 1983 , South African vocalist Margino recorded a version for her album of the same name . In 2001 , American R&B singer Mariah Carey co-produced a cover of `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life '' with DJ Clue and Duro , which appeared on her tenth album , Glitter . Carey 's version of the song features Fabolous and Busta Rhymes , and it is heard during a scene in the film Glitter , in which Carey starred . It was released as the album 's sixth and final single in 2001 in Spain on a strictly promotional basis to boost the album 's slow sales , as the preceding singles from the album had performed poorly . Because of its limited release and conflict between Carey and Virgin / EMI Records , the single 's music video ( directed by Sanaa Hamri ) was not released until late 2002 -- early 2003 through Carey 's online fan club . In 2004 , UK house / trance music producer Seamus Haji made several popular remixes of the song through his own label , Big Love Records , and released them on a 12 '' single titled `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life ( ATFC Mixes ) '' . This version reached number thirteen on the UK Singles Chart and number one on the UK Dance chart in 2006 . In 1997 , King Britt included a version of this song on his album King Britt Presents Sylk 130 -- When The Funk Hits The Fan . The song was also re-released and remixed a number of times by various DJs / producers , most notably Seamus Haji , Funkagenda , and ATFC . Dara Rolins covered the song under the title `` Party DJ '' . In 2013 , Milk Inc. released its own vocal trance version . Samplings ( edit ) The song is sampled during Madonna 's performance of her song `` Music '' on her Sticky & Sweet Tour . The song `` If Ya Gettin ' Down '' by Five features a sample of the song , alongside a take on the in the mix lyrics during the bridge . The song `` Black Betty '' as covered by Tom Jones uses or samples the drum , bass , and guitar groove of this song . The chorus of the song is sampled , as well as translated , in Quebecois singer and songwriter Jean Leloup 's song `` 1990 '' . The song ends with backup singers repeatedly chanting `` hier soir le D.J. a sauvé mon âme avec cette chanson '' ( `` last night the D.J. saved my soul with this song '' ) . The song was sampled in the 2015 song `` Hell of a Night '' by Chris Brown contained in his mixtape Before the Party . The beat of the song was sampled in song `` Nlogax '' by Boards of Canada . The song is sampled in the 2009 single `` I 'm Just Here for the Music '' by Paula Abdul . Other uses ( edit ) `` Last Nite Kambel Saved My Life '' `` Last Nite Kambel Saved My Life '' by DJ Kambel Vs MC Magika , from Dancemania Speed 8 Problems playing this file ? See media help . The song was remixed by DJ Kambel and MC Magika in 2002 , appearing on Dancemania Speed 8 with the name `` Last Nite Kambel Saved My Life '' . The song is featured in the 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto : Vice City on `` Fever 105 '' , one of the in - game radio stations accessed while driving . The song appears in the 2006 feature film Cashback . Italian band Mirage performed a remix of this song on the 2007 compilation After Dark , released by the Italians Do It Better record label . The song `` Wrong Club '' by The Ting Tings features an homage in the lyric `` No DJ never saved my life '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( May 2008 ) . `` Gorgoroth -- Why the most dangerous true Norwegian black - metal band of the decade turned on itself '' . Archived from the original on 10 February 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 13 ... Revolver ( 68 ) . ISSN 1527 - 408X . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Cinquemani , Sal ( 21 August 2001 ) . `` Mariah Carey -- Glitter '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Mariah Carey : Glitter -- Music Reviews -- Rolling Stone Jump up ^ Billboard. 95 : 68 . 5 Mar 1983 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Margino -- Last Night A D.J. Saved My Life '' . Discogs . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Britt Presents Sylk 130 - When The Funk Hits The Fan '' . Discogs . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beatport : DJ & Dance Music , Tracks & Mixes '' . beatport.com . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Discogs , Dancemania Speed 8 Jump up ^ `` Cashback ( 2006 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ( hide ) Mariah Carey songs Singles discography Songs recorded 1990s songs `` Vision of Love '' `` There 's Got to Be a Way '' `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' `` Someday '' `` Love Takes Time '' `` Emotions '' `` Ca n't Let Go '' `` Make It Happen '' `` If It 's Over '' `` I 'll Be There '' `` Dreamlover '' `` Hero '' `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' `` Without You '' `` Never Forget You '' `` Endless Love '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Fantasy '' `` Underneath the Stars '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Open Arms '' `` Always Be My Baby '' `` Forever '' `` Honey '' `` My All '' `` Butterfly '' `` The Roof '' `` Breakdown '' `` Close My Eyes '' `` The Beautiful Ones '' `` Sweetheart '' `` When You Believe '' `` I Still Believe '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Thank God I Found You '' `` Ca n't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Crybaby '' 2000s songs `` Loverboy '' `` Do n't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) '' `` Reflections ( Care Enough ) '' `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life '' `` Never Too Far '' `` Never Too Far / Hero Medley '' `` Through the Rain '' `` Boy ( I Need You ) '' `` Bringin ' On the Heartbreak '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` It 's Like That '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Mine Again '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Get Your Number '' `` Fly Like a Bird '' `` Do n't Forget About Us '' `` So Lonely '' `` Migrate '' `` Touch My Body '' `` I Stay in Love '' `` Side Effects '' `` I 'm That Chick '' `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' `` Bye Bye '' `` Hero '' ( 2008 version ) `` Betcha Gon ' Know ( The Prologue ) '' `` Obsessed '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` H.A.T.E.U. '' 2010s songs `` Up Out My Face '' `` Angels Cry '' `` Oh Santa ! '' `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` One Child '' `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' `` # Beautiful '' `` Thirsty '' `` You 're Mine ( Eternal ) '' `` You Do n't Know What to Do '' `` Meteorite '' `` The Art of Letting Go '' `` Infinity '' `` I Do n't '' Other releases `` 100 % '' `` Almost Home '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Every Time I Close My Eyes '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` My Love '' `` Right to Dream '' `` So Lonely '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' `` U Make Me Wanna '' `` What More Can I Give '' Book Portal Template WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Night_a_D.J._Saved_My_Life&oldid=798596066 '' Categories : 1982 singles Mariah Carey songs Post-disco songs Songs written for films 1982 songs Songs about radio Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 20 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last%20Night%20a%20D.J.%20Saved%20My%20Life

when did the first friday 13th come out

Film U.S. release date Director Writer ( s ) Story Producer ( s ) Friday the 13th May 9 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 09 ) Sean S. Cunningham Victor Miller Sean S. Cunningham Friday the 13th Part 2 April 30 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 30 ) Steve Miner Ron Kurz Steve Miner Friday the 13th Part III August 13 , 1982 ( 1982 - 08 - 13 ) Martin Kitrosser & Carol Watson Frank Mancuso Jr . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter April 13 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 13 ) Joseph Zito Barney Cohen Bruce Hidemi Sakow Friday the 13th : A New Beginning March 22 , 1985 ( 1985 - 03 - 22 ) Danny Steinmann Martin Kitrosser , David Cohen & Danny Steinmann Martin Kitrosser & David Cohen Timothy Silver Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives August 1 , 1986 ( 1986 - 08 - 01 ) Tom McLoughlin Tom McLoughlin Don Behrns Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood May 13 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 13 ) John Carl Buechler Manuel Fidello & Daryl Haney Iain Paterson Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan July 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 28 ) Rob Hedden Rob Hedden Randy Cheveldave Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday August 13 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 13 ) Adam Marcus Jay Huguely & Dean Lorey Jay Huguely , Adam Marcus & Dean Lorey Sean S. Cunningham and Debbie Hayn - Cass Jason X April 26 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 26 ) James Isaac Todd Farmer Noel Cunningham , Sean S. Cunningham and James Isaac Freddy vs. Jason August 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 15 ) Ronny Yu Damian Shannon & Mark Swift Sean S. Cunningham Friday the 13th February 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) Marcus Nispel Mark Swift & Damian Shannon Mark Swift , Damian Shannon & Mark Wheaton Michael Bay , Andrew Form and Brad Fuller

May 9 , 1980

Friday the 13th ( franchise )

friday the 13th ( franchise )

Friday the 13th is an American horror franchise that comprises twelve slasher films , a television show , novels , comic books , video games , and tie ‐ in merchandise . The franchise mainly focuses on the fictional character Jason Voorhees , who drowned as a boy at Camp Crystal Lake due to the negligence of the camp staff . Decades later , the lake is rumored to be `` cursed '' and is the setting for a series of mass murders . Jason is featured in all of the films , as either the killer or the motivation for the killings . The original film , created to cash in on the success of Halloween ( 1978 ) , was written by Victor Miller and was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham . The films have grossed over $464 million at the box - office worldwide .

Frank Mancuso , Jr. , a producer of the films , also developed the television show Friday the 13th : The Series after Paramount released Jason Lives . The television series was not connected to the franchise by any character or setting , but was created based on the idea of `` bad luck and curses '' , which the film series symbolized . While the franchise was owned by Paramount , four films were adapted into novels , with Friday the 13th Part III adapted by two separate authors . When the franchise was sold to New Line Cinema , Cunningham returned as a producer to oversee two additional films , in addition to a crossover film with character Freddy Krueger from A Nightmare on Elm Street film series . Under New Line Cinema , thirteen novellas and various comic book series featuring Jason were published . Although the films were not popular with critics , Friday the 13th is considered one of the most successful media franchises in America -- not only for the success of the films , but also because of the extensive merchandising and repeated references to the series in popular culture . The franchise 's popularity has generated a fanbase who have created their own Friday the 13th films , fashioned replica Jason Voorhees costumes , and tattooed their bodies with Friday the 13th artwork . Jason 's hockey mask has become one of the most recognizable images in horror and popular culture . Contents 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Development 1.3 Music 1.4 Reception 1.5 Future 2 Television 3 Literature 3.1 Novels 3.2 Comic books 4 Documentaries and books 5 Video games 6 Merchandise 7 Impact 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Films ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director Writer ( s ) Story Producer ( s ) Friday the 13th May 9 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 09 ) Sean S. Cunningham Victor Miller Sean S. Cunningham Friday the 13th Part 2 April 30 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 30 ) Steve Miner Ron Kurz Steve Miner Friday the 13th Part III August 13 , 1982 ( 1982 - 08 - 13 ) Martin Kitrosser & Carol Watson Frank Mancuso Jr . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter April 13 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 13 ) Joseph Zito Barney Cohen Bruce Hidemi Sakow Friday the 13th : A New Beginning March 22 , 1985 ( 1985 - 03 - 22 ) Danny Steinmann Martin Kitrosser , David Cohen & Danny Steinmann Martin Kitrosser & David Cohen Timothy Silver Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives August 1 , 1986 ( 1986 - 08 - 01 ) Tom McLoughlin Tom McLoughlin Don Behrns Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood May 13 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 13 ) John Carl Buechler Manuel Fidello & Daryl Haney Iain Paterson Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan July 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 28 ) Rob Hedden Rob Hedden Randy Cheveldave Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday August 13 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 13 ) Adam Marcus Jay Huguely & Dean Lorey Jay Huguely , Adam Marcus & Dean Lorey Sean S. Cunningham and Debbie Hayn - Cass Jason X April 26 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 26 ) James Isaac Todd Farmer Noel Cunningham , Sean S. Cunningham and James Isaac Freddy vs. Jason August 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 15 ) Ronny Yu Damian Shannon & Mark Swift Sean S. Cunningham Friday the 13th February 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) Marcus Nispel Mark Swift & Damian Shannon Mark Swift , Damian Shannon & Mark Wheaton Michael Bay , Andrew Form and Brad Fuller Overview ( edit ) In the original Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) , Mrs. Pamela Voorhees ( Betsy Palmer ) stalks and murders the teenagers preparing Camp Crystal Lake for re ‐ opening . She is determined to ensure that the camp does not reopen after her son Jason ( Ari Lehman ) drowned in the lake due to the negligence of two staff members . The last counselor , Alice Hardy ( Adrienne King ) , fends off Mrs. Voorhees long enough to grab a machete and decapitate her . In Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) , Jason ( Steve Daskewisz / Warrington Gillette ) is revealed to be alive and fully grown . After killing Alice Hardy , Jason returns to Crystal Lake to guard it from all intruders . Five years later , a group of teenagers arrive at Crystal Lake to set up a new camp , but Jason murders them . Ginny Field ( Amy Steel ) , the last counselor Jason attempts to kill , finds a cabin in the woods with a shrine built around the severed head of Mrs. Voorhees . Ginny fights back and slams a machete through Jason 's shoulder . Jason is left for dead as Ginny is taken away in an ambulance . During the events of Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) , Jason ( Richard Brooker ) removes the machete from his shoulder and finds his way to Chris Higgins ' ( Dana Kimmell ) local homestead . Chris returns to her property with some friends , and Jason kills anyone who wanders into the barn where he is hiding . Taking a hockey mask from a victim to hide his face , Jason leaves the barn to kill the rest of the group . Chris seemingly kills Jason with an axe to his head , but the night 's events drive her into hysteria as the police take her away . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) continues where Part III leaves off , with Jason ( Ted White ) found by the police and taken to the local morgue after removing the axe . Upon arrival , Jason awakens to kill the coroner and a nurse before returning to Crystal Lake . A group of friends rent a house on Crystal Lake and fall victim to Jason 's rampage . After killing the teens , Jason seeks out Trish ( Kimberly Beck ) and Tommy Jarvis ( Corey Feldman ) , who live next door . While distracted by Trish , Jason is attacked and ultimately killed by Tommy . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) follows Tommy Jarvis ( John Shepherd ) , who was committed to a mental health institution after the events of The Final Chapter and grew up constantly afraid that Jason ( Tom Morga ) would return . Roy Burns ( Dick Wieand ) uses Jason 's persona to become a copycat killer at the halfway home to which Tommy has moved . Tommy , supervisor Pam ( Melanie Kinnaman ) , and a young boy named Reggie ( Shavar Ross ) manage to defeat Roy . They eventually learn that Roy had a son who was murdered by one of the patients at the institution , triggering Roy to take on Jason 's likeness and kill everyone there . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) begins with Tommy ( Thom Mathews ) visiting Jason 's grave after being released from another mental institution . Tommy inadvertently resurrects Jason ( C.J. Graham ) with a piece of the fence surrounding the cemetery acting as a lightning rod . Jason immediately heads back to Crystal Lake and kills the people working at the new summer camp . Tommy eventually chains Jason to a boulder that he tosses into the lake , where he leaves Jason to die . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) begins an indeterminate length of time after Jason Lives . Jason ( Kane Hodder ) is resurrected again , this time by the telekinetic Tina Shepard ( Lar Park Lincoln ) , who is trying to resurrect her father who drowned in the lake when Tina was a child . Jason once again begins killing those who occupy Crystal Lake and is returned to the bottom of the lake after a battle with Tina . Jason is resurrected again in Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) by an underwater electrical cable . He follows a group of students on their senior class cruise to Manhattan , where he kills the ship 's crew and the majority of the students . Upon reaching Manhattan , Jason chases Rennie ( Jensen Daggett ) and Sean ( Scott Reeves ) , the two remaining students , into the sewers . Jason eventually melts away because the sewer is flooded with toxic waste . In Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) , Jason , through an unexplained resurrection , is hunted by the FBI at Crystal Lake . The FBI sets up a sting that successfully kills Jason . Through possession , Jason manages to survive by passing his black heart from one being to the next . It is revealed that he has a sister and a niece , and that he needs them to get his body back . Jason resurrects himself , but his niece , Jessica Kimble ( Kari Keegan ) , stabs him with a mystical dagger and he is dragged into Hell . Jason X ( 2001 ) takes place in the future , when Jason has again been inexplicably resurrected . A scientist , Rowan LaFontaine ( Lexa Doig ) , decides that cryonic suspension is the only method of stopping him , but Jason breaks free and kills the army personnel guarding him before he can be again imprisoned . Rowan manages to lure Jason into the cryo ‐ chamber , but he ruptures the tank and freezes both himself and Rowan . Over 400 years later , a team of students studying Earth discover Jason 's body and take it into space . Upon being thawed by the team , he proceeds to murder everyone aboard the spacecraft . He is seemingly killed , but is then resurrected via nanotechnology as a cyborg version of himself . Finally , he is ejected into space and incinerated by Earth Two 's atmosphere , his mask falling to the bottom of a lake . The next Friday the 13th film , Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) , was a crossover with A Nightmare on Elm Street . Set in the contemporary period , Freddy Krueger ( Robert Englund ) resurrects Jason ( Ken Kirzinger ) and sends him to Springwood hoping that he will create enough fear among the residents that Freddy will be strong enough to invade their dreams . Jason accomplishes this but refuses to stop killing . A battle ensues both in the dream - world and at Crystal Lake . The outcome is left ambiguous , as Jason surfaces from the lake holding Freddy 's severed head , which winks and laughs . In 2009 , a new Friday the 13th film which restarted the film series continuity was released . In this film , after witnessing his mother being beheaded at a young age , an adult Jason ( Derek Mears ) follows in her footsteps and kills anyone who comes to Crystal Lake . Jason subsequently kidnaps a young woman , Whitney Miller ( Amanda Righetti ) , who resembles his mother at a young age . Six weeks after her disappearance , her brother , Clay Miller ( Jared Padalecki ) , comes to look for her . The pair reunite and work together to seemingly kill Jason . Development ( edit ) Friday the 13th did not even have a completed script when Sean S. Cunningham took out this advertisement in International Variety magazine . The original Friday the 13th was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham , who had previously worked with filmmaker Wes Craven on The Last House on the Left ( 1972 ) . Cunningham , inspired by the success of John Carpenter 's Halloween ( 1978 ) , wanted Friday the 13th to be shocking , visually stunning , and `` ( make ) you jump out of your seat '' . Distancing himself from The Last House on the Left , Cunningham wanted Friday the 13th to be more of a `` roller coaster ride '' . The first film was meant to be `` a real scary movie '' , and at the same time make audiences laugh . The concept for Friday the 13th began as nothing more than a title . A Long Night at Camp Blood was the working title Victor Miller used while he drafted a script , but Cunningham believed in his `` Friday the 13th '' moniker and rushed to place an advertisement in International Variety . Worrying that someone else owned the rights to the title and wanting to avoid potential lawsuits , Cunningham thought it would be best to find out immediately . Cunningham commissioned a New York advertising agency to develop his visual concept of the Friday the 13th logo , which consisted of big block letters bursting through a pane of glass . In the end , Cunningham believed there were `` no problems '' with the title , but distributor George Mansour contends that there was an issue : `` There was a movie before ours called Friday the 13th : The Orphan . Moderately successful . But someone still threatened to sue . It is unknown whether Phil ( Scuderi ) paid them off , but the issue was eventually resolved . '' Following the success of Friday the 13th in 1980 , Paramount Pictures began plans to make a sequel and immediately acquired the worldwide distribution rights . According to Paramount Pictures ' Chairman and CEO Frank Mancuso , Sr. , `` We wanted it to be an event , where teenagers would flock to the theaters on that Friday night to see the latest episode . '' Initial ideas for a sequel involved the Friday the 13th title being used for a series of discontinuous films , released once a year , and each would be a separate `` scary movie '' of its own right . Phil Scuderi -- a co ‐ owner of Esquire Theaters with Steve Minasian and Bob Barsamian and a producer of the original film -- insisted that the sequel must have Jason Voorhees , Pamela 's son , even though his appearance at the end of the original film was only meant to be a joke . Steve Miner , associate producer of the first film , believed in the idea , and he ultimately directed the first two sequels after Cunningham opted not to return to the director 's chair . The studio continued to generate sequels over the years , based on the financial success they produced compared to their relatively low budgets . With every film repeating the same basic premise , the filmmakers came up with subtle adjustments so the audience would return . Changes involved the addition of a subtitle -- as opposed to just a number attached to the end -- like `` The Final Chapter '' and `` Jason Takes Manhattan '' , or filming the movie in 3 - D , as Miner did for Friday the 13th Part III . The third film would also be the birthplace of one of the most recognizable images in popular culture , that of Jason 's hockey mask . Producer Frank Mancuso , Jr. eventually decided to kill Jason for good , after he experienced problems finding new films to produce that were more than just horror movies , because his name brought constant association to the Friday the 13th film series . Jason would not stay buried for long , as the success of The Final Chapter ensured another Friday the 13th film . Mancuso , Sr. stated , `` Quite simply , the public still wanted to see these films . So until they really stopped coming , why not continue to make more ? '' A New Beginning shifted the focus of the story to the character of Tommy Jarvis and how he battles his inner demons , hallucinations , and `` rages to kill '' after his ordeal with Jason in The Final Chapter . This premise was not repeated , as the very next installment brought Jason back from the dead . Jason Lives attempted to create a `` funnier , faster , and more action - packed ( ... ) Friday '' than had previously been done . The limited financial success of Jason Lives provided enough incentive to create another sequel , The New Blood . The idea proposed by screenwriter Daryl Haney stemmed from his realization that the films always ended with Jason battling the `` final girl '' . Haney decided that this final girl should have telekinetic powers , which led Producer Barbara Sachs to dub the film , Jason vs. Carrie . `` Okay , we 'll make Vancouver look like New York and we 'll do it that way . But they came back again with , ' You ca n't do the Brooklyn Bridge in Vancouver . You ca n't do Madison Square Garden in Vancouver . You ca n't do the Statue of Liberty in Vancouver . ' Pretty soon it was half New York , half on the boat . Then it was the last third in New York . It just kept getting whittled down and down . '' -- Rob Hedden ( writer / director ) on the deconstruction of Jason Takes Manhattan 's story Plans were made to take Jason away from Crystal Lake and place him in a larger environment for the eighth film . New York City was selected as the main setting , with Jason spending approximately a third of the movie on a boat before reaching New York . The film was then subtitled Jason Takes Manhattan . Ultimately , the character spent the majority of the time on the cruise ship , as budget restrictions forced scenes of New York to be trimmed or downgraded . Vancouver had to substitute for the majority of the New York scenes . When Jason Takes Manhattan failed to perform successfully at the box office , Sean Cunningham decided that he wanted to reacquire the rights to Friday the 13th and start working with New Line Cinema on Freddy vs. Jason , as New Line owned the Nightmare on Elm Street franchise . The concept of a fight between Freddy and Jason was not new , since Paramount had approached New Line about filming a crossover years before the latter had gained the licensing rights to Friday the 13th . At that time , both companies wanted the license to the other 's character so that they could control the making of the film . Negotiations on the project were never finalized , which led Paramount to make The New Blood . After Jason Takes Manhattan was released in 1989 , the rights reverted to Scuderi , Minasian , and Barsamianto , who sold them to New Line . Before Cunningham could start working on Freddy vs. Jason , Wes Craven returned to New Line to make New Nightmare . This effectively put Freddy vs. Jason on hold , but allowed Cunningham the chance to bring Jason back into the spotlight with Jason Goes to Hell . The ninth installment `` turned a healthy profit '' , though it was only intended to open the door for a crossover with Freddy Krueger rather than to start a new series for New Line . Ultimately , the film series would go through another sequel before that would happen . Cunningham 's `` frustration '' with the delayed development of the Freddy vs. Jason project forced him to create another sequel in an effort to keep the franchise in the minds of audiences . Based on Jason Takes Manhattan 's concept of taking Jason away from Crystal Lake , the 10th film would put the titular character in space . The film suffered from the loss of its biggest supporter , President of Production Michael De Luca , when he resigned from his position . Lack of support forced the finished film to sit for two years before finally being released on April 26 , 2002 , and it would go on to become the lowest - grossing film in the franchise at the domestic box office . It also held the distinction of having the largest budget of any of the previous films at that time . After more than 15 years of off - and - on development , and approximately $6 million spent in 18 unused scripts from more than a dozen screenwriters , New Line finally produced a Freddy and Jason crossover for 2003 . One of the biggest hurdles for the film was developing a story that managed to bring the two horror icons together . Potential stories varied widely , from Freddy having molested and drowned Jason as a child , to a cult of Freddy worshipers called the `` Fred Heads '' . In January 2007 , Platinum Dunes producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller outlined their intended goal to bring a Friday the 13th reboot to life . New Line approached Fuller and Form to create a reboot , but because Paramount still owned certain copyrights to the first film , the reboot would not be able to use anything from the original . Paramount , who wanted to be included in the development of a reboot , approached the producers and gave them license to use anything from the original films , including the title . With Paramount on board , Fuller and Form decided they wanted to use pieces from the early films . Fuller said , `` I think there are moments we want to address , like how does the hockey mask happen . '' Shannon and Swift , writers of Freddy vs. Jason , were brought on to pen the script for the new film , with Marcus Nispel , director of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake of 2003 , hired in November 2007 to direct . Music ( edit ) When Harry Manfredini began working on the musical score for the 1980 film , the decision was made to play the music only alongside the killer so as not to trick the audience into believing that the killer was around during moments that they were not supposed to be . Manfredini explains that the lack of music for certain scenes was deliberate : `` There 's a scene where one of the girls ( ... ) is setting up the archery area ( ... ) One of the guys shoots an arrow into the target and just misses her . It 's a huge scare , but if you notice , there 's no music . That was a choice . '' Manfredini also noted that when something was about to happen , the music would cut off so that the audience would relax a bit , which allowed the scare to become more effective . Friday the 13th theme Harry Manfredini 's theme , used to identify the presence of the killer in the Friday the 13th film series Problems playing this file ? See media help . Since Mrs. Voorhees , the killer in the original Friday the 13th , does not show up until the final reel of the film , Manfredini had the job of creating a score that would represent the killer in her absence . Manfredini was inspired by the 1975 film Jaws , where the shark is not seen for the majority of the film , but the motif created by John Williams cued the audience as to when the shark was present during scenes and unseen . While listening to a piece of Krzysztof Penderecki music , which contained a chorus with `` striking pronunciations '' , Manfredini was inspired to recreate a similar sound for Friday the 13th . He came up with the sound `` ki ki ki , ma ma ma '' , based on the line `` Kill her mommy ! '' , which Mrs. Voorhees recites repeatedly in the final reel . The `` ki '' comes from `` kill '' , and the `` ma '' from `` mommy '' . To achieve the unique sound he wanted for the film , Manfredini spoke the two words `` harshly , distinctly , and rhythmically into a microphone '' and ran them into an echo reverberation machine . Manfredini finished the original score after a few weeks and recorded it in a friend 's basement . Victor Miller and assistant editor Jay Keuper have commented on how memorable the music is , with Keuper describing it as `` iconographic '' . Manfredini makes note of the mispronunciation of the sounds : `` Everybody thinks it 's cha , cha , cha . I 'm like , ' Cha , cha , cha ' ? What are you talking about ? '' When Manfredini returned for the first sequel , he had an easier time composing since he only needed to perfect what he had already created . Over the course of the sequels , Manfredini loosened the philosophy that the theme should be reserved just for the killer . Manfredini describes the style of the sequels as more of a `` setting ' em up and knocking ' em down '' approach , which meant that there were more `` McGuffins and red ‐ herrings '' that required the killer 's theme music be played to try to trick the audience . Manfredini explains , `` The original had the real myopic approach , and then we had to start thinking of the sequels as more conventional films . '' For Part 3 , Manfredini only returned to score the first and last reels of the film because he was busy with a Broadway production . Jack Tillar pieced together portions of the score from the first two films to fill the remaining time for Part 3 , while Michael Zagar composed an opening and closing theme . Manfredini and Zagar met at the latter 's apartment , where Zagar rescored the original opening theme using a disco beat . Manfredini returned for The Final Chapter , and although there were similar elements to the score , everything was newly recorded for the fourth Friday the 13th . When he began work on the score for A New Beginning , Manfredini created a theme just for the character of Tommy Jarvis . The idea was to suggest that there was `` madness afoot '' , which he believed helped to `` ' point the finger ' at various characters ( ... ) to suggest that things were not as you might expect '' . For Jason Lives , Tom McLoughlin instructed Manfredini to create a score that would not alert the audience about what was happening or about to happen , `` but instead allow the audience to do it to themselves '' . McLoughlin took this idea from John Carpenter 's 1978 film Halloween , which would always follow any shock in the film with Carpenter 's `` Eeeeeeee ! '' sound . McLoughlin wanted something more subtle , with a `` Gothic '' resonance . Manfredini did not score The New Blood and Jason Takes Manhattan because of prior film engagements , but his scores from previous films were reused . While Manfredini was working on Sean Cunningham 's DeepStar Six , Producer Iain Paterson hired Fred Mollin , who was scoring Friday the 13th : The Series , to finish composing the music to The New Blood . Manfredini 's original music only filled half the film . Mollin returned to fully score Jason Takes Manhattan , and worked with Steve Mizer to write an original song reminiscent of Robert Plant for the opening credits . Manfredini would score the next two entries in the series before being replaced on Freddy vs. Jason . The official reason for Manfredini 's replacement was because New Line wanted to take the series in a `` new direction '' , but Manfredini contends that the final cut of Freddy vs. Jason was `` just the same thing '' . Reception ( edit ) The Friday the 13th films generally received negative reception from professional critics , in contrast to other slashers like Halloween . Critics disliked how the series favored high body counts over plot and character development and how each film was almost indistinguishable from the last . Nevertheless , the films were a financial success , prompting Paramount to release more sequels contingent on the box office appeal . When comparing Friday the 13th to the other top - grossing American slasher franchises -- A Nightmare on Elm Street , Child 's Play , Halloween , the Hannibal Lecter series , Psycho , Saw , Scream , and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre -- and adjusting for the 2011 inflation , Friday the 13th is the highest grossing horror franchise in the United States , with approximately $687.1 million . A Nightmare on Elm Street follows with $592.8 million , with the Hannibal Lecter film series closely behind with $588.7 million . Then comes Halloween with $557.5 million , Saw with $457.4 million , Scream with $442.9 million , Psycho with $376.3 million , The Texas Chainsaw Massacre with $304.6 million , and the Child 's Play film series rounding out the list with approximately $203 million . The financial success has extended to home release , with more than five million DVDs sold by 2005 . Title Release date ( United States ) Budget Box office ( USD ) Reference United States International Worldwide 1 . Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) May 9 , 1980 $550 K $39.76 million $20 million $59.75 million 2 . Friday the 13th Part 2 April 30 , 1981 $1.25 million $21.72 million N / A $21.72 million 3 . Friday the 13th Part III August 13 , 1982 May 13 , 1983 ( re-release ) $2.5 million $36.69 million N / A $36.69 million 4 . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter April 13 , 1984 $2.6 million $32.98 million N / A $32.98 million 5 . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning March 22 , 1985 $2.2 million $21.93 million N / A $21.93 million 6 . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives August 1 , 1986 $3 million $19.47 million N / A $19.47 million 7 . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood May 13 , 1988 $2.8 million $19.17 million N / A $19.17 million 8 . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan July 28 , 1989 $5 million $14.34 million N / A $14.34 million 9 . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday August 13 , 1993 $3 million $15.94 million N / A $15.94 million 10 . Jason X April 26 , 2002 $14 million $13.12 million $3.83 million $16.96 million 11 . Freddy vs. Jason August 15 , 2003 $25 million $82.62 million $32.29 million $114.9 million 12 . Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) February 13 , 2009 $19 million $65 million $26.38 million $91.4 million Total $80.9 million $383.3 million $64.5 million $464.67 million Future ( edit ) Shortly after the 2009 reboot 's theatrical release , producers Brad Fuller and Andrew Form expressed an interest in producing another Friday the 13th film , citing the enjoyment they had working on the reboot . On October 1 , 2009 , Warner Bros. Pictures announced that it planned to release the Friday the 13th sequel on August 13 , 2010 . Subsequently , on December 10 , 2009 , Warner Bros. announced that it had pulled the sequel from the August 13 , 2010 release slot and listed its release as `` TBD '' ( to be determined ) . Warner Bros. also announced that Damian Shannon and Mark Swift were penning the sequel . On April 21 , 2010 , Fuller announced on his Twitter page that a sequel to the 2009 remake was no longer in the works , declaring it , `` dead -- not happening '' . In a later interview , Fuller explained that the 2009 reboot was the result of a joint effort between Paramount and New Line Cinema , as both owned portions of the Friday the 13th franchise . With a down economy , both studios were limiting the films they produced each year , opting to produce films carrying lower risks and higher rewards . Accordingly , the companies put Friday the 13th Part 2 on hold in hopes that they would move forward with this next installment when the economy bounced back . Form explained that neither studio would walk away from the sequel 's production to allow the other to move forward as the primary producing house , each studio concerned that its players would look like `` idiots '' should the sequel perform well without its involvement . Form and Fuller also mentioned that the Friday the 13th sequel may be a 3 ‐ D film , should it ever again be green - lit for production by the studios . On February 1 , 2011 , Fuller announced via Twitter that Shannon and Smith had completed writing a script for the sequel . Fuller reported that he was ready to begin production , but that New Line Cinema was not . On June 5 , 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Warner Bros. had relinquished its film rights to the Friday the 13th series to Paramount as part of a deal that would allow Warner Bros. to co-produce Interstellar . One week later , Derek Mears revealed that Paramount was working with Platinum Dunes to make a new installment `` as fast as possible . '' David Bruckner was set to direct the next installment of Friday the 13th . After altering the release date numerous times , Paramount set the film for a Friday , May 13 , 2016 release date . In March 2015 , it was announced that TV writer Nick Antosca would write the script . On October 20 , 2015 , The Wrap reported that Paramount pushed back the film 's release date to January 13 , 2017 . On December 3 , 2015 , it was announced that Aaron Guzikowski was negotiating a deal to write a new script , but that Bruckner , who had purportedly left the project in 2015 , would no longer be directing . On May 31 , 2016 , Fuller revealed that the reboot would be an origin story for Jason , and his mother would be in the film . On August 8 , 2016 , Variety reported that Breck Eisner was in talks to direct the reboot . In September 2016 , Paramount pushed back the reboot 's release date from Friday , January 13 , 2017 to Friday , October 13 , 2017 . On January 27 , 2017 , it was reported that the reboot 's working title was Friday the 13th : Part 13 , Platinum Dunes was looking for someone to play a young Jason Voorhees , and production would begin in March 2017 , slated for a Friday , October 13 , 2017 release date . On February 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Paramount officially canceled the project due to the low box office grosses of Rings , and Paramount assigned the October 13 , 2017 release date to its upcoming film , Mother ! . On October 10 , 2017 , Shannon and Swift revealed the title of their proposed sequel , Friday the 13th : Camp Blood -- The Death of Jason Voorhees . The rights to the franchise are slated to revert to New Line / Warner Bros. in 2018 . However , Victor Miller , who wrote the original Friday the 13th screenplay , asserted that Horror Inc. derived its current copyright to the screenplay from Miller 's transfer of copyright to Horror Inc. 's predecessor - in - interest , the Manny Company . Miller sent a Notice of Termination to Horror Inc. on January 26 , 2016 , purportedly reclaiming his rights to the screenplay and the content contained therein through termination of the transfer of rights he had formerly made to the Manny Company . Original film producer Sean S. Cunningham claims that Miller wrote the screenplay for Friday the 13th as a work - made - for - hire for the Manny Company . Under copyright law , an employer is considered the statutory author and copyright holder if a work is made in the employee 's scope of employment . If , as Cunningham contends , Miller wrote the screenplay as the Manny Company 's employee , he never held a copyright to the screenplay to transfer or reclaim . A lawsuit seeking the parties ' declaration of rights is currently pending in a federal court in Connecticut . On September 28 , 2018 , Miller won the rights against Cunningham , as the lawsuit is closed . By October 2018 , it was announced that LeBron James , through his production company Springhill Entertainment alongside Vertigo Entertainment , is in talks to co-produce the next film . Television ( edit ) On September 28 , 1987 , Paramount began airing Friday the 13th : The Series , a television series that focuses on two cousins ' attempts to recover cursed antiques that were sold from a shop they inherited from their uncle . The show starred John D. LeMay as Ryan Dallion and Louise Robey as Michelle Foster . It was created by Frank Mancuso , Jr. and Larry B. Williams originally under the title of The 13th Hour , and the series ran for 72 episodes . Mancuso , Jr. never intended to link the television show directly to the film series , but he utilized `` the idea of Friday the 13th , which is that it symbolizes bad luck and curses '' . The creators wanted to tie ‐ in Jason 's trademark hockey mask to the series , but the idea was discarded so that the show could have a chance to exist on its own . Mancuso , Jr. was afraid that mentioning any events from the films would take the audience away from `` the new world that we were trying to create '' . The decision to name the show Friday the 13th over the original title was made because Mancuso , Jr. believed a `` Friday the 13th '' moniker would better help to sell the show to networks . Filming took place in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Friday the 13th : The Series initially aired in first - run syndication in a late - night spot ; the success of the series as a late - night show prompted some broadcasting stations to move it to primetime . Produced on a budget estimated below $500,000 per episode , the first season placed second in the male 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , just behind Paramount 's Star Trek : The Next Generation . In addition , the first season placed fifth in the female 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic . In September 2003 , during a panel session at the Maniafest convention , Sean S. Cunningham spoke about the possibility of bringing Friday the 13th to television , with the series focusing on a group of teenagers living in the Crystal Lake area . On October 22 , 2005 , Cunningham discussed the potential series further . He explained that the idea was to call the series Crystal Lake Chronicles , and `` set ( it ) in a town with all this Jason history '' . The series would focus more on `` coming - of - age issues '' , in a similar style to Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Dawson 's Creek , and Smallville , with Jason as more of a recurring `` background '' character . In April 2014 , it was announced that Emmett / Furla / Oasis Films and Crystal Lake Entertainment were planning to produce an hour - long Friday the 13th television series . The series is intended to focus on a group of characters at Crystal Lake , who have to deal with the return of Jason Voorhees , as well as discover new information about him and his family . On August 2015 , it was announced that the series was being developed by The CW . Steve Mitchell and Craig Van Sickle were hired to write the pilot , while Sean S. Cunningham , Randall Emmett , George Furla and Mark Canton would be the executive producers . On August 2016 , the network announced that decided to not move forward with the series . The CW president Mark Pedowitz explained , `` We had better pilots . The bottom line is we felt we had stronger things to go with , and we did n't go forward with it . It was well - written , it was darker than we wanted it to be , and we did n't believe it had sustainability ... We did n't believe that it was a sustainable script , a sustainable series . It was a very good pilot , but not a sustainable series . '' Literature ( edit ) Novels ( edit ) `` I could n't believe it . He started writing this book with low expectations , but a few pages in , he was already enjoying himself . He 'd found a way to tell the story in his own interesting way -- with his own imprint -- and he wrote the book in less than a week . Dad never wrote a book that he did n't like . '' -- David Avallone on his father 's experience writing Friday the 13th Part 3 Six of the 12 films have been adapted into novels -- Friday the 13th 1 -- 3 , Jason Lives , Jason X , and Freddy vs. Jason -- with Friday the 13th Part 3 being adapted twice . The first novel was Michael Avallone 's 1982 adaptation of Friday the 13th Part 3 ; Avallone had previously adapted Beneath the Planet of the Apes and Shock Treatment . The author chose to use an alternate ending , one that was filmed for Part 3 but never used , as the conclusion for his adaptation . In the alternate ending , Chris , who is in a canoe , hears her boyfriend Rick 's voice and immediately runs back to the house . When she opens the door , Jason is standing there with a machete and decapitates her . The next book was not published until 1986 , when Simon Hawke adapted Jason Lives . Hawke would also adapt the first three films into novels , and his adaptation of the original Friday the 13th was published in 1987 , with novelizations of Part 2 and 3 both being published in 1988 . Hawke 's first adaptation , Jason Lives , introduced the character of Elias Voorhees , Jason 's father , who was supposed to appear in the film before being cut by the studio . The book explains how Elias has Jason 's body buried , instead of the planned cremation , after his death in The Final Chapter . In 1994 , four young adult novels were released under the title of Friday the 13th . These stories focused on different people finding Jason 's mask and becoming possessed by his spirit , but the actual character did not appear in the novels . The novels were written by author Eric Morse and published in 1994 . The books are titled Mother 's Day , Jason 's Curse , The Carnival , and Road Trip . In 2003 and 2005 , Black Flame published novelizations of Freddy vs. Jason and Jason X . After the release of the Jason X novel , Black Flame began publishing two series of novels . One set was published under the Jason X title , while the second set used the Friday the 13th moniker . The Jason X series consisted of four sequels to the 2005 adaptation . The first to be published was Jason X : The Experiment , which saw the government attempting to exploit Jason 's indestructibility to create an army of `` super soldiers '' . The second novel , Planet of the Beast , follows the efforts of Dr. Bardox and his crew as they try to clone a comatose Jason and stay alive when Jason awakens . Death Moon revolves around Jason crash - landing at Moon Camp Americana , and the final novel , To the Third Power , is about the discovery of a Jason clone underneath a prison . The Friday the 13th series of novels are not connected to the Jason X series and do not continue any story set forth by the films . Instead , each novel developed the character of Jason in its own way . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath has Jason resurrected by a religious cult . In Friday the 13th : Hell Lake , a recently executed serial killer , Wayne Sanchez , persuades Jason to help him escape back to the real world . In Hate - Kill - Repeat , two religious serial killers attempt to find Jason at Crystal Lake , believing that the three of them share the same contempt for those that break the moral code . The Jason Strain places Jason on an island with a group of death row convicts -- placed there by television executives running a reality game show -- while a scientist attempts to create an age - retarding `` super drug '' from Jason 's DNA . Instead , she creates a virus that reanimates the dead into zombies . The character of Pamela Voorhees returns from the grave in Carnival of Maniacs , and she searches for Jason , who is now part of a traveling sideshow and about to be auctioned off to the highest bidder . Comic Books ( edit ) Since New Line Cinema 's acquisition of the franchise , several Friday the 13th comic books have been published by Topps Comics , Avatar Press , and DC Comics imprint WildStorm . The first comic book release for the franchise was the 1993 Topps Comics adaptation of Jason Goes to Hell , written by Andy Mangels . The three - issue series was a condensed version of the film with a few added scenes . Topps Comics published another series in 1995 , with Nancy A. Collins writing a three - issue , non ‐ canonical miniseries involving a crossover between Jason and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 's Leatherface . The story involves Jason stowing away aboard a train and eventually meeting Leatherface . The two initially become friends , with Leatherface adopting Jason into the former 's family . After a series of misunderstandings , Jason and Leatherface turn on each other . On May 13 , 2005 , New Line first exercised their rights to use the Friday the 13th moniker when they , along with Avatar comics , released a special issue of Friday the 13th . Written by Brian Pulido and illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Greg Waller , the story takes place after the events of Freddy vs. Jason , where siblings Miles and Laura Upland inherit Camp Crystal Lake . Knowing that Jason caused the recent destruction , Laura , unknown to her brother , sets out to kill Jason with a paramilitary group so that she and her brother can sell the property . The issue pre ‐ sold more than 17,500 copies . Avatar released a three - issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Bloodbath in September 2005 . The series was written by Brian Pulido , illustrated by Mike Wolfer and Andrew Dalhouse , and revolves around a group of teenagers who come to Camp Tomorrow , a camp that sits on Crystal Lake , for work and a `` party - filled weekend '' . The teenagers begin to discover that they share common family backgrounds and soon awaken Jason , who proceeds to kill them . Brian Pulido returned for a third time in October 2005 to write another special issue for Avatar , titled Jason X . Picking up after the events of the Jason X film , Jason is now on Earth 2 where a bioengineer , Kristen , attempts to subdue him in hopes that she can use his regenerative tissue to save her own life and the lives of those she loves . In February 2006 , Avatar published their final Friday the 13th comic , a two - issue miniseries titled Friday the 13th : Jason vs. Jason X . The series was written and illustrated by Mike Wolfer . The story takes place after the events of the film Jason X , where a salvage team discovers the spaceship Grendel and awakens a regenerated Jason Voorhees . The `` original '' Jason and Über - Jason , a version of Jason with mechanical limbs , are drawn into a battle to the death . In June 2006 , a one - shot comic titled Friday the 13th : Fearbook was released , written by Mike Wolfer with art by Sebastian Fiumara . In the comic , Jason is captured and experimented upon by the Trent Organization . Jason escapes and seeks out Violet , the survivor of Friday the 13th : Bloodbath , whom the Trent Organization is holding in their Crystal Lake headquarters . In December 2006 , WildStorm began publishing its own series of comic books under the Friday the 13th title . The first set was a six - issue miniseries that involves Jason 's return to Crystal Lake , a lone survivor 's tale of the murder of her friends by a monster , a new revelation about the evil surrounding Crystal Lake , and the truth of what Jason embodies . The miniseries pre ‐ sold approximately 60,318 copies altogether , with each issue pre ‐ selling 15,800 , 9,600 , 8,964 , 8,637 , 8,715 , and 8,602 copies , respectively . The trade paperback of the series , released in September 2007 , contained a foreword by musician Andrew W.K. . On July 11 and August 15 , 2007 , WildStorm published a two - part special titled Friday the 13th : Pamela 's Tale . The two - issue comic book covers Pamela Voorhees ' journey to Camp Crystal Lake and the story of her pregnancy with Jason as she recounts it to hitchhiker Annie , a camp counselor who is killed in the original film . The miniseries pre ‐ sold a combined 16,051 copies . `` I did about a 30 page treatment for the potential sequel , turned it in , and they all backed it . ( ... ) After some time passed and the Ash thing had gone away ( ... ) the New Line licensing guys started talking about doing it as a comic book . ( ... ) while I was at New Line ( ... ) I was trying to encourage it along as best I could , knowing ( the comic ) was the only way it was going to see the light of day . '' -- Jeff Katz on how the Freddy vs. Jason sequel became a comic WildStorm released another comic book special , titled Friday the 13th : How I Spent My Summer Vacation , consisting of two issues that were released on September 12 and October 10 , 2007 . The comic book provides insight into the psychology of Jason Voorhees as he befriends a boy born with a skull deformity . The first issue of How I Spent My Summer Vacation pre ‐ sold approximately 7,837 copies . WildStorm released a six - issue sequel to Freddy vs. Jason , titled Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , starring the two aforementioned killers and Ash from the Evil Dead film series . The story focuses on Freddy using the Necronomicon , which is in the basement of the Voorhees home , to escape from Jason 's subconscious and `` gain powers unlike anything he 's had before '' . Freddy attempts to use Jason to retrieve the book , but Ash , who is working at the local S ‐ Mart in Crystal Lake , learns of the book 's existence and sets out to destroy it once and for all . The story , by Jeff Katz , was a sequel to the Freddy vs. Jason film in development before the former film had been theatrically released . After meeting with executives , the negotiations ended and the story was shelved . Following the success of Freddy vs. Jason , the idea of including Ash was brought up again , but New Line ultimately decided they would put the story in comic book form and bring in James Kuhoric to write and Jason Craig to do the artwork . On January 9 and February 13 , 2008 , WildStorm released another two - issue miniseries , titled Friday the 13th : Bad Land , which was written and illustrated by Ron Marz and Mike Huddleston , respectively . The series explores the history of Crystal Lake before Pamela and Jason Voorhees arrived . Bad Land takes place in two time frames , the `` present day '' and 250 years before `` present day '' . It follows three hikers in the present and three fur trappers in the past , each of whom is snowed in by a blizzard at Crystal Lake . Each group experiences similar events , suggesting that there is a connection between the two groups . A one - shot comic , titled Friday the 13th : Abuser and the Abused , written by Joshua Hale Fialkov with artwork by Andy B. , was released on April 30 , 2008 . The story involves a teenager named Maggie tricking her abusive boyfriend into travelling to Crystal Lake , where she plans to murder him , but she encounters Jason shortly after arriving at the camp . On June 24 , 2009 , the six - issue sequel to Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash , subtitled The Nightmare Warriors , began . Written by Jeff Katz and James Kuhoric , and illustrated by Jason Craig , the miniseries has Ash and survivors of both Freddy and Jason banding together to defeat the two after Freddy is released from the world of the Deadites by government operatives who had discovered the Necronomicon . Documentaries and Books ( edit ) There have been two books released chronicling the making of the Friday the 13th films . In February 2005 , FAB Press published their book containing interviews with the cast and crew of the Friday the 13th series of films . David Grove , a film journalist who has written for Fangoria , Cinefantastique , and various other British magazines detailing the creation of the Friday the 13th films , wrote the comprehensive book , Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . Grove interviewed over 100 `` key personnel involved in making the films '' to collect `` detailed production histories of each of the 11 films '' , not including interviews with other film professionals like Wes Craven . Grove 's book also includes previously unseen production photos which were acquired from private collections . Eight months after the release of Grove 's book , Titan Books , in association with Sparkplug Press , released a detailed history on the Friday the 13th series . Peter M. Bracke released Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th on October 24 , 2005 . The book chronicles the creation of the series up to the release of Freddy vs. Jason . Bracke spent three years researching the series and collecting more than 200 interviews from the cast and crew of each of the films . Bracke 's extensive work for the book prompted Sean S. Cunningham to provide a foreword . Crystal Lake Memories also includes images , storyboards , concept art , and publicity material that had not been released to the public . A private party was held on October 22 , 2005 at Universal Studios CityWalk Hollywood for the book 's premiere . A documentary film , titled His Name Was Jason : 30 Years of Friday the 13th , was released in February 2009 . This film was directed by Daniel Farrands , who had also written the film Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers as well as a documentary on The Amityville Horror . The film was broadcast on the Starz television channel during the first week of February , and afterwards it was released on DVD on February 3 , 2009 . The documentary is hosted by special make ‐ up effects artist Tom Savini , who interviews the cast and crew members of each of the Friday the 13th films , asking them questions on the choices they made during filming . It also features interviews with journalists and other filmmakers who offer their opinion of the series . In September 2013 , Farrands wrote and directed a second documentary film on the Friday franchise , Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th , this time directly inspired by Bracke 's book of the same name . This documentary discusses each of the twelve films , from the original to the 2009 remake , as well as the television series . It is narrated by Corey Feldman , and also features interviews with key individuals in the franchise 's history . Farrands has suggested that his work on the well - received 2010 film , Never Sleep Again : The Elm Street Legacy , which documented the making of the Nightmare on Elm Street series , demonstrated the possibility for a documentary film that was more in depth and more comprehensive than his previous effort , His Name Was Jason . In making such a film , Farrands turned to Bracke 's book , which he had also worked on , and drew from its structure and content . Curious Goods : Behind the Scenes of Friday the 13th : The Series by Alyse Wax , a retrospective focusing on the 1987 television series , was released in October 2015 by BearManor Media . Video games ( edit ) Main articles : Friday the 13th ( 1985 computer game ) , Friday the 13th ( 1989 video game ) , Friday the 13th : The Game , and Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle In May 1986 , Domark released a Friday the 13th game for the Amstrad CPC , Commodore 64 , and ZX Spectrum . The plot involved the player picking a `` sanctuary '' and attempting to persuade others to hide there . Jason is `` disguised as a friend '' until he decides to attack the player . Three years later , LJN published a game for the Nintendo Entertainment System . In 2007 , Xendex released their own Friday the 13th game for mobile phones . In the game , the player plays as one of the counselors at Camp Crystal Lake . While the staff is preparing the camp for its first summer weekend , an `` unknown stalker '' begins murdering each of them . The player must discover the truth and escape the camp alive . Electronic Gaming Monthly announced in January 2015 that a new survival horror , multi-platform `` asymmetrical , co-operative and competitive multiplayer predator / prey horror experience '' is in development , with a tentative release date of October 2015 . This game was originally titled Slasher Vol. 1 : Summer Camp , in which it was originally developed by IllFonic , but Gun Media joined and helped develop , in which they will publish the game . The game was raised through BackerKit and Kickstarter , with BackerKit collecting US $ 271,439.20 from 16,109 backers and Kickstarter collecting US $823,704.20 from 12,128 backers , collecting a total of US $1,095,143.40 from an overall 28,237 backers , with a confirmed title of Friday the 13th : The Game . A developer panel for Gun Media and IllFonic was opened at PAX South 2016 in January with alpha footage and a list of kill animations . A mobile game available on iOS , Android and Steam Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle was released on January 20 , 2018 . Merchandise ( edit ) In addition to the films , television series , and various literature based on the Friday the 13th franchise , there are over 100 licensed products that have grossed more than $125 million in revenue . Over the years , the characters of Friday the 13th have been marketed under various toy lines . In 1988 , Screamin ' Toys produced a model kit of Jason Voorhees . Six years later , Screamin ' Toys issued a second model kit based on Jason 's appearance in Jason Goes to Hell . Both kits are no longer in production . In 1998 , as part of McFarlane Toys ' Movie Maniacs 1 collection , a figure of Jason from Jason Goes to Hell was released . Jason was one of the three most popular figures sold from the Movie Maniacs 1 collection , and the other two were Freddy Krueger and Leatherface . The following year , 6 in ( 150 mm ) scale models of Jason and Freddy in a glass display case were released by MacFarlane Toys . In 2002 , as part of its Movie Maniacs 5 collection , McFarlane released a model of Über - Jason from Jason X . McFarlane did not release another Friday the 13th collectable until November 2006 , when a 3 - dimensional movie poster was released . Since 2002 , there has been a steady production of action figures , dolls , and statuettes , with more merchandise tying into the film Freddy vs. Jason . Apart from video games and toys , the series has also seen the release of its films ' soundtracks . In 1982 , Gramavision Records released a LP album of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini 's scores from the first three films . On September 27 , 2005 , BSX Records released a limited edition CD of Fred Mollin 's scores . On January 13 , 2012 , La - La Land Records released a limited edition 6 - CD boxset containing Manfredini 's scores from the first six films . Beginning with Jason Goes to Hell , each film in the series has had their musical score and soundtrack released for sale . Impact ( edit ) In December 2006 , IGN ranked Friday the 13th seventh in the top 25 film franchises . Qualifications included : the franchise must have at least three films released before December 2006 ; the franchises must be either a commercial or artistic success ; and the franchise must have had some form of impact on popular culture . Three senior editors , the editor - in - chief , and IGN 's entertainment editorial manager judged the various film franchises . In commenting on Friday the 13th 's seventh - place ranking , the general consensus among the reviewers was that even though the Halloween franchise started the slasher genre , Friday the 13th became one of `` the most influential franchises of the 1980s '' and that its commercial success through 11 films , novelizations , comic books , and other collectables is proof of its legacy . ABC Online 's Arts and Entertainment reporter , Gary Kemble , makes note of the popularity of the franchise throughout popular culture . Kemble points out that Jason 's mask , which was not adopted until the third film in the series , is one of the most widely recognizable images in popular culture . Talking with Brenna O'Brien , co ‐ founder of the Fridaythe13thfilms.com website , the pair discusses how the fan base of the franchise has become so impassioned with the series that they have created films , latex body suits to emulate Jason 's appearance , and tattoos of Jason and the Friday the 13th moniker on their body . `` Everybody in the audience imitated hoot ‐ owls and hyenas . Another girl ( in the film ) went to her room and started to undress . Five guys sitting together ( in the theater ) started a chant : ' We want boobs ! ' '' -- Karnick believes that this excerpt from Ebert 's review of Friday the 13th Part 2 shows how critics have misunderstood the point the Friday the 13th films have tried to make . S.T. Karnick , editor of American Culture , wrote an article for the National Review detailing the impact Friday the 13th has had on the slasher genre and noting that the reasons critics have deplored the films are the same reasons why the franchise has had such a strong influence . Karnick explained that Friday the 13th did not try and recreate the same `` clever '' film that John Carpenter made in 1978 , but instead `` ( codified ) the formula '' of Halloween , and `` ( boiled ) it down to its essentials '' so that it could be copied by other filmmakers . In his assessment , Friday the 13th changed the horror genre by purposefully not providing back ‐ stories for characters so that when the audience witnessed a character 's death , they are `` strangely unaffected '' . Instead , Friday the 13th focuses on the history and motivations of the killer , who would exact revenge not on the people directly responsible , but on innocent people -- a formula Karnick notes was replicated in A Nightmare on Elm Street , Child 's Play , Scream , I Know What You Did Last Summer , Saw , the Hannibal Lecter films , and the Halloween sequels . As Karnick sees it , `` these films spoke directly to fears of increasing crime and social dislocation ( and ) provided audiences with ways to detach from these worries and conquer their fears of violence by laughing at it . '' In Karnick 's eyes , contemporary critics have failed to see how the film has affected audiences and subsequently branded the film series as `` both irresponsible ( for numbing audiences to violence ) and puritanical ( for showing the murders of sexually active teens ) '' . Quoting director John Carpenter , Karnick emphasized that `` teens thus dispatched became victims not as punishment for sexual activity but simply because they were too preoccupied to notice the presence of a murderer '' . Pointing to Roger Ebert as a prime example of how critics have misunderstood the films ( Ebert wrote that during a screening of Friday the 13th Part 2 , he noticed that the audience had no sympathy for the victims and cheered during death scenes ) , Karnick explains that Ebert 's remarks show how the film series forces `` audiences to experience the very thing that motivates the murders : a lack of compassion '' . In closing , Karnick suggested that these films were not puritanical , but proved that audiences `` could be just as indifferent and callous as the characters in the films '' . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grove , David ( February 2005 ) . Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . United Kingdom : FAB Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 1 - 903254 - 31 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , David , pp. 189 -- 196 ^ Jump up to : `` IGN : Top 25 Movie Franchises of All Time : # 7 '' . IGN. 2006 - 12 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Gary Kemble ( 2006 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Movie Minutiae : the Friday the 13th series ( 1980 - ? ) '' . ABC . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2010 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sean S. Cunningham ( Director ) ( 1980 ) . Friday the 13th ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1981 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Steve Miner ( Director ) ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Joseph Zito ( Director ) ( 1984 ) . Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Danny Steinmann ( Director ) ( 1985 ) . Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Tom McLoughlin ( Director ) ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ John Carl Buechler ( Director ) ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Rob Hedden ( Director ) ( 1989 ) . Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( DVD ) . United States : Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Adam Marcus ( Director ) ( 1993 ) . Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ James Isaac ( Director ) ( 2002 ) . Jason X ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Ronny Yu ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Freddy vs. Jason ( DVD ) . United States : New Line Cinema . Jump up ^ Marcus Nispel ( Director ) ( 2009 ) . Friday the 13th . United States : Warner Bros . Jump up ^ Grove , David , pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . United Kingdom : Titan Books . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . Jump up ^ Brack , Peter , pp. 50 -- 52 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 98 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 147 -- 148 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 173 ^ Jump up to : Bracke , Peter , pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 218 -- 219 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 238 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 242 -- 243 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 263 -- 264 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pp. 267 -- 269 Jump up ^ Devin Faraci ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Exclusive : Paging Tommy Jarvis '' . CHUD . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Duo pumps new blood into ' Friday the 13th ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 2007 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Nispel scores a date with next ' Friday ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Slasherama interview with Harry Manfredini '' . Slasherama . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke , Peter , pg. 39 Jump up ^ Victor Miller , Jay Keuper , Harry Manfredini ( 1980 ) . `` Return to Crystal Lake : Making of Friday the 13th '' Friday the 13th DVD ( Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : WB . Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 70 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 118 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 142 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 165 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 189 Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 211 Jump up ^ `` Harry Manfredini 's filmography '' . HarryManfredini.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Joseph Lee ( 2007 - 11 - 08 ) . `` A Bloody Good Time 11.08. 07 : Horror History Lessons , Part 8 '' . 411mania . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tom 's Inflation Calculator '' . Halfhill.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th box office ranking '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Elm Street box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Hannibal Lector series box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Saw box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Scream box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Psycho box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Chainsaw Massacre box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Child 's Play box office rankings '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinematic Icon Jason Voorhees Slashes His Way into Bookstores With Crystal Lake Memories : The Complete History of Friday the 13th '' . PR Web . 2005 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Bracke , Peter , pp. 314 -- 315 Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) foreign box office '' . The - Numbers . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part 2 ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part III ( 1982 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Final Chapter ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : A New Beginning ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives ( 1986 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part VII : The New Blood ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell : The Final Friday ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Jason X ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy vs. Jason ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . 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Announces ' Friday the 13th Part 2 ' Release Date , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( December 10 , 2009 ) , Box Office Updates : ' Friday the 13th 2 ' Vanishes , ' Saw VII ' Locked Down , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( April 22 , 2010 ) , Friday the 13th Sequel `` Not Happening '' , Dread Central , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve `` Frosty '' ( April 26 , 2010 ) , Exclusive Interview : Platinum Dunes Producers Andrew Form and Brad Fuller A NIGHTMARE ON ELM STREET -- Plus Updates on MONSTER SQUAD , OUIJA , FRIDAY THE 13th 2 , and the NIGHTMARE Blu - ray will Have a 6 - Minute Alternate Ending , Collider , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ McMahon , James ( February 1 , 2011 ) , ' Friday The 13th ' reboot sequel script completed , New Musical Express , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Masters , Kim ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Warner Bros. Gives Up ' Friday the 13th ' Rights to Board Christopher Nolan 's `` Interstellar '' `` . Hollywood Reporter ( published June 14 , 2013 ) . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 11 , 2013 ) , EXCLUSIVE : Platinum Dunes Partnering With Paramount For ' Friday The 13th ' Sequel ! ! ! , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hanley , Ken W. ( February 13 , 2015 ) , Deaditorial : Horror 's Perspective Problem , or How to Save the `` FRIDAY THE 13TH '' Franchise , Fangoria , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 27 , 2015 ) , `` ' Friday The 13th ' & ' Paranormal Activity 6 ′ Pushed Back ; Paramount Dates ' Rings ' '' , Deadline Hollywood , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( March 25 , 2015 ) , `` ' Friday the 13th ' Moves Forward at Paramount With ' Hannibal ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' , The Hollywood Reporter , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 20 , 2015 ) , Paramount Bumps New ' Friday the 13th ' Movie to 2017 , The Wrap , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ White , James ( December 3 , 2015 ) , Prisoners writer Aaron Guzikowski tackling the new Friday The 13th , Empire , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Troncoso , Guillermo ( May 31 , 2016 ) , Exclusive : New ' Friday the 13th ' Movie to Offer New Origin Story , The Reel World , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 8 , 2016 ) , `` ' Last Witch Hunter ' Director Eyes ' Friday the 13th ' Reboot at Paramount '' , Variety , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( September 23 , 2016 ) , Friday the 13th Reboot Delayed Until October 2017 , Collider , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( January 28 , 2017 ) , Friday the 13th Reboot Will Have a Young Jason , New Title Revealed ? , Movie Web , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( January 28 , 2017 ) , Friday The 13th , Part 13 Casting Twins For A Young Jason Voorhees , Pop Culture Now , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( January 27 , 2017 ) , ' Friday the 13th ' is Casting for a Spring Shoot , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( February 6 , 2017 ) , Friday the 13th Remake Is Canceled , Is Rings to Blame ? , Movie Web , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cotter , Padraig ( October 10 , 2017 ) , Friday the 13th Remake Writer Reveals Unmade Sequel Title , Screen Rant , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Squires , John ( October 13 , 2017 ) , We 're Passing the Longest Stretch of Time Between ' Friday the 13th ' Films EVER , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Horror Inc. v. Miller , 3 : 16 - cv - 01442 - SRU , at * 4 - 9 , ECF No. 1 ( D. Conn . Aug. 24 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( August 25 , 2016 ) , `` ' Friday the 13th ' Rights at Stake in Lawsuit Over Horror Classic '' , The Hollywood Reporter , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( June 13 , 2017 ) , `` ' Friday the 13th ' Producer Points to Writers ' Union Membership in Bid to Retain Franchise Rights '' , The Hollywood Reporter , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Docket Entries , Horror Inc. v. Miller ( 3 : 16 - cv - 01442 ) , Court Listener , retrieved November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Squires , John ( September 28 , 2018 ) , `` ' Friday the 13th ' Producer Points to Writers ' Union Membership in Bid to Retain Franchise Rights '' , Bloody Disgusting , retrieved September 29 , 2018 Jump up ^ Ridgely , Charlie . `` Lebron James in Talks to Reboot ' Friday the 13th ' '' . Comic Book . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 171 Jump up ^ Aljean Harmetz ( 1988 - 07 - 05 ) . `` TV Producers Discover New Path to Prime Time ( page 2 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Peter H. ( 2003 - 09 - 20 ) . `` ' Friday the 13th ' Box - Set News and More ! '' . Bloody - Disgusting . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather '' . Slasherama. 2005 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Friday The 13th ' Scares Up Hourlong Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday The 13th TV Series In The Works At The CW '' . ComicBook.com . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` CW scraps plans for Little Women , Friday the 13th shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gove , David , pp. 89 -- 90 Jump up ^ Michael Avallone ( 1982 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 . United Kingdom : Star . ISBN 0 - 352 - 31249 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 92 Jump up ^ Simon Hawke ( 1986 ) . Friday the 13th Part VI : Jason Lives . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 14641 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1987 ) . Friday the 13th . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15089 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hawke , Simon ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part 2 . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15337 - 5 . Jump up ^ Simon Hawke ( 1988 ) . Friday the 13th Part 3 . New York : Signet . ISBN 0 - 451 - 15311 - 1 . Jump up ^ Grove , David , pg. 147 Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Mother 's Day . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14292 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Jason 's Curse . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14339 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : The Carnival . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 15825 - X . Jump up ^ Morse , Eric ( 1994 ) . Friday the 13th : Road Trip . Berkley Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 14383 - X . Jump up ^ Hand , Stephen ( 2003 - 07 - 29 ) . Freddy vs. Jason . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 059 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cadigan , Pat ( 2005 - 01 - 25 ) . Jason X . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 168 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cadigan , Pat ( 2005 - 01 - 25 ) . Jason X : The Experiment . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 169 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Nancy ( 2005 - 06 - 07 ) . Jason X : Planet of the Beast . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 183 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Alex ( 2005 - 11 - 29 ) . Jason X : Death Moon . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Nancy ( 2006 - 04 - 25 ) . Jason X : To The Third Power . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 281 - 8 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Scott ( 2005 - 08 - 05 ) . Friday the 13th : Church of the Divine Psychopath . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 181 - 1 . Jump up ^ Woods , Paul ( 2005 - 08 - 09 ) . Friday the 13th : Hell Lake . Black Flame . ISBN 1 - 84416 - 182 - X . Jump up ^ Arnopp , Jason ( 2005 - 10 - 25 ) . 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Jump up ^ `` The definitive history of the world 's most popular horror film franchise ! '' . FAB Press . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Documentary Begins Shooting '' . ShockTillYouDrop. 2008 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` His Name Was Jason ( DVD Review ) '' . Fangoria. 2009 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Galluzzo , Rob . `` Exclusive : Dan Farrands Talks Crystal Lake Memories - The Movie '' . Fear Net . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamman , Cody ( 16 October 2015 ) . `` Friday the 13th : The Series gets its own retrospective book '' . joblo.com . Arrow in the Head . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th - 1986 game '' . Your Sinclair Rock ' n ' Roll Years . World of Spectrum ( 5 ) : 37 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th for the NES by LJN '' . AtariGuide.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( mobile phone game ) '' . Xendex.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Michael Briers ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Friday the 13th : The Game Reaches Funding Goal , Licensed Horror Will Hit PS4 in 2016 '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th : The Game - BackerKit '' . BackerKit . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenback , Randy . `` Friday the 13th : The Game by Randy Greenback - Gun Media - Kickstarter '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Mozuch , Mo ( 29 January 2016 ) . `` ' Friday the 13th : The Game ' Panel At Pax South Reveals New Kill Animations For Jason Voorhees '' . iDigitalTimes . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/friday-the-13th-killer-puzzle/id1297059370?mt=8 Jump up ^ `` Jason model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell model kit '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason Goes to Hell '' . McFarlane.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Maniacs III Monster Roster Growing '' . McFarlane.com. 1999 - 12 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason and Freddy in glass case '' . McFarLane.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` McFarlane Toys : Jason X '' . McFarLane.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 3D Movie Poster : Friday the 13th '' . McFarlane.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Voorhees Toys '' . Friday the 13th films . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter , pg. 94 Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th Part 7 and 8 - Original Score By Fred Mollin '' . BuySoundtrax.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` La - La Land Records : Friday the 13th '' . La - La Land Records . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Goes to Hell - The Final Friday soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jason X soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Vs. Jason soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) soundtrack details '' . SoundtrackCollector.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : S.T. Karnick ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Babes in the Woods : A franchise of fear '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . References ( edit ) Grove , David ( February 2005 ) . Making Friday the 13th : The Legend of Camp Blood . United Kingdom : FAB Press . ISBN 1 - 903254 - 31 - 0 . Bracke , Peter ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) . Crystal Lake Memories . United Kingdom : Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 84576 - 343 - 2 . External links ( edit ) 1980s portal A Nightmare on Elm Street portal Film portal Horror fiction portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Friday the 13th films . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Friday the 13th ( franchise ) Databases Friday the 13th film series at Allmovie Friday the 13th film series at Box Office Mojo Domark 's Friday the 13th ' at SpectrumComputing.co.uk Miscellaneous Fridaythe13thfilms.com Interview with Justin Gray and Jimmy Palmiotti -- Writers of Windstorm 's six - issue Friday the 13th comic Bloody Disgusting - `` 13 days of Friday the 13th '' -- A series of articles exploring the series Q&A with Ronnie Hobbs and Randy Greenback , developers of Friday the 13th : The Game Friday the 13th franchise Films Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) Part 2 Part III The Final Chapter A New Beginning Jason Lives The New Blood Jason Takes Manhattan Jason Goes to Hell Jason X Freddy vs. Jason soundtrack score Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Television Friday the 13th : The Series episodes Characters Pamela Voorhees Jason Voorhees Alice Hardy Ginny Field Tommy Jarvis Comics Freddy vs. Jason vs. Ash The Nightmare Warriors Video games Friday the 13th ( 1985 ) Friday the 13th ( 1989 ) Mortal Kombat X Friday the 13th : The Game characters Friday the 13th : Killer Puzzle Related topics `` He 's Back ( The Man Behind the Mask ) '' A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friday_the_13th_(franchise)&oldid=866425811 '' Categories : Friday the 13th ( franchise ) Horror films by series Zombies and revenants in popular culture American teen horror films American films American film series Films adapted into comics Films adapted into novels Films adapted into television programs Films adapted into video games Film series introduced in 1980 Media franchises introduced in 1980 Paramount Pictures franchises New Line Cinema franchises Warner Bros. franchises Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 07 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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who writes the questions for the chase australia

The Chase Australia

the chase australia

The Chase Australia is an Australian television quiz show based on the British program of the same name . It is broadcast on the Seven Network and hosted by Andrew O'Keefe . Four contestants play against an opponent , known as the `` chaser '' , who plays for the bank . There are five chasers on the show ; they are Matt Parkinson , Brydon Coverdale , Anne Hegerty , Issa Schultz and Mark Labbett . The show premiered on 14 September 2015 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Gameplay 2.1 Cash Builder and Head - to - Head rounds 2.2 Final Chase round 2.3 Rule variations and special episodes 3 Chasers 4 Ratings 5 Transmissions 6 Merchandise 7 References Background ( edit ) In mid-2014 it was reported that the Seven Network had considered producing a local version of The Chase on the back of good ratings for the British version of the show which has been airing in the 3 : 00 pm timeslot since August 2013 . A pilot episode on the UK set was made , but ultimately it was decided not to proceed . However , interest in a local version was renewed in May 2015 and in July the Seven Network commissioned the show to eventually replace Deal or No Deal and Million Dollar Minute in the 5 : 00 pm timeslot in a bid to revive ratings for its struggling 6 : 00 pm nightly news . Gameplay ( edit ) Cash builder and head - to - head rounds ( edit ) Each contestant comes up one at a time and is given one minute to answer as many questions as possible with each correct answer worth $2,000 . This element is known as the `` cash builder '' . After the minute is up , the money earned from the cash builder is placed three steps down on a seven - step money board . The contestant may remain at this step and play for the money in their bank . However , the contestant may also be placed one step lower down the board for a lesser award , or one step further up the board for a greater award , with each award 's value being set by the chaser . If the contestant elects to play for the greater reward , the chaser starts two steps behind and the contestant must answer six questions correctly to reach home . If the contestant elects to remain at the standard starting position , the chaser is three steps behind and the contestant must answer five questions correctly to reach home . However , if the contestant elects to play for the smaller reward , the chaser is four steps behind and the contestant must answer four questions correctly to reach home . Once the contestant nominates their starting position , questions must then be answered correctly in order to reach the bottom of the board and bank their money . Both the contestant and the chaser are given the same multiple - choice question with three possible answers . Each must then secretly press one of the three buttons on their keypad to lock in their answer . When one person locks in their answer , the other is given five seconds to lock in , or else be locked out . For every correct response , the contestant will move one step towards the bank . Additionally , the chaser also moves one step down the board for each correct answer . No movement is made ( either by the contestant or the chaser ) if each give an incorrect answer . The chaser 's job is to catch up to the contestant and eliminate him or her from the game by capitalizing on the mistakes the contestant makes before he or she can bank their money . If this happens , the contestant is out of the game and no money is added to the team 's total . However , if the contestant successfully banks his or her money , this is put into the team 's prize pot which will be contested for in the final round . In the case the contestant chose to play for a negative amount and wins his or her Head - to - Head round , the contestant remains in the game but the team 's total pot is reduced by the negative value . This is repeated for all four contestants . The contestants who successfully outrun the chaser proceed to the Final Chase . If all four contestants are caught by the chaser , the chaser offers a certain amount of money and the team nominates one contestant to proceed to the Final Chase . Final Chase round ( edit ) In the final round , called the `` Final Chase '' , the remaining contestants have two minutes to answer as many questions as possible . During the commercial break , the contestants choose one of two question sets , A or B , with the other set being put aside for the chaser . Also , the contestants are given a head start of one space per contestant participating in the round . The contestants must press their own buzzer to answer a question and only the one who pressed their buzzer first can respond ; if any other contestant responds the question is treated as an incorrect answer , regardless of whether it was answered correctly or not . The buzzer is not used if only one contestant is in the Final Chase . Every correct answer moves the contestants ahead one space . After the two minutes are up ( and following a short preview of the 6 : 00 pm news ) the chaser is also given two minutes of quick - fire questions to attempt to catch the team . If the chaser gets a question wrong or passes , the clock is briefly stopped and the question is thrown over to the contestants ; if a correct answer is given , the chaser is pushed back one space . If the contestants answer the chaser 's question correctly whilst the chaser is at the starting line , an additional space is added to the requirement for the chaser . If the chaser succeeds in catching the contestants before the clock runs out , the contestants lose the prize pot and leave with nothing . If the contestants are not caught by the chaser , the prize pot is split equally between those contestants participating in the Final Chase . If there is only one winning contestant remaining , the contestant wins his or her head to head round amount . Rule variations and special episodes ( edit ) On 8 October 2015 , an episode aired during Channel Seven 's Sunrise . In this episode , one person would play in the Cash Builder round , and the next person would play for the money earned in the individual chase . $1,000 instead of $2,000 was awarded for each correct answer in the Cash Builder . Occasionally , half - hour episodes have aired to fit in with other programming on Channel Seven . These episodes feature two contestants instead of four . Each contestant plays the cash builder round , and the contestant that earns the higher amount of money plays for the combined total of the two contestants in the individual chase . The Final Chase was played with both contestants . On 16 February 2017 , an episode aired featuring two teams from the eighth season of My Kitchen Rules . Chasers ( edit ) Brydon Coverdale -- Appeared on several Australian quiz programs , including Million Dollar Minute where he won $307,000 in 2014 , becoming the first grand champion of Pass the Buck where he won $38,788 in 2002 . He also won a total of $32,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? , appeared on The Weakest Link in 2001 , Deal or No Deal in 2005 and was a quarter - finalist on Letters and Numbers in 2011 . Nicknamed `` The Shark '' . Anne Hegerty -- Appeared on several British quiz programs , including Mastermind ( twice ) , Fifteen to One , Today 's the Day and Brain of Britain ; semi-finalist on Are You an Egghead ? . Holds the rank of Grand Master in the UK quiz rankings . Ranked 40th in the World Quizzing Championships 2014 . Best known in Australia for being one of the chasers on the original UK version of the show . Nicknamed `` The Governess '' and `` Frosty Knickers '' . Matt Parkinson -- A championship winner on the television game show Sale of the Century in the 1990s and a frequent member of the `` Brains Trust '' on The Einstein Factor in the 2000s . Nicknamed `` Goliath '' or `` Colossus '' . Issa Schultz -- Five - time winner of the Australian Quizzing Championships in 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 , and has held the Pairs title since 2012 . Appeared on The Rich List where he won $200,000 in 2009 . He also appeared on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? and The Einstein Factor . Nicknamed `` The Supernerd '' . Mark Labbett ( 2016 -- present ) -- Appeared on Mastermind , University Challenge , 15 to 1 , The Syndicate and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( twice , winning £ 32,000 and £ 16,000 ) ; runner - up on The People 's Quiz , runner - up on Brain of Britain , part of a winning team on Only Connect , represented Wales from 2005 -- 2007 at the European quiz championships . Ranked 134th in the World Quizzing Championships 2014 . Best known in Australia for being one of the chasers on the original UK version of the show as well as the sole chaser on the US version of the show . Nicknamed `` The Beast '' , `` Beastie Boy '' , `` The Man Mountain of Maths '' and `` The Transatlantic Giant '' . Ratings ( edit ) Since debuting in September 2015 , The Chase Australia has generally performed well in the ratings , often beating the second half of the Nine Network 's Afternoon News and Millionaire Hot Seat , which follows immediately after , and Network Ten 's Ten Eyewitness News , in the important 5 : 00 to 6 : 00 pm timeslot . The debut episode drew 520,000 for its first half - hour , and 720,000 for its second half - hour which went up against Millionaire Hot Seat . This has resulted in a minor resurgence in ratings for Seven News , which , as of September 2017 , continues to trail Nine News across the eastern seaboard , but still leads in the Adelaide and Perth markets . In response to continued strong ratings for The Chase Australia throughout 2016 , the Nine Network announced rival game show Millionaire Hot Seat would extend to one hour from 2017 , meaning both shows compete for the same duration . As of May 2017 , The Chase Australia remains well ahead of Millionaire Hot Seat in the ratings , often winning by an average margin of 100,000 . Transmissions ( edit ) The Chase Australia airs at 5 : 00 pm on weeknights in most markets , however , on the Gold Coast it airs at 4 : 30 pm due to Seven Gold Coast News airing at 5 : 30 pm . In New Zealand , episodes of The Chase Australia air weekly on TVNZ 1 . On 14 March 2016 , The Chase Australia began airing on UK TV channel Challenge , also available in Ireland . Merchandise ( edit ) An iOS and Android version of the game has been released , developed by ITV Studios Ltd . The app features all five chasers and can be played by up to four people , as in the actual show . There is one significant difference between the show and the app ; only three choices are presented for questions in the Cash Builder and Final Chase rounds , and no Final Chase is played if all the players are caught in their individual chases . A board game has also been released . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ITV Studios -- The Chase Australia '' . ITV Studios . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 July 2015 ) . `` Media gets on board with AOK to host The Chase '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Andrew O'Keefe almost walked away from Seven 's The Chase Australia '' . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase -- Be on TV '' . ITV. 11 February 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Byrnes , Holly ( 29 November 2015 ) . `` The Chase Australia 's newest UK recruit Mark Labbett is already doing a number on rivals at Nine '' . The Sunday Telegraph ( Australia ) . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` The Chase Australia : promo '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase Australia '' . Seven Network . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The biggest TV day of the year is coming ! '' . Seven Network . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase Australia -- Weekdays 5pm -- Seven West Media '' ( PDF ) . Seven Network . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` Seven decides against local version of The Chase '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seven in The Chase for new game show '' . TV Tonight . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 July 2015 ) . `` The Chase tipped for 5pm slot '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Annette ( 18 July 2015 ) . `` Thrill of Chase as Andrew O'Keefe lands role '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 7 shelves next series of House Rules and replaces Million Dollar Minute in major revamp '' . News.com.au. 30 August 2015 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who is this scary looking woman and what is Channel Seven 's The Chase Australia '' . News.com.au. 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 February 2017 ) . `` MKR meets The Chase '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seven previews The Chase '' . Mediaweek. 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase -- Meet the Chasers '' . Bradley Walsh . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Quizzing Championships Results '' . International Quizzing Association . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Vickery , Colin ( 19 February 2016 ) . `` Afternoon TV quiz shows in a renewed battle with advertising implications for the 6pm News '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase outruns Hot Seat in TV ratings '' . AAP . Daily Mail Australia . 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Shannon ( 27 September 2015 ) . `` Andrew O'Keefe is game show king with the early ratings success of The Chase on Channel Seven '' . Adelaide Now . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ MrTvAus ( 22 July 2017 ) . `` Congrats 👏 🎉 Won 21 weeks out of 40 ( ratings survey ) : @ 9NewsSyd # 1 for 7 years running . @ 9NewsMelb # 1 for 6 years running . # 9News '' . Twitter . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Erin ( 23 July 2017 ) . `` Still the one ! Nine News takes out the top spot in the ratings race for the 21st week ... as the network claims victory for the year '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nine News dominates weekly ratings , sitting at the top in its 21st week '' . The Sunday Telegraph . 23 July 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ HowieBennett9 ( 3 September 2017 ) . `` Congratulations @ 9NewsQueensland team winning 7 day ratings year @ AlisonAriotti @ DarrenCurtis9 @ 9MelissaDownes @ Loftea # 9NewsAt6 '' . Twitter . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 November 2015 ) . `` The Chase lifts Seven News '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 9 December 2016 ) . `` Nine to extend Hot Seat to one hour in 2017 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Saw , Amelia ( 10 April 2017 ) . `` Eddie McGuire 's Hot Seat may be scrapped after makeover fails to close gap on Seven 's The Chase '' . Herald Sun . news.com.au . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Dale , David ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` The Chase Australia 's Issa Schultz reveals key to the show 's success '' . stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Monique ( 11 December 2015 ) . `` UK quiz show The Chase heads down under '' . stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Challenge TV on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Chase -- Challenge '' . Challenge . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase Australia on the App Store '' . ITV Studios Ltd. 27 November 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase Australia -- Android Apps '' . Google Play . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chase Family Board Game '' . Australian Geographic . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Television portal The Chase International versions Original series U.S. version Australian version Hosts / presenters Bradley Walsh ( UK ) Brooke Burns ( U.S. ) Andrew O'Keefe ( Australia ) Tarik Filipović ( Croatia ) Sturla Berg - Johansen ( Norway ) Chasers Original series Mark Labbett Shaun Wallace Anne Hegerty Paul Sinha Jenny Ryan U.S. version Mark Labbett Australian version Brydon Coverdale Anne Hegerty Mark Labbett Matt Parkinson Issa Schultz German version Holger Waldenberger Sebastian Jacoby Sebastian Klussmann Klaus Otto Nagorsnik Seven Network local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 800 Words ( since 2015 ) Beach Cops ( since 2015 ) Behave Yourself ! ( since 2017 ) Better Homes and Gardens ( since 1995 ) Border Security : Australia 's Front Line ( since 2004 ) Bride & Prejudice ( since 2017 ) First Dates ( since 2016 ) Gold Coast Medical ( since 2016 ) Hell 's Kitchen Australia ( since 2017 ) Highway Patrol ( since 2009 ) Home and Away ( since 1988 ) House Rules ( since 2013 ) Murder Uncovered ( since 2017 ) My France with Manu ( since 2014 ) My Kitchen Rules ( since 2010 ) The Secret Daughter ( since 2016 ) Seven Year Switch ( since 2016 ) Surveillance Oz ( since 2012 ) The Force : Behind the Line ( since 2006 ) Wanted ( since 2016 ) Zumbo 's Just Desserts ( since 2016 ) Daytime The Chase Australia ( since 2015 ) News Seven News ( since 1958 ) Sunday Night ( since 2009 ) Sunrise ( since 1991 ; intermittently ) The Daily Edition ( since 2013 ) The Morning Show ( since 2007 ) Weekend Sunrise ( since 2005 ) Sport AFL Game Day ( since 2008 ) Talking Footy ( 1994 - 2004 , since 2013 ) The Front Bar ( since 2016 ) Olympic Games ( 1992 -- 2008 , since 2016 ) Upcoming Cannonball ( TBA ) Little Big Shots ( 2017 ) Olivia Newton John ( 2017 ) Warnie ( 2017 ) Current Australian game and quiz shows series ABC Hard Quiz Seven Network Behave Yourself ! The Chase Australia Nine Network Millionaire Hot Seat 9Go ! Move It Network Ten All Star Family Feud Family Feud Have You Been Paying Attention ? SBS RocKwiz All Australian game shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chase_Australia&oldid=800025841 '' Categories : 2015 Australian television series debuts 2010s Australian television series Australian game shows English - language television programs Seven Network shows Television shows set in Melbourne Television shows set in Victoria ( Australia ) Hidden categories : Use Australian English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 05 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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10 most abundant elements in the earth's crust

Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust

abundance of elements in earth's crust

The abundance of elements in Earth 's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million ( ppm ) by mass ( 10,000 ppm = 1 % ) .

Abundance of chemical elements in Earth 's crust , from various sources Rank Z , element & symbol Abundance in crust ( ppm ) by source Annual production Darling Barbalace WebElements Israel Science and Technology Jefferson Lab ( 2016 , tonnes ) 8 oxygen 466,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000 14 silicon Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 7,200,000 13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 57,600,000 26 iron Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,150,000,000 5 20 calcium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500 6 11 sodium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 255,000,000 7 19 potassium 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900 8 12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 1,010,000 9 22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 6,600,000 10 hydrogen 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400 11 15 phosphorus 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050 12 25 manganese Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 16,000,000 13 9 fluorine 800 950 540 290 585 14 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 425 15 6 carbon 300 480 1,800 940 200 16 38 strontium Sr 370 360 370 350,000 17 16 sulfur 500 260 420 520 350 69,300,000 18 40 zirconium Zr 190 130 250 165 1,460,000 19 74 tungsten 160.6 1.1 1.25 86,400 20 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 76,000 21 17 chlorine Cl 500 130 170 450 145 22 24 chromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 26,000,000 23 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90 24 28 nickel Ni 80 90 190 84 2,250,000 25 30 zinc Zn 75 79 70 11,900,000 26 29 copper Cu 100 50 68 60 19,400,000 27 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5 28 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5 29 57 lanthanum La 32 34 39 30 39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 6,000 31 7 nitrogen 50 25 20 19 140,000,000 32 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 123,000 33 lithium Li 20 17 20 35,000 34 41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 64,000 35 31 gallium Ga 18 19 19 36 21 scandium Sc 16 26 22 37 82 lead Pb 14 10 14 4,820,000 38 62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05 39 90 thorium Th 12 6 9.6 40 59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2 41 5 boron 950 8.7 10 9,400,000 42 64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2 43 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2 44 72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0 45 68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5 46 70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2 47 55 caesium Cs 1.9 48 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8 220 49 50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3 280,000 50 63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0 51 92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.7 74,119 52 73 tantalum Ta 1.7 2.0 1,100 53 32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5 155 54 42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2 227,000 55 33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.8 36,500 56 67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3 57 65 terbium Tb 1.1 0.94 1.2 58 69 thulium Tm 0.48 0.45 0.52 59 35 bromine Br 0.37 2.4 391,000 60 81 thallium Tl 0.6 0.530 0.850 10 61 71 lutetium Lu 0.5 62 51 antimony Sb 0.2 0.2 0.2 130,000 63 53 iodine 0.14 0.490 0.450 31,600 64 48 cadmium Cd 0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000 65 47 silver Ag 0.070 0.080 0.075 27,000 66 80 mercury Hg 0.05 0.067 0.085 4,500 67 34 selenium Se 0.05 0.05 0.05 2,200 68 49 indium In 0.049 0.160 0.250 655 69 83 bismuth Bi 0.048 0.025 0.0085 10,200 70 52 tellurium Te 0.005 0.001 0.001 2,200 71 78 platinum Pt 0.003 0.0037 0.005 172 72 79 gold Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.004 3,100 73 44 ruthenium Ru 0.001 0.001 0.001 74 46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 208 75 75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 47.2 76 77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001 77 45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001 78 76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015 Jump up ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual production is electronic grade See also ( edit ) Abundances of the elements ( data page ) Primordial nuclide References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Elements , Terrestrial Abundance '' . www.daviddarling.info . Archived from the original on 10 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Barbalace , Kenneth . `` Periodic Table of Elements '' . Environmental Chemistry.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Abundance in Earth 's Crust '' . WebElements.com . Archived from the original on 9 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth 's crust '' . Israel Science and Technology Homepage . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Elemental -- The Periodic Table of Elements '' . Jefferson Lab . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Commodity Statistics and Information . USGS . All production numbers are for mines , except for Al , Cd , Fe , Ge , In , N , Se ( plants , refineries ) , S ( all forms ) and As , Br , Mg , Si ( unspecified ) . Data for B , K , Ti , Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide , data for Na and Cl are for NaCl . For many elements like Si , Al , data are ambiguos ( many forms produced ) and are taken for the pure element . U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet ( 1 ) . WNA . Jump up ^ Emsley , John ( 2001 ) . Nature 's building blocks : an A-Z guide to the elements . Oxford University Press . pp. 240 -- 242 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850341 - 5 . BookRags , Periodic Table . World Book Encyclopedia , Exploring Earth . HyperPhysics , Georgia State University , Abundance of Elements in Earth 's Crust . Data Series 140 , Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States , Version 2011 , USGS ( 2 ) . Eric Scerri , The Periodic Table , Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust&oldid=801283417 '' Categories : Structure of the Earth Properties of chemical elements Lists of chemical elements Talk About Wikipedia Esperanto Français 한국어 Македонски 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 19 : 43 . About Wikipedia

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how many delegates to the continental congress signed the declaration of independance

United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June -- July 1776 Ratified July 4 , 1776 Location Engrossed copy : National Archives and Records Administration Rough draft : Library of Congress Author ( s ) Thomas Jefferson et al . Signatories 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain

56

United States Declaration of Independence

united states declaration of independence

United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June -- July 1776 Ratified July 4 , 1776 Location Engrossed copy : National Archives and Records Administration Rough draft : Library of Congress Author ( s ) Thomas Jefferson et al . Signatories 56 delegates to the Second Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( now known as Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania on July 4 , 1776 . The Declaration announced that the Thirteen Colonies then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain would regard themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states no longer under British rule . With the Declaration , these new states took a collective first step toward forming the United States of America . The declaration was signed by representatives from New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . The Lee Resolution for independence was passed on July 2 with no opposing votes . The Committee of Five had drafted the Declaration to be ready when Congress voted on independence . John Adams , a leader in pushing for independence , had persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress edited to produce the final version . The Declaration was a formal explanation of why Congress had voted to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . Adams wrote to his wife Abigail , `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America '' -- although Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved . After ratifying the text on July 4 , Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms . It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public . The source copy used for this printing has been lost and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson 's hand . Jefferson 's original draft is preserved at the Library of Congress , complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin , as well as Jefferson 's notes of changes made by Congress . The best - known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , and which is popularly regarded as the official document . This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2 . The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Its original purpose was to announce independence , and references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his policies and his rhetoric , as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This has been called `` one of the best - known sentences in the English language '' , containing `` the most potent and consequential words in American history '' . The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive . This view was notably promoted by Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted . The Declaration of Independence inspired many similar documents in other countries , the first being the 1789 Declaration of Flanders issued during the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands . It also served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence in Europe and Latin America , as well as Africa ( Liberia ) and Oceania ( New Zealand ) during the first half of the 19th century . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Congress convenes 2 Toward independence 2.1 Revising instructions 2.2 May 15 preamble 2.3 Lee 's resolution 2.4 The final push 3 Draft and adoption 4 Annotated text of the engrossed declaration 5 Influences and legal status 6 Signing 7 Publication and reaction 8 History of the documents 9 Legacy 9.1 Influence in other countries 9.2 Revival of interest 9.3 John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 9.4 Slavery and the Declaration 9.5 Lincoln and the Declaration 9.6 Women 's suffrage and the Declaration 9.7 Twentieth century and later 9.8 Popular culture 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Thomas Jefferson , the principal author of the Declaration Believe me , dear Sir : there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do . But , by the God that made me , I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose ; and in this , I think I speak the sentiments of America . -- Thomas Jefferson , November 29 , 1775 By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year . Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763 . Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire . Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown . Congress convenes The issue of Parliament 's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies ) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response . Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts . These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy . As the king wrote to North in November 1774 , `` blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent '' . Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf . They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence . Toward Independence Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense made a persuasive and impassioned case for independence , which had not yet been given serious intellectual consideration in the American colonies . Paine connected independence with Protestant beliefs as a means to present a distinctly American political identity , thereby stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss , and public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after its publication . The Assembly Room in Philadelphia 's Independence Hall , where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation , but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence . In February 1776 , colonists learned of Parliament 's passage of the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels . John Adams , a strong supporter of independence , believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to . Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the `` Act of Independency '' , calling it `` a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire '' . Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects . Despite this growing popular support for independence , Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it . Delegates had been elected to Congress by 13 different governments , which included extralegal conventions , ad hoc committees , and elected assemblies , and they were bound by the instructions given to them . Regardless of their personal opinions , delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action . Several colonies , in fact , expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain , while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue ; consequently , advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised . For Congress to declare independence , a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for it , and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress . Between April and July 1776 , a `` complex political war '' was waged to bring this about . Revising instructions In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions , many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence . Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776 . These `` declarations '' took a variety of forms . Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations , such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12 , with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence . Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies , such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4 , the first colony to do so . Many `` declarations '' were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence . A few came in the form of jury instructions , such as the statement issued on April 23 , 1776 , by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina : `` the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that George the Third , King of Great Britain ... has no authority over us , and we owe no obedience to him . '' Most of these declarations are now obscure , having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2 , and signed July 4 . Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence . In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony . May 15 preamble This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution , that ever was taken in America . -- John Adams , May 15 , 1776 As was the custom , Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution . John Adams wrote the preamble , which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies , `` it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed '' . Adams 's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland , which were still under proprietary governance . Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate , but four of the middle colonies voted against it , and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest . Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence , although a formal declaration would still have to be made . Lee 's resolution Main article : Lee Resolution On the same day that Congress passed Adams 's radical preamble , the Virginia Convention set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence . On May 15 , the Convention instructed Virginia 's congressional delegation `` to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States , absolved from all allegiance to , or dependence upon , the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain '' . In accordance with those instructions , Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a three - part resolution to Congress on June 7 . The motion was seconded by John Adams , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation . The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read : Resolved , that these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved . Lee 's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate . Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain , while arguing that declaring independence was premature , and that securing foreign aid should take priority . Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle , and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible . All Congress needed to do , they insisted , was to `` declare a fact which already exists '' . Delegates from Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , Maryland , and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence , however , and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted . Congress , therefore , voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks . Until then , Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in the event that Lee 's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July . The final push This idealized depiction of ( left to right ) Franklin , Adams , and Jefferson working on the Declaration was widely reprinted ( by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , 1900 ) . Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776 . On June 14 , the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and , the following day , the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence . In Pennsylvania , political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly , and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania 's delegates to declare independence on June 18 . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776 ; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' and had him arrested . On June 21 , they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence . Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence . But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions . When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . Draft and adoption Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision . On June 11 , 1776 , Congress appointed a `` Committee of Five '' to draft a declaration , consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut . The committee left no minutes , so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded ; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams , too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable -- although their accounts are frequently cited . What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft . The committee in general , and Jefferson in particular , thought that Adams should write the document , but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally . Considering Congress 's busy schedule , Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days , and likely wrote the draft quickly . He then consulted the others and made some changes , and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations . The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . The title of the document was `` A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress assembled . '' Portable writing desk that Jefferson used to draft and write the Declaration of Independence Congress ordered that the draft `` lie on the table '' . For two days , Congress methodically edited Jefferson 's primary document , shortening it by a fourth , removing unnecessary wording , and improving sentence structure . They removed Jefferson 's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution . Jefferson wrote that Congress had `` mangled '' his draft version , but the Declaration that was finally produced was `` the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity , '' in the words of his biographer John Ferling . Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday , July 1 , and resolved itself into a committee of the whole , with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia presiding , and they resumed debate on Lee 's resolution of independence . John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision , arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation . John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson , restating the case for an immediate declaration . A vote was taken after a long day of speeches , each colony casting a single vote , as always . The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members , and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony 's vote . Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence . The New York delegation abstained , lacking permission to vote for independence . Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean ( who voted yes ) and George Read ( who voted no ) . The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence , which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole . The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself . Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee 's resolution but desirous of unanimity , and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day . `` Declaration House '' , the boarding house at Market and S. 7th Street where Jefferson wrote the Declaration On July 2 , South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence . In the Pennsylvania delegation , Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained , allowing the delegation to vote three - to - two in favor of independence . The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney , who voted for independence . The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence , although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress . The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention . With this , the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain . John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized . `` I am apt to believe that ( Independence Day ) will be celebrated , by succeeding Generations , as the great anniversary Festival . It ought to be commemorated , as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade , with shews , Games , Sports , Guns , Bells , Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more . '' After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The opening of the original printing of the Declaration , printed on July 4 , 1776 , under Jefferson 's supervision . The engrossed copy was made later ( shown at the top of this article ) . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy . The word `` unanimous '' was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19 , 1776 : Resolved , That the Declaration passed on the 4th , be fairly engrossed on parchment , with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America , '' and that the same , when engrossed , be signed by every member of Congress . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . Annotated text of the engrossed Declaration The declaration is not divided into formal sections ; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts : introduction , preamble , indictment of King George III , denunciation of the British people , and conclusion . Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America , `` When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . '' Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . `` We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . `` That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . '' Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . `` Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . `` He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . `` He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . `` He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . `` He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . `` He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . `` He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . `` He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . `` He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers . `` He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . `` He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . `` He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . `` He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . `` He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : `` For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : `` For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : `` For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : `` For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : `` For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : `` For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : `` For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies : `` For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : `` For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . `` He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . `` He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . `` He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . `` He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands . `` He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . `` In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . '' Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . `` Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . '' Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 . `` We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . '' Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward Jr. , Thomas Lynch Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton Influences and legal status English political philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence . By Jefferson 's own admission , the Declaration contained no original ideas , but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution . As he explained in 1825 : Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment , nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing , it was intended to be an expression of the American mind , and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion . Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars . Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration . English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences , a man whom Jefferson called one of `` the three greatest men that have ever lived '' . In 1922 , historian Carl L. Becker wrote , `` Most Americans had absorbed Locke 's works as a kind of political gospel ; and the Declaration , in its form , in its phraseology , follows closely certain sentences in Locke 's second treatise on government . '' The extent of Locke 's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars , however . Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property '' . Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke 's classical liberalism . Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment , particularly Francis Hutcheson , rather than Locke , an interpretation that has been strongly criticized . Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws . Signing Main article : Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence The signed copy of the Declaration is now badly faded because of poor preserving practices in the 19th century . It is on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. The Syng inkstand was used at both the signing of the Declaration and the 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution . The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 . The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate . Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . The Declaration was transposed on paper , adopted by the Continental Congress , and signed by John Hancock , President of the Congress , on July 4 , 1776 , according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox . On August 2 , 1776 , a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons . Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4 . Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November ; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time , and signed on November 4 , 1776 . On July 4 , 1776 , Continental Congress President John Hancock 's signature authenticated the United States Declaration of Independence . Historians have generally accepted McKean 's version of events , arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19 , and was not signed by Congress until August 2 , 1776 . In 1986 , legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean , who had not been present in Congress on July 4 . According to Ritz , about thirty - four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and the others signed on or after August 2 . Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2 , and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later . Two future U.S. presidents were among the signatories : Thomas Jefferson and John Adams . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and the term John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that , after Hancock signed , the delegate from Massachusetts commented , `` The British ministry can read that name without spectacles . '' Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared , `` There ! I guess King George will be able to read that ! '' Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death . The Syng inkstand used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787 . Publication and reaction Johannes Adam Simon Oertel 's painting Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 , depicts citizens destroying a statue of King George after the Declaration was read in New York City on July 9 , 1776 . After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4 , a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap . Through the night , Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution . Before long , it was being read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the 13 states . The first formal public readings of the document took place on July 8 , in Philadelphia ( by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall ) , Trenton , New Jersey , and Easton , Pennsylvania ; the first newspaper to publish it was the Pennsylvania Evening Post on July 6 . A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9 . President of Congress John Hancock sent a broadside to General George Washington , instructing him to have it proclaimed `` at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper '' . Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9 , with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor . Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers , and encourage others to join the army . After hearing the Declaration , crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority . An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls . William Whipple , signer of the Declaration of Independence , freed his slave believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own a slave . British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain . It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August , it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September , and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October . The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost , and the second copy arrived only in November 1776 . It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student `` Vendek '' José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho , who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes . The Spanish - American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration , but it was widely transmitted and translated : by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena , by Colombian Miguel de Pombo , by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte , and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler , who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among Creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821 . The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration , but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' to African Americans . Thomas Hutchinson , the former royal governor of Massachusetts , also published a rebuttal . These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration . Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset , and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel . Lind 's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of natural rights written by Jeremy Bentham , an argument that he repeated during the French Revolution . Both pamphlets asked how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that `` all men are created equal '' without freeing their own slaves . William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals . In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 . History of the documents Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4 , 1776 , under Jefferson 's supervision . It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers . The slightly different `` engrossed copy '' ( shown at the top of this article ) was made later for members to sign . The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy . It was probably engrossed ( that is , carefully handwritten ) by clerk Timothy Matlack . A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century . In 1921 , custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress , along with the United States Constitution . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky , where they were kept until 1944 . In 1952 , the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the National Archives and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence , but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration , like Magna Carta , is not a single document . Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts , as well . The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia . Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides , of which 26 are known to survive . The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009 . In 1777 , Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration , unlike the Dunlap broadside . Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist . A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant . Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved . Jefferson kept a four - page draft that late in life he called the `` original Rough draught '' . It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one , and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members . In 1947 , Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson 's handwriting . Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends , with slight variations . During the writing process , Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin , and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee , who made a few more changes . Franklin , for example , may have been responsible for changing Jefferson 's original phrase `` We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable '' to `` We hold these truths to be self - evident '' . Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee . The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process , or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress 's secrecy rule . On April 21 , 2017 , it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in the archives at West Sussex County Council in Chichester , England . Named by its finders the `` Sussex Declaration '' , it differs from the National Archives copy ( which the finders refer to as the `` Matlack Declaration '' ) in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States . How it came to be in England is not yet known , but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson , who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people . Legacy The Declaration was given little attention in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . '' Influence in other countries Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence but were also interested in the new American state constitutions . The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 1789 ) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution . Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson . It also borrowed language from George Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights . The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire . The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers . According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states . Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself . The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders ( 1790 ) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration ; others include the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence ( 1811 ) , the Liberian Declaration of Independence ( 1847 ) , the declarations of secession by the Confederate States of America ( 1860 -- 61 ) , and the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence ( 1945 ) . These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state , without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original . Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it . These include the Haitian declaration of January 1 , 1804 , during the Haitian Revolution , the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811 , the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 , the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818 , Costa Rica in 1821 , El Salvador in 1821 , Guatemala in 1821 , Honduras in ( 1821 ) , Mexico in 1821 , Nicaragua in 1821 , Peru in 1821 , Bolivian War of Independence in 1825 , Uruguay in 1825 , Ecuador in 1830 , Colombia in 1831 , Paraguay in 1842 , Dominican Republic in 1844 , Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836 , California Republic in November 1836 , Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849 , Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835 , and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters . The Rhodesian declaration of independence , ratified in November 1965 , is based on the American one as well ; however , it omits the phrases `` all men are created equal '' and `` the consent of the governed '' . The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence , though it , like the Rhodesian one , omits references to `` all men are created equal '' and `` consent of the governed '' . Revival of interest Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States 's first political parties . Throughout the 1780s , few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration . But in the next decade , Jeffersonian Republicans sought political advantage over their rival Federalists by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author . Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson 's authorship or originality , and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress , with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee . Federalists insisted that Congress 's act of declaring independence , in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role , was more important than the document announcing it . But this view faded away , like the Federalist Party itself , and , before long , the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document . A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812 , thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution . In 1817 , Congress commissioned John Trumbull 's famous painting of the signers , which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol . The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time , offering many Americans their first view of the signed document . Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s , giving birth to what Garry Wills called the `` cult of the signers '' . In the years that followed , many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time . When interest in the Declaration was revived , the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant : the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George . But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended , with its talk of self - evident truths and unalienable rights . The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality , and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support . Starting in the 1820s , variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers , farmers , women , and others . In 1848 , for example , the Seneca Falls Convention of women 's rights advocates declared that `` all men and women are created equal '' . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) Main article : Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull ) John Trumbull 's famous painting is often identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration , but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress . John Trumbull 's painting Declaration of Independence has played a significant role in popular conceptions of the Declaration of Independence . The painting is 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) in size and was commissioned by the United States Congress in 1817 ; it has hung in the United States Capitol Rotunda since 1826 . It is sometimes described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence , but it actually shows the Committee of Five presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Second Continental Congress on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . Trumbull painted the figures from life whenever possible , but some had died and images could not be located ; hence , the painting does not include all the signers of the Declaration . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact , the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time . It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull 's painting has been depicted multiple times on U.S. currency and postage stamps . Its first use was on the reverse side of the $100 National Bank Note issued in 1863 . A few years later , the steel engraving used in printing the bank notes was used to produce a 24 - cent stamp , issued as part of the 1869 Pictorial Issue . An engraving of the signing scene has been featured on the reverse side of the United States two - dollar bill since 1976 . United States two - dollar bill ( reverse ) Slavery and the Declaration Further information : Slavery in the colonial United States The apparent contradiction between the claim that `` all men are created equal '' and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration was first published . As mentioned above , Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that strongly indicted Great Britain 's role in the slave trade , but this was deleted from the final version . Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slave holder , having owned hundreds of slaves . Referring to this seeming contradiction , English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter , `` If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . '' In the 19th century , the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement . Historian Bertram Wyatt - Brown wrote that `` abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document '' . Abolitionist leaders Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison adopted the `` twin rocks '' of `` the Bible and the Declaration of Independence '' as the basis for their philosophies . `` As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence , or of the Bible , in our land , '' wrote Garrison , `` we will not despair . '' For radical abolitionists such as Garrison , the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the right of revolution . Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution , and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration . The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question . With the antislavery movement gaining momentum , defenders of slavery such as John Randolph and John C. Calhoun found it necessary to argue that the Declaration 's assertion that `` all men are created equal '' was false , or at least that it did not apply to black people . During the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1853 , for example , Senator John Pettit of Indiana argued that the statement `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self - evident truth '' but a `` self - evident lie '' . Opponents of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , including Salmon P. Chase and Benjamin Wade , defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles . Lincoln and the Declaration Congressman Abraham Lincoln , 1845 -- 1846 The Declaration 's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln , a little - known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers . Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution , and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away . For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas - Nebraska Act , thought Lincoln , was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution . In his October 1854 Peoria speech , Lincoln said : Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal ; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration , that for some men to enslave others is a `` sacred right of self - government ''. ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it . Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence , and with it , the practices , and policy , which harmonize with it. ... If we do this , we shall not only have saved the Union : but we shall have saved it , as to make , and keep it , forever worthy of the saving . The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 . Douglas argued that the phrase `` all men are created equal '' in the Declaration referred to white men only . The purpose of the Declaration , he said , had simply been to justify the independence of the United States , and not to proclaim the equality of any `` inferior or degraded race '' . Lincoln , however , thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal , setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire . `` I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere , '' he said . During the seventh and last joint debate with Steven Douglas at Alton , Illinois on October 15 , 1858 , Lincoln said about the declaration : I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant . They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere . According to Pauline Maier , Douglas 's interpretation was more historically accurate , but Lincoln 's view ultimately prevailed . `` In Lincoln 's hands , '' wrote Maier , `` the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document '' with `` a set of goals to be realized over time '' . ( T ) here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence , the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man . Abraham Lincoln , 1858 Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles . He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . '' Lincoln 's view of the Declaration became influential , seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution . `` For most people now , '' wrote Garry Wills in 1992 , `` the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means , as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it . '' Admirers of Lincoln such as Harry V. Jaffa praised this development . Critics of Lincoln , notably Willmoore Kendall and Mel Bradford , argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated states ' rights by reading the Declaration into the Constitution . Women 's suffrage and the Declaration Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her two sons ( 1848 ) . In July 1848 , the first woman 's rights convention , the Seneca Falls Convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . The convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Mary Ann McClintock , and Jane Hunt . In their `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , patterned on the Declaration of Independence , the convention members demanded social and political equality for women . Their motto was that `` All men and women are created equal '' and the convention demanded suffrage for women . The suffrage movement was supported by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass . Twentieth century and later The Declaration was chosen to be the first digitized text ( 1971 ) . The Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence was dedicated in 1984 in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names , places of residence , and occupations . The new One World Trade Center building in New York City ( 2014 ) is 1776 feet high to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed . Popular culture The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award -- winning musical 1776 and the 1972 film version , as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams . In 1970 , The 5th Dimension recorded the opening of the Declaration on their album Portrait in the song `` Declaration '' . It was first performed on the Ed Sullivan Show on December 7 , 1969 , and it was taken as a song of protest against the Vietnam War . The Declaration of Independence is also a plot device in the 2004 American film National Treasure . References Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Independence '' , Revolutionary War , Digital History , University of Houston . From Adams ' notes : `` Why will you not ? You ought to do it . '' `` I will not . '' `` Why ? '' `` Reasons enough . '' `` What can be your reasons ? '' `` Reason first , you are a Virginian , and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business . Reason second , I am obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular . You are very much otherwise . Reason third , you can write ten times better than I can . '' `` Well , '' said Jefferson , `` if you are decided , I will do as well as I can . '' `` Very well . When you have drawn it up , we will have a meeting . '' Jump up ^ Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 Jump up ^ Boyd ( 1976 ) , The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original , p. 438 . Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2 ? '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Declaration of Independence : A History , The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Ellis , American Creation , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 . Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2007 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 113 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02282 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 19 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 31 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 162 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 200 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 -- 42 . The writings in question include Wilson 's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson 's A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( both 1774 ) , as well as Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 13 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 89 ; Maier , American Scripture , 33 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 ; Maier , American Scripture , 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 67 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 77 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 30 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 59 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 671 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 78 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 , and Appendix A , which lists the state and local declarations . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 679 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 69 -- 72 , quoted on 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 . The modern scholarly consensus is that the best - known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic , the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence , allegedly adopted in May 1775 ( a full year before other local declarations ) ; Maier , American Scripture , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Founding , 682 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 683 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Maier , American Scripture , 37 . For the full text of the May 10 resolve , see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 159 . The text of Adams 's letter is online . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 37 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 . For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 96 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 94 . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 97 ; Jensen , Founding , 685 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 38 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 18 ; Maier , American Scripture , 63 . The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online Archived June 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 4 , 1776 ) . `` Declaration of Independence . In Congress , July 4 , 1776 , a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress Assembled '' . World Digital Library . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 41 ; Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 -- 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 42 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 ; Armitage , Global History , 33 -- 34 . The quotation is from Jefferson 's notes ; Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 311 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 42 -- 43 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 . Jump up ^ Dupont and Onuf , 3 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 691 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 -- 07 ; Jensen , Founding , 691 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 692 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 693 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 -- 96 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 96 ; Maier , American Scripture , 68 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 118 ; Jensen , Founding , 698 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 97 -- 105 ; Boyd , Evolution , 21 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 22 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 104 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 4 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 701 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513409 - 4 . OCLC 468591593 , pp. 131 -- 37 Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 181 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 699 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 182 ; Jensen , Founding , 700 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 45 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 703 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ As quoted in Adams , John ( 2007 ) . My Dearest Friend : Letters of Abigail and John Adams . Harvard University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02606 - 3 . Adams predicted that the celebration date would be July 2 , the date the independence resolution was adopted , rather than July 4 , the date the declaration was approved . Though he may have predicted the wrong celebration date , his thoughts were prophetic . ^ Jump up to : Julian P. Boyd , `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress -- FRIDAY , JULY 19 , 1776 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Stephen E. `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Signers by State '' . ushistory.org -- Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TO HENRY LEE -- Thomas Jefferson The Works , vol. 12 ( Correspondence and Papers 1816 -- 1826 ; 1905 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . May 8 , 1825 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Jefferson the Virginian , 221 ; Maier , American Scripture , 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration , and considers the argument `` unpersuasive '' ( American Scripture , p. 264 ) . Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts , and writes that neither was called `` declarations of independence '' until fairly recently ( Global History , pp. 42 -- 44 ) . For the argument in favor of the influence of the Dutch act , see Stephen E. Lucas , `` The ' Plakkaat van Verlatinge ' : A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence '' , in Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux , eds. , Connecting Cultures : The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange ( Amsterdam , 1994 ) , 189 -- 207 , and Barbara Wolff , `` Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch ? '' University of Wisconsin Madison News , June 29 , 1988 , http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 Accessed July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Greatest Men '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jefferson identified Bacon , Locke , and Newton as `` the three greatest men that have ever lived , without any exception '' . Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson 's education and world view . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 27 . Jump up ^ Ray Forrest Harvey , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui : A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina , 1937 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ A brief , online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald , `` The American Republic : 1760 -- 1870 '' ( 2004 ) Archived May 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... In a similar vein , historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the `` eighteenth - century commonwealthmen , the radical Whig ideology '' , which in turn drew on the political thought of John Milton , James Harrington , and John Locke . See Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause , pp. 3 -- 6 , 51 -- 52 , 136 Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , especially chs. 11 -- 13 . Wills concludes ( p. 315 ) that `` the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson 's politics , not Locke 's '' . Jump up ^ Hamowy , `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment '' , argues that Wills gets much wrong ( p. 523 ) , that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was , like Jefferson , influenced by Locke ( pp. 508 -- 09 ) , and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke 's influence , but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings ( p. 514 ) . See also Kenneth S. Lynn , `` Falsifying Jefferson '' , Commentary 66 ( Oct. 1978 ) , 66 -- 71 . Ralph Luker , in `` Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence '' ( The Virginia Quarterly Review , Spring 1980 , 244 -- 61 ) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson 's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration , but he also argued that Wills 's critics similarly read their own views into the document . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` The Irrelevance of the Declaration '' , in Hendrik Hartog , ed. , Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law ( New York University Press , 1981 ) , 46 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas , December 19 , 1775 , in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed . Albert Henry Smyth ( New York : 1970 ) , 6 : 432 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 21 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gulf , C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis , 165 US 150 ( 1897 ) : `` While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law , or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty ... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence , p. 25 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 ) : `` the Declaration is not a legal instrument , like the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Mario . Why Lincoln Matters : Now More Than Ever , p. 137 ( Harcourt Press 2004 ) ( it `` is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement '' ) . Jump up ^ Strang , Lee `` Originalism 's Subject Matter : Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution '' , Southern California Law Review , Vol. 89 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , 192 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 245 -- 46 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , 341 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 179 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 194 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` TeachAmericanHistory.org : John Hancock '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 91 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 156 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 155 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 73 . Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Contagion of Sovereignty : Declarations of Independence since 1776 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 75 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John J. ( September 20 , 1943 ) . `` America and the Future '' . Life : 105 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Thomas ( 1776 ) , Eicholz , Hans , ed. , Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord , &c. , London Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 74 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 79 -- 80 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 76 -- 77 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 ( 1993 ) , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 ^ Jump up to : `` The Declaration of Independence : A History '' . Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 263 . Jump up ^ `` Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Marie Dube ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions : The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution of the United States . National Park Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 446 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 421 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 142 note 1 . Boyd ( Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 427 -- 28 ) casts doubt on Becker 's belief that the change was made by Franklin . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 448 -- 50 . Boyd argued that , if a document was signed on July 4 ( which he thought unlikely ) , it would have been the Fair Copy , and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` From the Here '' , speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate . All of these copies were then destroyed , theorizes Ritz , to preserve secrecy . Jump up ^ `` Declaration of Independence document found '' . BBC News . 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sussex Declaration '' . Declaration Resources Project . Harvard University . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 87 -- 88 ; Maier , American Scripture , 162 , 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 178 -- 79 ; Maier , American Scripture , 160 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 92 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 165 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 167 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 82 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 45 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 113 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 104 , 113 . Jump up ^ Palley , Claire ( 1966 ) . The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888 -- 1965 , with Special Reference to Imperial Control ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 750 . OCLC 406157 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Tim ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook on Public International Law ( First ed . ) . London & Sydney : Cavendish Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 050 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gowlland - Debbas , Vera ( 1990 ) . Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia ( First ed . ) . Leiden and New York : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0811 - 5 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 , 179 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 179 ; Maier , American Scripture , 168 -- 71 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 180 -- 84 ; Maier , American Scripture , 171 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 571 -- 72 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 76 ; Wills , Inventing America , 324 . See also John C. Fitzpatrick , Spirit of the Revolution ( Boston 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 176 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 90 . Jump up ^ Armitage , `` Global History '' , 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 . See also Philip S. Foner , ed. , We , the Other People : Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups , Farmers , Woman 's Rights Advocates , Socialists , and Blacks , 1829 -- 1975 ( Urbana 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 ; Armitage , Global History , 95 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 348 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's -- Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography -- Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1969 ) , Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Armitage , Global History , 77 . ( 2 ) Day , Thomas . Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes , written in the year 1776 . London : Printed for John Stockdale ( 1784 ) . Boston : Re-printed by Garrison and Knapp , at the office of `` The Liberator '' ( 1831 ) . p. 10 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . At : Internet Archive : The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries : James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets . Jump up ^ Wyatt - Brown , Lewis Tappan , 287 . Jump up ^ Mayer , All on Fire , 53 , 115 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 598 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 604 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 605 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 199 ; Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 246 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) : Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 '' . Bartleby . p. 415 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 207 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 100 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 129 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 145 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 147 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 39 , 145 -- 46 . See also Harry V. Jaffa , Crisis of the House Divided ( 1959 ) and A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2000 ) ; Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey , The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition ( 1970 ) ; and M.E. Bradford , `` The Heresy of Equality : A Reply to Harry Jaffa '' ( 1976 ) , reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason ( 1979 ) and Modern Age , the First Twenty - five Years ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Norton , et al ( 2010 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Seneca Falls : The Declaration of Sentiments , 1848 '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Hart , inventor of the ebook , dies aged 64 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire '' . CNN . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings in NY '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings under construction in the world '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1776 : The Musical About Us '' . Pratico . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Adams : Independence '' . Home Box Office , Inc . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Independence '' . Fort Wayne Journal Gazette . July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Treasure '' . rottentomatoes.com. 2004 . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Bibliography Armitage , David . The Declaration Of Independence : A Global History , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02282 - 9 . Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Enlarged edition . Originally published 1967 . Harvard University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas. 1922 . Available online from The Online Library of Liberty and Google Book Search . Revised edition New York : Vintage Books , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Boyd , Julian P . The Declaration of Independence : The Evolution of the Text . Originally published 1945 . Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt . University Press of New England , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0980 - 4 . Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 : A British - American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution . New York : Norton , 1976 . Detweiler , Philip F. `` Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence , 1819 -- 1821 '' , American Historical Review 63 ( April 1958 ) : 598 -- 616 . in JSTOR Detweiler , Philip F. `` The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 19 ( 1962 ) : 557 -- 74 . in JSTOR Dumbauld , Edward . The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1950 . Ellis , Joseph . American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . New York : Knopf , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26369 - 8 . Dupont , Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf , eds . Declaring Independence : The Origins and Influence of America 's Founding Document . Revised edition . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Library , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799997 - 1 - 0 . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Gustafson , Milton . `` Travels of the Charters of Freedom '' . Prologue Magazine 34 , no 4 . ( Winter 2002 ) . Hamowy , Ronald . `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Critique of Garry Wills 's Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 36 ( October 1979 ) , 503 -- 23 . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 edition available on Google Book Search Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress , 1904 -- 1937 ) Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Mahoney , D.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Declaration of independence '' . Society . 24 : 46 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02695936 . Lucas , Stephen E. , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . Jefferson the Virginian . Volume 1 of Jefferson and His Time . Boston : Little Brown , 1948 . Mayer , David ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of Independence '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 113 -- 15 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . Mayer , Henry . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . McDonald , Robert M.S. `` Thomas Jefferson 's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . Journal of the Early Republic 19 , no . 2 ( Summer 1999 ) : 169 -- 95 . McPherson , James . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505542 - X . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and expanded edition . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Norton , Mary Beth , et al. , A People and a Nation , Eighth Edition , Boston , Wadsworth , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 17558 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` From the Here of Jefferson 's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 , no . 4 ( October 1992 ) : 499 -- 512 . Tsesis , Alexander . For Liberty and Equality : The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 397 pages ; explores the impact on American politics , law , and society since its drafting . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . JSTOR 1921451 . United States Department of State , `` The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , 1911 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Rewrote America . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wyatt - Brown , Bertram . Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery . Cleveland : Press of Case Western Reserve University , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 8295 - 0146 - 0 . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Declaration of Independence '' dated 2006 - 11 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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when was the national shrine of the immaculate conception built

Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception Patronal church of the United States of America Main façade of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception Location of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , D.C. 38 ° 56 ′ 0 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 02 '' W  /  38.93333 ° N 77.00056 ° W  / 38.93333 ; - 77.00056 Coordinates : 38 ° 56 ′ 0 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 02 '' W  /  38.93333 ° N 77.00056 ° W  / 38.93333 ; - 77.00056 Location Washington , D.C. Country United States Denomination Catholic Tradition Roman Rite Website Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception Architecture Status Minor basilica , National shrine Architect ( s ) Maginnis & Walsh Architectural type Basilica Style Neo-Byzantine and Neo-Romanesque Groundbreaking 1920 ( 1920 ) Completed 1961 ( 1961 ) Specifications Capacity 10,000 Length 500 feet ( 150 m ) Width 240 feet ( 73 m ) Nave width 157 feet ( 48 m ) Height 329 feet ( 100 m ) Dome height ( outer ) 237 feet ( 72 m ) Dome height ( inner ) 159 feet ( 48 m ) Dome diameter ( outer ) 108 feet ( 33 m ) Dome diameter ( inner ) 89 feet ( 27 m ) Administration Archdiocese Archdiocese of Washington Clergy Rector Monsignor Walter R. Rossi Priest ( s ) Walter R. Rossi Vito A. Buonanno Michael D. Weston Raymond A. Lebrun Laity Director of music Dr. Peter Latona Organist ( s ) Peter Latona Benjamin Laprarie Nathan Davy Robert Grogan

Basilica of the National shrine of the Immaculate Conception

basilica of the national shrine of the immaculate conception

The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception is a prominent Roman Rite Catholic basilica located in Washington , D.C. , United States of America , honoring the Blessed Virgin Mary as the Immaculate Conception , the principal Patroness of the USA .

The shrine is the largest Catholic church in the United States and North America , one of the ten largest churches in the world , and the tallest habitable building in Washington , D.C . Construction of this church , notable for its Neo-Byzantine architecture , began in 1920 under Philadelphia contractor John McShain . It opened unfinished in 1959 and currently hosts an estimated one million pilgrims each year . The basilica is designated both as the national and patronal Catholic Church of the United States , honoring the Virgin Mary , under the title Immaculate Conception , by which Pope Pius XI donated a mosaic of the same image in 1923 . The basilica is not the cathedral church of the Archdiocese of Washington as the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle has served in this capacity since the creation of the archdiocese in 1939 . The shrine hosted Popes John Paul II , who designated the National Shrine as a Minor Basilica on October 12 , 1990 ; Benedict XVI , who bestowed the honor of a Golden Rose on the basilica on April 16 , 2008 ; and Francis , when he celebrated Mass on the east steps for the canonization of Junípero Serra , O.F.M. on September 23 , 2015 . The basilica does not have its own parish community , but serves the adjacent Catholic University of America which donated the land for its construction , the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , and hosts numerous Masses for various organizations of the Church from across the United States . The rector of the shrine is the Monsignor Walter R. Rossi , who holds a Licentiate of Canon Law . The basilica is on Michigan Avenue in the northeast quadrant of Washington . It is served by Brookland - CUA Metro Station on the Red Line , roughly 0.3 miles ( 0.5 km ) away . Contents ( hide ) 1 Architecture 2 History 2.1 Patronage of the Immaculate Conception 2.2 Construction of the shrine 3 Priests 4 Photo gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Architecture ( edit ) View of the basilica from Mary 's Garden looking southeast . The basilica houses 70 chapels honoring Mary and reflecting the origins of the Catholic immigrants and religious orders whose generosity erected them . Its Greek - styled interior is crowned with numerous domes decorated in mosaics , similar to the Basilica of St. Mark in Venice , Italy , but much larger . The mosaics feature American renditions of traditional Catholic images . Artist Jan Henryk De Rosen , who presided over the shrine 's iconography committee was also responsible for much of its decor , including composing the large mosaic over the northern apse . The exterior of the basilica is 500 ft ( 152 m ) long , 240 ft ( 73 m ) wide , and 237 ft ( 72 m ) tall to the top of the cross on the dome . The diameter of the main ( Trinity ) dome of the basilica is only 7 feet ( 2 m ) smaller than that of the dome of the United States Capitol . The shrine was built in the style of medieval churches , relying on masonry walls and columns in place of structural steel and reinforced concrete . It was designed to hold 10,000 worshipers and includes modern amenities such as a basement cafeteria , hidden public address speakers to carry speech at the altar to the rear of the building , air conditioning and the largest ( in 1959 ) radiant heating slab in the world . In all , 70 chapels and sacred images flank the sides of the upper church and crypt . It contains many works of art . There are arches outlined with iridescent Pewabic Pottery tile , large ceramic medallions set in the ceiling , and fourteen Stations of the Cross for the crypt . History ( edit ) The Blessed Virgin Mary under the venerated title of the Immaculate Conception is the Principal Patroness of the country and its national shrine , as accorded by Pope Pius IX in 1847 . Patronage of the Immaculate Conception ( edit ) In 1792 John Carroll , the bishop of Baltimore and America 's first Roman Catholic bishop , consecrated the newly created United States under the protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary under the title of The Immaculate Conception . In 1847 , the 7th Provincial Councils of Baltimore reiterated this episcopal choice to name the title Virgin Mary , conceived without sin as the principal patroness of the land , which Pope Pius IX formalized on February 7 , 1847 , but was not publicly proclaimed until July 2 , 1847 . Construction of the shrine ( edit ) Bishop Thomas Joseph Shahan , the fourth rector of The Catholic University of America in Washington , proposed the construction of a national shrine to commemorate the Immaculate Conception in the country 's capital . Bishop Shahan took his appeal to Pope Pius X on August 15 , 1913 . Shahan received the pope 's enthusiastic support and personal contribution of US $ 400 . Shahan returned to the United States and persuaded the Board of Trustees of The Catholic University of America to donate land at the southwest corner of the campus for his shrine . In January 1914 , Shahan published the first issue of Salve Regina , a newsletter meant to stir enthusiasm for his project . He wrote that the shrine would be a `` monument of love and gratitude , a great hymn in stone as perfect as the art of man can make it and as holy as the intentions of its builders could wish it to be . '' His newsletter was circulated to dioceses throughout the country and financial donations began to pour into Washington . In 1915 , Shahan appointed Father Bernard McKenna of Philadelphia as first director of the national shrine . Shahan oversaw the construction of the shrine until his death on March 9 , 1932 . His are the only remains interred at the national shrine . By 1919 , Shahan and McKenna chose architectural drawings by the Boston firm of Maginnis & Walsh for construction of the national shrine . Initially , they considered a traditional Neo-Gothic architectural style , but Shahan opted instead for a Byzantine Revival - Romanesque Revival design . Cardinal James Gibbons , archbishop of Baltimore , blessed the foundation stone on September 23 , 1920 . More than 10,000 people attended the Mass , including ambassadors , government officials , and military officers . In 1929 , the Great Depression halted the construction above the crypt level . The beginning of American involvement in World War II stalled plans even further . Interior view , including the mosaics completed in 2006 . After the war , in 1953 , American bishops under the leadership of John Noll , archbishop ad personam of Fort Wayne , and Patrick O'Boyle , archbishop of Washington , pledged to raise the funds necessary to complete the upper church of the national shrine . On November 20 , 1959 , thousands of Catholics gathered with the bishops for the dedication of the Great Upper Church . The crypt has displayed the Papal Tiara of Pope Paul VI since 1968 . On October 7 , 1979 , Sister Theresa Kane R.S.M. , former president of the LCWR , issued a formal plea during Pope John Paul II 's Apostolic visit to the United States at the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception for `` providing the possibility of women as persons being included in all ministries of the church . '' In 1990 , Pope John Paul II named the national shrine as the United States ' 36th minor basilica . In August 2006 , work was completed on a mosaic covering the Redemption Dome in the Upper Church . This is the first new work done in many years and was part of the original architectural plans . Following its completion in the summer of 2007 , the Incarnation Dome was blessed on November 17 , 2007 . A small chapel on the crypt level honoring Our Lady of La Vang ( Vietnam ) was completed in 2006 . In 2008 , during his apostolic visit to the United States , Pope Benedict XVI bestowed the Golden Rose upon the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception . In June 2011 , a new chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Lebanon was erected within the basilica , commemorating the fidelity of the Maronite Church and its faithful . A mosaic of Saint Maroun and the Crucifixion was copied from the 6th - century Rabboula Maronite manuscript , and was donated by Cardinal Donald Wuerl . The chapel was formally consecrated by Maronite Bishop Gregory J. Mansour on September 23 , 2011 . On January 26 , 2013 , the basilica held a televised thanksgiving Mass and enshrined two first class relics of Americans Catherine Tekakwitha and Marianne Cope , who were both canonized October 20 , 2012 . Pope Francis visited the shrine on September 23 , 2015 , and celebrated a Mass for the canonization of Junípero Serra , O.F.M. on the mall of The Catholic University of America . The altar , ambo , and chair used for this Mass match the existing marble in the basilica . After the Mass , the Papal altar was placed in front of the High Altar , and is now used as the altar in the Great Upper Church . On February 20 , 2016 , the Basilica was the site of the funeral mass of US Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia at which his son Fr . Paul Scalia was the celebrant . Priests ( edit ) Walter R. Rossi , Rector of the National Shrine Vito A. Buonanno , Associate Rector and Director of Pilgrimages Michael D. Weston , Associate Rector and Director of Liturgy Raymond A. Lebrun , O.M.I. , Spiritual Director Photo gallery ( edit ) Panoramic view of the apse Panoramic view from The Catholic University Mall Interior view of the shrine View of the baldachino altar from the rear Interior of the main dome , prior to 2016 mosaic completion Bishop 's vesting altar in the upper church sacristy Tabernacle in the Blessed Sacrament Chapel Statue of Pope Saint Pius X Exterior viewed from the east Golden Rose bestowed by Pope Benedict XVI Blessed Sacrament Chapel altar Grave of Bishop Shahan , founder of the Shrine Mosaics above the nave Byzantine - Ruthenian chapel See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal Catholicism portal Mary , Protector of Faith Sculpture in Mary 's Garden Tiara of Pope Paul VI Top eight Catholic pilgrimage destinations in the United States Ukrainian Catholic National Shrine of the Holy Family List of basilicas List of the Roman Catholic cathedrals of the United States List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of the United States Category : Roman Catholic dioceses in the United States ( including ecclesiastical provinces ) Franciscan Monastery of the Holy Land in America References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception '' . National Shrine . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The National Shrine '' . SkyscraperPage.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Washington Monument is taller , but is not a habitable building ) . Jump up ^ `` Architectural Style '' . National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception . Archived from the original on 8 February 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ United Press International ( November 8 , 1959 ) . `` National Catholic Shrine Will be Dedicated Nov. 20 '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clay , Jennifer ( April 2005 ) . `` National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bruner , Lousie ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Historian , Print Specialist Begin Museum Duties '' . The Blade . Toledo . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morgan , David G. ; Promey , Sally M. ( 2001 ) . The Visual Culture of American Religions . University of California Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22522 - 0 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 2001 ) , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Dugan , George ( December 1 , 1964 ) . `` Spellman 's Surprise : Pope 's Tiara Is Here '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Moira ( June 23 , 2007 ) . `` A Work of Art in Many Pieces '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Black , Meredith ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Vietnamese Catholics Gather at National Shrine to celebrate their faith '' . Catholic Standard . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Press release ( April 17 , 2008 ) . `` Pope , US bishops exchange gifts '' . CatholicCulture.org . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Szczepanowski , Richard ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` New chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Lebanon at national shrine '' . Catholic Standard . 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what is frank starlings law of the heart

The Frank -- Starling law of the heart ( also known as Starling 's law and the Frank -- Starling mechanism ) represents the relationship between stroke volume and end diastolic volume . The law states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles , before contraction ( the end diastolic volume ) , when all other factors remain constant . As a larger volume of blood flows into the ventricle , the blood stretches the cardiac muscle fibers , leading to an increase in the force of contraction . The Frank - Starling mechanism allows the cardiac output to be synchronized with the venous return , arterial blood supply and humoral length , without depending upon external regulation to make alterations . The physiological importance of the mechanism lies mainly in maintaining left and right ventricular output equality .

the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles , before contraction ( the end diastolic volume ) , when all other factors remain constant

Frank -- Starling law

frank - - starling law

The Frank -- Starling law of the heart ( also known as Starling 's law and the Frank -- Starling mechanism ) represents the relationship between stroke volume and end diastolic volume . The law states that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles , before contraction ( the end diastolic volume ) , when all other factors remain constant . As a larger volume of blood flows into the ventricle , the blood stretches the cardiac muscle fibers , leading to an increase in the force of contraction . The Frank - Starling mechanism allows the cardiac output to be synchronized with the venous return , arterial blood supply and humoral length , without depending upon external regulation to make alterations . The physiological importance of the mechanism lies mainly in maintaining left and right ventricular output equality .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 2 Clinical examples 2.1 Premature ventricular contraction 2.2 Diastolic dysfunction -- heart failure 3 History 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Physiology ( edit ) The Frank - Starling mechanism occurs as the result of the length - tension relationship observed in skeletal muscles . As a muscle fiber is stretched , active tension is created by altering the overlap of thick and thin filaments . The greatest isometric active tension is developed when a muscle is at its optimal length . In most relaxed skeletal muscle fibers , passive elastic properties maintain the muscle fibers length near optimal . In contrast , the normal point of cardiac muscle cells , in a resting individual , is lower than the optimal length for contraction . In the human heart , maximal force is generated with an initial sarcomere length of 2.2 micrometers , a length which is rarely exceeded in a normal heart . Initial lengths larger or smaller than this optimal value will decrease the force the muscle can achieve . For larger sarcomere lengths , this is the result of less overlap of the thin and thick filaments ; for smaller sarcomere lengths , the cause is the decreased sensitivity for calcium by the myofilaments . An increase in filling of the ventricle increases the load experienced by each cardiac muscle fiber , stretching the fibers toward their optimal length . The stretching of the muscle fibers augments cardiac muscle contraction by increasing the calcium sensitivity of the myofibrils , causing a greater number of actin - myosin cross-bridges to form within the muscle fibers . Specifically , the sensitivity of troponin for binding Ca increases and there is an increased release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum . In addition , there is a decrease in the spacing between thick and thin filaments , when a cardiac muscle fiber is stretched , allowing an increased number of cross-bridges to form . The force that any single cardiac muscle fiber generates is proportional to the initial sarcomere length , and the stretch on the individual fibers is related to the end - diastolic volume of the left and right ventricles . Due to the intrinsic property of myocardium that is responsible for the Frank - Starling mechanism , the heart can automatically accommodate an increase in venous return , at any heart rate . The mechanism is of functional importance because it serves to adapt left ventricular output to right ventricular output . If this mechanism did not exist and the right and left cardiac outputs were not equivalent , blood would accumulate throughout circulation . Clinical examples ( edit ) Premature ventricular contraction ( edit ) Premature ventricular contraction causes early emptying of the left ventricle ( LV ) into the aorta . Since the next ventricular contraction occurs at its regular time , the filling time for the LV increases , causing an increased LV end - diastolic volume . Due to the Frank -- Starling mechanism , the next ventricular contraction is more forceful , leading to the ejection of the larger than normal volume of blood , and bringing the LV end - systolic volume back to baseline . Diastolic dysfunction -- heart failure ( edit ) Diastolic dysfunction is associated with a reduced compliance , or increased stiffness , of the ventricle wall . This reduced compliance results in an inadequate filling of the ventricle and a decrease in the end - diastolic volume . The decreased end - diastolic volume then leads to a reduction in stroke volume because of the Frank - Starling mechanism . History ( edit ) The Frank -- Starling law is named after the two physiologists , Otto Frank and Ernest Henry Starling . However , neither Frank nor Starling was the first to describe the relationship between the end - diastolic volume and the regulation of cardiac output . The first formulation of the law was theorized by the Italian physiologist Dario Maestrini , who on December 13 , 1914 , started the first of 19 experiments that led him to formulate the `` legge del cuore '' . Otto Frank 's contributions are derived from his 1895 experiments on frog hearts . In order to relate the work of the heart to skeletal muscle mechanics , Frank observed changes in diastolic pressure with varying volumes of the frog ventricle . His data was analyzed on a pressure - volume diagram , which resulted in his description of peak isovolumic pressure and its affects on ventricular volume . Starling experimented on intact mammalian hearts , such as from dogs , to understand why variations in arterial pressure , heart rate , and temperature do not affect the relatively constant cardiac output. More than 30 years before the development of sliding filament model of muscle contraction and the understanding of the relationship between active tension and sarcomere length , Starling hypothesized in 1914 , `` the mechanical energy set free in the passage from the resting to the active state is a function of the length of the fiber . '' Starling used a volume - pressure diagram to construct a length - tension diagram from his data . Starling 's data and associated diagrams , provided evidence that the length of the muscle fibers , and resulting tension , altered the systolic pressure . See also ( edit ) Starling equation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Widmaier , E.P. , Hershel , R. , & Strang , K.T. ( 2016 ). Vander 's Human Physiology : The Mechanisms of Body Function ( 14th ed . ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 1 - 259 - 29409 - 9 Jump up ^ Costanzo , Linda S. ( 2007 ) . Physiology . Hagerstwon , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 7311 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : R. , Jacob , ; B. , Dierberger , ; G. , Kissling , ( 1992 - 11 - 01 ). `` Functional significance of the Frank - Starling mechanism under physiological and pathophysiological conditions ''. European Heart Journal. 13 ( suppl_E ) . doi : 10.1093 / eurheartj / 13. suppl_E. 7 . ISSN 0195 - 668X . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Arnold M. ( 2002 - 12 - 03 ). `` Ernest Henry Starling , His Predecessors , and the `` Law of the Heart '' ``. Circulation. 106 ( 23 ) : 2986 -- 2992 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 0000040594.96123. 55 . ISSN 0009 - 7322 . PMID 12460884 . Jump up ^ Klabunde , Richard E. `` Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts '' . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2011 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Moss , Richard L. ; Fitzsimons , Daniel P. ( 2002 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Frank - Starling Relationship '' . Circulation Research . 90 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 13 . ISSN 0009 - 7330 . PMID 11786511 . Jump up ^ Spadolini , Igino ( 1946 ) . UTET , eds . Trattato di Fisiologia ,. 2 . Torino . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Berne , Robert M. ( 2004 ) . Ambrosiana , eds . Fisiologia . Milano . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` www.ancecardio.it '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . pp. 29 -- 31 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 6 August 2010 . Jump up ^ MAESTRINI , D. ( February 1951 ) . `` ( Genesis of the so - called insufficient contractions of the heart in decompensation . ) '' . Policlinico Prat. 58 ( 9 ) : 257 -- 68 . PMID 14833944 . Jump up ^ MAESTRINI , D. ( July 1951 ) . `` ( The importance of the altered organic exchange ( fatigue ) , of the structure and colloidal state of the fiber , for the genesis of the so - called small , insufficient contractions of the heart in failure . ) '' . Policlinico Prat. 58 ( 30 ) : 933 -- 45 . PMID 14864102 . Jump up ^ MAESTRINI , D. ( November 1951 ) . `` ( The law of the heart in biology and clinical medicine . ) '' . Minerva Med. 42 ( 80 ) : 857 -- 64 . PMID 14919226 . Jump up ^ MAESTRINI , D. ( June 1952 ) . `` ( A new theory of cardiac decompensation . ) '' . Policlinico Prat. 59 ( 24 ) : 797 -- 814 . PMID 14957592 . Jump up ^ MAESTRINI , D. `` ( Not Available . ) '' . Gazz Sanit. 18 ( 5 ) : 162 -- 4 . PMID 18859625 . Jump up ^ PENNACCHIO , L. ; D. MAESTRINI ( September 1952 ) . `` ( Comment on a new theory of cardiac insufficiency . ) '' . Policlinico Prat. 59 ( 37 ) : 1223 -- 4 . PMID 13026471 . Jump up ^ MAESTRINI , D. ( January 1958 ) . `` ( The law of the heart from its discovery to the present time . ) '' . Minerva Med. 49 ( 3 - 4 ) : Varia , 28 -- 36 . PMID 13516733 . Jump up ^ MAESTRINI , D. ( December 1958 ) . `` ( Variations of cardiac volume dynamics in clinical practice , examined in the light of the law of the heart . ) '' . Minerva Cardioangiol. 6 ( 12 ) : 657 -- 67 . PMID 13643787 . Jump up ^ MAESTRINI , D. ( February 1959 ) . `` ( S. Baglioni and the law of the heart . ) '' . Policlinico Prat. 66 ( 7 ) : 224 -- 30 . PMID 13645276 . Jump up ^ MAESTRINI , D. ( October 1959 ) . `` ( On cardiac dynamics in the phase preceding right hypertrophy and on its electrocardiographic aspect in man . ) '' . Policlinico Prat. 66 : 1409 -- 13 . PMID 13853750 . Jump up ^ Boron , Walter F. ; Boulpaep , Emile L. ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) . Medical Physiology , 2e Updated Edition E-Book : with STUDENT CONSULT Online Access . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 1455711810 . External links ( edit ) `` New Concepts in the Control of Muscle Contraction '' by Gerry A Smith PhD ( Cantab ) ( hide ) Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank -- Starling_law&oldid = 825697590 '' Categories : Cardiovascular physiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 21 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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how many jurors in a criminal case in ny

A petit jury , also known as a trial jury , is the standard type of jury used in criminal cases in the United States . Petit juries are responsible for deciding whether or not a defendant is guilty of violating the law in a specific case . They consist of 6 - 12 people and their deliberations are private . Their decision is known as a verdict and decides whether a person is guilty or not guilty .

6 - 12 people

Juries in the United States

juries in the united states

The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The most outstanding feature in the United States is that verdicts in criminal cases must be unanimous . There are three types of juries in the United States : criminal grand juries , criminal petit juries , and civil juries . In the United States Constitution , juries are mentioned in Article Three and the Fifth , the Sixth , and the Seventh Amendments . Juries are not available in courts of American Samoa established pursuant to the Constitution of American Samoa . Contents 1 History 2 Federal jury trial rights 2.1 Criminal juries 2.1. 1 Grand jury 2.1. 2 Petit jury 2.1. 2.1 Scope of constitutional right 2.1. 2.2 Sentencing 2.1. 2.3 Waiver 2.2 Civil juries 2.2. 1 Seventh Amendment 2.2. 2 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 2.2. 3 Waiver 3 Jury selection 4 Criticism 5 References History ( edit ) The U.S. Declaration of Independence accused George III of `` depriving us in many cases , of the benefits of trial by jury . '' Article III of the U.S. Constitution states that all trials shall be by jury . The right was expanded with the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which states in part , `` In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , '' and the Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution , which guarantees a jury trial in civil cases . The U.S. Supreme Court noted the importance of the jury right in its 1968 ruling of Duncan v. Louisiana . In Duncan , the Court said : Those who wrote our constitutions knew from history and experience that it was necessary to protect against unfounded criminal charges brought to eliminate enemies and against judges too responsive to the voice of higher authority . The framers of the constitutions strove to create an independent judiciary but insisted upon further protection against arbitrary action . Providing an accused with the right trial by a jury of his peers gave him an inestimable safeguard against the corrupt or overzealous prosecutor and against the compliant , biased , or eccentric judge . Federal jury trial rights ( edit ) Criminal juries ( edit ) Grand jury ( edit ) Main article : Grand juries in the United States A grand jury decides whether or not there is enough evidence ( `` probable cause '' ) that a person has committed a crime in order to put him or her on trial . If a grand jury decides there is enough evidence , the person is indicted . A grand jury has 16 - 23 members , and its proceedings are not open to the public . Unlike a petit jury , defendants and their attorneys do not have the right to appear before the grand jury . Petit jury ( edit ) A petit jury , also known as a trial jury , is the standard type of jury used in criminal cases in the United States . Petit juries are responsible for deciding whether or not a defendant is guilty of violating the law in a specific case . They consist of 6 - 12 people and their deliberations are private . Their decision is known as a verdict and decides whether a person is guilty or not guilty . Scope of constitutional right ( edit ) Currently in the United States every person accused of a crime punishable by incarceration for more than six months has a constitutional right to a trial by jury , which arises in federal court from the Sixth Amendment , the Seventh Amendment , and Article Three of the United States Constitution , which states in part , `` The Trial of all Crimes ... shall be by Jury ; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed '' . Most states ' constitutions also grant the right of trial by jury in lesser criminal matters , though most have eliminated that right in offenses punishable by fine only . The Supreme Court has ruled that if imprisonment is for six months or less , trial by jury is not required , meaning a state may choose whether or not to permit trial by jury in such cases . Specifically , the Supreme Court has held that no offense can be deemed ' petty ' for purposes of the right to trial by jury where imprisonment for more than six months is authorized . Justice Black and Justice Douglas concurred , stating that they would have required a jury trial in all criminal proceedings in which the sanction imposed bears the indicia of criminal punishment . Chief Justice Burger , Justice Harlan and Justice Stewart objected to setting this limitation at six months for the States , preferring to give them greater leeway . No jury trial was required when the trial judge suspended sentence and placed defendant on probation for three years . There is a presumption that offenses carrying a maximum imprisonment of six months or less are petty , although it is possible that such long an offense could be pushed into the serious category if the legislature tacks on onerous penalties not involving incarceration . No jury trial is required , however , when the maximum sentence is six months in jail , a fine not to exceed $1,000 , a 90 - day driver 's license suspension , and attendance at an alcohol abuse education course . The Supreme Court found that the disadvantages of such a sentence , `` onerous though they may be , may be outweighed by the benefits that result from speedy and inexpensive nonjury adjudications . '' Such interpretations have been criticized on the grounds that `` all '' is not a word that constitution - makers use lightly . In the case of traffic offenses punishable by fine only ( including parking tickets ) , and misdemeanor charges providing for imprisonment of six months or less , the availability of trial by jury varies from state to state , usually providing only for bench trials . The two exceptions are Vermont and Virginia , which provide the defendant with the right to a jury trial in all cases , which means if one is willing to pay the cost in case of a loss , one may even obtain a jury trial for a parking ticket in those states . In Virginia , one wanting a jury trial on a minor misdemeanor or traffic offense would actually have a right to two trials if they wanted a jury trial on the issue , first by bench trial only in District court , and then , if they lost , to a trial de novo in Circuit court , this time with a jury if they chose to do so . Many juvenile court systems do not recognize a right to jury trial , on the grounds that juvenile proceedings are civil rather than criminal , and that jury trials would cause the process to become adversarial . Sentencing ( edit ) In the cases Apprendi v. New Jersey , and Blakely v. Washington , the Supreme Court of the United States held that a criminal defendant has a right to a jury trial not only on the question of guilt or innocence , but any fact used to increase the defendant 's sentence beyond the maximum otherwise allowed by statutes or sentencing guidelines . This invalidated the procedure in many states and the federal courts that allowed sentencing enhancement based on `` a preponderance of evidence '' , where enhancement could be based on the judge 's findings alone . Depending upon the state a jury must be unanimous for either a guilty or not guilty decision . In the event of a hung jury , charges against the defendant are not dropped and can be reinstated if the state so chooses . In the federal system , a unanimous verdict is required . Waiver ( edit ) The vast majority of U.S. criminal cases are not concluded with a jury verdict , but rather by plea bargain . Both prosecutors and defendants often have a strong interest in resolving the criminal case by negotiation resulting in a plea bargain . If the defendant waives a jury trial , a bench trial is held . Research indicates there is not a consistent difference between penalties handed down in jury trials and those handed down in bench trials . In United States Federal courts , there is no absolute right to waive a jury trial . Per Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 23 ( a ) , only if the prosecution and the court consent may a defendant have a waiver of jury trial . However , most states give the defendant the absolute right to waive a jury trial . The right to a jury trial is exclusively that of the criminal defendant ; where one has the right to waive a jury trial , and does so , the prosecution can not ask for one . In Patton v. United States , one of the jurors became incapacitated and counsel for the defendant and the government agreed to continue with 11 jurors . The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that this was acceptable if the prosecution and the court , as well as the defendant , agreed to this procedure . Civil juries ( edit ) Seventh Amendment ( edit ) Main article : Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution The right to trial by jury in a civil case is addressed by the 7th Amendment , which provides : `` In Suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by jury shall be preserved , and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . '' Although the civil jury ( unlike the criminal jury ) has fallen into disuse in much of the rest of the world , including England , it remains in high esteem in the United States . In Joseph Story 's 1833 treatise Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States , he wrote , `` ( I ) t is a most important and valuable amendment ; and places upon the high ground of constitutional right the inestimable privilege of a trial by jury in civil cases , a privilege scarcely inferior to that in criminal cases , which is conceded by all to be essential to political and civil liberty . '' Nearly every state constitution contains a similar guarantee . The 7th Amendment does not create any right to a jury trial ; rather , it `` preserves '' the right to jury trial that existed in 1791 at common law . In this context , common law means the legal environment the United States inherited from England at the time . In England in 1791 , civil actions were divided into actions at law and actions in equity . Actions at law had a right to a jury , actions in equity did not . The decision in Rachal v. Hill , indicated that 7th Amendment right to jury trial may severely limit developments in the principles of res judicata . Some critics believe that the United States has more trial by jury than is necessary or desirable . The right to a jury trial is determined based upon the a demand in the complaint brought by a Plaintiff , without regard to the defenses or counterclaims asserted by a defendant . The right to a jury trial in civil cases does not extend to the states , except when a state court is enforcing a federally created right , of which the right to trial by jury is a substantial part . It has been suggested that in complex litigation , the jury 's inability to comprehend the issues may cause the 7th Amendment right to conflict with due process rights and authorize the judge to strike the jury . The right to trial by jury in bankruptcy cases has been described as unclear . In Colgrove v. Battin , the Supreme Court held that a civil jury of six members did not violate the Seventh Amendment right to trial by jury in a civil case . Federal rules of civil Procedure ( edit ) Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Rule 2 says `` ( t ) here is one form of action - the civil action ( , ) '' which abolishes the legal / equity distinction . Today , in actions that would have been `` at law '' in 1791 , there is a right to a jury ; in actions that would have been `` in equity '' in 1791 , there is no right to a jury . However , Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 39 ( c ) allows a court to use one at its discretion . To determine whether the action would have been legal or equitable in 1791 , one must first look at the type of action and whether such an action was considered `` legal '' or `` equitable '' in 1791 . Next , the relief being sought must be examined . Monetary damages alone were purely a legal remedy , and thus entitled to a jury . Non-monetary remedies such as injunctions , rescission , and specific performance were all equitable remedies , and thus up to the judge 's discretion , not a jury . In Beacon Theaters v. Westover , the U.S. Supreme Court discussed the right to a jury , holding that when both equitable and legal claims are brought , the right to a jury trial still exists for the legal claim , which would be decided by a jury before the judge ruled on the equitable claim . Following the English tradition , U.S. juries have usually been composed of 12 jurors , and the jury 's verdict has usually been required to be unanimous . However , in many jurisdictions , the number of jurors is often reduced to a lesser number ( such as five or six ) by legislative enactment , or by agreement of both sides . Some jurisdictions also permit a verdict to be returned despite the dissent of one , two , or three jurors . Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 48 states that a federal civil jury must begin with at least 6 and no more than 12 members , and that the verdict must be unanimous unless the parties stipulate otherwise . Waiver ( edit ) Alternative dispute resolution is becoming increasingly common . Mandatory binding arbitration has been used by some parties to prevent the 7th Amendment right to a civil jury trial from being invoked . Arbitration agreements are becoming increasingly common in the marketplace , to the point at which it is becoming difficult for consumers to purchase products without waiving their right to settle disputes arising out of the transaction by jury trial . It has been argued that arbitration clauses should be held to a higher `` knowing - consent '' standard in order to be upheld . Jury Selection ( edit ) A nineteenth - century painting of a jury Main article : Jury selection in the United States Jurors in some states are selected through voter registration and drivers ' license lists . A form is sent to prospective jurors to pre-qualify them by asking the recipient to answer questions about citizenship , disabilities , ability to understand the English language , and whether they have any conditions that would excuse them from being a juror . If they are deemed qualified , a summons is issued . In the federal system , jurors are selected in accordance with the Jury Selection Act . Criticism ( edit ) See also : Jury § Advantages and Disadvantages of a jury system It has been proposed that the federal civil jury system be abolished in order to clean up the backlog of cases , keep court calendars current , and obtain better and more efficient administration of justice . Research indicates that while civil trials may proceed more slowly before a jury , judge - tried cases last longer on the docket . Proposals to abolish the jury system have been criticized on the grounds that only reform , not abolition , is necessary ; and that there is no better alternative system . Juror ignorance has been described as a potential threat to justice ; for instance , one study found that 50 % of jurors surveyed thought that it was up to the defendant to prove his innocence . The growing use of administrative procedures and of the contempt power to enforce law has been cited as evidence that trial by jury is facing a period of critical re-examination . Some legal journals have speculated that jury trials encourage harsh punishment in the United States . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.juryinfo.org/Home.aspx Jump up ^ Duncan v. Louisiana , 391 U.S. 145 ( 1968 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Types of Juries '' . United States Courts . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Baldwin v. New York , 399 U.S. 66 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Williams v. Florida , 399 U.S. 78 ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Frank v. United States , 395 U.S. 147 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Blanton v. City of North Las Vegas , 489 U.S. 538 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Langbein , John H. ( 1992 ) , On the Myth of Written Constitutions : The Disappearance of Criminal Jury Trial , 15 , Harv . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y , p. 119 Jump up ^ Larsen , Korine L. ( 1994 ) , With Liberty and Juvenile Justice for All : Extending the Right to a Jury Trial to the Juvenile Courts , 20 , Wm . Mitchell L. Rev. , p. 835 Jump up ^ Apprendi v. New Jersey , 530 U.S. 466 ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Blakely v. Washington , 542 U.S. 296 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Rule 31 , Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Jump up ^ NJ King ; DA Soule ; S Steen ; RR Weidner ( 2005 ) , When Process Affects Punishment : Differences in Sentences After Guilty Plea , Bench Trial , and Jury Trial in Five Guidelines States , Columbia Law Review , JSTOR 4099426 Jump up ^ Singer v. United States , 380 U.S. 24 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Rule 23 . Jury or Nonjury Trial , Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Jump up ^ Patton v. United States , 281 U.S. 276 ( 1930 ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America '' . Gpoaccess.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Actions ; James , Fleming Jr. , 72 , Yale L.J. , 1962 -- 1963 , p. 655 Jump up ^ Redish , Martin H. ( 1975 -- 1976 ) , Seventh Amendment Right to Jury Trial : A Study in the Irrationality of Rational Decision Making , 70 , Nw . U.L. Rev. , p. 486 ^ Jump up to : Rachal v. Hill , 435 F. 2d 59 ( 5th . Cir. 1970 ) Jump up ^ Shapiro , David L. ; Coquillette , Daniel R. ( 1971 -- 1972 ) , Fetish of Jury Trial in Civil Cases : A Comment on Rachal v. Hill , The , 85 , Harv . L. Rev. , p. 442 Jump up ^ `` CRS / LII Annotated Constitution Seventh Amendment '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Oakes , Jeffrey ( 1979 -- 1980 ) , Right to Strike the Jury Trial Demand in Complex Litigation , The , 34 , U. Miami L. Rev. , p. 243 Jump up ^ Cyr , Conrad K. ( 1989 ) , The Right to Trial by Jury in Bankruptcy : Which Judge is to Preside , 63 , Am. Bankr . L.J. , p. 53 Jump up ^ Colgrove v. Battin , 413 U.S. 149 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Beacon Theaters v. Westover , 359 U.S. 500 ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Rule 48 , Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Jump up ^ Alternative Dispute Resolution : Panacea or Anathema ; Edwards , Harry T. , 99 , Harv . L. Rev. , 1985 -- 1986 , p. 668 Jump up ^ Sternlight , Jean R. ( 2000 -- 2001 ) , Mandatory Binding Arbitration and the Demise of the Seventh Amendment Right to a Jury Trial , 16 , Ohio St. J. Disp . Resol. , p. 669 Jump up ^ Sternlight , Jean R. ( 2003 -- 2004 ) , Rise and Spread of Mandatory Arbitration as a Substitute for the Jury Trial , The , 38 , U.S.F.L. Rev. , p. 17 Jump up ^ Ware , Stephen ( 2003 ) , Contractual Arbitration , Mandatory Arbitration , and State Constitutional Jury - Trial Rights , USFL Rev . Jump up ^ Devitt , Edward J. ( 1974 ) , Federal Civil Jury Trials Should Be Abolished , 60 , A.B.A.J. , p. 570 Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Theodore ; Clermont , Kevin M. ( 1995 -- 1996 ) , Trial by Jury or Judge : Which is Speedier , 79 , Judicature , p. 176 Jump up ^ Wigmore , John H. ( 1928 -- 1929 ) , Program for the Trial of Jury Trial , A , 12 , J. Am. Jud . Soc. , p. 166 Jump up ^ Strawn , David U. ; Buchanan , Raymond W. ( 1975 -- 1976 ) , Jury Confusion : A Threat to Justice , 59 , Judicature , p. 478 Jump up ^ Jury Trial of Crimes ; Powell , Lewis F. Jr. , 23 , Wash . & Lee L. Rev. 1 , 1966 Jump up ^ Pizzi , William T. ( 2002 ) , Do Jury Trials Encourage Harsh Punishment in the United States , 21 , St. Louis U. Pub . L. Rev. , p. 51 Jury - related articles Primary articles Jury trial Coroner 's jury Grand jury ( Indictment ) Petit jury Jury instructions Specific finding Deliberation Hung jury Jury nullification Jury tampering Jury research Jury stress Jury selection Change of venue Death - qualified jury All - white jury Peremptory challenge Strike for cause Scientific jury selection Struck jury Specific jurisdictions Canada England and Wales Japan Scotland United States ( U.S. military ) Groups Fully Informed Jury Association Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juries_in_the_United_States&oldid=854397630 '' Categories : Juries in the United States Hidden categories : Use American English from August 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from August 2018 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 01 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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what language do they speak in the galapagos islands

The Galápagos Islands and their surrounding waters form the Galápagos Province of Ecuador , the Galápagos National Park , and the Galápagos Marine Reserve . The principal language on the islands is Spanish . The islands have a population of slightly over 25,000 .

Spanish

Galápagos islands

galapagos islands

The Galápagos Islands ( official name : Archipiélago de Colón , other Spanish name : Las Islas Galápagos , Spanish pronunciation : ( las ˈiɦla ɣaˈlapaɣo ) ) , part of the Republic of Ecuador , are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed on either side of the Equator in the Pacific Ocean surrounding the centre of the Western Hemisphere , 906 km ( 563 mi ) west of continental Ecuador . The islands are known for their vast number of endemic species and were studied by Charles Darwin during the second voyage of HMS Beagle , as his observations and collections contributed to the inception of Darwin 's theory of evolution by means of natural selection .

The Galápagos Islands and their surrounding waters form the Galápagos Province of Ecuador , the Galápagos National Park , and the Galápagos Marine Reserve . The principal language on the islands is Spanish . The islands have a population of slightly over 25,000 . The first recorded visit to the islands happened by chance in 1535 , when Fray Tomás de Berlanga , the Bishop of Panamá , was surprised with this undiscovered land during a voyage to Peru to arbitrate in a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro . De Berlanga eventually returned to the Spanish Empire and described the conditions of the islands and the animals that inhabited them . The group of islands was shown and named in Abraham Ortelius 's atlas published in 1570 . The first crude map of the islands was made in 1684 by the buccaneer Ambrose Cowley , who named the individual islands after some of his fellow pirates or after British royalty and noblemen . These names were used in the authoritative navigation charts of the islands prepared during the Beagle survey under captain Robert Fitzroy , and in Darwin 's popular book The Voyage of the Beagle . The new Republic of Ecuador took the islands from Spanish ownership in 1832 , and subsequently gave them official Spanish names . The older names remained in use in English language publications , including Herman Melville 's The Encantadas of 1854 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Physical geography 2.1 Main islands 2.2 Minor islands 3 Climate 4 History 4.1 Pre-Columbian era 4.2 European voyages 4.3 Ecuadorian Galápagos 5 Politics 6 Demographics 7 Travel 8 Environmental protection policy 8.1 Environmental threats 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Geology ( edit ) See also : Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands Volcanism has been continuous on the Galapagos Islands for at least 20 Myr , and perhaps even longer . The mantle plume beneath the east - ward moving Nazca Plate ( 51 km / myr ) has given rise to a 3 km thick platform under the island chain and seamounts . Besides the Galapagos Archipelago , other key tectonic features in the region include the Northern Galapagos Volcanic Province between the archipelago and the Galapagos Spreading Center ( GSC ) 200 km to the north at the boundary of the Nazca Plate and the Cocos Plate . This spreading center truncates into the East Pacific Rise on the west and is bounded by the Cocos Ridge and Carnegie Ridge in the east . Furthermore , the Galapagos Hotspot is at the northern boundary of the Pacific Large Low Shear Velocity Province while the Easter Hotspot is on the southern boundary . The Galapagos Archipelago is characterized by numerous contemporaneous volcanoes , some with plume magma sources , others from the asthenosphere , possibly due to the young and thin oceanic crust . The GSC caused structural weaknesses in this thin lithosphere leading to eruptions forming the Galapagos Platform . Fernandina and Isabela in particular are aligned along these weaknesses . Lacking a well - defined rift zone , the islands have a high rate of inflation prior to eruption . Sierra Negra on Isabela Island experienced a 240 cm uplift between 1992 and 1998 , most recent eruption in 2005 , while Fernandina on Fernandina Island indicated an uplift of 90 cm , most recent eruption in 2009 . Alcedo on Isabela Island had an uplift of greater than 90 cm , most recent eruption in 1993 . Additional characteristics of the Galapagos Archipelago are closer volcano spacing , smaller volcano sizes , and larger calderas . For instance , Isabela Island includes 6 major volcanoes , Ecuador , Wolf , Darwin , Alcedo , Sierra Negraa and Cerro Azul , with most recent eruptions ranging from 1813 to 2008 . The neighboring islands of Santiago and Fernandina last erupted in 1906 and 2009 , respectively . Overall , the 9 active volcanoes in the archipelago have erupted 24 times between 1961 and 2011 . The shape of these volcanoes is that of an `` overturned soup bowl '' as opposed to the `` overturned saucer plate '' of the Hawaiian Islands . The Galapagos shape is due to the pattern of radial and circumferential fissure , radial on the flanks , but circumferential near the caldera summits . It is the circumferential fissures which give rise to stacks of short lava flows . The volcanoes at the west end of the archipelago are in general , taller , younger , have well developed calderas , and are mostly composed of tholeiitic basalt , while those on the east are shorter , older , lack calderas , and have a more diverse composition . The ages of the islands , from west to east are 0.05 Ma for Fernandina , 0.65 Ma for Isabela , 1.10 Ma for Santiago , 1.7 Ma for Santa Cruz , 2.90 Ma for Santa Fe , and 3.2 Ma for San Cristobal . The calderas on Sierra Negra and Alcedo have active fault systems . The Sierra Negra fault is associated with a sill 2 km below the caldera . The caldera on Fernandina experienced the largest basaltic volcano collapse in history , with the 1968 phreatomagmatic eruption . Fernandina has also been the most active volcano since 1790 , with recent eruptions in 1991 , 1995 , 2005 , and 2009 , and the entire surface has been covered in numerous flows since 4.3 Ka . The western volcanoes have numerous tuff cones . Physical geography ( edit ) The islands are located in the eastern Pacific Ocean , 973 km ( 605 mi ) off the west coast of South America . The closest land mass is that of mainland Ecuador , the country to which they belong , 926 km / 500 nmi to the east . Orthographic projection centred over the Galápagos . School of scalloped hammerheads , Wolf Island , Galápagos Islands Grapsus grapsus on the rocks . Satellite photo of the Galápagos islands overlaid with the names of the visible main islands . Isabela seen from Spot Satellite . Waved albatrosses on Española . Galápagos marine iguana . Main Street on San Cristóbal Island . Play media An animated tour of the Galápagos . Play media NASA oceanographer Gene Carl Feldman reflects on his unique perspective on this region . The islands are found at the coordinates 1 ° 40'N -- 1 ° 36 'S , 89 ° 16 ' -- 92 ° 01'W . Straddling the equator , islands in the chain are located in both the northern and southern hemispheres , with Volcán Wolf and Volcán Ecuador on Isla Isabela being directly on the equator . Española Island , the southernmost islet of the archipelago , and Darwin Island , the northernmost one , are spread out over a distance of 220 km ( 137 mi ) . The International Hydrographic Organization ( IHO ) considers them wholly within the South Pacific Ocean , however . The Galápagos Archipelago consists of 7,880 km ( 3,040 sq mi ) of land spread over 45,000 km ( 17,000 sq mi ) of ocean . The largest of the islands , Isabela , measures 2,250 sq mi / 5,827 km and makes up close to three - quarters of the total land area of the Galápagos . Volcán Wolf on Isabela is the highest point , with an elevation of 1,707 m ( 5,600 ft ) above sea level . The group consists of 18 main islands , 3 smaller islands , and 107 rocks and islets . The islands are located at the Galapagos Triple Junction . The archipelago is located on the Nazca Plate ( a tectonic plate ) , which is moving east / southeast , diving under the South American Plate at a rate of about 2.5 inches ( 6.4 cm ) per year . It is also atop the Galápagos hotspot , a place where the Earth 's crust is being melted from below by a mantle plume , creating volcanoes . The first islands formed here at least 8 million and possibly up to 90 million years ago . While the older islands have disappeared below the sea as they moved away from the mantle plume , the youngest islands , Isabela and Fernandina , are still being formed , with the most recent volcanic eruption in April 2009 where lava from the volcanic island Fernandina started flowing both towards the island 's shoreline and into the center caldera . Main islands ( edit ) The 18 main islands ( each having a land area at least 1 km ) of the archipelago ( with their English names ) shown alphabetically : Baltra ( South Seymour ) Island -- Baltra is a small flat island located near the centre of the Galápagos . It was created by geological uplift . The island is very arid , and vegetation consists of salt bushes , prickly pear cacti and palo santo trees . Until 1986 , Baltra ( Seymour ) Airport was the only airport serving the Galápagos . Now , there are two airports which receive flights from the continent ; the other is located on San Cristóbal Island . Private planes flying to Galápagos must fly to Baltra , as it is the only airport with facilities for planes overnight . On arriving in Baltra , all visitors are immediately transported by bus to one of two docks . The first dock is located in a small bay , where the boats cruising Galápagos await passengers . The second is a ferry dock , which connects Baltra to the island of Santa Cruz . During the 1940s , scientists decided to move 70 of Baltra 's land iguanas to the neighboring North Seymour Island as part of an experiment . This move proved unexpectedly useful when the native iguanas became extinct on Baltra as a result of the island 's military occupation in World War II . During the 1980s , iguanas from North Seymour were brought to the Charles Darwin Research Station as part of a breeding and repopulation project , and in the 1990s , land iguanas were reintroduced to Baltra . As of 1997 , scientists counted 97 iguanas living on Baltra ; 13 of which had hatched on the islands . Bartolomé ( Bartholomew ) Island -- Bartolomé Island is a volcanic islet just off the east coast of Santiago Island in the Galápagos Islands group . it is one of the `` younger '' islands in the Galápagos archipelago . This island , and neighbouring Sulivan Bay on Santiago ( James ) island , are named after lifelong friend of Charles Darwin , Sir Bartholomew James Sulivan , who was a lieutenant aboard HMS Beagle . Today Sulivan Bay is often misspelled Sullivan Bay . This island is one of the few that are home to the Galápagos penguin which is the only wild penguin species to live on the equator . The green turtle is another animal that resides on the island . Darwin ( Culpepper ) Island -- This island is named after Charles Darwin . It has an area of 1.1 km ( 0.4 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 168 m ( 551 ft ) . Here fur seals , frigates , marine iguanas , swallow - tailed gulls , sea lions , whales , marine turtles , and red - footed and Nazca boobies can be seen . Española ( Hood ) Island -- Its name was given in honor of Spain . It also is known as Hood , after Viscount Samuel Hood . It has an area of 60 km ( 23 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 206 m ( 676 ft ) . Española is the oldest island at around 3.5 million years , and the southernmost in the group . Due to its remote location , Española has a large number of endemic species . It has its own species of lava lizard , mockingbird , and Galápagos tortoise . Española 's marine iguanas exhibit a distinctive red coloration change between the breeding season . Española is the only place where the waved albatross nests . Some of the birds have attempted to breed on Genovesa ( Tower ) Island , but unsuccessfully . Española 's steep cliffs serve as the perfect runways for these birds , which take off for their ocean feeding grounds near the mainland of Ecuador and Peru . Española has two visitor sites . Gardner Bay is a swimming and snorkelling site , and offers a great beach . Punta Suarez has migrant , resident , and endemic wildlife , including brightly colored marine iguanas , Española lava lizards , hood mockingbirds , swallow - tailed gulls , blue - footed boobies , Nazca boobies , red - billed tropicbirds , Galápagos hawks , three species of Darwin 's finches , and the waved albatross . Fernandina ( Narborough ) Island -- The name was given in honor of King Ferdinand II of Aragon , who sponsored the voyage of Columbus . Fernandina has an area of 642 km ( 248 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 1,494 m ( 4,902 ft ) . This is the youngest and westernmost island . On 13 May 2005 , a new , very eruptive process began on this island , when an ash and water vapor cloud rose to a height of 7 km ( 23,000 ft ) and lava flows descended the slopes of the volcano on the way to the sea . Punta Espinosa is a narrow stretch of land where hundreds of marine iguanas gather , largely on black lava rocks . The famous flightless cormorants inhabit this island , as do Galápagos penguins , pelicans , Galápagos sea lions and Galápagos fur seals . Different types of lava flows can be compared , and the mangrove forests can be observed . Floreana ( Charles or Santa María ) Island -- It was named after Juan José Flores , the first President of Ecuador , during whose administration the government of Ecuador took possession of the archipelago . It is also called Santa Maria , after one of the caravels of Columbus . It has an area of 173 km ( 67 sq mi ) and a maximum elevation of 640 m ( 2,100 ft ) . It is one of the islands with the most interesting human history , and one of the earliest to be inhabited . Flamingos and green sea turtles nest ( December to May ) on this island . The patapegada or Galápagos petrel , a sea bird which spends most of its life away from land , is found here . At Post Office Bay , where 19th century whalers kept a wooden barrel that served as a post office , mail could be picked up and delivered to its destinations , mainly Europe and the United States , by ships on their way home . At the `` Devil 's Crown '' , an underwater volcanic cone and coral formations are found . Genovesa ( Tower ) Island -- The name is derived from Genoa , Italy , the birthplace of Christopher Columbus . It has an area of 14 km ( 5.4 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 76 m ( 249 ft ) . This island is formed by the remaining edge of a large caldera that is submerged . Its nickname of `` the bird island '' is clearly justified . At Darwin Bay , frigatebirds and swallow - tailed gulls , the only nocturnal species of gull in the world , can be seen . Red - footed boobies , noddy terns , lava gulls , tropic birds , doves , storm petrels and Darwin finches are also in sight . Prince Philip 's Steps is a bird - watching plateau with Nazca and red - footed boobies . There is a large Palo Santo forest . Isabela ( Albemarle ) Island -- This island was named in honor of Queen Isabela . With an area of 4,640 km ( 1,792 sq mi ) , it is the largest island of the Galápagos . Its highest point is Volcán Wolf , with an altitude of 1,707 m ( 5,600 ft ) . The island 's seahorse shape is the product of the merging of six large volcanoes into a single land mass . On this island , Galápagos penguins , flightless cormorants , marine iguanas , pelicans and Sally Lightfoot crabs abound . At the skirts and calderas of the volcanoes of Isabela , land iguanas and Galápagos tortoises can be observed , as well as Darwin finches , Galápagos hawks , Galápagos doves and very interesting lowland vegetation . The third - largest human settlement of the archipelago , Puerto Villamil , is located at the southeastern tip of the island . It is the only island to have the equator run across it . It is also the only place in the world where a penguin can be in its natural habitat in the Northern Hemisphere . North Seymour Island in the Galápagos ; Daphne Island is in the distance . Marchena ( Bindloe ) Island -- Named after Fray Antonio Marchena , it has an area of 130 km ( 50 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 343 m ( 1,125 ft ) . Galápagos hawks and sea lions inhabit this island , and it is home to the Marchena lava lizard , an endemic animal . North Seymour Island -- Its name was given after an English nobleman , Lord Hugh Seymour . It has an area of 1.9 km ( 0.7 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 28 m ( 92 ft ) . This island is home to a large population of blue - footed boobies and swallow - tailed gulls . It hosts one of the largest populations of frigate birds . It was formed from geological uplift . Pinzón ( Duncan ) Island -- Named after the Pinzón brothers , captains of the Pinta and Niña caravels , it has an area of 18 km ( 7 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 458 m ( 1,503 ft ) . Pinta ( Louis ) Island -- Named after the Pinta caravel , it has an area of 60 km ( 23 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 777 m ( 2,549 ft ) . Sea lions , Galápagos hawks , giant tortoises , marine iguanas , and dolphins can be seen here . Pinta Island was home to the last remaining Pinta tortoise , called Lonesome George . He was moved from Pinta Island to the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island , where scientists attempted to breed from him . However , Lonesome George died in June 2012 without producing any offspring . Rábida ( Jervis ) Island -- It bears the name of the convent of Rábida , where Columbus left his son during his voyage to the Americas . It has an area of 4.9 km ( 1.9 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 367 m ( 1,204 ft ) . The high amount of iron contained in the lava at Rábida gives it a distinctive red colour . White - cheeked pintail ducks live in a saltwater lagoon close to the beach , where brown pelicans and boobies have built their nests . Until recently , flamingos were also found in the lagoon , but they have since moved on to other islands , likely due to a lack of food on Rábida . Nine species of finches have been reported in this island . San Cristóbal ( Chatham ) Island -- It bears the name of the patron saint of seafarers , `` St. Christopher '' . Its English name was given after William Pitt , 1st Earl of Chatham . It has an area of 558 km ( 215 sq mi ) and its highest point rises to 730 m ( 2395 ft ) . This is the first island in the Galápagos Archipelago Charles Darwin visited during his voyage on the Beagle . This islands hosts frigate birds , sea lions , giant tortoises , blue - and red - footed boobies , tropicbirds , marine iguanas , dolphins and swallow - tailed gulls . Its vegetation includes Calandrinia galapagos , Lecocarpus darwinii , and trees such as Lignum vitae . The largest freshwater lake in the archipelago , Laguna El Junco , is located in the highlands of San Cristóbal . The capital of the province of Galápagos is Puerto Baquerizo Moreno , which lies at the southern tip of the island , and is close to San Cristóbal Airport . From an aircraft flying out of Baltra Island ( on the right ) and the Santa Cruz ( on the left ) , the Itabaca Channel is the waterway between the islands . Santa Cruz ( Indefatigable ) Island -- Given the name of the Holy Cross in Spanish , its English name derives from the British vessel HMS Indefatigable . It has an area of 986 km ( 381 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 864 m ( 2834 ft ) . Santa Cruz hosts the largest human population in the archipelago , the town of Puerto Ayora . The Charles Darwin Research Station and the headquarters of the Galápagos National Park Service are located here . The GNPS and CDRS operate a tortoise breeding centre here , where young tortoises are hatched , reared , and prepared to be reintroduced to their natural habitat . The Highlands of Santa Cruz offer exuberant flora , and are famous for the lava tunnels . Large tortoise populations are found here . Black Turtle Cove is a site surrounded by mangroves , which sea turtles , rays and small sharks sometimes use as a mating area . Cerro Dragón , known for its flamingo lagoon , is also located here , and along the trail one may see land iguanas foraging . Santa Fe ( Barrington ) Island -- Named after a city in Spain , it has an area of 24 km ( 9 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 259 m ( 850 ft ) . Santa Fe hosts a forest of Opuntia cactus , which are the largest of the archipelago , and Palo Santo . Weathered cliffs provide a haven for swallow - tailed gulls , red - billed tropic birds and shear - waters petrels . Santa Fe species of land iguanas are often seen , as well as lava lizards . Santiago ( San Salvador , James ) Island -- Its name is equivalent to Saint James in English ; it is also known as San Salvador , after the first island discovered by Columbus in the Caribbean Sea . This island has an area of 585 km ( 226 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 907 m ( 2976 ft ) . Marine iguanas , sea lions , fur seals , land and sea turtles , flamingos , dolphins and sharks are found here . Pigs and goats , which were introduced by humans to the islands and have caused great harm to the endemic species , have been eradicated ( pigs by 2002 ; goats by the end of 2006 ) . Darwin finches and Galápagos hawks are usually seen , as well as a colony of fur seals . At Sulivan Bay , a recent ( around 100 years ago ) pahoehoe lava flow can be observed . Wolf ( Wenman ) Island -- This island was named after the German geologist Theodor Wolf . It has an area of 1.3 km ( 0.5 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 253 m ( 830 ft ) . Here , fur seals , frigatebirds , Nazca and red - footed boobies , marine iguanas , sharks , whales , dolphins and swallow - tailed gulls can be seen . The most famous resident is the vampire finch , which feeds partly on blood pecked from other birds , and is only found on this island . Minor islands ( edit ) Daphne Major -- A small island directly north of Santa Cruz and directly west of Baltra , this very inaccessible island appears , though unnamed , on Ambrose Cowley 's 1684 chart . It is important as the location of multidecade finch population studies by Peter and Rosemary Grant . South Plaza Island ( Plaza Sur ) -- It is named in honor of a former president of Ecuador , General Leonidas Plaza . It has an area of 0.13 km ( 0.05 sq mi ) and a maximum altitude of 23 m ( 75 ft ) . The flora of South Plaza includes Opuntia cactus and Sesuvium plants , which form a reddish carpet on top of the lava formations . Iguanas ( land , marine and some hybrids of both species ) are abundant , and large numbers of birds can be observed from the cliffs at the southern part of the island , including tropic birds and swallow - tailed gulls . Nameless Island -- A small islet used mostly for scuba diving . Roca Redonda -- An islet approximately 25 km ( 16 mi ) northwest of Isabela . Herman Melville devotes the third and fourth sketches of The Encantadas to describing this islet ( which he calls `` Rock Rodondo '' ) and the view from it . Climate ( edit ) These satellite maps show chlorophyll concentration ( which corresponds with the abundance of phytoplankton ) during El Niño ( top ) and La Niña ( lower ) . Blue represents low concentrations , yellow , orange and red indicate high concentrations . Currents that normally fertilize the phytoplankton reverse during El Niño , resulting in barren oceans . These same currents are strengthened by La Niña , resulting in an explosion of ocean life . The bottom image shows sea surface temperature , cool upwelling waters are coloured purple . Thriving phytoplankton populations are indicated by high chlorophyll concentrations ( top image ) , coloured green , and yellow . Images acquired on 2 March 2009 . Although the islands are located on the Equator , the Humboldt Current brings cold water to them , causing frequent drizzles during most of the year . The weather is periodically influenced by the El Niño events , which occur about every 3 -- 7 years and are characterized by warm sea surface temperatures , a rise in sea level , greater wave action , and a depletion of nutrients in the water . During the season known as the garúa ( June to November ) , the temperature by the sea is 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) , a steady and cold wind blows from south and southeast , frequent drizzles ( garúas ) last most of the day , and dense fog conceals the islands . During the warm season ( December to May ) , the average sea and air temperature rises to 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , there is no wind at all , there are sporadic , though strong , rains and the sun shines . Weather changes as altitude increases in the large islands . Temperature decreases gradually with altitude , while precipitation increases due to the condensation of moisture in clouds on the slopes . There is a large range in precipitation from one place to another , not only with altitude , but also depending on the location of the islands , and also with the seasons . The following table corresponding to the wet 1969 shows the variation of precipitation in different places of Santa Cruz Island : Location Charles Darwin Station Devine Farm Media Luna Altitude 6 m 320 m 620 m January 23.0 mm 78.0 mm 172.6 mm February 16.8 mm 155.2 mm 117.0 mm March 249.0 mm 920.8 mm 666.7 mm April 68.5 mm 79.5 mm 166.4 mm May 31.4 mm 214.6 mm 309.8 mm June 16.8 mm 147.3 mm 271.8 mm July 12.0 mm 42.2 mm 135.6 mm August 3.8 mm 13.7 mm 89.5 mm September 18.5 mm 90.9 mm 282.6 mm October 3.2 mm 22.6 mm 96.5 mm November 11.0 mm 52.8 mm 172.7 mm December 15.7 mm 84.1 mm 175.3 mm TOTALS 469.7 mm 1901.7 mm 2656.4 mm The precipitation also depends on the geographical location . During March 1969 , the precipitation over Charles Darwin Station , on the southern coast of Santa Cruz was 249.0 mm ( 9.80 in ) , while on Baltra Island , the precipitation during the same month was only 137.6 mm ( 5.42 in ) . This is because Baltra is located behind Santa Cruz with respect to the prevailing southerly winds , so most of the moisture gets precipitated in the Santa Cruz highlands . There are significant changes in precipitation from one year to another , too . At Charles Darwin Station , the precipitation during March 1969 was 249.0 mm ( 9.80 in ) , but during March 1970 , it was only 1.2 mm ( 0.05 in ) . On the larger islands , the pattern of generally wet highlands and drier lowlands impacts the flora . The vegetation in the highlands tends to be green and lush , with tropical woodland in places . The lowland areas tend to have arid and semi-arid vegetation , with many thorny shrubs and cacti , and almost bare volcanic rock elsewhere . History ( edit ) Pre-Columbian era ( edit ) According to a 1952 study by Thor Heyerdahl and Arne Skjølsvold , remains of potsherds and other artifacts from several sites on the islands suggest visitation by South American peoples in pre-Columbian era . The group located an Inca flute and shards from more than 130 pieces of ceramics , which were later identified as pre-Incan . However , no remains of graves , ceremonial vessels and constructions have ever been found , suggesting no permanent settlement occurred before the Spanish arrived in the 16th century . It is not clear who the first visitors to the islands were , but they were probably sailors blown off course or people on hapless fishing boats blown out to sea . Most of them were likely unimpressed by the lack of fresh water on the islands . Whether the Incas ever made it here is disputed ; in 1572 , Spanish chronicler Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa claimed that Topa Inca Yupanqui , the second Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire had visited the archipelago , but there is little evidence for this , and many experts consider it a far - fetched legend , especially since the Incas were not seafaring people . The Galápagos tortoise or Galápagos giant tortoise ( Chelonoidis nigra ) is the largest living species of tortoise ; this one is from the Island of Santa Cruz . European voyages ( edit ) European discovery of the Galápagos Islands occurred when Spaniard Fray Tomás de Berlanga , the fourth Bishop of Panama , sailed to Peru to settle a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and his lieutenants . De Berlanga 's vessel drifted off course when the winds diminished , and his party reached the islands on 10 March 1535 . Adult Galápagos sea lion resting on a park bench in Puerto Baquerizo Moreno The Galápagos Islands first appeared on the maps of Gerardus Mercator and Abraham Ortelius , in about 1570 . The islands were named `` Insulae de los Galopegos '' ( Islands of the Tortoises ) in reference to the giant tortoises found there . The first English captain to visit the Galápagos Islands was Richard Hawkins , in 1593 . Until the early 19th century , the archipelago was often used as a hideout by mostly English pirates who attacked Spanish galleons carrying gold and silver from South America to Spain . As described in 1684 . In 1793 , James Colnett described the flora and fauna of Galápagos , and suggested the islands could be used as base for the whalers operating in the Pacific Ocean . He drew the first accurate navigation charts of the islands . Whalers and maritime fur traders killed and captured thousands of the Galápagos tortoises to extract their fat . The tortoises could be kept on board ship as a means of providing of fresh protein , as these animals could survive for several months on board without any food or water . The hunting of the tortoises was responsible for greatly diminishing , and in some cases eliminating , certain species . Along with whalers came the fur - seal hunters , who brought the population of this animal close to extinction . The first known permanent human resident on Galápagos was Patrick Watkins , an Irish sailor who was marooned on the Island Floreana from 1807 to 1809 . According to later accounts , Watkins managed to survive by hunting , growing vegetables and trading with visiting whalers , before finally stealing an open boat and navigating to Guayaquil . In 1818 the Nantucket whaleship Globe , under Captain George Washington Gardner , discovered a `` mother lode '' of sperm whales some thousand miles west of the South American coast approximately at the equator . He returned to Nantucket in 1820 with more than 2000 barrels of sperm whale oil and the news of his discovery . This led to an influx of whaleships to exploit the new whaling ground and the Galápagos Islands became a frequent stop for the whalers both before and after visiting what came to be known as the Offshore Grounds . This led to the establishment in the Galápagos Islands of a kind of unofficial `` post office '' where whaleships stopped to pick up and drop off letters as well as for provisioning and repairing . In October 1820 , the whaleship Essex , out of Nantucket , stopped at the Galápagos for these purposes on its way to the Offshore Grounds . On what was then known as Charles Island , while most of the crew were hunting tortoises one crewmember , English boatsteerer Thomas Chappel , for reasons still unclear , lit a fire which quickly burned out of control . Some of the tortoise hunters had a narrow escape and had to run a gauntlet of fire to get back to the ship . Soon almost the entire island was in flames . Crewmembers reported that after a day of sailing away they could still see the flames against the horizon . One crewmember who returned to the Galápagos several years afterward described the entire island as still a blackened wasteland . Ecuadorian Galápagos ( edit ) Ecuador annexed the Galápagos Islands on 12 February 1832 , naming them the Archipelago of Ecuador . This new name added to several names that had been , and are still , used to refer to the archipelago . The first governor of Galápagos , General José de Villamil , brought a group of convicts to populate the island of Floreana , and in October 1832 , some artisans and farmers joined them . The voyage of the Beagle brought the survey ship HMS Beagle , under captain Robert FitzRoy , to the Galápagos on 15 September 1835 to survey approaches to harbours . The captain and others on board , including his companion , the young naturalist Charles Darwin , made observations on the geology and biology on Chatham , Charles , Albemarle and James islands before they left on 20 October to continue on their round - the - world expedition . Primarily a geologist at the time , Darwin was impressed by the quantity of volcanic craters they saw , later referring to the archipelago as `` that land of craters . '' His study of several volcanic formations over the 5 weeks he stayed in the islands , led to several important geological discoveries , including the first , correct explanation for how volcanic tuff is formed . Darwin noticed the mockingbirds differed between islands , though he thought the birds now known as Darwin 's finches were unrelated to each other , and did not bother labelling them by island . Nicholas Lawson , acting Governor of Galápagos for the Republic of the Equator , met them on Charles Island , and as they walked to the prison colony , Lawson told Darwin the tortoises differed from island to island . Towards the end of the voyage , Darwin speculated that the distribution of the mockingbirds and the tortoises might `` undermine the stability of Species '' . When specimens of birds were analysed on his return to England , it was found that many apparently different kinds of birds were species of finches , which were unique to islands . These facts were crucial in Darwin 's development of his theory of natural selection explaining evolution , which was presented in The Origin of Species . José Valdizán and Manuel Julián Cobos tried a new colonization , beginning the exploitation of a type of lichen found in the islands ( Roccella portentosa ) used as a coloring agent . After the assassination of Valdizán by some of his workers , Cobos brought from the continent a group of more than a hundred workers to San Cristóbal Island , and tried his luck at planting sugar cane . He ruled his plantation with an iron hand , which led to his assassination in 1904 . In 1897 , Antonio Gil began another plantation on Isabela Island . Over the course of a whole year , from September 1904 , an expedition of the Academy of Sciences of California , led by Rollo Beck , stayed in the Galápagos collecting scientific material on geology , entomology , ornithology , botany , zoology and herpetology . Another expedition from that Academy was done in 1932 ( Templeton Crocker Expedition ) to collect insects , fish , shells , fossils , birds and plants . For a long time during the early 1900s and at least through 1929 , a cash - strapped Ecuador had reached out for potential buyers of the islands to alleviate financial troubles at home . The US had repeatedly expressed its interest in buying the islands for military use as they were positioned strategically guarding the Panama Canal . Besides the United States , Japan , Germany and Chile also expressed interest in establishing bases in the islands at the turn of the century . Chile had previously acquired the Straits of Magellan and Easter Island for strategic reasons and lieutenant Gregorio Santa Cruz argued in 1903 that possessing an island in equatorial waters , like the Galápagos , would be of great benefit since the geopolitical situation of Chile was expected to drastically change when the Panama Canal opened . Another benefit would be to widen the security radius of Chile . In the 1920s and 1930s , a small wave of European settlers arrived in the islands . There occurred a series of unsolved disappearances on the island of Floreana in the 1930s among the largely European expatriate residents at the time . The Galápagos Affair : Satan Came to Eden is a 2013 feature - length documentary film about the same . Ecuadorian laws provided all colonists with the possibility of receiving twenty hectares each of free land , the right to maintain their citizenship , freedom from taxation for the first ten years in Galápagos , and the right to hunt and fish freely on all uninhabited islands where they might settle . The first European colonists to arrive were Norwegians who settled briefly on Floreana , before moving on to San Cristobal and Santa Cruz . A few years later , other colonists from Europe , America and Ecuador started arriving on the islands , seeking a simpler life . Descendants of the Norwegian Kastdalen family and the German Angermeyer still live on the islands . During World War II , Ecuador authorized the United States to establish a naval base in Baltra Island , and radar stations in other strategic locations . Baltra was established as a United States Army Air Force base . Baltra was given the name of `` Beta Base '' along with `` Alpha Base '' in Nicaragua and `` Gamma Base '' in Salinas ( continental Ecuador ) . The Crews stationed at Baltra and the aforementioned locations established a geographic triangle of protection in charge of patrolling the Pacific for enemy submarines , and also provided protection for the Panama Canal . After the war , the facilities were given to the government of Ecuador . Today , the island continues as an official Ecuadorian military base . The foundations and other remains of the US base can still be seen as one crosses the island . In 1946 , a penal colony was established in Isabela Island , but it was suspended in 1959 . The marine iguana ( Amblyrhynchus cristatus ) Galápagos Islands Santa Cruz -- swimming in Puerto Ayora The Galápagos became a national park in 1959 , and tourism started in the 1960s , imposing several restrictions upon the human population already living on the island . However , opportunities in the tourism , fishing , and farming industries attracted a mass of poor fishermen and farmers from mainland Ecuador . In the 1990s and 2000s , violent confrontations between parts of the local population and the Galápagos National Park Service occurred , including capturing and killing giant tortoises and holding staff of the Galápagos National Park Service hostage to obtain higher annual sea cucumber quotas . Politics ( edit ) Flag of the Galápagos Province Water taxi on Puerto Ayora , Galápagos Main article : Galápagos Province The islands are administered by a provincial government . It was made a province by presidential decree by President Guillermo Rodríguez Lara on 18 February 1973 . The province is divided into cantons , each covering certain islands . The capital is Puerto Baquerizo Moreno . Demographics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The largest ethnic group is composed of Ecuadorian Mestizos , the mixed descendants of Spanish colonists and indigenous Native Americans , who arrived mainly in the last century from the continental part of Ecuador . There is also a large number of whites , mostly of Spanish descent . Some descendants of the early European and American colonists on the islands also still remain on the islands . In 1959 , approximately 1,000 to 2,000 people called the islands their home . In 1972 a census in the archipelago recorded a population of 3,488 . By the 1980s , this number had risen to more than 15,000 people , and in 2010 there were 25,124 people in the Galápagos . Five of the islands are inhabited : Baltra , Floreana , Isabela , San Cristobal and Santa Cruz . Travel ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Options for flying into the Galápagos are limited to two islands : San Cristobal ( San Cristóbal Airport ) and Baltra ( Seymour Airport ) . Private aircraft must use Baltra as it is the airport equipped with overnight plane accommodations . Seymour Airport on Baltra was recently renovated ( 2012 -- 2013 ) to accommodate larger planes . Until 1969 the only way to visit was on a private or chartered vessel . There was no regular air service until Forrest Nelson 's Hotel Galápagos began the first organized tours in April 1969 . Soon other travel companies brought in tour ships and yachts , and local fishermen began converting their wooden boats for rudimentary cruising with guests . These vessels were the main source of overnight accommodations in the Galápagos . Today there are about 85 yachts and ships equipped for overnight guests . In 2006 the Baltra military governed island , was opened up to limited overnight camping . Baltra also requires permits by the military government for overnight stays on the beach . Other inhabited islands also allow camping on the beaches designated as `` recreational '' use to the locals . All of these camping permits are limited to number of people and nights , with most nights not to exceed three . Land based hotels are opening on the inhabited islands of San Cristobal , Santa Cruz , Floreana and Isabela . By 2012 , more than half the visitors to Galápagos made their tours using day boats and these small hotels . Restaurants , easy access and economy make this an attractive travel option . The cruise tours are still the best way to see all the complex environment and wildlife of the islands . There are only 116 visitor sites in the Galápagos : 54 land sites and 62 scuba - diving or snorkeling sites . Small groups are allowed to visit in 2 - to 4 - hour shifts only , to limit impact on the area . All groups are accompanied by licensed guides . Environmental protection Policy ( edit ) See also : Galápagos wildlife and Galápagos National Park Pelecanus occidentalis , Tortuga Bay Marine iguana Blue - footed booby Galápagos tortoise on Santa Cruz Island ( Galápagos ) Grapsus grapsus in the Galápagos Juvenile Galápagos penguin before banding Bottlenose dolphins jumping off the islands Though the first protective legislation for the Galápagos was enacted in 1930 and supplemented in 1936 , it was not until the late 1950s that positive action was taken to control what was happening to the native flora and fauna . In 1955 , the International Union for the Conservation of Nature organized a fact - finding mission to the Galápagos . Two years later , in 1957 , UNESCO , in cooperation with the government of Ecuador , sent another expedition to study the conservation situation and choose a site for a research station . In 1959 , the centenary year of Charles Darwin 's publication of The Origin of Species , the Ecuadorian government declared 97.5 % of the archipelago 's land area a national park , excepting areas already colonised . The Charles Darwin Foundation ( CDF ) was founded the same year . The core responsibility of CDF , an international nongovernmental organization ( NGO ) constituted in Belgium , is to conduct research and provide the research findings to the government for effective management of Galápagos . CDF 's research efforts began with the establishment of the Charles Darwin Research Station on Santa Cruz Island in 1964 . During the early years , conservation programs , such as eradication of introduced species and protection of native species , were carried out by research station personnel . Now much of that work is accomplished by the Galápagos National Park Service using the research findings and methodologies developed by CDF . In 1986 , the 70,000 square kilometers ( 27,000 sq mi ) of ocean surrounding the islands was declared a marine reserve , second in size only to Australia 's Great Barrier Reef . In 1990 , the archipelago became a whale sanctuary . UNESCO recognised the islands in 1978 as a World Heritage Site and in 1985 , as a biosphere reserve . This was later extended in December 2001 to include the marine reserve . In July 2010 , the World Heritage Committee agreed to remove the Galápagos Islands from its list of precious sites endangered by environmental threats or overuse . Noteworthy species include : Galápagos land iguanas , Conolophus spp . Marine iguana , Amblyrhynchus cristatus , the only iguana feeding in the sea Galápagos tortoise ( Galápagos giant tortoise ) , Chelonoidis nigra , known as galápago in Spanish , it gave the name to the islands Galápagos green turtle , Chelonia mydas agassisi , a subspecies of the green turtle Sea cucumbers , the cause of environmental battles with fishermen over quotas of this expensive Asian delicacy Flightless cormorant , Phalacrocorax harrisi Great frigatebird and magnificent frigatebird Blue - footed booby , Sula nebouxii , popular among visitors for their large blue feet which they show off in courtship Galápagos penguin , Spheniscus mendiculus , the only living tropical penguin Waved albatross , Phoebastria irrorata , the only living tropical albatross Galápagos hawk , Buteo galapagoensis , the islands ' main scavenger ( at the top of the food chain ) and `` environmental police '' Four endemic species of Galápagos mockingbirds , the first species Darwin noticed to vary from island to island Thirteen endemic species of tanagers , popularly called Darwin 's finches . Among them is the sharp - beaked ground finch Geospiza difficilis septentrionalis which is sometimes called the `` vampire finch '' for its blood - sucking habits , and the tool - using woodpecker finch , Camarhynchus pallidus Galápagos sea lions , Zalophus wollebaeki , closely related to the California sea lion , but smaller Two endemic genera of cacti , each with a single species : Jasminocereus thouarsii , the candelabra cactus , and Brachycereus nesioticus , the lava cactus Environmental threats ( edit ) Introduced plants and animals , such as feral goats , cats , and cattle , brought accidentally or willingly to the islands by humans , represent the main threat to Galápagos . Quick to reproduce and with no natural predators , these alien species decimated the habitats of native species . The native animals , lacking natural predators on the islands , are defenseless to introduced predators . There are over 700 introduced plant species today . There are only 500 native and endemic species . This difference is creating a major problem for the islands and the natural species that inhabit them . These plants have invaded large areas and eliminated endemic species in the humid zones of San Cristobal , Floreana , Isabela and Santa Cruz . Some of the most harmful introduced plants are the guayaba or guava ( Psidium guajava ) , avocado ( Persea americana ) , cascarilla ( Cinchona pubescens ) , balsa ( Ochroma pyramidale ) , hill raspberry ( Rubus niveus ) , various citrus ( orange , grapefruit , lemon ) , floripondio , higuerilla ( Ricinus communis ) trees and the elephant grass , Pennisetum purpureum . Many species were introduced to the Galápagos by pirates . Thor Heyerdahl quoted documents that mention the Viceroy of Peru , knowing that British pirates ate the goats that they themselves had released in the islands , ordered dogs to be freed there to eliminate the goats . Also , when colonization of Floreana by José de Villamil failed , he ordered the goats , donkeys , cattle and other animals from the farms in Floreana be transferred to other islands for the purpose of later colonization . Non-native goats , pigs , dogs , rats , cats , mice , sheep , horses , donkeys , cows , poultry , ants , cockroaches , and some parasites inhabit the islands today . Dogs and cats attack the tame birds and destroy the nests of birds , land tortoises , and marine turtles . They sometimes kill small Galápagos tortoises and iguanas . Pigs are even more harmful , covering larger areas and destroying the nests of tortoises , turtles and iguanas , as well as eating the animals ' native food . Pigs also knock down vegetation in their search for roots and insects . This problem abounds in Cerro Azul volcano and Isabela , and in Santiago , pigs may be the cause of the disappearance of the land iguanas that were so abundant when Darwin visited . The black rat ( Rattus rattus ) attacks small Galápagos tortoises when they leave the nest , so in Pinzón they stopped the reproduction for a period of more than 50 years ; only adults were found on that island . Also , where the black rat is found , the endemic rat has disappeared . Cattle and donkeys eat all the available vegetation and compete with native species for the scarce water . In 1959 , fishermen introduced one male and two female goats to Pinta island ; by 1973 , the National Park service estimated the population of goats to be over 30,000 individuals . Goats were also introduced to Marchena in 1967 and to Rabida in 1971 . A goat eradication program , however , cleared the goats from Pinta and Santiago and most of the goat population from Isabela . In fact , by 2006 all feral pigs , donkeys and non-sterile goats had been eliminated from Santiago and Isabela , the largest islands with the worst problems due to non-native mammals . Six species of small non-native vertebrates have established self - sufficient populations in Galapagos and may become invasive : Fowler 's snouted tree frog Scinax quinquefasciatus , common house gecko Hemidactylus frenatus , mourning gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris , dwarf gecko Gonatodes caudiscutatus , Peters ' leaf - toed gecko Phyllodactylus reissii , and smooth - billed ani Crotophaga ani . Domestic fowl Gallus gallus holds feral populations , which may have self - sufficient populations , but evidence is unclear . The fast - growing poultry industry on the inhabited islands has been cause for concern from local conservationists , who fear domestic birds could introduce disease into the endemic wild bird populations . The Galápagos marine sanctuary is under threat from a host of illegal fishing activities , in addition to other problems of development . The most pressing threat to the Marine Reserve comes from local , mainland and foreign fishing targeting marine life illegally within the Reserve , such as sharks ( hammerheads and other species ) for their fins , and the harvest of sea cucumbers out of season . Development threatens both land and sea species . The growth of both the tourism industry and local populations fuelled by high birth rates and illegal immigration threaten the wildlife of the Archipelago . The grounding of the oil tanker Jessica in 2001 and the subsequent oil spill brought this threat to world attention . In 2007 , UNESCO put the Galápagos Islands on their List of World Heritage in Danger because of threats posed by invasive species , unbridled tourism and overfishing . On 29 July 2010 , the World Heritage Committee decided to remove the Galápagos Islands from the list because the Committee found significant progress had been made by Ecuador in addressing these problems . On 28 January 2008 , Galápagos National Park official Victor Carrion announced 53 sea lions ( 13 pups , 25 youngsters , 9 males and 6 females ) were killed at the Galápagos Islands nature reserve on Pinta , with their heads caved in . In 2001 , poachers killed 35 male sea lions . The Galápagos Islands were short - listed as a candidate to be one of the New7Wonders of Nature by the New7Wonders of Nature Foundation . As of February 2009 , the archipelago was ranked first in Group B , the category for islands . The islands ' biodiversity is under threat from several sources . The human population is growing at an unsustainable rate of 8 % per year ( 1995 ) . Introduced species have caused damage , and in 1996 a US $5 million , five - year eradication plan commenced in an attempt to rid the islands of introduced species such as goats , rats , deer , and donkeys . Except for the rats , the project was essentially completed in 2006 . Rats have only been eliminated from the smaller Galapagos Islands of Rábida and Pinzón . El Niño has adversely affected the marine ecosystem . In January 2001 , an oil slick from a stranded tanker threatened the islands , but winds and shifting ocean currents helped disperse the oil before much damage was done . The 1997 -- 98 El Niño adversely affected wildlife in the waters surrounding the islands , as the waters were 5 ° C ( 9 ° F ) warmer than normal . Corals and barnacles suffered , hammerhead sharks were driven away , and most of the island 's seabirds failed to breed in 1997 -- 98 . The mortality rate of marine iguanas rose as the green algae they feed on was replaced by inedible red algae . During the 1982 -- 83 El Niño , 70 % of the marine iguanas starved to death because of this . See also ( edit ) List of birds of the Galápagos Islands List of animals in Galápagos Islands Albatross Foundation USA Galápagos National Park Galápagos hotspot Galápagos Province Darwin 's Arch Johanna Angermeyer , author of various books featuring the Galápagos Islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Censo 2010 '' . Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2011 . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Discovery , Darwin and Evolution Jump up ^ Mittlestaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Harpp , Karen ; Graham , David ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Introduction , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 1 -- 3 , 42 . ISBN 9781118852415 . Jump up ^ Harpp , Karen ; Hall , Paul ; Jackson , Matthew ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Galapagos and Easter : A Tale of Two Hotspots , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 27 -- 29 . ISBN 9781118852415 . ^ Jump up to : Geist , Dennis ; Bergantz , George ; Chadwick , William ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Galapagos Magma Chambers , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 56 -- 57 . ISBN 9781118852415 . ^ Jump up to : Poland , Michael ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Contrasting Volcanism in Hawai'i and the Galapagos , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 5 -- 21 . ISBN 9781118852415 . Jump up ^ Merlen , Godfrey ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Plate Tectonics , Evolution , and the Survival of Species : A Modern Day Hotspot , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 122 . ISBN 9781118852415 . Jump up ^ Kurz , Mark ; Rowland , Scott ; Curtice , Joshua ; Saal , Alberto ; Naumann , Terry ( 2014 ) . Harpp , Karen ; Mittelstaedt , Eric ; d'Ozouville , Noemi ; Graham , David , eds . Eruption Rates for Fernandina Volcano : A New Chronology at the Galapagos Hotspot Center , in The Galapagos : A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . pp. 41 -- 44 , 49 . ISBN 9781118852415 . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Galápagos Islands . '' The Columbia Encyclopedia . New York : Columbia University Press , 2015 Jump up ^ Pearson , David L. , David W. Middleton ( 1999 ) . The New Key to Ecuador and the Galápagos ( 3rd ed . ) . Berkeley : Ulysses Press . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White , W.M. ( 2 October 1997 ) . `` A Brief Introduction to the Geology of the Galápagos '' . Cornell University Earth and Atmospheric Sciences . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller , B. ; Breckheimer , I. ; McCleary , A. ; Guzmán - Ramirez , L. ; Caplow , S. ; Jones - Smith , J. & Walsh , S. ( 2010 ) . `` Using stylized agent - based models for population -- environment research : a case study from the Galápagos Islands '' . Population & Environment. 31 ( 4 ) : 279 -- 287 . doi : 10.1007 / s11111 - 010 - 0110 - 4 . PMC 2881671 . PMID 20539752 . Jump up ^ Grant , K. Thalia and Estes , Gregory B. ( 2009 ) . Darwin in Galápagos : Footsteps to a New World . Princeton : Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Vinueza , L. ; Branch , G. ; Branch , M. ; Bustamante , R. ( 2006 ) . `` Top - down herbivory and bottom - up El Niño effects on Galápagos rocky - shore communities '' . Ecological Monographs. 76 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 131 . doi : 10.1890 / 04 - 1957 . ^ Jump up to : Heyerdahl , Thor ; & Skjolsvold , Arne ( 1956 ) . `` Archaeological Evidence of Pre-Spanish Visits to the Galápagos Islands '' , Memoirs 12 , Society for American Archaeology . Jump up ^ Lundh , Jacob ( 1995 ) . `` A brief account of some early inhabitants of Santa Cruz Island . '' In Noticias de Galápagos No. 55 . Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands . Jump up ^ Cho , Lisa ( 2005 ) Moon Galápagos Islands . Avalon Travel Publishing . p. 200 . ISBN 163121151X . Jump up ^ Stewart , Paul D. ( 2006 ) . Galápagos : the islands that changed the world . Yale University Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12230 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael Hume ( 1993 ) . Galápagos , a natural history . University of Calgary Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 07 - 0 . Jump up ^ Latorre , Octavio ( 1995 ) . `` Los tesoros escondidos de las Islas Galapagos '' ( PDF ) . Noticias de Galapagos ( in Spanish ) ( 55 ) : 66 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Porter , D. ( 1822 ) Journal of a Cruise Made to the Pacific Ocean . Kessinger Publishing . Jump up ^ Tarnmoor , Salvator R. ( Herman Melville ) ( 1854 ) Encantadas or the Enchanted Isles . Putnam 's Monthly Magazine of American Literature , Science , and Art . March -- May 1854 . Jump up ^ Perry , Roger ; The Galapagos Islands ; 1972 ; Dodd , Mead & Company , New York p. 44 ISBN 978 - 0 - 396 - 06576 - 0 Jump up ^ Nickerson , T. ( c. 1876 ) Account of the Ship Essex Sinking , 1819 -- 1821 . Holograph ms. in the Thomas Nickerson Collection , 1819 -- 1876 , Folder 1 . Nantucket , Massachusetts : Nantucket Historical Society . Jump up ^ Grant , K. Thalia and Estes , Gregory B. ( 2009 ) . Darwin in Galapagos : Footsteps to a New World . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ^ Jump up to : Niles Eldredge ( Spring 2006 ) . `` VQR -- Confessions of a Darwinist '' . The Virginia Quarterly Review . pp. 32 -- 53 . Retrieved 26 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Norwegian Who Inspired Darwin '' . ThorNews . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keynes , Richard ed. ( 2000 ) . Charles Darwin 's zoology notes & specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . June -- August 1836 , 291 -- 293 Jump up ^ `` May Sell Galapagos '' . from `` The United Press '' . The Pittsburgh Press . 21 January 1929 . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Ferenc ( 1999 ) . `` ¿ la guantánamo del océano pacífco ? la rivalidad de los ee . uu. , alemania , Japón y chile por la adquisición de las islas galápagos antes de la I guerra mundial '' . El modelo militar prusiano y las fuerzas armadas de Chile 1885 - 1945 ( in Spanish ) . pécs , Hungary : University Press . pp. 71 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Tapia , Claudio ( 2009 ) . La creación de un área de influencia en América del Sur . Las relaciones políticas , económicas y militares de Chile con Ecuador y Paraguay ( 1883 - 1914 ) ( Ph. D . ) ( in Spanish ) . instituto de estudios avanzados , Universidad de Santiago de Chile . Jump up ^ See Michael Morris , `` The Strait of Magellan '' , Martinus Nijhoff Publisher , 1989 , ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0181 - 1 , pages 62 and 63 Jump up ^ Garay Vera , Cristián ( 2011 ) . `` La imaginación territorial chilena y la apoteosis de la armada de chile 1888 - 1940 . Otra mirada a los límites `` Naturales '' `` . Revista Enfoques ( in Spanish ) . IX ( 15 ) : 75 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Lund , J.P. Galápagos : A Brief History . galapagos.to Jump up ^ Hoff , S. ( 1985 ) . Drømmen om Galápagos . Oslo : Grøndahl & Sønn Jump up ^ `` Galápagos Conservation '' . galapagos.com . Jump up ^ Stutz , Bruce D. ( 1995 ) . `` The sea cucumber war '' . Audubon. 97 ( 3 ) : 16 . Jump up ^ Grant , K. Thalia. ( 2009 ) `` Darwin and the Galapagos : Evolution of a Legacy '' . World Heritage No. 54 Jump up ^ `` Galápagos no longer on List of World Heritage in Danger -- News Watch '' . Blogs.nationalgeographic.com. 29 July 2010 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Feral dogs and cats in Galápagos '' . Petsaspests.blogspot.com.es . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Henry ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` Invasive species : The 18 - km rat trap : Nature News & Comment '' . Nature.com . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Invasive Species '' . Galapagos Conservancy . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Project Isabela '' . Galapagos Conservancy . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Project Isabela : When Slaughtering 250,000 Goats Meant Saving A Species '' . All That Is Interesting . March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Cisneros - Heredia , Diego F ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Non-native small terrestrial vertebrates in the Galapagos '' . PeerJ Preprints . doi : 10.7287 / peerj. preprints. 26563v1 . ISSN 2167 - 9843 . Jump up ^ Cisneros - Heredia , Diego F. ( 2018 ) . Understanding Invasive Species in the Galapagos Islands . Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands . Springer , Cham . pp. 95 -- 139 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 67177 - 2_7 . ISBN 9783319671765 . ^ Jump up to : Carr , Lindsey A ; Stier , Adrian C ; Fietz , Katharina ; Montero , Ignacio ; Gallagher , Austin J ; Bruno , John F ( 2013 ) . `` Illegal shark fishing in the Galápagos marine reserve '' ( PDF ) . Marine Policy . 39 : 317 -- 321 . doi : 10.1016 / j. marpol. 2012.12. 005 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage in Danger List '' . UNESCO World Heritage . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Heritage Committee inscribes the Tombs of Buganda Kings ( Uganda ) and removes Galápagos Islands ( Ecuador ) '' . UNESCO World Heritage . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS , Sea lions massacred in Galápagos '' . BBC News . 29 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ New 7 Wonders of the World : Live Ranking Archived 5 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Post-Rat Eradication and Monitoring on Pinzón '' . Galapagos Conservancy . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Galápagos Islands '' in The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide ( 2010 ) . Abington : Helicon . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Galapagos Islands '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Black , Juan ( 1973 ) . Galápagos , Archipiélago del Ecuador . ( Quito , Ecuador ) . Comprehensive monograph by a former officer of Galápagos National Park , financed by the World Wildlife Fund and the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galápagos Islands Grant , K. Thalia and Estes , Gregory B. ( 2009 ) . Darwin in Galapagos : Footsteps to a New World . Princeton University Press , Princeton . ( 1 ) . Heyerdahl , Thor ; & Skjolsvold , Arne ( 1956 ) . Archaeological Evidence of Pre-Spanish Visits to the Galápagos Islands , Memoirs 12 , Society for American Archaeology . Müller , Bodo ; & Stolt , Matthias ( 2003 ) . Galápagos Die verwunschenen Inseln . ( BLV ) . ISBN 3 - 86108 - 909 - 2 . Quammen , David ( 1996 ) . The Song of the Dodo . Touchstone , New York . Romero , Simon ( 4 October 2009 ) . `` To Protect Galápagos , Ecuador Limits a Two - Legged Species '' . The New York Times . Perry , Roger ( 1972 ) . The Galapagos Islands . ( Dodd , Mead & Company ) . Short history illustrated with photographs and a map by a former director of Charles Darwin Research Station . Wittmer , Margret ( 2013 ) . Floreana : A Woman 's Pilgrimage to the Galápagos . ( Moyer Bell Limited ) . Memoir written by the matriarch of the first family to successfully inhabit Floreana , after settling there in 1932 . 2013 paperback edition ISBN 978 - 1 - 55921 - 399 - 8 ( originally published by the Travel Book Club in 1961 ) External links ( edit ) Ecuador portal Latin America portal Islands portal Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Galapagos Islands . Media related to Galapagos at Wikimedia Commons Galapagos Islands travel guide from Wikivoyage Galápagos National Park `` Galápagos Islands xeric scrub '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Islas Galápagos Galápagos geology , with general information on the Galápagos Islands Places adjacent to Galápagos Islands Central America Pacific Ocean Costa Rica Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean Galápagos Islands Pacific Ocean Ecuador Pacific Ocean Eastern Pacific Islands Oceanic islands located between Polynesia and the Americas , sorted by country , from north to south ( continental islands not included ) Mexico Guadalupe Island Rocas Alijos Revillagigedo Islands Socorro ( San Tomás ) San Benedicto Roca Partida Clarión ( Santa Rosa ) France Clipperton Island Costa Rica Cocos Island Colombia Malpelo Island Ecuador Galápagos Islands Chile Desventuradas Islands Juan Fernández Islands Robinson Crusoe Alejandro Selkirk Santa Clara Galápagos Islands Main islands Baltra Island Bartolomé Island Darwin Island Española Island Fernandina Island Floreana Island Genovesa Island Isabela Island Marchena Island North Seymour Island Pinzón Island Pinta Island Rábida Island San Cristóbal Island Santa Cruz Island Santa Fe Island Santiago Island Wolf Island Minor islands Daphne Major Isla Guy Fawkes Nameless Island Roca Redonda South Plaza Island GND : 4071538 - 3 LCCN : n82058890 NARA : 10036997 VIAF : 144179675 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Galápagos_Islands&oldid = 839145440 '' Categories : Galápagos Islands Geography of Galápagos Province Biodiversity hotspots Biosphere reserves of Ecuador Surfing locations in Ecuador Ecoregions Endemic regions Hotspot volcanoes Islands of Ecuador Seabird colonies States and territories established in 1973 Volcanic groups Volcanoes of Ecuador Volcanoes of the Galápagos Islands World Heritage Sites in Ecuador Tourist attractions in Galápagos Province Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 errors : missing author or editor Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2015 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Māori मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 85 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 15 : 34 . 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who won the afl grand final in 1990

The 1990 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Collingwood Football Club and the Essendon Football Club , held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 6 October 1990 . It was the 94th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , staged to determine the premiers for the 1990 AFL season . The match , attended by 98,944 spectators , was won by Collingwood by a margin of 48 points , marking that club 's 14th premiership victory .

Collingwood

1990 AFL Grand Final

1990 afl grand final

The 1990 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the Collingwood Football Club and the Essendon Football Club , held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 6 October 1990 . It was the 94th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , staged to determine the premiers for the 1990 AFL season . The match , attended by 98,944 spectators , was won by Collingwood by a margin of 48 points , marking that club 's 14th premiership victory .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Match summary 2.1 First quarter 2.1. 1 Quarter time brawl 2.2 Second quarter 2.3 Third quarter 2.4 Fourth quarter 3 Teams 4 Scorecard 4.1 Statistics 5 Tribunal 6 Postscript 7 See also 8 References Background ( edit ) Main article : 1990 AFL season Collingwood had made nine unsuccessful Grand Final attempts ( including the famous draw in the 1977 VFL Grand Final against North Melbourne ) , in the previous 32 years , not having won a premiership since the 1958 VFL Grand Final . Essendon had last played a Grand Final in 1985 , which it had won against Hawthorn ; that match was the last game of Collingwood coach and then - Hawthorn forward Leigh Matthews ' playing career . At the conclusion of the home and away season , Essendon had finished first on the AFL ladder with 17 wins and 5 losses . Collingwood had finished second with 16 wins and 6 losses . The top five qualified for the finals , which were played under the McIntyre Final Five system . Collingwood and West Coast played a draw in the Qualifying Final at Waverley Park in the first week of the finals . The match was replayed the following week , with Collingwood winning convincingly by 59 points to advance to the Second Semi-Final against Essendon . In the Second - Semi Final , Collingwood scored ten goals to two after half time to win by 63 points and advance to the Grand Final . Essendon faced West Coast in the Preliminary Final , winning by 63 points , to earn its place in the Grand Final . Collingwood 's drawn game with West Coast caused the Grand Final and all other finals to be delayed by a week from the originally scheduled dates . This proved controversial , because in the second semi-final , it had been 21 days since Essendon 's last competitive match , due to receiving a bye in the first week of the finals , following by the replayed Qualifying Final in the second week ; Essendon had played an unofficial practice match against 12th - placed Fitzroy during the second week . For the 1991 and successive AFL seasons , the rules were changed to allow extra time to be played in finals , excluding the Grand Final , if scores were level at the end of the fourth quarter . The first final to require extra time was four years later in the 1994 Qualifying Final between North Melbourne and Hawthorn . Match summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) The match began with Essendon starting strongly , as the Bombers ' beanpole full - forward Paul Salmon kicked two early goals from strong marks . The signs looked ominous for Collingwood who were unable to penetrate before a classic goal by Peter Daicos from the boundary followed by a late goal by Gavin Brown from an Essendon turnover gave the inaccurate Magpies a three - point lead , and considerable momentum , at the first change . Quarter time brawl ( edit ) At the sounding of the quarter time siren , a wild brawl erupted in the Essendon forward pocket drawing all players on the ground and spreading to include team officials . During the brawl , Gavin Brown was flattened by Terry Daniher in retaliation for Brown felling Kieran Sporn . The umpires , police , stadium security and Channel Seven boundary rider Bernie Quinlan were needed to restore order . In the aftermath ten players and officials were reported ( see below for details ) . The violent brawl , beamed live across Australia and the world , shocked viewers , fans and officials alike , and would be the catalyst for the AFL to crack down on violence in the game , leading to greater penalties and severe fines for players engaging in brawls . Second quarter ( edit ) Following the brawl , the umpires took a hard line on any indiscretions . Collingwood , playing in front at the contests , benefitted from this , and won several free kicks and fifty metre penalties , from which they scored five goals in the first nine minutes of the quarter . Essendon never really recovered from this purple patch , and after finishing with six goals to one in the second quarter , Collingwood led by 34 points at half time . Third quarter ( edit ) Collingwood continued strongly after half time , whilst Kevin Sheedy had shuffled his Essendon players into different position all across the ground in an attempt to bridge the deficit , mirroring his successful 3 / 4 time efforts in the 1984 VFL Grand Final . Craig Starcevich was knocked out by Terry Daniher after taking a mark , with Mick McGuane taking his kick and goalling from the resultant 50 metre penalty . Peter Daicos scored a spectacular goal from near the behind post to extend Collingwood 's margin to 46 points . Essendon scored the next two goals midway through the third quarter with two quick goals , before Gavin Brown goaled late to give Collingwood a 40 - point lead at three - quarter time . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Essendon attacked and dominated the play early in the last quarter but could only manage behinds , including hitting the post twice from set shots . After absorbing the Essendon pressure for twenty minutes , Collingwood 's Doug Barwick scored the first goal of the quarter , with a snap shot from 25 metres . The siren sounded soon after Damian Monkhorst goalled to make the margin 48 points . Essendon was held goalless in the final quarter . The Norm Smith Medal was awarded to Collingwood 's Tony Shaw for being judged the best player afield , with 32 possessions in an inspirational display . He was the first team captain to be awarded the medal . This win represented the first for Leigh Matthews as coach . He had previously captained Hawthorn to Grand Finals in the 1980s , and later went on to coach the Brisbane Lions to premierships ( one of them against Kevin Sheedy 's Bombers ) in the 2000s . Many of Essendon 's senior players would retire or move on in the following two seasons , however their next Grand Final appearance came three years later , when the Baby Bombers ( so named because of the astounding number of players they had under 21 ) surprised the football world and won the 1993 AFL Grand Final against Carlton . Collingwood did not win another premiership for 20 years , until they defeated St Kilda in 2010 . Teams ( edit ) Collingwood Football Club B : 44 Shane Kerrison 21 Michael Christian 12 Denis Banks HB : 7 Shane Morwood 23 Craig Kelly 3 Michael Gayfer C : 42 Darren Millane 22 Tony Shaw ( c ) 19 Graham Wright HF : 29 Scott Russell 35 Peter Daicos 17 Doug Barwick F : 26 Gavin Brown 1 Damian Monkhorst 28 Gavin Crosisca Foll : 30 James Manson 34 Michael McGuane 2 Tony Francis Int : 24 Jamie Turner 27 Craig Starcevich Coach : Leigh Matthews Essendon Football Club B : 16 Paul Hamilton 6 Anthony Daniher 5 Terry Daniher HB : 7 Chris Daniher 10 Gary O'Donnell 29 David Grenvold C : 11 Greg Anderson 9 Derek Kickett 23 Peter Cransberg HF : 32 Tim Watson ( c ) 18 Paul Van Der Haar 4 Michael Long F : 15 Alan Ezard 3 Paul Salmon 8 Darren Bewick Foll : 27 Simon Madden 1 Mark Harvey 26 Mark Thompson Int : 17 Kieran Sporn 19 Peter Somerville Coach : Kevin Sheedy Scorecard ( edit ) 1990 AFL Grand Final Saturday , 6 October 2 : 30pm Collingwood def . Essendon MCG ( crowd : 98,944 ) 2.5 ( 17 ) 8.9 ( 57 ) 11.10 ( 76 ) 13.11 ( 89 ) Q1 Q2 Q3 Final 2.2 ( 14 ) 3.5 ( 23 ) 5.6 ( 36 ) 5.11 ( 41 ) Umpires : Sawers , Rich Norm Smith Medal : Tony Shaw Television broadcast : Seven Network National anthem : Normie Rowe Brown 2 , Barwick 2 , Crosisca 2 , Russell 2 , Daicos 2 , Monkhorst , Starcevich , McGuane Goals Salmon 2 , Kickett , Somerville , Grenvold Shaw , Russell , Monkhorst , Millane , Francis , Kerrison , Starcevich , Crosisca , McGuane Best Watson , Sporn , T. Daniher , Kickett , Ezard , O'Donnell Brown ( concussion ) , Starcevich ( concussion ) Injuries Nil See Tribunal Reports See Tribunal Match was also broadcast on 3AW and 3LO radio Statistics ( edit ) Collingwood Magpies 89 -- 41 Essendon Bombers ( 13.11 ) ( 5.11 ) Position Player Pos'ns Goals Back Shane Kerrison 17 Back Michael Christian 19 Back Michael Gayfer 9 Half - back Shane Morwood 18 Half - back Craig Kelly 16 Half - back Gavin Crosisca 5 Centre Darren Millane 26 Centre Tony Shaw 24 Centre Graham Wright 15 Half - forward Dennis Banks 11 Half - forward James Manson 5 Half - forward Doug Barwick 13 Forward Scott Russell 26 Forward Gavin Brown 7 Forward Peter Daicos 7 Ruck Damian Monkhorst 17 Ruck - rover Mick McGuane 23 Rover Tony Francis 25 Interchange : Interchange Jamie Turner 12 Interchange Craig Starcevich 14 Coach : Leigh Matthews Position Player Pos'ns Goals Back Mark Thompson - Back Anthony Daniher - Back Paul Hamilton - Half - back David Grenvold - Half - back Terry Daniher - Half - back Gary O'Donnell - Centre Greg Anderson - Centre Derek Kickett - Centre Michael Long - Half - forward Mark Harvey - Half - forward Paul Van Der Haar - Half - forward Peter Cransberg - Forward Alan Ezard - Forward Paul Salmon - Forward Kieran Sporn - Ruck Simon Madden - Ruck - rover Tim Watson ( c ) - Rover Darren Bewick - Interchange : Interchange Chris Daniher - Interchange Peter Somerville - Coach : Kevin Sheedy Tribunal ( edit ) Ten players and officials were reported on a total of seventeen offences as a result of the brawl : Terry Daniher ( Essendon ) : Charged with striking Gavin Brown and striking Craig Starcevich . Suspended for 12 matches . Graeme Allan ( Colllingwood football manager ) : Charged with striking Essendon runner Peter Power and conduct unbecoming of a team official . Suspended for six matches and fined $15,000 . Eddie Hillgrove ( Colllingwood team manager ) : Charged with assaulting Essendon bootstudder Graham Menola and conduct unbecoming of a team official . Suspended for six matches and fined $7,500 . Darren Bewick ( Essendon ) : Charged with striking and rough conduct against Tony Shaw , kneeing Denis Banks , and striking Doug Barwick . Cleared of first three charges ; suspended for four matches . Gavin Brown ( Colllingwood ) : Charged with striking Kieran Sporn . Suspended for three matches . Kieran Sporn ( Essendon ) : Charged with striking Denis Banks . Suspended for two matches . John Synan ( Essendon doorman ) : Charged with charging Colllingwood team manager Eddie Hillgrove and conduct unbecoming of a team official . Fined $5,000 . Craig Kelly ( Colllingwood ) and Paul Van Der Haar ( Essendon ) : Charged with striking each other . Both found not guilty . Derek Kickett ( Essendon ) : Charged with striking Mick McGuane . Found not guilty . Postscript ( edit ) In a tragic postscript , Collingwood player Darren Millane , who was in possession of the ball when the final siren sounded , was killed in a car accident one year and one day after this match . See also ( edit ) 1990 AFL season References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rodgers , Stephen , Every Game Every Played : VFL / AFL Results 1897 -- 1991 , Ringwood , VIC : Viking O'Neal , p. 741 ^ Jump up to : Pos'ns stands for Possessions . Victorian / Australian Football League Grand Finals VFL Grand Finals 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 AFL Grand Finals 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Collingwood Football Club 1990 AFL premiers Collingwood 13.11 ( 89 ) defeated Essendon 5.11 ( 41 ) , at the Melbourne Cricket Ground 1 . Monkhorst 2 . Francis 3 . Gayfer 7 . Morwood 12 . Banks 17 . Barwick 19 . Wright 21 . Christian 22 . Shaw ( c ) 23 . Kelly 24 . Turner 26 . Brown 27 . Starcevich 28 . Crosisca 29 . Russell 30 . Manson 34 . McGuane 35 . Daicos 42 . Millane 44 . Kerrison Coach : Matthews Collingwood Football Club History Records Current squad Players Captains Coaches Awards Copeland Trophy Leading goalkickers Captain : Scott Pendlebury Coach : Nathan Buckley Nickname : Magpies Home grounds Melbourne Cricket Ground ( 1992 -- present ) Etihad Stadium ( 2000 -- present ) Victoria Park ( 1897 -- 1999 ) Premierships ( 15 ) 1902 1903 1910 1917 1919 1927 1928 1929 1930 1935 1936 1953 1958 1990 Seasons ( 122 ) 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Awards Copeland Trophy Related articles Women 's team VFL team Netball team Carlton -- Collingwood rivalry Anzac Day match Queen 's Birthday match Olympic Park Oval Victoria Park Colliwobbles Eddie McGuire Joffa Corfe New York Magpies Essendon Football Club History Premierships and records Players Captains Coaches Awards W.S. Crichton Medal Leading goalkickers Captain : Dyson Heppell Coach : John Worsfold Nickname : Bombers Home grounds East Melbourne Cricket Ground ( 1897 -- 1921 ) Windy Hill ( 1922 -- 91 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground ( 1992 -- present ) Docklands Stadium ( 2000 -- present ) Premierships ( 16 ) 1897 1901 1911 1912 1923 1924 1942 1946 1949 1950 1962 1965 1984 1985 1993 2000 Seasons 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related articles Anzac Day match Carlton -- Essendon rivalry Dreamtime at the ' G Archer -- Hird Medal Line in the sand match Round 16 , 2001 comeback vs. North Melbourne Supplements saga Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1990_AFL_Grand_Final&oldid=817754709 '' Categories : VFL / AFL Grand Finals 1990 Australian Football League season 1990 in Australian rules football Collingwood Football Club Essendon Football Club Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 Use Australian English from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 10 : 51 . 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who attempted to write the first world history

History of democracy

history of democracy

A democracy is a political system , or a system of decision - making within an institution or organization or a country , in which all members have an equal share of power . Modern democracies are characterized by two capabilities that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier forms of government : the capacity to intervene in their own societies and the recognition of their sovereignty by an international legalistic framework of similarly sovereign states . Democratic government is commonly juxtaposed with oligarchic and monarchic systems , which are ruled by a minority and a sole monarch respectively .

Democracy in its earliest forms is generally associated with the efforts of the ancient Greeks and Romans , who were themselves considered the founders of Western civilization by the 18th century intellectuals who attempted to leverage these early democratic experiments into a new template for post-monarchical political organization . The extent to which these 18th century democratic revivalists succeeded in turning the democratic ideals of the ancient Greeks and Romans into the dominant political institution of the next 300 years is hardly debatable , even if the moral justifications they often employed might be . Nevertheless , the critical historical juncture catalyzed by the resurrection of democratic ideals and institutions fundamentally transformed the ensuing centuries and has dominated the international landscape since the dismantling of the final vestige of empire following the end of the Second World War . Modern representative democracies attempt to bridge the gulf between the Hobbesian ' state of nature ' and the grip of authoritarianism through ' social contracts ' that enshrine the rights of the citizens , curtail the power of the state , and grant agency through the right to vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Antiquity 1.1 Historic origins 1.2 Proto - democratic societies 1.2. 1 Mesopotamia 1.2. 2 India 1.2. 3 Sparta 1.3 Athens and the Roman Republic 1.3. 1 Athens 1.3. 1.1 Solon and the foundations of democracy 1.3. 1.2 Democracy under Cleisthenes and Pericles 1.3. 1.3 The birth of political philosophy 1.3. 1.4 Decline , revival , and criticisms 1.4 Rome 1.4. 1 The Roman Republic 1.4. 2 Transition to empire 1.4. 3 The Roman Empire and late antiquity 2 Institutions in the medieval era 3 Indigenous peoples of the Americas 4 Rise of democracy in modern national governments 4.1 Early Modern Era milestones 4.2 Eighteenth and nineteenth century milestones 4.3 The secret ballot 4.4 Waves of democracy in the 20th century 4.5 Post-World War II 4.6 Decolonisation and civil rights movements 4.7 Late Cold War and after 4.8 Democracy in the 21st century 5 Contemporary trends 6 See also 6.1 Important documents and milestones 6.2 Important figures in the history of democracy 7 Notes 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Antiquity ( edit ) Historic origins ( edit ) Anthropologists have identified forms of proto - democracy that date back to small bands of hunter gatherers that predate the establishment of agrarian , settled , societies and still exist virtually unchanged in isolated indigenous groups today . In these groups of generally 50 - 100 individuals , often tied closely by familial bonds , decisions are reached by consensus or majority and many times without the designation of any specific chief . Given that these dynamics are still alive and well today , it is plausible to assume that democracy in one form or another arises naturally in any well - bonded group or tribe . These types of democracy are commonly identified as tribalism , or primitive democracy . In this sense , a primitive democracy usually takes shape in small communities or villages when there are face - to - face discussions in a village council or with a leader who has the backing of village elders or other cooperative forms of government . This becomes more complex on a larger scale , such as when the village and city are examined more broadly as political communities . All other forms of rule -- including monarchy , tyranny , aristocracy , and oligarchy -- have flourished in more urban centers , often those with concentrated populations . The concepts ( and name ) of democracy and constitution as a form of government originated in ancient Athens circa 508 B.C. In ancient Greece , where there were many city - states with different forms of government , democracy was contrasted with governance by elites ( aristocracy ) , by one person ( monarchy ) , by tyrants ( tyranny ) , etc. , Proto - democratic societies ( edit ) In recent decades scholars have explored the possibility that advancements toward democratic government occurred somewhere else ( i.e. other than Greece ) first , as Greece developed its complex social and political institutions long after the appearance of the earliest civilizations in Egypt and the Near East . Mesopotamia ( edit ) The tablet containing the epic of Gilgamesh . Studying pre-Babylonian Mesopotamia , renowned scholar Thorkild Jacobsen used Sumerian epic , myth , and historical records to identify what he has called primitive democracy . By this , Jacobsen means a government in which ultimate power rests with the mass of free male citizens , although `` the various functions of government are as yet little specialised ( and ) the power structure is loose '' . In early Sumer , kings like Gilgamesh did not hold the autocratic power that later Mesopotamian rulers wielded . Rather , major city - states functioned with councils of elders and `` young men '' ( likely free men bearing arms ) that possessed the final political authority , and had to be consulted on all major issues such as war . Although pioneering in nature , the work has invoked little serious discussion and gained little outright acceptance . Scholars criticize the use of the word `` democracy '' in this context since the same evidence also can be interpreted convincingly to demonstrate a power struggle between primitive monarchy and noble classes , a struggle in which the common people function more like pawns rather than any kind of sovereign authority . Jacobsen has conceded that the vagueness of the evidence prohibits the separation between the Mesopotamian democracy from a primitive oligarchy . India ( edit ) Another claim for early democratic institutions comes from the independent `` republics '' of India , sanghas and ganas , which existed as early as the 6th century B.C. and persisted in some areas until the 4th century . The evidence for this is scattered , however , and no pure historical source exists for that period . In addition , Diodorus -- a Greek historian who wrote two centuries after the time of Alexander the Great 's invasion of India -- mentions , without offering any detail , that independent and democratic states existed in India . Modern scholars note the word democracy at the time of the 3rd century B.C. and later suffered from degradation and could mean any autonomous state , no matter how oligarchic in nature . Key characteristics of the gana seem to include a monarch , usually known by the name raja , and a deliberative assembly . The assembly met regularly . It discussed all major state decisions . At least in some states , attendance was open to all free men . This body also had full financial , administrative , and judicial authority . Other officers , who rarely receive any mention , obeyed the decisions of the assembly . Elected by the gana , the monarch apparently always belonged to a family of the noble class of K'satriya Varna . The monarch coordinated his activities with the assembly ; in some states , he did so with a council of other nobles . The Licchavis had a primary governing body of 7,077 rajas , the heads of the most important families . On the other hand , the Shakyas , Koliyas , Mallas , and Licchavis , during the period around Gautama Buddha , had the assembly open to all men , rich and poor . Scholars differ over how best to describe these governments , and the vague , sporadic quality of the evidence allows for wide disagreements . Some emphasize the central role of the assemblies and thus tout them as democracies ; other scholars focus on the upper - class domination of the leadership and possible control of the assembly and see an oligarchy or an aristocracy . Despite the assembly 's obvious power , it has not yet been established whether the composition and participation was truly popular . The first main obstacle is the lack of evidence describing the popular power of the assembly . This is reflected in the Artha ' shastra , an ancient handbook for monarchs on how to rule efficiently . It contains a chapter on how to deal with the sangas , which includes injunctions on manipulating the noble leaders , yet it does not mention how to influence the mass of the citizens -- a surprising omission if democratic bodies , not the aristocratic families , actively controlled the republican governments . Another issue is the persistence of the four - tiered Varna class system . The duties and privileges on the members of each particular caste -- rigid enough to prohibit someone sharing a meal with those of another order -- might have affected the roles members were expected to play in the state , regardless of the formality of the institutions . A central tenet of democracy is the notion of shared decision - making power . The absence of any concrete notion of citizen equality across these caste system boundaries leads many scholars to claim that the true nature of ganas and sanghas is not comparable to truly democratic institutions . Sparta ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Sparta . Bas - relief of Lycurgus , one of 23 great lawgivers depicted in the chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . Ancient Greece , in its early period , was a loose collection of independent city states called poleis . Many of these poleis were oligarchies . The most prominent Greek oligarchy , and the state with which democratic Athens is most often and most fruitfully compared , was Sparta . Yet Sparta , in its rejection of private wealth as a primary social differentiator , was a peculiar kind of oligarchy and some scholars note its resemblance to democracy . In Spartan government , the political power was divided between four bodies : two Spartan Kings ( diarchy ) , gerousia ( Council of Gerontes ( Elders ) , including the two kings ) , the ephors ( representatives of the citizens who oversaw the Kings ) and the apella ( assembly of Spartans ) . The two kings served as the head of the government . They ruled simultaneously , but they came from two separate lines . The dual kingship diluted the effective power of the executive office . The kings shared their judicial functions with other members of the gerousia . The members of the gerousia had to be over the age of 60 and were elected for life . In theory , any Spartan over that age could stand for election . However , in practice , they were selected from wealthy , aristocratic families . The gerousia possessed the crucial power of legislative initiative . Apella , the most democratic element , was the assembly where Spartans above the age of 30 elected the members of the gerousia and the ephors , and accepted or rejected gerousia 's proposals . Finally , the five ephors were Spartans chosen in apella to oversee the actions of the kings and other public officials and , if necessary , depose them . They served for one year and could not be re-elected for a second term . Over the years , the ephors held great influence on the formation of foreign policy and acted as the main executive body of state . Additionally , they had full responsibility for the Spartan educational system , which was essential for maintaining the high standards of the Spartan army . As Aristotle noted , ephors were the most important key institution of state , but because often they were appointed from the whole social body it resulted in very poor men holding office , with the ensuing possibility that they could easily be bribed . The creator of the Spartan system of rule was the legendary lawgiver Lycurgus . He is associated with the drastic reforms that were instituted in Sparta after the revolt of the helots in the second half of the 7th century BCE . In order to prevent another helot revolt , Lycurgus devised the highly militarized communal system that made Sparta unique among the city - states of Greece . All his reforms were directed towards the three Spartan virtues : equality ( among citizens ) , military fitness , and austerity . It is also probable that Lycurgus delineated the powers of the two traditional organs of the Spartan government , the gerousia and the apella . The reforms of Lycurgus were written as a list of rules / laws called Great Rhetra , making it the world 's first written constitution . In the following centuries , Sparta became a military superpower , and its system of rule was admired throughout the Greek world for its political stability . In particular , the concept of equality played an important role in Spartan society . The Spartans referred to themselves as όμοιοι ( Homoioi , men of equal status ) . It was also reflected in the Spartan public educational system , agoge , where all citizens irrespective of wealth or status had the same education . This was admired almost universally by contemporaries , from historians such as Herodotus and Xenophon to philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle . In addition , the Spartan women , unlike elsewhere , enjoyed `` every kind of luxury and intemperance '' including rights such as the right to inheritance , property ownership , and public education . Overall , the Spartans were remarkably free to criticize their kings and they were able to depose and exile them . However , despite these democratic elements in the Spartan constitution , there are two cardinal criticisms , classifying Sparta as an oligarchy . First , individual freedom was restricted , since as Plutarch writes `` no man was allowed to live as he wished '' , but as in a `` military camp '' all were engaged in the public service of their polis . And second , the gerousia effectively maintained the biggest share of power of the various governmental bodies . The political stability of Sparta also meant that no significant changes in the constitution were made . The oligarchic elements of Sparta became even stronger , especially after the influx of gold and silver from the victories in the Persian Wars . In addition , Athens , after the Persian Wars , was becoming the hegemonic power in the Greek world and disagreements between Sparta and Athens over supremacy emerged . These led to a series of armed conflicts known as the Peloponnesian War , with Sparta prevailing in the end . However , the war exhausted both poleis and Sparta was in turn humbled by Thebes at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BCE . It was all brought to an end a few years later , when Philip II of Macedon crushed what remained of the power of the factional city states to his South . Athens and the Roman Republic ( edit ) Athens ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Athenian democracy . Although Athens was not one of the earliest Greek democracies , it is often regarded as the birthplace of democracy and remains a really important reference point of democracy . Athens emerged in the 7th century BCE , like many other poleis , with a dominating powerful aristocracy . However , this domination led to exploitation , creating significant economic , political , and social problems . These problems were exacerbated early in the 6th century ; and , as `` the many were enslaved to few , the people rose against the notables '' . At the same time , a number of popular revolutions disrupted traditional aristocracies . This included Sparta in the second half of the 7th century BCE . Sparta 's constitutional reforms by Lycurgus introduced a hoplite state that showed , in turn , how inherited governments can be changed and lead to military victory . After a period of unrest between the rich and poor , Athenians of all classes turned to Solon to act as a mediator between rival factions , and reached a generally satisfactory solution to their problems . Solon and the foundations of democracy ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Solon . Bust of Solon from the National Museum , Naples . Solon , an Athenian ( Greek ) of noble descent but moderate means , was a Lyric poet and later a lawmaker ; Plutarch placed him as one of the Seven Sages of the ancient world . Solon attempted to satisfy all sides by alleviating the suffering of the poor majority without removing all the privileges of the rich minority . Solon divided the Athenians into four property classes , with different rights and duties for each . As the Rhetra did in the Lycurgian Sparta , Solon formalized the composition and functions of the governmental bodies . Now , all citizens were entitled to attend the Ecclesia ( Assembly ) and vote . Ecclesia became , in principle , the sovereign body , entitled to pass laws and decrees , elect officials , and hear appeals from the most important decisions of the courts . All but those in the poorest group might serve , a year at a time , on a new Boule of 400 , which was to prepare business for Ecclesia . The higher governmental posts , archons ( magistrates ) , were reserved for citizens of the top two income groups . The retired archons became members of the Areopagus ( Council of the Hill of Ares ) , and like the Gerousia in Sparta , it was able to check improper actions of the newly powerful Ecclesia . Solon created a mixed timocratic and democratic system of institutions . Overall , the reforms of the lawgiver Solon in 594 BC were devised to avert the political , economic , and moral decline in archaic Athens and gave Athens its first comprehensive code of law . The constitutional reforms eliminated enslavement of Athenians by Athenians , established rules for legal redress against over-reaching aristocratic archons , and assigned political privileges on the basis of productive wealth rather than noble birth . Some of his reforms failed in the short term , yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy . Democracy under Cleisthenes and Pericles ( edit ) See also : Cleisthenes , Ephialtes , and Pericles The Pnyx with the speaker 's platform , the meeting place of the people of Athens . Even though the Solonian reorganization of the constitution improved the economic position of the Athenian lower classes , it did not eliminate the bitter aristocratic contentions for control of the archonship , the chief executive post . Peisistratus became tyrant of Athens three times and remained in power until his death in 527 BCE . His sons Hippias and Hipparchus succeeded him . After the fall of tyranny and before the year 508 -- 507 was over , Cleisthenes proposed a complete reform of the system of government , which later was approved by the popular Ecclesia . Cleisthenes reorganized the population into ten tribes , with the aim to change the basis of political organization from the family loyalties to political ones , and improve the army 's organization . He also introduced the principle of equality of rights for all , isonomia , by expanding access to power to more citizens . During this period , the word `` democracy '' ( Greek : δημοκρατία -- `` rule by the people '' ) was first used by the Athenians to define their new system of government . In the next generation , Athens entered in its Golden Age by becoming a great center of literature and art . The victories in Persian Wars encouraged the poorest Athenians ( who participated in the military exhibitions ) to demand a greater say in the running of their city . In the late 460s , Ephialtes and Pericles presided over a radicalization of power that shifted the balance decisively to the poorest sections of society , by passing laws which severely limited the powers of the Council of the Areopagus and allowed thetes ( Athenians without wealth ) to occupy public office . Pericles was distinguished as its greatest democratic leader , even though he has been accused of running a political machine . In the following passage , Thucydides recorded Pericles , in the funeral oration , describing the Athenian system of rule : `` Its administration favors the many instead of the few ; this is why it is called a democracy . If we look to the laws , they afford equal justice to all in their private differences ; if no social standing , advancement in public life falls to reputation for capacity , class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit ; nor again does poverty bar the way , if a man is able to serve the state , he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition . The freedom which we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life . '' A bust of Pericles bearing the inscription `` Pericles , son of Xanthippus , Athenian '' . Marble , Roman copy after a Greek original from ca . 430 BCE . The Athenian democracy of Cleisthenes and Pericles was based on freedom , through the reforms of Solon , and equality ( isonomia ) , introduced by Cleisthenes and later expanded by Ephialtes and Pericles . To preserve these principles , the Athenians used lot for selecting officials . Lot 's rationale was to ensure all citizens were `` equally '' qualified for office , and to avoid any corruption allotment machines were used . Moreover , in most positions chosen by lot , Athenian citizens could not be selected more than once ; this rotation in office meant that no - one could build up a power base through staying in a particular position . Another important political institution in Athens was the courts ; they were composed of a large number of juries with no judges , and they were selected by lot on a daily basis from an annual pool , also chosen by lot . The courts had unlimited power to control the other bodies of the government and its political leaders . Participation by the citizens selected was mandatory , and a modest financial compensation was given to citizens whose livelihood was affected by being `` drafted '' to office . The only officials chosen by elections , one from each tribe , were the strategoi ( generals ) , where military knowledge was required , and the treasurers , who had to be wealthy , since any funds revealed to have been embezzled were recovered from a treasurer 's private fortune . Debate was open to all present and decisions in all matters of policy were taken by majority vote in Ecclesia ( compare direct democracy ) , in which all male citizens could participate ( in some cases with a quorum of 6000 ) . The decisions taken in Ecclesia were executed by Boule of 500 , which had already approved the agenda for Ecclesia . The Athenian Boule was elected by lot every year and no citizen could serve more than twice . Overall , the Athenian democracy was not only direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people , but also directest in the sense that the people through the assembly , boule , and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business . And even though the rights of the individual ( probably ) were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense , the Athenians enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government , but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person . The birth of political philosophy ( edit ) See also : Socrates , Plato , and Aristotle Within the Athenian democratic environment , many philosophers from all over the Greek world gathered to develop their theories . Socrates was the first to raise the question , further expanded by his pupil Plato , about the relation / position of an individual within a community . Aristotle continued the work of his teacher , Plato , and laid the foundations of political philosophy . The political philosophy created in Athens was , in the words of Peter Hall , `` in a form so complete that hardly added anyone of moment to it for over a millennium '' . Aristotle systematically analyzed the different systems of rule that the numerous Greek city - states had and categorized them into three categories based on how many ruled : the many ( democracy / polity ) , the few ( oligarchy / aristocracy ) , a single person ( tyranny or today autocracy / monarchy ) . For Aristotle , the underlying principles of democracy are reflected in his work Politics : `` Now a fundamental principle of the democratic form of constitution is liberty -- that is what is usually asserted , implying that only under this constitution do men participate in liberty , for they assert this as the aim of every democracy . But one factor of liberty is to govern and be governed in turn ; for the popular principle of justice is to have equality according to number , not worth , and if this is the principle of justice prevailing , the multitude must of necessity be sovereign and the decision of the majority must be final and must constitute justice , for they say that each of the citizens ought to have an equal share ; so that it results that in democracies the poor are more powerful than the rich , because there are more of them and whatever is decided by the majority is sovereign . This then is one mark of liberty which all democrats set down as a principle of the constitution . And one is for a man to live as he likes ; for they say that this is the function of liberty , inasmuch as to live not as one likes is the life of a man that is a slave . This is the second principle of democracy , and from it has come the claim not to be governed , preferably not by anybody , or failing that , to govern and be governed in turns ; and this is the way in which the second principle contributes to equalitarian liberty . '' Decline , revival , and criticisms ( edit ) The Athenian democracy , in its two centuries of life - time , twice voted against its democratic constitution , both during the crisis at the end of the Pelopponesian War , creating first the Four Hundred ( in 411 BCE ) and second Sparta 's puppet régime of the Thirty Tyrants ( in 404 BCE ) . Both votes were under manipulation and pressure , but democracy was recovered in less than a year in both cases . Reforms following the restoration of democracy after the overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants removed most law - making authority from the Assembly and placed it in randomly selected law - making juries known as `` nomothetai . '' Athens restored again its democratic constitution , after the unification by force of Greece from Phillip II of Macedon and later Alexander the Great , but it was politically shadowed by the Hellenistic empires . Finally after the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC , Athens was restricted to matters of local administration . However , the decline of democracy was not only due to external powers , but from its citizens , such as Plato and his student Aristotle . Through their influential works , after the rediscovery of classics during renaissance , Sparta 's political stability was praised , while the Periclean democracy was described as a system of rule , where either the less well - born , the mob ( as a collective tyrant ) , or the poorer classes were holding power . It was only centuries afterwards , with the publication of `` A history of Greece '' by George Grote in 1846 , that the Athenian democracy of Pericles started to be viewed positively by political thinkers . Over the last two decades , scholars have re-examined the Athenian system of rule as a model of empowering citizens and a `` post-modern '' example for communities and organizations alike . Rome ( edit ) See also : Roman Republic Even though Rome is classified as a Republic and not a democracy , its history has helped preserve the concept of democracy over the centuries . The Romans invented the concept of classics and many works from Ancient Greece were preserved . Additionally , the Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries , and today 's modern ( representative ) democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek models . The Roman Republic ( edit ) See also : History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic and Elections in the Roman Republic Representation of a sitting of the Roman Senate : Cicero attacks Catilina , from a 19th - century fresco . Rome was a city - state in Italy next to powerful neighbors ; Etruscans had built city - states throughout central Italy since the 13th century BCE and in the south were Greek colonies . Similar to other city - states , Rome was ruled by a king . However , social unrest and the pressure of external threats led in 510 BCE the last king to be deposed by a group of aristocrats led by Lucius Junius Brutus . A new constitution was crafted , but the conflict between the ruling families ( patricians ) and the rest of the population , the plebeians continued . The plebs were demanding for definite , written , and secular laws . The patrician priests , who were the recorders and interpreters of the statutes , by keeping their records secret used their monopoly against social change . After a long resistance to the new demands , the Senate in 454 BCE sent a commission of three patricians to Greece to study and report on the legislation of Solon and other lawmakers . When they returned , the Assembly in 451 BCE chose ten men -- a decemviri -- to formulate a new code , and gave them supreme governmental power in Rome for two years . This commission , under the supervision of a resolute reactionary , Appius Claudius , transformed the old customary law of Rome into Twelve Tables and submitted them to the Assembly ( which passed them with some changes ) and they were displayed in the Forum for all who would and could read . The Twelve Tables recognised certain rights and by the 4th century BCE , the plebs were given the right to stand for consulship and other major offices of the state . The political structure as outlined in the Roman constitution resembled a mixed constitution and its constituent parts were comparable to those of the Spartan constitution : two consuls , embodying the monarchic form ; the Senate , embodying the aristocratic form ; and the people through the assemblies . The consul was the highest ranking ordinary magistrate . Consuls had power in both civil and military matters . While in the city of Rome , the consuls were the head of the Roman government and they would preside over the Senate and the assemblies . While abroad , each consul would command an army . The Senate passed decrees , which were called senatus consultum and were official advices to a magistrate . However , in practice it was difficult for a magistrate to ignore the Senate 's advice . The focus of the Roman Senate was directed towards foreign policy . Though it technically had no official role in the management of military conflict , the Senate ultimately was the force that oversaw such affairs . Also it managed Rome 's civil administration . The requirements for becoming a senator included having at least 100,000 denarii worth of land , being born of the patrician ( noble aristocrats ) class , and having held public office at least once before . New Senators had to be approved by the sitting members . The people of Rome through the assemblies had the final say regarding the election of magistrates , the enactment of new laws , the carrying out of capital punishment , the declaration of war and peace , and the creation ( or dissolution ) of alliances . Despite the obvious power the assemblies had , in practice the assemblies were the least powerful of the other bodies of government . An assembly was legal only if summoned by a magistrate and it was restricted from any legislative initiative or the ability to debate . And even the candidates for public office as Livy writes `` levels were designed so that no one appeared to be excluded from an election and yet all of the clout resided with the leading men '' . Moreover , the unequal weight of votes was making a rare practice for asking the lowest classes for their votes . Roman stability , in Polybius ' assessment , was owing to the checks each element put on the superiority of any other : a consul at war , for example , required the cooperation of the Senate and the people if he hoped to secure victory and glory , and could not be indifferent to their wishes . This was not to say that the balance was in every way even : Polybius observes that the superiority of the Roman to the Carthaginian constitution ( another mixed constitution ) at the time of the Hannibalic War was an effect of the latter 's greater inclination toward democracy than to aristocracy . Moreover , recent attempts to posit for Rome personal freedom in the Greek sense -- eleutheria : living as you like -- have fallen on stony ground , since eleutheria ( which was an ideology and way of life in the democratic Athens ) was anathema in the Roman eyes . Rome 's core values included order , hierarchy , discipline , and obedience . These values were enforced with laws regulating the private life of an individual . The laws were applied in particular to the upper classes , since the upper classes were the source of Roman moral examples . Rome became the ruler of a great Mediterranean empire . The new provinces brought wealth to Italy , and fortunes were made through mineral concessions and enormous slave run estates . Slaves were imported to Italy and wealthy landowners soon began to buy up and displace the original peasant farmers . By the late 2nd century this led to renewed conflict between the rich and poor and demands from the latter for reform of constitution . The background of social unease and the inability of the traditional republican constitutions to adapt to the needs of the growing empire led to the rise of a series of over-mighty generals , championing the cause of either the rich or the poor , in the last century BCE . Transition to Empire ( edit ) See also : History of the Roman Empire A fragment of a bronze equestrian order statue of Augustus , Roman Emperor , 1st century AD . Over the next few hundred years , various generals would bypass or overthrow the Senate for various reasons , mostly to address perceived injustices , either against themselves or against poorer citizens or soldiers . One of those generals was Julius Caesar , where he marched on Rome and took supreme power over the republic . Caesar 's career was cut short by his assassination at Rome in 44 BCE by a group of Senators including Marcus Junius Brutus . In the power vacuum that followed Caesar 's assassination , his friend and chief lieutenant , Marcus Antonius , and Caesar 's grandnephew Octavian who also was the adopted son of Caesar , rose to prominence . Their combined strength gave the triumvirs absolute power . However , in 31 BC war between the two broke out . The final confrontation occurred on 2 September 31 BCE , at the naval Battle of Actium where the fleet of Octavian under the command of Agrippa routed Antony 's fleet . Thereafter , there was no one left in the Roman Republic who wanted to , or could stand against Octavian , and the adopted son of Caesar moved to take absolute control . Octavian left the majority of Republican institutions intact , though he influenced everything using personal authority and ultimately controlled the final decisions , having military might to back up his rule if necessary . By 27 BCE the transition , though subtle , disguised , and relying on personal power over the power of offices , was complete . In that year , Octavian offered back all his powers to the Senate , and in a carefully staged way , the Senate refused and titled Octavian Augustus -- `` the revered one '' . He was always careful to avoid the title of rex -- `` king '' , and instead took on the titles of princeps -- `` first citizen '' and imperator , a title given by Roman troops to their victorious commanders . The Roman Empire and late antiquity ( edit ) The Roman Empire had been born . Once Octavian named Tiberius as his heir , it was clear to everyone that even the hope of a restored Republic was dead . Most likely , by the time Augustus died , no one was old enough to know a time before an Emperor ruled Rome . The Roman Republic had been changed into a despotic régime , which , underneath a competent and strong Emperor , could achieve military supremacy , economic prosperity , and a genuine peace , but under a weak or incompetent one saw its glory tarnished by cruelty , military defeats , revolts , and civil war . The Roman Empire was eventually divided between the Western Roman Empire which fell in 476 AD and the Eastern Roman Empire ( also called the Byzantine Empire ) which lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD . The Germanic tribal thing assemblies described by Tacitus in his Germania . The Christian Church well into the 6th century AD had its bishops elected by popular acclaim . The collegia of the Roman period : associations of various social , economic , religious , funerary and even sportive natures elected officers yearly , often directly modeled on the Senate of Rome . Institutions in the medieval era ( edit ) Further information : Medieval commune Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker is teaching the Swedish king Olof Skötkonung that the power resides with the people , 1018 , Uppsala , by C. Krogh . Most of the procedures used by modern democracies are very old . Almost all cultures have at some time had their new leaders approved , or at least accepted , by the people ; and have changed the laws only after consultation with the assembly of the people or their leaders . Such institutions existed since before the times of the Iliad or of the Odyssey , and modern democracies are often derived from or inspired by them , or what remained of them . Nevertheless , the direct result of these institutions was not always a democracy . It was often a narrow oligarchy , as in Venice , or even an absolute monarchy , as in Florence , in the Renaissance period ; but during the medieval period guild democracies did evolve . Early institutions included : The continuations of the early Germanic thing : The Witenagemot ( folkmoot ) of Early Medieval England , councils of advisors to the kings of the petty kingdoms and then that of a unified England before the Norman Conquest . The Frankish custom of the Märzfeld or Camp of Mars . In the Iberian Peninsula , in Portuguese , and Castillian customs , cortes were periodically convened to debate the state of the Realms . Tynwald , on the Isle of Man , is the oldest continuous parliament in the world , which began in 979 , although its roots go further back to the late 9th century . Tynwald was also the first place to offer universal suffrage in 1893 . The Althing , the parliament of the Icelandic Commonwealth , founded in 930 . It consisted of the 39 , later 55 , goðar ; each owner of a goðarð ; and each hereditary goði kept a tight hold on his membership , which could in principle be lent or sold . Thus , for example , when Burnt Njal 's stepson wanted to enter it , Njal had to persuade the Althing to enlarge itself so a seat would become available . But as each independent farmer in the country could choose what goði represented him , the system could be claimed as an early form of democracy . The Alþing has run nearly continuously to the present day . The Althing was preceded by less elaborate `` things '' ( assemblies ) all over Northern Europe . The Thing of all Swedes , which took place annually at Uppsala at the end of February or in early March . As in Iceland , the lawspeaker presided over the assemblies , but the Swedish king functioned as a judge . A famous incident took place circa 1018 , when King Olof Skötkonung wanted to pursue the war against Norway against the will of the people . Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker reminded the king in a long speech that the power resided with the Swedish people and not with the king . When the king heard the din of swords beating the shields in support of Þorgnýr 's speech , he gave in . Adam of Bremen wrote that the people used to obey the king only when they thought his suggestions seemed better , although in war his power was absolute . The Swiss Landsgemeinde . The election of Uthman in the Rashidun Caliphate ( 7th century ) . The election of Gopala in the Pala Empire ( 8th century ) . The túatha system in early medieval Ireland . Landowners and the masters of a profession or craft were members of a local assembly , known as a túath . Each túath met in annual assembly which approved all common policies , declared war or peace on other tuatha , and accepted the election of a new `` king '' ; normally during the old king 's lifetime , as a tanist . The new king had to be descended within four generations from a previous king , so this usually became , in practice , a hereditary kingship ; although some kingships alternated between lines of cousins . About 80 to 100 túatha coexisted at any time throughout Ireland . Each túath controlled a more or less compact area of land which it could pretty much defend from cattle - raids , and this was divided among its members . The Ibadites of Oman , a minority sect distinct from both Sunni and Shia Muslims , have traditionally chosen their leaders via community - wide elections of qualified candidates starting in the 8th century . They were distinguished early on in the region by their belief that the ruler needed the consent of the ruled . The leader exercised both religious and secular rule . The guilds , of economic , social and religious natures , in the later Middle Ages elected officers for yearly terms . The city - states ( republics ) of medieval Italy , as Venice and Florence , and similar city - states in Switzerland , Flanders and the Hanseatic league had not a modern democratic system but a guild democratic system . The Italian cities in the middle medieval period had `` lobbies war '' democracies without institutional guarantee systems ( a full developed balance of powers ) . During late medieval and renaissance periods , Venice became an oligarchy and others became `` Signorie '' . They were , in any case in late medieval times , not nearly as democratic as the Athenian - influenced city - states of Ancient Greece ( discussed above ) , but they served as focal points for early modern democracy . Veche , Wiec -- popular assemblies in Slavic countries . In Poland wiece have developed in 1182 into the Sejm -- the Polish parliament . The veche was the highest legislature and judicial authority in the republics of Novgorod until 1478 and Pskov until 1510 . The elizate system of the Basque Country in which farmholders of a rural area connected to a particular church would meet to reach decisions on issues affecting the community and to elect representatives to the provincial Batzar Nagusiak / Juntos Generales . The rise of democratic parliaments in England and Scotland : Magna Carta ( 1215 ) limiting the authority of powerholders ; first representative parliament ( 1265 ) . The Magna Carta implicitly supported what became the English writ of habeas corpus , safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal . The emergence of petitioning in the 13th century is some of the earliest evidence of this parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people . Indigenous peoples of the Americas ( edit ) See also : Great Law of Peace § Influence on the United States Constitution Historian Jack Weatherford has argued that the ideas leading to the United States Constitution and democracy derived from various indigenous peoples of the Americas including the Iroquois . Weatherford claimed this democracy was founded between the years 1000 -- 1450 , and lasted several hundred years , and that the U.S. democratic system was continually changed and improved by the influence of Native Americans throughout North America . Temple University professor of anthropology and an authority on the culture and history of the Northern Iroquois Elizabeth Tooker has reviewed these claims and concluded they are myth rather than fact . The idea that North American Indians had a democratic culture is several decades old , but not usually expressed within historical literature . The relationship between the Iroquois League and the Constitution is based on a portion of a letter written by Benjamin Franklin and a speech by the Iroquois chief Canasatego in 1744 . Tooker concluded that the documents only indicate that some groups of Iroquois and white settlers realized the advantages of a confederation , and that ultimately there is little evidence to support the idea that eighteenth century colonists were knowledgeable regarding the Iroquois system of governance . What little evidence there is regarding this system indicates chiefs of different tribes were permitted representation in the Iroquois League council , and this ability to represent the tribe was hereditary . The council itself did not practice representative government , and there were no elections ; deceased chiefs ' successors were selected by the most senior woman within the hereditary lineage in consultation with other women in the clan . Decision making occurred through lengthy discussion and decisions were unanimous , with topics discussed being introduced by a single tribe . Tooker concludes that `` ... there is virtually no evidence that the framers borrowed from the Iroquois '' and that the myth that this was the case is the result of exaggerations and misunderstandings of a claim made by Iroquois linguist and ethnographer J.N.B. Hewitt after his death in 1937 . The Aztecs also practiced elections , but the elected officials elected a supreme speaker , not a ruler . Rise of democracy in modern National governments ( edit ) Early modern era milestones ( edit ) The election of Augustus II at Wola , outside Warsaw , Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , in 1697 . Painted by Bernardo Bellotto . Norman Davies notes that Golden Liberty , the Nobles ' Democracy ( Rzeczpospolita Szlachecka ) arose in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth . This foreshadowed a democracy of about ten percent of the population of the Commonwealth , consisting of the nobility , who were an electorate for the office of the King . They observed Nihil novi of 1505 , Pacta conventa and King Henry 's Articles ( 1573 ) . See also : Szlachta history and political privileges , Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , Organisation and politics of the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Case of Proclamations ( 1610 ) in England decided that `` the King by his proclamation or other ways can not change any part of the common law , or statute law , or the customs of the realm '' and that `` the King hath no prerogative , but that which the law of the land allows him . '' Dr. Bonham 's Case ( 1610 ) , decided that `` in many cases , the common law will control Acts of Parliament '' . The Virginia House of Burgesses , established in 1619 , is the first representative legislative body in the New World . The Mayflower Compact , signed in 1620 , an agreement between the Pilgrims , on forming a government between themselves , based on majority rule . Petition of Right ( 1628 ) passed by the Parliament of England . It established , among other things , the illegality of taxation without parliamentary consent and of arbitrary imprisonment . The idea of the political party with factions took form in Britain around the time of the English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) . Soldiers from the Parliamentarian New Model Army and a faction of Levellers freely debated rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647 . The Levellers published a newspaper ( The Moderate ) and pioneered political petitions , pamphleteering and party colours . Later , the pre-war Royalist ( then Cavalier ) and opposing Parliamentarian groupings became the Tory party and the Whigs in the Parliament . English Act of Habeas Corpus ( 1679 ) , safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal ; one of the documents integral to the constitution of the United Kingdom and the history of the parliament of the United Kingdom . William Penn wrote his Frame of Government of Pennsylvania in 1682 . The document gave the colony a representative legislature and granted liberal freedoms to the colony 's citizens . A bill of rights is enacted by the Parliament of England in 1689 . The Bill of Rights 1689 set out the requirement for regular parliaments , free elections , rules for freedom of speech in Parliament , and limited the power of the monarch . It ensured ( with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ) that , unlike much of the rest of Europe , royal absolutism would not prevail . Eighteenth and nineteenth century milestones ( edit ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen approved by the National Assembly of France , 26 August 1789 . 1707 : The first Parliament of Great Britain is established after the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland under the Acts of Union 1707 . From around 1721 , Robert Walpole , regarded as the first prime minister of Great Britain , chaired cabinet meetings , appointed all other ministers , and developed the doctrine of cabinet solidarity . 1755 : The Corsican Republic led by Pasquale Paoli with the Corsican Constitution From the late 1770s : new Constitutions and Bills explicitly describing and limiting the authority of powerholders , many based on the English Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) . Historian Norman Davies calls the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth Constitution of May 3 , 1791 `` the first constitution of its kind in Europe '' . The United States : the Founding Fathers rejected ' democracy ' as defined by the Greeks , preferring instead ' a natural aristocracy ' , whereby only the landed gentry were entitled to a place in Congress . The Americans , as with the English , took their cue from the Roman republic model : only the patrician classes were involved in government . 1776 : Virginia Declaration of Rights United States Constitution ratified in 1788 , created bicameral legislature with members of the House of Representatives elected `` by the People of the several states , '' and members of the Senate elected by the state legislatures . 1791 : the United States Bill of Rights ratified . 1790s : First Party System in U.S. involves invention of locally rooted political parties in the United States ; networks of party newspapers ; new canvassing techniques ; use of caucus to select candidates ; fixed party names ; party loyalty ; party platform ( Jefferson 1799 ) ; 1800 : peaceful transition between parties 1780s : development of social movements identifying themselves with the term ' democracy ' : Political clashes between ' aristocrats ' and ' democrats ' in Benelux countries changed the semi-negative meaning of the word ' democracy ' in Europe , which was until then regarded as synonymous with anarchy , into a much more positive opposite of ' aristocracy ' . 1789 -- 1799 : the French Revolution Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen adopted on 26 August 1789 which declared that `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights '' and proclaimed the universal character of human rights . Universal male suffrage established for the election of the National Convention in September 1792 , but revoked by the Directory in 1795 . Slavery abolished in the French colonies by the National Convention on 4 February 1794 , with Black people made equal to White people ( `` All men , without distinction of color , residing in the colonies are French citizens and will enjoy all the rights assured by the Constitution '' ) . Slavery was re-established by Napoleon in 1802 . The establishment of universal male suffrage in France in 1848 was an important milestone in the history of democracy . 1791 : The Haitian Revolution a successful slave revolution , established a free republic . The United Kingdom 1807 : The Slave Trade Act banned the trade across the British Empire after which the U.K. established the Blockade of Africa and enacted international treaties to combat foreign slave traders . 1832 : The passing of the Reform Act , which gave representation to previously under represented urban areas in the U.K. and extended the voting franchise to a wider population . 1833 : The Slavery Abolition Act was passed , which took effect across the British Empire from 1 August 1834 . 1820 : First Cortes Gerais in Portugal under a Constitutional Charter . 1835 Serbia 's first modern constitution 1848 : Universal male suffrage was definitely established in France in March of that year , in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848 . 1848 : Following the French , the Revolutions of 1848 , although in many instances forcefully put down , did result in democratic constitutions in some other European countries , among them Denmark and Netherlands . 1850s : introduction of the secret ballot in Australia ; 1872 in UK ; 1892 in USA 1853 : Black Africans given the vote for the first time in Southern Africa , in the British - administered Cape Province . 1870 : USA -- 15th Amendment to the Constitution , prohibits voting rights discrimination on the basis of race , colour , or previous condition of slavery . 1878 - 80 : William Ewart Gladstone 's UK Midlothian campaign ushered in the modern political campaign . 1893 : New Zealand is the first nation to introduce universal suffrage by awarding the vote to women ( universal male suffrage had been in place since 1879 ) . 1905 : Persian Constitutional Revolution , first parliamentary system in middle east . The secret ballot ( edit ) Main article : Secret ballot A British secret ballot paper , 1880 The notion of a secret ballot , where one is entitled to the privacy of their votes , is taken for granted by most today by virtue of the fact that it is simply considered the norm . However , this practice was highly controversial in the 19th century ; it was widely argued that no man would want to keep his vote secret unless he was ashamed of it . The two earliest systems used were the Victorian method and the South Australian method . Both were introduced in 1856 to voters in Victoria and South Australia . The Victorian method involved voters crossing out all the candidates whom he did not approve of . The South Australian method , which is more similar to what most democracies use today , had voters put a mark in the preferred candidate 's corresponding box . The Victorian voting system also was not completely secret , as it was traceable by a special number . The stone inscriptions in a temple say that ballot elections were held in South India by a method called Kudavolai system . Kudavolai means the ballot sheet of leaf that was put secretly in a pot vessel called `` kudam '' . The details are found inscribed on the walls of the village assembly hall . Actually , the once village - assembly hall is the present temple . The details show that the village had a secret ballot electoral system and a written Constitution , prescribing the mode of elections . Waves of democracy in the 20th century ( edit ) The three 20th century waves of democracy , based on the number of nations 1800 -- 2003 scoring 8 or higher on Polity IV scale , another widely used measure of democracy . The end of the First World War was a temporary victory for democracy in Europe , as it was preserved in France and temporarily extended to Germany . Already in 1906 full modern democratic rights , universal suffrage for all citizens was implemented constitutionally in Finland as well as a proportional representation , open list system . Likewise , the February Revolution in Russia in 1917 inaugurated a few months of liberal democracy under Alexander Kerensky until Lenin took over in October . The terrible economic impact of the Great Depression hurt democratic forces in many countries . The 1930s became a decade of dictators in Europe and Latin America . The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 granted full U.S. citizenship to America 's indigenous peoples , called `` Indians '' in this Act . ( The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees citizenship to persons born in the U.S. , but only if `` subject to the jurisdiction thereof '' ; this latter clause excludes certain indigenous peoples . ) The act was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on 2 June 1924 . The act further enfranchised the rights of peoples resident within the boundaries of the United States . Post-world war II ( edit ) World War II was ultimately a victory for democracy in Western Europe , where representative governments were established that reflected the general will of their citizens . However , many countries of Central and Eastern Europe became undemocratic Soviet satellite states . In Southern Europe , a number of right - wing authoritarian dictatorships ( most notably in Spain and Portugal ) continued to exist . MaxRange data has defined and categorised the level of democracy and political regime type to all states and months from 1789 to this day and updating . MaxRange shows a dramatic expansion of democracy , especially from 1989 . The third wave of democracy has been successful and covered major parts of previous autocratic areas . MaxRange can show detailed correlations between success of democracy and many relevant variables , such as previous democratic history , the transitional phase and selection of institutional political system . Even though the number of democratic states has continued to grow since 2006 , the share of weaker electoral democracies has grown significantly . This is the strongest causal factor behind fragile democracies . Japan had moved towards democracy during the Taishō period during the 1920s , but it was under effective military rule in the years before and during World War II . The country adopted a new constitution during the postwar Allied occupation , with initial elections in 1946 . Decolonisation and civil rights movements ( edit ) World War II also planted seeds of democracy outside Europe and Japan , as it weakened , with the exception of the USSR and the United States , all the old colonial powers while strengthening anticolonial sentiment worldwide . Many restive colonies / possessions were promised subsequent independence in exchange for their support for embattled colonial powers during the war . The aftermath of World War II also resulted in the United Nations ' decision to partition the British Mandate into two states , one Jewish and one Arab . On 14 May 1948 the state of Israel declared independence and thus was born the first full democracy in the Middle East . Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system and universal suffrage . India became a Democratic Republic in 1950 after achieving independence from Great Britain in 1947 . After holding its first national elections in 1952 , India achieved the status of the world 's largest liberal democracy with universal suffrage which it continues to hold today . Most of the former British and French colonies were independent by 1965 and at least initially democratic ; those that were formerly part of the British Empire often adopted the Westminster parliamentary system . The process of decolonisation created much political upheaval in Africa and parts of Asia , with some countries experiencing often rapid changes to and from democratic and other forms of government . In the United States of America , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act enforced the 15th Amendment . The 24th Amendment ended poll taxing by removing all tax placed upon voting , which was a technique commonly used to restrict the African American vote . The Voting Rights Act also granted voting rights to all Native Americans , irrespective of their home state . The minimum voting age was reduced to 18 by the 26th Amendment in 1971 . Late cold war and after ( edit ) New waves of democracy swept across Southern Europe in the 1970s , as a number of right - wing nationalist dictatorships fell from power . Later , in Central and Eastern Europe in the late 1980s , the communist states in the USSR sphere of influence were also replaced with liberal democracies . Much of Eastern Europe , Latin America , East and Southeast Asia , and several Arab , central Asian and African states , and the not - yet - state that is the Palestinian Authority moved towards greater liberal democracy in the 1990s and 2000s . Countries highlighted in blue are designated `` electoral democracies '' in Freedom House 's 2017 survey `` Freedom in the World '' , covering the year 2016 . An analysis by the U.S. Government funded Freedom House shows that there was not a single liberal democracy with universal suffrage in the world in 1900 , but that in 2000 , 120 of the world 's 192 nations , or 62 % were such democracies . They count 25 nations , or 13 % of the world 's nations with `` restricted democratic practices '' in 1900 and 16 , or 8 % of the world 's nations today . They counted 19 constitutional monarchies in 1900 , forming 14 % of the world 's nations , where a constitution limited the powers of the monarch , and with some power devolved to elected legislatures , and none in the present . Other nations had , and have , various forms of non-democratic rule . While the specifics may be open to debate ( for example , New Zealand actually enacted universal suffrage in 1893 , but is discounted due to a lack of complete sovereignty and certain restrictions on the Māori vote ) , the numbers are indicative of the expansion of democracy during the twentieth century . Democracy in the 21st century ( edit ) In the 21st century , democracy movements have been seen across the world . In the Arab world , an unprecedented series of major protests occurred with citizens of Egypt , Tunisia , Bahrain , Yemen , Jordan , Syria and other countries across the MENA region demanding democratic rights . This revolutionary wave was given the term Tunisia Effect , as well as the Arab Spring . The Palestinian Authority also took action to address democratic rights . In Iran , following a highly disputed presidential vote fraught with corruption , Iranian citizens held a major series of protests calling for change and democratic rights ( see : the 2009 -- 2010 Iranian election protests and the 2011 Iranian protests ) . The 2003 US - led invasion of Iraq led to a toppling of Saddam Hussein and a new constitution with free and open elections . In Asia , the country of Burma ( also known as Myanmar ) had long been ruled by a military junta ; however , in 2011 , the government changed to allow certain voting rights and released democracy - leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest . However , Burma still will not allow Suu Kyi to run for election and still has major human rights problems and not full democratic rights . In Bhutan , in December 2005 , the 4th King Jigme Singye Wangchuck announced that the first general elections would be held in 2008 , and that he would abdicate the throne in favor of his eldest son . Bhutan is currently undergoing further changes to allow for a constitutional monarchy . In the Maldives , protests and political pressure led to a government reform which allowed democratic rights and presidential elections in 2008 . Contemporary trends ( edit ) Further information : E-democracy Under the influence of the theory of deliberative democracy , there have been several experiments since the start of the new millennium with what are called deliberative fora , places ( in real life or in cyber space ) where citizens and their representatives assemble to exchange reasons . One type of deliberative forum is called a minpublic : a body of randomly chosen or actively selected citizens that represents the whole population . The use of random selection to form a representative deliberative body is known as sortition . Examples of this are citizens ' assemblies and citizens ' juries . Citizens ' assemblies have been used in Canada ( 2004 , 2006 ) and the Netherlands ( 2006 ) to debate electoral reform , and in Iceland ( 2009 and 2010 ) for broader constitutional change . See also ( edit ) Important documents and milestones ( edit ) Magna Carta of 1215 English Bill of Rights of 1689 Corsican Constitution of 1755 ( see Pasquale Paoli ) Swedish Constitution of 1772 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 United States Constitution of 1789 Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 Indian Constitution of 1950 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1968 Important figures in the history of democracy ( edit ) Aristotle B.R. Ambedkar Edmund Burke Cornelius Castoriadis Anders Chydenius Oliver Cromwell Samuel P. Huntington Thomas Jefferson Martin Luther King , Jr . Hugo Kołłątaj Abraham Lincoln John Locke Niccolò Machiavelli James Madison Nelson Mandela John Stuart Mill John Stewart Karl Marx Simon de Montfort Thomas Paine Pasquale Paoli Plato Cola di Rienzo Maximilien Robespierre Jean - Jacques Rousseau Charles de Secondat , Baron de Montesquieu Amartya Sen Alexis de Tocqueville John Wilkes Woodrow Wilson Notes ( edit ) ^ i : Literature about the Athenian democracy spans over centuries with the earliest works being The Republic of Plato and Politics of Aristotle , continuing with Discourses of Niccolò Machiavelli . The latest , listed in the References section , include works from scholars such as J. Dunn , J. Ober , T. Buckley , J. Thorley and E.W. Robinson , who examine the origins and the reasons of Athens being the first to developed a sophisticated system of rule that we today call democracy . Despite its flaws ( slavery , no women 's rights ) it is often considered the closest to the ideal democracy and called as classical democracy . It is often compared with modern ( representative ) democracies . ^ ii : The ancient Greeks did not have a word to use for `` rights '' . ^ iii : The United States of America was and is , a republic , not a direct democracy . A direct democracy can be defined as a form of government in which the people decide matters directly , with prime example the Athenian democracy . A democratic republic , is a form of government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them and governing according to law . The delegates who wrote the Constitution were fearful of direct democracy ; in the words of James Madison : `` ( D ) emocracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention : have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property : and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths . '' Nevertheless , the framers recognized that the public is required to impose a check to the government , in Madison words : `` dependence on the people is , no doubt , the primary control on the government '' . By popular usage , however , the word `` democracy '' came to mean a form of government in which the government derives its power from the people and is accountable to them for the use of that power . In this sense the United States can be called a democratic republic . Many states allow for policy questions to be decided directly by the people by voting on ballot initiatives or referendums . ( Initiatives originate with , or are initiated by , the people while referendums originate with , or are referred to the people by a state 's legislative body . ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` democracy , n . '' . OED Online . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Morris I . The Measure Of Civilization : How Social Development Decides The Fate Of Nations ( e-book ) . Princeton : Princeton University Press ; 2013 . Available from : eBook Academic Collection ( EBSCOhost ) , Ipswich , MA . Accessed May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , M. ( 1993 ) . Dictatorship , Democracy , and Development . American Political Science Review , 87 ( 03 ) , 567 - 576 . Jump up ^ Olson , M. ( 1993 ) . Dictatorship , Democracy , and Development . American Political Science Review , 87 ( 03 ) , 567 - 576 . Jump up ^ Political System Encyclopædia Britannica Online ^ Jump up to : Democracy Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Robinson , 1997 , pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Jacobsen , 1943 , pp. 159 -- 172 Jump up ^ Isakhan , B. ( 2007 ) . Engaging `` Primitive Democracy , '' Mideast Roots of Collective Governance . Middle East Policy , 14 ( 3 ) , 97 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Bailkey , 1967 , pp. 1211 -- 1236 Jump up ^ Robinson , 1997 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Diodorus 2.39 Jump up ^ Larsen , 1973 , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ de Sainte , 2006 , pp. 321 -- 3 Jump up ^ Robinson , 1997 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Robinson , 1997 , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Bongard - Levin , 1996 , pp. 61 -- 106 ^ Jump up to : Sharma 1968 , pp. 109 -- 22 Jump up ^ Trautmann T.R. , Kautilya and the Arthra ' shastra , Leiden 1971 Jump up ^ Ostwald 2000 , pp. 21 -- 25 Jump up ^ Cartledge 2001 , p. xii , 276 ^ Jump up to : Dunn , 1994 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Plato , Laws , 712e - d ^ Jump up to : Aristotle , Politics , 1294b Jump up ^ Pomeroy , 1999 , pp. 149 -- 153 Jump up ^ Buckley , 1996 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Rhodes 1981 , pp. 498 -- 502 Jump up ^ Lycurgus Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Raaflaub 2007 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Buckley , 1996 , pp. 65 -- 85 Jump up ^ Pomeroy , 1999 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Pomeroy , 1999 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Raaflaub 2007 , pp. 40 -- 1 Jump up ^ Pomeroy , 1999 , pp. 159 -- 164 Jump up ^ Raaflaud , 2007 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Raaflaud , 2007 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Pomeroy , 1999 , pp. 164 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Solon , Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Robinson , 2003 , pp. 54 -- 5 , 76 -- 98 Jump up ^ Raaflaud , 2007 , pp. 60 -- 8 Jump up ^ Robinson , 2003 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Raaflaud , 2007 , pp. 67 -- 72 Jump up ^ Peisistratus Encyclopædia Britannica Online ^ Jump up to : Cleisthenes Of Athens Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Buckley , 1996 , pp. 138 -- 140 Jump up ^ Raaflaud , 2007 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Raaflaud , 2007 pp. 144 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Clarke , 2001 , pp. 194 -- 201 Jump up ^ Ober , 2008 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Raaflaub , 2008 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War , 2.37. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ M.H. Hansen , J.A. Crook , The Athenian democracy in the age of Demosthenes , University of Oklahoma Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3143 - 8 , Google Books link Jump up ^ L. Carson , B. Martin , Random Selection in Politics , Greenwood Publishing Group , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 275 - 96702 - 6 , Google Books link Jump up ^ Exception was Boule of 500 , where the poor could refuse . Jump up ^ Boule ( Ancient Greek Council ) Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Powell , 2001 , pp. 300 -- 4 Jump up ^ Raafaub , 2007 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Hall , Peter ( 1999 ) . Cities in Civilisation . London : Orion . p. 24 . ISBN 9780753808153 . Jump up ^ Aristotle , Politics. 1317b ( Book 6 , Part II ) Jump up ^ Plato , Republic Jump up ^ Aristotle , Politics ^ Jump up to : Seminar Notes by Prof. Paul Cartledge at University of Cambridge , The Socratics ' Sparta And Rousseau 's Institute of Historical Research Jump up ^ Hansen , ( 1992 ) , pp. 14 -- 30 Jump up ^ Ober , 1996 , pp. 15 -- 6 Jump up ^ Watson , 2005 , p. 285 Jump up ^ Livy , 2002 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Watson , 2005 , p. 271 ^ Jump up to : Livy , 2002 , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Durant , 1942 , p. 23 Jump up ^ This view was already ancient when Polybius brought it to bear on Rome ( Walbank 2002 : 281 ) . Jump up ^ Balot , 2009 , p. 194 ^ Jump up to : Balot , 2009 , p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Liv 1.43. 11 Jump up ^ Dion . Ant . Rom. 4.20. 5 Jump up ^ Polyb . 6.51 Jump up ^ Balot , 2009 , pp. 164 -- 5 Jump up ^ Balot , 2009 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Gibbon The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , chapters XLIX , LII ; pp. 1685 , 1857 Heritage Club edition ( 1946 ) . For a recent view , see David Nicolle ; Carolingian cavalryman , AD 768 -- 987 , p. 45 ff . Intermediate sources tend to be colored by the `` Free institutions of our Germanic ancestors '' meme . Jump up ^ Burnt Njal 's Saga , tr . Magnus Magnusson , introduction . Jump up ^ JRC Carter , Tribes in Oman , pg. 103 . London : Peninsular Publishers , 1982 . ISBN 0907151027 ^ Jump up to : A Country Study : Oman , chapter 6 Oman -- Government and Politics , section : Historical Patterns of Governance . US Library of Congress , 1993 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 28 Jump up ^ Donald Hawley , Oman , pg. 201 . Jubilee edition . Kensington : Stacey International , 1995 . ISBN 0905743636 Jump up ^ Kasper , M. Baskische Geschichte Primus : 1997 Jump up ^ `` Origins and growth of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Citizen or Subject ? '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherford , J. McIver ( 1988 ) . Indian givers : how the Indians of the Americas transformed the world . New York : Fawcett Columbine . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 449 - 90496 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Tooker E ( 1990 ) . `` The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League '' . In Clifton JA . The Invented Indian : cultural fictions and government policies . New Brunswick , N.J. , U.S.A : Transaction Publishers . pp. 107 -- 128 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 745 - 1 . Jump up ^ Professor Norman Davies on the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth -- the Noble Democracy , which deliberately wanted to avoid an Emperor Jump up ^ See for example Chapters 1 -- 2 in Maciej Janowski , Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918 : Before 1918 , Central European University Press , 2004 , ISBN 963 - 9241 - 18 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Charles I and the Petition of Right '' . UK Parliament . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's unwritten constitution '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . The key landmark is the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown ... The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch 's prerogatives , providing for the regular meeting of Parliament , free elections to the Commons , free speech in parliamentary debates , and some basic human rights , most famously freedom from ' cruel or unusual punishment ' . Jump up ^ `` Citizenship 1625 - 1789 '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Dr Andrew Blick and Professor George Jones -- No 10 guest historian series , Prime Ministers and No. 10 ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` The Institution of Prime Minister '' . Government of the United Kingdom : History of Government Blog . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Byrum E. ( 2015 ) ( 1955 ) . `` The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister '' . Office of the Prime Minister . Princeton University Press . pp. 22 -- 25 . ISBN 9781400878260 . Jump up ^ Davies , Norman ( 1996 ) . Europe : A History . Oxford University Press . p. 699 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820171 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Equality : John Adams to Thomas Jefferson '' . press-pubs.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Center for History and New Media , George Mason University . `` Decree of the National Convention of 4 February 1794 , Abolishing Slavery in all the Colonies '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ French National Assembly . `` 1848 '' Désormais le bulletin de vote doit remplacer le fusil `` '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.hh.se/english/schoolofeducationhumanitiesandsocialsciences/research/maxrange.65441985_en.html Jump up ^ Rummel 1997 , p. 257 . `` A current list of liberal democracies includes : Andorra , Argentina , ... , Cyprus , ... , Israel , ... '' Jump up ^ `` Global Survey 2006 : Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom '' . Freedom House ( 2005 - 12 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2007 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World '' . University of Cambridge . 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Freedom in The World report , 2017 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Freedom House . 1999 . `` Democracy 's Century : A Survey of Global Political Change in the 20th Century . '' Jump up ^ Robinson , 1997 , pp. 24 -- 5 Jump up ^ Thorley , 1996 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Dunn , 2006 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Strauss , 1994 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Cartledge , 1994 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Ober , 1996 , p. 107 Jump up ^ The Federalist No. 10 Jump up ^ The Federalist No. 51 References ( edit ) Primary Sources Aristotle ( 1912 ) . Politics . translated by William Ellis . Wikisource . Diodorus Siculus ( 1814 ) . Historical Library . translated by G. Booth . Wikisource . Plato . The Republic . translated by Benjamin Jowett . Wikisource . Livy ( 1905 ) . From the Founding of the City . translated by Rev. Canon Roberts . Wikisource . Prints Balot , R.K. ( 2009 ) . A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5143 - 9 . Bongard - Levin , G.M. ( 1986 ) . A complex study of Ancient India . South Asia Books . ISBN 81 - 202 - 0141 - 8 . Buckley , T. ( 1996 ) . Aspects of Greek History 750 -- 323 BC : A Source - based Approach . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09958 - 7 . Cartledge , P. ( 2003 ) . Spartan reflections . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23124 - 4 . Clarke , P. ; Foweraker , J. ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 19396 - 6 . Dahl , R. ; Shapiro , I. ; Cheibub , C.A. ( 2003 ) . The Democracy Sourcebook . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 54147 - 5 . Dunn , J. ( 1994 ) . Democracy : the unfinished journey 508 BC -- 1993 AD . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 827934 - 5 . Dunn , J. ( 2006 ) . Democracy : a history . Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 0 - 87113 - 931 - 6 . Durant , W. ( 1942 ) . The Story of Civilization . Simon and Schuster . Heideking , J. ; Henretta , J.A. ; Becker , P. ( 2002 ) . Republicanism and Liberalism in America and the German States , 1750 -- 1850 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80066 - 8 . Keane , J. ( 2004 ) . Violence and Democracy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54544 - 7 . Keyssar , A. ( 2001 ) . The Right to Vote : The Contested History of Democracy in the United States . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02969 - 8 . Lijphart , A. ( 1999 ) . Patterns of Democracy . Government Forms and Performance in Thirty - Six Countries . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07893 - 5 . Livy ; De Sélincourt , A. ; Ogilvie , R.M. ; Oakley , S.P. ( 2002 ) . The early history of Rome : books I-V of The history of Rome from its foundations . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044809 - 8 . Macpherson , C.B. ( 1977 ) . The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 289106 - 5 . Manglapus , R.S. ( 1987 ) . Will of the People : Original Democracy in Non-Western Societies . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25837 - 6 . Ober , , J. ; Hedrick , C.W. ( 1996 ) . Dēmokratia : a conversation on democracies , ancient and modern . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01108 - 7 . Ober , , J. ( 2008 ) . Democracy and knowledge : innovation and learning in classical Athens . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13347 - 6 . Ostwald , M. ( 2000 ) . Oligarchia : The Development of a Constitutional Form in Ancient Greece . Franz Steiner Verlag . ISBN 3 - 515 - 07680 - 8 . Pomeroy , S.B. ; Burstein , S.M. ; Donlan , W. ; Roberts , J.T. ( 1999 ) . Ancient Greece : A Political , Social , and Cultural History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509742 - 4 . Powell , A. ( 2001 ) . Athens and Sparta : Constructing Greek Political and Social History from 478 BC . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26280 - 1 . Raaflaub , K.A. ; Ober , J. ; Wallace , R.W. ( 2007 ) . Origin of Democracy in Ancient Greece . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24562 - 8 . Robinson , E.W. ( 1997 ) . The First Democracies : Early Popular Government Outside Athens . Franz Steiner Verlag . ISBN 3 - 515 - 06951 - 8 . Robinson , E.W. ( 2003 ) . Ancient Greek Democracy : Readings and Sources . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 23394 - 6 . de Sainte , C.G.E.M. ( 2006 ) . The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1442 - 3 . Sharma , J.P. ( 1968 ) . Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . Thorley , J. ( 1996 ) . Athenian Democracy . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12967 - 2 . Journals Bailkey , N. ( July 1967 ) . `` Early Mesopotamian Constitutional Development '' . American History Review . 72 ( 4 ) : 1211 -- 1236 . JSTOR 1847791 . doi : 10.2307 / 1847791 . Cartledge , P. ( Apr 1994 ) . `` Ancient Greeks and Modern Britons '' . History Today . 44 ( 4 ) : 27 . Hansen , M.H. ( Apr 1992 ) . `` The Tradition of the Athenian Democracy A.D. 1750 -- 1990 '' . Greece & Rome . 39 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 30 . JSTOR 643118 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017383500023950 . Jacobsen , T. ( July 1943 ) . `` Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia '' . Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 2 ( 3 ) : 159 -- 172 . doi : 10.1086 / 370672 . Larsen , J.A.O. ( Jan 1973 ) . `` Demokratia '' . Classical Philology. 68 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 46 . doi : 10.1086 / 365921 . Lipset , , S.M. ( Mar 1959 ) . `` Some Social Requisites of Democracy : Economic Development and Political Legitimacy '' . The American Political Science Review . 53 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 105 . JSTOR 1951731 . doi : 10.2307 / 1951731 . Muhlberger , S. ; Paine , P. ( Spring 1993 ) . `` Democracy 's Place in World History '' . Journal of World History . 4 : 23 -- 45 . JSTOR 20078545 . Strauss , B. ( Apr 1994 ) . `` American Democracy Through Ancient Greek Eyes '' . History Today . 44 ( 4 ) : 32 . Rhodes , P.J. ( 1981 ) . `` The Selection of Ephors at Sparta '' . Historia : Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 30 ( 4 ) : 498 -- 502 . JSTOR 4435780 . Weingast , B. ( Jun 1997 ) . `` The Political Foundations of the Rule of Law and Democracy '' . The American Political Science Review . 91 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 263 . JSTOR 2952354 . doi : 10.2307 / 2952354 . Further reading ( edit ) Charles , T. ( 2004 ) . Contention and Democracy in Europe , 1650 -- 2000 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 53713 - 4 . Corrin , J.P. ( 2002 ) . Catholic Intellectuals and the Challenge of Democracy . University of Notre Dame Press . ISBN 0 - 268 - 02271 - 2 . Diamond , L. ; Plattner , M. ( 1996 ) . The Global Resurgence of Democracy . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5305 - 2 . Kaplan , Temma . Democracy : A World History ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) Markoff , J. ( 1996 ) . Waves of Democracy . Pine Forge Press . ISBN 0803990197 . Putnam , R. ; Leonardi , R. ; Nanetti , R.Y. ( 1994 ) . Making Democracy Work : Civic Traditions in Modern Italy . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03738 - 8 . Vanhanen , T. ( 1984 ) . The Emergence of Democracy : A comparative study of 119 states , 1850 -- 1979 . Societas Scientiarum Fennica . ISBN 951 - 653 - 122 - 9 . Wood , G.S. ( 1993 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution . Vintage Books . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73688 - 3 . External links ( edit ) The Official Website of Democracy Foundation , Mumbai - INDIA Freedom House History of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , 1216 -- 2005 Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century Waves of democracy often get reversed , Lipset reminds social scientists Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_democracy&oldid=799156639 '' Categories : Political history Democracy Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Avañe'ẽ Español Français हिन्दी Italiano עברית မြန်မာဘာသာ Română Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 00 : 22 . 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when did tom brady become the starting quarterback for the new england patriots

Tom Brady

tom brady

Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr. ( born August 3 , 1977 ) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He is one of only two players to win five Super Bowls ( the other being defensive player Charles Haley ) and the only player to win them all playing for one team .

After playing college football for the University of Michigan , Brady was drafted by the Patriots in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft . In Brady 's 15 seasons as a starter , he has quarterbacked the Patriots to seven Super Bowl appearances , the most for any player in history . Brady has been honored with four Super Bowl MVP awards ( Super Bowl XXXVI , XXXVIII , XLIX , and LI ) , the most ever by a single player , has won two league MVP awards ( 2007 and 2010 ) , has been selected to 12 Pro Bowls , and has led his team to more division titles ( 14 ) than any other quarterback in NFL history . As of the end of the 2016 season , Brady is fourth all - time in career passing yards , fourth in career touchdown passes , and third in career passer rating . His career postseason record is 25 -- 9 , winning more playoff games than any other quarterback , and he has appeared in more playoff games than any player at any position . Brady has never had a losing season as a starting quarterback in the NFL . His combined regular - season and postseason wins are also the most of any quarterback in NFL history . Because of his accomplishments and accolades , many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time . Due to his late draft selection , Brady is considered to be the biggest `` steal '' in the history of the NFL Draft . For his alleged involvement in the highly publicized Deflategate football tampering scandal , Brady was suspended for the first four games of the 2016 NFL season . Subsequently , Brady went on to win Super Bowl LI and Super Bowl MVP that season . Brady has been married to Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen since 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 Statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Overview 3.2 2000 season 3.3 2001 season 3.3. 1 2001 postseason 3.4 2002 season 3.5 2003 season 3.5. 1 2003 postseason 3.6 2004 season 3.6. 1 2004 postseason 3.7 2005 season 3.7. 1 2005 postseason 3.8 2006 season 3.8. 1 2006 postseason 3.9 2007 season 3.9. 1 2007 postseason 3.10 2008 season 3.11 2009 season 3.11. 1 2009 postseason 3.12 2010 season 3.12. 1 2010 postseason 3.13 2011 season 3.13. 1 2011 postseason 3.14 2012 season 3.14. 1 2012 postseason 3.15 2013 season 3.15. 1 2013 postseason 3.16 2014 season 3.16. 1 2014 postseason 3.17 2015 season 3.17. 1 2015 offseason 3.17. 2 2015 regular season 3.17. 3 2015 postseason 3.18 2016 season 3.18. 1 2016 offseason 3.18. 2 2016 regular season 3.18. 3 2016 postseason 3.19 2017 season 3.19. 1 2017 offseason 3.19. 1.1 Concussion reports 3.19. 2 2017 regular season 4 NFL career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 4.3 Super Bowl 5 NFL records 5.1 Regular season ( career ) 5.2 Playoffs ( career ) 5.3 Super Bowl ( career ) 6 Other endeavors 7 Personal life 7.1 Politics 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life Brady was born in San Mateo , California , the only son and fourth child of Galynn Patricia ( née Johnson ) and Thomas Brady , Sr. He has three older sisters named Nancy , Julie , and Maureen . He was raised Catholic . His father is of Irish descent , while his mother has Norwegian , Polish , and Swedish ancestry and whose great - great - grandparents , John and Bridget Brady , were Irish refugees from the Great Famine who moved to San Francisco from Boston prior to the American Civil War with Bridget 's sister Ann and her husband Lawrence Meegan , who were the parents of the 19th Century American Major League Baseball player `` Steady '' Pete Meegan . Brady 's great uncle , Michael Buckley Jr. was , also , the first American prisoner of war during World War II . In the 1980s , Brady regularly attended San Francisco 49ers games at Candlestick Park , where he was a fan of quarterback Joe Montana ; since then , Brady has mentioned Montana as his idol and one of his inspirations . At the age of four , Brady attended the 1981 NFC Championship against the Dallas Cowboys , in which Montana threw The Catch to Dwight Clark . As a child , Brady attended football camp at the College of San Mateo where he learned to throw the football from camp counselor and future NFL / AFL quarterback Tony Graziani . He grew up as a Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics fan . Brady attended Junípero Serra High School in San Mateo , where he graduated in 1995 ; the ceremony was held at St. Mary 's Cathedral . He played football , basketball , and baseball in high school . He played against Bellarmine College Preparatory rival Pat Burrell in both football and baseball . Brady 's football career started as the backup quarterback on the Padres junior varsity team . At first , Brady was not good enough to start on the 0 -- 8 JV team that had not scored a touchdown all year . However , when the starting quarterback went down with an injury , he ascended to the starting position . He became the varsity starter his junior year and held the position until he graduated . By Brady 's senior year , he struggled getting on the radar of college coaches . He created highlight tapes and sent them out to schools he would consider attending . This led to strong interest from many football programs around the nation . The process of recruiting was much different during Brady 's time , and athletes ' rankings were not as prominent . In terms of recruiting in the 2000s , Brady would have been considered a Four - star quarterback . In essence , he was a highly rated prospect . Brady was also on Blue Chip Illustrated as well as a Prep Football Report All - American selection . Following his recruiting process he narrowed down his list to five main schools . `` Probably the ones that we did hear from and ultimately pared the list to were Cal - Berkeley , UCLA , USC , Michigan , and Illinois , '' his father said . As a Cal fan , his father hoped that Brady would attend the nearby Cal , where Brady was a silent commit , and be able to watch his son play . Brady was also known as a great baseball player in high school . He was a left handed hitting catcher with power . His skill set impressed MLB scouts , and he was drafted in the 18th round of the 1995 MLB Draft by the Montreal Expos . The Expos projected Brady as a potential All - Star , and offered him money typical of a late second - round or early third - round pick . Nevertheless , Brady was determined to play football at the next level . He was always more passionate about football , and when he found that there was significant interest in him , he decided to take the road of football . Brady was recruited by Michigan assistant Bill Harris , and he signed to play for the University of Michigan in 1995 . He finished his high school football career completing 236 of 447 passes for 3,702 yards and 31 touchdowns . He also won All - State and All - Far West honors as well as the team 's Most Valuable Player Award . During the summers of 1998 and 1999 , Brady was an intern at Merrill Lynch . He was inducted into the Junipero Serra High School Hall of Fame in 2003 , joining fellow Serra High graduates Barry Bonds , Lynn Swann , Gregg Jefferies , Jim Fregosi , and his older sister Maureen , among many others . When Brady revisited two weeks after Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 , school administrators announced that they had named the football stadium Brady Family Stadium . College career Brady played college football for the University of Michigan from 1995 to 1999 . He was a backup quarterback for his first two years , while teammate and future NFL quarterback Brian Griese led the 1997 Wolverines to an undefeated season , which was capped by a victory in the Rose Bowl and a share of the national championship . When he enrolled at Michigan , Brady was seventh on the depth chart , and he had an intense struggle to get some playing time . At one point , Brady hired a sports psychologist to help him cope with frustration and anxiety , and even considered transferring to California . He worked closely with assistant athletic director Greg Harden , who met with Brady every week to build his confidence and to maximize his performance on the field . Brady told 60 Minutes in 2014 : `` He will always be somebody I rely on for sound advice and mentorship . He has helped me with my own personal struggles in both athletics and in life . Greg really pushed me in a direction that I was n't sure I could go . '' Under Michigan head coach Lloyd Carr , Brady battled for the starting job with Drew Henson and ultimately started every game in the 1998 and 1999 seasons . During his first full year as starter , he set new Michigan records for most pass attempts and completions in a season , for a total of 214 . Brady was All - Big Ten honorable mention both seasons , and was the team captain in his senior year . The Wolverines won 20 of 25 games when he started , and he set a school record for completions in a 31 -- 16 loss against Ohio State in 1998 , a season in which Michigan shared the Big Ten Conference title . Brady capped that season with a 45 -- 31 win over Arkansas in the Citrus Bowl . In the 1999 season , Brady had to once again hold off Henson for the starting job . The two players platooned during the season 's first seven games , with Brady playing the first quarter , Henson the second and Carr then deciding upon a quarterback for the second half . The 1999 Michigan Wolverines started off with a 5 -- 0 record , including a 26 -- 22 win over Notre Dame , and a road win against eventual powerhouse Wisconsin . Against Michigan State , Brady was not chosen to play the second half ; however , he was reinserted into the game with Michigan down by 17 points , and he nearly led Michigan all the way back before losing 34 -- 31 . After a 300 - yard passing game the following week , Carr went exclusively with Brady for the remainder of the season . Brady went on to lead Michigan to multiple 4th - quarter comebacks , including a remarkable 31 -- 27 win against Penn State , and leading them out of a close game against Indiana , 34 -- 31 , heading into the regular season 's final game , winners of three straight , earning him the moniker of `` Comeback Kid '' . Michigan concluded the regular season against Ohio State ; this was a dramatic game with a trip to the Orange Bowl on the line . With five minutes left , tied 17 -- 17 , Brady led Michigan to the winning score . He led Michigan to an overtime win in the Orange Bowl over Alabama , throwing for 369 yards , four touchdowns , leading the team back from a pair of 14 - point deficits in regulation ( 14 -- 0 in the first half , and 28 -- 14 in the second ) . He threw the game - winning score on a bootleg to tight end Shawn Thompson . Michigan won the game when Alabama missed an extra point following its own touchdown . In the two seasons that Brady started at Michigan , he posted a 20 -- 5 record , including his two largest victories at the Citrus Bowl ( 1999 ) and the Orange Bowl ( 2000 ) . Brady finished his career ranking third in Michigan history with 710 attempts and 442 completions , fourth with 5,351 yards and 62.3 completion percentage , and fifth with 35 touchdown passes . Statistics Year Team Passing Rushing Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Michigan 5 60.0 % 26 5.2 0 63.7 -- -- -- -- 1997 Michigan 12 15 80.0 % 103 6.9 0 0 137.7 − 14 − 7.0 0 1998 Michigan 200 323 61.9 % 2,427 7.5 14 10 133.1 54 − 105 − 1.9 1999 Michigan 180 295 61.0 % 2,217 7.5 16 6 138.0 34 − 31 − 0.9 Career 395 638 61.9 % 4,773 7.5 30 17 134.9 90 − 150 − 1.7 Source : Professional career Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt 40 ‐ yd dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 ‐ ss 3 ‐ cone Vert jump Broad Wonderlic 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 211 lb ( 96 kg ) 5.24 s 1.75 s 2.99 s 4.38 s 7.20 s 24 ⁄ in ( 0.62 m ) 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) 33 All values from NFL Combine Overview This section about a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brady was a lightly regarded prospect coming out of college , and was selected by the New England Patriots with the 199th overall pick in the sixth round of 2000 NFL Draft . He has subsequently played his entire professional career with the Patriots and has enjoyed a distinguished and decorated career that includes five Super Bowl wins , four Super Bowl MVPs , and two League MVPs . As a result of his highly successful career , Brady is rated among the greatest quarterbacks of all time . In addition to his other accolades , he has been named to the Pro Bowl twelve times and led the league in passing three times . He holds numerous NFL post-season passing records , and has more post-season wins than any other quarterback . Since Brady became their starting quarterback , the Patriots have never had a losing season and have won 14 division titles . The Patriots played in eleven AFC Championship Games from 2001 to 2016 -- including six in a row from 2011 to 2016 -- and won seven of them . In his second season , Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured ; he eventually led the Patriots to victory in Super Bowl XXXVI . The Patriots would miss the playoffs the following season , but would then win back - to - back titles in 2003 and 2004 . Although Brady and the Patriots continued to be highly successful , he did not return to the Super Bowl until the 2007 season . In that season , Brady set an NFL record for touchdown passes , won his first League MVP , and led the Patriots to a 16 -- 0 regular season record . However , the Patriots were upset by the New York Giants in spectacular fashion in Super Bowl XLII . Brady missed virtually the entire following season due to a catastrophic knee injury in his first game . Brady won the National Football League Comeback Player of the Year Award in the 2009 season , and he and the Patriots continued in that and subsequent seasons to turn in strong performances , winning his second League MVP in 2010 . Brady returned to the Super Bowl in the 2011 season where once again Brady and the Patriots were upset by the New York Giants . Brady then made his sixth trip to the Super Bowl after the 2014 season ( his 15th as a professional ) where he led a memorable fourth quarter comeback over the defending champion Seattle Seahawks for his fourth Super Bowl win , and was named Super Bowl MVP for the third time . Brady missed the first four games of the 2016 season due to a suspension resulting from the Deflategate controversy , but then won 11 out of the 12 remaining regular season games and two postseason games to make his seventh and most recent Super Bowl appearance , earning his fifth Super Bowl win and fourth Super Bowl MVP title in epic fashion , coming back from a 25 - point deficit against the Atlanta Falcons midway through the third quarter to win in overtime , by far the biggest comeback in Super Bowl history . Brady led the Patriots when they set the NFL record for the longest consecutive winning streak -- that included the playoffs -- with 21 straight wins in the 2003 and 2004 seasons . He set the record for most consecutive playoff wins with 10 , and in 2007 , he led the Patriots to the first undefeated regular season since the season was expanded to 16 games . He has thrown for more passing yards and touchdowns than any quarterback in NFL postseason history , and has the sixth highest career passer rating of all time ( 96.6 ) among quarterbacks with at least 1,500 career passing attempts . Brady and Joe Montana are the only players in NFL history to win multiple NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP awards . In 2007 , he was named NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) , and the Associated Press named him Male Athlete of the Year , the first NFL player so honored since Montana in 1990 . He became the first quarterback to throw for 50 touchdowns in a season . In 2010 , he was unanimously chosen as the NFL MVP , becoming the first player since 1986 to be unanimously chosen as MVP , and was ranked as the top player in the NFL Top 100 , a poll of league players . He set the NFL record for consecutive passes without an interception ( 358 ) , and broke his own record for the highest season touchdown to interception ratio , among players who have started a full season , at 9 : 1 ( this is currently the third best TD : INT ratio for a single season by a quarterback ) . Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback - coach tandem in NFL history , winning more regular season games and postseason games than anyone else , as well as appearing in seven Super Bowls together . All of these events set new NFL records . 2000 season Brady was selected with pick # 199 , a compensatory pick , in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft . He and his family had believed that Brady would be drafted in the second or third round ; they watched the draft on television , stunned as six other quarterbacks were drafted before him . Brady was so embarrassed that he briefly left the family home during the sixth round , and cried when recalling the experience for an interview 11 years later . When the Patriots notified him that he would be drafted Brady was grateful that , he later said , he would not `` have to be an insurance salesman '' . According to Michael Holley 's book Patriot Reign , the Patriots were considering Brady and Tim Rattay , both of whom had received positive reviews from then - quarterbacks coach Dick Rehbein . Ultimately , the Patriots front office chose Brady . Considering his subsequent success , many analysts have called Brady the best NFL draft pick of all time . Brady started the season as the fourth string quarterback , behind starter Drew Bledsoe and backups John Friesz and Michael Bishop ; by season 's end , he was number two on the depth chart behind Bledsoe . During his rookie season , he was 1 - of - 3 passing , for six yards . Tight end Rod Rutledge caught Brady 's first and only completed pass of the season in a 34 -- 9 loss to the Detroit Lions on November 23 . 2001 season With Bledsoe as the starting quarterback , the Patriots opened the season with a 23 -- 17 loss at Cincinnati . In their second game and home opener on September 23 , the Patriots squared off against their AFC East rivals , the New York Jets . Bledsoe was again the starter ; in the fourth quarter , he suffered internal bleeding after a hit from Jets linebacker Mo Lewis . Bledsoe returned for the next series , but was replaced with Brady for the Patriots ' final series of the game . New York would hold on to win , 10 -- 3 , and the Patriots fell to 0 -- 2 on the season . Brady was named the starter for the season 's third game , against the Indianapolis Colts . In his first two games as starter , Brady posted unspectacular passer ratings of 79.6 and 58.7 , respectively , in a 44 -- 13 victory over the Colts ( in their last season in the AFC East ) and a 30 -- 10 loss to the Miami Dolphins . In the Patriots ' fifth game , Brady began to find his stride . Trailing the visiting San Diego Chargers 26 -- 16 in the fourth quarter , he led the Patriots on two scoring drives to force overtime , and another in overtime to set up a winning field goal . Brady finished the game with 33 pass completions on 54 attempts , for 364 yards , and two touchdowns . The following week , Brady again played well during the rematch at Indianapolis , with a passer rating of 148.3 in a 38 -- 17 win . The Patriots went on to win eleven of the fourteen games Brady started , and six straight to finish the regular season , winning the AFC East and entering the 2001 -- 02 NFL playoffs with a first - round bye . Brady finished the 2001 season with 2,843 passing yards and 18 touchdowns and earned an invitation to the 2002 Pro Bowl . 2001 postseason In Brady 's first playoff game , he threw for 312 yards against the Oakland Raiders and led the Patriots back from a ten - point fourth - quarter deficit to send the game to overtime , where they won on an Adam Vinatieri field goal . A controversial play occurred in that game . Trailing by three points in the fourth quarter , Brady lost control of the ball after being hit by Raiders ' cornerback Charles Woodson . Oakland initially recovered the ball , but , citing the `` tuck rule , '' which states that any forward throwing motion by a quarterback begins a pass even if the quarterback loses possession of the ball as he is attempting to tuck it back toward his body , referee Walt Coleman overturned the call on instant replay , ruling it an incomplete pass rather than a fumble . In the AFC Championship Game against the Pittsburgh Steelers , Brady injured his knee , and was relieved by Bledsoe . The Patriots won the game and were immediately instituted by Las Vegas oddsmakers as 14 - point underdogs against the NFC champion St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI . Brady returned from his knee injury in the AFC Championship Game to start in Super Bowl XXXVI a week later in New Orleans . Despite being heavy underdogs , the Patriots played well , holding the Rams ' high powered offense in check through the first three quarters . The Rams rallied from a 17 -- 3 deficit to tie the game with 1 : 30 left in regulation . The Patriots then got the ball back at their own 17 - yard line with no timeouts remaining . Sportscaster and former Super Bowl - winning coach John Madden said he thought the Patriots should run out the clock and try to win the game in overtime . Instead , Brady drove the Patriots ' offense down the field to the Rams ' 31 - yard line before spiking the ball with seven seconds left . Then kicker Adam Vinatieri converted a 48 - yard field goal as time expired to give the Patriots a 20 -- 17 win and their first ever league championship . Brady was named MVP of Super Bowl XXXVI while throwing for 145 yards , one touchdown , and no interceptions . At the age of 24 years and six months , Brady surpassed Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Joe Montana in Super Bowl XVI , who were both 25 years , seven months , and 13 days old at the time of their victories , to earn the title of youngest quarterback to win a Super Bowl . A possible quarterback controversy was averted when Bledsoe was traded to the Buffalo Bills during the offseason ; this event cemented Brady 's status as the starting quarterback . 2002 season Brady and the Patriots finished the year at 9 -- 7 , tied with the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins for the best record in the division ; however , the Jets won the division on the third tiebreaker , and the Patriots missed the playoffs . Though Brady posted a career - low single - season passer rating of 85.7 and a career - high of 14 interceptions , he threw for a league - leading 28 touchdown passes and 921 more yards than in the 2001 season . However , Brady played much of the second half of the season with a shoulder injury , and New England head coach Bill Belichick later indicated that Brady would not have been able to play in their first playoff game if the Patriots had made the playoffs . 2003 season After opening the 2003 NFL season with a 2 -- 2 start , Brady led the Patriots to twelve consecutive victories to finish the regular season in winning the AFC East . Statistically , Brady 's strongest game of the season was against the division rival Buffalo Bills , when he achieved a season - high quarterback rating of 122.9 . Brady finished with 3,620 passing yards and 23 touchdowns , and was third in NFL MVP voting to co-winners Peyton Manning and Steve McNair . 2003 postseason In the first two rounds of the playoffs , the Patriots defeated the Tennessee Titans and Indianapolis Colts . On February 1 , 2004 , Brady led the Patriots to a 32 -- 29 victory over the NFC champion Carolina Panthers in Super Bowl XXXVIII and was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time . During the game , Brady threw for 354 yards with three touchdowns and set the record for most completions by a quarterback in a Super Bowl with 32 . With 1 : 08 left in the fourth quarter and the score tied 29 -- 29 , Brady engineered a drive to put the Patriots in position for the game - winning 41 - yard field goal by Vinatieri . 2004 season Brady during Super Bowl XXXIX During the 2004 season , Brady helped the Patriots set an NFL record with 21 straight wins dating from the previous year , an accomplishment honored in the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( though for official records , the NFL considers it an 18 - game regular season winning streak ; it does not count playoff games ) . New England finished with a 14 -- 2 record , equaling their 2003 record and the best regular - season record ever for a defending champion . The Patriots also won the AFC East divisional title for the third time in four years . Brady threw for 3,692 yards and 28 touchdowns , with a 92.6 passer rating , and was voted to his second Pro Bowl . 2004 postseason In the AFC playoffs , Brady led the Patriots to victories over the Indianapolis Colts and the Pittsburgh Steelers . Brady played his best game of the year in Pittsburgh despite requiring intravenous treatment the previous night when he ran a temperature of 103 ° . Against the NFL 's best defense , he recorded a quarterback passer rating of 130.5 , his highest of the season . On February 6 , 2005 , the Patriots narrowly defeated the Philadelphia Eagles , 24 -- 21 , to win Super Bowl XXXIX . Brady threw for 236 yards and two touchdowns while capturing the Patriots ' third championship in four years . 2005 season During the 2005 season , injuries suffered by running backs Corey Dillon , Patrick Pass , and Kevin Faulk forced the Patriots to rely more on Brady 's passing . Brady also had to adjust to new center Russ Hochstein and running back Heath Evans . Brady finished first in the league with 4,110 passing yards and third in the league with 26 touchdowns . At 92.3 , his 2005 passer rating was the second - highest of his career at the time , although he equaled his career high for interceptions with 14 . He rushed for 89 yards and fumbled a career - low four times . He and the Patriots finished with a 10 -- 6 record , winning their third straight AFC East title . 2005 postseason In the playoffs , Brady led the Patriots to a 28 -- 3 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars in the Wild Card Round ; however , on January 14 , 2006 , the Patriots lost 27 -- 13 to the Denver Broncos at INVESCO Field . Brady threw for 341 yards in the game with one touchdown and two interceptions , in the first playoff loss of his career after ten playoff victories . After the season 's end , it was revealed that Brady had been playing with a sports hernia since December . Linebacker Willie McGinest commented on it and said he knew , but Brady continued playing . Brady on the sideline at Giants Stadium with teammates Randy Moss and Jabar Gaffney , after throwing for his record - breaking 50th passing touchdown of the 2007 season 2006 season Brady led the Patriots to a 12 -- 4 record and the fourth seed in the AFC playoffs . In the regular season , Brady threw for 3,529 yards and 24 touchdowns . He was not among the players initially selected to the Pro Bowl , although he was offered an injury - replacement selection when San Diego Chargers Philip Rivers was forced to withdraw ( which he declined ) . 2006 postseason In the postseason , the Patriots first hosted their division rivals , the New York Jets , in the Wild Card Round . The Patriots defeated the Jets 37 -- 16 , as Brady went 22 -- 34 for 212 yards and two touchdowns . In the Divisional Round , the Patriots traveled to San Diego to take on the Chargers . This was Brady 's first playoff game in his home state of California . Brady and the Patriots struggled against the Chargers , whom many had picked as favorites to win Super Bowl XLI . With eight minutes left in the fourth quarter and the Patriots down by eight points , Brady and the Patriots started a key drive that would ultimately decide the game . After a 49 - yard pass play to wide receiver Reche Caldwell , a Stephen Gostkowski field goal gave the Patriots a 24 -- 21 win . In the AFC Championship , the Patriots faced the Indianapolis Colts . The Patriots and Colts had faced each other twice in the previous three postseasons at Foxborough ; this game , however , was played at Indianapolis . The Patriots led at halftime , 21 -- 6 ; however , the Colts and Peyton Manning staged a comeback , culminating in a last minute interception thrown by Brady , and the Patriots lost the game to the Colts , 34 -- 38 . 2007 season Playing with a dramatically overhauled receiver corps -- in the 2007 offseason , the Patriots acquired wide receivers Donté Stallworth , Wes Welker , Kelley Washington , and Randy Moss ; tight end Kyle Brady ; and running back Sammy Morris -- Brady enjoyed what some sportswriters described as one of the best seasons by a quarterback . The average score of a 2007 Patriots regular - season game would be 37 -- 17 by the end of the year . Brady led the Patriots to the first 16 -- 0 regular - season record in league history , outscoring opponents by more than a 2 - to - 1 margin , but also attained numerous career , franchise , and NFL records and milestones in the process . While away at Dallas , he had a career - high five passing touchdowns in a 48 -- 27 win . The win tied him with Cowboys Hall of Fame quarterback Roger Staubach for the most wins ever by a starting quarterback in his first 100 regular - season games , with 76 . The next week , in part of a 49 -- 28 win at Miami , he had yet another record day , with six passing touchdowns , setting a franchise record . He also had the first perfect passer rating of his career . Two weeks later , as part of a come - from - behind 24 -- 20 victory at Indianapolis , he threw for another three touchdowns , the ninth consecutive game in which he had done so , breaking Peyton Manning 's NFL record of eight . During the last game of the year , Brady threw two touchdown passes ; his second touchdown was his 50th , breaking Peyton Manning 's 2004 record of 49 . Brady in December 2007 Brady finished the season with 4,806 passing yards , 50 touchdown passes , and only eight interceptions . It was unanimously voted the greatest passing season of all time by ESPN in 2013 . His 50 : 8 touchdown to interception ratio was , at the time , an NFL record . He became the first quarterback to pass for 50 touchdowns in a season and his 117.2 passer rating is the fourth highest in a single season . His 8.7 % touchdown passing percentage is the third highest ever in a season . He led the Patriots to becoming the first team to ever go undefeated in the regular season since the 16 game schedule was enforced and directed an offense that scored a then NFL record 589 points and 75 total touchdowns . Those records stood until they were eclipsed by the 2013 Denver Broncos . The team 's 50 total touchdown passes is the fourth most ever in a season . For his efforts , Brady was named the Most Valuable Player of this season , as well as Offensive Player of the Year . He was also honored by the Associated Press as their Male Athlete of the Year , the first time an NFL player has been so honored since Joe Montana won the award in 1990 . 2007 postseason In the Patriots ' first playoff game , an AFC Divisional Round game against Jacksonville , Brady began the game with an NFL postseason record 16 consecutive completed passes , and finished the game with 26 completions in 28 attempts , a completion rate of 92.9 % . That mark is the highest single - game completion percentage ( for passers with at least 20 attempts ) in NFL history , regular season or postseason . With the win , the Patriots matched the undefeated 1972 Miami Dolphins as the only team to win 17 consecutive games in one season . Statistically , Brady did not fare as well in the AFC Championship Game against the San Diego Chargers , throwing three interceptions ( including his first interception in the red zone since the playoff loss to Denver in the 2005 postseason ) . Nevertheless , the Patriots won their 18th game of the season , 21 -- 12 , to advance to the Super Bowl for the fourth time in seven seasons . Brady , with the 100th win of his career , also set an NFL record for the fewest games needed by a starting quarterback to do so : his 100 -- 26 record is sixteen games better than Joe Montana 's . In Super Bowl XLII , Brady was pressured heavily and sacked five times . The Patriots did manage to take the lead with a Brady touchdown to Moss with less than three minutes remaining in the fourth quarter , but the Giants were able to score a last - minute touchdown to upset the Patriots 17 -- 14 , taking away what would have been the first perfect season since the NFL expanded its regular season to 16 games . Brady in action against the Washington Redskins on August 28 , 2009 . 2008 season Brady did not play in any games during the 2008 preseason or in the 2008 Pro Bowl due to two different foot injuries . In the Patriots ' 2008 season opener against the Kansas City Chiefs at Gillette Stadium , Brady 's left knee was seriously injured midway through the first quarter on a hit by Chiefs safety Bernard Pollard ; he left the game and did not return . The team later confirmed that Brady would require surgery , and it would prematurely end his 2008 season . Brady tore both his anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament . The injury ended Brady 's streak of 111 consecutive starts ( seventh in the list of most consecutive starts by an NFL quarterback , behind Brett Favre , Peyton Manning , Ron Jaworski , and Joe Flacco ) . Dr. Neal ElAttrache performed the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction at the Los Angeles Kerlan - Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic October 6 , using Brady 's patellar tendon graft to replace the torn ligament , and also repaired his medial collateral ligament , through a separate incision in his left knee . An infection in the wound resulted in further debridement surgery several times since the original procedure . Brady received IV antibiotics for this infection which , at the time , threatened to delay his rehab . Despite Brady 's absence , the Patriots managed to finish the 2008 season with an 11 -- 5 record ; however , due to tiebreakers , the Patriots not only failed to win the AFC East division title , but missed the playoffs altogether for the first time since the 2002 season . 2009 season Tom Brady in Landover , Maryland , on August 28 , 2009 , during warmups in a preseason game against the Washington Redskins . In his first game in nearly a year , Brady threw for 378 yards and two touchdowns in the 2009 season opener against the Buffalo Bills . In the final minutes of the game , the Patriots were down 24 -- 13 before Brady and tight end Benjamin Watson connected on two straight touchdowns to lead the Patriots to a 25 -- 24 win . Brady was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the 13th time in his career for his performance . On October 18 , 2009 , in an early season snowstorm , Brady set an NFL record against the Tennessee Titans for most touchdowns in a single quarter , throwing five in the second quarter . Brady finished the game with six touchdowns , tying his career best , and 380 yards , completing 29 - of - 34 attempts , finishing with a nearly perfect passer rating of 152.8 . The Patriots ' 59 -- 0 victory over the Titans tied the record for the largest margin of victory since the 1970 AFL - NFL merger , and set a record for largest halftime lead in NFL history , which was 45 -- 0 . Brady would finish the 2009 regular season with 4,398 yards passing and 28 touchdowns for a 96.2 rating , despite a broken right ring finger and three fractured ribs , all which were suffered over the course of the season . He was selected as a reserve to the 2010 Pro Bowl and named the 2009 NFL Comeback Player of the Year . 2009 postseason Brady ended the 2009 season throwing three interceptions in a Wild Card Round loss to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 14 , his first career home playoff loss , and the first playoff loss at home by a New England Patriots quarterback since 1978 ( Steve Grogan ) . 2010 season On September 10 , 2010 , Brady signed a four - year , $72 million contract extension , making him the highest - paid player in the NFL . The extension included $48.5 million in guaranteed money . Brady became the quickest quarterback to achieve 100 regular season wins by helping his team defeat the Miami Dolphins 41 -- 14 on October 4 , 2010 . In a 31 -- 28 win over the Indianapolis Colts on November 21 , 2010 , Brady tied Brett Favre 's record of winning 25 consecutive regular - season home starts . Brady 's last regular - season defeat at home was a 17 -- 14 loss to the New York Jets on November 12 , 2006 . On December 6 , 2010 , Brady engineered a 45 -- 3 victory over the New York Jets and set an NFL record by winning 26 consecutive regular - season home starts . Brady threw for 3,900 yards with 36 touchdowns and only four interceptions on the season . He had a 111.0 passer rating ; this gave him -- at the time -- two of the top five season ratings in NFL history and made him the first player to finish with a rating above 110 in two different seasons . Brady was selected as a starter to the 2011 Pro Bowl . However , he pulled out of the game ( and was replaced by former backup Matt Cassel of the Kansas City Chiefs ) after undergoing surgery for a stress fracture in his right foot dating back to 2008 . Brady was also the only unanimous selection for the AP All - Pro Team and was named the 2010 Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year . By unanimous decision , he won the MVP award for the second time in his career . 2010 postseason After earning the # 1 seed and a bye week , the Patriots lost to the New York Jets in the Divisional Round by a score of 28 -- 21 . Brady finished the game 29 - of - 45 for 299 yards and two touchdowns , with one interception . His one pick ended his NFL record of consecutive passes without an interception at 340 . 2011 season In Week 1 of the 2011 NFL season , Brady threw for 517 yards , four touchdowns , and one interception in a game against the Miami Dolphins . This was the second time that he had thrown for 400 or more yards in a single game . In the regular season finale against the Buffalo Bills , Brady became the fourth quarterback to throw for 5,000 yards in a single season , finishing with 5,235 ; although Brady surpassed Dan Marino 's longstanding record of 5,084 passing yards , he finished the season second in passing yards behind only Drew Brees 's 5,476 . In the end , the Patriots finished the season 13 -- 3 and clinched the AFC 's # 1 seed . 2011 postseason There 's no quarterback I 'd rather have than Tom Brady . He 's the best . He does so much for us in so many ways on so many different levels . I 'm very fortunate that he 's our quarterback and what he 's able to do for this team . It 's good to win with him and all the rest of our players . If that 's more than somebody else did , I do n't really care about that . -- Bill Belichick In the Patriots ' 45 -- 10 rout of the Denver Broncos in the Divisional Round , Brady set a personal postseason best with 363 passing yards , and tied an NFL playoff record shared by Daryle Lamonica and Steve Young , throwing for six touchdown passes . The win , his first postseason win since January 2008 , gave Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick sole possession of the NFL record for postseason wins by a quarterback - head coach combo with 15 . In the AFC Championship game against the Baltimore Ravens , Brady failed to throw a touchdown pass for the first time in 36 games , though he did pass for 239 yards and scored a one - yard rushing touchdown late in the game . A missed field goal from Ravens kicker Billy Cundiff gave Brady and the Patriots a 23 - 20 victory , sending the Patriots to the Super Bowl for the fifth time since Brady joined the team . In Super Bowl XLVI , Brady and the Patriots met the New York Giants in a rematch of their Super Bowl XLII meeting four years earlier . Brady played well , leading a Super Bowl record - tying 96 - yard touchdown drive to close the first half and at one point completing 16 passes in a row to give him a 20 - of - 23 mark partway into the third quarter , another Super Bowl record . Brady threw two touchdowns against one interception , and was penalized for intentional grounding in the end zone , giving up a crucial safety to the Giants . A final score of 21 -- 17 for the Giants prevented Brady from winning his fourth Super Bowl . 2012 season Brady started all 16 regular season games of the 2012 NFL season and led the Patriots to a 12 -- 4 record . The Patriots scored 557 total points , the third highest in league history and Brady became the first quarterback to lead his team to ten division titles . With that point total , the Patriots became the first team to score at least 500 points in a season four different times , with Brady leading all four squads , which was a record as well . He finished the season with 4,827 passing yards , 34 touchdowns , only eight interceptions , and a passer rating of 98.7 . It was Brady 's third straight season throwing for over 30 touchdowns . 2012 postseason Brady started both Patriots playoff games , winning against the Houston Texans . With the victory , Brady surpassed Joe Montana for most career playoff wins , with 17 . The Patriots were then upset by the eventual Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens , 28 -- 13 in the AFC Championship . On February 25 , 2013 , Brady and the Patriots agreed on a three - year contract extension , which kept him with the team through 2017 . Peter King called it an `` amazing '' deal , as Brady took just $27 million in new money over the 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 seasons , and also noted that it reflected Patriots owner Robert Kraft 's desire to make sure that Brady retired as a Patriot . 2013 season Brady and the Patriots began the season with much upheaval on the offensive side of the ball . Tight end Rob Gronkowski was injured and Aaron Hernandez was arrested . Wes Welker departed to the Denver Broncos , Danny Woodhead left in free agency for the San Diego Chargers , and Brandon Lloyd was released from the team . In order to replace the five players , the Patriots signed Danny Amendola in free agency from the Rams , drafted rookie wide receivers Aaron Dobson and Josh Boyce , and signed undrafted rookie free agent wide receiver Kenbrell Thompkins . In the first two games of the season , Brady completed 52 % of his passes and had three touchdowns and one interception . Brady during the 2013 season Brady was in pursuit of Drew Brees 's record of at least one touchdown in 54 consecutive regular season games and saw the streak end at 52 games in a Week 5 loss against the Cincinnati Bengals . In a Week 6 game against the Saints , the Patriots struggled in the first half and bounced back in the second with Brady passing for 269 yards with a touchdown to Kenbrell Thompkins as time expired to pull out the win over the Saints . In Week 11 , Brady faced - off against Peyton Manning for the fourteenth time in his career . After going to the half trailing by 24 points , Brady and the Patriots scored 31 unanswered points . The Patriots won after a muffed punt in overtime when Stephen Gostkowski scored a field goal . With a Week 16 win over the Ravens , Brady collected his 147th win as a starting quarterback to tie Dan Marino for fourth place all time , and the following week he defeated the Bills to tie John Elway for third place . 2013 postseason Brady 's Patriots finished the season 12 -- 4 , to earn the second seed in the AFC and a first - round bye . In the Divisional Round matchup against the Indianapolis Colts , Brady made his 25th playoff appearance , breaking Brett Favre 's career record for playoff appearances by a quarterback ( Jerry Rice appeared in 29 playoff games ) . The following week , the Patriots lost to the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship , eliminating Brady and the Patriots from the playoffs . 2014 season Brady in September 2014 against the Minnesota Vikings Brady started the 2014 season with a 33 -- 20 loss to the Miami Dolphins . It was Brady 's first opening day loss since the 2003 season . Brady recorded 241 yards and a touchdown in the loss . New England rebounded against the Minnesota Vikings , but Brady struggled , throwing for 149 yards and a touchdown in a 30 -- 7 win . Against the Oakland Raiders Brady was pressured all day , but threw for 234 yards and a touchdown in 16 -- 9 win . After a humiliating 41 -- 14 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs , Brady led New England to back - to - back wins against the Cincinnati Bengals and the Buffalo Bills . Brady then defeated the New York Jets with a 261 - yard performance that included three touchdowns . The following week , a 51 -- 23 embarrassment of the Chicago Bears saw Brady throw for 354 yards and a season - high five touchdowns . After passing for 333 yards , and 257 yards in his next two games against the Denver Broncos and Indianapolis Colts respectively , Brady defeated the Detroit Lions 34 -- 9 with 349 passing yards and two touchdowns against only one interception . The Patriots winning streak was put to the test against the Green Bay Packers in Week 13 . Down 13 -- 0 early , Brady threw for 245 yards and two touchdowns . Still down 26 -- 21 , Brady was unable to give the Patriots their eighth consecutive victory . After trailing 14 -- 3 at the San Diego Chargers , Brady rallied his team with 317 passing yards , two touchdowns , and one interception , to a 23 -- 14 comeback win . Brady clinched his NFL record 12th AFC East division title with 287 passing yards , two touchdowns , and an interception . Brady struggled in his final two games , throwing for only 182 yards , a touchdown , and an interception in 17 -- 16 victory against the Jets , and 80 yards in one half of the final regular season game against the Buffalo Bills , a 17 -- 9 loss , though Julian Edelman , Rob Gronkowski , and three starting offensive linemen did not play either the entirety or the majority of the final game , and Brady only played in the first half . 2014 postseason In a 35 -- 31 Divisional Round win over the Ravens , Brady threw for three touchdowns and ran in a fourth , breaking Curtis Martin 's club record for rushing touchdowns in the playoffs ; Brady also broke Joe Montana 's record for playoff touchdowns with 46 . After the Ravens scored on their first two possessions , the Patriots were quickly down 14 -- 0 . Brady led New England on an eight - play , 78 - yard drive , and ran for a score to cut the Ravens lead to 14 -- 7 . In the second quarter , Brady 's 15 yard touchdown pass to Danny Amendola tied the score at 14 -- 14 . After getting the ball back , Brady threw an interception at the end of the first half . Joe Flacco capitalized on it by throwing an 11 - yard touchdown strike to tight end Owen Daniels to give Baltimore a 21 -- 14 halftime lead . Down 28 -- 14 , Brady engineered an 80 - yard drive , culminating in a touchdown to Rob Gronkowski to cut the lead to 28 -- 21 . The Patriots tied the game once again at 28 off of a trick play where Brady passed laterally to Julian Edelman who then threw a 51 - yard touchdown to Danny Amendola . Ravens kicker Justin Tucker drilled a 25 - yard field goal to give Baltimore a 31 -- 28 4th quarter lead . Brady got the ball back , and threw a 23 - yard touchdown to wide receiver Brandon LaFell to give the Patriots their first lead , up 35 -- 31 . After a Duron Harmon interception and a Joe Flacco Hail Mary attempt failed , Brady clinched his record ninth AFC Championship Game , fourth straight , and the third championship game against the Indianapolis Colts . After a 45 -- 7 blowout , Brady advanced to play in his sixth Super Bowl , breaking a tie with John Elway for most career Super Bowl appearances by a quarterback . In Super Bowl XLIX , Brady completed 37 - of - 50 passes for 328 yards , four touchdowns , and two interceptions . He guided a then - record ten - point fourth quarter comeback as the Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks 28 -- 24 to give Brady his fourth Super Bowl ring , tying him with Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw for most Super Bowl victories by a starting quarterback . He was named Super Bowl MVP for the third time , tying Montana 's record . Brady 's 37 completed passes in the game set a Super Bowl record at the time , which Brady himself would break in Super Bowl LI two years later . 2015 season 2015 offseason Further information : Deflategate On May 6 , 2015 , the NFL published a 243 - page report regarding the deflation of footballs used in the previous season 's AFC Championship Game . The report concluded that , more likely than not , Brady was at least generally aware of the intentional deflation . On May 11 , Brady was suspended for four games by the NFL for his involvement based on `` substantial and credible evidence '' that Brady knew Patriots employees were deflating footballs and that he failed to cooperate with the investigators . On May 11 , Troy Vincent -- NFL Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- penned a letter to Brady that stated in part : `` Your actions as set forth in the report clearly constitute conduct detrimental to the integrity of and public confidence in the game of professional football . '' Vincent 's letter further stated : `` With respect to your particular involvement , the report established that there is substantial and credible evidence to conclude you were at least generally aware of the actions of the Patriots ' employees involved in the deflation of the footballs and that it was unlikely that their actions were done without your knowledge . Moreover , the report documents your failure to cooperate fully and candidly with the investigation , including by refusing to produce any relevant electronic evidence ( emails , texts , etc . ) , despite being offered extraordinary safeguards by the investigators to protect unrelated personal information , and by providing testimony that the report concludes was not plausible and contradicted by other evidence . '' Brady , through the NFL Players Association , officially appealed the suspension on May 14 . On July 28 , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell announced the upholding of Brady 's four game suspension . Brady gave permission to the NFLPA to appeal the suspension in federal court . Goodell cited Brady 's destruction of his cell phone as a critical factor in his decision to uphold Brady 's suspension . The NFL also filed papers in federal court seeking to confirm Roger Goodell 's decision . On July 29 Brady released a statement on his Facebook page that criticized Goodell 's decision to uphold the suspension , saying in part `` I am very disappointed by the NFL 's decision to uphold the 4 game suspension against me . I did nothing wrong , and no one in the Patriots organization did either ... I will not allow my unfair discipline to become a precedent for other NFL players without a fight . '' Brady in 2015 Commentary on the initial punishment was mixed . Bleacher Report writer Mike Freeman made a statement agreeing with Goodell 's decision , saying the penalties were `` brutal , but it deserved to be . '' Various commentators also implied that the prior reputation of the Patriots organization as a team that bends rules appeared to factor into the harshness of the punishment . Others described the punishment as `` firm but fair '' . On September 3 , 2015 , Judge Richard M. Berman of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated Brady 's suspension ; this ruling allowed Brady to play in the first four games of the 2015 NFL season . In his decision , Judge Berman cited the NFL 's failure to provide proper notice to Brady of the charges against him and the potential for a suspension . Post-appeal commentary also criticized Goodell for `` manipulating Brady 's testimony '' at the appeal hearing in his decision . 2015 regular season In the NFL Kickoff Game , Brady led the Patriots to a 28 -- 21 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers . He threw for 288 yards and four touchdowns , three of them to Rob Gronkowski . The Patriots ' victory was the 161st victory of Brady 's career , all with the Patriots , which surpassed the record held by former Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre for most regular season wins by a starting quarterback with a single team . In Week 2 , Brady followed up his Week 1 performance by throwing for 466 yards and three touchdowns against the Bills . Through the first five games of the season , Brady threw a total of 14 touchdowns with one interception and had a quarterback rating of 118.4 . Despite Brady 's success , the Patriots were hit by many injuries to key players on offense , including wide receiver Julian Edelman , and the Patriots eventually lost their first game against the Broncos , who were without Peyton Manning , in Denver on the Sunday after Thanksgiving following a 10 -- 0 start . The Patriots then lost three of their remaining five games to finish 12 -- 4 for a fourth straight season , tied with the Cincinnati Bengals and Denver Broncos for the AFC 's best record . Denver clinched the No. 1 seed due to their victories over both the Patriots and the Bengals , while the Patriots finished with the AFC 's No. 2 seed due to having a better record against common opponents than Cincinnati . Brady finished the regular season with a league - leading 36 touchdown passes and seven interceptions . He was named to his 11th Pro Bowl ( seventh straight ) , and was ranked as the second best player on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016 behind only league MVP Cam Newton . 2015 postseason With a healthy Julian Edelman returning from a foot injury , the Patriots defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the divisional round by a score of 27 -- 20 after advancing with a first round bye . The Patriots advanced to the AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium to face Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos at Sports Authority Field at Mile High . It was the 17th and final meeting between Brady and his rival Peyton Manning , as Manning would announce his retirement after the season ended . The Broncos ' top - ranked defense harassed Brady , who completed 27 - of - 56 passes with two interceptions and a touchdown , all day , and the Patriots eventually lost the game 20 -- 18 after a potential game - tying two - point conversion attempt failed with 17 seconds left in regulation . 2016 season 2016 offseason Brady at Michigan Stadium in September 2016 On February 29 , 2016 , Brady signed a two - year contract extension covering the 2018 and 2019 seasons . Three days later , the NFL appealed Judge Richard M. Berman 's 2015 decision to vacate Brady 's four - game suspension as punishment for his alleged role in the Deflategate scandal . At the March 3 , 2016 , hearing in New York City , the three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit questioned Players Association lawyer Jeffrey L. Kessler more intensely than NFL lawyer Paul Clement , with Circuit Judge Denny Chin even stating that `` the evidence of ball tampering is compelling , if not overwhelming . '' On April 25 , 2016 , Judge Richard M. Berman 's decision to block Brady 's four - game suspension was overturned by the U.S. Appeals Court . Circuit Judge Barrington Daniels Parker Jr. , joined by Circuit Judge Chin , wrote that they could not `` second - guess '' the arbitration but were merely determining it `` met the minimum legal standards established by the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 '' . Circuit Chief Judge Robert Katzmann dissented , writing that the NFL 's fines for using stickum was `` highly analogous '' and that here `` the Commissioner was doling out his own brand of industrial justice . '' On May 23 , 2016 , Brady appealed for his case to be reheard by the full U.S. 2nd Circuit Court . The 2nd Circuit Court denied Brady 's request for an en banc hearing on July 13 . Two days later , on Friday , July 15 , 2016 , Brady announced on his Facebook page that he would give up his Deflategate fight and accept his suspension for the first four regular season games of the 2016 season . Prior to Brady 's suspension , he had not missed a single regular season or postseason game since the start of the 2009 season . 2016 regular season After serving his four - game suspension , Brady made his 2016 season debut on October 9 on the road against the Cleveland Browns ; he completed 28 - of - 40 passes for 406 yards and three touchdowns in a 33 -- 13 Patriots victory . In his home debut the following week , Brady completed 29 - of - 35 passes for 376 yards and three touchdowns in a 35 -- 17 Patriots victory over the Cincinnati Bengals . In Week 7 , Brady completed 19 of 26 passes for 222 yards and two touchdowns as New England defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 16 . The next week , the Patriots defeated the Buffalo Bills 41 -- 25 , with Brady completing 22 - of - 33 passes for 315 yards and four touchdowns . Brady 's outstanding numbers during his first four games following the suspension earned him the AFC Offensive Player of the Month award for October . Following a bye week , Brady and the Patriots faced the Seattle Seahawks in a Week 10 rematch of Super Bowl XLIX . Brady completed 23 - of - 32 passes for 316 yards , one interception , and no touchdowns in a 31 -- 24 loss that saw the two teams trade leads seven times . In Week 11 , Brady completed 24 - of - 40 passes for 280 yards , four touchdowns , and no interceptions in a 30 -- 17 road win against his childhood team , the San Francisco 49ers . Brady 's performance against San Francisco earned him AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for Week 11 . Those four touchdown passes also gave him 444 career regular season touchdown passes with one team , breaking Brett Favre 's record . The following week , Tom Brady completed 30 - of - 50 passes for 286 yards and two touchdowns in a 22 -- 17 road victory against the New York Jets . The win was also the Patriots ' 500th victory ( including playoffs ) in franchise history . During this victory , Brady also became the fifth quarterback to record 60,000 career regular season passing yards , joining Peyton Manning , Brett Favre , Drew Brees , and Dan Marino . The following week , Brady completed 33 - of - 46 passes for 269 yards and one touchdown as the Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams by a score of 26 -- 10 . The Patriots ' win against the Rams gave Brady his 201st career victory , including playoff games , breaking Peyton Manning 's record of 200 . In Week 14 , Brady completed 25 of 38 passes for 406 yards , three touchdowns , and one interception during a 30 -- 23 victory against the Baltimore Ravens on Monday Night Football . The next week , Brady completed 16 - of - 32 passes for 188 yards in a 16 -- 3 victory in Denver . With this victory , the Patriots clinched an eighth consecutive AFC East title and a seventh consecutive first - round bye in the playoffs , both NFL records . On December 20 , 2016 , Brady was named to the Pro Bowl for the eighth straight season and 12th time overall . In Week 16 , Brady threw for 17 of 27 passes for 214 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions as he led the Patriots to a 41 -- 3 win over the Jets . In Week 17 , Brady completed 25 - of - 33 passes for 276 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions in a 35 -- 14 victory over the Miami Dolphins in the regular season finale that gave the Patriots home field advantage throughout the AFC playoffs . Brady 's 276 yards against Miami moved him ahead of former Miami quarterback Dan Marino into fourth place on the NFL 's all - time passing yards list . Brady 's three touchdowns against Miami also gave him 28 passing touchdowns against two interceptions for the regular season . This broke the previous record of Nick Foles 's 27 : 2 TD : INT ratio which was set in 2013 with the Philadelphia Eagles . Brady was named to the AP All - Pro Second Team , behind Matt Ryan of the Atlanta Falcons , who was named to the AP All - Pro First Team . He was also named to the pro bowl , and was ranked 1st on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 . 2016 postseason Brady hoisting the Vince Lombardi Trophy for the fifth time in his career after winning Super Bowl LI Brady and the Patriots began their postseason run in the Divisional Round , hosting the Houston Texans , who had the league 's No. 1 total defense . Brady completed 18 - of - 38 passes for 287 yards , two touchdowns , and two interceptions as the Patriots won 34 -- 16 , clinching a record sixth consecutive trip to the AFC Championship Game . The Patriots then defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers , 36 -- 17 . Against the Steelers , Brady completed 32 - of - 42 passes for 384 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions . The win gave Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick their record seventh conference title as a quarterback -- head coach tandem , and the Patriots an NFL record ninth Super Bowl appearance . Brady and the Patriots faced the NFC champion Atlanta Falcons -- who boasted the league 's highest scoring offense -- in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas on Sunday , February 5 , 2017 . Brady threw for 43 completions on 62 attempts for 466 passing yards -- all Super Bowl records . Brady also threw for two touchdowns and an interception . After trailing 28 -- 3 midway through the third quarter , Brady and the Patriots scored 25 unanswered points to tie the game at the end of regulation . This resulted in the first overtime in Super Bowl history . After winning the overtime coin toss , Brady marched the Patriots down the field to score a touchdown and win the game by a score of 34 -- 28 , completing the largest comeback win in both team history and Super Bowl history . With the victory , Brady won his fifth Super Bowl , which set a record for most Super Bowl victories of any quarterback in history and tied defensive player Charles Haley for the most Super Bowl victories for any player . In addition , Brady set another record by winning his fourth Super Bowl MVP award for his clutch performance . After the game , it was discovered that Brady 's jersey had gone missing from the Patriots ' locker room at NRG Stadium . The FBI , in collaboration with Mexican authorities , found the jersey in the home of Martin Mauricio Ortega , a Mexican tabloid writer , along with Brady 's jersey from Super Bowl XLIX . 2017 season 2017 offseason On May 12 , 2017 , Brady was announced as the cover athlete for Madden NFL 18 . Concussion reports In a CBS interview on May 17 , 2017 , Charlie Rose asked Brady 's wife , Gisele Bündchen , if she wanted Brady to retire , despite the fact that he was playing at a high level . Bündchen mentioned that Brady suffered from a concussion in the 2016 season , saying , `` I mean he has concussions pretty much every -- I mean we do n't talk about -- but he does have concussions . I do n't really think it 's a healthy thing for anybody to go through '' . Following the Bündchen interview , the NFL released a statement : `` We have reviewed all reports relating to Tom Brady from the unaffiliated neurotrauma consultants and certified athletic trainer spotters who worked at Patriots ' home and away 2016 season games as well as club injury reports that were sent to the league office . There are no records that indicate that Mr. Brady suffered a head injury or concussion , or exhibited or complained of concussion symptoms . Today we have been in contact with the NFLPA and will work together to gather more information from the club 's medical staff and Mr. Brady '' . Brady 's agent , Don Yee , said that Brady was not diagnosed with a concussion during the 2016 season . 2017 regular season The Patriots opened up their 2017 season in the NFL Kickoff Game on September 7 at home against the Kansas City Chiefs . Brady had 267 passing yards in the game , which the Patriots lost 42 -- 27 . In Week 2 , Brady threw three touchdown passes in the first quarter of a game for the first time in his career in a 36 -- 20 win over the New Orleans Saints . He finished the game with 447 passing yards and three touchdowns , earning him his 28th AFC Offensive Player of the Week award . This broke the record previously held by Peyton Manning for the most AFC Offensive Player of the Week awards in a career . In Week 3 , Brady threw for 378 passing yards and five touchdowns as he led the Patriots to a 36 -- 33 comeback win against the Houston Texans , a performance that earned him AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for the second straight week , and the 29th for his career . In Week 4 , Brady played well again , throwing for 307 yards , two touchdowns , and no interceptions , but the Carolina Panthers upset the Patriots 33 -- 30 on a last second field goal from Graham Gano as time expired . In the Patriots ' next game , a narrow 19 - 14 win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on Thursday Night Football , Brady completed 30 out of 40 passes for 303 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . With this victory , Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history to record 186 career regular season victories , tying Peyton Manning and Brett Favre for the most such wins of any quarterback in NFL history . On October 10 , it was unveiled that Brady was diagnosed with an AC joint sprain in his left ( non-throwing ) shoulder . During Week 6 against the New York Jets , Brady threw for 257 passing yards , two touchdowns , and an interception as the Patriots won 24 -- 17 . Brady obtained his 187th career win , setting the record for most regular season wins in NFL history . The next week , the Patriots hosted the Atlanta Falcons in a rematch of Super Bowl LI on Sunday Night Football . Brady was efficient , completing 21 of 29 passes for 249 yards and two touchdowns as the Patriots defeated the Falcons , 23 - 7 . The following week , Brady completed 32 - of - 47 passes for 333 yards and one touchdown in a 21 - 13 win against the Los Angeles Chargers . With the win against the Chargers , the Patriots headed into their bye week with an AFC best 6 - 2 record . NFL career Statistics ( show ) Legend Led the league NFL record Won the Super Bowl AP NFL MVP & OPOTY Bold Career high Regular season New England Patriots Year Team Games Passing Rushing Sacked Fumbles Record GS Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Sck Yds Fum Lost W -- L 2000 NE 0 33.3 6 2.0 0 0 42.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 2001 NE 15 14 264 413 63.9 2,843 6.9 18 12 86.5 36 43 0 41 216 12 11 -- 3 2002 NE 16 16 373 601 62.1 3,764 6.3 28 14 85.7 42 110 2.6 31 190 11 5 9 -- 7 2003 NE 16 16 317 527 60.2 3,620 6.9 23 12 85.9 42 63 1.5 32 219 13 5 14 -- 2 NE 16 16 288 474 60.8 3,692 7.8 28 14 92.6 43 28 0.7 0 26 162 7 5 14 -- 2 2005 NE 16 16 334 530 63.0 4,110 7.8 26 14 92.3 27 89 3.3 26 188 10 -- 6 2006 NE 16 16 319 516 61.8 3,529 6.8 24 12 87.9 49 102 2.1 0 26 175 12 12 -- 4 2007 NE 16 16 398 578 68.9 4,806 8.3 50 8 117.2 37 98 2.6 21 128 6 16 -- 0 2008 NE 7 11 63.6 76 6.9 0 0 83.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -- 0 2009 NE 16 16 371 565 65.7 4,398 7.8 28 13 96.2 29 44 1.5 16 86 10 -- 6 NE 16 16 324 492 65.9 3,900 7.9 36 111.0 31 30 1.0 25 175 14 -- 2 2011 NE 16 16 401 611 65.6 5,235 8.6 39 12 105.6 43 109 2.5 32 173 6 13 -- 3 2012 NE 16 16 401 637 63.0 4,827 7.6 34 8 98.7 23 32 1.4 27 182 0 12 -- 4 2013 NE 16 16 380 628 60.5 4,343 6.9 25 11 87.3 32 18 0.6 0 40 256 9 12 -- 4 2014 NE 16 16 373 582 64.1 4,109 7.1 33 9 97.4 36 57 1.6 0 21 134 6 12 -- 4 2015 NE 16 16 402 624 64.4 4,770 7.6 36 7 102.2 34 53 1.6 38 225 6 12 -- 4 2016 NE 12 12 291 432 67.4 3,554 8.2 28 112.2 28 64 2.3 0 15 87 5 0 11 -- 1 2017 NE 8 8 206 309 66.7 2,541 8.4 16 108.4 14 26 1.9 0 18 108 5 6 -- 2 Total ‡ 246 244 5,450 8,533 63.8 64,123 7.5 472 154 97.5 546 966 1.8 17 435 2,704 111 44 189 -- 54 ‡ Career totals accurate as of week 8 of the 2017 regular season . Playoffs New England Patriots Passing Rushing Sacks Fumbles Record Year Team GS Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Sck Yds Fum Lost W -- L 2001 NE 60 97 61.9 572 5.9 77.3 8 22 2.8 5 36 0 3 -- 0 2003 NE 75 126 59.5 792 6.3 5 84.5 12 18 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 3 -- 0 NE 55 81 67.9 587 7.2 5 0 109.4 7 0.4 0 0 3 -- 0 2005 NE 35 63 55.6 542 8.6 92.2 8 2.7 0 12 0 1 -- 1 2006 NE 70 119 58.8 724 6.1 5 76.5 8 18 0 22 0 2 -- 1 2007 NE 77 109 70.6 737 6.8 6 96.0 − 1 − 0.2 0 8 52 2 -- 1 2009 NE 23 42 54.8 154 3.7 49.1 0 0 0 0 22 0 -- 1 NE 29 45 64.4 299 6.6 89.0 1.0 0 5 40 0 0 -- 1 2011 NE 75 111 67.6 878 7.9 8 100.4 9 10 15 0 0 2 -- 1 2012 NE 54 94 57.4 664 7.1 84.7 1.3 0 9 0 0 1 -- 1 2013 NE 37 63 58.7 475 7.5 0 87.7 6 2.0 34 0 1 -- 1 2014 NE 93 135 68.9 921 6.8 10 100.3 9 13 1.4 16 0 0 3 -- 0 2015 NE 55 98 56.1 612 6.2 76.6 9 19 2.1 18 0 0 1 -- 1 2016 NE 93 142 65.5 1,137 8.0 7 97.7 9 13 1.4 0 9 42 0 0 3 -- 0 Total ‡ 34 34 831 1,325 62.7 9,094 6.8 63 31 89.1 86 135 1.6 6 53 318 10 25 -- 9 ‡ Career totals accurate as of the end of Super Bowl LI . Super Bowl Super Bowl statistics Passing Rushing Result Record Year SB Team Opp Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Final Score W -- L 2001 XXXVI NE STL 16 27 59.3 145 5.4 0 86.2 3.0 0 W 20 -- 17 1 -- 0 2003 XXXVIII NE CAR 32 48 66.7 354 7.4 100.5 12 6.0 0 W 32 -- 29 1 -- 0 XXXIX NE PHI 23 33 69.7 236 7.2 0 110.2 − 1 − 1.0 0 W 24 -- 21 1 -- 0 2007 XLII NE NYG 29 48 60.4 266 5.5 0 82.5 0 0 0 0 L 17 -- 14 0 -- 1 2011 XLVI NE NYG 27 41 65.9 276 6.7 91.5 0 0 0 0 L 21 -- 17 0 -- 1 2014 XLIX NE SEA 37 50 74.0 328 6.6 101.1 − 3 − 1.5 0 W 28 -- 24 1 -- 0 2016 LI NE ATL 43 62 69.4 466 7.5 95.2 15 15.0 0 W 34 -- 28 ( OT ) 1 -- 0 Career 7 207 309 67.0 2,071 6.7 15 5 95.3 7 26 3.7 0 5 -- 2 NFL records Regular season ( career ) Most games won by a quarterback : 188 Best Touchdown to Interception Ratio Season : 28 : 2 Playoffs ( career ) Most games played : 34 Most games started by a quarterback : 34 Most games won by a starting quarterback : 25 Most consecutive wins , playoffs , by a starting quarterback : 10 ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 ) Most consecutive wins to start a career , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 ) Most career home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 15 ( 2001 -- 2016 ) Most consecutive home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 8 ( 2001 -- 2007 ) , tied with Jim Kelly Most touchdown passes : 63 Most passing yards : 9,094 Most passes completed : 831 Most passes attempted : 1,325 Most division titles won by a starting quarterback : 14 Most NFL conference championship appearances by a starting quarterback : 11 Most NFL conference championship wins by a starting quarterback : 7 Most career 300 + passing yard games , post-season : 12 Super Bowl ( career ) Most touchdown passes : 15 Most passing yards : 2,071 Most passes completed : 207 Most passes attempted : 309 Most wins as starting QB : 5 Most passes completed in first half of a single Super Bowl : 20 ( XLIX ) Most passes completed in a single Super Bowl : 43 ( LI ) Most passes attempted in a single Super Bowl : 62 ( LI ) Most passing yards in a single Super Bowl : 466 ( LI ) Most Super Bowl appearances : 7 Other endeavors On January 20 , 2016 , Tom Brady announced the launch of his peak performance website TB12Sports.com . The site features information on Tom Brady 's training regimen and includes a store to purchase TB12 equipment and merchandise . Later in the year , on August 23 , 2016 , the TB12 brand then expanded to offer a snack line . The snacks contain raw , vegan , and organic ingredients that are also free of gluten and dairy . The following month , Brady , alongside Boston Private and Robert Paul Properties , announced the formation of the TB12 Foundation . The purpose of the nonprofit foundation is to provide free post-injury rehabilitation care and training to underprivileged , young athletes . In March of 2017 , Brady moved beyond his snack line and partnered with meal - kit startup Purple Carrot to offer his own line of TB12 Performance Meals . The meals utilize whole foods and focus on providing nutrients for workout recovery . On September 19 , 2017 , Simon & Schuster published Brady 's first book , The TB12 Method : How to Achieve a Lifetime of Sustained Peak Performance . Within 48 hours , it had become a number one best - seller on Amazon.com . The book also reached # 1 on the New York Times ' weekly Best Sellers list , to be featured in the October 8 , 2017 edition . Personal life Brady riding a bicycle for charity at the Best Buddies Ride in Hyannis , Massachusetts in May 2009 Brady dated actress Bridget Moynahan from 2004 until late 2006 . On February 18 , 2007 , Moynahan confirmed to People magazine that she was more than three months pregnant with Brady 's child . Brady and Moynahan ended their relationship sometime in early December 2006 , around the time Moynahan became pregnant . John Edward Thomas Moynahan , was born on August 22 , 2007 , at Saint John 's Health Center in Santa Monica , California , John 's middle names are Brady 's own first and middle names in reverse order , while Moynahan 's father 's first name is Edward . Brady began dating Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen in December 2006 . In 2009 , Brady revealed they had been set up on a blind date by a mutual friend . Brady and Bündchen married on February 26 , 2009 , in an intimate Catholic ceremony in Santa Monica , California . Together , they have two children : a son named Benjamin Rein was born December 8 , 2009 , and a daughter named Vivian Lake was born December 5 , 2012 . Brady has been featured as a guest star on some popular television programs , hosting Saturday Night Live in 2005 and voicing himself on The Simpsons in 2005 ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and Family Guy in 2006 ( `` Patriot Games '' ) ; both football - themed episodes were broadcast within a week of that year 's Super Bowl . In 2009 , he appeared as himself in a sixth season episode of Entourage . In 2015 , he had cameo appearances as fictionalized versions of himself in the Entourage movie and Ted 2 . Brady and baseball player Kevin Youkilis became brothers - in - law in 2012 , when Youkilis married Brady 's sister Julie . In 2007 , Brady was a model for the Stetson cologne . Brady has endorsed brands including Uggs , Under Armour , Movado , Aston Martin and Glaceau Smartwater . According to Forbes , he earned about $7 million from endorsements alone in 2014 . In 2016 , he began appearing in a Beautyrest Black commercial campaign for Simmons Bedding Company . In 2016 , he launched his own line of vegan snacks . Brady and his family live in Brookline , a suburb of Boston . Politics Brady attended the 2004 State of the Union Address as a special guest of then - President George W. Bush . In 2004 , he told ESPN The Magazine that being a U.S. Senator would be his `` craziest ambition '' . Brady is a friend of President Donald Trump ; in 2017 , Brady indicated he had known Trump `` for 16 years '' . At a political event in New Hampshire on the day before the 2016 presidential election , Trump said he had received a call from Brady , and that Brady told him `` Donald , I support you , you 're my friend , and I voted for you . '' However , after Gisele Bündchen was asked directly on Instagram whether she and Brady backed Trump , Bündchen answered `` NO ! '' . After a Trump campaign `` Make America Great Again '' cap was photographed in Brady 's locker , Brady said that Bündchen told him not to discuss politics anymore , which he thought was a `` good decision '' . While there has been speculation that Brady would run for political office in the future , in a 2015 interview he stated he had no interest in doing so . See also Lists of Michigan Wolverines football passing leaders List of most wins by a National Football League starting quarterback NFL starting quarterback playoff records List of Saturday Night Live guests American football portal Biography portal College football portal Michigan portal New England portal Notes Jump up ^ He did not start as a rookie , and missed nearly all of 2008 with a torn ACL . References Jump up ^ `` Sources : Brady out with ACL tear '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady greatest QB of all time ? It 's now safe to make that argument -- The Denver Post '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike . `` Brady Takes Throne as QB GOAT '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Tom Brady 's ( Statistical ) Place In The Pantheon Of NFL QBs '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Joe Montana head top 10 quarterbacks in NFL history -- National Football League '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 25 of the greatest NFL Draft picks ever '' . CBS . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaines , Cork . `` How the Patriots pulled off the biggest steal in NFL history '' . Business Insider . Business Insider . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reineking , Jim . `` Top all - time NFL draft steals '' . NFL . NFL Enterprise LLC . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` NFL 's statement on upholding Tom Brady 's suspension at four games '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Model Tom Brady & Gisele Bündchen : Married ! '' . People . 2008 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady bio at '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Little brother big shot - thepostgame '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gisele , Tom Brady Christen Baby Benjamin '' . Us Weekly . 2010 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Collie , Ashley Jude ( 2004 - 07 - 01 ) . `` The Brady Brunch '' . American Way . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Schorn , Daniel ( 2007 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Tom Brady : The Winner '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Family Tree '' . Makemyfamilytree.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's roots run deep into 19th - century Boston '' . The Boston Globe . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady connection to Irish Famine ancestors from Boston discovered '' . IrishCentral . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Judge , Clark ( 2005 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Only 27 , Brady seals his Hall of Fame credentials '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Oakland Raiders -- Recap -- October 2 , 2011 '' . ESPN . 2011 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jim Ducibella ( June 28 , 2005 ) , `` W&M 's football facilities growing '' , Virginia Pilot and Ledger - Star , p. 3 , retrieved January 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Profile , boston.com ; accessed November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Athletic Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Junípero Serra High School . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Story of boy named Tom Brady '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` JockBio : Tom Brady Biography '' . www.jockbio.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons from Tom Brady 's Recruiting in College '' . NCSA Athletic Recruiting Blog . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 tops 1998 as Michigan 's best recruiting class '' . www.maizeandbluenews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Brady '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` The College Recruitment of Tom Brady '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Things fell apart when Cal lost Brady '' . East Bay Times . 2008 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady apparently silently committed to Cal before he visited Michigan '' . USA Today High School Sports . 2017 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady : The Story of a Baseball Failure '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady -- Official New England Patriots biography '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos tried desperately to get Tom Brady to pick baseball over football '' . Patriots Wire. 2017 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The College Recruitment of Tom Brady '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Biography '' . Biography . Bio . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Max ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Tom Brady 's Old Internships Look Really Cute on His Résumé '' . Mashable . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aaron Kinney ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Serra to name football stadium after Brady '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Rob ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) . `` The Tom Brady Interview ( in Toronto ) '' . WEEI Sportsradio Network . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Michael ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Tom Brady As You Forgot Him : Before he became the premier postseason performer of his generation , the Patriots icon was a middling college quarterback who invited skepticism , even scorn , from fans and his coaches . That was all -- and that was everything '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Lee ( 2008 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Self - made man '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pedulla , Tom ( 2006 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Decorated Patriots QB feels he still has something to prove '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's Guru '' , by Eric Adelson , January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 60 Minutes Sports '' ( Interview ) . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` MGoBlue Statistics Archive '' . University of Michigan . Archived from the original on 2004 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Capital One Bowl : Capital One Bowl football game resource for college football fans '' . 2008 - 09 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady College & Pro Football Statistics - Totalfootballstats.com '' . www.totalfootballstats.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historical NFL Wonderlic Scores '' . wonderlictestsample.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . nfldraftscout.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Benjamin ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady greatest QB of all time ? It 's now safe to make that argument '' . Denver Post . `` Tom Brady Cements His Legacy as Greatest Quarterback of All Time '' . Bleacher Report . 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , John ; Marini , Matt , eds. ( 2013 ) . Official 2013 National Football League Record & Fact Book ( PDF ) . New York : National Football League . ISBN 978 - 1 - 603 - 20980 - 9 . Retrieved February 3rd , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady vs. the Browns : A contrast in winning ways '' . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Patriots beat Texans 41 -- 28 , Ravens up next '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2000 NFL Draft '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Tim . `` Tom Brady cries when recalling 2000 draft '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Holley , Michael ( 2004 ) . Patriots Reign . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 075794 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL draft steals '' . Msn.foxsports.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's top 10 draft steals in league history '' . National Football League . 2010 - 04 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Football , National . `` news : Brady , Favre , Manning voted to list of top 10 draft picks of all time '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Best NFL Draft Picks '' . Mynfldraft.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Coach Hears Venom \ Belichick Part of Problem ? '' . Worcester Telegram and Gazette . November 14 , 2000 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Brady -- # 12 QB '' . National Football League . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Detroit Lions - November 23rd , 2000 '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # TBT : When Tom Brady Made His Debut and No One Really Gave it Much Thought '' . Jump up ^ Lowe , Mike ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` Pats fizzle when it counts '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Brady '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cafardo , Nick ( October 15 , 2001 ) . `` Something special : Brady - led rally erases mates ' earlier errors '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cafardo , Nick ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Hold your horses : Patriots rout Colts as defense shows season is not lost '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Pro Bowl 2002 -- National Football League game summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Howe , Jeff . `` Patriots reflect on ' Snow Bowl ' during 10 - year anniversary of tuck rule game '' . NESN . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bledsoe 's return sparks Patriots past Steelers 24 -- 17 '' . CNN . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Caesar , Dan ( January 30 , 2002 ) . `` 14 - Point spread is n't about respect '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cotey , John ( January 26 , 2003 ) . `` Madden sticks by his wrong call last year '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Camps , Mark ( February 5 , 2002 ) . `` Brady beats two Joes as youngest Super QB '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Tom ; Cliff Christl ( February 4 , 2002 ) . `` Brady coolly fits the bill '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 New England Patriots '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( 2004 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Manning . McNair split MVP honors '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII MVP : Tom Brady '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Winning Streaks '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick -- Head Coach '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterback fought 103 - degree fever , chills '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dillon Returns From Injury To Push Patriots Past Jets '' . Lakeland Ledger . December 5 , 2005 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cafardo , Nick ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Dillon 's resolve solved a few offensive problems '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drehs , Wayne . `` Brady , Patriots finally feel playoff defeat '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2006 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Brady 's groin may be hurt '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( 2006 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Romo Gets Pro Bowl Nod in NFC , Brady Does n't in AFC '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ McClain , John ( 2007 - 07 - 02 ) . `` = Young to replace Rivers at Pro Bowl '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Brady , Patriots shake feisty Jets , roll on to San Diego '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Neil . `` Super Chargers top Super Bowl list '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clayton , John . `` Patriots teach Chargers a lesson in playoff football '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pasquarelli , Len . ``. Manning shakes label of not being able to win big one '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Kerry J. ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Best individual seasons of 2000s '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Top 10 greatest quarterback seasons , NFL Nation Blog , espn.go.com ; accessed November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 New England Patriots '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Litmus test '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's six TDs give him 27 TDs after seven games '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Young , Shalise Manza ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Patriots 24 , Colts 20 : Tom 's got you , Babe '' . The Providence Journal . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots break scoring record , Brady and Moss set season marks '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brady an easy winner in AP Male Athlete of Year balloting '' . USA Today . Associated Press . December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Perfect Pats , Brady make short work of Jaguars '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pats put away Chargers for fourth Super Bowl berth in seven years '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2008 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Foot injury may sideline Tom Brady for another game '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brady to have season - ending knee surgery , will be placed on IR '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2008 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Pats confirm Brady out for the year '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira ( 2008 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Sources : Brady tore ACL and MCL '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chronic right shoulder injury slows Brady '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . 2007 - 09 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Tom Brady 's doctor says knee recovery exceeds expectations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Has More Procedures Done on Knee , Report Says '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 2008 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Brady 's recovery hits snag '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Keefe , Neil . `` Brady Named AFC Offensive Player of the Week '' . NESN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady throws six TD passes as Patriots ice winless Titans '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady sets a record for TDs in a quarter '' . The Washington Times . 2009 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Breer , Albert R. ( 2010 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Brady dealing with broken finger on throwing hand '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Brady named Comeback Player of the Year '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . 2010 - 01 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens ' fast start puts Pats on heels , out of playoffs '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2010 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( 2010 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Patriots ' Brady Signs League 's Richest Deal , at the Moment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Tom Brady Gets 100th Career Win in NFL as Patriots Rout Dolphins 41 -- 14 '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Woodhead keeps contributing as Pats withstand Colts comeback attempt '' . National Football League . Associated Press . 2010 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Krasner , Steven ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Brady ties mark with 25th straight home W '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots destroy Jets '' . London Free Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passer Rating Leaders '' . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira & Monique Walker ( 2011 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Brady to have foot surgery today '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady unanimous as NFL MVP '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jets back up talk as Sanchez throws three TDs , defense knocks down Brady '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady picks apart Dolphins as 517 - yard , 4 - TD opener fuels Pats '' . ESPN . September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Chad Henne Combine For Slew of NFL Records On Monday Night Football '' . September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Belichick : ' No quarterback I 'd rather have ' '' . weei.com . Jump up ^ `` Quinton Carter , David Bruton exit hurt '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , Mark . `` Patriots redefine postseason success for coach - quarterback duo '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Beat Ravens 23 -- 20 in AFC Championship Game '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 2012 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` For second time in five seasons , Giants top Brady , Patriots in Super Bowl '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom Brady . `` Tom Brady , QB for the New England Patriots at '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Tom Brady , New England Patriots agree to extension '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Peter King ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) . `` More on Tom Brady 's amazing deal ; mail -- NFL -- Peter King -- SI.com '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Orton , Bills beat Patriots 17 -- 9 '' . New England Patriots . Jump up ^ `` Patriots beat the Seahawks in dramatic finale '' . BBC Sport. 1 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INVESTIGATIVE REPORT CONCERNING FOOTBALLS USED DURING THE AFC CHAMPIONSHIP GAME ON JANUARY 18 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . nfl.com . National Football League . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Patriots ' Tom Brady suspended 4 games '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL releases statement on Patriots ' violations '' . National Football League . May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady NFLPA appeal four game suspension '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL upholds four - game suspension of Tom Brady '' . cbsnews.com. 28 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Tom Brady Authorizes NFLPA To Appeal His Case In Federal Court '' . NESN.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Roger Goodell upholds Tom Brady suspension '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gantt , Darin ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Goodell cites destroying phone in upholding Tom Brady 's suspension '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Kevin ; et al. ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` NFL hopes to have expected Tom Brady lawsuit in New York and not Minnesota '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady rips the NFL 's Deflategate decision on his Facebook page '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Robert Kraft attacks the NFL , apologizes to Patriots fans '' . Yahoo Sports . 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Freeman ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` NFL Deflategate Message : No Player Is Above the Rules , Not Even Tom Brady '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Eric Adelson ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady allowed the new NFL Way to smack Patriot Way in stunning fashion '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Somewhere along the line , the debate over what happened in the hours and minutes leading up to the AFC championship game in January went beyond air pressure and weather conditions , and became a referendum on the character of Tom Brady and his franchise . Jump up ^ Ian O'Connor . `` Tom Brady should skip appeal , tell truth now '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYSD Decision and Order '' . Jump up ^ `` Roger Goodell Made Tom Brady Seem Dishonest In Deflategate Appeal Ruling '' . NESN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' Very rare ' performance by Tom Brady reflects his greatness '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2016 ' : No. 2 Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` New England at Denver -- 2016 - 01 - 24 -- National Football League -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Yahoo Sports . Jump up ^ Mike Reiss . `` New deal links Tom Brady to Patriots through 2019 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Volin , Ben ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` Brady 's lawyer feels pressure from judges '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Orr , Connor ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension reinstated '' . NFL.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension upheld '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Volin , Ben ( 25 April 2016 ) . `` Brady must serve ' Deflategate ' suspension , appeals court rules '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Gershman , Jacob ( 25 April 2016 ) . `` Why the NFL Won its ' Deflategate ' Appeal '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Brady keeps Deflategate battle going with another appeal of suspension May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's Deflategate appeal denied by court '' . Jump up ^ Ortega , Mark E. ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady , David Johnson are Players of the Month '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady , Kirk Cousins among Players of Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike . `` Tom Brady wins NFL - record 201st game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howe , Jeff . `` Patriots , despite miscues , outlast Ravens to move to 11 -- 2 '' . The Boston Herald . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots top Broncos , clinch AFC East , first - round bye '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2017 Pro Bowl rosters '' . NFL.com . December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots clinch home - field advantage in AFC playoffs '' . Jump up ^ Hurley , Michael ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady Sets NFL Record For Best TD - To - INT Ratio Of All Time '' . CBS Boston . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Three rookies , Matt Ryan among players named to All - Pro team '' . NFL.com . January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 - No. 1 Tom Brady Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots Top Texans , Move on to AFC Championship '' . Around the NFL . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots Shred Steelers , Advance to Ninth Super Bowl '' . Around the NFL . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI - New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons - February 5th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's stolen Super Bowl jerseys returned to Patriots '' . Fox News . 2017 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Super Bowl jersey thief investigation '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOAT edition : Brady on ' Madden NFL 18 ' cover '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Gisele Bundchen : Tom Brady had a concussion last year '' . Jump up ^ Igel , Lee . `` Gisele Bündchen Casts Doubt On Adequacy Of NFL Concussion Protocol '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Investigating After Gisele Claims Tom Brady Suffered a Concussion '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL looking into Tom Brady concussion claim by Gisele Bundchen '' . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Tom Brady not diagnosed with concussion in ' 16 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady : We did n't dig very deep on Thursday night '' . Pro Football Talk . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : In Year 18 , Tom Brady finally does something he 's never done before '' . CBSSports.com . September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maya , Adam ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady , J.J. Nelson among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady takes another title away from his nemesis Peyton Manning '' . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady , Kirk Cousins among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ https://syndication.bleacherreport.com/amp/2735487-tom-brady-ties-brett-favre-peyton-manning-for-most-regular-season-wins-by-qb.amp.html Jump up ^ Orr , Conor . `` Tom Brady has sprain to non-throwing shoulder '' . NFL . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Brady is n't worried about his shoulder : ' I 'm good ' '' . NFL . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000861687/article/tom-brady-becomes-nfls-career-qb-wins-leader Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000865868/article/tom-brady-patriots-roll-through-fog-past-falcons Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's Career Touchdown Plays '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference http :. 2F. 2Fwww. espn. com. 2Fblog. 2Fnew - england - patriots. 2Fpost. 2F_. 2Fid. 2F4799258. 2Ftom - brady - sets - nfl - record - for - best - td - to - int - ratio - in - a-season was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Records : Individual -- Passing '' . nfl.com . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adamski , Chris . `` Brady , Big Ben meet again in AFC title game '' . TribLIVE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Records : Individual -- Passing '' . nfl.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Bill Belichick make NFL history with record 7th Super Bowl appearance '' . abcnews.com . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Announces Launch Of ' TB12 ' Website , Online Store ( Photo ) '' . NESN.com. 2016 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Launches Raw Snack Line Under His TB12 Brand '' . NCA . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady and TB12 Launch TB12 Foundation for Young Athletes - Physical Therapy Products '' . Physical Therapy Products . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` This New Meal Delivery Plan Will Help You Eat Like Tom Brady '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Ahiza . `` Tom Brady launches meal kit service '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Ian ( 4 : 48 PM - 20 Sep 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady has No. 1 book on Amazon , Hillary at No. 2 . As they said at Michigan , all he does is winpic.twitter.com/glGlzkGGRd '' . @ Ian_OConnor . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's `` TB12 Method '' Is a Best Seller `` . Boston Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Dagostino , Mark ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Tom Brady , Bridget Moynahan Split Up '' . People . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Smith , Liz ( 2007 - 02 - 18 ) . `` It 's Brady Baby For ' Sixy ' Star '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( 2007 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Ex-Brady Girlfriend Says She 's Pregnant With His Child '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Kristin ( 2007 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Bridget Moynahan ' Thankful ' for Healthy Baby '' . People . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Moynahan Welcomes a Baby Boy '' . People . 2007 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady & Gisele Bundchen : New Couple ? '' . People . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Quarterback Tom Brady on Football , Fatherhood , and Gisele Bündchen '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gisele Bündchen & Tom Brady Have a Boy '' . People . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gisele Bündchen and Tom Brady Welcome Daughter Vivian Lake '' . People . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan . `` Tom Brady is game for another ' SNL ' hosting gig '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bark , Ed ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Fox gets animated after the Super Bowl '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots News and Notes '' . Patriots Insider . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Entourage '' Fore ( TV Episode 2009 ) - IMDb `` . IMDb . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entourage : Tom Brady replaced Manning brothers in Season 6 cameo '' . Sports Illustrated . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's ' Ted 2 ' Cameo Features Deflategate Line From Mark Wahlberg '' . NESN . June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug . `` Boston ( in ) Common : Kevin Youkilis set to marry Tom Brady 's sister '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buttons NY -- Sound + Picture '' Vote for your favorite Stetson Cologne man , win a $10 gift card , and Listen to the latest Stetson Radio ad , with the original Stetson Jingle ! `` . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning vs. Tom Brady Endorsements : Who 's No. 1 In Commercial Appeal ? '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ember , Sydney Tom Brady Still a Key Part of Under Armour 's Broader Ad Push New York Times . August 25 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Beautyrest Black and Tom Brady Score for Sleep -- BedTimes '' . Jump up ^ Alex Reimer , `` Tom Brady 's Vegan Snacks Only Add to His Bourgeois Profile , '' Forbes , 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Hua , Karen ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Inside The Multimillion - Dollar Homes Of Tom Brady '' . Forbes . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best There Ever Was ? '' . GQ. 2005 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning For Republican Presidential Nomination ? Some Believe It 's Possible '' . WBZ - TV ( CBS Boston ) . 2017 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl QB Tom Brady 's No Patriot '' . The Smoking Gun . 2004 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Leibovich , Mark ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Uncomfortable Love Affair Between Donald Trump and the New England Patriots '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sports figures who support Donald Trump '' . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy . `` ' It 's just a friendship ' : Tom Brady opens up a little about President Trump '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan . `` Did Tom Brady and Gisele Bündchen Back Donald Trump ? She Says No , and He 's Not Saying '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Chestang , Raphael . `` Tom Brady Says Wife Gisele Bundchen Does n't Want Him Talking Politics '' . ET Online . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamisar , Ben ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` 5 NFL stars who could run for office '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady Talks to Chuck Klosterman About Deflategate ( Sort Of ... ) '' . GQ . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durkee , Travis ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sorry , America , Tom Brady will never run for president '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tack , Travis ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady Wo n't Talk Politics , Does n't Want To Run For Office '' . Politicus Sports . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Further reading Pierce , Charles ( 2006 ) , Moving the Chains : Tom Brady and the Pursuit of Everything , Farrar , Straus and Giroux , ISBN 0 - 374 - 21444 - 1 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom Brady . New England Patriots profile Career statistics and player information from NFL.com ESPN Yahoo ! Sports SI.com Pro-Football - Reference Rotoworld Tom Brady on IMDb New England Patriots current roster Active roster 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 12 Tom Brady 13 Phillip Dorsett 14 Brandin Cooks 15 Chris Hogan 18 Matthew Slater 21 Malcolm Butler 23 Patrick Chung 24 Stephon Gilmore 25 Eric Rowe 28 James White 29 Johnson Bademosi 30 Duron Harmon 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Devin McCourty 33 Dion Lewis 34 Rex Burkhead 35 Mike Gillislee 36 Brandon King 37 Jordan Richards 38 Brandon Bolden 43 Nate Ebner 45 David Harris 46 James Develin 47 Jacob Hollister 49 Joe Cardona 51 Trevor Reilly 52 Elandon Roberts 53 Kyle Van Noy 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Cassius Marsh 59 Marquis Flowers 60 David Andrews 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Joe Thuney 68 LaAdrian Waddle 69 Shaq Mason 70 Adam Butler 71 Cameron Fleming 74 Cole Croston 75 Ted Karras 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 83 Dwayne Allen 87 Rob Gronkowski 90 Malcom Brown 91 Deatrich Wise Jr . 92 Geneo Grissom 93 Lawrence Guy 97 Alan Branch 98 Trey Flowers Reserve lists 11 Julian Edelman ( IR ) 19 Malcolm Mitchell ( IR ) 41 Cyrus Jones ( IR ) 48 Harvey Langi ( NF - Inj . ) 50 Keionta Davis ( NF - Inj . ) 58 Shea McClellin ( IR ) 63 Antonio Garcia ( NF - Ill . ) 64 Caleb Kidder ( IR ) 66 Chase Farris ( NF - Inj . ) 76 Andrew Jelks ( NF - Inj . ) 95 Derek Rivers ( IR ) 99 Vincent Valentine ( IR ) Practice squad 26 David Jones 27 Ryan Lewis 39 Damarius Travis 42 Jomal Wiltz 44 Will Tye 64 James Ferentz 81 Cody Hollister 84 Riley McCarron 94 Angelo Blackson -- Jake Kumerow AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 8 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Matt Moore ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Josh McCown ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Deshaun Watson ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Trevor Siemian ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Carson Wentz ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Carson Palmer ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) C.J. Beathard ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Tom Brady -- championships , awards , and honors Awards and achievements Preceded by Peyton Manning Record for NFL passing touchdowns in a single season 2007 Succeeded by Peyton Manning 1997 Michigan Wolverines football -- AP national champions Jeff Backus Tom Brady David Brandt Mark Campbell Scott Dreisbach Jay Feely Chris Floyd Ian Gold Brian Griese James Hall Tommy Hendricks Chris Howard Steve Hutchinson Jon Jansen Dhani Jones Marcus Knight DeWayne Patmon Marcus Ray Rob Renes Russell Shaw Aaron Shea Glen Steele Tai Streets Sam Sword Anthony Thomas Jerame Tuman Jason Vinson Andre Weathers Clarence Williams Josh Williams Maurice Williams Charles Woodson Head coach : Lloyd Carr Assistant coaches : Vance Bedford Erik Campbell Mike DeBord Jim Herrmann Brady Hoke Fred Jackson Terry Malone Stan Parrish New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXVI champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 11 Drew Bledsoe 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 13 Ken Walter 14 Walter Williams 15 Jimmy Farris 16 Scott McCready 19 Damon Huard 21 J.R. Redmond 22 Terrance Shaw 23 Antwan Harris 24 Ty Law 25 Leonard Myers 26 Matt Stevens 27 Terrell Buckley 28 Brock Williams 29 Hakim Akbar 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Ben Kelly 32 Antowain Smith 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Tebucky Jones 35 Patrick Pass 36 Lawyer Milloy 38 Ray Hill 44 Marc Edwards 45 Otis Smith 48 Arther Love 49 Jabari Holloway 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Bryan Cox 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Andy Katzenmoyer 60 Drew Inzer 61 Stephen Neal 62 Setema Gali 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Greg Randall 65 Damien Woody 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Grey Ruegamer 68 Tom Ashworth 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Chris Sullivan 72 Matt Light 74 Kenyatta Jones 75 Maurice Anderson 76 Grant Williams 77 Mike Compton 80 Troy Brown 81 Charles Johnson 82 Curtis Jackson 83 Rod Rutledge 84 Fred Coleman 85 Jermaine Wiggins 86 David Patten 88 Terry Glenn 90 Marty Moore 91 Bobby Hamilton 92 David Nugent 93 Richard Seymour 94 Jace Sayler 95 Roman Phifer 96 Brandon Mitchell 97 Riddick Parker 98 Anthony Pleasant 99 Kole Ayi Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Ned Burke Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Eric Mangini Josh McDaniels Randy Melvin Markus Paul Rob Ryan Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXVIII champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 10 Jamin Elliott 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 13 Ken Walter 16 Kliff Kingsbury 17 Dedric Ward 18 Chas Gessner 19 Damon Huard 21 Mike Cloud 22 Asante Samuel 23 Antwan Harris 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Larry Centers 32 Antowain Smith 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Chris Akins 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Shawn Mayer 44 Fred McCrary 46 Brian Kinchen 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Sean McDermott 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 60 Wilbert Brown 61 Stephen Neal 62 Tim Provost 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Damien Woody 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 75 Jamil Soriano 76 Brandon Gorin 77 Mike Compton 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch 84 Fred Baxter 85 J.J. Stokes 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Bobby Hamilton 92 Ted Washington 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rick Lyle 97 Jarvis Green 98 Anthony Pleasant 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Sean Gustus John Hufnagel Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Markus Paul Rob Ryan Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXIX champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 8 Josh Miller 10 Kevin Kasper 12 Tom Brady 13 Jim Miller 14 P.K. Sam 18 Cedric James 19 Ricky Bryant 21 Randall Gay 22 Asante Samuel 23 Omare Lowe 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 27 Rabih Abdullah 28 Corey Dillon 29 Earthwind Moreland 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Hank Poteat 32 Kory Chapman 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Cedric Cobbs 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Guss Scott 42 Dexter Reid 46 Zeron Flemister 47 Justin Kurpeikis 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Eric Alexander 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 61 Stephen Neal 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Lance Nimmo 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 69 Buck Rasmussen 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 74 Billy Yates 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Brandon Gorin 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch ( MVP ) 84 Benjamin Watson 85 Jed Weaver 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Marquise Hill 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rodney Bailey 97 Jarvis Green 98 Keith Traylor 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Matt Patricia Markus Paul Dean Pees Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Cory Undlin Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XLIX champions 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 8 Garrett Gilbert 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 16 Jonathan Krause 17 Aaron Dobson 18 Matthew Slater 19 Brandon LaFell 21 Malcolm Butler 22 Stevan Ridley 23 Patrick Chung 24 Darrelle Revis 25 Kyle Arrington 26 Logan Ryan 27 Tavon Wilson 28 James White 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Duron Harmon 31 Justin Green 32 Devin McCourty 34 Shane Vereen 35 Jonas Gray 36 Tyler Gaffney 37 Alfonzo Dennard 38 Brandon Bolden 39 Brandon Browner 41 Daxton Swanson 43 Nate Ebner 44 Deontae Skinner 45 Cameron Gordon 46 James Develin 47 Michael Hoomanawanui 48 Danny Aiken 50 Rob Ninkovich 51 Jerod Mayo 52 Jonathan Casillas 53 Eric Martin 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Akeem Ayers 58 Darius Fleming 59 Chris White 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Ryan Wendell 63 Dan Connolly 64 Chris Barker 65 Jordan Devey 66 Bryan Stork 67 Josh Kline 68 Caylin Hauptmann 71 Cameron Fleming 72 Joe Vellano 74 Dominique Easley 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Sebastian Vollmer 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 81 Tim Wright 82 Josh Boyce 84 Brian Tyms 87 Rob Gronkowski 90 Zach Moore 91 Jamie Collins 92 Jake Bequette 94 Chris Jones 95 Chandler Jones 96 Sealver Siliga 97 Alan Branch 99 Michael Buchanan -- James Morris -- Greg Orton Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Stephen Belichick Josh Boyer Brian Daboll Brendan Daly Dave DeGuglielmo Ivan Fears Brian Flores Patrick Graham Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Harold Nash Scott O'Brien Chad O'Shea Matt Patricia New England Patriots Super Bowl LI champions 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 7 Jacoby Brissett 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 14 Michael Floyd 15 Chris Hogan 16 Devin Lucien 17 DeAndrew White 18 Matthew Slater 19 Malcolm Mitchell 21 Malcolm Butler 22 Justin Coleman 23 Patrick Chung 24 Cyrus Jones 25 Eric Rowe 26 Logan Ryan 27 D.J. Foster 28 James White 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Duron Harmon 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Devin McCourty 33 Dion Lewis 35 Tyler Gaffney 36 Brandon King 37 Jordan Richards 38 Brandon Bolden 43 Nate Ebner 44 Trevor Bates 46 James Develin 47 Glenn Gronkowski 49 Joe Cardona 50 Rob Ninkovich 51 Barkevious Mingo 52 Elandon Roberts 53 Kyle Van Noy 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Jonathan Freeny 58 Shea McClellin 60 David Andrews 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Joe Thuney 63 Tre ' Jackson 64 Chris Barker 65 Jamil Douglas 66 Chase Farris 68 LaAdrian Waddle 69 Shaq Mason 71 Cameron Fleming 74 Woodrow Hamilton 75 Ted Karras 76 Sebastian Vollmer 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 82 Matt Lengel 83 Greg Scruggs 85 Michael Williams 87 Rob Gronkowski 88 Martellus Bennett 90 Malcom Brown 92 Geneo Grissom 93 Jabaal Sheard 95 Chris Long 96 Darius Kilgo 97 Alan Branch 98 Trey Flowers 99 Vincent Valentine Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Stephen Belichick Josh Boyer Nick Caley Brian Daboll Brendan Daly Ivan Fears Brian Flores Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Chad O'Shea Matt Patricia Dante Scarnecchia Jerry Schuplinski Raymond Ventrone James Hardy Super Bowl MVP Award I : Starr II : Starr III : Namath IV : Dawson V : Howley VI : Staubach VII : Scott VIII : Csonka IX : Harris X : Swann XI : Biletnikoff XII : Martin & White XIII : Bradshaw XIV : Bradshaw XV : Plunkett XVI : Montana XVII : Riggins XVIII : Allen XIX : Montana XX : Dent XXI : Simms XXII : Williams XXIII : Rice XXIV : Montana XXV : Anderson XXVI : Rypien XXVII : Aikman XXVIII : E. Smith XXIX : Young XXX : Brown XXXI : Howard XXXII : Davis XXXIII : Elway XXXIV : Warner XXXV : Lewis XXXVI : Brady XXXVII : Jackson XXXVIII : Brady XXXIX : Branch XL : Ward XLI : P. Manning XLII : E. Manning XLIII : Holmes XLIV : Brees XLV : Rodgers XLVI : E. Manning XLVII : Flacco XLVIII : M. Smith XLIX : Brady 50 : Miller LI : Brady Super Bowl champion starting quarterbacks I : Starr II : Starr III : Namath IV : Dawson V : Unitas VI : Staubach VII : Griese VIII : Griese IX : Bradshaw X : Bradshaw XI : Stabler XII : Staubach XIII : Bradshaw XIV : Bradshaw XV : Plunkett XVI : Montana XVII : Theismann XVIII : Plunkett XIX : Montana XX : McMahon XXI : Simms XXII : Williams XXIII : Montana XXIV : Montana XXV : Hostetler XXVI : Rypien XXVII : Aikman XXVIII : Aikman XXIX : Young XXX : Aikman XXXI : Favre XXXII : Elway XXXIII : Elway XXXIV : Warner XXXV : Dilfer XXXVI : Brady XXXVII : Johnson XXXVIII : Brady XXXIX : Brady XL : Roethlisberger XLI : P. Manning XLII : E. Manning XLIII : Roethlisberger XLIV : Brees XLV : Rodgers XLVI : E. Manning XLVII : Flacco XLVIII : Wilson XLIX : Brady 50 : P. Manning LI : Brady Michigan Wolverines starting quarterbacks Barmore ( 1880 ) Horton ( 1881 ) Beach ( 1882 ) McNeil ( 1883 -- 1885 ) Morrow ( 1886 ) Farrand ( 1887 ) F. Smith ( 1888 ) Abbott ( 1889 ) Holden ( 1890 ) Sherman ( 1891 ) Sanderson ( 1892 ) Greenleaf ( 1893 -- 1894 ) Baird ( 1893 -- 1895 ) Richards ( 1895 -- 1897 ) Drumheller ( 1896 ) Felver ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Talcott ( 1898 ) Street ( 1899 ) McGinnis ( 1900 ) Weeks ( 1901 -- 1902 ) James ( 1903 ) Norcross ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Barlow ( 1905 ) Workman ( 1906 ) Wasmund ( 1907 -- 1909 ) McMillan ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Huebel ( 1912 ) Hughitt ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Roehm ( 1915 ) Sparks ( 1916 , 1919 ) Weston ( 1917 ) Knode ( 1918 ) Bank ( 1920 -- 1921 ) Uteritz ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Rockwell ( 1924 ) Friedman ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Hoffman ( 1927 ) Rich ( 1928 ) Simrall ( 1929 ) Tessmer ( 1930 -- 1931 ) Newman ( 1930 -- 1932 ) Fay ( 1933 ) Jennings ( 1934 ) Renner ( 1935 ) Barclay ( 1936 ) Farmer ( 1937 ) Evashevski ( 1938 -- 1940 ) Ceithaml ( 1941 -- 1942 ) Wiese ( 1943 ) Ponsetto ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Yerges ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Elliott ( 1948 ) Ghindia ( 1949 ) Putich ( 1950 ) Topor ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Baldacci ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Maddock ( 1955 ) Van Pelt ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Ptacek ( 1958 ) Noskin ( 1959 ) Stamos ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Glinka ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Timberlake ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Gabler ( 1965 ) Vidmer ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Den . Brown ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Moorhead ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Slade ( 1971 ) Franklin ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Leach ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dickey ( 1979 ) Wangler ( 1979 -- 1980 ) S. Smith ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Zurbrugg ( 1984 ) Harbaugh ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Dem . Brown ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Taylor ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Grbac ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Collins ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Dreisbach ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Griese ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Brady ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Henson ( 2000 ) Navarre ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Henne ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Mallett ( 2007 ) Sheridan ( 2008 ) Threet ( 2008 ) Forcier ( 2009 ) Robinson ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Gardner ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Morris ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Rudock ( 2015 ) Speight ( 2016 -- 2017 ) O'Korn ( 2016 -- 2017 ) New England Patriots 2000 NFL draft selections Adrian Klemm J.R. Redmond Greg Randall Dave Stachelski Jeff Marriott Antwan Harris Tom Brady David Nugent Casey Tisdale Patrick Pass Boston / New England Patriots starting quarterbacks Butch Songin ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Tom Greene ( 1960 ) Babe Parilli ( 1961 -- 1967 ) Tom Yewcic ( 1962 ) Eddie Wilson ( 1965 ) Don Trull ( 1967 ) Mike Taliaferro ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Tom Sherman ( 1968 ) Joe Kapp ( 1970 ) Jim Plunkett ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Steve Grogan ( 1975 -- 1990 ) Neil Graff ( 1975 ) Matt Cavanaugh ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Tom Owen ( 1981 ) Tony Eason ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Tom Ramsey ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Bleier ( 1987 ) Doug Flutie ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Marc Wilson ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Tommy Hodson ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Hugh Millen ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Scott Zolak ( 1992 , 1995 , 1998 ) Jeff Carlson ( 1992 ) Drew Bledsoe ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Scott Secules ( 1993 ) Tom Brady ( 2001 -- present ) Matt Cassel ( 2008 ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( 2016 ) Jacoby Brissett ( 2016 ) NFL quarterbacks with a perfect passer rating game Ray Mallouf Sammy Baugh Len Dawson Y.A. Tittle Frank Ryan Sonny Jurgensen Joe Namath Johnny Unitas Don Meredith Craig Morton ( 2 ) Fran Tarkenton Daryle Lamonica Dick Shiner Bob Lee James Harris Ken Anderson Jim Hart Dan Fouts Scott Hunter Terry Bradshaw Steve Grogan Brian Sipe Bob Griese Vince Evans Dave Krieg ( 2 ) Steve Bartkowski Ken O'Brien ( 2 ) Steve Young Joe Montana Rich Gannon Bobby Hebert Mick Buck Drew Bledsoe Craig Erickson Chris Chandler Jeff Blake Kurt Warner ( 3 ) Peyton Manning ( 4 ) Doug Flutie Kerry Collins Chad Pennington Trent Green Ben Roethlisberger ( 3 ) Donovan McNabb Tom Brady ( 2 ) Eli Manning Drew Brees Robert Griffin III Nick Foles Alex Smith Geno Smith Marcus Mariota Ryan Tannehill Kirk Cousins Names in bold are still active Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award winners 1957 : J. Brown 1958 : J. Brown 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : J. Taylor 1963 : Tittle 1964 : Unitas 1965 : J. Brown 1966 : Starr 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Morrall 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Page 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Sipe 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Moseley 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : L. Taylor 1987 : Elway 1988 : Esiason 1989 : Montana 1990 : Montana 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Favre & Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Warner 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Warner 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning & McNair 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Manning 2009 : Manning 2010 : Brady 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Rodgers 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award winners 1972 : Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Campbell 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Campbell 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Fouts 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : Dickerson 1987 : Rice 1988 : Craig 1989 : Montana 1990 : Moon 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Rice 1994 : Sanders 1995 : Favre 1996 : Davis 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Faulk 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Holmes 2003 : Lewis 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Brady 2011 : Brees 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Murray 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan Bert Bell Award winners 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : Robustelli 1963 : J. Brown 1964 : Unitas 1965 : Retzlaff 1966 : Meredith 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Kelly 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Blanda 1971 : Staubach 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Olsen 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Stabler 1977 : Griese 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Jaworski 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Theismann 1983 : Riggins 1984 : Marino 1985 : Payton 1986 : Taylor 1987 : Rice 1988 : Cunningham 1989 : Montana 1990 : Cunningham 1991 : Sanders 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Cunningham 1999 : Warner 2000 : Gannon 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Peterson 2009 : Brees 2010 : Vick 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Watt 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken , Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken , Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James PFW / PFWA NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award 1972 : Morrall 1973 : Gabriel 1974 : Namath 1975 : Hampton 1976 : Landry 1977 : Morton 1978 : Riggins 1979 : Csonka 1980 : Plunkett 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Alzado 1983 : B. Johnson 1984 : Stallworth 1985 : No Selection 1986 : Montana & Kramer 1987 : White 1988 : Bell 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Word 1991 : McMahon 1992 : Cunningham 1993 : Allen 1994 : Marino 1995 : Harbaugh 1996 : Bettis 1997 : Brooks 1998 : Flutie 1999 : Young 2000 : J. Johnson 2001 : Hearst 2002 : Maddox 2003 : Kitna 2004 : McGahee 2005 : Smith 2006 : Pennington 2007 : Moss 2008 : Pennington 2009 : Brady 2010 : Vick 2011 : Stafford 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Rivers 2014 : Gronkowski 2015 : Berry 2016 : Nelson 2007 AP NFL All - Pro Team Offense : QB Tom Brady RB LaDainian Tomlinson RB Brian Westbrook FB Lorenzo Neal WR Randy Moss WR Terrell Owens TE Jason Witten OT Matt Light OT Walter Jones G Alan Faneca G Steve Hutchinson C Jeff Saturday Defense : DE Jared Allen DE Patrick Kerney DT Albert Haynesworth DT Kevin Williams OLB Mike Vrabel OLB DeMarcus Ware ILB Lofa Tatupu ILB Patrick Willis CB Antonio Cromartie CB Asante Samuel FS Ed Reed SS Bob Sanders Special teams : P Andy Lee PK Rob Bironas KR Devin Hester 2010 AP NFL All - Pro Team Offense : QB Tom Brady RB Arian Foster RB Jamaal Charles FB Vonta Leach WR Roddy White WR Reggie Wayne TE Jason Witten OT Joe Thomas OT Jake Long G Jahri Evans G Logan Mankins C Nick Mangold Defense : DE Julius Peppers DE John Abraham DT Haloti Ngata DT Ndamukong Suh OLB Clay Matthews OLB James Harrison ILB Jerod Mayo ILB Patrick Willis CB Darrelle Revis CB Nnamdi Asomugha FS Ed Reed SS Troy Polamalu Special teams : P Shane Lechler PK Billy Cundiff KR Devin Hester National Football League NFL 's 2000s All - Decade Team Tom Brady Peyton Manning LaDainian Tomlinson Edgerrin James Jamal Lewis Shaun Alexander Lorenzo Neal Tony Richardson Randy Moss Marvin Harrison Terrell Owens Torry Holt Tony Gonzalez Antonio Gates Walter Jones Jonathan Ogden Orlando Pace Willie Roaf Alan Faneca Steve Hutchinson Will Shields Larry Allen Kevin Mawae Olin Kreutz Dwight Freeney Michael Strahan Jason Taylor Julius Peppers Richard Seymour Warren Sapp Kevin Williams La'Roi Glover Ray Lewis Derrick Brooks Brian Urlacher Joey Porter Zach Thomas DeMarcus Ware Champ Bailey Charles Woodson Ty Law Ronde Barber Ed Reed Brian Dawkins Troy Polamalu Darren Sharper Adam Vinatieri David Akers Shane Lechler Brian Moorman Josh Cribbs Dante Hall Devin Hester Bill Belichick Tony Dungy New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) Offense Brady ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Fryar ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Light ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Seymour ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Wilfork ( DT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Buoniconti ( ILB ) Haynes ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Harrison ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Captains Cappelletti ( Offense ) Bruschi ( Defense ) Coach Belichick New England Patriots All - 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who did chris paul start his career with

Chris Paul Paul with the Clippers in 2013 No. 3 -- Houston Rockets Position Point guard League NBA ( 1985 - 05 - 06 ) May 6 , 1985 ( age 33 ) Winston - Salem , North Carolina Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Listed weight 175 lb ( 79 kg ) Career information High school West Forsyth ( Clemmons , North Carolina ) College Wake Forest ( 2003 -- 2005 ) NBA draft 2005 / Round : 1 / Pick : 4th overall Selected by the New Orleans Hornets Playing career 2005 -- present Career history 2005 -- 2011 New Orleans Hornets 2011 -- 2017 Los Angeles Clippers 2017 -- present Houston Rockets Career highlights and awards 9 × NBA All - Star ( 2008 -- 2016 ) NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2013 ) 4 × All - NBA First Team ( 2008 , 2012 -- 2014 ) 3 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2009 , 2015 , 2016 ) All - NBA Third Team ( 2011 ) 7 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2009 , 2012 -- 2017 ) 2 × NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2008 , 2011 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 2006 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 2006 ) 4 × NBA assists leader ( 2008 , 2009 , 2014 , 2015 ) 6 × NBA steals leader ( 2008 , 2009 , 2011 -- 2014 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 2005 ) First - team All - ACC ( 2005 ) ACC Rookie of the Year ( 2004 ) No. 3 retired by Wake Forest USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 2004 ) North Carolina Mr. Basketball ( 2003 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team competition 2012 London Team competition FIBA World Championship 2006 Japan Team competition

New Orleans Hornets

Chris Paul

chris paul

Chris Paul Paul with the Clippers in 2013 No. 3 -- Houston Rockets Position Point guard League NBA ( 1985 - 05 - 06 ) May 6 , 1985 ( age 33 ) Winston - Salem , North Carolina Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Listed weight 175 lb ( 79 kg ) Career information High school West Forsyth ( Clemmons , North Carolina ) College Wake Forest ( 2003 -- 2005 ) NBA draft 2005 / Round : 1 / Pick : 4th overall Selected by the New Orleans Hornets Playing career 2005 -- present Career history 2005 -- 2011 New Orleans Hornets 2011 -- 2017 Los Angeles Clippers 2017 -- present Houston Rockets Career highlights and awards 9 × NBA All - Star ( 2008 -- 2016 ) NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2013 ) 4 × All - NBA First Team ( 2008 , 2012 -- 2014 ) 3 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2009 , 2015 , 2016 ) All - NBA Third Team ( 2011 ) 7 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2009 , 2012 -- 2017 ) 2 × NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2008 , 2011 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 2006 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 2006 ) 4 × NBA assists leader ( 2008 , 2009 , 2014 , 2015 ) 6 × NBA steals leader ( 2008 , 2009 , 2011 -- 2014 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 2005 ) First - team All - ACC ( 2005 ) ACC Rookie of the Year ( 2004 ) No. 3 retired by Wake Forest USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 2004 ) North Carolina Mr. Basketball ( 2003 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team competition 2012 London Team competition FIBA World Championship 2006 Japan Team competition Christopher Emmanuel Paul ( born May 6 , 1985 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He has won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award , an NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award , two Olympic gold medals , and led the NBA in assists four times and steals six times . He has also been selected to nine NBA All - Star teams , eight All - NBA teams , and nine NBA All - Defensive teams . Paul was a McDonald 's All - American in high school . He attended Wake Forest University for two years of college basketball , where he helped the Demon Deacons achieve their first - ever number one ranking . He was selected fourth overall in the 2005 NBA draft by the New Orleans Hornets , where he developed into one of the league 's premier players , finishing second in NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting in 2008 . During the 2011 offseason , Paul was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers , only for the transaction to be controversially voided by the NBA . Later that summer , he was dealt to the Los Angeles Clippers instead . Behind Paul 's playmaking , the Clippers developed a reputation for their fast - paced offense and spectacular alley - oop dunks , earning them the nickname `` Lob City '' . In 2017 , he was traded to the Rockets , and helped the team win a franchise - record 67 games in his debut season . Off the court , Paul has served as the National Basketball Players Association president since August 2013 . One of the highest - paid athletes in the world , he holds endorsement deals with companies such as Nike and State Farm . Contents 1 Early life 2 High school career 3 College career 4 Professional career 4.1 New Orleans Hornets ( 2005 -- 2011 ) 4.1. 1 Early seasons ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 4.1. 2 Rise to stardom ( 2007 -- 2011 ) 4.2 Los Angeles Clippers ( 2011 -- 2017 ) 4.2. 1 Trade to Los Angeles ( 2011 ) 4.2. 2 Playoff contention ( 2011 -- 2017 ) 4.3 Houston Rockets ( 2017 -- present ) 5 National team career 6 Player profile 7 Off the court 8 Career statistics 8.1 NBA 8.1. 1 Regular season 8.1. 2 Playoffs 8.2 College 9 Awards and honors 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Early life Paul was born on May 6 , 1985 , in Winston - Salem , North Carolina to Charles Edward Paul and Robin Jones . He has an older brother named Charles `` C.J. '' Paul . A former athlete himself , Charles Sr. taught his sons basketball and football and coached them in various youth leagues throughout their childhoods . Growing up , the Paul brothers spent their summers working at a service station owned by their grandfather Nathanial Jones , to whom Paul attributes many life lessons , and describes as his `` best friend '' . One of Paul 's uncles is a police officer . High school career Paul attended West Forsyth High School in Clemmons , North Carolina . During his freshman and sophomore seasons , he played on the junior varsity team . For his junior year , he averaged 25 points , 5.3 assists , and 4.4 steals per game , helping West Forsyth reach the state semifinals . Over the ensuing summer , he led the Winston - Salem - based Kappa Magic to the National U-17 AAU title , earning tournament MVP honors in the process . During his senior season , Paul received national attention for scoring 61 points in a game ; his 61 - year - old grandfather was slain earlier in the year and Paul honored him by scoring one point for each year of his life . Paul finished the season with averages of 30.8 points , 5.9 rebounds , 9.5 assists , and 6 steals per game , leading West Forsyth to a 27 -- 3 record and the Class 4A Eastern Regional finals . He was then named a McDonald 's All - American , first - team Parade All - American , and North Carolina 's Mr. Basketball by The Charlotte Observer . College career As a freshman at Wake Forest University , Paul averaged 14.8 points , 5.9 assists , and 2.7 steals per game , setting school freshman records for three - point percentage , free throws , free throw percentage , assists , and steals in the process . Behind his play , the Demon Deacons qualified for the NCAA Tournament , losing in the Sweet Sixteen to St. Joseph 's . At the conclusion of the season , Paul was named ACC Rookie of the Year and Third Team All - ACC . For two weeks early in Paul 's sophomore season , Wake Forest was ranked number one in the nation for the first time in school history . In the final game of the year , Paul punched NC State guard Julius Hodge in the groin and received a one - game suspension for the ACC Tournament , an incident that marred Paul 's image for a short time . The Demon Deacons again qualified for the NCAA Tournament but suffered a second round upset at the hands of West Virginia . With final averages of 15.3 points , 4.5 rebounds , 6.6 assists , and 2.4 steals per game , Paul was eventually named First Team Consensus All - America , and with a 3.21 grade point average ( GPA ) , he was also named to ESPN 's Academic All - America Team . On April 15 , 2005 , he announced he would be hiring an agent and turning professional . On March 2 , 2011 , Wake Forest retired his jersey . Professional career New Orleans Hornets ( 2005 -- 2011 ) Paul attempts a runner in December 2008 . Early seasons ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Paul was selected fourth overall in the 2005 NBA draft by the New Orleans Hornets . Due to the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina , the Hornets played most of their games in Oklahoma City that year . Paul finished the season leading all rookies in points , assists , steals , and double - doubles , and became only the second rookie in NBA history to lead the league in total steals . With final averages of 16.1 points , 5.1 rebounds , 7.8 assists , and 2.2 steals per game , he was named NBA Rookie of the Year , falling just one vote shy of winning the award unanimously . The only other rookie to receive a first place vote was Deron Williams , with whom Paul enjoyed a brief rivalry early in their careers . At the 2007 All - Star Weekend , Paul set new Rookie Challenge records with 17 assists and 9 steals . For his sophomore season , he increased his scoring and passing averages to 17.3 points and 8.9 assists per game , but played in only 64 games due to injury . Rise to stardom ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Paul was selected to his first NBA All - Star Game in 2007 -- 08 , playing in front of his home fans in New Orleans . Behind his leadership , the Hornets were near the top of the Western Conference standings all year , temporarily occupying first place on March 17 following a win against the Chicago Bulls . New Orleans finished the season with a franchise - record 56 wins and the second seed in the West . Paul led the NBA with 11.6 assists and 2.7 steals per game to go along with 21.1 points per game , finishing second in NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting and being named to his first All - NBA and All - Defensive teams . In his playoff debut , he scored 35 points against the Dallas Mavericks . In Game 2 , he set a franchise playoff record with 17 assists . The Hornets defeated the Mavericks in five games , with Paul registering 24 points , 11 rebounds , and 15 assists in the final game . New Orleans were eliminated in the next round by the San Antonio Spurs . Paul speaks with Hornets coach Byron Scott in March 2009 . Prior to the start of the 2008 -- 09 season , Paul signed a contract extension with the Hornets worth $68 million . On December 17 , 2008 , he set the NBA record for consecutive games with a steal at 106 . On several occasions , he came within a few steals of recording a quadruple - double , including a 27 - point , 10 rebound , 15 assist , and 7 steal game against the Philadelphia 76ers on January 26 , 2009 . His final averages were 22.8 points , 5.5 rebounds , 11 assists , and 2.8 steals per game . Despite Paul 's individual accomplishments , New Orleans ' record fell from the year before and they were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by the Denver Nuggets . After a slow start to the 2009 -- 10 season , the Hornets fired coach Byron Scott . Paul stirred up controversy when he announced his displeasure with the move , commenting that team management should have `` consulted with me and asked how I felt before it happened . '' In early February , 2010 , Paul tore cartilage in his left knee and was sidelined for over a month by surgery , forcing him to miss the All - Star Game . In total , he played in only 45 games and his averages dropped to 18.7 points , 3.8 rebounds , 10.7 assists , and 2.1 steals per game . Without Paul , the Hornets struggled , missing the playoffs . In 2010 -- 11 , Paul had another injury scare on March 6 , 2011 , suffering a concussion after colliding with Cavaliers guard Ramon Sessions and being carried off the court in a stretcher . He returned two games later , registering 33 points and 15 assists against the Sacramento Kings . With Paul playing a full season , the Hornets qualified for the playoffs and were matched up with the defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the first round . Paul had a `` historically great '' performance in the series , contributing 33 points , 14 assists , and 4 steals in Game 1 and 27 points , 13 rebounds , and 15 assists in Game 4 . His final averages were 22 points , 6.7 rebounds , 11.5 assists , and 1.8 steals per game on 54.5 percent shooting . New Orleans were eliminated in six games , and ownership , fearing that Paul would leave the franchise via free agency , began actively pursuing a trade that would provide the team equitable compensation in return for his services . Los Angeles Clippers ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Trade to Los Angeles ( 2011 ) On December 8 , 2011 , the Hornets agreed to a three - team trade sending Paul to the Los Angeles Lakers . The NBA , who owned the team at the time , nullified the deal , with commissioner David Stern claiming New Orleans would be better off keeping Paul . The teams involved in the trade attempted to lobby the league to reverse its ruling and reconstruct the deal to no avail . On December 12 , the Hornets agreed to a trade sending Paul to the Los Angeles Clippers , but the deal broke down after the NBA added additional demands to the original terms . Two days later , the teams finally made the trade , sending Paul and two future second round draft picks to the Clippers for Eric Gordon , Chris Kaman , Al - Farouq Aminu , and the Minnesota Timberwolves ' unprotected first round pick in the 2012 draft . Upon the deal 's completion , Paul announced that he would opt into the final year of his contract and remain in Los Angeles for at least two more seasons . Playoff contention ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Paul with the Clippers in February 2012 Paul 's arrival to Los Angeles rejuvenated the Clippers franchise , with teammate Blake Griffin later commenting , `` It put us on the map . '' Early in Paul 's debut season , the team developed a reputation for their fast paced offense and spectacular alley - oop dunks , usually from Paul to Griffin or DeAndre Jordan , earning them the nickname `` Lob City '' . Paul finished the year averaging 19.8 points , 9.1 assists , and 2.5 steals per game , becoming the first Clipper to be named to the All - NBA First Team since the franchise moved to Los Angeles in the 1980s . Behind his play and the emergence of Griffin as an All - NBA performer , Los Angeles qualified for the playoffs , losing to the San Antonio Spurs in the Conference Semifinals . At the 2013 All - Star Game , Paul led the West to victory with a 20 - point and 15 assist performance , earning his first NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award . He finished the season averaging 16.9 points , 9.7 assists , and 2.4 steals per game , helping the Clippers to a franchise - record 56 wins . Seeded fourth in the West entering the playoffs , Los Angeles were defeated in the first round by the Memphis Grizzlies . Shortly after their early postseason exit , the Clippers announced they would not renew coach Vinny Del Negro 's contract and rumors arose of Paul forcing Del Negro out . Los Angeles later denied any player involvement in the coaching decision . Prior to the start of the 2013 -- 14 season , Paul re-signed with the Clippers for five years on a contract worth approximately $107 million . Despite a shoulder injury that sidelined him for over a month , Los Angeles set another new franchise record for wins with 57 . His final averages were 19.1 points , 10.7 assists , and 2.5 steals per game . In Game 1 of the second round of the playoffs , he hit a career postseason - high eight three - pointers to help the Clippers take an early series lead over the Oklahoma City Thunder . In Game 5 and with the series tied 2 -- 2 , he made a string of late mistakes leading to an eventual Thunder victory , later commenting , `` It 's me ... Everything that happened at the end is on me . '' Oklahoma City eventually eliminated Los Angeles in six games . Paul attempts a pass in December 2016 . In 2014 -- 15 , Paul played in all 82 games for the first time in his career , averaging 19.1 points and a league - high 10.2 assists per game . In Game 7 of the first round of the playoffs , he hit a go - ahead shot with a second left to lift the Clippers over the Spurs despite a hamstring injury . The injury forced him to miss the first two games of the next series versus the Houston Rockets , and Los Angeles eventually lost in seven games despite holding a 3 -- 1 series lead . The defeat marked ten consecutive seasons and seven consecutive playoff appearances without a Conference Finals appearance for Paul . In January of the 2015 -- 16 season , Paul led the Clippers on a ten - game winning streak despite missing Griffin and Jordan at various points due to injury . For the third straight year , he finished the season with averages of over 19 points , 10 assists , and 2 steals per game . To begin the postseason , the Clippers drew a matchup with the Portland Trail Blazers , taking a 2 -- 1 lead to start the series . In Game 4 , Paul broke his hand and was ruled out indefinitely . Without Paul , as well as Griffin , who also injured himself in Game 4 , Los Angeles eventually lost the series in six games . In 2016 -- 17 , Paul missed 21 regular season games due to rest or injury , and averaged 18.1 points , 9.2 assists , and 5 rebounds in just over 31 minutes per game . At season 's end , Paul was not rewarded with an All - NBA honor , marking just the second time he failed to make an All - NBA team since 2008 and the first time in his six years as a Clipper . In the playoffs , Los Angeles was eliminated after their first round series against the Utah Jazz , with Paul averaging 25.3 points , 9.9 assists , 5 rebounds per game over seven games . Houston Rockets ( 2017 -- present ) On June 28 , 2017 , Paul was traded to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Patrick Beverley , Sam Dekker , Montrezl Harrell , Darrun Hilliard , DeAndre Liggins , Lou Williams , Kyle Wiltjer , a future first round pick , and cash considerations . In his debut for the Rockets in their season opener on October 17 , 2017 , Paul had four points on 2 - for - 9 shooting in a 122 -- 121 win over the Golden State Warriors . Paul sat on the bench down the stretch while the Rockets made their final push , and it was later revealed he was playing through a knee injury . He subsequently missed the next 14 games . He returned to the lineup on November 16 and had 11 points and 10 assists in a 142 -- 116 win over the Phoenix Suns . On December 13 , he recorded a then season - high 31 points , 11 assists , and seven rebounds in a 108 -- 96 win over the Charlotte Hornets . Two days later , he had 28 points , eight assists , and seven steals to lead the Rockets to their 12th straight victory , a 124 -- 109 win over the San Antonio Spurs . Paul became the first player in NBA history to post 28 points , eight assists , and seven steals in a game against the Spurs . In the previous 10 years , that stat line had been achieved just 10 times -- six of those 10 recorded by Paul . He was subsequently named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played from Monday , December 11 through Sunday , December 17 . It was his 13th career Player of the Week honor and his first since January 2016 . On January 10 , Paul took 29 shots and finished with a then season - high 37 points in a 121 -- 112 win over the Portland Trail Blazers . On January 18 , against the Minnesota Timberwolves , Paul earned his 1,958 th steal , passing Derek Harper to move into 13th place on the NBA 's career steals list . On January 26 , he scored a season - high 38 points in a 115 -- 113 loss to the New Orleans Pelicans . On February 3 , he recorded 22 points and 11 assists in a 120 -- 88 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers . During the game , Paul passed Andre Miller ( 8,624 ) for ninth place on the career assists list . On February 23 , in a 120 -- 102 win over the Timberwolves , Paul passed Allen Iverson for 12th on the NBA 's career steals list with 1,984 . The Rockets finished the regular season as the No. 1 seed for the first time in franchise history , with a franchise - best 65 -- 17 record . In Game 5 of the Rockets ' second - round playoff series against the Jazz , Paul scored a playoff career - high 41 points with eight 3 - pointers to reach the conference finals for the first time in his career , helping the Rockets eliminate the Jazz in five games with a 112 -- 102 win . He also had 10 assists and seven rebounds . In Game 5 of the Western Conference Finals , Paul injured his hamstring late in the game as the Rockets went up 3 -- 2 in the series against the Warriors . With Paul out for Games 6 and 7 , the Rockets were eliminated from the playoffs with back - to - back losses . On July 8 , 2018 , Paul signed a four - year , $160 million maximum contract extension with the Rockets . National Team career Paul with Team USA in 2012 . Paul made his debut for the United States national team at the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan . He finished the competition with a tournament - high 44 assists , helping Team USA win the bronze medal . At the 2008 Olympics in Beijing , he played a key role off the bench , scoring 13 points in a gold medal game victory against Spain . Team USA finished the competition with a perfect 8 -- 0 record . Paul was promoted to the starting point guard position for the 2012 Olympics in London , averaging 8.2 points , 5.1 assists , and 1.6 steals per game en route to another gold medal and undefeated tournament . Player profile Standing 6 feet tall ( 1.83 m ) and weighing 175 pounds ( 79 kg ) , Paul plays point guard exclusively . His career averages are 18.7 points , 4.4 rebounds , 9.9 assists , and 2.3 steals per game . He has earned All - NBA honors eight times ( 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 16 ) , All - Defensive honors eight times ( 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 16 ) , and led the NBA in steals six times ( 2008 -- 09 , 2011 -- 14 ) and in assists four times ( 2008 -- 09 , 2014 -- 2015 ) . In 2013 , he was ranked the third - best player in the league by ESPN and Sports Illustrated . In his 2014 NBA preview , ESPN 's Kevin Pelton called Paul the league 's best point guard , adding , `` a title he 's held throughout his career when healthy '' . Paul prefers playing in the half court versus playing up - tempo . He creates scoring opportunities by constantly changing speeds ; upon beating his defender one - on - one or shedding him in the pick - and - roll , he will often slow down and box him out , denying him from regaining front side position and forcing the defense to help at all times . His ability to penetrate deep into the paint leads to easy shots for his teammates , and in 2013 , he was second in the league in assisted three pointers . As a playmaker , he is noted for his consistently high assist - to - turnover ratio , averaging just 2.4 turnovers per game over his career . A deft midrange shooter , he is especially proficient from the right elbow , leading the league in shooting percentage from that area in 2015 . On defense , he aggravates opponents with active hands and high effort , and has been ranked as one of the best perimeter defenders in the NBA . Off the court Paul married his college sweetheart , Jada Crawley , on September 10 , 2011 . Together they have two children , Christopher Emmanuel Paul , Jr. ( born May 23 , 2009 ) and Camryn Alexis Paul ( born August 16 , 2012 ) . The family resides in a Mediterranean - style mansion in Bel Air , which Paul bought from Avril Lavigne for $8.5 million in 2012 . On November 11 , 2011 , Paul appeared with his family on Family Feud . Paul is a Christian and attends church every Sunday whenever possible . In one interview , Paul commented , `` I am so thankful that my parents raised me and C.J. to depend on God 's guidance and our faith in Him , and to always be thankful for what we receive . '' He enjoys bowling and owns a franchise in the Professional Bowlers Association ( PBA ) League called L.A.X. He has hosted and participated in numerous celebrity and youth bowling events as the head of the CP3 Foundation , which benefits programs in Louisiana affected by Hurricane Katrina , as well as charities in Winston - Salem . In 2018 , Paul purchased a minority ownership stake in the Winston - Salem Dash , a minor league baseball team located in his hometown . Paul answers questions at a youth basketball camp in July 2009 . Paul 's brother , C.J. , played college basketball at Hampton University and University of South Carolina Upstate . In 2004 , they played against each other when Wake Forest had a preseason exhibition with USC - Upstate . C.J. now works as Chris 's personal manager . Paul is close friends with footballer Reggie Bush ; the two lived in the One River Place complex in the New Orleans Central Business District while Bush was playing for the Saints . They also shared a personal chef . Paul is represented by NBA agent Leon Rose of Creative Artists Agency , who also represents Carmelo Anthony and Dwyane Wade , among others . In 2014 , Forbes ranked Paul as one of the highest - paid athletes in the world with $24.2 million in earnings including $5.5 million in endorsements . Some of the companies he does business with are Nike and State Farm . He was the cover athlete for the video game NBA 2K8 . Paul was selected president of the National Basketball Players Association on August 21 , 2013 , after having served on the executive committee for four years . He was a key figure in the banning of Clippers owner Donald Sterling from the NBA following racist remarks Sterling made in 2014 . In one interview , Paul mentioned a possible boycott if Sterling continued to own the team . Paul played a significant role in the election of Michele Roberts as the Executive Director of the Players Association , giving a strong recommendation to the executive committee responsible for filling the position . Career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high * Led the league NBA record NBA Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2005 -- 06 New Orleans 78 78 36.0 . 430 . 282 . 847 5.1 7.8 2.2 . 1 16.1 2006 -- 07 New Orleans 64 64 36.8 . 437 . 350 . 818 4.4 8.9 1.8 . 0 17.3 2007 -- 08 New Orleans 80 80 37.6 . 488 . 369 . 851 4.0 11.6 * 2.7 * . 1 21.1 2008 -- 09 New Orleans 78 78 38.5 . 503 . 364 . 868 5.5 11.0 * 2.8 * . 1 22.8 2009 -- 10 New Orleans 45 45 38.0 . 493 . 409 . 847 4.2 10.7 2.1 . 2 18.7 2010 -- 11 New Orleans 80 80 36.0 . 463 . 388 . 878 4.1 9.8 2.4 * . 1 15.8 2011 -- 12 L.A. Clippers 60 60 36.4 . 478 . 371 . 861 3.6 9.1 2.5 * . 1 19.8 2012 -- 13 L.A. Clippers 70 70 33.4 . 481 . 328 . 885 3.7 9.7 2.4 * . 1 16.9 2013 -- 14 L.A. Clippers 62 62 35.0 . 467 . 368 . 855 4.3 10.7 * 2.5 * . 1 19.1 2014 -- 15 L.A. Clippers 82 82 34.8 . 485 . 398 . 900 4.6 10.2 * 1.9 . 2 19.1 2015 -- 16 L.A. Clippers 74 74 32.7 . 462 . 371 . 896 4.2 10.0 2.1 . 2 19.5 2016 -- 17 L.A. Clippers 61 61 31.5 . 476 . 411 . 892 5.0 9.2 1.9 . 1 18.1 2017 -- 18 Houston 58 58 31.8 . 460 . 380 . 919 5.4 7.9 1.7 . 2 18.6 Career 892 892 35.3 . 472 . 372 . 868 4.5 9.8 2.3 . 1 18.7 All - Star 8 26.7 . 519 . 455 . 857 4.1 13.2 2.8 . 0 13.1 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2008 New Orleans 12 12 40.5 . 502 . 238 . 785 4.9 11.3 2.3 . 2 24.1 2009 New Orleans 5 5 40.2 . 411 . 313 . 857 4.4 10.4 1.6 . 0 16.6 2011 New Orleans 6 6 41.5 . 545 . 474 . 796 6.7 11.5 1.8 . 0 22.0 2012 L.A. Clippers 11 11 38.5 . 427 . 333 . 872 5.1 7.9 2.7 . 1 17.6 2013 L.A. Clippers 6 6 37.3 . 533 . 316 . 892 4.0 6.3 1.8 . 0 22.8 2014 L.A. Clippers 13 13 36.3 . 467 . 457 . 774 4.2 10.4 2.8 . 0 19.8 2015 L.A. Clippers 12 12 37.1 . 503 . 415 . 941 4.4 8.8 1.8 . 3 22.1 2016 L.A. Clippers 31.3 . 487 . 300 1.000 4.0 7.3 2.3 . 0 23.8 2017 L.A. Clippers 7 7 37.2 . 496 . 368 . 879 5.0 9.9 1.7 . 1 25.3 2018 Houston 15 15 34.5 . 459 . 374 . 830 5.9 5.8 2.0 . 3 21.1 Career 91 91 37.4 . 480 . 379 . 845 4.9 8.8 2.2 . 1 21.4 College Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2003 -- 04 Wake Forest 31 31 33.6 . 496 . 465 . 843 3.3 5.9 2.5 . 4 14.8 2004 -- 05 Wake Forest 32 32 33.4 . 451 . 474 . 834 4.4 6.6 2.7 . 0 15.3 Career 63 63 33.5 . 472 . 470 . 838 3.9 6.3 2.5 . 2 15.0 Awards and honors Main article : List of career achievements by Chris Paul Paul runs the offense at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing . NBA 9 × NBA All - Star : 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 8 × All - NBA Team : First Team : 2008 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 Second Team : 2009 , 2015 , 2016 Third Team : 2011 9 × NBA All - Defensive Team : First Team : 2009 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Second Team : 2008 , 2011 NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award : 2013 NBA Rookie of the Year : 2006 NBA All - Rookie First Team : 2006 College First team consensus All - American : 2005 No. 3 retired by Wake Forest 2 × All - ACC Team All - ACC First Team : 2005 All - ACC Third Team : 2004 All - ACC Defensive Team : 2004 All - ACC Freshman Team : 2004 ACC Rookie of the Year : 2004 All - ACC Tournament Second Team : 2004 United States national team 2 × Olympic gold medalist : 2008 , 2012 FIBA World Championship bronze medalist : 2006 USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year : 2004 See also National Basketball Association portal List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders List of National Basketball Association annual assists leaders List of National Basketball Association annual steals leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game Notes Jump up ^ Some sources say Paul was born in Lewisville , North Carolina , while others say he was born in Winston - Salem , North Carolina . Jump up ^ During the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons , the team was known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets during their temporary relocation to Oklahoma City due to Hurricane Katrina . References Jump up ^ Reid , John ( 1 October 2011 ) . `` New Orleans Hornets guard Chris Paul excited to host pickup game in hometown '' . Times - Picayune . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets - Bobcats Preview '' . ESPN . 28 December 2007 . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DeLong , John ( July 20 , 2008 ) . `` Home is still Lewisville , despite son 's success '' . JournalNow . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Seth ( 28 February 2005 ) . `` The Rise Of Saint Paul '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Yaeger , Don . `` Making a Difference -- Chris Paul '' . Success . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` The lessons of Nathaniel Jones , Chris Paul 's grandfather '' . ESPN . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA stars call for an end to violence -- ESPN Video '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hoops Player Scores 61 for Slain Grandpa '' . ABC . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Phil ; Remsberg , Matt ( 1 March 2011 ) . `` Chris Paul knows what makes leaders '' . ESPN Rise . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Bio : Chris Paul '' . Wake Forest Sports . 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Telep , Dave . `` Kappa Magic Wins AAU Title '' . Scout Hoops . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Paul Stats '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 NCAA Basketball Tournament Bracket '' . Database Sports . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wake sophomore guard plans to sign with agent '' . ESPN . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul will miss ACC quarterfinal game '' . ESPN . 10 March 2005 . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NCAA Basketball Tournament Bracket '' . Database Sports . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul Is Named Academic All - American : : First Deacon basketball player to earn Academic All - American since 1996 '' . Cstv.com. 2 March 2005 . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wake retires Chris Paul 's jersey '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Draft history : 2005 Draft '' . NBA . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets to Play in Oklahoma City '' . NBA . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hornets ' Paul Named the 2005 - 06 T - Mobile Rookie of the Year '' . NBA . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Paul NBA & ABA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Bucher , Ric ( 3 November 2008 ) . `` How Do You Know ... Who 's Better ? '' . ESPN : The Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile Rookie Challenge and Youth Jam '' . NBA . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NBA All - Star Game Box Score '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul , Hornets close out Bulls with 33 - 13 fourth quarter '' . ESPN . 17 March 2008 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Pelicans Franchise Index '' . New Orleans Pelicans Franchise Index . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 - 08 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Stats : 2007 -- 2008 Regular Season '' . ESPN . 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award '' . NBA . 7 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul , Hornets climb back from deficit to take Game 1 from Mavs '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 19 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul dissects Mavs ' D , dishes out 17 assists as Hornets go up 2 -- 0 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul , Hornets finish off Mavericks in five to move on to second round '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul , Hornets agree to new 3 - year extension '' . Fox Sports . 4 July 2008 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paul has steal in 106th straight game as Hornets win '' . ESPN . 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul has triple - double , Stojakovic hits six 3 - pointers in Hornets ' victory '' . ESPN . 26 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 - 09 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Struggling Hornets fire Scott ; Bower to take over '' . NBA . 12 November 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Reid , John ( 12 November 2009 ) . `` Chris Paul taken aback by New Orleans Hornets ' firing of Byron Scott '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Paul out at least a month '' . ESPN . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Spears , Mark J. ( 3 March 2010 ) . `` Billups to replace Paul in All - Star game '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 - 10 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul leaves on stretcher with concussion in Hornets win '' . ESPN . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul scores 33 , adds 15 assists in return as Hornets streak past Kings '' . ESPN . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 NBA Playoffs Schedule and Results '' . ESPN . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` Lakers have no solution for Chris Paul '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg . `` Paul leads Hornets past Lakers in stunning opener '' . NBA . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Martel , Brett . `` Paul 's triple - double lifts Hornets past Lakers '' . NBA . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Hornets may deal Chris Paul '' . ESPN . 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( 10 December 2011 ) . `` N.B.A. Reopens to Business as Unusual '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` Sources : Teams lobby over Paul ruling '' . ESPN . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` Sources : Lakers out of Chris Paul talks '' . ESPN . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris ; Marc Stein ( 12 December 2011 ) . `` Clippers pull out of deal for Paul '' . ESPN Los Angeles . Jump up ^ `` Clippers Acquire Four - Time All - Star Chris Paul '' . NBA . 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul Trade : CP3 Will Opt In With Clippers For 2012 -- 13 Season '' . SB Nation Los Angeles . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` CP3 : ' I was really a part ' of Big Easy '' . ESPN . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` Blake Griffin : ' Lob City is done ' '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 players of 2014 : Nos. 10 - 1 '' . The Point Forward. 20 September 2013 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers embracing ' Lob City ' nickname '' . ESPN Los Angeles . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul Selected to 2011 - 12 All - NBA First Team ; Griffin Headlines All - NBA Second Team '' . NBA . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 - 12 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers ' Chris Paul named MVP as West topples East in ASG '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paul becomes first Clippers ever to win All - Star MVP '' . NBA . 18 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Clippers Franchise Index '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Turner , Broderick ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Clippers : Chris Paul not to blame for dismissal of Vinny Del Negro '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Vinny Del Negro intimates Chris Paul was behind his departure '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simers , T.J. ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Do Chris Paul , Blake Griffin know best who should coach Clippers ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` Clippers officially re-sign Chris Paul to five - year contract '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` Clippers ' Chris Paul ( separated shoulder ) to miss six weeks , avoid surgery '' . The Point Forward . Jump up ^ `` NBA Wrap : Clippers get franchise - record 57th win '' . CSN Philly . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Clippers 122 , Thunder 105 '' . NBA . 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach . `` Chris Paul : ' Everything that happened at the end is on me ' '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Jump up ^ Rohlin , Melissa ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Clippers set records , reach milestones in final regular - season game '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rohlin , Melissa ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Paul will play in Game 3 against Rockets , making series debut '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rohlin , Melissa ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Clippers ' meltdown is complete in Game 7 loss to Rockets '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Drew ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` The Fury Road of Chris Paul and the Clippers '' . Hardwood Paroxysm . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Paul among top 10 players to never reach conference finals '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Clippers win 10th straight , beat Heat 104 - 90 without Jordan '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard - Cooper , Scott . `` Injuries in Game 4 derail Clippers ' postseason plan '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Damian Lillard scores 28 , Blazers eliminate Clippers in 6 games '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Taylor C. ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` 2016 - 17 Exit Interviews : Chris Paul '' . clipsnation.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Acquire Nine - Time All - Star Chris Paul '' . NBA.com . June 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets rally to spoil defending champion Warriors return '' . ESPN.com . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnewall , Chris ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Rockets sneak win past Warriors , but Chris Paul sits out crunch time with knee injury '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harden , Rockets get 90 in first half , beat Suns 142 - 116 '' . ESPN.com . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paul leads Rockets over Hornets 108 - 96 for 11th straight win '' . ESPN.com . December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paul , Rockets rout Spurs 124 - 109 for 12th straight victory '' . ESPN.com . December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paul 's season - high 37 leads Rockets over Blazers 121 - 112 '' . ESPN.com . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon scores 30 as Rockets beat Timberwolves 116 - 98 '' . ESPN.com . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Davis , Cousins help Pelicans hold off Rockets '' . ESPN.com . January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets blast LeBron , disconnected Cavs 120 - 88 '' . ESPN.com . February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Butler hurt as Rockets beat Wolves for 11th straight win '' . ESPN.com . February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paul scores 41 as Rockets eliminate Jazz 112 - 102 '' . ESPN.com . May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors reach 4th straight NBA Finals with win over Houston '' . ESPN.com . May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Re-sign Chris Paul '' . NBA.com . July 8 , 2018 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` Rockets , Chris Paul agree to four - year , $160 M maximum contract '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Basketball : Chris Paul '' . USA Basketball . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wade scores 32 as U.S. beats Argentina '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States 118 , Spain 107 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul Olympic Stats '' . Olympic Reference . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant , U.S. pull through in final as Spain ca n't rain on parade '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # NBArank 3 : Chris Paul '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` L.A. Clippers : 2013 - 14 roster ( Subscription Required ) '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Off To Historic Pace Handling The Ball '' . NBA.com. 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldsberry , Kirk . `` Monster of the Midrange : Do n't Sleep on Chris Paul 's Deadly Elbow Jumper '' . Grantland . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldsberry , Kirk . `` Department of Defense '' . Grantland . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Reid , John . `` New Orleans Hornets guard Chris Paul weds his longtime girlfriend '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daughter Camryn born to Chris , Jada Paul '' . WXII12 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne sells her Bel Air mansion to Clippers star Chris Paul for $8.5 million '' . Daily Mail . London . 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul On Family Feud : Hornets Point Guard Appears On Game Show ( VIDEO ) '' . HuffingtonPost.com. 2 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Eichenhofer , Jim . `` Ask Chris Paul : 2008 Offseason , Part 1 '' . NBA . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Athlete Testimonies : Chris Paul '' . Sports Spectrum . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Michael ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` Paul 's bowling passion leads to PBA ownership '' . Fox Sports West . MSN . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ WS Chronicle ( 23 January 2013 ) . `` ESPN To Air Chris Paul 's Annual Bowling Fundraiser '' . Winston - Salem Chronicle . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CP3 Foundation > > 2013 Chris Paul PBA Celebrity All - Star Invitational '' . Chris Paul Foundation . 3 February 2013 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Point Guard Chris Paul and His Foundation Feed 1000 Families '' . Black Athlete Sports Network . 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul purchases ownership in Winston - Salem Dash '' . milb.com. April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paul vs. Paul Thursday Night At Joel Coliseum '' . Wake Forest University Press Release . 3 November 2004 . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Turner , Jamie . `` Basket brothers : Cavaliers ' LeBron James , Hornets ' Chris Paul share a tight off - court bond '' . Cleveland . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Luxury Condos New Orleans Condo Trends by Eric Bouler '' . New Orleans Condo Trends . 18 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Chris ( February 2008 ) . `` Debutante Baller '' . ESPN the Magazine . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Leon Rose '' . HoopsHype . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Turner , Broderick . `` Clippers ' Blake Griffin , Chris Paul among top NBA endorsement earners '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Ryan . `` Chris Paul Gets NBA 2K8 Cover '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul elected president of NBA players union '' . NBA . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff . `` Chris Paul : Boycott a real possibility '' . ESPN . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Morales , Valerie . `` Lake Show Life '' . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ IC Staff . `` May , Felton Named First - Team All - ACC '' . Inside Carolina . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chris Paul . Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Official website Wake Forest bio Chris Paul on Twitter Houston Rockets current roster 2 Hunter ( TW ) 3 Paul 4 Tucker 6 Edwards 7 Johnson 9 Zhou 10 Gordon 13 Harden 14 Green 15 Capela 33 Anderson 42 Nenê 55 Hartenstein 56 Gray 59 Clark -- Carter - Williams -- Ennis Head coach : D'Antoni Assistant coaches : Bzdelik Gunning Lucas Rogers Links to related articles 2005 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Andrew Bogut Dee Brown Chris Paul J.J. Redick Wayne Simien Hakim Warrick Second Team Ike Diogu Luther Head Sean May Salim Stoudamire Deron Williams 2005 NBA draft First round Andrew Bogut Marvin Williams Deron Williams Chris Paul Raymond Felton Martell Webster Charlie Villanueva Channing Frye Ike Diogu Andrew Bynum Fran Vázquez Yaroslav Korolev Sean May Rashad McCants Antoine Wright Joey Graham Danny Granger Gerald Green Hakim Warrick Julius Hodge Nate Robinson Jarrett Jack Francisco García Luther Head Johan Petro Jason Maxiell Linas Kleiza Ian Mahinmi Wayne Simien David Lee Second round Salim Stoudamire Daniel Ewing Brandon Bass C.J. 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when things get knocked over spilled or fall out of cupboards

This Morning with Richard not Judy

this morning with richard not judy

This Morning With Richard Not Judy or TMWRNJ / təˈwʌmrəndʒə / was a BBC comedy television programme , written by and starring Lee and Herring . Two series were broadcast in 1998 and 1999 on BBC Two . The name was a satirical reference to ITV 's This Morning which was at the time popularly referred to as This Morning with Richard and Judy .

The show was a reworking of old material from their previous work together ( radio and TV ) along with new characters . The show was hosted in a daytime chat show format in front of a live studio audience , although it featured a small proportion of pre-recorded location inserts . It was structured by the often strange obsessions of Richard Herring ; examples include his rating of the milk of all creatures and attempting to popularise the acronym of the show ( TMWRNJ ) ( in the style of Tiswas ) . The show featured ( and acknowledged its use of ) repetition , with regular and vigilant viewers being rewarded by jokes that would make no sense to casual viewers . The show seemed to oscillate between the intellectual and puerile . However , irony was often used , even though the citing of irony as an excuse was mocked by the show 's stars in one of many self - referential jokes . Kevin Eldon also reprised two of his characters from the earlier Lee & Herring series Fist of Fun , Simon Quinlank ( the `` King of Hobbies '' ) and his portrayal of `` the false Rod Hull '' as a jelly fanatic with a false arm and giant chin . A run of sketches featuring Eldon as the false Rod Hull was filmed for the second series , but dropped when the real Rod Hull died just prior to the start of the series . A new sketch was filmed as a tribute and featured as the closing item of the last programme in the series . ( Rod Hull had taken this in good humour and had featured in one episode of Fist of Fun as a guest , pouring scorn on the false Rod Hull . ) TMWRNJ was the subject of many complaints on Points of View , largely due to the surprisingly adult content for a programme shown at Sunday lunchtime . The Jesus sketches were much remarked upon on Points of View due to the time of broadcast and uncertainty as to whether they were making fun of Jesus or people 's take on the scriptures themselves . Like Fist of Fun it remains a cult series fondly remembered by fans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular features : Series 1 and 2 1.1 The Curious Orange 1.2 Histor 's Eye 1.3 Musical Interludes 1.4 Pause for Thought for the Day 1.5 When Insects Attack 1.6 King ( or Queen ) of the Show 1.7 Trevor And Nathalie 1.8 The Five Aims 2 Regular features : Series 1 2.1 The Profit Making Phone Opinion Poll 2.2 The Ironic Review 2.3 Men of Achievement 1974 2.4 The School 2.5 Roger Crowley 2.6 The Organ Gang 2.7 Special Guests 3 Regular features : Series 2 3.1 Sunday Heroes 3.2 The Corrs Shrine 3.3 Extra Final Scene 3.4 Angus Deayton 's Authorised History Of Alternative Comedy ( with Angus Deayton ) 3.5 Curious Alien 3.6 Rich 's Robbie Williams Tattoo 3.7 Nostradamus and his horse David Collins 3.8 Richard Herring 's Food And Milk 3.9 Lazy Comedy Slags 3.10 Lazy TV Executive Twits 4 Quotes 5 Transmission details 6 Reunions 6.1 Lee & Herring at Tedstock ( Bloomsbury Theatre ) , 5 February 2007 6.2 TMWRNJ Reunion Show at The Lyric , Hammersmith Nov 2008 7 DVD release 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Regular features : series 1 and 2 ( edit ) The Curious Orange ( edit ) Questions about life from a gigantic talking orange , played by Paul Putner . The name is derived from the album I Am Kurious Oranj by The Fall ( itself a reference to the film I Am Curious ( Yellow ) ) , which was used to introduce each Curious Orange segment . At the end of the first series , having been revealed to be Richard Herring 's illegitimate son , he was crushed to death and `` juiced '' , but he was later reconstituted by a mad scientist . Throughout the second series his behaviour became increasingly sinister , and for a while he was replaced by The Curious Alien ( in truth due to Putner 's commitments elsewhere ) . By the final episode , he had mutated into a tyrannical character reminiscent of Doctor Who 's Davros ( though `` just different enough not to infringe any copyright laws '' ) . Histor 's eye ( edit ) Ostensibly an extremely low - budget children 's television programme featuring two pirate crows : the titular Histor ( who concealed a multicoloured spinning eye beneath his eyepatch ) and his hapless first mate Pliny Harris . Histor 's ability to transport himself and Pliny through time ( `` as the crow flies '' ) to view past events would be used to satirise current affairs , and the script would be peppered with deliberately weak but dense nautical - and bird - related multiple puns , which would increase in volume and weakness as the series progressed . ( For example , Pliny would say ' Egg feather bird oeuf tit ' in place of ' I 've never heard of it ' , or ' Feather me wingers ' in place of ' Shiver me timbers ' . ) Pliny 's idiocy drives Histor to insanity and , eventually , he murders him by stuffing him with eggs until he bursts , as he keeps using the word `` egg '' so it has no connection or relation to the context of what Histor was saying , ( only for Histor to be subsequently haunted by Pliny 's equally pun - obsessed ghost ) . A running joke in this segment was that despite Pliny 's apparent idiocy , he would occasionally counter Histor 's right - wing views with extraordinarily eloquent and well constructed left - wing arguments . This would often result in Pliny being physically attacked by Histor or a third party ( e.g. having a broken glass shoved into his face by a `` lager lout '' Saint George ) . Another running gag not featured in the fictional show , but would be part of its introduction , would be a sketch in which Herring naively complains about a recent report in the media , only for Lee to try to correct him before realising the best way to make him understand better is showing him `` An educational film for the under fives '' he taped from cable TV . After the segment Lee would ask Herring if that cleared the matter up for him , with Herring praising the crows for this saying he now understands . Indeed , Herring once points out that the same joke is always told every week before showing the latest episode , shortly after Lee told him that telling the same jokes soon wears off , with the episode of `` Histor 's Eye '' being focused on that topic . The gag was less frequent in the second series . Musical interludes ( edit ) Richard Thomas played keyboards every week on the show and in series 1 would play a hymn at the end of the show . Pause for thought for the day ( edit ) The Unusual Priest , played by Kevin Eldon , would present ethical dilemmas , dealing with them in increasingly ridiculous fashion . When insects Attack ( edit ) A parody of the show When Animals Attack ! , with a voice - over supposedly by actor Greg Evigan ( actually Mark Gatiss ) . The last episode of this segment , in the first series , saw The Lettuce Family attacked by a slug -- technically not an insect . In the second series this was replaced by When Things Get Knocked Over , Spill , or Fall Out Of Cupboards . King ( or Queen ) of the show ( edit ) In each edition , a member of the audience would be crowned `` King or Queen of the Show '' , either at random or as a reward for sending in an especially entertaining letter . After being crowned , they would be offered various items from a trolley ; these items would all be linked by the current theme of the show . The crown and trolley would be brought on by the normally mute ( `` We ca n't afford to pay you to speak '' ) Trevor and Nathalie ( Trevor Lock and Nathalie Brandon ) who would sometimes be dressed in outlandish costumes . At this point Trevor would invariably be mocked by Stew for having `` a small face '' . Richard Herring would use this segment of the show as an opportunity to swear live on Sunday morning TV . Each week it would be varied . For example , he would chant `` There 's only one King . One King . Wan King . Wanking ! '' On another week , imitating a trumpet , `` Fa fa fa fa , King ! Fa fa fa fucking ! '' Trevor and Nathalie ( edit ) A man with ' an extremely small face ' , called Trevor ( comedian Trevor Lock ) , and a woman called Nathalie , played by Nathalie Brandon , would appear on each show in non-speaking roles as slaves , often to bring in props or to usher in guests or other performers . The five aims ( edit ) Every week , Rich and Stew discussed five aims they wanted to implement before the end of the series , a parody of New Labour 's pledge cards from the 1997 General Election . ( The aims were different every week ) . Regular features : series 1 ( edit ) The profit making phone opinion poll ( edit ) Each week the show staged a phone - in which was purely designed to make money for Lee and Herring . The phone - in was hosted by ' Jo Unwin and the actor Kevin Eldon ' and tackled issues which dominated the week 's news . The phone - in would present viewers with three options to the topical question , of which one would be phrased in a style similar to `` I agree , but trivial phone opinion polls about such important issues are morally offensive . '' The ironic Review ( edit ) A fly - on - the - wall documentary about a so - called cutting edge magazine . The item was ostensibly a satire of The Modern Review , with the journalists being in bitter competition to see who could write the most `` ironic '' article . Men of Achievement 1974 ( edit ) A short item in which the details of an entry in the book of the same name would be read out . At one point , noted as the least popular part of the show , but kept in ' until it becomes so popular , it gets its own series ' . Men of Achievement 1974 was first mentioned in the TV version of Fist of Fun as an item Richard Herring had shoplifted from a charity shop . The school ( edit ) A fly on the wall documentary focussing on two teachers and their attempts to teach English at a secondary school . Mr Keith Harris ( Herring ) is an old fashioned teacher described as a ' good man ' by the head master who is abused by his students and enjoys nothing more than marking . Mr Ian Kennedy ( Lee ) is a rogue teacher who constantly attempts to rock the establishment . He is described as ' a fuckwit ' by the head teacher . Roger Crowley ( edit ) The self - styled most evil man alive , played by Roger Mann . During the first series he would regularly break into the programme to outline his latest absurd plan for world domination . Based on Aleister Crowley ( evident in the costume 's triangular hat ) . The organ Gang ( edit ) Also known as TOG , in keeping with Richard 's unhealthy abbreviation obsession -- A spoof children 's series , drawn by Joseph Champniss and narrated by Brian Cant , in which the characters were all organs of the human body , they would have some adventure and end up `` laughing for a whole five minutes . '' It bore some resemblance to the real children 's series The Garden Gang in which all the characters were fruit and vegetables . The final episode saw Brian Cant ranting at his duty of being the narrator saying I 'm Brian Cant ! . Special guests ( edit ) The first series featured guests who were interviewed in a talk show fashion including Jenny Eclair , Peter Baynham and Jack Docherty ( who claimed to have had sex with Morwenna Banks while she was dressed as her ' little girl ' character from Absolutely ) . Regular features : series 2 ( edit ) Sunday Heroes ( edit ) A series of sketches featuring Jesus and his disciples as the main characters , parodying a schoolteacher and his class . In one sketch per week a disciple would pose a question to Jesus ( Lee ) , usually on a topic of importance that would split Christianity ( e.g. Transubstantiation vs Transignification ) . Instead of answering directly He would make a vague comment ( such as instructing them to `` consider the lily '' ) , pause , then say `` ahh '' in a mysterious manner , causing all but Matthew ( Herring ) to `` ahh '' along with Him , leading the disciple to become frustrated with the evasion ( `` This is n't an ' ahh ' situation '' ; `` Ahh ! '' ; `` No , not ' ahh ' -- you ca n't just say ' consider the lily ' '' ; `` Ahh ! '' ; `` No Jesus : Not ' ahh ' . '' ) Peter ( Carlton Dixon ) would insult Matthew for not understanding , insisting in a smug `` class swot '' manner that he `` got it right away '' , and Judas ( Eldon ) would also laugh at double entendres , only to be admonished . The other Apostles were played by Paul Putner ( `` Doubting Thomas '' ) , Trevor Lock ( Thaddaeus ) and TV 's Emma Kennedy ( the fictional Ian , who only started following Jesus as he misunderstood the phrase `` fishers of men '' ) . These sketches tended to cause some controversy given the time of the show and the day of its broadcast . The Corrs shrine ( edit ) A shrine to the Corrs or more correctly ' The Corrs Shrine ' . Essentially Herring 's infatuation with Andrea Corr . The rest of them ( particularly the `` Man Corr '' ) he did n't care for , a joke based on the similar looks of the Corr sisters . Extra final scene ( edit ) This would take the form of a tacked - on ending for a different film each week , for example as extra final scene for Blues Brothers 2000 which saw Dan Aykroyd and John Goodman laughing and urinating on the grave of John Belushi before driving off in the Bluesmobile . Another was made for Titanic , in which Leonardo DiCaprio 's character swims to the surface after Kate Winslet is rescued to celebrate finally escaping her clutches . Angus Deayton 's authorised history of alternative comedy ( with angus Deayton ) ( edit ) A satirical version of a BBC series that explored the boom in alternative comedy in the 1970s and early 1980s . The item would involve a comedian ( either the portrayal of a real life person or a generic stand - up ) reminisce about the `` amazing times '' they had , while shamelessly exaggerating their trailblazing influence . The characters would always be seen drinking from an SDP mug , a reference to the political party famously supported by John Cleese ( whose picture appeared on the title screen ) during the 1980s . Angus Deayton himself did not appear . Curious Alien ( edit ) In series 2 the Curious Orange was replaced by the Curious Alien as Stew became increasingly frustrated with the Orange 's behaviour . Rich 's Robbie Williams tattoo ( edit ) Rich becomes obsessed with Robbie Williams as a result of his alleged relationship with Andrea Corr . In order to display his love for the former Take That member Rich draws a felt tip pen tattoo on his stomach in the shape of Robbie Williams . Nostradamus and his horse David Collins ( edit ) A regular feature in the second series , medieval seer Nostradamus ( played by TV 's Emma Kennedy with a false beard , a `` flighty '' horse called David Collins and , for no adequately explored reason , a Welsh accent ) would give his predictions for the week ahead , which would often be either completely absurd or extremely vague . The start of the segment would look at the previous week 's predictions : if they were not correct , Nostradamus would be punished by a nipple cripple , or something similarly pseudo-sexual , by Richard . During one episode Richard obsessed about cress for a whole show , as a spoof of product placement deals . When Nostradamus only got one out of three predictions correct , a barbecue of cress was burnt with a blowlamp . As the series progressed , it became clear that there was sexual tension between Herring and Nostradamus , the latter openly enjoying the physical punishments handed out by the former . Herring believed their love to be forbidden since both were `` men '' . Richard Herring 's food and milk ( edit ) A weekly segment in which Richard Herring would taste a different milk ( shrew , tapir , blue whale , Jesus milk , American beaver milk , the milk of human kindness ) and give a rating out of ten . Despite the name no solid food was ever featured in this piece ( although Golden Grahams also featured elsewhere on the show several times , apparently to ensure this unloved cereal did not go unnoticed in the UK ) . He would end with the line `` Remember , there 'll always be milk '' . Lazy comedy slags ( edit ) Lee and Herring would discuss lazy comedy clichés , such as jokes ending with `` and then I got off the bus '' , `` 28 years old I was ! '' , `` And that was just the teachers ... aaah '' , `` and then I was thrown out of the public library ... ah '' , `` and then I got out of the toddlers ' paddling pool ... ah '' , and `` and then I was sacked as head of the girls school biology department '' and jokes designed to play on the audience 's sense of nostalgia for the 1970s . During one episode they also brainstormed lazy comedy ideas for the BBC . Their ideas would usually include characters called Ian -- a running joke which also featured in Sunday Heroes , with one of the disciples being called Ian . Proposed programmes included : Roll Reversall Ian Roll is a driving instructor , Ian Reversall is a baker . Due to some kind of accident they are forced to swap jobs . With hilarious consequences . Pie In The Sky Ian Pie is the landlord of the Sky pub . In an attempt to attract custom each week he buys a different giant pie which goes wrong and ironically scares the public away . With hilarious consequences . Myy Cup Upstairs Ian Myy lives in a flat . His upstairs neighbour borrows one of his cups and then does n't return it . The series details Ian Myy 's contrived and failed attempts to get back the cup that is rightfully his . Babes In The Wood Two babies live in a piece of wood . Simple but brilliant . Lazy TV executive twits ( edit ) Lee and Herring discussed the laziness of TV executives after Rich received an offer from Channel 5 to make a programme about fishing due to his surname . They decided to submit some ideas to Channel 5 themselves , which included : Hugh Fearnley - Whittingstall 's Huge Furry Wishing Stall Hugh Fearnley - Whittingstall tours the country in a gigantic mink lined stall granting peoples ' wishes . Fox watch with Dr Fox Dr Fox hides a secret camera in the toilet of small American actor Michael J. Fox and watches him go about his daily ablutions . Jeremy Paxman 's Pacman Jeremy Paxman goes round the country on a moped playing the early arcade game Pac - Man . He is not allowed to leave any town until he has clocked up the highest score for that machine . Van Outen 's Van Outings Denise Van Outen goes out in a van and meets other people with ' Van ' in their name and outs them as homosexual . Whether they are or not . Quotes ( edit ) `` Curse you God for making me this way ! '' -- A feature of a recurring theme in the series , where someone would be laughed at ( in a surreal fashion ) due to a misfortune . The victim of the ridicule would always say this , while shaking his or her fists at the sky . `` My expectations were confounded and from thence the humour arose . '' `` Who is the real sick man in this so called society ? '' A question posed by Herring throughout the first series in order to justify his outrageously inappropriate and perverse personal anecdotes such as : `` Wanting to make love to an animal with the body of Natalie Imbruglia and the head of an ant . '' He would compare his activities to those of `` the businessman , in his suit and tie , having sex with the same woman , his wife , every day of his life for 40 years . '' It was always concluded by Lee that Herring was clearly the more sick . `` Look at his little face , it 's almost as if he understands . '' `` Saying it in a staccato fashion does n't make it any more true . '' `` No , listen to the question and the words in it ... '' Transmission details ( edit ) Number of episodes : 18 Running - time : 45 minutes Series 1 ( 8 episodes ) : 15 February -- 5 April 1998 -- BBC Two , Sundays at 12.15 Series 2 ( 10 episodes ) : 21 March -- 13 June 1999 -- BBC Two , Sundays , mostly at 12.15 Shortened ( 30 - minute ) repeats of the programmes were aired by BBC Two on the Friday following each original broadcast Reunions ( edit ) Lee & Herring at Tedstock ( Bloomsbury Theatre ) , 5 February 2007 ( edit ) Stewart Lee and Richard Herring reformed their act after a period of eight years to perform a brief selection of their old material at Tedstock 2007 , at the Bloomsbury Theatre , London . Self - mocking and sarcastic as ever , the pair opened with a pastiche of the Mitchell and Webb PC vs. Mac adverts shown that year , which then led on to a rant by Rich that `` It should have been us Stew ! '' The show is available on YouTube TMWRNJ reunion show at the Lyric , Hammersmith nov 2008 ( edit ) Lee and Herring performed a 40 - minute selection of their TMWRNJ material at a ' reunion gig ' at the Lyric Hammersmith in November 2008 . Their approach to the material was characteristically sarcastic and self - referential , with both comedians ruthlessly deriding their own classic routines even down to points of language and grammar -- despite Herring insisting that `` You ca n't question the text ! This is like Shakespeare ! '' Both comedians fell into their old double act with relative comfort . Much humour was drawn both from the passage of time since TMWRNJ came to an end ( Rich opens the set with `` Old Mr Lee ! Old Mr Lee ! Can Stewart come out to play ? '' ) and the effective lack of a television career for either comedian since . ( Stewart Lee has since returned to the screen on Stewart Lee 's Comedy Vehicle on BBC Two ) . Highlights of the reunion show included a performance of the TMWRNJ theme song by TV 's Emma Kennedy 's band Vaginal Tap and the return of Paul Putner as The Curious Orange . DVD release ( edit ) In 2014 Richard Herring wrote that he was attempting to acquire the rights of TMWRNJ from the BBC in order to release the two series on DVD . However , in February 2015 he announced that the release would now not be happening , saying `` It 's not happening and I doubt it ever will , Nothing you or I can do about it . '' In an interview with Mustard magazine , Stewart Lee explained that the DVD 's cancellation was due to a financial decision and his reluctance to fund what he considers a vanity project at this time . Lee does not however , rule out its future release . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Herring would routinely pronounce the acronym as if the ' M ' and ' W ' had changed places ( TWMRNJ ) rather than pronouncing it as / təmˈwʊrən. dʒə / References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC Comedy : This Morning With Richard Not Judy '' . BBC Comedy . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nathalie Brandon '' . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ NOTBBC ( 8 February 2007 ) . `` Lee and Herring @ Tedstock - part one '' . Retrieved 17 August 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Herring , Richard . `` Monday 24th November 2014 - Warming Up - RichardHerring.com '' . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Solutions , Powder Blue Internet Business . `` Lee & Herring show ' will never be released ' : News 2015 : Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide '' . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stewart Lee interview in Mustard comedy mag '' . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) This Morning with Richard Not Judy at BBC Online Comedy Guide This Morning With Richard Not Judy on IMDb Fist of Fun.net fansite , includes downloads of their radio shows and live performances , episode guides , interviews , links to full episodes , etc . Lee and Herring.com Official Stewart Lee website Stewart Lee 's website links to full episodes Stewart Lee 's site now has links to all of the full episodes of the show , hosted on YouTube Official Richard Herring website YouTube clip YouTube clip ( hide ) Lee and Herring Stewart Lee Richard Herring Lee and Herring The Seven Raymonds On the Hour Lionel Nimrod 's Inexplicable World Radio 1 series Fist of Fun This Morning with Richard Not Judy Stewart Lee Cluub Zarathustra Attention Scum Jerry Springer : The Opera Stewart Lee 's Comedy Vehicle Richard Herring Time Gentlemen Please Warming Up That Was Then , This Is Now Heads Up with Richard Herring Banter The Collings and Herrin Podcast As It Occurs To Me Richard Herring 's interview podcasts Talking Cock See also Real Time Go Faster Stripe It 's Kevin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Morning_with_Richard_Not_Judy&oldid=830635334 '' Categories : BBC television comedy 1990s British comedy television series 1998 British television programme debuts 1999 British television programme endings Portrayals of Jesus on television Cultural depictions of Nostradamus Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 01 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Morning%20with%20Richard%20Not%20Judy

does an australian need a visa for fiji

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Lesotho Visa not required 14 days Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lithuania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Macedonia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days free of charge Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Marshall Islands Visa on arrival 90 days Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Monaco Visa not required Mongolia Visa required Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 30 days is mandatory . Montenegro Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days , conditions apply Myanmar eVisa 28 days . eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports . Namibia Visa not required 3 months Nauru Visa required Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Australian citizens . Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Netherlands Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen area ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Freedom of movement Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Visa not required for Nigerian - born citizens Norway Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Free Visa on arrival 30 days , available at Gurney Airport ( Alotau ) , Mount Hagen Airport , Port Moresby Airport and Tokua Airport ( Rabaul ) . Paraguay Visa on arrival 90 days , only available at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Luque . Reciprocity fee applies . Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Portugal Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days , available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Russia Visa required Rwanda Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required Serbia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa not required 90 days Slovakia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Slovenia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Somalia Visa required Visa may be obtained on arrival , provided an invitation letter by the sponsor had been submitted to the authorities before arrival . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Visa not required for Sudanese - born citizens Suriname Visa required Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Switzerland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Syria Visa required Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days at Dushanbe International Airport . Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days ( maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air ) Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days . Not available at all entry points . Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Trinidad and Tobago Visa on arrival 30 days Tunisia Visa not required 3 months Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months . Cruise ship passengers do not require a visa for up to 72 hours . eVisa can be obtained on arrival for a higher fee . Turkmenistan Visa required Transit visa is required . Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Determined at the port of entry . May apply online . Ukraine Visa on arrival 15 days for business or tourism purposes , available at Kyiv Boryspil Airport , Kyiv International Airport ( Zhuliany ) and Odessa International Airport . United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival 30 days United Kingdom and Crown dependencies Visa not required 6 months United States Visa not required ! Visa Waiver Program 90 days on arrival from overseas ; ESTA ( valid for 2 years when issued ) required if arriving by air or cruise ship . ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . Uruguay Visa not required 3 months Uzbekistan Visa required Pre-arranged visa can be obtained on arrival for a maximum of 7 days . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam Visa required Pre-arranged visa obtained online through travel agencies available at Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City or Da Nang airports . Phú Quốc without a visa for up to 30 days . Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days ; also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . eVisa available . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months . Strictly tourism purposes only . Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia . eVisa available .

Visa requirements for Australian citizens

visa requirements for australian citizens

Visa requirements for Australian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Australia entering with an Australian passport .

As of 1 January 2017 , Australian citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 170 countries and territories , ranking the Australian passport 7th in terms of travel freedom ( tied with South Korean passport ) according to the Henley visa restrictions index . Besides visa requirements , most countries specify other requirements which may preclude the entry of Australian and other citizens into their country -- for example , that a prospective entrant has a criminal history or health issues , or that there is no evidence of sufficient funds or of a ticket for exit . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 3 Dependent , Disputed , or Restricted territories 4 Reciprocity issues 5 Additional rules 5.1 Visa exemptions for Schengen states 5.1. 1 A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than three months ( but no more than three months in any individual member state ) 5.1. 2 A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of up to three months 5.1. 3 A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than 3 months ( and more than 3 months in an individual member state ) 5.2 Visa exemptions and requirements for the United Kingdom 5.3 Visa exemption for New Zealand 5.4 Travel ban 6 APEC Business Travel Card 7 Non-visa restrictions 7.1 Passport validity length 7.2 Blank passport pages 7.3 Vaccination 7.4 Israeli stamps 7.5 Armenian ethnicity 8 Fingerprinting 9 Consular protection of Australian citizens abroad 10 Foreign travel statistics 11 See also 12 References Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Australian passport holders Australia Freedom of Movement ( Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement ) Visa free access Visa issued upon arrival Electronic authorization or online payment required / eVisa Both visa on arrival and eVisa available Visa required prior to arrival Visa requirements ( edit ) Each country has a multitude of visa types , each with its particular purpose and requirements . Rules for short visits by ordinary passport holders are as follows : Country Visa requirement Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Visa not required for Afghan - born citizens . Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola Visa required Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 1 month Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival 120 days . Obtainable on arrival at Zvartnots International Airport or prior to travel online . Austria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 3 months Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days . Not available at all entry points . Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days , must arrive via Minsk International Airport ; Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents were submitted not later than 3 business days before expected date of arrival . Belgium Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Belize Visa not required 1 month Benin Visa required Bhutan Visa required Visa approved via tour operators only . Bolivia Visa not required 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days within any 6 - month period Botswana Visa not required 90 days per year Brazil Visa required Brunei Visa on arrival 30 days Bulgaria Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month Burundi Visa required Visitors arriving at Bujumbura International Airport can obtain a visa on arrival providing they have informed their travel agency of passport number and flight details . Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days . Visa is also obtainable online . Cameroon Visa required Canada Visa not required 6 months ; eTA required if arriving by air . Cape Verde Visa on arrival Not available at all entry points . Central African Republic Visa required Visa can be issued at the Consulate General of France . Chad Visa required Letter of invitation required . Chile Visa not required 90 days . Australian tourists entering Chile through Santiago International Airport are required to pay a `` reciprocity fee '' of US $117 . China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Dalian , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Shenyang , Tianjin , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Hangzhou , Nanjing and Shanghai 's airports , Railway Station and port . Colombia Visa not required 90 days - extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Visa not required for Congolese - born visitors Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days Cote d'Ivoire ! Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months ; eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport . Croatia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required Cyprus Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Czech Republic Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Denmark Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except the other Nordic countries ) Djibouti Visa on arrival Not available at all entry points . Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa not required 90 days ( 10 USD Tourist Card valid for 30 days must be purchased upon arrival ) Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Egypt Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Letter of invitation required . Eritrea Visa required Estonia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Not available at all entry points . Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area France Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) Gabon e-Visa Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days Georgia Visa not required 360 days Germany Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in Schengen countries Ghana Visa required Greece Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Grenada Visa not required 3 months Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Iceland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area India e-Visa 60 days ; e-Visa holders must arrive via 24 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa on arrival 30 days Iraq Visa required Ireland Visa not required 3 months Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Jamaica Visa not required Japan Visa not required 90 days Jordan Visa on arrival Conditions apply . Not available at all entry points . Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa not required 30 days North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days A single or multiple tourist or business e-visa for 90 days is also available . Laos Visa on arrival 30 days . Not available at all entry points . Latvia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month extendible for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho Visa not required 14 days Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lithuania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Macedonia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Madagascar Visa on arrival 30 days free of charge Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Marshall Islands Visa on arrival 90 days Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Monaco Visa not required Mongolia Visa required Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 30 days is mandatory . Montenegro Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days , conditions apply Myanmar eVisa 28 days . eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports . Namibia Visa not required 3 months Nauru Visa required Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Australian citizens . Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Netherlands Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen area ( European Netherlands ) New Zealand Freedom of movement Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Visa not required for Nigerian - born citizens Norway Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Oman eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Pakistan Visa required Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Free Visa on arrival 30 days , available at Gurney Airport ( Alotau ) , Mount Hagen Airport , Port Moresby Airport and Tokua Airport ( Rabaul ) . Paraguay Visa on arrival 90 days , only available at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Luque . Reciprocity fee applies . Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Portugal Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days , available at Hamad International Airport . eVisa is also available . Romania Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Russia Visa required Rwanda Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 3 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required Serbia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa not required 90 days Slovakia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Slovenia Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Somalia Visa required Visa may be obtained on arrival , provided an invitation letter by the sponsor had been submitted to the authorities before arrival . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Visa not required for Sudanese - born citizens Suriname Visa required Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Switzerland Visa not required 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Syria Visa required Tajikistan Visa on arrival 45 days at Dushanbe International Airport . Visa also available online . E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days ( maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air ) Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days . Not available at all entry points . Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Trinidad and Tobago Visa on arrival 30 days Tunisia Visa not required 3 months Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months . Cruise ship passengers do not require a visa for up to 72 hours . eVisa can be obtained on arrival for a higher fee . Turkmenistan Visa required Transit visa is required . Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival Determined at the port of entry . May apply online . Ukraine Visa on arrival 15 days for business or tourism purposes , available at Kyiv Boryspil Airport , Kyiv International Airport ( Zhuliany ) and Odessa International Airport . United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival 30 days United Kingdom and Crown dependencies Visa not required 6 months United States Visa not required ! Visa Waiver Program 90 days on arrival from overseas ; ESTA ( valid for 2 years when issued ) required if arriving by air or cruise ship . ESTA is not required for Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . Uruguay Visa not required 3 months Uzbekistan Visa required Pre-arranged visa can be obtained on arrival for a maximum of 7 days . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam Visa required Pre-arranged visa obtained online through travel agencies available at Hanoi , Ho Chi Minh City or Da Nang airports . Phú Quốc without a visa for up to 30 days . Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days ; also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . eVisa available . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months . Strictly tourism purposes only . Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia . eVisa available . Dependent , disputed , or restricted territories ( edit ) Unrecognized or partially recognized countries Territory Conditions of access Notes Abkhazia Visa required Kosovo Visa not required 90 days Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months Nagorno - Karabakh Visa required Travellers with Nagorno - Karabakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Nagorno - Karabakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory . Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival . South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Taiwan Visa not required 90 days Transnistria Visa not required Registration required after 24h . Dependent and autonomous territories Territory Conditions of access Notes China Hong Kong Visa not required 90 days Macau Visa not required 30 days Denmark Faroe Islands Visa not required Greenland Visa not required France French Guiana Visa not required 3 months French Polynesia Visa not required 90 days within 180 days French West Indies Visa not required Includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin . Mayotte Visa not required 3 months New Caledonia Visa not required 3 months Réunion Visa not required 3 months Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required 3 months Wallis and Futuna Visa not required 3 months Netherlands Aruba Visa not required 30 days , extendable to 180 days Caribbean Netherlands Visa not required 90 days . Includes Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba . Curaçao Visa not required 90 days Sint Maarten Visa not required 90 days New Zealand Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days Niue Visa not required 30 days Tokelau Visa required United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa not required Stays longer than 28 days per 12 - month period require a permit . Anguilla Visa not required 3 months Bermuda Visa not required Up to 6 months , decided on arriva British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required . British Virgin Islands Visa not required 30 days , extensions possible Cayman Islands Visa not required 6 months Falkland Islands Visa not required Gibraltar Visa not required Montserrat Visa not required 6 months Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . Ascension Island Entry Permit required Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena Visitor 's Pass required Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Turks and Caicos Islands Visa required 90 days United States American Samoa Entry permit required Guam Visa not required 45 days Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required 45 days Puerto Rico Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required Under the Visa Waiver Program , for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years . ESTA required . Antarctica and adjacent islands Special permits required for Bouvet Island , British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Other territories Territory Conditions of access Notes Belarus Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park Visa not required 3 days ; must first obtain an electronic pass China Hainan Visa on arrival 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people ) China Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Crimea Visa required Visa issued by Russia is required . Ecuador Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Greece Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Iran Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Iraqi Kurdistan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Fiji Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . France Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives outside Malé Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . Norway Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Novorossiya Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization . Sudan outside Khartoum Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Sudan Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Tajikistan Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone . United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . Venezuela Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted . Vietnam Phú Quốc Visa not required 30 days Yemen outside Sana'a or Aden Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Reciprocity issues ( edit ) In 2014 Bulgaria , Cyprus and Romania notified the European Commission that they consider Australia requires a visa for their citizens . Implications are that if the notification is accepted the EU may suspend the visa exemption for certain categories of Australian nationals and at the latest six months after publication of the regulation , the Commission may decide to suspend the visa - free access to all Australian citizens . Some countries regard the ETA as being equivalent to visa - free travel when deciding whether to grant the same to Australians wishing to enter their territory . The United States , for example , offers their Visa Waiver Program to Australian passport - holders , and one of the conditions for joining this scheme is that `` Governments provide reciprocal visa - free travel for U.S. citizens for 90 days for tourism or business purposes '' . However , United States require from January 2009 similar ETA from citizens of Australia and some more countries . This system is not called visa , but Electronic System for Travel Authorization , therefore the USA still allows visa - free travel for Australians . As of December 1998 , Japan has also granted visa - free access to Australians . Other ETA eligible countries and territories Canada , Hong Kong , Malaysia , Singapore , South Korea ( 90 days ) and Taiwan ( 90 days ) also grant visa - free access to Australians while Brunei grants Australians a 30 - day visa on arrival . Additional rules ( edit ) Visa exemptions for Schengen states ( edit ) A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than three months ( but no more than three months in any individual member State ) ( edit ) The Australian Government has signed bilateral visa waiver agreements with a number of the individual countries who are Schengen signatories , which allow Australian citizens to spend up to three months in the relevant country , without reference to time spent in other Schengen signatory states . Since these agreements continue to remain valid despite the implementation of the Schengen agreement , the European Commission has confirmed that in practice if Australians visit Schengen countries which have signed these types of bilateral agreements with Australia , then the terms of these agreements override the conditions normally imposed as a result of the Schengen visa exemption agreement . However , amendments are under consideration to restrict exit from the Schengen area only through the territory of the Member State which is a Contracting Party to the bilateral agreement and the authorities of which have extended the stay . Australia has individual bilateral visa waiver agreements with the following Schengen signatories : Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Iceland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Sweden Consequently , Australian citizens can visit the above Schengen member states visa - free for periods of up to three months in each country . If , however , an Australian citizen then visits another Schengen state not included in the list above , the restriction of no more than three months out of a six - month period in the Schengen area as a whole applies . Therefore , if an Australian citizen has already spent three months in one or more of the above Schengen countries , any visits to another Schengen country without a bilateral visa waiver agreement with Australia may lead to difficulties with local law enforcement agencies ( e.g. being accused of having overstayed upon leaving a Schengen country which is not in the list above ) . A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of up to three months ( edit ) Main article : Visa policy in the European Union Australian citizens are classified as ' Annex II ' foreign nationals , and so are permitted to stay visa - free in the 26 member states of the Schengen Area as a whole -- rather than each country individually -- for a period not exceeding 3 months every 6 months . During the visa exemption period , Australian citizens are permitted to work in Belgium , Bulgaria , Denmark , Finland , Germany , Iceland , Lithuania , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Norway , Poland , Slovenia and Sweden . In addition , Australian citizens intending to stay and work in Estonia for up to 90 days can do so without a visa as long as the employer has completed a ' registration of short - term employment ' . A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than 3 months ( and more than 3 months in an individual member State ) ( edit ) In general , any person who is not a European Union , European Economic Area or Swiss citizen and who wishes to stay in a Schengen member state for more than 3 months is required to obtain a national long - stay ' D ' visa and / or a residence permit . Australian citizens aged 18 -- 30 ( or 18 - 35 in some cases ) are able to obtain a national long - stay ' D ' visa and / or a residence permit from some Schengen member states on the basis of a working holiday ( see below ) . Schengen member states also issue national long - stay ' D ' visas and residence permits for other reasons to those fulfilling criteria laid out in their national immigration policies ( e.g. skilled workers , students , au pair ) . In general , the national long - stay ' D ' visa / residence permit needs to be obtained in advance through the member state 's embassy / consulate . However , some Schengen member states offer exceptions for Australian citizens . Austria allows Australian citizens to enter the country without a visa and to apply for a temporary residence permit or a ' Red - White - Red Card ' ( issued to permanent immigrants ) after arrival , rather than in advance through an Austrian embassy / consulate . The Czech Republic allows Australian citizens to apply for a work visa under a special scheme known as a ' Green Card ' ( rather than a ' Blue Card ' or work permit which is required by most non-EU citizens ) . The application for a Green Card can be lodged at any Czech embassy / consulate ( or , in some circumstances , within the Czech Republic if the applicant is already resident there ) and is usually processed within 60 days . Note that ' Green Cards ' are no longer issued after 24 June 2014 . Germany permits Australian citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months to enter without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival ( whilst for many other non-EEA and Swiss citizens , a residence permit and visa for a stay over 3 months must be applied for in advance at a German foreign mission ) . Estonia permits Australian citizens to stay and work in Estonia for more than 90 days but less than 6 months as long as they obtain a category ' D ' long - stay visa at a cost of € 80 in advance at an Estonian foreign mission after the employer has completed a ' registration of short - term employment ' . Australian citizens intending to stay and work in Estonia for more than 6 months can apply for a temporary residence permit for employment after arrival in the country . Hungary allows Australian citizens who wish to stay for more than 90 days in the country to apply for a residence card from the regional directorate of the Office of Immigration and Nationality within 90 days of arrival and do not need to obtain a residence permit prior to arrival in Hungary ( unlike most other non-EEA and Swiss foreign nationals ) . Latvia permits Australian citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months as self - employed persons or as businesspersons to enter Latvia without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival ( whilst for many non-EEA and Swiss citizens , an application for a residence permit must be lodged in advance at a Latvian foreign mission ) . Netherlands exempts Australian citizens from the requirement to obtain a Schengen category `` D '' visa ( the visa issued for long term stays in The Netherlands of over 90 days , known in Dutch as the `` MVV '' visa ) - an exemption which goes beyond the visa waiver afforded to most other non-EEA and non-Swiss foreign nationals who are usually only given a visa waiver of up to 90 days in a 180 - day period . Norway permits Australian citizens who have qualifications as a skilled worker to stay in the country without a visa for up to 6 months to seek employment as a skilled worker or a specialist ( except as a religious leader / teacher or an ethnic cook ) , as long as they register with the police within 3 months of arriving in Norway . Visa exemptions and requirements for the United Kingdom ( edit ) Australian citizens are able to visit the United Kingdom for up to 6 months ( or 3 months if they enter from the Republic of Ireland ) without the need to apply for a visa as long as they fulfil all of the following criteria : they do not work during their stay in the UK they must not register a marriage or register a civil partnership during their stay in the UK they can present evidence of sufficient money to fund their stay in the UK ( if requested by the border inspection officer ) they intend to leave the UK at the end of their visit and can meet the cost of the return / onward journey they have completed a landing card and submitted it at passport control unless in direct transit to a destination outside the Common Travel Area if under the age of 18 , they can demonstrate evidence of suitable care arrangements and parental ( or guardian 's ) consent for their stay in the UK However , even though , strictly speaking , he or she is not required to apply for a visa if he or she satisfies all of the above criteria , an Australian citizen who falls into any of the following categories has been strongly advised by the UK Border Agency ( replaced by UK Visas and Immigration ) to apply for a visa prior to travelling to the UK : he / she has any unspent criminal convictions in any country he / she has previously been refused or breached the terms of any entry to the UK , or been deported or otherwise removed from the UK he / she has previously applied for a visa and been refused one he / she has been warned by a UK official that he / she should obtain a visa before travelling to the UK Australian citizens who were born before 1983 and qualify for the right of abode are able to live and work in the United Kingdom indefinitely . Australian citizens with a grandparent born either in the United Kingdom , Channel Islands or Isle of Man at any time or in the Republic of Ireland on or before 31 March 1922 can apply for UK Ancestry Entry Clearance , which enables them to work in the UK for five years , after which they can apply to settle indefinitely . Australian citizens aged 18 to 30 can apply for a Youth Mobility Scheme visa which allows them to pursue a working holiday in the UK for two years . Visa exemption for New Zealand ( edit ) By virtue of the Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement , Australian citizens are exempt from the requirement to hold a permit on arrival in New Zealand and may reside or work for an indefinite period as long as : they present a valid Australian passport OR hold a foreign passport showing their Australian Citizen Endorsement or Australian Citizen Declaratory Visa ( either with a label or a confirmation letter ) as evidence of their Australian citizenship they have no criminal convictions they have no untreated tuberculosis they have not been deported , excluded or removed from any country Travel ban ( edit ) It is an offence for Australians to travel or remain in Declared Areas . Those are currently parts of northern Iraq and parts of northern Syria . APEC business travel card ( edit ) Full members of the scheme Transitional members ( United States , Canada ) Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card ( ABTC ) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries : Brunei Chile China Hong Kong Indonesia Japan South Korea Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Russia Singapore Taiwan Thailand Vietnam The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages : no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries , as the card is treated as such ( except by Canada and United States ) undertake legitimate business in participating economies expedited border crossing in all member economies , including transitional members expedited scheduling of visa interview ( USA ) Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Passport validity length ( edit ) Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens . Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and except for EU / EEA / Swiss citizens ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Iran , Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Due to a state of war existing between the Republic of Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories , will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , United States , South Korea demand all passengers to be fingerprinted on arrival . Furthermore , the UAE conducts retina scanning on visitors , however , that is normally for those who have to apply for a visa . Consular protection of Australian citizens abroad ( edit ) Diplomatic missions of Australia There are currently over 100 Australian missions overseas . See also List of diplomatic missions of Australia . Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Australian passport . ( edit history ) According to the statistics these are the numbers of Australian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : Foreign travel statistics Destination Number of Australian visitors American Samoa 860 Angola 766 Antarctica 4,237 Antigua and Barbuda 708 Austria 143,000 Azerbaijan 2,233 Bahamas 3,858 Belgium 43,276 Bhutan 1,818 Bolivia 12,564 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7,418 Botswana 15,607 Brazil 49,809 Brunei 18,845 Cambodia 146,806 Canada 352,345 Cayman Islands 1,653 Chile 50,968 China 637,300 Colombia 13,356 Congo 69 Cook Islands 23,796 Costa Rica 13,555 Croatia 149,829 Cyprus 10,930 Dominica 437 Dominican Republic 2,207 Ecuador 13,686 Estonia 6,888 Fiji 360,370 Finland 26,959 France 1,266,509 French Polynesia 9,167 Georgia 2,732 Germany 314,014 Greece 183,165 Guatemala 17,206 Guam 2,197 Hong Kong 575,812 Hungary 41,231 Indonesia 1,198,033 India 293,625 Israel 32,000 Italy 884,000 Jamaica 2,692 Japan 445,200 Jordan 20,461 Kazakhstan 3,461 Kiribati 625 Kyrgyzstan 2,200 Laos 33,077 Latvia 6,440 Lebanon 43,560 Luxembourg 3,788 Macau 93,286 Macedonia 5,557 Madagascar 1,098 Malaysia 377,727 Malawi 10,250 Maldives 23,584 Mali 860 Mauritius 18,559 Mexico 84,550 Micronesia 1,075 Mongolia 4,804 Montenegro 5,287 Myanmar 30,820 Namibia 7,888 Nepal 18,619 Netherlands 188,000 New Caledonia 20,926 New Zealand 1,409,200 Niue 461 Oman 15,616 Pakistan 13,200 Palau 1,135 Panama 4,349 Papua New Guinea 88,092 Peru 41,568 Philippines 241,187 Romania 12,223 Russia 49,026 Samoa 30,302 Serbia 11,902 Seychelles 1,661 Singapore 1,027,309 Slovakia 7,888 Slovenia 29,766 Solomon Islands 9,509 South Africa 99,205 South Korea 151,979 Sri Lanka 74,496 Suriname 188 Swaziland 3,132 Taiwan 82,361 Tanzania 17,001 Tonga 11,930 Thailand 791,631 Timor - Leste 13,429 Turkey 97,626 Tuvalu 116 Uganda 7,842 Ukraine 4,156 United Arab Emirates 335,454 United Kingdom 798,000 United States 1,499,354 Vanuatu 46,098 Vietnam 320,678 Zambia 12,363 Zimbabwe 22,016 ^ Data for 2014 ^ Data for 2016 ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . ^ Data for 2013 ^ Data for 2011 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Data for 2012 ^ Data for 2009 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Visa policy of Australia Australian passport References ( edit ) ^ `` Global Ranking - Visa Restriction Index 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ e-Visa - Republic of Armenia Electronic Visa System ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Available at Shahjalal International Airport , Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport only . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ ( 1 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Extendable length of stay . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ ( 2 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ canada.ca/eTA ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Obtainable at Nelson Mandela International Airport , Cesária Évora Airport , Amílcar Cabral International Airport and Aristides Pereira International Airport . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Visa at International Airport Felix Houphouet Boigny in Abidjan ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Obtainable at Djibouti -- Ambouli International Airport . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Obtainable at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Gabon e-Visa ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Georgia Restores One - Year Visa - Free Rules ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ http://www.ghanahighcom.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53&Itemid=59 ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Indian e-Visa '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . ^ e-Visa ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ http://setkab.go.id/tidak-untuk-jurnalistik-wisatawan-dari-169-negara-ini-bebas-visa-kunjungan-ke-indonesia/ ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Iran extends airport visa validity to 30 days ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings ( except King Hussein / Allenby Bridge crossing ) . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Republic of Kenya - eCitizen portal ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Kuwait eVisa ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ E-visa Kyrgyz Republic ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Available at international airports Wattay Vientiane , Pakse Savannakhet and Luang Prabang , and at land borders Friendship Bridge , Vientiane and Savannakhet ; Nam Heuang Friendship Bridge , Sayabouly Province ; and border crossings at Boten - Mohan , Dansavan - Lao Bao , Houaysay - Chiang Khong , Thakhek - Nakhon Phanom , Nong Haet - Nam Kan , Nam Phao - Kao Cheo , Veun Kham - Dong Calor , and Vangtao - Chong Mek as well as Tha Naleng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkhai , Thailand . Entry points Napao - Chalo , Taichang - Sophoun , Pakxan - Bungkan , and Xiengkok are open only to visa holders . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ ( 3 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Myanmar eVisa ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . ^ Immigration Regulations 2014 SL No. 2 of 2014 ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Business Visa . Ministry of Interior of Pakistan ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ ( 4 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ http://www.smf.st/virtualvisa/ ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 12 Oct 2016 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ https://www.evisa.tj ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Obtainable at the Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport or at the Dili Sea Port . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ ( 5 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ http://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-applications-at-points-of-entry-to-the-republic-of-turkey-as-of-11-april-2014-and-measures-to-be-taken-during-the-transit.en.mfa ^ ( 6 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ Uganda Electronic Visa / Permit Application System ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . ^ ( 7 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ ( 8 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ ( 9 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . ^ `` MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS REPUBLIC OF ABKHAZIA '' . ^ `` Visas For Foreign Citizens - For Kosovo Citizens - Consular Services - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo . ^ `` VISA Regulations '' . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus . ^ `` The procedure of foreign citizens ' entry to the NKR '' . ^ ( 10 ) ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Israel Country Specific Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . ^ Practical travel information on Visas in Somaliland , Puntland & Somalia - Lonely Planet Travel Information ^ ( 11 ) ^ ( 12 ) ^ О визах Министерство иностранных дел ^ Procedure of the Entry to the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia Министерство иностранных дел ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` 線上 填寫 簽證 申請 系統 '' . ^ `` Министерство иностранных дел - Приднестровской Молдавской Республики '' . Министерство иностранных дел . ^ Luxlana.net ^ Rules and recommendations Transnistria tour ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa '' . Visit Faroe Islands . ^ `` Advice & Services for travelling to and staying in Greenland '' . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/coming-to-france/getting-a-visa/article/foreign-nationals-holding-ordinary-passports-exempt-from-visa-requirements ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ ( 13 ) ^ Protocols No. 3 and 10 to the Treaty of Accession 2003 , European Commission , 16 April 2003 . ^ Control ( entry , settlement and commercial enterprises ) ordinance 1960 , Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Gazette , consolidated version as of 3 May 2016 . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice - GOV.UK ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ Tourist Information Visas & Legal Info Pitcairn Island Tourism ^ Pitcairn Islands ^ http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf ^ Entry Permits Ascension Island ^ Useful info : St Helena Tourism ^ Tristan da Cunha Information for Visitors ^ South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice - GOV.UK ^ Information for Visitors - South Georgia Website ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . ^ `` Passport and visa requirements '' . Timatic . 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Origin of air arrivals ^ Visitor Arrivals Statistics Archived 2 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ^ TOURISM IN HUNGARY 2016 ^ ( 30 ) ^ ( 31 ) ^ VISITOR ARRIVALS ( 1 ) , BY COUNTRY OF CITIZENSHIP , Central Bureau of Statistics ^ IAGGIATORI STRANIERI NUMERO DI VIAGGIATORI ^ Monthly Statistical Report December 2016 Vol xxvi No 12 ^ 2016 Foreign Visitors & Japanese Departures , Japan National Tourism Organization ^ ( 32 ) ^ Туризм Казахстана . 2.4 Количество посетителей по въездному туризму ^ Visitor Arrivals by Country of Residence - Tarawa only Archived 19 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Tourism in Kyrgyzstan ^ ( 33 ) ^ ( 34 ) ^ 2013 Arrivals by nationality Table 10.1 ^ Arrivals by touristic region and country of residence ( All types of accommodation ) ^ Visitor Arrivals ^ ( 35 ) ^ ( 36 ) ^ http://mytourismdata.tourism.gov.my/?page_id=232#!range=year&from=2014&to=2015&type=55876201563fe,558762c48155c&destination=34MY&origin=51AU,51NZ ^ Number of visitors by country , 2009 ^ http://www.tourism.gov.mv/?wpdmdl=10474/ ^ ANNUAIRE 2014 ^ Tourist arrivals by country of residence ^ Visitantes internacionales por vía aérea por principal nacionalidad ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . ^ `` Statistics of Tourists to Mongolia '' . ^ Statistical Yearbook of Montenegro 2016 - p. 148 ^ `` Myanmar Tourism Statistics 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Central Statistical Organization . Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ ( 37 ) ^ Nepal Tourism Statistics 2015 ^ Inbound tourism 2014 ^ ( 38 ) ^ ( 39 ) ^ `` Visitors arrival by country of residence and year '' . ^ Number of Tourists to Oman ^ Pakistan Statistical Year Book 2012 20.31 ^ ( 40 ) ^ ( 41 ) ^ ( 42 ) ^ The data obtained on request . Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo Archived 2 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ ( 43 ) ^ ( 44 ) ^ Tourism purpose only . ^ ( 45 ) ^ ( 46 ) ^ Tourist turnover in the Republic of Serbia - December 2016 ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 January 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 12 . ^ ( 47 ) ^ ( 48 ) ^ Table 1 : Tourist arrivals and overnight stays by countries , Slovenia , 2016 -- final data ^ statistics / visitor - arrivals ^ ( 49 ) ^ ( 50 ) ^ TOURIST ARRIVALS BY COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE 2016 ^ Tourist Arrivals By Country Of Residence 2015 ^ Swaziland Tourism Statistics - Arrivals by country ^ Visitor Arrivals by Residence ^ ( 51 ) ^ ( 52 ) ^ International Tourist Arrivals to Thailand By Nationality 2016 ^ ( 53 ) ^ ( 54 ) ^ Migration - Visitors by nationalities ^ MINISTRY OF TOURISM , WILDLIFE AND ANTIQUITIES SECTOR STATISTICAL ABSTRACT , 2014 Archived 7 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Foreign citizens who visited Ukraine in 2016 year , by countries '' . ^ General statistics for the Emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai ^ Abu Dhabi Statistics ^ Dubai Statistics , Visitor by Nationality ^ Overseas Residents Visits to the UK 2016 ^ Iincludes Australia , Norfolk Island , Christmas Island , and Cocos ( Keeling ) Island . ^ Yearbook of Immigration Statistics ^ ( 55 ) ^ International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2016 ^ Tourism Statistical Digests ^ Tourism Trends and Statistics Annual Report 2015 Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . 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when was the last time the arenal volcano erupted

The eruptions of May 7 , 1998 damaged two square kilometers and destroyed a 400 by 100 meter area of green forest in the vicinity of Arenal Volcano . A fissure , 500 meters long and 10 meters deep , was opened up in the wall of the crater and all the material slid down the side of the volcano .

May 7 , 1998

Arenal volcano

arenal volcano

Arenal Volcano ( Spanish : Volcán Arenal ) is an active andesitic stratovolcano in north - western Costa Rica around 90 km northwest of San José , in the province of Alajuela , canton of San Carlos , and district of La Fortuna . The Arenal volcano measures at least 1,633 metres ( 5,358 ft ) high . It is conically shaped with a crater 140 metres ( 460 ft ) in diameter . Geologically , Arenal is considered a young volcano and it is estimated to be less than 7,500 years old . It is also known as `` Pan de Azúcar '' , `` Canaste '' , `` Volcan Costa Rica '' , `` Volcan Río Frío '' or `` Guatusos Peak '' .

The volcano was dormant for hundreds of years and exhibited a single crater at its summit , with minor fumaroles activity , covered by dense vegetation . In 1968 it erupted unexpectedly , destroying the small town of Tabacón . Due to the eruption three more craters were created on the western flanks but only one of them still exists today . Since 2010 , Arenal has been dormant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographic setting and description 2 Geologic history 2.1 July 29 , 1968 2.2 June 1975 2.3 June 1984 2.4 August 1993 2.5 March 1994 2.6 March 1996 2.7 May 5 , 1998 2.8 May 7 , 1998 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Geographic setting and description ( edit ) Arenal is one of seven historically active Costa Rican volcanoes along with Poás , Irazú , Miravalles , Orosí , Rincón de la Vieja complex , and Turrialba . It was Costa Rica 's most active volcano until 2010 , and one of the ten most active volcanoes in the world . It has been studied by seismologists for many years . The volcano is located at the center of Arenal Volcano National Park in the northern zone of the country , 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) southwest of the La Fortuna district in San Carlos ( canton ) , Costa Rica . Arenal Volcano area is an important watershed for the Arenal Lake Reservoir . The reservoir 's water is used for hydroelectric power . It is also connected to the national system . Arenal has several eruptive vents . Chato is a dormant stratovolcanic cone . It is believed Chato first erupted 38,000 years ago during the Pleistocene period and last erupted about 3,500 years ago . Chatito 10 ° 26 ′ 17 '' N 84 ° 41 ′ 13 '' W  /  10.438 ° N 84.687 ° W  / 10.438 ; - 84.687  ( Chatito volcano ) is a lava dome with an elevation of 1,100 metres ( 3,609 ft ) . Espina is another lava dome . Arenal Volcano with Lake Arenal on the left . Geologic history ( edit ) Arenal is the youngest and most active of all the volcanoes in Costa Rica . Scientists have been able to date its activity back to more than 7000 years ago . The area remained largely unexplored until 1937 , when a documented expedition took place to reach the summit . It has been considered eruptive since 1968 . July 29 , 1968 ( edit ) Arenal in 2014 , viewed from the old 1968 lava flow . On Monday , July 29 , 1968 at 7 : 30 AM , the Arenal Volcano suddenly and violently erupted . The eruptions continued unabated for several days , burying over 15 square kilometers under rocks , lava and ash . When it was finally over , the eruptions had killed 87 people and buried 3 small villages -- Tabacón , Pueblo Nuevo and San Luís -- and affected more than 232 square kilometers of land . Crops were spoiled , property was ruined , and large amounts of livestock were killed . At the height of its ferocious activity , the volcano flung giant rocks -- some weighing several tons -- more than a kilometer away at a rate of 600 meters per second . These explosions would go on to form three new active craters . As the three towns were destroyed on the western side of the volcano , a town by the name of El Borio on the east side was untouched and unharmed . It is a popular myth that after the volcano ceased to erupt , El Borio was renamed La Fortuna , which means `` the fortunate '' , referring to its luckiness that the volcano erupted to the west and not the east . However , the town was renamed La Fortuna by its residents before the 1968 eruption . La Fortuna means `` The Fortune '' , and refers to the flat , fertile lands in the area , which are unlike the rough , mountainous terrain which surrounds most of the Arenal volcano . If the town had been renamed `` The Fortunate '' , it would have been called `` El Afortunado . '' June 1975 ( edit ) Between the 17th and the 21st of June 1975 several avalanches went down from one of the craters . The vegetation along Tabacon River was destroyed and a great amount of material was deposited on the riverbed . Four strong explosions also blew large amounts of ash into the sky . The ash was spread within a distance of 26 kilometers ( 16 mi ) . June 1984 ( edit ) After a period of high effusive activity of intermittent lava flows , a new explosive phase began with 3 to 20 explosions per day of low to moderate magnitude . These explosions of steam , water , gases and ash reached altitudes of up to 5 kilometers where winds again carried the material across the Arenal reservoir ( Lake Arenal ) and over the town of Tilarán . August 1993 ( edit ) A northwest wall of one of the craters collapsed and generated several pyroclastic flows . The collapsed crater wall was shaped as a V , about 60 meters deep and 100 meters wide . In this V - shaped crater the lava started to flow again . March 1994 ( edit ) Flows started to fill the U-shaped crater and deposited materials around the crater . March 1996 ( edit ) At this time the volcano started to produce regular lava flows , accompanied by intermittent explosions of gases . This was the regular activity of the volcano until May 5 , 1998 . May 5 , 1998 ( edit ) The Arenal Volcano experienced a series of large eruptions on Tuesday afternoon , May 5 , 1998 . The first ratchet eruption was recorded at 1 : 05 p.m. when part of the northwest wall of the crater fell apart . Large amounts of lava , rocks and ash flew out of the volcano during this explosion . Another eruption took place at 2 : 20 p.m. with material emerging from the same part of the volcano . A specialist from the Costa Rica Volcanic and Seismic Observatory explained that the eruptions are nothing unusual for the volcano . Nevertheless , during this occasion the amount of lava within the crater was significantly greater than normal and therefore more material was poured out . This time a landslide ( avalanche ) took place , too , as a part of the crater wall fell apart on the northwest side . The phenomenon occurs sporadically , although this time the consequences were greater than usual . As a normal precaution , authorities declared a red alert , closed the road between La Fortuna and Tilarán , which runs around the north side of the volcano , and evacuated approximately 450 people ( mostly tourists ) from the immediate area , including several hotels and tourism oriented businesses . There were no reports of injuries caused by the volcanic activity . At 5 : 20 p.m. on Tuesday the volcano was still discharging material , but activity had decreased significantly . May 7 , 1998 ( edit ) The eruptions of May 7 , 1998 damaged two square kilometers and destroyed a 400 by 100 meter area of green forest in the vicinity of Arenal Volcano . A fissure , 500 meters long and 10 meters deep , was opened up in the wall of the crater and all the material slid down the side of the volcano . During this day 23 eruptions were reported , between 1 : 05 p.m. and 7 : 00 p.m. , and thereafter the volcano returned to its normal state . Authorities reported no unusual behavior and the national park was reopened the same week . Local seismologists investigate the activity of the volcano and park rangers continue to vigorously enforce the safety perimeter . See also ( edit ) List of volcanoes in Costa Rica Lake Arenal Arenal Volcano National Park References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Arenal '' . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Arenal '' ( in Spanish ) . Costa Rican Vulcanologic and Seismologic Observatory . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Arenal Volcano '' . crtraveling.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Arenal Volcano '' . crtraveling.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Arenal Volcano Costa Rica overview '' . Arenal.net . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Arenal Dam - Costa Rica '' . Arenal.net . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Arenal Volcano World Oregon State University '' . Volcano.oregonstate.edu. 1968 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Arenal Volcano , Costa Rica . Recent Eruption & Activity 2012 , 2010 '' . Costarica21.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Arenal Volcano 1968 eruption '' . Arenal.net . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arenal Volcano . MTU Volcanoes Page : Arenal Updated ( and detailed ) information and images about Arenal and its recent activity Most recent pictures of Arenal eruptions Jorque Barquero 's Personal Account of the 1968 Eruption Fortuna ( Costa Rica ) travel guide from Wikivoyage Mountains of Costa Rica Agua Gata Anunciación Arenal Azufrado Barva Cerro Barrera Bijagua Cerro Bola Braum Cerro Cacao Cacho Negro Caldera de Miravalles Cañas Dulces Cerro Cedral Cerro Buenos Aires Cerro de la Muerte Cerro de Las Vueltas Cerros de Escazú Chachaguita Chato Chirripó Chompipe Coco Mountain Cocorí Mountain Concepción Mountain Congo Mountain Coronel Mountain Coto Pelón Cotón Crestones ( Costa Rica ) Dikar Doussaints Duan Mountains Durika Echandi El Hacha El Jaboncillo Espiritu Santo Mountain Fortuna Mountain Gorgona Mountain Iglesias Irazú Juan Murillo Mountain Kámuk Laguna Bosque Alegre Laguna Poco Sol Laguna Rio IV Loma Barrantes Loma Morera Lomas Los Chiles Mano de Tigre Miravalles Monte de la Cruz Montezuma Mountain Morazán Mountain Negro Olla de Carne Orosi Palmira Mountain Pasquí Pata de Gallo Pelado y Delicias Pelón Perdidos Pico Alto ( Costa Rica ) Pico Blanco Piedra de Fuego Platanar Poás Porvenir Mountain Quemados Quezada Mountain Rabo de Mico Rincón ( Costa Rica ) Rincón de la Vieja San Miguel Mountain San Roque Mountain San Vicente Mountain Santa Maria Mountain Siete Sinsal Tenorio Tilarán Tortuguero Mountain Truncado Turrialba Urán Valle Hermoso Mountain Ventisqueros Viejo Von Francius Von Seebach Vuelta Kopper Weyl Mountain List of volcanoes in Costa Rica Central American volcanoes Guatemala Acatenango Agua Almolonga Atitlán Chicabal Cuilapa - Barbarena Fuego Jumay Moyuta Pacaya Santa María / Santiaguito San Pedro Santo Tomás Siete Orejas Tacaná Tajumulco Tecuamburro Tolimán El Salvador Santa Ana Izalco San Salvador San Vicente Usulután San Miguel Conchagua Chingo Chinameca Nicaragua Cosigüina San Cristóbal Telica Cerro Negro Momotombo Apoyeque Masaya Mombacho Concepción Maderas Costa Rica Rincón de la Vieja Miravalles Arenal Platanar Poás Irazú Laguna Poco Sol Turrialba Panama Barú La Yeguada El Valle Note : volcanoes are ordered from north - west to south - east . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arenal_Volcano&oldid=801508219 '' Categories : Active volcanoes Stratovolcanoes of Costa Rica Subduction volcanoes Mountains of Costa Rica Geography of Alajuela Province Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 02 : 31 . About Wikipedia

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in what sequence do you play as connor

Assassin 's Creed

assassin's creed

Assassin 's Creed is a franchise centered on an action - adventure video game series developed by Ubisoft . It depicts a centuries - old struggle pitting the Assassins , who fight for peace and free will , against the Templars , who believe peace comes through control of humanity . The series features historical fiction mixed with real - world historical events and figures . The series took inspiration from the novel Alamut by the Slovenian writer Vladimir Bartol , while building upon concepts from the Prince of Persia series .

The franchise began in 2007 with the release of Assassin 's Creed . The main video game series consists of ten entries , developed by Ubisoft Montreal ( single - player ) and Ubisoft Annecy ( multiplayer ) , released on PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Wii U , Microsoft Windows , and OS X platforms . Many spin - off games have been made for Nintendo DS , PlayStation Portable , PlayStation Vita , iOS , HP webOS , Android , Nokia Symbian and Windows Phone platforms . The handheld versions are developed by Gameloft and Gryptonite Studios , with additional development by Ubisoft Montreal . The series has been well received by critics , and has sold over 100 million copies as of September 2016 , becoming Ubisoft 's best selling franchise and one of the highest selling video game franchises of all time . The video game series has been expanded into a film , comics and novels ; all of which take place within the same continuity as the main video games series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 1.1 Protagonists 2 Gameplay 3 Release history 3.1 Main series 3.1. 1 Assassin 's Creed 3.1. 2 Assassin 's Creed II 3.1. 3 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood 3.1. 4 Assassin 's Creed : Revelations 3.1. 5 Assassin 's Creed III 3.1. 6 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag 3.1. 7 Assassin 's Creed Rogue 3.1. 8 Assassin 's Creed Unity 3.1. 9 Assassin 's Creed Syndicate 3.1. 10 Assassin 's Creed Origins 3.1. 11 Collections 3.1. 12 The Ezio Collection ( 2016 ) 3.1. 13 The Americas Collection ( 2014 ) 3.2 Other console games 3.2. 1 Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation 3.2. 2 Assassin 's Creed Chronicles 3.3 Handheld and mobile games 3.3. 1 Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles 3.3. 2 Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines 3.3. 3 Assassin 's Creed II : Discovery 3.3. 4 Assassin 's Creed : Recollection 3.3. 5 Assassin 's Creed : Multiplayer Rearmed 3.3. 6 Assassin 's Creed : Pirates 3.3. 7 Assassin 's Creed Memories 3.3. 8 Assassin 's Creed Identity 3.4 Cancelled and defunct games 3.4. 1 Assassin 's Creed : Project Legacy 3.4. 2 Assassin 's Creed : Utopia 3.5 Future 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Films 4.2. 1 Theatrical 4.2. 2 Short films 4.2. 2.1 Assassin 's Creed : Lineage 4.2. 2.2 Assassin 's Creed : Ascendance 4.2. 2.3 Assassin 's Creed : Embers 4.3 Comics 4.3. 1 Assassin 's Creed : Graphic Novel 4.3. 2 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 1 : Desmond 4.3. 3 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 2 : Aquilus 4.3. 4 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 3 : Accipiter 4.3. 5 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 4 : Hawk 4.3. 6 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 5 : El Cakr 4.3. 7 Assassin 's Creed , Volume 6 : Leila 4.3. 8 Assassin 's Creed : The Fall 4.3. 9 Assassin 's Creed : The Chain 4.3. 10 Assassin 's Creed : Brahman 4.3. 11 Assassin 's Creed : Trial by Fire 4.3. 12 Manga 4.4 Novels 4.4. 1 Assassin 's Creed : Renaissance 4.4. 2 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood 4.4. 3 Assassin 's Creed : The Secret Crusade 4.4. 4 Assassin 's Creed : Revelations 4.4. 5 Assassin 's Creed : Forsaken 4.4. 6 Assassin 's Creed : Black Flag 4.4. 7 Assassin 's Creed : Unity 4.4. 8 Assassin 's Creed : Underworld 4.5 Assassin 's Creed : Encyclopedia 5 Reception 6 In popular culture 6.1 References in other video game franchises 6.2 References in other film franchises 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The Assassin 's Creed games primarily revolve around the rivalry between two ancient secret societies -- the Assassins and the Knights Templar -- and their indirect relation to an ancient species pre-dating humanity , referred to within the games as `` those who came before '' , whose society , along with much of Earth 's biosphere , was destroyed by a massive solar storm thousands of years before the games . The games ' real - world chronological setting begins in the year 2012 . Within the franchise , Abstergo Industries is a mega-corporation conglomerate with multiple branches , secretly run by modern Knights Templar . The company is the present - day main antagonist of the franchise . Abstergo secretly created the `` Animus '' , a device that allows its users to `` re-live '' and experience the memories of their genetic ancestors within their bloodline through a virtual simulation . Overexposure to the animus causes the `` bleeding effect '' , which results in giving the user skills and abilities of his ancestors , but is also dangerous for the user as it can damage their mind , causing symptoms such as dementia , insanity , dissociative identity disorder or brain damage . Abstergo is seeking to discover the location of several historical artifacts , known as the `` Pieces of Eden '' . Such artifacts hold great power , and are capable of controlling free will . Abstergo seeks to use them to remove free will and bring humanity into one single unified group , while the Assassins oppose them . In order to find the Pieces of Eden , Abstergo is abducting people whose ancestors are suspected to have had historically confirmed or suspected interactions with such devices , forcing the kidnapped person into the Animus and searching for clues on their ancestors ' memories within the Animus . Protagonists ( edit ) Desmond Miles , a bartender who is a descendant of several lines of prominent Assassins ; though raised as an Assassin , he left his nomadic family to seek out a more common lifestyle . He is initially kidnapped by Abstergo , who is aware of his ancestral lineage . Desmond is forced into the Animus and is revealed to be subject 17 ; many of the sixteen previous subjects died as a result of animus over-exposure . Desmond is later rescued by a small team of modern - day Assassins ; and agrees to work with them , continuing to experience the memories of his ancestors to discover the locations of additional Pieces of Eden so they can be recovered before Abstergo can do so . From the bleeding effect , Desmond gains some of the Assassin skills of his predecessors at the cost of living with multiple sets of memories and personalities in his mind . Within the Animus , Desmond explores the memories of a number of Assassins , including Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad , an initially disgraced Assassin working to redeem himself during the Third Crusade ; Ezio Auditore da Firenze , an Assassin in Italy during the late 15th and early 16th centuries of the Italian Renaissance , and Ratonhnhaké : ton , otherwise known as Connor , a half - Mohawk , half - British Assassin during the American Revolution . Throughout these events , Desmond learns of allusions to the prophetic end of the world in 2012 from a former Animus test subject , Subject 16 ; the event turns out to be a repeat of the disaster which wiped out the ancient civilization , and he finds out that his memories hold the key to Earth 's surviving a second solar storm . During his experiences , Desmond is aided by holographic projections of three of the ancient race 's rulers : Jupiter , Minerva , and Juno . After Desmond dies to ensure Earth 's survival , his memories , which have survived in cyberspace , are accessed by Abstergo , which hires a new subject to enter the Animus . The new subject relives the memories of Edward Kenway ( Ratohnhaké : ton 's grandfather ) and a privateer - turned - pirate during the Golden Age of Piracy . Gameplay ( edit ) While the games are often presented through protagonist Desmond Miles , the bulk of the game is played as Desmond experiences the memories of his ancestors through an advanced device called the Animus . This provides a means of a diegetic interface , showing Desmond 's ancestor 's health , equipment , goals , and other features as part of the Animus interface . The Animus is based on the player controlling the assassin to maintain the synchronization between Desmond and his ancestor 's memories . Performing actions that go against the Assassin 's way or dying breaks the synchronization , effectively requiring the player to restart at a previous checkpoint . Furthermore , the player can not explore outside areas that the assassin has not experienced yet . There are also abnormalities within the Animus from previous users of the device . While playing as the Assassin characters , the games are generally presented as third - person in an open world , focusing on stealth and free - running . The games use a mission structure to follow the main story , generally assigning the player to complete an assassination of public figureheads or a covert mission . Alternatively , several side missions are available , such as mapping out the expansive cities from a high perch followed by performing a `` leap of faith '' into a haystack below , collecting treasures hidden across the cities , exploring ruins for relics , building a brotherhood of assassins to perform other tasks , or funding the rebuilding of a city through purchasing and upgrading of shops and other features . At times , the player is in direct control of Desmond , who by nature of the Animus use has learned Assassin techniques through the bleeding effect , as well as their genetic ability of Eagle Vision , which separates friend , foe and assassination targets by illuminating people in different colors . Through the Animus interface , the player can go back to retry any past mission already completed ; for example , in Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , the player achieves better synchronization results by performing the mission in a specific manner such as by only killing the mission 's target . The games use the concept of `` active '' versus `` passive '' moves , with `` active '' moves , such as running , climbing the sides of buildings , or jumping between rooftops , more likely to alert the attention of nearby guards . When the guards become alerted , the player must either fight them or break their line of sight and locate a hiding place , such as a haystack or a well , and wait until the guards ' alert is reduced . The combat system allows for a number of unique weapons , armor , and moves , including the use of a hidden blade set in a bracer on the Assassin 's arm , and which also can be used to quietly assassinate targets . Release history ( edit ) Games , by year and platform . Bold title denotes part of the main series . Time period Title Year Consoles Computers Handhelds Mobile Other Third Crusade Assassin 's Creed 2007 PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 Windows -- -- -- Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles 2008 -- -- Nintendo DS Android , iOS , Symbian , webOS , Windows Phone -- Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines 2009 -- -- PlayStation Portable -- -- Renaissance Assassin 's Creed II PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One OS X , Windows -- Symbian OnLive Assassin 's Creed II : Discovery -- -- Nintendo DS iOS -- Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One OS X , Windows -- Symbian OnLive Assassin 's Creed : Revelations 2011 Windows -- Android , Symbian Colonial era Assassin 's Creed III 2012 PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii U -- Symbian -- Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 PlayStation Vita -- -- Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag 2013 PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii U , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One -- -- -- Assassin 's Creed : Freedom Cry 2014 PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 -- -- -- Assassin 's Creed Rogue PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 -- -- -- Assassin 's Creed Identity -- -- -- Android , iOS -- French Revolution Assassin 's Creed Unity PlayStation 4 , Xbox One Windows -- -- -- Imperial China Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : China 2015 PlayStation Vita -- -- Victorian era Assassin 's Creed Syndicate -- -- -- Sikh Empire Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : India 2016 PlayStation Vita -- -- October Revolution Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : Russia -- -- Ptolemaic Egypt Assassin 's Creed Origins 2017 -- -- -- Notes Jump up ^ Released under the title Assassin 's Creed : Liberation HD for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Jump up ^ Originally released as DLC for all versions of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag . Jump up ^ Originally announced as part of the season pass for Assassin 's Creed Unity . ^ Jump up to : Released as a compilation titled Assassin 's Creed Chronicles Trilogy Pack . Main series ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed ( video game ) Desmond is captured by Abstergo and forced to use a machine called the Animus to explore Altaïr ibn - La'Ahad's memories during the time of the Third Crusade . Desmond begins to witness events after Altaïr breaks all three tenets of the Assassin Brotherhood while attempting to stop Robert de Sablé from taking a Piece of Eden . Al Mualim , the Brotherhood 's leader , demotes Altaïr to Novice and tasks him with assassinating the nine Knights Templars , including de Sablé , to regain his former status . Altaïr 's quest eventually leads him to face de Sablé in the presence of King Richard I of England warning the King of de Sablé 's plot to kill him . Altaïr defeats de Sablé , but with his last words , de Sablé reveals that there were ten Templars , the last being Al Mualim , who now holds the Piece of Eden . Altaïr returns to face Al Mualim and struggles to fight through illusions created by the Piece , but eventually kills Al Mualim . When Altaïr recovers the piece , he and those watching the Animus view a holographic map showing where other artifacts are located across the globe . Desmond is pulled from the Animus , and was going to be killed , but his life is spared by Lucy Stillman , an Assassin working as a mole within Abstergo , as she claims they might need to further examine his memories later . He comes to learn that a former test subject had left messages only Desmond can see , foretelling the end of the world in 2012 . The first Assassin 's Creed introduced core elements that remained in the rest of the game series . The game creates fictionalized , historical versions of Masyaf ( the Brotherhood 's location ) , Jerusalem , Acre and Damascus , and incorporates a number of documented historical figures into the story . Other core elements include the virtualized Animus system , free running , climbing , stealth , parkour , and the initial formulation of the combat system . The game requires the player to complete a number of side quests before they are able to obtain an assassin quest from a local Brotherhood guidemaster in each city , but this side quest prerequisite was abandoned in future games . Assassin 's Creed II ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed II Lucy returns and breaks Desmond out of Abstergo , taking him to an Assassin safehouse to work alongside Shaun , a historian , and Rebecca , their technical support . Using an improved version of the Animus , Desmond takes witness to Ezio Auditore da Firenze , a young nobleman from the late 15th Century in Florence , shortly before the execution of Ezio 's father and brothers by order of a corrupt official working for the Templars . He , his mother , and sister take to hiding at the Monteriggioni villa owned by his uncle Mario , who helps to train Ezio in the ways of an Assassin . Ezio and Mario discover that Rodrigo Borgia is the figurehead of a number of Templars all who were accomplices in the execution of his family , and with help of allies like Leonardo da Vinci , methodically assassinate the lower - ranked Templars , while learning that Borgia has acquired a Piece of Eden called the Apple . Eventually , Ezio corners Borgia , who hands over the Piece and flees ; Ezio is inducted into the ranks of the Brotherhood and believed to be a prophet based on their codex . A decade later , the Brotherhood learns that Borgia has since become Pope Alexander VI , using the Church 's influence to strengthen the Templars . Ezio invades Vatican City and confronts Borgia , discovering that the Papal staff is also a Piece of Eden . Defeating Borgia but sparing his life , Ezio uses both the Apple and the Papal staff to reveal a chamber of ancient technology . Inside , he is addressed by a hologram of a humanoid female that calls herself Minerva who speaks directly to Desmond through Ezio . Minerva explains how her society had pre-dated humanity 's , but a great disaster nearly wiped them out , and warns that another event is due to occur soon , putting the fate of humanity in Desmond 's hands . Upon this discovery , Desmond and his allies find the safehouse has been compromised by Abstergo and flee . Similar to the first game , Assassin 's Creed II takes place in historical recreations of Venice , Florence , Forlì , San Gimignano , and the Tuscan countryside , and incorporates events during that period as part of the story . Missions are divided into main story missions , themselves divided into memory sequences reflecting points in Ezio 's life , and side missions which can be accomplished at any time ; this approach to mission structure remains consistent in the other games in the series . The Monteriggioni villa provides several functions which can be expanded on by paying money for upgrades of surrounding buildings , or by purchasing artwork , weapons , and armor for the villa ; in turn , the villa will generate wealth for the player at a rate influenced by the upgrades and acquisition of these items . Additional quests involve locating secret Assassin seals , and finding hidden marks left by `` Subject 16 '' , a former Animus user , that hint at the nature of Minerva 's society . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Desmond and his allies retreat to the ruins of the Monteriggioni villa , and Desmond reenters the Animus to continue Ezio 's memories , specifically to identify the location of the Apple . After facing Rodrigo Borgia , Ezio returned to Monteriggioni , but the villa is soon attacked by forces under the command of Cesare Borgia , Rodrigo 's son . Mario is killed and the Apple is stolen . Ezio vows revenge by helping to free the people of Rome from the Borgia family . As Ezio works covertly to turn the city against the Borgias , he gains followers that want to join his cause , and Ezio trains them in the way of the Assassins . In an attempt to assassinate Cesare and Rodrigo at the Castel Sant'Angelo , Ezio instead witnesses Cesare forcing his father to eat a poisoned apple that Rodrigo had prepared to kill his son . Ezio chases down Cesare and eventually captures him and recovers the Apple . Cesare is taken to prison in Viana , Spain but manages to escape with help of his allies . The Assassins lead the fight against Cesare and the remaining loyal Borgia troops , and eventually Ezio throws Cesare from the castle walls , killing him . With no perceived further threats , Ezio takes to hide the Apple under the Colosseum . In the present , Desmond is able to navigate through the underground chambers beneath the Colosseum to locate the Apple . As he picks it up , Desmond is witness to another hologram figure , calling herself Juno , and who controls Desmond to stab Lucy ( because Lucy has defected to the Templars ) before he falls into a coma . Brotherhood shares many of the same features as the previous game though it takes place primarily in Rome . Similar to the villa , the player is able to spend money to buy and upgrade shops and other facilities throughout the city as to increase revenue they can collect from it ; however , the player will be required to destroy Borgia towers that control various sections of the city before they can do so . The Brotherhood of Assassins is introduced , by which , after saving citizens from certain events , the player can invite these citizens as Assassins ; they can then be dispatched to remote locations across Europe to gain experience and money , or can be called in to help the player directly in a mission . For the first time in the series , the game features online multiplayer . Players play as Abstergo employees , who , through the use of the Animus , take on the genetic memories of Renaissance Templars in various game modes . It was the last game to feature Assassin 's Creed creator Patrice Désilets , as the creative director of the series . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Within the computerized `` core '' of the Animus , Subject 16 ( Clay Kaczmarek ) explains to a comatose Desmond that his mind must achieve full synchronization with Altaïr and Ezio , or he will fall into dementia . Desmond sees Ezio 's memories , years after Brotherhood , Ezio researches the Assassins ' history and travels to Masyaf to locate Altaïr 's library , rumored to hold great power within . The Templars also seek to open this library , but it is locked by five keys , hidden in the Ottoman - held Constantinople . Ezio finds the city in a feud between brothers Selim and Ahmet vying for the Sultanate . Ezio is aided by Sofia Sartor , both fall in love . Eventually , Ahmet reveals himself to be a Templar , and is killed by Ezio , Selim thanks Ezio for protecting him , but banishes him for killing his brother . Ezio uses the keys to witness Altaïr 's memories after Al Mualim 's death , which show the death of Altaïr 's wife and youngest son in the midst of a coup d'etat within the Assassins . Altair self - exiles for twenty - years . Eventually returning to Masyaf to kill the usurper and retake control . Altaïr inscribes his memories in the keys and asks his friend Niccolo Polo to hide them . After , Ezio and Sofia go to Masyaf and open the library to find Altaïr 's corpse holding a Piece of Eden . Ezio leaves it and his assassin tools , and tells Desmond , understanding now of his role as a messenger to him . A holographic being calling himself Jupiter explains to Desmond ( through Ezio ) how his society perished as a result of a massive solar flare apocalypse , and that the key to stop the 2012 solar flare lies in the first civilization 's technology commanded by vaults linked to a central vault in New York . Within the Animus , Clay sacrifices himself to allow Desmond to wake up from his coma , his memories complete . Along with Shaun , Rebecca , and his father William , Desmond heads to New York to save humanity . Originally ' Revelations ' was announced as Assassin 's Creed : Lost Legacy , and conceptualized as a Nintendo 3DS title focusing on Ezio traveling to Masyaf . However , on July 15 , 2011 , it was announced as cancelled . The reason behind such `` cancellation '' was that Ubisoft had decided to expand the idea further , cancel the 3DS development and fully shift all development duties towards PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and PC to release the game as a full - fledged main installment of the franchise . The original plot remained , and evolved into the plot seen in the final game , which became Assassin 's Creed : Revelations . Included were many new systems and additional weapons such as bomb - crafting , allowing the player to create explosive , distraction and tactical bombs , using materials found throughout the world and on Assassin 's Guild missions . The hookblade was also introduced , which can be used in free - running ( to travel along zip wires and climb more easily ) and in combat ( to manipulate enemies ) . Eagle Vision was upgraded into the Eagle Sense , allowing Ezio to not only see where his enemies and targets are but also , where they have been and where they are moving to . As the player progresses through , Ezio can train new recruits to defend `` dens '' ( Assassin HQs ) and an upgraded Assassin 's missions section called `` Mediterranean Defense '' in which the player works to strip control of various cities from Templar hands . The multiplayer mode returned in Revelations , with more characters , modes , and maps , and by advancing up through levels of experience , the player learns more about Abstergo 's history . Assassin 's Creed III ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed III This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Desmond and his allies arrive at the Temple entrance in a cave in the New York area on October 31 , 2012 , and open its door using the Apple Of Eden , discovering a larger chamber of Precursor technology behind it , including another door requiring a key . Desmond suddenly falls into a fugue state , and is put into the Animus . There , he experiences the memories of a half Mohawk , half British man named Ratonhnhaké : ton ( / ˈrəduːnˈhəɡeɪduːn / ; `` Ra - doon - ha - kay - doon '' ) , later dubbed Connor ( Achilles calls him this in memory of his dead son ) , who lived through the American Revolution , as well as Connor 's father , Haytham Kenway , who is later revealed as a British agent of the Templars . Kenway had gone to the Colonies in America with a stolen medallion , recruited Templar allies including Charles Lee , and worked to gain the trust of the Mohawk people to get them to show him the location of the Temple , but to his annoyance , the medallion did not open the Temple for him . Connor , as a young boy , witnesses Lee and his troops set fire to his village , killing his mother ; years later , he is shown a Piece of Eden , through which Juno speaks to him and instructs him to get training from Master Assassin Achilles Davenport . Achilles takes Connor and teaches him about Assassins and introduces him to Patriots in the Revolution , through which Connor stops several Templar plans to disrupt their efforts including an assassination attempt against George Washington . During these memories , Desmond does recover from the fugue state , and helps his allies to recover power sources to power the Temple scattered about the globe , including one held by Abstergo . Connor eventually encounters his father , but Kenway offers a cease fire , as he is also after Benjamin Church for usurping his authority . During their investigation , Kenway warns Connor that the Patriots , worried of the allegiance of the various tribes to the British , are seeking to remove Connor 's people from their lands . Connor eventually hunts Lee down and kills him , taking the medallion and ending the Templar threat . He is despondent to find his tribe 's village abandoned save for the Piece of Eden ; through it , Juno tells him to hide the amulet . As December 21 approaches and signs of the solar flare begin to ensue , Desmond and his allies find the buried medallion , and use it at the inner Temple door , behind which is a control sphere . Juno appears and encourages Desmond to touch it , but Minerva appears and warns him to stop it , warning that this will release Juno as an entity that may protect against the solar flare but will be a threat to mankind in the future . Juno counters , explaining that Minerva would rather have most of humanity wiped out , with Desmond safe in the Temple to emerge as a religious figure to lead the survivors but ultimately leading into conflict . Desmond opts to release Juno , believing humanity will have a better chance fighting Juno . As his body is wracked by energy from the control sphere , an aurora surrounds the Earth and protects it from the solar flare . Juno tells the now fallen Desmond that his work is now done , and now it is time for her to do her work . Assassin 's Creed III is structured similarly to the previous games , with missions taking place on an open - world map based on Colonial Boston and New York , and offers a large wilderness area , the Frontier and in the Davenport Homestead , where the player can hunt animals for materials , which then subsequently can be used to construct goods to be traded and sold throughout the colonies . Naval battles were introduced , wherein the player must steer a warship named Aquila in dangerous waters and perform ship - to - ship combat with cannons and mounted guns . In Assassin 's Creed III there are a large assortment of mini missions to play and many different outfits to purchase as the player progresses through the game . The modern - day aspects of the story were also significantly expanded , and featured missions taking place in , among other locations , Manhattan , Rome and Brazil . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Samples taken from Desmond Miles ' body in the moments after his death have enabled Abstergo Industries to continue to explore his genetic memories using the Animus ' newfound cloud computing abilities . The unnamed player character is hired by Abstergo 's entertainment division to sift through the memories of Edward Kenway , an eighteenth - century pirate and the grandfather of Connor . Ostensibly , this is to gather material for an Animus - powered interactive feature film , but in reality , Abstergo and the Templars are searching for the Observatory , a Precursor structure that allows the user to see through the eyes of a subject . As Kenway , the player must unravel a conspiracy between high - ranking Templars to manipulate the British , Spanish and French empires into locating the Sage - later identified as Bartholomew Roberts - who is the only man who can lead them to the Observatory . In the present day , the player is contacted by John , Abstergo Entertainment 's information technology manager . John convinces the player that his employer knows more than they are telling , and encourages them to investigate in more detail . He arranges for the player to access the Animus ' core , at which point Juno materialises into an incorporeal form . She reveals that although it was necessary to open her temple to avert disaster , the world was not ready for her , and she is unable to affect it or possess the player character as her agents intended . John is unmasked as the reincarnated form of the Sage and attempts to murder the player to cover up the failed attempt at resurrecting Juno , but is killed by Abstergo 's security before he can do so . As Roberts , the Sage admits to Kenway that he owes no allegiance to the Assassins or the Templars and instead uses whoever he thinks represents his best chance of achieving his ends . Assassin 's Creed Rogue ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed Rogue The plot follows Knight of Templar , Shay Patrick Cormac , and is set during the Seven Years ' War across various locations in North America . It is meant to `` fill the gaps '' of the story between III and Black Flag and has `` a crucial link to the Kenway saga '' , as well as connecting to Unity . Haytham Kenway from III and Adewalé from Black Flag make appearances . By March 2014 , a game titled or code - named `` Comet '' , was revealed to be in development , for release on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . By the end of the month , additional reports indicated that `` Comet '' would be set around 1758 in New York , as well as feature sailing on the Atlantic Ocean . The game would be a direct sequel to Black Flag , and would be the first to feature a Templar as the main protagonist , named Shay . In May 2014 , Guillemot stated that Assassin 's Creed games would continue releasing on the last generation PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 `` for the foreseeable future '' , despite the franchise moving to the current generation PlayStation 4 and Xbox One with Assassin 's Creed Unity . On August 5 , Ubisoft officially announced the game as Assassin 's Creed Rogue . It was released in North America on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11 , 2014 and in Europe and Australasia on November 13 , 2014 . It was released on Windows in March 2015 . Assassin 's Creed Unity ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed Unity The story is set in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution and follows Arno Dorian and his fellow assassins . On March 19 , 2014 , images leaked for the next game , titled or code - named Unity , showing a new assassin in Paris . On March 21 , Ubisoft confirmed the game 's existence , having been in development for more than three years , by releasing pre-alpha game footage . The game features up to four player co-op , a first for the series . It was released in North America on the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows on November 11 , 2014 and in Europe and Australasia on November 13 , 2014 . Assassin 's Creed Syndicate ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed Syndicate The plot is set in Victorian era London and follows twin assassins Jacob and Evie Frye as they navigate the corridors of organized crime , and take back the city from Templar control . In December 2014 , images and information leaked for a new Assassin 's Creed game , titled or code - named Victory , which was later confirmed by Ubisoft . In May 2015 , Kotaku leaked that Victory had been renamed Syndicate . On May 12 , 2015 , the game was officially announced by Ubisoft . The PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One version of the game was released on October 23 , 2015 , while the Microsoft Windows version was released on November 19 , 2015 . Assassin 's Creed Origins ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed Origins The story is set in Ptolemaic Egypt and follows a Medjay named Bayek , whose fight to protect his people , leads him to create the Secret Order the Assassins , with the game exploring the origin of their conflict with the Knights of Templar , serving as a prequel to the entire series . The details of the present day story - line remain unrevealed . In February 2016 , Ubisoft announced they would not be releasing a new game in 2016 in order to step `` back and ( re-examine ) the Assassin 's Creed franchise ... ( and take the ) year to evolve the game mechanics and to make sure we 're delivering on the promise of Assassin 's Creed offering unique and memorable gameplay experiences '' . On the decision , Guillemot said that `` Ubisoft started to question the annualized franchise with the release of Assassin 's Creed Unity , and the fact that Assassin 's Creed Syndicate had `` a slower launch than expected '' . Guillemot added that `` by moving away from the annual iterations of the franchise , it will give the Assassin 's Creed teams more time to take advantage of new engines and technology '' . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag 's director Ashraf Ismail , commented on an interview that he and the team would be interested in doing an Assassin 's Creed game in an Ancient Egyptian setting , along with reiterating an earlier statement that a female leading character was not an impossibility for the series . In May 2017 , Ubisoft confirmed the development of Assassin 's Creed Origins . The game was announced to be set in the Ptolemaic Egypt in June 2017 . The game is set to be released worldwide on October 27 , 2017 for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows . Collections ( edit ) The Ezio Collection ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The Ezio Collection , developed by Virtuos and Ubisoft Montreal , features remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed 2 , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations ' single - player modes , using the Anvil engine , for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One ( the multiplayer being excluded from the package ) . The games feature improved graphics , lighting , effects and textures , and also includes all previously released downloadable content for the single - player . In addition , the bundle features the short films Assassin 's Creed : Embers and Assassin 's Creed : Lineage . The collection was released on November 15 , 2016 to mixed reviews , being criticized for its minimal graphical enhancements , the dated gameplay , and the capped 30 frames per second . The Americas Collection ( 2014 ) ( edit ) The Americas Collection , developed by Ubisoft Montreal , features Assassin 's Creed III , Assassin 's Creed Liberation HD , and Assassin 's Creed Black Flag ' , for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . The collection was released on October 28 , 2014 . Other console games ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation The story follows a Louisiana Creole woman , named Aveline . Aveline is the daughter of a French merchant father and an African mother . She is recruited into the Assassin Order by a former slave and fights against slavery as well as the Templars . An original Assassin 's Creed title for the PlayStation Vita was announced to be in development during Gamescom 2011 , and would feature a new story with new characters . On June 4 , 2012 at E3 , Liberation was officially announced . Aveline uses a variety of new weapons in combat , including a machete and a blowpipe for ranged attacks . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that the game would be re-released as Assassin 's Creed : Liberation HD for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows via the PlayStation Network , Xbox Live Arcade and Steam , respectively , in January 2014 . Assassin 's Creed Chronicles ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed Chronicles Assassin 's Creed Chronicles is an episodic 2.5 D action game for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , PlayStation Vita and Xbox One . The first episode is available with the purchase of Assassin 's Creed Unity 's DLC season pass and features Shao Jun in 16th century China . The second entry , India , was released on January 12 , 2016 on the same platforms , and the last entry , Russia , was released on February 9 , 2016 . Handheld and mobile games ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad is sent on a mission from the Order of Assassins to retrieve a Chalice from the grasps of both the Crusaders and the Saracens . Altaïr quests to find three different magic keys then travels to Jerusalem to face the head of the Knights Templar , Basilisk . Upon arriving , he learns that the Chalice is not an object , but a woman named Adha who reveals that Altaïr has been deceived by an assassin named Harash , who is now a double - agent for the Templars . After killing both Harash and Basilisk , Altaïr attempts to save a kidnapped Adha from captivity but is too late . The game ends with a captured Adha sailing away and Altaïr left in the holy land . Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines Altaïr has traveled to Cyprus from the Holy Land in order to assassinate the last remnants of the Templars . Here Altaïr again meets Maria and they travel together to kill the remaining Templars and learn more about the `` Apple of Eden '' and the mysterious Templar Archive where more of the artifacts are believed to be hidden . Altaïr manages to kill the new Templar Grand Master , Armand Bouchart , and his followers , but the Archive 's contents are discovered to have already been taken from Cyprus . Assassin 's Creed II : discovery ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed II : Discovery After losing the Apple of Eden to Girolamo Savonarola , Ezio is told to meet Antonio , his fellow Assassin . When doing so , Ezio finds Antonio with another man named Luis Santangel , who asks Ezio to rescue his friend Christoffa Corombo from a presumed Templar trap set up by Rodrigo Borgia . Ezio rescues Christoffa from this trap , and is informed that Assassins in Spain are captured and executed by Tomas Torquemada . Ezio , who feels that it is his duty to rescue the Assassins , sets out for Spain to fight back against the Spanish Inquisition . Along the way , Ezio finds out that Torquemada was ordered to commit these actions by Rodrigo Borgia , who leads Torquemada to believe that God desired it so . Ezio also finds out that his close allies , Luis Santangel and Raphael Sanchez , are in fact Assassins themselves . When finally confronting Torquemada , Ezio chooses not to kill him thinking that Torquemada is merely misled by Borgia and not a Templar himself . Ezio then returns to Italy to continue his search for the Apple of Eden . Assassin 's Creed : Recollection ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Recollection is a real - time board game developed for iOS . The game delivers a new experience to the Assassin 's Creed world in which fans and new players alike go head - to - head in real - time political battles with characters and locations from the franchise . Players can also unlock a collection of artwork , spanning the series . The game features over 280 Memories , reconnecting with characters from Assassin 's Creed II and Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood . The single - player Story Mode has 10 + hours of gameplay , with 20 missions taking place from Barcelona to Constantinople and 10 challenge missions . In Versus Mode , players can challenge their friends and people from around the world , pitting their strategies and abilities against one another . The game supports Game Center , allowing players to track achievements , challenge friends , and play against the world over . Go behinds the scenes with the Art Gallery , a collection of artwork spanning the entire franchise ( Assassin 's Creed , Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood , Assassin 's Creed : Revelations and Assassin 's Creed III ) showcasing the high level of quality in character design as well as the attention to detail in the locations . Through the Store , players have the option to Buy Packs for the in - game currency , Animus Credits ( Animus Credits may also be purchased through an In - App Purchase ) , or to Buy / Sell Memories from / to other players in the Market . The short film Assassin 's Creed : Embers is also featured within the game . Assassin 's Creed : multiplayer Rearmed ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Multiplayer Rearmed is a multiplayer video game designed for iOS . It is the only Assassin 's Creed Multiplayer driven by an in - game economy . The aim is to assassinate the assigned target and avoid being killed by your own hunter . The player can purchase additional items , characters and abilities as well as compete with friends and foes from around the globe in a 4 player realtime online multiplayer mode . Players can connect via Game Center using either WI - FI or 3G . It is also possible to play against someone in the immediate area via Bluetooth . Available map locations include Jerusalem , San Donato , Venice and Alhambra . Assassin 's Creed : Pirates ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Pirates is a mobile game , that was released on iOS and Android devices on December 5 , 2013 . Developed by Ubisoft Paris , the game follows Captain Alonzo Batilla , who is neither Assassin nor Templar , as he commands a ship and crew , while crossing paths with the Assassins and Templars . Gameplay focuses on real - time battles between ships . The title is in 3D and features both wind and weather that will affect how players proceed . Assassin 's Creed memories ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed Memories is a mobile game that was released on iOS devices on August 20 , 2014 . Developed along with PlayNext and Gree , the game combines card collection and battling , target chasing , and strategy elements , along with the option of competitive multiplayer . Additional multiplayer options include allowing players to join a guild and then engage in 20 vs 20 guild combat scenarios . Memories features different historical eras , including the Third Crusade , the golden age of piracy , feudal Japan and the Mongolian Empire . Assassin 's Creed Identity ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed Identity Assassin 's Creed Identity is a game for iOS devices that was released worldwide on 25 February 2016 . It is a 3D third - person role - playing game . It had a soft - launch in Australia and New Zealand in 2014 . Cancelled and defunct games ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : project Legacy ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Project Legacy was a single - player browser - based role - playing game Facebook application , designed as a promotion , and tie - in for Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood . The game is mostly text - based , but includes graphics and sound as well as some video . Players are test subjects for Abstergo Industries who relive the lives of other test subjects ' ancestors through the DDS ( Data Dump Scanner ) as opposed to the Animus . These ancestors are Assassins . The first mission pack is titled `` Italian Wars '' , and is divided into four chapters . Chapter one focuses on Bartolomeo d'Alviano during the Battle of Agnadello . The second chapter focuses on Francesco Vecellio on a mission to kill Niccolò di Pitigliano ( cousin of Bartolomeo d'Alviano ) . The third focuses on Mario Auditore and the protection of Monteriggioni . The fourth and final chapter focuses on Perotto Calderon , an undercover assassin who watches over Lucrezia Borgia , with whom he falls in love . The second mission pack , entitled `` Rome '' , was released November 16 , 2010 . The first chapter takes place between 1497 and 1503 , and deals with the ex-courtesan , Fiora Cavazza . It deals with Fiora 's involvement in recruiting an army for the Borgia , and her subsequent betrayal . The second takes place in 1503 , and involves Giovanni Borgia , fleeing his family and eventually joining the assassins . Chapter three involves Francesco Vecellio , and his training to be an assassin under Ezio Auditore . Chapter four again focuses on Giovanni Borgia , now an Assassin and joining Hernán Cortés on his journey to Tenochtitlan to acquire a `` Piece of Eden '' , one of the Crystal Skulls . Giovanni brought it to Bombastus for study , resulting in the discovery of the formula for the Philosopher 's stone . The third mission pack , entitled `` Holidays '' , and its first Chapter called Ghosts of Christmas Past were released on December 21 , 2010 with further missions to be released in 2011 . The first chapter takes place at various times and places in history : during the World War I Christmas Truce , the Beagle 2 truth , the return of Charles II back to England , and the time of the Shroud of Turin . A fourth story pack , `` The Divine Science Story Pack '' was announced , but never released . Also , an updated user interface , referred to as the `` DDS 2.0 '' , was listed as coming soon , with enhancements and an easier way of choosing mission packs and crafting equipment , however this was also never released . The game was later shutdown from Facebook and put on an indefinite hold . According to Ubisoft , the reason for the shutdown was that the game 's manager had mysteriously disappeared , although it was clearly for marketing purposes . It is unknown when the game will be back into action , and since its shutdown it can not be played anymore . Assassin 's Creed : Utopia ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Utopia is a cancelled mobile game which was planned to be available on Android and iOS devices . The game 's story would have led into Assassin 's Creed III , though there would have been no links in terms of gameplay . Utopia would have taken place in the 17th century , at the very beginning of the colonization of North America . It would have spaned over 150 years , to help players `` discover how the Assassins influenced history and helped shape the nation 's original thirteen colonies '' . The gameplay involved building a colonial city , and was planned to have more of a `` social slant '' than any of the earlier games . The Assassins of each colony would have taken on their enemies in `` limited time epic battles '' , and players would have been able to pit their strength against friends in asynchronous 3D brawls . Future ( edit ) Asked about the future of the series in 2009 , Sébastien Puel from Ubisoft said that `` we could do 35 of these ( Assassin 's Creed games ) '' , while Laurent Detoc from Ubisoft later said `` we hope to reach Assassin 's Creed 10 '' . In November 2011 , a Ubisoft survey was sent out , asking participants which locations and time periods they would like to see in the `` next Assassin 's Creed games '' . These settings were Medieval China , Victorian England , Ancient Egypt , the Portuguese and / or Spanish Invasion of the Americas , the American Revolution , the Russian Revolution , Feudal Japan , and Ancient Rome . Alex Hutchinson , creative director of Assassin 's Creed III , suggested the most requested Assassin 's Creed settings , World War II , Feudal Japan and Ancient Egypt , are `` the three worst settings for an Assassin 's Creed game '' . However , Hutchinson stated both he and Corey May were open to the idea of a future entry set during the time of the British Raj , which now consists of the modern states of India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Myanmar . Victorian England , the American Revolution , Medieval China , Parts of the British Raj , the Russian Revolution , and Ancient Egypt were subsequently used for Assassin 's Creed Syndicate , Assassin 's Creed III , Assassin 's Creed Chronicles , and Assassin 's Creed Origins , respectively , with World War I appearing as a section of Syndicate , and World War II as an easter egg in Syndicate . In June 2013 , Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot stated on the development cycle of the games , saying , `` We are making sure the teams who are creating the different iterations have enough time -- two years , three years , so that they can take risk and they can change the concept enough so that it can be appealing and fresh . '' The following August , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag 's director Ashraf Ismail , said that the ending of the franchise had been written , saying `` We have an idea of where the end is , what the end is . But of course Yves ( Guillemot ) announced we are a yearly title , we ship one game a year . So depending on the setting , depending on what fans want , we 've given ourselves room to fit more in this arc . But there is an end . '' In other media ( edit ) Ubisoft expanded the Assassin 's Creed franchise to other media , including films , comic books and novels . Television ( edit ) In November 2016 , it was announced that Ubisoft and Netflix started talks regarding how to develop an Assassin 's Creed series . In July 2017 , Adi Shankar revealed he would be creating the series , which would be in the anime format . The series , which will feature an original story from Shankar , will share the same universe as the other media of the franchise . Films ( edit ) Theatrical ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed ( film ) A live - action film , Assassin 's Creed , set in the same universe as the video games and other media , was released on December 21 , 2016 to negative reviews . Development for the film began in October 2011 , when Sony Pictures entered final negotiations with Ubisoft Motion Pictures to make the film . In July 2012 , Michael Fassbender was announced to star in the film , as well as co-produce the film . His role was revealed in August 2015 as Callum Lynch , whose ancestor Aguilar , is an assassin from 15th century Spain . In October 2012 , Ubisoft revealed the film would no longer be produced by Sony Pictures , instead co-produced with New Regency and distributed by 20th Century Fox . In January 2013 , Michael Lesslie was hired to write the film , with Scott Frank , Adam Cooper and Bill Collage performing rewrites to the script . By the end of April 2014 , Justin Kurzel was in talks to direct . Principal photography began on August 31 , 2015 , and ended on January 15 , 2016 . Released on 21st December 2016 , the film was poorly received by critics though performed adequately at the box office . Short films ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Lineage ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Lineage Assassin 's Creed : Lineage is a 36 - minute film serving as a prequel to Assassin 's Creed II . The film , released in three parts on YouTube , promoted the game and is the first attempt for Ubisoft to make its first step in the film industry . It is about the story of Giovanni Auditore , Ezio 's father , who investigates the mysterious assassination of Duke of Milan Galeazzo Maria Sforza and first learns about Rodrigo Borgia 's conspiracy . Assassin 's Creed : ascendance ( edit ) Ascendance is an animated short by UbiWorkshop and Ubisoft Montreal , which bridges the gap between Assassin 's Creed II and Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood . It tells the backstory of Cesare Borgia 's rise to power . The animated short was released on November 16 , 2010 . The short story takes place in the middle of the events of Brotherhood as Ezio Auditore sits and gathers information about Cesare Borgia , from a hooded man who is later revealed to be Leonardo da Vinci . It is available for purchase on Xbox Live , PlayStation Store and iTunes Store . Assassin 's Creed : Embers ( edit ) Embers is an animated short film created by UbiWorkshop . The film is included as a bonus in Signature and collector 's editions of Assassin 's Creed : Revelations . UbiWorkShop released a teaser trailer on July 21 , 2011 , which was featured at Comic - Con 2011 . The Embers trailer shows an older Ezio with his family . He fears someone is trying to get him . The developers described Embers at the 2011 Comic Con , at the Assassins Creed panel as a final epilogue to Ezio 's story , and although can be watched anytime , should be watched after the completion of Assassin 's Creed : Revelations story , to fully understand and complete the tale of Ezio Auditore da Firenze . The short film follows an elderly Ezio , living a peaceful life in the Tuscan countryside with his wife Sofia and his children Flavia and Marcello and writing his memoirs . One day a stranger appears , a Chinese female Assassin called Shao Jun , who came to Ezio in order to seek knowledge of his life as an Assassin . Although Ezio prefers that Jun not stay , due to his desire to leave his days as an Assassin behind , Sofia allows her to stay for the night . The next day , Ezio catches Jun reading his memoirs and bids her to leave , but relents after she asks him about what it means to be an Assassin . While on a trip to Firenze , Ezio then recounts his story of how his father and brothers were executed in the town square , forcing him to become an Assassin , and how such a life is defined by the pain it brings and causes . As they leave , the two are attacked by a stranger , who appears to be of Asian origin as well . After killing him , Jun reveals that she was a former concubine , now on the run from servants of the Chinese Zhengde Emperor , and explains how her former master rescued her from his influence . After returning to his home , Ezio tells Sofia and his children to leave , knowing that others would come . He then teaches Jun the key to liberating her people from the Emperor 's influence . Later that night , Ezio 's villa is attacked by more of Shao Jun 's enemies , and after a fight , he successfully eliminates them all . The next morning , Ezio hands Shao Jun a small box and tells her it may come to use one day , but only if `` you lose your way '' . He then sends her away as two riders appear at the villa . Sometime afterward Ezio journeys to Firenze with his wife Sofia and their daughter Flavia , despite suffering from heart problems . While resting on a bench and after having a short conversation with a young man with a scar on his face , similar to the sort of man he used to be , he exhales and dies in view of his family . The film then ends as a final letter from Ezio to Sofia is read , saying that of all the things that kept him going throughout life , love for the world around him was the strongest of them all . Comics ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : graphic novel ( edit ) In the limited edition of Assassin 's Creed , an 8 - page graphic novel was included , that showed two side - stories of Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad and Desmond Miles . The story serves as a prelude to the first Assassin 's Creed game and is narrated simultaneously by both characters . In it , the novel covers Desmond 's escape from Abstergo in the year 2012 and also one of Altaïr 's assassination missions in the year 1191 . The start of the novel involves the introduction of the two characters with Altaïr calling himself a hunter , while Desmond is a prisoner . Although initially they describe themselves otherwise , by the end of the novel they both re-introduce themselves as assassins . Assassin 's Creed , Volume 1 : Desmond ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed Volume 1 : Desmond is a French - language graphic novel written by Eric Corbeyran and drawn by Djilalli Defaux . It has been released in France , Canada , Belgium , Poland and Italy . The comic book was published on November 13 , 2009 , a few days before Assassin 's Creed II was released . The story is a retelling of events from Assassin 's Creed and the beginning of Assassin 's Creed II , mostly from Desmond 's modern perspective ; for example it is revealed that Lucy helped the Templars to kidnap Desmond . It also features Subject 16 ( referred to as Michael ) and a Roman assassin named Aquilus . However , events in the comic book are different from what happens in the game . It is said that Subject 16 is alive but trapped in the animus , a virtual reality simulator used to relive memories of ancient relatives , but there 's no mention of Shaun or Rebecca . Assassin 's Creed , Volume 2 : Aquilus ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed Volume 2 : Aquilus is a French - language graphic novel written by Eric Corbeyran and drawn by Djilalli Defaux . The story opens with a young Desmond recalling his conversation with his father . He wakes up and has a conversation with Lucy . After meeting Rebecca , Shaun and other assassins , they get into a truck and drive to Monteriggioni . In the meantime , Desmond relives memories of Aquilus through the animus after his apparent death in the first volume . The Roman assassin is rescued by his cousin , Accipiter , and is tasked with a quest to save Lugdunum . He meets with his father and discovers an artifact of the first civilization : an ankh which can temporarily revive the dead . The mysterious object is then stolen by a Templar senator , Vultur , who kills Aquilus ' father . The modern day story continues as Assassins fight Abstergo agents when they 're ambushed on the road . Later , it is revealed that there 's a traitor among in the Assassins ' truck , and Desmond deals with the situation . The group finally arrives in Monteriggioni and at the end , it 's hinted that the ankh artifact might be hidden within the town 's walls . Assassin 's Creed , Volume 3 : Accipiter ( edit ) Jonathan Hawk was sent by a suited executive and a lab technician to relive Accipiter 's memories . He was sent to 259 CE , when Accipiter 's Alamans were crossng the Rodanus into Genava and Aube to face the Roman forces at Oppidum . The battle raged bloodily and long , but Accipiter 's forces were eventually victorious . Accipiter was met by the Iberian Assassin Cuervo after the battle , the latter coming to congratulate the Alamans on their victory and to discuss the future . Assassin 's Creed , Volume 4 : Hawk ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed , Volume 4 : Hawk is the fourth volume of the French graphic novels . It is centered on the story of Jonathan Hawk and his Egyptian ancestor Numa Al'Khamsin , a member of the Assassins in the 14th century . It was released on November 16 , 2012 . Assassin 's Creed , Volume 5 : El Cakr ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed , Volume 5 : El Cakr is the fifth volume of the French graphic novels . It is centered on the story of Jonathan Hawk and his Egyptian ancestor Numa Al'Khamsin , also known as `` El Cakr '' . It was released on October 31 , 2013 . Assassin 's Creed , Volume 6 : Leila ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed , Volume 6 : Leila is the sixth volume of the French graphic novels . It is centered on the story of Jonathan Hawk and his Egyptian ancestor Numa Al'Khamsin , also known as `` El Cakr '' . It is the last of the Egyptian storyline . It was released on October 31 , 2014 . Assassin 's Creed : the fall ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : The Fall In July 2010 , Ubisoft announced a three - part comic book mini-series set in the world of Assassin 's Creed as a part of their UbiWorkshop initiative . Ubisoft has hired illustrators Cameron Stewart and Karl Kerschl , both winners of multiple comic book awards . The first issue of the series was released on November 10 , 2010 , the second part on December 1 , 2010 . It was published by WildStorm . The comic takes place between 1888 and 1908 in Russia and 1998 set in the United States . It follows Nikolai Orelov and his descendant Daniel Cross , a recovering alcoholic experiencing the bleeding effect in a therapist 's office . Assassin 's Creed : the Chain ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : The Chain The Chain is a sequel comic to The Fall that completes Nikolai Orelov 's story as well as focusing on his descendant , Daniel Cross . The comic will also provide some light on the events of Assassin 's Creed III . It was released in mid-2012 . Assassin 's Creed : Brahman ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Brahman Brahman is set in 19th century India , and introduced the Assassin Arbaaz Mir . It was written by Brendan Fletcher with art by Cameron Stewart and Karl Kerschl . It was released in late - 2013 in North America . Assassin 's Creed : trial by fire ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed : Trial by Fire Oscillating between contemporary San Diego and the Salem witch trials , `` Assassin 's Creed '' follows Charlotte de la Cruz , an over-educated conspiracy theorist , who soon comes under attack from Templars after learning she is the descendent of Assassins . The series is published by Titan Comics , and is written by Kill Shakespeare 's Anthony Del Col and Conor McCreery , illustrated by Neil Edwards , and coloured by Ivan Nunes . Manga ( edit ) `` Assassin 's Creed : Awakening '' was an adaptation of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag in 2013 . Novels ( edit ) Main article : Assassin 's Creed ( book series ) Assassin 's Creed : Renaissance ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Renaissance is a novel based on the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden and published by Penguin Books . It is a novelised version of the game Assassin 's Creed II ; however , rather than spanning a vast period of time , it is set only in the 15th century with no mention of the series ' present - day events . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood is a continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden and published by Penguin Books . It is a novelized version of the game Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood just like its previous book . It does not contain any of the game 's present - day events including Desmond , only a reference to a `` phantom '' by Ezio . Unlike the events of the game which start in 1499 , this version of the story starts in 1503 . Assassin 's Creed : the Secret Crusade ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : The Secret Crusade is the third Assassin 's Creed book by Oliver Bowden and published by Penguin Books . The story is told by Niccolò Polo , father of Marco Polo , and is about the life of Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad . It was released on June 20 , 2011 . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Revelations is the fourth novel in the continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden and published by Penguin Books . The novel release date is November 24 , 2011 for the United Kingdom and November 29 , 2011 for the North America . Like the previous novels of Renaissance and Brotherhood , it is a novelised version of the game Assassin 's Creed : Revelations . Additionally like the prior novels , it does not contain any of the game 's present - day events including Desmond . Like the game , Ezio Auditore must leave his life behind in search of answers , in search of the truth . In Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , master assassin Ezio Auditore walks in the footsteps of the legendary mentor Altair , on a journey of discovery and revelation . It is a perilous path -- one that will take Ezio to Constantinople , the heart of the Ottoman Empire , where a growing army of Templars threatens to destabilise the region . Assassin 's Creed : Forsaken ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Forsaken is a continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden . It covers the life of Haytham Kenway during his years before and during the events of Assassin 's Creed III . Assassin 's Creed : Black Flag ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Black Flag is a continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden . The novel chronicles the events of the game with the same name . It was released on November 7 , 2013 . Assassin 's Creed : Unity ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed : Unity is a continuation of the Assassin 's Creed series written by Oliver Bowden . The novel focuses on the events of the game from Elise 's perspective , and then Arno 's perspective after Elise 's death at the hands of Templar Grand Master François - Thomas Germain , who was later killed by Arno . It was released on November 20 , 2014 . Assassin 's Creed : Underworld ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed Underworld unveils the story of Master Assassin Henry Green / Jayadeep Mir , the son of Indian Master Assassin Arbaaz Mir and his wife Pyara Kaur ( the two debuted in Assassin 's Creed : Brahman ) , six years before the events depicted in Assassin 's Creed : Syndicate . Assassin 's Creed : encyclopedia ( edit ) UbiWorkshop released an encyclopedia of the Assassin 's Creed series in 2011 . Initially intended as an art book , the project gathered so much material that the company decided to expand it into an encyclopedia . It features works of artists , such as Craig Mullins , Tavis Coburn , 123Klan , Gabz and James NG . Artists were given creative freedom , as they were able to create a unique Assassin from the period of their choosing . The art book contains a `` carte blanche '' section , which is going to contain fan - submitted artwork . In November 2012 , to coincide with the release of Assassin 's Creed III , UbiWorkshop released a second edition of the encyclopedia . This Edition contained an additional 120 pages of content , covering both Assassin 's Creed III and Assassin 's Creed : The Chain , as well as revised content based on feedback . The Third Edition of the Assassin 's Creed Encyclopedia is an updated hardcover edition incorporating information of characters and events from Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and Assassin 's Creed : Brahman along with new artwork and concept art . It was released worldwide on November 11 , 2013 and includes 390 pages of new content and a revised version of the second edition , which is also available to purchase from UbiWorkshop . Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores As of May 25 , 2017 . Game Metacritic Assassin 's Creed ( PC ) 79 ( PS3 ) 81 ( X360 ) 81 Altaïr 's Chronicles ( NDS ) 58 Bloodlines ( PSP ) 63 II ( PC ) 86 ( PS3 ) 91 ( X360 ) 90 II : Discovery ( NDS ) 69 Brotherhood ( PC ) 88 ( PS3 ) 90 ( X360 ) 89 Revelations ( PC ) 80 ( PS3 ) 80 ( X360 ) 80 III ( PC ) 80 ( PS3 ) 85 ( WIIU ) 85 ( X360 ) 84 III : Liberation ( PC ) 66 ( PS3 ) 64 ( Vita ) 70 ( X360 ) 62 IV : Black Flag ( PC ) 84 ( PS3 ) 88 ( PS4 ) 83 ( WIIU ) 86 ( X360 ) 86 Rogue ( PC ) 74 ( PS3 ) 72 ( X360 ) 72 Identity ( iOS ) 69 Unity ( PC ) 70 ( PS4 ) 70 ( XONE ) 72 Chronicles : China ( PC ) 67 ( PS4 ) 69 ( XONE ) 67 Syndicate ( PC ) 74 ( PS4 ) 76 ( XONE ) 78 Chronicles : India ( PS4 ) 63 ( XONE ) 64 Chronicles : Russia ( PS4 ) 60 ( XONE ) 62 The Assassin 's Creed series have received mainly positive reviews from critics , many of whom have called Assassin 's Creed `` ... the standout series on ( the seventh generation ) of consoles '' . As of September 2016 , the series has sold over 100 million copies , becoming Ubisoft 's best selling franchise and one of the highest selling video game franchises of all time . In popular culture ( edit ) References in other video game franchises ( edit ) In the 2009 Wii game Academy of Champions : Soccer , Altaïr appears as a playable character along with other Ubisoft characters . In the 2012 game Soulcalibur V , Ezio appears as a playable fighter and is featured on the box art . Sackboy , the player character from LittleBigPlanet and its sequel , can be costumed as Ezio . In Prince of Persia : The Forgotten Sands there is an unlockable outfit through Uplay . In Prince of Persia ( 2008 ) , Altaïr 's costume can be unlocked with a code obtained by pre-ordering the game . Final Fantasy XIII - 2 has a costume of Ezio from Assassin 's Creed : Revelations as an optional costume option as downloadable content . In PC / Mac versions of Team Fortress 2 , two promotional items were introduced in 2011 months before Assassin 's Creed : Revelations ' release . These were both for the class Spy , the first item being the iconic hidden blade , the second a hood based on the one Ezio wore in Revelations . In Metal Gear Solid 4 : Guns of the Patriots , the outfit of Altaïr is available as an unlockable , though , originally , it was only an April Fools joke by Hideo Kojima . In Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker , the player can jump into a bale of hay from a rooftop ( which also includes the `` Eagle '' sound effect used in the Assassins ' Creed games ) and use it to attract and subdue enemies . The Assassin order is also referenced by a character . Olivier Garneau , who appears in Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag as the CEO of Abstergo Entertainment , appears in the Ubisoft game Watch Dogs as the subject of a side mission that sees him kidnapped . It is implied after saving Garneau that he was hunted by the Assassin Brotherhood . Additionally , two characters in the game are seen playing Assassin 's Creed II . Ubisoft has described those appearances as small Easter eggs , and has n't confirmed nor denied than a shared continuity between both franchises . In downloadable contents , Ubisoft collaborated with Square Enix to held a limited - time Assassin 's Creed themed festival event crossover into the Final Fantasy XV on consoles under the title Assassin 's Festival , starting August 31st , 2017 until January 31st , 2018 . The DLC featuring gameplay elements from the Assassin 's Creed game series , new additional quests , mini-games , and exclusive items from Assassin 's Creed series . References in other film franchises ( edit ) In the 2011 Indian film Velayudham , the superhero costume worn by the protagonist is visibly based on Altaïr 's in Assassin 's Creed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : Assassin 's Creed '' . CVG . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Making Of : Assassin 's Creed '' . EDGE . August 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bryan Vore ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Dawn of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ubisoft Announces Assassin 's Creed -- The Ezio Collection - Assassin 's Creed -- The Ezio Collection - Xbox One - www.GameInformer.com Jump up ^ `` GameStop Placeholder Art Names Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood -- Update '' . Kotaku.com . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2015/07/20/life-after-ubisoft-again.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2010/06/11/patrice-d-233-silets-walks-away-from-ubisoft-and-assassin-s-creed.aspx Jump up ^ Philips , Tom . `` Assassin 's Creed : Lost Legacy canned '' . Eurogamer . Jump up ^ Harman , Stace ( March 27 , 2012 ) . `` Connor goes loud : Assassin 's Creed III gets first showing '' . VG247 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue confirmed by Ubisoft - here 's the first trailer '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberly ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` September Cover Revealed -- Assassin 's Creed Rogue And Unity '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Sources : Assassin 's Creed Comet Will Let You Play As A Templar '' . Kotaku . 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( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Assassin 's Creed Unity Co-Op Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Next Year 's Big Assassin 's Creed Is Set In Victorian London ( UPDATE ) '' . Kotaku . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason . `` Next Assassin 's Creed To Be Announced Next Week ; Now Called Syndicate '' . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarker , Samit ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Syndicate announced , set in Victorian London '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed : Syndicate launches 23rd October on PS4 , Xbox One '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A MESSAGE FROM THE ASSASSIN 'S CREED TEAM '' . Ubisoft . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Macy , Seth G. ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` UBISOFT CONFIRMS NO ASSASSIN 'S CREED THIS YEAR '' . IGN . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . 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ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AC :3 Possible Locations Named In Survey '' . CVG . November 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Fred ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Ubisoft : WW2 , Japan and Egypt would make dismal Assassin 's Creed locations '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie . `` India - set Assassin 's Creed on Ubisoft 's radar '' . GameSpot . Jump up ^ Totilo , Stephen ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Ubisoft Has Three Assassin 's Creeds in Development , Vows Innovation '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Phillips ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` '' There is an end '' to the Assassin 's Creed series , Ubisoft says `` . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monica M. ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix And Ubisoft In Talks To Make ' Assassin 's Creed ' , ' Watch Dogs ' , And ' Tom Clancy ' TV Series '' . Jobs n Hire . 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Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Fassbender Poised To Re-Team With ' Macbeth ' Helmer On ' Assassin 's Creed ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big screen adaptation of Assassin 's Creed starts shooting in Malta '' . timesofmalta.com . September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Chris ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Fassbender was playing the hero in Assassin 's Creed when he nabbed a SAG Award nomination '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Movie Starring Michael Fassbender Wraps Filming '' . Comic Book . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft preps animated Assassin 's Creed short '' . Gamespot.com . November 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ chrislewis ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Embers , UbiWorkshop blog '' . Ubiworkshop.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassins Creed Embers Debut Trailer ( HD ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Comic - con 2011 Panel : Assassin 's Creed : The Creation of a Universe ( PlayStation 3 ) -- GameSpot Video '' . Gamespot.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The French getting Assassin 's Creed comic '' . News.bigdownload.com . October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Desmond -- Trailer de la bande dessinée '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Says `` Yes Russian '' for New Assassin 's Creed Comic Book Ripten Video Game Blog `` . Ripten.com . July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tom Magrino ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed comics due this fall '' . gamespot.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Assassins 's Creed : The Fall comic to be published by Wildstorm in November '' . News.bigdownload.com . August 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Haas , Pete ( May 26 , 2012 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed : The Chain Will Prepare You For Assassin 's Creed 3 '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` New Assassin 's Creed Graphic Novel Debuts Indian Assassin '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moser , Cassidee ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Comic Issue # 1 Covers Revealed - IGN '' . Ca.ign.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tony ' G - Man ' Guerrero on August 31 , 2015 ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED # 1 Covers Revealed '' . Comic Vine . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the N.H.K. 's Oiwa Draws Assassin 's Creed 4 Manga '' . AnimeNewsNetwork.com . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : The Secret Crusade '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Revelations - Oliver Bowden - Penguin Books '' . Penguin.co.uk . November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Artists for hire '' . Ubiworkshop.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Your face - stabbing art could be featured in Assassin 's Creed art book '' . GamesRadar . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed - Encyclopedia : Second Edition - UbiWorkshop '' . UbiWorkshop Store . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed - Encyclopedia - Third Edition '' . UbiWorkshop Store . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Director 's Cut Edition Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Altaïr 's Chronicles Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed : Bloodlines Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed II Reviews '' . Metacritic . 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Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : Russia aggregated review score ( PS4 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Chronicles : Russia aggregated review score ( Xbox One ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's creed 3 Review '' . Blast . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reparaz , Mikel ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` ASSASSIN 'S CREED THE EZIO COLLECTION ANNOUNCED FOR PS4 , XBOX ONE '' . Ubisoft Blog . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rositano , Joseph ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` Academy of Champions Soccer Review '' . PALGN . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Yup , Ezio is in Soulcalibur V '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed ® II Costume - LittleBigPlanet TM '' . Littlebigplanet.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uplay - Prince of Persia : The Forgotten Sands '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marshall Honorof . `` The Escapist : News : Assassin 's Creed 's Ezio Joins the Party in Final Fantasy XIII - 2 '' . Escapistmagazine.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Driver , Ben . `` Peace Walker gets Assassin 's Creed , Monster Hunter tie - ins '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 character crosses over to Watch Dogs '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final Fantasy XV - Assassin 's Festival '' . Final Fantasy XV . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamath , Sudhish ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` Tale of three superheroes '' . The Hindu . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ranjitha , G. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Poster rip offs '' . The Times of India . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Assassin 's Creed ( video game series ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Assassin 's Creed Tour . Official website The Assassin 's Creed Wiki Assassin 's Creed Video games Main series Assassin 's Creed II Brotherhood Revelations III IV : Black Flag Rogue Unity Syndicate Origins Other games Altaïr 's Chronicles Bloodlines II : Discovery III : Liberation Identity Chronicles Adaptations Novels Lineage The Fall The Chain Brahman Trial by Fire Assassin 's Creed ( film ) Characters Desmond Miles Altaïr Ibn - La'Ahad Ezio Auditore da Firenze Related Prince of Persia Skull & Bones Soulcalibur V Ubisoft Franchises Anno Assassin 's Creed Brothers in Arms Call of Juarez CSI Driver Far Cry Imagine Just Dance Might and Magic Myst Petz Prince of Persia Rayman Raving Rabbids Red Steel Silent Hunter The Crew The Settlers Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Ghost Recon Splinter Cell Watch Dogs Subsidiaries Annecy Barcelona Blue Byte Mainz Bucharest Ivory Tower Halifax Ketchapp Kiev Leamington Massive Milan Montpellier Motion Pictures Montreal Nadeo Paris Pune Quazal Quebec Red Storm RedLynx Reflections Shanghai Toronto Defunct Sao Paulo Sunflowers Interactive Technology Anvil Jade LyN Snowdrop UbiArt Framework Ubisoft Motion Tracking Camera Uplay Related articles List of Ubisoft games List of Ubisoft subsidiaries Gameloft Vivendi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assassin%27s_Creed&oldid=804130499 '' Categories : Assassin 's Creed 2012 in fiction Action - adventure games Alternate history video games Ancient astronauts in fiction Apocalyptic video games Artificial intelligence in fiction Historical fiction Open world video games Panhistorical video games Parkour video games Science fiction video games Stealth video games Video game franchises introduced in 2007 Virtual reality in fiction Assassinations in fiction Video games with historical settings Media franchises Video games adapted into comics Video games adapted into novels Video games adapted into films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Use mdy dates from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 23 : 23 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassin%2527s%20Creed

bts the most beautiful moment in life on stage

List of BTS concert tours

list of bts concert tours

The South Korean boy band BTS has performed in six concert tours , one joint tour , and other concerts in addition to hosting three fan meeting tours . They held the first concert tour , 2014 BTS Live Trilogy -- Episode II : The Red Bullet , throughout October , November , and December , touring South Korea , the Philippines , Singapore , Japan , Thailand , and Malaysia . The following year , the group went on their second tour , 2015 Live Trilogy Episode : The Red Bullet . The tour served as a continuation of their first tour , extended with stops in Malaysia , Latin America , Australia and the United States , and ended in Hong Kong on August 29 . In total , the tours 2014 BTS Live Trilogy -- Episode II : The Red Bullet and 2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II : The Red Bullet attracted 80,000 spectators at 18 cities in 13 countries . They also held a concert tour , The Most Beautiful Moment in Life : On Stage , from November 27 -- 29 to support the release of their extended play The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 2 . The next year , they went on a tour , 2016 BTS LIVE The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage : Epilogue . In 2017 , they embarked on the Live Trilogy Episode III : The Wings Tour , which visited 17 cities in 10 countries around the world . BTS will further promote the releases of Love Yourself : Her and Love Yourself : Tear in the BTS World Tour : Love Yourself .

Contents 1 Tours 1.1 2014 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II : The Red Bullet 1.2 BTS 1ST Japan Tour 2015 Wake Up : Open Your Eyes 1.3 2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II : The Red Bullet Tour 1.4 2015 BTS LIVE 1.5 2016 BTS LIVE The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage : Epilogue 1.6 2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III : The Wings Tour 1.7 BTS World Tour : Love Yourself 2 Concerts 2.1 BTS Global Official Fanclub A.R.M.Y 1ST Muster 2.2 Japan Official Fan Meeting Vol. 1 2.3 BTS 2014 2.4 2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode I : BTS Begins 2.5 BTS 2ND Muster ( ZIP CODE : 22920 ) 2.6 BTS 3RD Muster ( House of Armys ) 2.7 BTS 4TH Muster ( Happy Ever After ) 3 Fan Meeting Tours 3.1 2014 BTS 1st Fan Meeting in Europe & South America 3.2 Japan Official Fan Meeting Vol. 2 - Undercover Mission - 3.3 Japan Official Fanmeeting Vol. 3 ~ Reaching You ~ 3.4 Japan Official Fanmeeting Vol. 4 ~ Happy Ever After ~ 4 Showcases 5 Joint Tours 5.1 Highlight 2015 Tour 6 References Tours ( edit ) 2014 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II : The Red Bullet ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance October 17 , 2014 Seoul South Korea AX - Korea 5,000 October 18 , 2014 October 19 , 2014 November 13 , 2014 Kobe Japan Kobe Kokusai Hall 10,000 November 14 , 2014 November 16 , 2014 Tokyo Tokyo Kokusai Forum Hall A December 7 , 2014 Manila Philippines Mall of Asia Arena December 13 , 2014 Singapore Singapore The Star Theatre N / A December 20 , 2014 Bangkok Thailand CWN Hall N / A BTS 1ST Japan Tour 2015 Wake Up : Open Your Eyes ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance February 10 , 2015 Tokyo Japan Makuhari Messe Event Hall 25,000 February 11 , 2015 February 13 , 2015 Osaka Festival Hall February 14 , 2015 February 17 , 2015 Nagoya Zepp Nagoya February 19 , 2015 Fukuoka Zepp Fukuoka 2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II : The Red Bullet Tour ( edit ) Main article : 2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II : The Red Bullet 2015 BTS LIVE ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance November 27 , 2015 Seoul South Korea SK Olympic Handball Gymnasium 13,500 November 28 , 2015 November 29 , 2015 December 8 , 2015 Yokohama Japan Yokohama Arena 25,000 December 9 , 2015 December 26 , 2015 Kobe World Memorial Hall N / A March 22 , 2016 March 23 , 2016 2016 BTS LIVE The Most Beautiful Moment in Life On Stage : Epilogue ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance May 7 , 2016 Seoul South Korea Olympic Gymnastics Arena 24,000 May 8 , 2016 June 9 , 2016 Taipei Taiwan Hsinchuang Gymnasium 8,000 June 18 , 2016 Cotai Macau Studio City Event Center 6,000 July 2 , 2016 Nanjing China Wutaishan Sports Center 6,000 July 12 , 2016 Osaka Japan Osaka - jō Hall 44,000 July 13 , 2016 July 15 , 2016 Nagoya Nippon Gaishi Hall July 16 , 2016 July 23 , 2016 Beijing China Capital Indoor Stadium 9,000 July 30 , 2016 Manila Philippines Mall of Asia Arena N / A August 6 , 2016 Bangkok Thailand Indoor Stadium Huamark August 13 , 2016 Tokyo Japan Yoyogi National Gymnasium 26,000 August 14 , 2016 Total 144,000 2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III : The Wings Tour ( edit ) Main article : 2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III : The Wings Tour BTS World Tour : Love Yourself ( edit ) Main article : BTS World Tour : Love Yourself Concerts ( edit ) BTS Global Official Fanclub A.R.M.Y 1ST Muster ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance March 29 , 2014 Seoul South Korea Olympic Hall 3,000 Japan Official Fan Meeting Vol. 1 ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance May 31 , 2014 Tokyo Japan Tokyo Dome City Hall 5,000 BTS 2014 ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance July 14 , 2014 West Hollywood , California United States LA Troubadour 250 2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode I : BTS Begins ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance March 28 , 2015 Seoul South Korea Olympic Hall 6,500 March 29 , 2015 BTS 2ND Muster ( ZIP CODE : 22920 ) ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance January 24 , 2016 Seoul South Korea Hwajung Gymnasium 9,000 BTS 3RD Muster ( House of Armys ) ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance November 12 , 2016 Seoul South Korea Gocheok Sky Dome 38,000 November 13 , 2016 BTS 4TH Muster ( Happy Ever After ) ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance January 13 , 2018 Seoul South Korea Gocheok Sky Dome 40,000 January 14 , 2018 Fan Meeting Tours ( edit ) 2014 BTS 1st Fan Meeting in Europe & South America ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance July 27 , 2014 Berlin Germany Huxleys Neue Welt N / A July 29 , 2014 Stockholm Sweden Fryshuset ( Lilla arenan ) N / A August 1 , 2014 São Paulo Brazil Via Marquês N / A Japan Official Fan Meeting Vol. 2 - Undercover Mission - ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance August 13 , 2015 Tokyo Japan Tokyo International Forum Hall A 18,000 August 14 , 2015 August 18 , 2015 Osaka Festival Hall August 19 , 2015 August 20 , 2015 Japan Official Fanmeeting Vol. 3 ~ Reaching You ~ ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance November 9 , 2016 Fukuoka Japan Marine Messe Fukuoka 70,000 November 28 , 2016 Tokyo Yoyogi National Gymnasium November 29 , 2016 November 30 , 2016 December 6 , 2016 Nagoya Nippon Gaishi Hall December 7 , 2016 December 14 , 2016 Osaka Osaka - jō Hall December 15 , 2016 Japan Official Fanmeeting Vol. 4 ~ Happy Ever After ~ ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance April 18 , 2018 Yokohama Japan Yokohama Arena 90,000 April 19 , 2018 April 20 , 2018 April 21 , 2018 April 23 , 2018 Osaka Osaka - jō Hall April 24 , 2018 Showcases ( edit ) Date City Country Venue Attendance Showcase June 12 , 2013 Seoul South Korea Ilchi Art Hall 400 Single Album ' 2 Cool 4 Skool ' Debut Showcase December 7 , 2013 Tokyo Japan Tsutaya O - West N / A 1st Japan Showcase January 6 , 2014 Zepp Tokyo 6,500 1st Japan Showcase - Next Stage January 7 , 2014 Osaka Namba Hatch February 11 , 2014 Seoul South Korea Lotte Card Art Center N / A 2nd Mini Album ' Skool Luv Affair ' Showcase August 19 , 2014 Blue Square Samseong Card Hall 1,000 1st Studio Album ' Dark&Wild ' Showcase Joint Tours ( edit ) Highlight 2015 Tour ( edit ) Date City Country Venue September 22 , 2015 San Francisco United States Nourse Theatre September 24 , 2015 Houston House of Blues September 26 , 2015 Atlanta Center Stage September 27 , 2015 Toronto Canada Phoenix Concert Theatre References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BTS will embark on their debut Asian tour this Fall '' . Koreaboo . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` BTS confirms last stop of `` Episode II : The Red Bullet '' world tour `` . Koreaboo . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ( 스타 캐스트 ) `` 흥 ~ 탄 소년 들 '' ... BTS , 월드 투어 피날레 `` . Naver Starcast . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 , 콘서트 서 신곡 첫 공개 ... 11 월 30 일 본격 컴백 '' . www.mydaily.co.kr . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : BTS Drops Amazing Music Video Teaser for `` Run '' `` . Soompi . November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jeong , G. ( 2016 - 11 - 19 ) . `` BTS Wins Best Album Of The Year At The 2016 Melon Music Awards '' . Soompi . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ( Info ) BTS 1st Asia Tour : BTS 2014 LIVE TRILOGY EPISODE I. THE RED BULLET '' . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BTS finish up their first ever solo concert in Seoul with 5,000 fans '' . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 防弾 少年 団 、 ニコ 生 で 1st アルバム 「 WAKE UP 」 先行 全曲 試聴 会 の 放送 決定 '' . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 防弾 少年 団 、 ニコ 生 で 1st アルバム 「 WAKE UP 」 先行 全曲 試聴 会 ! '' . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BTS : The Red Bullet Hits Manila with a Bang '' . Philippine Concerts . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BTS Livestream Final Performance Of Tour In Japan '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 , 작정 하고 섹시한 ' 밀당 ' ... ' 화양연화 ' 4500 팬 환호 ( 종합 ) '' . OSEN . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 , 日 아레나 입성. 2 만 5 천명 몰려 '' . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kpop News : BTS successfully holds epilogue concert in Seoul and reveals new goals '' . New Everyday . May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Xport News : BTS sells out 14000 seats for Taiwan and Macau concerts ( in Korean ) '' . Naver . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Xport News : BTS sells out 14000 seats for Taiwan and Macau concerts ( in Korean ) '' . Naver . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star News : BTS Hwa Yang Yeon Hwa concert sold out in 10 seconds ( in Korean ) '' . Star News . June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 防弾 少年 団 、 日本 初 アリーナ ツアー が スタート ! 大阪 & 名古屋 で 4 万 4 千 人 動員 ! '' . Rakuten , Inc . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 防弾 少年 団 、 日本 アリーナ ツアー スタート ... 44000 人 の ファン 魅了 '' . Innolife . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star News : BTS Hwa Yang Yeon Hwa concert sold out in 10 seconds ( in Korean ) '' . Star News . June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 , 아시아 투어 성료 ... 日 매체 극찬 '' . Korean Herald . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BTS Has Already Dominated Their 2016 Asia Tour : All 144,000 Tickets In Upcoming Shows In China , Japan , Thailand , And Philippines Sold Out ! '' . inquisitr . June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BTS Holds First Fan Club Inauguration Ceremony with 3000 Fans '' . Naver . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 防弾 少年 団 、 デビュー 10 ヶ月 目 に ファン クラブ 「 A.R.M.Y. 」 創立 式 開催 ! '' . Kstyle . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ = June 2 , 2014 `` BTS Performs to 5,000 Japanese Fans in Their First Ever Japanese Fanmeeting '' Check url = value ( help ) . AllKpop . Jump up ^ `` BTS Announces Free , Surprise L.A. Concert '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : BTS Show & Prove in Los Angeles '' . KultScene . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 콘서트 , 일곱 소년 의 ' 시작'을 말 해준 ' 키워드 3 ' '' . TENASIA . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 防弾 少年 団 、 強烈 で セクシー な ヒップ ホップ に 6500 人 が 熱狂 ... 2 度目 の 単独 公演 を 成功 裏 に 開催 '' . Naver . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BTS to Hold Second Fan Meeting in January '' . MWave . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BTS Create Memories With 9,000 Fans During 2nd Fan Meeting In Seoul '' . KpopStarz . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BTS to hold 3rd global fan meeting '' . Korean Herald . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BTS Hits Another Milestone After Selling Out All 38,000 Tickets For Gocheok Sky Dome Global Fan Meeting ! '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 , 고척 돔서 4 만 팬 만났다 ... 글로벌 팬 미팅 성료 '' . Yonhap News . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 , 일본 에서도 인기 폭발 ' 팬 미팅 5 회 티켓 완판 기록 ' '' . SBS News . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BTS Sells Out All Five Fan Meetings in Japan '' . Mwave . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 , 日 4 개 도시 팬 미팅 성료 ... 7 만 팬 운집 '' . SEDAILY . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 防弾 少年 団 ( BTS ) 、 日本 ファンミ 盛況 ... 7 万 人 参加 '' . Innolife.net . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BTS ( 防弾 少年 団 ) が 出演 する NHK 『 SONGS 』 が 約 100 の 国 と 地域 で 放送 ! '' . Top.tsite.jp . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 防弾 少年 団 、 日本 ファンミ で 9 万 人 動員 ... 坂口 健太郎 が 観客 席 に 登場 '' . Japanese.joins.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 , 쇼케이스 와 함께 정식 데뷔 '' . MNews ( in Korean ) . June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 , 생애 첫 일본 쇼케이스 성공 리 마쳐 '' . Tenasia ( in Korean ) . December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 日 쇼케이스 성황 .. 6500 명 현지 팬 ' 들썩 ' '' . MK News . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 쇼케이스 `` 이번에 는 대중성 노리 겠다 '' `` . EToday . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 방탄 소년단 , 온라인 쇼케이스 에 접속자 폭주 '' . News Donga . August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BTS announces Highlight 2015 tour in collaboration with Community 54 '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . BTS Jin Suga J - Hope RM Jimin V Jungkook Studio albums Korean Dark & Wild Wings Love Yourself : Tear Japanese Wake Up Youth Face Yourself Extended plays O ! RUL8 , 2 ? Skool Luv Affair The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 1 The Most Beautiful Moment in Life , Part 2 Love Yourself : Her Compilation albums The Most Beautiful Moment in Life : Young Forever Love Yourself : Answer Single albums 2 Cool 4 Skool Singles `` I Need U '' `` Run '' `` Blood Sweat & Tears '' `` Spring Day '' `` Not Today '' `` DNA '' `` Mic Drop '' `` Do n't Leave Me '' `` Fake Love '' `` Idol '' `` Airplane Pt. 2 '' Featured singles `` Waste It on Me '' Other songs `` Serendipity '' `` Euphoria '' `` Singularity '' `` Epiphany '' Concert tours 2015 BTS Live Trilogy Episode II : The Red Bullet 2017 BTS Live Trilogy Episode III : The Wings Tour BTS World Tour : Love Yourself Campaigns Love Myself Related articles Albums discography Songs discography Awards and nominations Videography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_BTS_concert_tours&oldid=865285892 '' Categories : Lists of concert tours Lists of events in South Korea Concert tours of South Korea South Korean music - related lists BTS ( band ) concert tours Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 23 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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what is the meaning of nose piercing in india

In India the outside of the left part of the body ( ? ) is the preferred position of the piercing . This is followed by some orthodox folk also because Ayurvedic medicine associates this location with the female reproductive organs . In India , like any other jewelry , piercings and the jewelry are regarded as a mark of beauty and social standing as well as a Hindu 's honor to Parvati , the goddess of marriage . Nose piercing is still popular in India and the subcontinent . The piercings are often an integral part of Indian wedding jewelry . In Maharashtra women wear very large intricate nose pieces that often cover the mouth or the side of the face .

Nose piercing

nose piercing

Nose piercing is the piercing of the skin or cartilage which forms any part of the nose , normally for the purpose of wearing jewelry , called a Nose - jewel . Among the different varieties of nose piercings , the nostril piercing is the most common . Nose piercing is the second most common variety of piercing after earlobe piercing .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Nostril piercing 2 Nose piercings in the workplace 3 Septum piercing 3.1 Risks 4 Bridge piercing 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Nostril piercing ( edit ) Early 20th century Indian nose ring Nostril piercing is a body piercing practice for the purpose of wearing jewelry , much like nose piercing , which is most primarily and prominently associated with Indian culture and fashion since classical times , and found commonly in India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal and throughout South and even Southeast Asia . Nostril piercing is also part of traditional Australian Aboriginal culture . With the diffusion , exposure and spread of Indian fashion and culture , nostril piercing has in recent decades become popular in the wider world , as have other forms of body piercing , after punks and subsequent youth cultures in the ' 80s and ' 90s adopted this sort of piercing . Today , nostril piercing is popular in the wider world including South America , United States of America , Canada , the Caribbean , Australia , Africa , Japan and Europe , with piercings being performed on either the left or right nostril . Historically in the Indian Subcontinent , nose piercings are done by women only . However the spread of this fashion has resulted in both men and women having nostril piercings in the wider world . Several different types of nostril rings are found . Among the most popular are the loop , the stud with an L - bar closure , the stud with a ball closure , and the stud with a flat backing . In India the outside of the left part of the body ( ? ) is the preferred position of the piercing . This is followed by some orthodox folk also because Ayurvedic medicine associates this location with the female reproductive organs . In India , like any other jewelry , piercings and the jewelry are regarded as a mark of beauty and social standing as well as a Hindu 's honor to Parvati , the goddess of marriage . Nose piercing is still popular in India and the subcontinent . The piercings are often an integral part of Indian wedding jewelry . In Maharashtra women wear very large intricate nose pieces that often cover the mouth or the side of the face . It is very common in Bengali women. Pashtun and Pahari women commonly have both nostrils pierced . Many South Indian Tamil also follow this old tradition . Numerous traditions are associated with it . Many women from the Asian subcontinent are cremated with just their nose studs as jewelry is removed before the funeral . Indian widows usually remove their nose studs as a sign of respect . Nose piercing has historically been strictly forbidden among many families of Kashmiris belonging to Butt , Dar , Lone and Mir castes settled in pakistan as their ancestors associated nose piercing with people of menial descent in ancient kashmiri society . Nose piercings in the workplace ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) More and more companies in the workplace have become more lenient on such issues as piercings and the dress code . The acceptance of more visible body modifications is attributable to its becoming a social norm . If companies did not hire employees with a tattoo or nose piercing , the number of future workers that the companies could hire would be limited . Septum piercing ( edit ) Large - gauge septum piercing Fulani woman with traditional nose ring and mouth tattoo The nasal septum is the cartilaginous dividing wall between the nostrils . Generally , the cartilage itself is not pierced , but rather the small gap between the cartilage and the bottom of the nose ( sometimes called the `` sweet spot '' ) , typically at 14ga ( 1.6 mm ) although it is often stretched to a larger gauge ( size ) . The nose has many nerves running through it , and as a result , nose piercings can be painful , although the pain varies by individual . This piercing heals within a month and a half to three months also depending on the individual . It should only be stretched by 1mm at a time , and waiting at least a month between stretches is advisable . If a certain point is exceeded , usually about 8mm , the cartilage gets forced towards the top of the nose , which can be uncomfortable . Many types of jewelry generally are worn in a septum piercing , such as : Captive bead rings ( CBRs ) , rings that close with a bead held in the center by the tension of the ring , circular barbells ( as shown in the picture ) , a circular bar with a bead that screws onto either end , a `` tusk '' that is a straight or shaped piece of material generally tapered on either end , or pinchers . For large gauge septums , many individuals choose to wear plugs , as the plugs do not weigh their noses down , which is helpful in healing . This measure allows the piercing not to be damaged by the sudden movement of the jewelry . Another option is a septum retainer , which is staple - shaped . This type of nose piercing is particularly easy to hide when desired , for example to comply with a dress code . A septum retainer makes possible turning the jewelry up into the nose , thus concealing it . With black jewelry flipped up into the nostrils , this piercing can be made practically invisible . A circular barbell can also be hidden by pushing it to the back into the nose , but it may be uncomfortable . Septum piercing is a popular trend among South Indian dancers ( Kuchipudi , Bharatnatyam ) and among certain Native American peoples in history ; the Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa , for example , had such piercings . The septum piercing is popular in countrysides of India , Nepal , and Bangladesh . In India such piercing is called the ' Nathori ' and popular with the Banjara ethnic groups and Adivasi tribes . Lord Krishna and his consort Radharani are often depicted wearing the ' Nathori ' style jewel nose pieces . Bengali women traditionally would wear the nathori as a sign of being a married woman . The nathori would be gold with a tear drop that would move along the ring . Many lower - class women in rural Bengal still keep this tradition . This practice is now declining as many women prefer the nose studs . In southern Nepal the septum piercing is still common . Many older women still adorn their noses with both the septum and left nostril rings . Many women have gold nose piercings to show their social , tribal , and religious status in society . Risks ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The septum or nasal septum is the cartilaginous wall that divides the two nostrils . The cartilage is , however , usually not pierced . It is the thin strip of very soft and flexible skin , just between the cartilage and the bottom of the nose , where septum piercing is mostly done . Piercing the skin instead of the cartilage can greatly minimize the pain , as well as other discomforts associated with this type of body piercing . This piercing should be done only with a needle . As far as jewelry is concerned , captive bead rings , circular barbells , plugs , tusks , curls , and septum retainer can be used . All types of body piercings , including septum piercing , are associated with the risk of contracting certain blood borne diseases , like hepatitis , from the needles and piercing guns used in the procedure . This risk can be reduced by getting the piercing done by a reputed piercer and making sure that the piercer uses only sterile single - use needles . The next common risk associated with almost all types of piercing is the risk of infection and pain . These issues can be minimized greatly if piercing is done on the soft and flexible skin that lies between the cartilage and bottom of the nose . As far as infection risks are concerned , they can be managed with proper piercing aftercare . This piercing can sometimes lead to ' septal hematoma ' -- an injury to the soft tissue within the septum that can disrupt the blood vessels to cause the accumulation of blood and fluid under the lining . Nasal septum hematoma can eventually cause nasal congestion and interfere with breathing along with causing pain and inflammation . If not treated immediately , the condition can ultimately cause formation of a hole in the septum , leading to nasal congestion . Sometimes , that part of the nose may collapse , resulting in a cosmetic deformity , known as ' saddle nose ' . Bridge piercing ( edit ) Main article : Bridge piercing Bridge piercing Bridge piercings are inserted through the skin at the top of the nose , between the eyes . Curved barbells and straight barbells are the most commonly used in this piercing , while seamless rings are less common . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nose piercings . Body piercing Nose - jewel Nose ring ( animals ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Stirn 2003 ) Jump up ^ Morris , Desmond ( 2004 ) . `` The Nose '' . The Naked Woman . p. 69 . ISBN 9780099453581 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Amy . `` Fashion Leads by a Nose . '' The Washington Post . ( 2013 ) Website . Jump up ^ Dobosh , Sara . `` Piercing the Workplace Stereotype . '' Fox Business . ( 2010 ) Website . Jump up ^ `` Septum Piercing Dangers '' . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . References ( edit ) Stirn , A. ( 2003 ) . Body Piercing : Medical Consequences and Psychological Motivations . The Lancet 361 : 1205 -- 1215 . Body piercing General piercing topics Contemporary piercing practices Scalpelling Stretching Play piercing Pocketing Surface piercing Ear piercing gun Jewelry ( materials ) Barbell Claw Captive bead ring Flesh tunnel Plug Prince 's wand Spiral Stud Nose chain Nipple shield Ear piercings Antitragus Conch Daith Helix Industrial Rook Snug Tragus Facial piercings Anti-eyebrow Cheek Eyebrow Jestrum Labret Lip ( Lip plate ) Monroe Nose Nose bridge Philtrum Oral piercings Lip frenulum Tongue Tongue frenulum Uvula Body piercings Corset Hand web Hip Madison Nape Navel Neck Nipple Wrist Unisex genital piercings Anus Guiche Pubic Female genital piercings Chastity Christina Clitoris Clitoral hood Fourchette Isabella Labia Nefertiti Princess Albertina Triangle Male genital piercings Ampallang Apadravya Chastity Deep shaft Dolphin Dydoe Foreskin Frenum ( Frenum ladder ) Hafada Kuno Lorum Magic cross Prince Albert Reverse Prince Albert Transscrotal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nose_piercing&oldid=803013092 '' Categories : Facial piercings Body piercing jewellery 1980s fashion 1990s fashion 2000s fashion 2010s fashion Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano मराठी 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Suomi اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 22 : 32 . 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how far is santa rosa california from st. helena california

Santa Rosa , California

santa rosa, california

Santa Rosa is a city in and the county seat of Sonoma County , California , United States . Its estimated 2014 population was 174,170 . Santa Rosa is the largest city in California 's Redwood Empire , Wine Country and the North Bay ; the fifth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area after San Jose , San Francisco , Oakland , and Fremont ; and the 28th most populous city in California .

Satellite image of wildfire in Santa Rosa area ( 10 / 10 / 2017 ) Five percent of the city 's homes were destroyed in the Tubbs Fire -- a 45,000 acre wildfire that occurred October 2017 and claimed the lives of at least 19 people in Sonoma County , making it the third deadliest wildfire in California state history . Contents ( hide ) 1 History , growth and development 1.1 Since World War II 2 Geography 3 Climate 4 Seismicity 5 Nature and wildlife 6 Neighborhoods 7 Demographics 7.1 2010 7.2 2000 8 Government 9 City image 9.1 History resources 10 Council goals / projects 11 Sister cities 12 Education 13 Libraries 14 Museums 14.1 Within the city 14.2 Nearby 15 Economy 15.1 Top employers 15.2 Retail 16 Tourism and transportation 17 Performing and visual arts 18 Law enforcement and crime 18.1 Lynchings 18.2 Murder of Chief of Police Charlie O'Neal 18.3 Death of Andy Lopez 19 Notable people 20 Film locations 21 October 2017 Wildfires 22 See also 23 References 24 External links History , growth and development ( edit ) The former Petaluma & Santa Rosa Railroad Station Founded in 1833 and named after Saint Rose of Lima . Before the arrival of Europeans , the wide valley containing Santa Rosa was home to a strong and populous tribe of Pomo natives known as the Bitakomtara . The Bitakomtara controlled the valley closely , barring passage to others until permission was arranged . Those who entered without permission were subject to harsh penalties . The tribe gathered at ceremonial times on Santa Rosa Creek near present - day Spring Lake Regional Park . Upon the arrival of Europeans , the Pomos were decimated by smallpox brought from Europe , and by the eradication efforts of Anglo settlers . By 1900 the Pomo population had decreased by 95 % . The first known permanent European settlement of Santa Rosa was the homestead of the Carrillo family , in - laws to Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , who settled the Sonoma pueblo and Petaluma area . In the 1830s , during the Mexican period , the family of María López de Carrillo built an adobe house on their Rancho Cabeza de Santa Rosa land grant , just east of what later became downtown Santa Rosa . Allegedly , however , by the 1820s , before the Carrillos built their adobe in the 1830s , Spanish and Mexican settlers from nearby Sonoma and other settlements to the south raised livestock in the area and slaughtered animals at the fork of the Santa Rosa Creek and Matanzas Creek , near the intersection of modern - day Santa Rosa Avenue and Sonoma Avenue . This is supposedly the origin of the name of Matanzas Creek as , because of its use as a slaughtering place , the confluence came to be called La Matanza . By the 1850s , a Wells Fargo post and general store were established in what is now downtown Santa Rosa . In the mid-1850s , several prominent locals , including Julio Carrillo , son of Maria Carrillo , laid out the grid street pattern for Santa Rosa with a public square in the center , a pattern which largely remains as the street pattern for downtown Santa Rosa to this day , despite changes to the central square , now called Old Courthouse Square . In 1867 , the county recognized Santa Rosa as an incorporated city and in 1868 the state officially confirmed the incorporation , making it officially the third incorporated city in Sonoma County , after Petaluma , incorporated in 1858 , and Healdsburg , incorporated in 1867 . The U.S. Census records , among others , show that after California became a state , Santa Rosa grew steadily early on , despite initially lagging behind nearby Petaluma in the 1850s and early 1860s . According to the U.S. Census , in 1870 Santa Rosa was the eighth largest city in California , and county seat of one of the most populous counties in the state . Growth and development after that was steady but never rapid . The city continued to grow when other early population centers declined or stagnated , but by 1900 it was being overtaken by many other newer population centers in the San Francisco Bay Area and Southern California . According to a 1905 article in the Press Democrat newspaper reporting on the `` Battle of the Trains '' , the city had just over 10,000 people at the time . The 1906 San Francisco earthquake essentially destroyed the entire downtown , but the city 's population did not greatly suffer . However , after that period the population growth of Santa Rosa , as with most of the area , was very slow . Famed director Alfred Hitchcock filmed his thriller Shadow of a Doubt in Santa Rosa in 1943 ; the film gives glimpses of Santa Rosa in the 1940s . Many of the downtown buildings seen in the film no longer exist due to major reconstruction following the strong earthquakes in October 1969 . However , some , like the rough - stone Northwestern Pacific Railroad depot and the prominent Empire Building ( built in 1910 with a gold - topped clock tower ) , still survive . A scene at the bank was filmed at the corner of Fourth Street and Mendocino Avenue ( at present day Old Courthouse square ) ; the KRESS building on Fourth Street is also visible . However , the courthouse and bank are now gone . The Coen brothers ' 2001 film The Man Who Was n't There is set in Santa Rosa c. 1949 . Since World War II ( edit ) Old Courthouse Square is the heart of downtown Santa Rosa . This is the Empire Building , completed in 1910 and a Sonoma County landmark . It was seen in Shadow of a Doubt by Alfred Hitchcock . Santa Rosa grew following World War II , because it was the location for Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Santa Rosa , the remnants now located in southwest Santa Rosa . The city was a convenient location for San Francisco travelers bound for the Russian River . The population increased by 2 / 3 between 1950 and 1970 , an average of 1,000 new residents a year over the 20 years . Some of the increase was from immigration , and some from annexation of portions of the surrounding area . In 1958 the United States Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization designated Santa Rosa as one of its eight regional headquarters , with jurisdiction over Region 7 , which included American Samoa , Arizona , California , Guam , Hawaii , Nevada , and Utah . Santa Rosa continued as a major center for civil defense activity ( under the Office of Emergency Planning and the Office of Emergency Preparedness ) until 1979 when the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) was created in its place , ending the civil defense 's 69 - year history . When the City Council adopted the city 's first modern General Plan in 1991 , the population was about 113,000 . In the 21 years following 1970 , Santa Rosa grew by about 3,000 residents a year -- triple the average growth during the previous twenty years . Santa Rosa 2010 , the 1991 General Plan , called for a population of 175,000 in 2010 . The Council expanded the city 's urban boundary to include all the land then planned for future annexation , and declared it would be Santa Rosa 's `` ultimate '' boundary . The rapid growth that was being criticized as urban sprawl became routine infill development . At the first five - year update of the plan , in 1996 , the Council extended the planning period by ten years , renaming it Vision 2020 ( updated to Santa Rosa 2020 , and then again to Santa Rosa 2030 Vision ) , and added more land and population . Now the City projects a population of 195,000 in 2020 . On October 9 , 2017 , the Tubbs Fire , a wind - whipped firestorm , incinerated dozens of city blocks primarily in the central northern part of Santa Rosa , and killed at least 19 people in Sonoma County . Most homes in the Coffey Park and Fountaingrove neighborhoods were destroyed . Geography ( edit ) Santa Rosa is located at 38 ° 26 ′ 55 '' N 122 ° 42 ′ 17 '' W  /  38.448611 ° N 122.704722 ° W  / 38.448611 ; - 122.704722 in Sonoma County . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 41.50 sq mi ( 107.5 km ) , of which 41.29 sq mi ( 106.9 km ) is land and 0.205 sq mi ( 0.5 km ) ( 0.49 % ) is water . The city is part of the North Bay region , which includes such cities as Petaluma , Rohnert Park , Windsor , and smaller cities as Sonoma , Healdsburg , Sebastopol . It lies along the US Route 101 corridor , approximately 55 miles ( 89 km ) north of San Francisco , via the Golden Gate Bridge . Santa Rosa lies on the Santa Rosa Plain . The city 's eastern extremities stretch into the Valley of the Moon , and the Sonoma Creek watershed known as the Sonoma Valley . The city 's western edge lies in the Laguna de Santa Rosa catchment basin . The city is in the watershed of Santa Rosa Creek , which rises on Hood Mountain and discharges to the Laguna de Santa Rosa . Tributary basins to Santa Rosa Creek lying significantly in the city are Brush Creek , Matanzas Creek , and Piner Creek . Other water bodies within the city include Fountaingrove Lake , Lake Ralphine , and Santa Rosa Creek Reservoir . The prominent visual features east of the city include Bennett Peak , Mount Hood , and Sonoma and Taylor Mountains . Climate ( edit ) Santa Rosa has a warm - summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csb ) with cool , wet winters and warm , dry summers . In the summer , fog and low overcast often move in from the Pacific Ocean during the evenings and mornings . They usually clear up to warm , sunny weather by late morning or noon before returning in the later evening but will occasionally linger all day . Average annual rainfall is 32.20 inches ( 818 mm ) , falling on 74 days annually . The wettest year was 1983 with 63.07 inches ( 1,602 mm ) and the driest year was 1976 with 11.38 inches ( 289 mm ) . The most rainfall in one month was 19.42 inches ( 493 mm ) in February 1998 and the most rainfall in 24 hours was 5.23 inches ( 133 mm ) on December 19 , 1981 . Measurable snowfall is rare in the lowlands , but light amounts sometimes fall in the nearby mountains . There are an average of 28.9 days with highs of 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) or more and an average of 30.2 days with lows reaching the freezing mark . The record high was 113 ° F ( 45 ° C ) on July 11 , 1913 , and the record low was 9 ° F ( − 13 ° C ) on December 25 , 1924 . ( hide ) Climate data for Santa Rosa , California ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 85 ( 29 ) 93 ( 34 ) 91 ( 33 ) 98 ( 37 ) 104 ( 40 ) 109 ( 43 ) 113 ( 45 ) 107 ( 42 ) 110 ( 43 ) 105 ( 41 ) 92 ( 33 ) 83 ( 28 ) 113 ( 45 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 63.2 ( 17.3 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 70.4 ( 21.3 ) 74.5 ( 23.6 ) 80.1 ( 26.7 ) 82.2 ( 27.9 ) 82.8 ( 28.2 ) 83.2 ( 28.4 ) 77.9 ( 25.5 ) 66.9 ( 19.4 ) 59.0 ( 15 ) 72.2 ( 22.3 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 39.2 ( 4 ) 41.3 ( 5.2 ) 43.0 ( 6.1 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 48.3 ( 9.1 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 52.4 ( 11.3 ) 52.6 ( 11.4 ) 51.5 ( 10.8 ) 48.3 ( 9.1 ) 42.8 ( 6 ) 38.9 ( 3.8 ) 46.2 ( 7.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 15 ( − 9 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 39 ( 4 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 9 ( − 13 ) 9 ( − 13 ) Average rainfall inches ( mm ) 5.93 ( 150.6 ) 6.02 ( 152.9 ) 4.53 ( 115.1 ) 1.82 ( 46.2 ) 1.28 ( 32.5 ) . 23 ( 5.8 ) . 01 ( 0.3 ) . 07 ( 1.8 ) . 35 ( 8.9 ) 1.73 ( 43.9 ) 4.04 ( 102.6 ) 6.19 ( 157.2 ) 32.2 ( 817.8 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.4 ( 1 ) Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 13 11 10 7 0 5 9 11 74 Source : Seismicity ( edit ) Santa Rosa lies atop the Healdsburg - Rodgers Creek segment of the Hayward - Rodgers Creek Fault System . The Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities estimated a minimum 27 percent chance of a magnitude 6.7 or greater earthquake on this segment by 2037 . On April 14 , 2005 , the United States Geological Survey released a map detailing the results of a new tool that measures ground shaking during an earthquake . The map determined that the 1906 San Francisco earthquake was most powerful in an area between Santa Rosa and what is now Sebastopol , causing more damage in Santa Rosa ( for its size ) than any other city affected . On October 1 , 1969 , two earthquakes of magnitudes 5.6 and 5.7 shook Santa Rosa , damaging about 100 structures . They were the strongest quakes to affect the city since 1906 . The epicenters were about two miles ( 3 km ) north of Santa Rosa . Nature and wildlife ( edit ) Due to its population , much of Santa Rosa 's remaining undisturbed area is on its urban fringe . However , the principal wildlife corridors of Santa Rosa Creek and its tributaries flow right through the heart of the town . Great blue herons , great egrets , snowy egrets and black - crowned herons nest in the trees of the median strip on West Ninth Street as well as along Santa Rosa Creek and downtown . Deer often are spotted roaming the neighborhoods nearer the eastern hills , as deep into town as Franklin Avenue and the McDonald area ; rafters of wild turkeys are relatively common in some areas ; and mountain lions are occasionally observed within city limits . Raccoons and opossums are a common sight throughout the city , while foxes , and rabbits may be regularly seen in the more rural areas . In addition , the city borders and then wraps around the northern end of Trione Annadel State Park , which itself extends into the Sonoma Mountains and Sonoma Valley . Trione Annadel State Park also adjoins Spring Lake County Park and Howarth Park , forming one contiguous park system that enables visitors to venture into wild native habitats . Neighborhoods ( edit ) Restaurants and other retail stores occupy several historic buildings in Santa Rosa 's Railroad Square district in the downtown area , including these along Fourth Street . Santa Rosa can be seen as divided into four quadrants : Northeast , Southeast , Southwest , and Northwest . U.S. Route 101 runs roughly north and south through the city , and divides it into east and west sides . State Route 12 runs roughly east and west , and divides the city into north and south sides . Neighborhoods include : Bennett Valley West 3rd Burbank Gardens Historic District Cherry Street Historic District Coffey Park Dutton Avenue Fountain Grove Hidden Valley Holland Heights Juilliard Park Junior College Lomita Heights McDonald Mansion Historic District Montecito Heights Montgomery Village Moorland Avenue North Junior College North West Santa Rosa Oakmont Village Olive Park Ridgway Historic District Rincon Valley Roseland Santa Rosa Avenue Skyhawk Spring Lake South Park St. Rose Historic District Stonegate Town & Country / Grace Tract West End Arts and Theater District West End Historic District West Junior College Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 1,623 -- 1870 2,898 78.6 % 1880 3,616 24.8 % 1890 5,220 44.4 % 1900 6,673 27.8 % 1910 7,817 17.1 % 1920 8,758 12.0 % 1930 10,636 21.4 % 1940 12,605 18.5 % 1950 17,902 42.0 % 1960 31,027 73.3 % 1970 50,006 61.2 % 1980 82,658 65.3 % 113,313 37.1 % 2000 147,595 30.3 % 167,815 13.7 % Est. 2016 175,155 4.4 % source : A graph of the population growth of Santa Rosa ( to 2010 ) . The 2010 United States Census reported that Santa Rosa had a population of 167,815 . The population density was 4,043.8 people per square mile ( 1,561.3 / km ) . The racial makeup of Santa Rosa was : 119,158 White ( 59.7 % non-Hispanic white ) , 4,079 ( 2.4 % ) African American , 2,808 ( 1.7 % ) Native American , 8,746 ( 5.2 % ) Asian ( 1.0 % Filipino , 1.0 % Chinese , 0.8 % Vietnamese , 0.6 % Indian , 0.5 % Cambodian , 0.5 % Laotian , 0.3 % Japanese , 0.3 % Korean , 0.1 % Thai , 0.1 % Nepalese ) , 810 ( 0.5 % ) Pacific Islander ( 0.2 % Fijian , 0.1 % Samoan , 0.1 % Hawaiian , 0.1 % Guamanian ) , 23,723 ( 14.1 % ) from other races , 8,491 ( 5.1 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 47,970 persons ( 28.6 % ) . Among the Hispanic population , 98 % of Santa Rosa is Mexican , 0.8 % Salvadoran , and 0.4 % Puerto Rican . The Census reported that 164,405 people ( 98.0 % of the population ) lived in households , 1,697 ( 1.0 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 1,713 ( 1.0 % ) were institutionalized . There were 63,590 households , out of which 20,633 ( 32.4 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 27,953 ( 44.0 % ) were opposite - sex married couples living together , 7,663 ( 12.1 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 3,615 ( 5.7 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 5,020 ( 7.9 % ) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 757 ( 1.2 % ) same - sex married couples or partnerships . 18,021 households ( 28.3 % ) were made up of individuals and 7,474 ( 11.8 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.59 . There were 39,231 families ( 61.7 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 3.18 . In terms of age cohorts , there were 39,217 people ( 23.4 % ) under the age of 18 , 15,982 people ( 9.5 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 46,605 people ( 27.8 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 43,331 people ( 25.8 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 22,680 people ( 13.5 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36.7 years . For every 100 females there were 95.2 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 92.2 males . There were 67,396 housing units at an average density of 1,624.0 per square mile ( 627.0 / km ) , of which 34,427 ( 54.1 % ) were owner - occupied , and 29,163 ( 45.9 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 5.0 % . 87,244 people ( 52.0 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 77,161 people ( 46.0 % ) lived in rental housing units . As of 2011 , there are an estimated 4,539 homeless people living in Sonoma County , many of whom live in Santa Rosa . Santa Rosa 's Hispanic population , mainly of Mexican descent , while spread out through the city , is concentrated within the western part of Santa Rosa . The highest percentage of Hispanic residents in Santa Rosa is in the Apple Valley Lane / Papago Court neighborhood , at 87 % . The Southeast Asian communities , mainly Vietnamese , Laotian , and Cambodian , are concentrated within the western Santa Rosa neighborhoods of Bellevue Ranch , Roseland , and West Steele areas . The northeast neighborhoods of Skyhawk and Fountaingrove have the most populous Chinese communities . 2000 ( edit ) As of the census of 2000 , there were 63,153 households , of which 30.9 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 46.9 % were married couples living together , 11.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 37.3 % were non-families. 27.8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.14 . In terms of age cohorts , 24.3 % of the population was under the age of 18 , 9.5 % was from 18 to 24 , 30.0 % from 25 to 44 , 22.3 % from 45 to 64 , and 13.9 % were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 36 years . For every 100 females there were 95.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.8 males . The median income for a household in the city was $50,931 , and the median income for a family was $59,659 . Males had a median income of $40,420 versus $30,597 for females . The per capita income for the city was $24,495. 8.5 % of the population and 5.1 % of families were below the poverty line . Out of the total population , 9.5 % of those under the age of 18 and 4.7 % of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line . Government ( edit ) In the United States House of Representatives , Santa Rosa is in California 's 5th congressional district , represented by Democrat Mike Thompson . It was moved to the district beginning with the 2013 Congress . In the 1980s , future U.S. Senator Barbara Boxer was Santa Rosa 's representative . In the California State Legislature , the city is in California 's 2nd State Senate district . The city is split between California 's 2nd and 10th State Assembly districts . The city 's Mayor is Chris Coursey , the Vice Mayor is Jack Tibbetts , and the other five council members are Julie Combs , Ernesto Olivares , Chris Rogers , John Sawyer , and Tom Schwedhelm . City image ( edit ) This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The intersection of 4th & D , downtown Santa Rosa Horticulturalist Luther Burbank lived in Santa Rosa for more than 50 years . He said of Sonoma County , `` I firmly believe , from what I have seen , that this is the chosen spot of all this earth as far as Nature is concerned . '' For many years the city 's slogan was `` The City Designed For Living . '' In 2007 the Santa Rosa Chamber of Commerce adopted a new slogan , `` California 's Cornucopia '' . History resources ( edit ) The Sonoma State University Library , in Rohnert Park , holds the Gaye LeBaron Collection : 700 file folders of her research notes and primary source materials , containing some 10,000 documents . Council goals / projects ( edit ) The city council in 2013 adopted a set of `` Goals and Strategic Objectives '' through 2015 comprising six main goals . A `` strong , sustainable '' economy topped the list ; other goals include showing leadership in environmental and cultural issues , and promoting `` partnerships between neighborhoods , community organizations , schools , and the City . '' Sister cities ( edit ) Cherkasy , Ukraine Jeju City , South Korea Los Mochis , Mexico Education ( edit ) Santa Rosa High School , the first high school in Santa Rosa and one of the oldest high schools in California Colleges Empire College Santa Rosa Junior College University of San Francisco ( USF ) -- Santa Rosa School districts Bellevue Union Bennett Valley Union Mark West Union Oak Grove Union Piner - Olivet Union Rincon Valley Union Roseland Public Schools Santa Rosa City Schools Wright Private schools Cardinal Newman High School ( 9 -- 12 ) Redwood Adventist Academy ( K - 12 ) Rincon Valley Christian School ( K - 12 ) Sonoma Academy ( 9 -- 12 ) St. Eugene 's cathedral school St. Luke 's Elementary School St. Rose Elementary School Sonoma Country Day School ( K - 8 ) Summerfield Waldorf School ( K - 12 ) Stuart School ( K - 8 ) Libraries ( edit ) The Sonoma County Library offers a Central Library in downtown Santa Rosa , a Northwest branch at Coddingtown Mall , and a Rincon Valley branch in east Santa Rosa . The Library is a member of the North Bay Cooperative Library System . The Santa Rosa Central Library , the largest branch of the Sonoma County Library system , has a Local History and Genealogy Annex , located behind the Central Library . The Sonoma County Public Law Library is located at the Sonoma County Courthouse . At Santa Rosa Junior College , the four - story Frank P. Doyle Library is a state - of - the - art facility . It houses the Library , Media Services , and Academic Computing Departments , as well as the college art gallery , tutorial center and Center for New Media , a multimedia production facility for SRJC faculty . Museums ( edit ) Within the city ( edit ) City of Santa Rosa , an A-26 Invader attack bomber built in 1944 . Charles M. Schulz Museum Luther Burbank Home and Gardens Sonoma County Museum Nearby ( edit ) California Indian Museum and Cultural Center The Pacific Coast Air Museum is located on the southeast corner of the Charles M. Schulz -- Sonoma County Airport , next to the airplane hangar used in the 1963 Hollywood all - star comedy movie It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World . Economy ( edit ) Forbes Magazine ranked the Santa Rosa metropolitan area 185th out of 200 , on its 2007 list of Best Places For Business And Careers . It was second on the list five years before . The area was downgraded because of an increase in the cost of doing business , and reduced job growth -- both blamed on increases in the cost of housing . Top employers ( edit ) The rotating sign at the east end of Coddingtown Mall facing US Route 101 According to the city 's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city are : # Employer Employees County of Sonoma 4,058 Kaiser Permanente 2,555 Sutter Medical Center of Santa Rosa 1,797 St. Joseph Health System 1,740 5 Santa Rosa Junior College 1,589 6 Santa Rosa School District 1,502 7 City of Santa Rosa 1,250 8 Keysight / Agilent Technologies 1,200 9 Amy 's Kitchen 870 10 Medtronic Aortic and Peripheral Disease Management 840 Santa Rosa is also home to notable smaller businesses such as Moonlight Brewing Company , Russian River Brewing Company and ATIV Software . Retail ( edit ) As of 2014 , Santa Rosa has 12 neighborhood shopping centers and 17 commercial districts , including three sizeable shopping malls : Santa Rosa Plaza , with more than 100 merchants ; Coddingtown Mall , with over 40 ; and Montgomery Village , an open - air mall with more than 70 shops , a supermarket , five banks , and a satellite U.S. Post Office . Tourism and transportation ( edit ) While the most expansive vineyards in Sonoma County lie within the Alexander , Russian River and Sonoma Valleys , Santa Rosa is home to several vineyards such as this one near Fountain Grove . Santa Rosa sits at the northwestern gateway to the Sonoma and Napa Valleys of California 's famed Wine Country . Many wineries and vineyards are nearby , as well as the Russian River resort area , the Sonoma Coast along the Pacific Ocean , Jack London State Historic Park , and the redwood trees of Armstrong Redwoods State Reserve . The city sprawls along U.S. Route 101 , about an hour north of San Francisco and the Golden Gate Bridge . Charles M. Schulz -- Sonoma County Airport located just north of Santa Rosa is served by United , American , Alaska , and Sun Country airlines . Nonstop flights are available to San Francisco , Los Angeles , San Diego , Santa Ana , Portland , Seattle , Minneapolis , Las Vegas , and Phoenix . The City Council is also encouraging major new commercial and residential development along the planned Sonoma -- Marin Area Rail Transit ( SMART ) railway from Larkspur to Cloverdale , parallel to Highway 101 . SMART , which opened on August 25 , 2017 , is funded by a sales tax surcharge passed by Sonoma and Marin voters in 2008 . Santa Rosa hosts two stations : Guerneville Road and Railroad Square . The City Council pays the Santa Rosa Chamber of Commerce to operate the Santa Rosa Convention & Visitors Bureau . The Chamber 's visitors center is in the city - owned old railroad depot at the bottom of Fourth Street , in Historic Railroad Square . The SRC&VB has been a California Welcome Center since 2003 . Downtown Santa Rosa , including the central Old Courthouse Square and historic Railroad Square , is an area of shopping , restaurants , nightclubs , and theaters . Downtown also includes City Hall , state and federal office buildings , many banks , and professional offices . The Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital medical center is just to the east of downtown . The City Council funds a private booster group , Santa Rosa Main Street , which lobbies the city to revitalize the traditional business district . Three new mixed - use , high - rise buildings , and a new city parking garage , are under development . The Council and downtown business boosters hope condos atop the new buildings will house a population to keep the area active 24 hours a day . The nearby cities and towns of Bodega Bay , Calistoga , Guerneville , Healdsburg , Petaluma , Sebastopol , Sonoma , and Windsor are popular with tourists and readily accessible from Santa Rosa . The Hotel La Rose , built in 1907 , is a functioning historic hotel in downtown Santa Rosa . Railroad Square is the portion of downtown that is on the west side of U.S. Route 101 and has the highest concentration of historic commercial buildings . Of particular note are the four rough - hewn stone buildings at its core , two of which are rare in that they predate the 1906 earthquake . They include the old Northwestern Pacific Railroad depot , prominently seen in the beginning and the end of the Alfred Hitchcock film Shadow of a Doubt , and the still - functioning Hotel La Rose , built in 1907 and registered as one of the National Trust for Historic Preservation Historic Hotels of America . The area contains numerous other historic buildings , such as the former Petaluma and Santa Rosa Railroad depot , and the Lee Bros. Building , both at the corner of 4th and Wilson Streets . Near it in the West End district are numerous other old buildings , including not only many old houses but the masonry DeTurk Winery complex , dating to the 1880s -- 1890s , and the DeTurk round barn . Also of note nearby is the former Del Monte Cannery Building , built in 1894 . One of the oldest surviving commercial buildings in town , it was renovated into the 6th Street Playhouse in 2005 . Local attractions The Charles M. Schulz Museum and Research Center on the corner of West Steele Lane and Hardies Lane , next to Snoopy 's Home Ice skating rink . Prince Memorial Greenway is a bicycle and pedestrian path through downtown Santa Rosa . Carrillo Adobe . Built in 1837 for Dona Maria Ignacia Lopez de Carrillo ( General Mariano Vallejo 's mother - in - law ) , the Carrillo Adobe was the first home on the site of the future Santa Rosa . The remains of the Carrillo home rest behind a cyclone fence off Montgomery Drive , on property owned by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Santa Rosa in California , adjacent to its Cathedral of St. Eugene . Luther Burbank Home and Gardens Charles M. Schulz Museum and Research Center Redwood Empire Ice Arena ( `` Snoopy 's Home Ice '' ) Sonoma County Museum Trione Annadel State Park Spring Lake Regional Park Prince Memorial Greenway . This is a developed bicycle and pedestrian path along Santa Rosa Creek through downtown and out to the west of town . Near Railroad Square , it connects directly to the Joe Rodota Trail , a paved path which goes to Sebastopol . Railroad Square . With the highest concentration of historic commercial buildings in Santa Rosa , this portion of downtown is popular with tourists and locals alike . Historic residential neighborhoods . Although most of Santa Rosa 's commercial buildings were destroyed in the 1906 earthquake , almost all of its numerous houses survived and most have survived to this day . As a result , Santa Rosa has a number of old neighborhoods in and around downtown , several historically designated . These contain numerous old homes , including many Victorians . Most of these are on quiet , often tree - lined streets . An example of one of these houses would be the McDonald Mansion , near downtown . The annual Luther Burbank Rose Parade and Festival Performing and visual arts ( edit ) The performing arts in Santa Rosa are represented by the Sonoma County Philharmonic , the Summer Repertory Theatre , the Santa Rosa Symphony , and the 6th Street Playhouse . Santa Rosa is the home of the North Bay Theater Group , an alliance of some 40 theater companies , theater departments and individual performance companies from five North Bay counties . The Sonoma County Philharmonic performs at the Santa Rosa High School Performing Arts Auditorium . It is a 65 - member all - volunteer orchestra that has presented hundreds of free and low - cost concerts throughout Sonoma County over the past 15 years . The orchestra is made up of professional - level local musicians who volunteer their time . Summer Repertory Theater ( SRT ) is a complete and extensive practicum in all aspects of stage production . The program combines professional directing , design , and production staff with outstanding students in acting , design , technical theater , dance , music , and management . The ensemble mounts five productions , which are performed in full rotating Repertory six days a week beginning in mid-June . Company members put theory to the test and learn to work in a professional system . The 85 - year - old Santa Rosa Symphony Orchestra performs at Green Music Center in Rohnert Park , a new venue with traditional `` shoebox '' acoustics . Its education department supports four youth ensembles and provides classical music education to students across Sonoma County . Bruno Ferrandis serves as music director , replacing Jeffrey Kahane who held the post for ten years . The Sonoma County Museum on 7th St. , Downtown Santa Rosa . Completed in 1910 , it was originally the Post Office and Federal Building . The visual arts are represented by the Sonoma County Museum and numerous independent art galleries . The Arts Council of Sonoma County is based at the museum . Law enforcement and crime ( edit ) The Santa Rosa Police Department currently has 259 employees , of which 172 are sworn peace officers . Its budget is more than $40 million , comprising more than one third of the city 's General Fund budget . Police shootings in 2007 led to calls for an independent civilian police review board . Neighborhoods such as South Park in south Santa Rosa , and Roseland , West Ninth District , and Apple Valley in west Santa Rosa , are most vulnerable to criminal activity . Acts of crime in these neighborhoods are commonly burglaries , graffiti , and violent gang activity . Mexican American street gangs such as Sureños and Norteños have large concentrations throughout Santa Rosa . In 2011 , there were 5 homicides , 58 rapes , 134 robberies , 485 aggravated assaults , and 637 burglaries . The violent crime rate for Santa Rosa ( 401.7 per 100,000 people ) is slightly lower than the rate of California ( 411.1 per 100,000 people ) and higher than that of the entire U.S. ( 386.3 per 100,000 people ) . Lynchings ( edit ) On May 9 , 1878 , Charles Henley , a 57 - year - old farmer from Windsor , California , murdered his neighbor James Rowland after Rowland complained about Henley 's pigs being loose on his property . Henley left Rowland 's body to be eaten by his hogs , and the next day Henley turned himself in to the authorities . In the early morning hours of June 9 , groups of men started to appear on the streets of Santa Rosa . One group went to the home of jailer Sylvester Wilson , where the men held his family hostage while Wilson was taken to the jail to hand over the keys to the lynch mob . Wilson and night guard R. Dryer were taken in a wagon and dropped off on the outskirts of Santa Rosa . Henley was found hanging from a tree not far from where the two men were released . The lynchers were never caught . On December 5 , 1920 , Santa Rosa native Terry Fitts , along with San Francisco hoodlums `` Spanish '' Charley Valento and George Boyd , got into a shootout with a joint police squad from Santa Rosa , Sonoma County and the San Francisco Police department . The outlaws were wanted in San Francisco for the gang rape of a young woman . Fitts , Valento , and Boyd were at the home of an acquaintance , looking for food or money , when the police caught up with them . As the police crashed through the door of the home , Boyd shot and killed San Francisco police detective Lester Dohrman , Sergeant Miles Jackson , and Sonoma County Sheriff Jim Petray . The three wanted men were then quickly taken into custody . On December 10 , 1920 , a group of men entered the jail without a struggle , took the men out of their cell , and drove them to Santa Rosa Rural Cemetery . They were strung up by their necks in their long underwear and left to swing in the wind . The inquest 's verdict was `` death by persons unknown '' . It was rumored that the lynch mob was made up of men from nearby Healdsburg , California who were friends of Sheriff Petray . Murder of Chief of police Charlie O'Neal ( edit ) On July 15 , 1935 , disgruntled rancher and hunting guide Al Chamberlain dressed up in his finest cowboy clothes , drove to his former ranch outside of Santa Rosa and shot John McCabe , the new owner of the property , leaving him for dead . He survived . Chamberlain drove his beat - up car to Santa Rosa where he walked into the Santa Rosa police station and killed Chief Charlie O'Neal . Chamberlain had owned a livery stable in downtown Santa Rosa for years , but was forced to vacate his business through eminent domain when the city wanted to build their new city hall on Chamberlain 's property . Chief O'Neal personally signed and served Chamberlain his notice to vacate . Financially broken , Chamberlain had to sell his beloved ranch on Saint Helena Road . O'Neal continued to harass Chamberlain to the point where he got the prosecutor to sentence Chamberlain to thirty days and a hundred - dollar fine for accidentally hitting a pedestrian . He was never the same man after he was released from jail . After shooting O'Neal , Chamberlain calmly walked down the street with a pistol in each hand , searching for Sonoma County Sheriff Harry Patteson . Patteson heard the gunshots and bumped into Chamberlain , who did not recognize him . Patteson disarmed and tackled Chamberlain , with the help of Joe Schurman and Burnette Dibble . He was sentenced to life in prison and died in San Quentin Prison . Death of Andy Lopez ( edit ) Main article : Shooting of Andy Lopez On October 22 , 2013 , 13 - year - old Andy Lopez was shot and killed by Sonoma County sheriff 's deputy Erick Gelhaus in the Moorland neighborhood of Santa Rosa . Lopez was walking to his friend 's house while carrying an airsoft gun replica of an AK - 47 . Gelhaus mistook the airsoft gun for a real rifle , and demanded that Lopez drop the weapon . Gelhaus then fired eight shots at Lopez , killing him . The shooting prompted protests in Santa Rosa , which attracted protesters from around Northern California . The Lopez family filed a lawsuit at the District Court in November , claiming that Gelhaus shot Lopez `` without reasonable cause . '' They amended their lawsuit in January 2014 , claiming that the Sheriff 's office had long known that Gelhaus had a `` propensity ... to recklessly draw his firearm and to use excessive force '' . The deputy 's attorney argued that Gelhaus `` absolutely believed '' that the gun was real and that his life was in danger . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Santa Rosa , California Luther Burbank Home and Gardens on the corner of Santa Rosa Avenue and Sonoma Avenue . Burbank 's home rests on the property . Notable people who were born or have lived in Santa Rosa include botanist Luther Burbank , chef Guy Fieri , singer and actress Julie London , cartoonists Charles M. Schulz and Stephan Pastis , Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! creator Robert Ripley , international concert pianist and arts entrepreneur Kevin Kwan Loucks , and former professional road racing cyclist Levi Leipheimer . Film locations ( edit ) See also : Film locations in Sonoma County , California Airplane hangar used in the film It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World Santa Rosa has served as a location for many major films , including : McDonald Mansion , Santa Rosa , exterior used in Pollyanna The Happy Land ( 1943 ) , shot in Santa Rosa and Healdsburg . This was Natalie Wood 's first movie , at age four . Shadow of a Doubt ( 1943 ) , Alfred Hitchcock 's personal favorite , filmed at Santa Rosa Railroad Depot , NWP Engine # 140 , Old Courthouse Square , Public Library , and McDonald Avenue . The 1991 telefilm involved eight weeks ' filming on McDonald Avenue . The Sullivans ( 1944 ) , shot on Morgan Street . All My Sons ( 1948 ) , shot on McDonald Avenue . Storm Center ( 1956 ) -- Bette Davis spent six weeks on location at the Santa Rosa Main Library , which keeps a collection of clippings . The movie includes scenes from downtown and a house on Walnut Court . Pollyanna ( 1960 ) , featured the Mableton Mansion ( also known as the McDonald Mansion ) , on McDonald Avenue . The Wonderful World of Disney -- The `` Inky the Crow '' episodes ( beginning in the late 1960s ) , filmed in the Fountain Grove area . It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World ( 1963 ) -- the sequence involving the plane flying full bore , at about 150 knots , through an airplane hangar in less than a second , was shot at the Sonoma County Airport , just north of Santa Rosa . The Candidate ( 1972 ) , directed by Michael Ritchie , shot in Howarth Park and Schlumberger Gallery . Slither ( 1972 ) -- Highway 101 south of Santa Rosa , and Cloverdale . Steelyard Blues ( 1973 ) , shot in downtown Santa Rosa and at the Sonoma County Airport . Smile ( 1975 ) , shot at the Veterans Memorial Auditorium and many other nearby locations . Made into a 1986 Broadway musical of the same name with music by Marvin Hamlisch . Little Miss Marker ( 1980 ) , shot at the Sonoma County Fairgrounds . Shoot the Moon ( 1982 ) , used a real Carl 's Jr. on Industrial Drive at Cleveland Avenue . Also filmed at Wolf House at Jack London State Historic Park . Cujo ( 1983 ) -- locations include Santa Rosa and Petaluma . Smooth Talk ( 1985 ) -- locations include Santa Rosa shopping malls and Sebastopol . Peggy Sue Got Married ( 1986 ) -- locations include Santa Rosa High School and Petaluma . Wildfire ( 1988 ) -- includes Wood Pontiac & Cadillac on Corby Avenue . Wired ( 1989 ) -- filmed in Santa Rosa . Die Hard 2 ( 1990 ) -- scenes shot at Santa Rosa Air Center . Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot ! ( 1992 ) -- shot over a four - week period at Santa Rosa Air Center . Phenomenon ( 1996 ) -- used Santa Rosa Junior College as an establishing shot for UC Berkeley . Also used `` The Wagon Wheel '' bar off of Highway 101 for bar scenes . Scream ( 1996 ) -- scenes show a house on McDonald Avenue , a local grocery store , and the Bradley Video Store on Marlow Road . Inventing the Abbotts ( 1997 ) , shot at Santa Rosa High School , on location in Healdsburg and Petaluma . Mumford ( 1999 ) , shot at Santa Rosa Junior College , other Santa Rosa locations , and in Guerneville and Healdsburg . Bandits ( 2001 ) -- locations included the Flamingo Hotel The Man Who Was n't There ( 2001 ) - set in Santa Rosa . Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) -- filmed in Railroad Square . Paranormal Activity 3 ( 2011 ) -- set in Santa Rosa during the 1980s . Bad Ass ( 2012 ) -- set in Santa Rosa in 1957 October 2017 Wildfires ( edit ) Main article : October 2017 Northern California wildfires This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On a clear October night the wind began to gust beyond 50 miles per hour . What started as a small fire in north east Sonoma county along Highway 128 became the third largest fires to hit Northern California . In a matter of a couple hours the gusting North Eastern wind drove the fire into the city limits . Across a six lane freeway into the middle - class neighborhood known as Coffey Park destroying thousands of homes in the early hours of the morning . The fire was fueled by dry brush , native oaktrees , and homes as it climbed up and over the well established Mark West and Fountaingrove skyline that over looked the city of Santa Rosa . The well known Round Barn which sat along the beautiful hill side for over 100 years burned to the ground along with many other businesses . Before there was a Walmart or a Target in Sonoma county there was a Kmart where everyone shopped that was turned to a blaze that stretched as large as a football field . Cardinal Newman high school was along the fires path as it headed south along Old Redwood highway . A local gun store went up in fire as it filled the air with the sound of explosions for what seemed like an hour or more . Mountain Mikes pizza , McDonald 's , Arby 's , and many others were on the list of businesses that became ash . The fire burned strong for over 7 days . Bringing the largest aerial attack in history to Sonoma County skies . Some of the airplanes include a massive 747 , a C - 130 , S - 2 , OV - 10 , Blackhawk , and Chinook helicopter . Every police agency in the San Francisco Bay Area was called in to help . Fire support from clear across California and as far as Australia came to aid in the fight to end this fire . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal List of California urban areas List of cities and towns in California List of cities and towns in the San Francisco Bay Area Church of One Tree References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` City Council '' . City of Santa Rosa , California . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` City Manager '' . City of Santa Rosa . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jun 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Rosa '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Rosa ( city ) QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ZIP Code ( tm ) Lookup '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Firefighters Gain Ground On California Wildfires '' . Kansas Public Radio . 2017 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` It 's now the deadliest wildfire disaster in California history '' . SFGate . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Winegarner , Beth ( 2007 ) . Sacred Sonoma : Sacred Sites and Alignments in Sonoma County , California ( Revised ed . ) . Lulu . p. 90 . ISBN 9781430320678 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the office of Emergency Preparedness '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sudek , Julia Prodis ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Santa Rosa fire : How a sudden firestorm devastated a city '' . The Mercury News . Digital First Media . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files -- Places -- California '' . United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ California State Agricultural Society ( 1903 ) . Transactions of the California State Agricultural Society During the year 1901 . p. 421 . Jump up ^ `` NowData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ SANTA ROSA , CALIFORNIA -- Climate Summary Jump up ^ `` Healdsburg 2030 General Plan Update -- Revised Draft Environmental Impact Report -- IV. G. Geology / Soils '' . City of Healdsburg , California . August 20 , 2007 . p. IV. G - 11 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Produces New Map Showing Detailed Ground Shaking in Great San Francisco Old Maps , even Old Cemeteries , Provide New Clues for Modern Intensity Tool '' ( Press release ) . United States Geoloogical Survey . April 14 , 2005 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Junior College Neighborhood Association '' . srjcneighbors.org . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` North J.C. Neighborhood Association '' . wordpress.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oakmont Village Active Adult Community '' . OakmontVillage.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Rose Historic Neighborhood '' . strosedistrict.org . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Rosa West End Neighborhood and Historic District '' . srwestend.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Populations of Places , Towns , and Cities in California , 1850 -- 2000 '' . California Dept. of Finance . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search : CA -- Santa Rosa city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Julie ( March 31 , 2013 ) . `` Easter feast for Sonoma County 's homeless '' . The Press Democrat . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Park , Santa Rosa 's vibrant , ever - changing corner '' . The Press Democrat . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roseland to build new elementary school '' . The Press Democrat . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interactive : Mapping the census '' . The Washington Post . 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search '' . American Factfinder . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder Search '' . American Factfinder . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 5th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Database '' . UC Regents . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Rosa Chamber of Commerce '' . Santa Rosa Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Council Goals 2013 -- 2015 '' . City of Santa Rosa , California . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Central Santa Rosa Library '' . Sonomalibrary.org . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sonomacountylawlibrary.org Jump up ^ `` The Frank P. Doyle Building '' . Santa Rosa Junior College . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` # 185 Santa Rosa CA '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ City of Santa Rosa 2015 CAFR Jump up ^ `` Commercial District Map '' ( PDF ) . Santa Rosa , California . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List of Stores Located at Santa Rosa Plaza '' . Simon Malls . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List of Stores Located at Coddingtown Mall '' . Simon Malls . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Directory '' . Montgomery Village Santa Rosa . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : SMART Service Set to Begin August 25th '' . KSRO . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Rosa Convention and Visitors Bureau '' . Visitsantarosa.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DramaBiz magazine -- Search Page Jump up ^ `` Joe Rodota Trail '' . Sonoma County Regional Parks . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal police shootings rekindle review debate / Recent cases raise decade - old concerns over agencies ' abilities to investigate each other '' . Santa Rosa Press Democrat . March 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` South Park , Santa Rosa 's vibrant , ever - changing corner '' . The Press Democrat . 2009 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Jim ( January 20 , 2005 ) . `` Gang turf spreads to Santa Rosa '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Annual UCR Part I Crime Statistics '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation . 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kulczyk , David ( 2008 ) . California Justice : Shootouts , Lynching and Assassinations in the Golden State . Word Dancer Press . p. 91 . ISBN 1 - 884995 - 54 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Kurtis ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Big rally in Santa Rosa over toy gun killing '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murdock , Sebastian ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Erick Gelhaus Identified As Cop Who Killed Teenager Andy Lopez '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Lopez fatal shooting by Santa Rosa police to be investigated by FBI '' . Associated Press . October 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Henry K. ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` New Accusations Against Santa Rosa Deputy Who Shot Boy '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daly , James ( January 2016 ) . `` Big Directors Who Filmed in Small Sonoma County Towns '' . Sonoma Magazine . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Santa Rosa , California . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Santa Rosa . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Santa Rosa . Official website Santa Rosa , California at DMOZ Sonoma State University local history collection `` Santa Rosa , California '' . C - SPAN Cities Tour . October 2015 . 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where does the term c section come from

Caesarean section , also known as C - section or caesarean delivery , is the use of surgery to deliver babies . A caesarean section is often necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the baby or mother at risk . This may include obstructed labour , twin pregnancy , high blood pressure in the mother , breech birth , or problems with the placenta or umbilical cord . A caesarean delivery may be performed based upon the shape of the mother 's pelvis or history of a previous C - section . A trial of vaginal birth after C - section may be possible . The World Health Organization recommends that Caesarean section be performed only when medically necessary . Some C - sections are performed without a medical reason , upon request by someone , usually the mother .

Caesarean section

Caesarean section

caesarean section

Caesarean section A team performing a Caesarean section Synonyms C - section , caesarean delivery ICD - 10 - PCS 10D00Z0 ICD - 9 - CM 74 MeSH D002585 MedlinePlus 002911 ( edit on Wikidata ) Caesarean section , also known as C - section or caesarean delivery , is the use of surgery to deliver babies . A caesarean section is often necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the baby or mother at risk . This may include obstructed labour , twin pregnancy , high blood pressure in the mother , breech birth , or problems with the placenta or umbilical cord . A caesarean delivery may be performed based upon the shape of the mother 's pelvis or history of a previous C - section . A trial of vaginal birth after C - section may be possible . The World Health Organization recommends that Caesarean section be performed only when medically necessary . Some C - sections are performed without a medical reason , upon request by someone , usually the mother . A C - section typically takes 45 minutes to an hour . It may be done with a spinal block , where the woman is awake or under general anesthesia . A urinary catheter is used to drain the bladder and the skin of the abdomen is then cleaned with an antiseptic . An incision of about 15 cm ( 6 inches ) is then typically made through the mother 's lower abdomen . The uterus is then opened with a second incision and the baby delivered . The incisions are then stitched closed . A woman can typically begin breastfeeding as soon as she is awake and out of the operating room . Often , several days are required in the hospital to recover sufficiently to return home . C - sections result in a small overall increase in poor outcomes in low - risk pregnancies . They also typically take longer to heal from , about six weeks , than vaginal birth . The increased risks include breathing problems in the baby and amniotic fluid embolism and postpartum bleeding in the mother . Established guidelines recommend that caesarean sections not be used before 39 weeks of pregnancy without a medical reason . The method of delivery does not appear to have an effect on subsequent sexual function . In 2012 , about 23 million C - sections were done globally . The international healthcare community has previously considered the rate of 10 % and 15 % to be ideal for caesarean sections . Some evidence finds a higher rate of 19 % may result in better outcomes . More than 45 countries globally have C - section rates less than 7.5 % , while more than 50 have rates greater than 27 % . Efforts are being made to both improve access to and reduce the use of C - section . In the United States as of 2017 , about 32 % of deliveries are by C - section . The surgery has been performed at least as far back as 715 BC following the death of the mother with the baby occasionally surviving . Descriptions of mothers surviving date back to the 1500s . With the introduction of antiseptics and anesthetics in the 1800s survival of both the mother and baby became common . Contents 1 Uses 1.1 Medical uses 1.2 Prevention 2 Risks 2.1 Mother 2.1. 1 Subsequent pregnancies 2.1. 2 Adhesions 2.2 Child 3 Classification 3.1 By urgency 3.2 By characteristics of the mother 3.2. 1 Caesarean delivery on maternal request 3.2. 2 After previous caesarean 3.2. 3 Twins 3.2. 4 Breech birth 3.2. 5 Resuscitative hysterotomy 3.3 Other ways , including by surgery technique 4 Technique 4.1 Anesthesia 4.2 Prevention of complications 5 Recovery 6 Usage 6.1 Increasing use 7 Epidemiology 8 History 8.1 Caesarius of Terracina 9 Society and culture 9.1 Etymology 9.2 Spelling 10 Special cases 11 References Uses ( edit ) A 7 - week old Caesarean section scar and linea nigra visible on a 31 - year - old mother : Longitudinal incisions are still sometimes used . Caesarean section is recommended when vaginal delivery might pose a risk to the mother or baby . C - sections are also carried out for personal and social reasons . Systematic reviews have found no strong evidence about the impact of caesareans for nonmedical reasons . Recommendations encourage counseling to identify the reasons for the request , addressing anxieties and information , and encouraging vaginal birth . Elective caesareans at 38 weeks showed increased health complications in the newborn . For this reason , planned caesarean sections ( also known as elective caesarean sections ) should not be scheduled before 39 weeks gestation unless a medical reason to do so exists . Medical uses ( edit ) Complications of labour and factors increasing the risk associated with vaginal delivery include : abnormal presentation ( breech or transverse positions ) . Babies are usually born head first . If the baby is in another position the birth may be complicated . In a ' breech presentation ' , the unborn baby is bottom - down instead of head - down . Babies born bottom - first are more likely to be harmed during a normal ( vaginal ) birth than those born head - first . For instance , the baby might not get enough oxygen during the birth . Having a planned caesarean may reduce these problems . A review looking at planned caesarean section for singleton breech presentation with planned vaginal birth , concludes that in the short term , births with a planned caesarean were safer for babies than vaginal births . Fewer babies died or were seriously hurt when they were born by caesarean . However , there was tentative evidence that children who were born by caesarean had more health problems at age two . Caesareans caused some short - term problems for mothers such as more abdominal pain . They also had some benefits , such as less urinary incontinence and less perineal pain . prolonged labour or a failure to progress ( dystocia ) fetal distress cord prolapse uterine rupture or an elevated risk thereof hypertension in the mother or baby after amniotic rupture ( the waters breaking ) tachycardia in the mother or baby after amniotic rupture ( the waters breaking ) placenta problems ( placenta praevia , placental abruption or placenta accreta ) failed labour induction failed instrumental delivery ( by forceps or ventouse ( Sometimes , a trial of forceps / ventouse delivery is attempted , and if unsuccessful , the baby will need to be delivered by caesarean section . ) large baby weighing > 4,000 grams ( macrosomia ) umbilical cord abnormalities ( vasa previa , multilobate including bilobate and succenturiate - lobed placentas , velamentous insertion ) Other complications of pregnancy , pre-existing conditions , and concomitant disease , include : pre-eclampsia previous ( high risk ) fetus HIV infection of the mother with a high viral load ( HIV with a low maternal viral load is not necessarily an indication for caesarean section ) Sexually transmitted diseases , such as a first outbreak of genital herpes very recently before the onset of labor ( which can cause infection in the baby if born vaginally ) previous classical ( longitudinal ) caesarean section previous uterine rupture prior problems with the healing of the perineum ( from previous childbirth or Crohn 's disease ) bicornuate uterus rare cases of posthumous birth after the death of the mother Other Decreasing experience of accoucheurs with the management of the breech presentation -- Although obstetricians and midwives are extensively trained in proper procedures for breach presentation deliveries using simulation mannequins , there is decreasing experience with actual vaginal breech delivery which may increase the risk further . Prevention ( edit ) The prevalence of caesarean section is generally agreed to be higher than needed in many countries , and physicians are encouraged to actively lower the rate , as a caesarean rate higher than 10 - 15 % is not associated with reductions in maternal or infant mortality rates . Some evidence supports a higher rate of 19 % may result in better outcomes . Some of these efforts are : emphasizing a long latent phase of labor is not abnormal and not a justification for C - section ; a new definition of the start of active labor from a cervical dilatation of 4 cm to a dilatation of 6 cm ; and allowing at least 2 hours of pushing for women who have previously given birth and 3 hours of pushing for women who have not previously given birth before labor arrest is considered . Physical exercise during pregnancy also decreases the risk . Risks ( edit ) Adverse outcomes in low - risk pregnancies occur in 8.6 % of vaginal deliveries and 9.2 % of caesarean section deliveries . Mother ( edit ) In those who are low risk , the risk of death for caesarean sections is 13 per 100,000 vs. for vaginal birth 3.5 per 100,000 in the developed world . The United Kingdom National Health Service gives the risk of death for the mother as three times that of a vaginal birth , but the actual risk of death in either situation is extremely small in resource - rich settings . In Canada , the difference in serious morbidity or mortality for the mother ( e.g. cardiac arrest , wound hematoma , or hysterectomy ) was 1.8 additional cases per 100 . The difference in in - hospital maternal death was nonsignificant . Transvaginal ultrasonography of a uterus years after a caesarean section , showing the characteristic scar formation in its anterior part A caesarean section is associated with risks of postoperative adhesions , incisional hernias ( which may require surgical correction ) , and wound infections . If a caesarean is performed in an emergency , the risk of the surgery may be increased due to a number of factors . The patient 's stomach may not be empty , increasing the risk of anaesthesia . Other risks include severe blood loss ( which may require a blood transfusion ) and postdural - puncture spinal headaches . Wound infections occur after caesarean sections at a rate of 3 - 15 % . Women who had caesarean sections are more likely to have problems with later pregnancies , and women who want larger families should not seek an elective caesarean unless medical indications to do so exist . The risk of placenta accreta , a potentially life - threatening condition which is more likely to develop where a woman has had a previous caesarean section , is 0.13 % after two caesarean sections , but increases to 2.13 % after four and then to 6.74 % after six or more . Along with this is a similar rise in the risk of emergency hysterectomies at delivery . Mothers can experience an increased incidence of postnatal depression , and can experience significant psychological trauma and ongoing birth - related post-traumatic stress disorder after obstetric intervention during the birthing process . Factors like pain in the first stage of labor , feelings of powerlessness , intrusive emergency obstetric intervention are important in the subsequent development of psychological issues related to labour and delivery . Subsequent pregnancies ( edit ) Further information : Delivery after previous Caesarean section Women who have had a caesarean for any reason are somewhat less likely to become pregnant again as compared to women who have previously delivered only vaginally , but the effect is small . Women who had just one previous caesarean section are more likely to have problems with their second birth . Delivery after previous caesarean section is by either of two main options : Vaginal birth after caesarean section ( VBAC ) Elective repeat caesarean section ( ERCS ) Both have higher risks than a vaginal birth with no previous caesarean section . There are many issues which must be taken into account when planning the mode of delivery for every pregnancy , not just those complicated by a previous caesarean section and there is a list of some of these issues in the list of indications for section in the first part of this article . A vaginal birth after caesarean section ( VBAC ) confers a higher risk of uterine rupture ( 5 per 1,000 ) , blood transfusion or endometritis ( 10 per 1,000 ) , and perinatal death of the child ( 0.25 per 1,000 ) . Furthermore , 20 % to 40 % of planned VBAC attempts end in caesarean section being needed , with greater risks of complications in an emergency repeat caesarean section than in an elective repeat caesarean section . On the other hand , VBAC confers less maternal morbidity and a decreased risk of complications in future pregnancies than elective repeat caesarean section . Adhesions ( edit ) Suturing of the uterus after extraction . Closed Incision for low transverse abdominal incision after stapling has been completed . There are a number of steps that can be taken during abdominal or pelvic surgery to minimize postoperative complications , such as the formation of adhesions . Such techniques and principles may include : Handling all tissue with absolute care Using powder - free surgical gloves Controlling bleeding Choosing sutures and implants carefully Keeping tissue moist Preventing infection with antibiotics given intravenously to the mother before skin incision However , despite these proactive measures , adhesion formation is a recognized complication of any abdominal or pelvic surgery . To prevent adhesions from forming after caesarean section , adhesion barrier can be put during surgery to minimize the risk of adhesions between the uterus and ovaries , the small bowel , and almost any tissue in the abdomen or pelvis . This is not current UK practice though as there is no compelling evidence to support the benefit of this intervention . Adhesions can cause long term problems , such as : Infertility , which may end when adhesions distort the tissues of the ovaries and tubes , impeding the normal passage of the egg ( ovum ) from the ovary to the uterus . One in five infertility cases may be adhesion related ( stoval ) Chronic pelvic pain , which may result when adhesions are present in the pelvis . Almost 50 % of chronic pelvic pain cases are estimated to be adhesion related ( stoval ) Small bowel obstruction -- the disruption of normal bowel flow , which can result when adhesions twist or pull the small bowel . The risk of adhesion formation is one reason why vaginal delivery is usually considered safer than elective caesarean section where there is no medical indication for section for either maternal or fetal reasons . Child ( edit ) Non-medically indicated ( elective ) childbirth before 39 weeks gestation `` carry significant risks for the baby with no known benefit to the mother . '' Complications from elective caesarean before 39 weeks include : newborn mortality at 37 weeks may be up to 3 times the number at 40 weeks , and was elevated compared to 38 weeks gestation . These `` early term '' births were associated with more death during infancy , compared to those occurring at 39 to 41 weeks ( `` full term '' ) . Researchers in one study and another review found many benefits to going full term , but `` no adverse effects '' in the health of the mothers or babies . The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and medical policy makers review research studies and find more incidence of suspected or proven sepsis , RDS , hypoglycemia , need for respiratory support , need for NICU admission , and need for hospitalization > 4 -- 5 days . In the case of caesarean sections , rates of respiratory death were 14 times higher in pre-labor at 37 compared with 40 weeks gestation , and 8.2 times higher for pre-labor caesarean at 38 weeks . In this review , no studies found decreased neonatal morbidity due to non-medically indicated ( elective ) delivery before 39 weeks . For otherwise healthy twin pregnancies where both twins are head down a trial of vaginal delivery is recommended at between 37 and 38 weeks . Vaginal delivery , in this case , does not worsen the outcome for either infant as compared with caesarean section . There is some controversy on the best method of delivery where the first twin is head first and the second is not , but most obstetricians will recommend normal delivery unless there are other reasons to avoid vaginal birth . When the first twin is not head down , a caesarean section is often recommended . Regardless of whether the twins are delivered by section or vaginally , the medical literature recommends delivery of dichorionic twins at 38 weeks , and monochorionic twins ( identical twins sharing a placenta ) by 37 weeks due to the increased risk of stillbirth in monochorionic twins who remain in utero after 37 weeks . The consensus is that late preterm delivery of monochorionic twins is justified because the risk of stillbirth for post-37 week delivery is significantly higher than the risks posed by delivering monochorionic twins near term ( i.e. , 36 -- 37 weeks ) . The consensus concerning monoamniotic twins ( identical twins sharing an amniotic sac ) , the highest risk type of twins , is that they should be delivered by caesarean section at or shortly after 32 weeks , since the risks of intrauterine death of one or both twins is higher after this gestation than the risk of complications of prematurity . In a research study widely publicized , singleton children born earlier than 39 weeks may have developmental problems , including slower learning in reading and math . Other risks include : Wet lung : Retention of fluid in the lungs can occur if not expelled by the pressure of contractions during labor . Potential for early delivery and complications : Preterm delivery may be inadvertently carried out if the due - date calculation is inaccurate . One study found an increased complication risk if a repeat elective caesarean section is performed even a few days before the recommended 39 weeks . Higher infant mortality risk : In caesarean sections performed with no indicated medical risk ( singleton at full term in a head - down position with no other obstetric or medical complications ) , the risk of death in the first 28 days of life has been cited as 1.77 per 1,000 live births among women who had caesarean sections , compared to 0.62 per 1,000 for women who delivered vaginally . Birth by caesarean section also seems to be associated with worse health outcomes later in life , including overweight or obesity and problems in the immune system . Classification ( edit ) Caesarean sections have been classified in various ways by different perspectives . One way to discuss all classification systems is to group them by their focus either on the urgency of the procedure , characteristics of the mother , or as a group based on other , less commonly discussed factors . It is most common to classify caesarean sections by the urgency of performing them . By urgency ( edit ) Conventionally , caesarean sections are classified as being either an elective surgery or an emergency operation . Classification is used to help communication between the obstetric , midwifery and anaesthetic team for discussion of the most appropriate method of anaesthesia . The decision whether to perform general anesthesia or regional anesthesia ( spinal or epidural anaesthetic ) is important and is based on many indications , including how urgent the delivery needs to be as well as the medical and obstetric history of the woman . Regional anaesthetic is almost always safer for the woman and the baby but sometimes general anaesthetic is safer for one or both , and the classification of urgency of the delivery is an important issue affecting this decision . A planned caesarean ( or elective / scheduled caesarean ) , arranged ahead of time , is most commonly arranged for medical indications which have developed before or during the pregnancy , and ideally after 39 weeks of gestation . In the UK , this is classified as a ' grade 4 ' section ( delivery timed to suit the mother or hospital staff ) or as a ' grade 3 ' section ( no maternal or fetal compromise but early delivery needed ) . Emergency caesarean sections are performed in pregnancies in which a vaginal delivery was planned initially , but an indication for caesarean delivery has since developed . In the UK they are further classified as grade 2 ( delivery required within 90 minutes of the decision but no immediate threat to the life of the woman or the fetus ) or grade 1 ( delivery required within 30 minutes of the decision : immediate threat to the life of the mother or the baby or both . ) Elective caesarean sections may be performed on the basis of an obstetrical or medical indication , or because of a medically non-indicated maternal request . Among women in the United Kingdom , Sweden and Australia , about 7 % preferred caesarean section as a method of delivery . In cases without medical indications the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the UK Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommend a planned vaginal delivery . The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends that if after a woman has been provided information on the risk of a planned caesarean section and she still insists on the procedure it should be provided . If provided this should be done at 39 weeks of gestation or later . By characteristics of the mother ( edit ) Caesarean delivery on maternal request ( edit ) Main article : Caesarean delivery on maternal request Caesarean delivery on maternal request ( CDMR ) is a medically unnecessary caesarean section , where the conduct of a childbirth via a caesarean section is requested by the pregnant patient even though there is not a medical indication to have the surgery . After previous caesarean ( edit ) See also : Delivery after previous Caesarean section Mothers who have previously had a caesarean section are more likely to have a caesarean section for future pregnancies than mothers who have never had a caesarean section . There is discussion about the circumstances under which women should have a vaginal birth after a previous caesarean . Vaginal birth after caesarean ( VBAC ) is the practice of birthing a baby vaginally after a previous baby has been delivered by caesarean section ( surgically ) . According to The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ( ACOG ) , successful VBAC is associated with decreased maternal morbidity and a decreased risk of complications in future pregnancies . According to the American Pregnancy Association , 90 % of women who have undergone caesarean deliveries are candidates for VBAC . Approximately 60 - 80 % of women opting for VBAC will successfully give birth vaginally , which is comparable to the overall vaginal delivery rate in the United States in 2010 . Twins ( edit ) For otherwise healthy twin pregnancies where both twins are head down a trial of vaginal delivery is recommended at between 37 and 38 weeks . Vaginal delivery in this case does not worsen the outcome for either infant as compared with caesarean section . There is controversy on the best method of delivery where the first twin is head first and the second is not . When the first twin is not head down at the point of labour starting , a caesarean section should be recommended . Although the second twin typically has a higher frequency of problems , it is not known if a planned caesarean section affects this . It is estimated that 75 % of twin pregnancies in the United States were delivered by caesarean section in 2008 . Breech birth ( edit ) Main article : Breech birth A breech birth is the birth of a baby from a breech presentation , in which the baby exits the pelvis with the buttocks or feet first as opposed to the normal head - first presentation . In breech presentation , fetal heart sounds are heard just above the umbilicus . The bottom - down position presents some hazards to the baby during the process of birth , and the mode of delivery ( vaginal versus caesarean ) is controversial in the fields of obstetrics and midwifery . Though vaginal birth is possible for the breech baby , certain fetal and maternal factors influence the safety of vaginal breech birth . The majority of breech babies born in the United States and the UK are delivered by caesarean section as studies have shown increased risks of morbidity and mortality for vaginal breech delivery , and most obstetricians counsel against planned vaginal breech birth for this reason . As a result of reduced numbers of actual vaginal breech deliveries , obstetricians and midwives are at risk of de-skilling in this important skill . All those involved in delivery of obstetric and midwifery care in the UK undergo mandatory training in conducting breech deliveries in the simulation environment ( using dummy pelvises and mannequins to allow practice of this important skill ) and this training is carried out regularly to keep skills up to date . Resuscitative hysterotomy ( edit ) Main article : Resuscitative hysterotomy A resuscitative hysterotomy , also known as a peri-mortem caesarean delivery , is an emergency caesarean delivery carried out where maternal cardiac arrest has occurred , to assist in resuscitation of the mother by removing the aortocaval compression generated by the gravid uterus . Unlike other forms of caesarean section , the welfare of the fetus is a secondary priority only , and the procedure may be performed even prior to the limit of fetal viability if it is judged to be of benefit to the mother . Other ways , including by surgery technique ( edit ) There are several types of caesarean section ( CS ) . An important distinction lies in the type of incision ( longitudinal or transverse ) made on the uterus , apart from the incision on the skin : the vast majority of skin incisions are a transverse suprapubic approach known as a Pfannenstiel incision but there is no way of knowing from the skin scar which way the uterine incision was conducted . The classical caesarean section involves a midline incision on the uterus longitudinal incision which allows a larger space to deliver the baby . It is performed at very early gestations where the lower segment of the uterus is unformed as it is safer in this situation for the baby : but it is rarely performed other than at these early gestations , as the operation is more prone to complications than a low transverse uterine incision . Any woman who has had a classical section will be recommended to have an elective repeat section in subsequent pregnancies as the vertical incision is much more likely to rupture in labour than the transverse incision . The lower uterine segment section is the procedure most commonly used today ; it involves a transverse cut just above the edge of the bladder . It results in less blood loss and has fewer early and late complications for the mother , as well as allowing her to consider a vaginal birth in the next pregnancy . A caesarean hysterectomy consists of a caesarean section followed by the removal of the uterus . This may be done in cases of intractable bleeding or when the placenta can not be separated from the uterus . The EXIT procedure is a specialized surgical delivery procedure used to deliver babies who have airway compression . The Misgav Ladach method is a modified caesarean section which has been used nearly all over the world since the 1990s . It was described by Michael Stark , the president of the New European Surgical Academy , at the time he was the director of Misgav Ladach , a general hospital in Jerusalem . The method was presented during a FIGO conference in Montréal in 1994 and then distributed by the University of Uppsala , Sweden , in more than 100 countries . This method is based on minimalistic principles . He examined all steps in caesarean sections in use , analyzed them for their necessity and , if found necessary , for their optimal way of performance . For the abdominal incision he used the modified Joel Cohen incision and compared the longitudinal abdominal structures to strings on musical instruments . As blood vessels and muscles have lateral sway , it is possible to stretch rather than cut them . The peritoneum is opened by repeat stretching , no abdominal swabs are used , the uterus is closed in one layer with a big needle to reduce the amount of foreign body as much as possible , the peritoneal layers remain unsutured and the abdomen is closed with two layers only . Women undergoing this operation recover quickly and can look after the newborns soon after surgery . There are many publications showing the advantages over traditional caesarean section methods . However , there is an increased risk of abruptio placentae and uterine rupture in subsequent pregnancies for women who underwent this method in prior deliveries . Technique ( edit ) Several caesarean sections Is : supra - umbilical incision Im : median incision IM : Maylard incision IP : Pfannenstiel incision Pulling out the baby Illustration depicting Caesarean section . Antibiotic prophylaxis is used before an incision . The uterus is incised , and this incision is extended with blunt pressure along a cephalad - caudad axis . The infant is delivered , and the placenta is then removed . The surgeon then makes a decision about uterine exteriorization . Single - layer uterine closure is used when the mother does not want a future pregnancy . When subcutaneous tissue is 2 cm thick or more , surgical suture is used . Discouraged practices include manual cervical dilation , any subcutaneous drain , or supplemental oxygen therapy with intent to prevent infection . Caesarean section can be performed with single or double layer suturing of the uterine incision . Single layer closure compared with double layer closure has been observed to result in reduced blood loss during the surgery . It is uncertain whether this is the direct effect of the suturing technique or if other factors such as the type and site of abdominal incision contribute to reduced blood loss . Standard procedure includes the closure of the peritoneum . However , research questions this may not be needed , with some studies indicating peritoneal closure is associated with longer operative time and hospital stay . The Misgave Ladach method is a surgery technical that may have fewer secondary complications and faster healing , due to the insertion into the muscle . In many hospitals , the mother 's partner is encouraged to attend the surgery to support the mother and share the experience . The anaesthetist will usually lower the drape temporarily as the child is delivered so the parents can see their newborn . Anesthesia ( edit ) Both general and regional anaesthesia ( spinal , epidural or combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia ) are acceptable for use during Caesarean section . Evidence does not show a difference between regional anaesthesia and general anaesthesia with respect to major outcomes in the mother or baby . Regional anaesthesia may be preferred as it allows the mother to be awake and interact immediately with her baby . Compared to general anaesthesia , regional anaesthesia is better at preventing persistent postoperative pain 3 to 8 months after caesarean section . Other advantages of regional anesthesia may include the absence of typical risks of general anesthesia : pulmonary aspiration ( which has a relatively high incidence in patients undergoing anesthesia in late pregnancy ) of gastric contents and esophageal intubation . However , one trial found no difference in satisfaction when general anaesthesia was compared with either spinal anaesthesia . Regional anaesthesia is used in 95 % of deliveries , with spinal and combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia being the most commonly used regional techniques in scheduled Caesarean section . Regional anaesthesia during Caesarean section is different from the analgesia ( pain relief ) used in labor and vaginal delivery . The pain that is experienced because of surgery is greater than that of labor and therefore requires a more intense nerve block . General anesthesia may be necessary because of specific risks to mother or child . Patients with heavy , uncontrolled bleeding may not tolerate the hemodynamic effects of regional anesthesia . General anesthesia is also preferred in very urgent cases , such as severe fetal distress , when there is no time to perform a regional anesthesia . Prevention of complications ( edit ) Postpartum infection is one of the main causes of maternal death and may account for 10 % of maternal deaths globally . Caesarean section greatly increases the risk of infection and associated morbidity ( estimated to be between 5 and 20 times as high ) , and routine use of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infections is recommended . Infection can occur in around 8 % of women who have caesareans , largely endometritis , urinary tract infections and wound infections . The use of preventative antibiotics in women undergoing cesarean section decreased wound infection , endometritis , and serious infectious complications by about 65 % . Side effects and effect on the baby is unclear . Women who have caesareans can recognize the signs of fever that indicate the possibility of wound infection . Taking antibiotics before skin incision rather than after cord clamping reduces the risk for the mother , without increasing adverse effects for the baby . Whether a particular type of skin cleaner improves outcomes is unclear . Some doctors believe that during a caesarean section , mechanical cervical dilation with a finger or forceps will prevent the obstruction of blood and lochia drainage , and thereby benefit the mother by reducing the risk of death . The available clinical evidence is not sufficient to draw a conclusion on the effect of this practice . Recovery ( edit ) It is common for women who undergo caesarean section to have reduced or absent bowel movements for hours to days . During this time , women may experience abdominal cramps , nausea and vomiting . This usually resolves without treatment . Abdominal , wound and back pain can continue for months after a caesarean section . Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can be helpful . Women who have had a caesarean are more likely to experience pain that interferes with their usual activities than women who have vaginal births , although by six months there is generally no longer a difference . However , pain during sexual intercourse is less likely than after vaginal birth , although again , by six months there is no difference . There may be a somewhat higher incidence of postnatal depression in the first weeks after childbirth for women who have caesarean sections , but this difference does not persist . Some women who have had caesarean sections , especially emergency caesareans , experience post-traumatic stress disorder . Usage ( edit ) In Italy , the incidence of Caesarean sections is particularly high , although it varies from region to region . In Campania , 60 % of 2008 births reportedly occurred via Caesarean sections . In the Rome region , the mean incidence is around 44 % , but can reach as high as 85 % in some private clinics . With nearly 1.3 million stays , Caesarean section was one of the most common procedures performed in U.S. hospitals in 2011 . It was the second-most common procedure performed for people ages 18 to 44 years old . Caesarean rates in the U.S. have risen considerably since 1996 . The procedure increased 60 % from 1996 to 2009 . In 2010 , the Caesarean delivery rate was 32.8 % of all births ( a slight decrease from 2009 's high of 32.9 % of all births ) . A study found that in 2011 , women covered by private insurance were 11 % more likely to have a caesarean section delivery than those covered by Medicaid . China has been cited as having the highest rates of C - sections in the world at 46 % as of 2008 . Studies have shown that continuity of care with a known carer may significantly decrease the rate of Caesarean delivery but there is also research that appears to show that there is no significant difference in Caesarean rates when comparing midwife continuity care to conventional fragmented care . More emergency Caesareans -- about 66 % -- are performed during the day rather than during the night . The rate has risen to 46 % in China and to levels of 25 % and above in many Asian , European and Latin American countries . The rate has increased in the United States , to 33 % of all births in 2012 , up from 21 % in 1996 . Across Europe , there are differences between countries : in Italy the Caesarean section rate is 40 % , while in the Nordic countries it is 14 % . In Brazil and Iran the Caesarean section rate is greater than 40 % . Increasing use ( edit ) In the United States , C - section rates have increased from just over 20 % in 1996 to 33 % in 2011 . This increase has not resulted in improved outcomes resulting in the position that C - sections may be done too frequently . The World Health Organization officially withdrew its previous recommendation of a 15 % C - section rate in June 2010 . Their official statement read , `` There is no empirical evidence for an optimum percentage . What matters most is that all women who need caesarean sections receive them . '' Speculation explaining a relationship between birth weight and maternal pelvis size has been proposed . The explanation , based on Darwinian - inspired logic , states that since the advent of successful Caesarean birth more mothers with small pelvises and babies with large birth weights survive . This hypothesis would predict an increased average birth weight , which has been observed . It is unclear what component contributes more to this effect ; evolution or environment . Brazil is one of the countries with the highest Cesarean section rate in the world with rates in the public - sector averages 35 -- 45 % while the private sector rate is as high as 80 - 90 % . Epidemiology. ( edit ) Global rates of caesarean section rates are increasing . In the United Kingdom , in 2008 , the Caesarean section rate was 24 % . In Ireland the rate was 26.1 % in 2009 . The Canadian rate was 26 % in 2005 -- 2006 . Australia has a high Caesarean section rate , at 31 % in 2007 . In the United States the rate of C - section is around 33 % and varies from 23 % to 40 % depending on the state in question . One out three women who gave birth in the US delivered by cesarean in 2011 . In 2012 , close to 23 million C - sections were done globally . At one time the rate of 10 % and 15 % were thought to be ideal . A higher rate of 19 % may result in better outcomes . More than 50 nations have rates greater than 27 % . Another 45 countries have rates less than 7.5 % There are efforts to both improve access to and reduce the use of C - section . In the United States about 33 % of deliveries are by C - section . The rates in the UK and Australia are 26.5 % and 32.3 % respectively . In China , the most recent CS rate reported was 41 % . Globally , 1 % of all cesarean deliveries are done without the medical need for one . Overall , the rate of caesarean section rate was 25.7 % during 2004 - 2008 . Wound infections occur after cesarean sections at a rate of 3 - 15 % . Some women are at greater risk for developing a surgical site infection after delivery . The presence of chorioamnionitis and obesity predisposes the woman to develop a surgical site infection . History ( edit ) A Caesarean section performed by indigenous healers in Kahura , Uganda . As observed by R.W. Felkin in 1879 . The mother of Bindusara ( born c. 320 BCE , ruled 298 -- c. 272 BCE ) , the second Mauryan Samrat ( emperor ) of India , accidentally consumed poison and died when she was close to delivering him . Chanakya , the Chandragupta 's teacher and adviser , made up his mind that the baby should survive . He cut open the belly of the queen and took out the baby , thus saving the baby 's life . According to the ancient Chinese Records of the Grand Historian , Luzhong , a sixth - generation descendant of the Yellow Emperor , had six sons , all born by `` cutting open the body '' . The sixth son Jilian founded the House of Mi that ruled the State of Chu ( c. 1030 -- 223 BCE ) . In the Irish mythological text the Ulster Cycle , the character Furbaide Ferbend is said to have been born by posthumous caesarean section , after his mother was murdered by his evil aunt Medb . The Babylonian Talmud , an ancient Jewish religious text , mentions a procedure similar to the caesarean section . The procedure is termed yotzei dofen . It also discusses at length the permissibility of performing a c - section on a dying or dead mother . Pliny the Elder theorized that Julius Caesar 's name came from an ancestor who was born by caesarean section , but the truth of this is debated ( see the discussion of the etymology of Caesar ) . The Ancient Roman caesarean section was first performed to remove a baby from the womb of a mother who died during childbirth . Julius Caesar 's mother , Aurelia , lived through childbirth and successfully gave birth to her son , ruling out the possibility the Roman ruler and general was born by caesarean section . His first wife , however , died in childbirth , giving birth to a stillborn son who might have lived had a caesarean taken place . The Catalan saint Raymond Nonnatus ( 1204 -- 1240 ) , received his surname -- from the Latin non-natus ( `` not born '' ) -- because he was born by caesarean section . His mother died while giving birth to him . An early account of caesarean section in Iran is mentioned in the book of Shahnameh , written around 1000 CE , and relates to the birth of Rostam , the national legendary hero of Iran . According to the Shahnameh , the Simurgh instructed Zal upon how to perform a Caesarean section , thus saving Rudaba and the child Rostam . Caesarean section usually resulted in the death of the mother . In an account from the 1580s , in Siegershausen , Switzerland , Jakob Nufer a pig gelder , is supposed to have performed the operation on his wife after a prolonged labour , with her surviving . However , there is also some basis for supposing that Jewish women regularly survived the operation in Roman times . For most of the time since the 16th century , the procedure had a high mortality rate . However , it was long considered an extreme measure , performed only when the mother was already dead or considered to be beyond help . In Great Britain and Ireland , the mortality rate in 1865 was 85 % . Key steps in reducing mortality were : Introduction of the transverse incision technique to minimize bleeding by Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer in 1881 is thought to be first modern CS performed . The introduction of uterine suturing by Max Sänger in 1882 Modification by Hermann Johannes Pfannenstiel in 1900 , see Pfannenstiel incision Extraperitoneal CS and then moving to low transverse incision ( Krönig , 1912 ) Adherence to principles of asepsis Anesthesia advances Blood transfusion Antibiotics European travelers in the Great Lakes region of Africa during the 19th century observed Caesarean sections being performed on a regular basis . The expectant mother was normally anesthetized with alcohol , and herbal mixtures were used to encourage healing . From the well - developed nature of the procedures employed , European observers concluded they had been employed for some time . James Barry carried out the first successful Caesarean by a European doctor in Africa in Cape Town , while posted there between 1817 and 1828 . The first successful Caesarean section to be performed in the United States took place in Mason County , Virginia ( now Mason County , West Virginia ) , in 1794 . The procedure was performed by Dr. Jesse Bennett on his wife Elizabeth . On March 5 , 2000 , in Mexico , Inés Ramírez performed a Caesarean section on herself and survived , as did her son , Orlando Ruiz Ramírez . Caesarius of Terracina ( edit ) Saint Caesarius of Terracina , invoked for the good success of Caesarean delivery The patron saint of Caesarean section is Caesarius of Africa , a young deacon martyred at Terracina , who has replaced and Christianized the pagan figure of Caesar . The martyr ( Saint Cesareo in Italian ) is invoked for the good success of this surgical procedure . Society and culture ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) Fictional 15th century depiction of the birth of Julius Caesar The Roman Lex Regia ( royal law ) , later the Lex Caesarea ( imperial law ) , of Numa Pompilius ( 715 -- 673 BC ) , required the child of a mother dead in childbirth to be cut from her womb . There was a cultural taboo that mothers not be buried pregnant , that may have reflected a way of saving some fetuses . Roman practice requiring a living mother to be in her tenth month of pregnancy before resorting to the procedure , reflecting the knowledge that she could not survive the delivery . Speculation that the Roman dictator Julius Caesar was born by the method now known as C - section is apparently false . Although Caesarean sections were performed in Roman times , no classical source records a mother surviving such a delivery . As late as the 12th century , scholar and physician Maimonides expresses doubt over the possibility of a woman 's surviving this procedure and again falling pregnant . The term has also been explained as deriving from the verb caedere , `` to cut '' , with children delivered this way referred to as caesones . Pliny the Elder refers to a certain Julius Caesar ( an ancestor of the famous Roman statesman ) as ab utero caeso , `` cut from the womb '' giving this as an explanation for the cognomen `` Caesar '' which was then carried by his descendants . Nonetheless , even if the etymological hypothesis linking the caesarean section to Julius Caesar is a false etymology , it has been widely believed . For example , the Oxford English Dictionary defines Caesarean birth as `` the delivery of a child by cutting through the walls of the abdomen when delivery can not take place in the natural way , as was done in the case of Julius Caesar '' . Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary ( 11th edition ) leaves room for etymological uncertainty with the phrase , `` from the legendary association of such a delivery with the Roman cognomen Caesar '' . Some link with Julius Caesar or with Roman emperors exists in other languages as well . For example , the modern German , Norwegian , Danish , Dutch , Swedish , Turkish and Hungarian terms are respectively Kaiserschnitt , keisersnitt , kejsersnit , keizersnede , kejsarsnitt , sezaryen and császármetszés ( literally : `` emperor 's cut '' ) . The German term has also been imported into Japanese ( 帝王 切開 teiōsekkai ) and Korean ( 제왕 절개 jewang jeolgae ) , both literally meaning `` emperor incision '' . Similarly , in western Slavic ( Polish ) cięcie cesarskie , ( Czech ) císařský řez and ( Slovak ) cisársky rez means `` emperor 's cut '' , whereas the south Slavic term is Serbian царски рез and Slovenian cárski réz , literally tzar 's cut . The Russian term kesarevo secheniye ( Кесарево сечение késarevo sečénije ) literally means Caesar 's section . The Arabic term ( ولادة قيصرية wilaada qaySaríyya ) also means `` Caesarean birth . '' The Hebrew term ניתוח קיסרי ( nitúakh Keisári ) translates literally as Caesarean surgery . In Romania and Portugal , it is usually called cesariana , meaning from ( or related to ) Caesar . According to Shahnameh ancient Persian book , the hero Rostam was the first person who was born with this method and term رستمينه ( rostamineh ) is corresponded to Caesarean . Also , Hindu mythical monkey god Hanuman was born through a similar procedure on his mother Anjani . Finally , the Roman praenomen ( given name ) Caeso was said to be given to children who were born via C - section . While this was probably just folk etymology made popular by Pliny the Elder , it was well known by the time the term came into common use . Spelling ( edit ) The term caesarean is spelled in various accepted ways , as discussed at Wiktionary . The Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) of the United States National Library of Medicine ( NLM ) uses cesarean section , while some other American medical works , e.g. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary , use caesarean , as do most British works . The online versions of the US - published Merriam - Webster Dictionary and American Heritage Dictionary list cesarean first and other spellings as `` variants '' , an etymologically anhistorical position . Special cases ( edit ) In Judaism , there is a dispute among the poskim ( Rabbinic authorities ) as to whether the first - born son from a Caesarean section has the laws of a bechor . Traditionally , a male child delivered by Caesarean is not eligible for the Pidyon HaBen dedication ritual . In rare cases , caesarean sections can be used to remove a dead fetus . A late - term abortion using Caesarean section procedures is termed a hysterotomy abortion and is very rarely performed . A self - inflicted caesarean section is one performed by the mother herself . There have apparently been a few successful cases , notably Inés Ramírez Pérez of Mexico who in March 2000 , performed a successful Caesarean section on herself . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fadhley , Salim ( 2014 ) . `` Caesarean section photography '' . WikiJournal of Medicine . 1 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.15347 / wjm / 2014.006 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pregnancy Labor and Birth '' . Office on Women 's Health , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . 1 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : `` Safe Prevention of the Primary Cesarean Delivery '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Caesarean Section Rates Royal College of Physicians of Ireland : '' . Rcpi.ie . Archived from the original on 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` C - section rate in Canada continues upward trend '' . Canada.com. 26 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` To push or not to push ? It 's a woman 's right to decide '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 November 2016 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Souza , JP ; Gülmezoglu , AM ; Lumbiganon , P ; Laopaiboon , M ; Carroli , G ; Fawole , B ; Ruyan , P ( 2010 ) . `` Caesarean section without medical indications is associated with an increased risk of adverse short - term maternal outcomes : the 2004 - 2008 WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health '' . BMC Medicine . 8 ( 1 ) : 71 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7015 - 8 - 71 . ISSN 1741 - 7015 . PMC 2993644 . PMID 21067593 . Jump up ^ Wilhelm Geiger ( 1908 ) . The Dīpavaṃsa and Mahāvaṃsa and their historical development in Ceylon . Ethel M. Coomaraswamy . H.C. Cottle , Government Printer , Ceylon . p. 40 . OCLC 559688590 . ^ Jump up to : Lurie S ( 2005 ) . `` The changing motives of cesarean section : from the ancient world to the twenty - first century '' . Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 271 ( 4 ) : 281 -- 285 . doi : 10.1007 / s00404 - 005 - 0724 - 4 . PMID 15856269 . Jump up ^ Sima Qian . `` 楚 世家 ( House of Chu ) '' . Records of the Grand Historian ( in Chinese ) . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Raymond Nonnatus '' . Catholic Online . Archived from the original on 19 July 2006 . Retrieved 26 July 2006 . Jump up ^ Shahbazi , A. Shapur . `` RUDABA '' . Encyclopedia Iranica . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ TORPIN R , VAFAIE I ( 1961 ) . `` The birth of Rustam . An early account of cesarean section in Iran '' . Am. J. Obstet . Gynecol. 81 : 185 -- 9 . PMID 13777540 . Jump up ^ WIKIPEDIA Rostam Jump up ^ Conner , Clifford D. , A People 's History Of Science : Miners , Midwives , And `` low Mechanicks '' , pg 3 Jump up ^ Boss J ( 1961 ) . `` THE ANTIQUITY OF CAESAREAN SECTION WITH MATERNAL SURVIVAL : THE JEWISH TRADITION '' . Medical History . 5 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 31 . doi : 10.1017 / S0025727300026089 . PMC 1034600 . PMID 16562221 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cesarean Section -- A Brief History : Part 2 '' . U.S. National Institutes of Health . 25 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2010 . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Pain , Stephanie ( 6 March 2008 ) . `` The ' male ' military surgeon who was n't '' . NewScientist.com . Archived from the original on 14 March 2008 . Retrieved 16 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Woman 's Ills '' . Time Magazine . 18 June 1951 . Archived from the original on 13 April 2009 . Retrieved 1 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Molina - Sosa A ; Galvan - Espinosa H ; Gabriel - Guzman J ; Valle RF ( 2004 ) . `` Self - inflicted cesarean section with maternal and fetal survival '' . Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 84 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 290 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijgo. 2003.08. 018 . PMID 15001385 . Jump up ^ Caesarius Diaconus , testi e illustrazioni di Giovanni Guida , ( s.l. : s.n. ) , 2015 Jump up ^ Segen , J.C. ( 1992 ) . The Dictionary of Modern Medicine : A Sourcebook of Currently Used Medical Expressions , Jargon and Technical Terms . Taylor & Francis . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 1850703211 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Caesarean section ? : etymology and early history '' Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , August 2009 by Pieter W.J. van Dongen Jump up ^ `` As there was a cultural taboo against burying an undelivered woman in Roman and German societies , according to Lex Caesarea ... '' U Högberg , E Iregren , CH Siven , `` Maternal deaths in medieval Sweden : an osteological and life table analysis '' , Journal of Biosocial Science , 1987 , 19 : 495 -- 503 Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ University of Virginia Health System , Claude Moore Sciences Health Library , Ancient Gynecology : Caesarean Section Archived 3 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Bad Medicine : Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed , '' by Christopher Wanjek , p. 5 ( John Wiley & Sons , 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` ... could not survive the trauma of a Caesarean '' Oxford Classical Dictionary , Third Edition , `` Childbirth '' Jump up ^ Commentary to Mishnah Bekhorot 8 : 2 Jump up ^ `` Caesarean Caesarian , adj. and n . '' . OED Online . June 2013 . Oxford University Press . 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster ( 2003 ) , Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary ( 11th ed . ) , Springfield , Massachusetts , USA : Merriam - Webster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 Jump up ^ For a summary ( in German ) , of an article ( also in German ) that deals usefully with many of the relevant historical and linguistic questions raised here , go here ( 1 ) Archived 6 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Blumenfeld - Kosinski , Renate ( 1991 ) . Not of woman born : representations of caesarean birth in medieval and Renaissance culture ( 1st ed . ) . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 9974 - 6 . `` Appendix : Creative Etymology : Caesarean Section from Pliny to Rousset '' ( pp. 143 - 153 ) presents an excellent history of the legend of caesarean births in Western culture . Jump up ^ `` Cesarean Section '' . ^ Jump up to : http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/caesarean Jump up ^ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cesarean Jump up ^ See Chok Yaakov 470 : 2 ; Kaf ha - Chayim 470 : 3 ; `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pidyon HaBen -- Definition of Pidyon HaBen ( Redemption of the Firstborn ) '' . Judaism.about.com. 19 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kohanim forever from the sources , who is a cohen , the blessing of the Cohanim , . Mitvah of the cohen , Halacha , Temple service groups , pidyon -- redemption of the firstborn '' . Cohen-levi.org . Archived from the original on 18 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Casey , Francis E. `` Elective Abortion '' . Medscape . Medscape . Archived from the original on 14 December 2004 . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` True grit : the mum who delivered her own baby '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 1 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Molina - Sosa , A ; Galvan - Espinosa , H ; Gabriel - Guzman , J ; Valle , RF ( 2004 ) . `` Self - inflicted cesarean section with maternal and fetal survival '' . International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 84 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 290 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijgo. 2003.08. 018 . PMID 15001385 . Jump up ^ Szabó A , Brockington I ( 2014 ) . `` Auto - Caesarean section : a review of 22 cases '' . Arch Womens Ment Health . 17 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 83 . doi : 10.1007 / s00737 - 013 - 0398 - z . PMID 24318749 . 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0 NDL : 00572769 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caesarean_section&oldid=856834969 '' Categories : Women 's health Wikipedia articles with sections published in WikiJournal of Medicine Obstetric surgery Childbirth Cesarian sections Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Limburgs മലയാളം मराठी Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 20 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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kaizer chiefs vs orlando pirates head to head

Soweto derby

soweto derby

The Soweto derby is a soccer rivalry between Premier Soccer League 's Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates in South Africa and is considered one of the most fiercely contested matches in African football . It was first contested on 24 January 1970 . Matches between the two rivals attract a large fanbase .

Based in Soweto , Johannesburg , the rivalry stems from the fact that Kaizer Chiefs was formed by a former Orlando Pirates star Kaizer Motaung . Motaung had left Orlando Pirates to go play professional soccer in the now defunct North American Soccer League for a team called the Atlanta Chiefs . Upon returning home , he found a lot of infighting among the hierarchy at Pirates . He decided to form a Kaizer XI , which initially played friendly matches with various clubs in South Africa and then this entity evolved to the Kaizer Chiefs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overall record 2 All - time results 2.1 League 2.2 Cup results 3 Club 's honours 4 Head - to - head ranking in Premier Soccer League ( 1996 / 97 - present ) 5 References Overall record ( edit ) Team League Nedbank Cup Telkom Cup MTN 8 Total Fixtures 38 16 8 65 Kaizer Chiefs 19 9 6 36 Orlando Pirates 9 6 20 Draw 18 0 22 All - time results ( edit ) League ( edit ) Kaizer Chiefs vs Orlando Pirates Orlando Pirates vs Kaizer Chiefs Season Division Date Venue Score Attendance Date Venue Score Attendance 1996 - 97 Premier Soccer League 18.01. 1997 FNB Stadium 0 -- 1 ? 1997 - 98 Premier Soccer League 22.11. 1997 FNB Stadium 1 -- 1 07.03. 1998 Orlando Stadium 1 -- 1 1998 - 99 Premier Soccer League 09.10. 1998 FNB Stadium 2 -- 2 13.02. 1999 Orlando Stadium 1 -- 2 1999 - 2000 Premier Soccer League 13.06. 2000 FNB Stadium 2 -- 2 20.11. 1999 Orlando Stadium 1 -- 0 2000 - 01 Premier Soccer League 09.06. 2001 FNB Stadium 1 -- 0 29.11. 2000 Orlando Stadium 1 -- 1 2001 - 02 Premier Soccer League 15.12. 2001 FNB Stadium 0 -- 3 04.05. 2002 Orlando Stadium 1 -- 1 2002 - 03 Premier Soccer League 14.03. 2003 FNB Stadium 2 -- 0 07.12. 2002 Orlando Stadium 1 -- 1 2003 - 04 Premier Soccer League 13.12. 2003 FNB Stadium 1 -- 0 01.05. 2004 Orlando Stadium 1 -- 0 2004 - 05 Premier Soccer League 29.04. 2005 FNB Stadium 1 -- 1 29.10. 2004 Orlando Stadium 2 -- 1 2005 - 06 Premier Soccer League 28.10. 2005 FNB Stadium 2 -- 0 09.05. 2006 Orlando Stadium 0 -- 1 2006 - 07 Premier Soccer League 08.12. 2006 FNB Stadium 1 -- 1 27.04. 2007 Orlando Stadium 1 -- 1 2007 - 08 Premier Soccer League 10.05. 2008 FNB Stadium 1 -- 0 24.11. 2007 Orlando Stadium 2 -- 2 2008 - 09 Premier Soccer League 15.11. 2008 0 -- 2 02.05. 2009 Orlando Stadium 2 -- 1 2009 - 10 Premier Soccer League 31.10. 2009 Loftus Versfeld Stadium 0 -- 0 40,000 20.02. 2010 Orlando Stadium 0 -- 0 14,000 2010 - 11 Premier Soccer League 26.02. 2011 FNB Stadium 1 -- 1 92,515 13.11. 2010 FNB Stadium 1 -- 3 74,875 2011 - 12 Premier Soccer League 17.09. 2011 FNB Stadium 2 -- 0 25,000 17.03. 2012 FNB Stadium 3 -- 2 87,171 2012 - 13 Premier Soccer League 09.03. 2013 FNB Stadium 0 -- 0 80,000 08.12. 2012 FNB Stadium 0 -- 0 84,000 2013 - 14 Premier Soccer League 26.10. 2013 FNB Stadium 1 -- 1 80,000 15.03. 2014 FNB Stadium 0 -- 1 90,000 2014 - 15 Premier Soccer League 07.03. 2015 FNB Stadium 0 -- 0 8,000 06.12. 2014 FNB Stadium 0 -- 2 71,282 2015 - 16 Premier Soccer League 31.10. 2015 FNB Stadium 1 -- 3 90,000 30.01. 2016 FNB Stadium 1 -- 1 60,000 Cup results ( edit ) Season Competition Round Date Stadium Home team Result Away team Attendance Notes 1970 - 71 Life Challenge Cup Final ? FNB Stadium Orlando Pirates 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Kaizer Chiefs Kaizer Chiefs won 2 -- 1 after replay Final replay ? FNB Stadium Kaizer Chiefs 2 -- 1 Orlando Pirates 1971 - 72 MTN 8 Final ? FNB Stadium Orlando Pirates 2 -- 1 ( aet ) Kaizer Chiefs 1974 - 75 Life Challenge Cup Final ? FNB Stadium Orlando Pirates 3 -- 2 Kaizer Chiefs Life Challenge Cup Final 1st leg ? FNB Stadium Kaizer Chiefs 4 -- 1 Orlando Pirates Kaizer Chiefs won 6 -- 2 on aggregate Final 2 ng leg ? FNB Stadium Orlando Pirates 1 -- 2 Kaizer Chiefs 1975 - 76 Benson & Hedges Cup Final ? FNB Stadium Kaizer Chiefs 1 -- 0 Orlando Pirates 1976 - 77 Benson & Hedges Cup Final ? FNB Stadium Kaizer Chiefs 1 -- 0 Orlando Pirates 1980 - 81 Nedbank Cup Final ? FNB Stadium Orlando Pirates 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kaizer Chiefs Kaizer Chiefs won 3 -- 1 on aggregate Final replay ? FNB Stadium Kaizer Chiefs 3 -- 1 Orlando Pirates 1983 - 84 Nedbank Cup Final ? FNB Stadium Kaizer Chiefs 1 -- 0 Orlando Pirates 1987 - 88 Bob Save Super Bowl Final ? FNB Stadium Orlando Pirates 1 -- 0 Kaizer Chiefs Bob Save Super Bowl Semi Final ? ? Orlando Pirates 4 -- 1 Kaizer Chiefs 1997 - 98 Bob Save Super Bowl 2nd Round 27.03. 1998 ? Kaizer Chiefs 0 -- 1 Orlando Pirates 1998 - 99 Bob Save Super Bowl Semi Final 1st leg 31.10. 1998 ? Kaizer Chiefs 3 -- 1 Orlando Pirates Kaizer Chiefs won 3 -- 2 on aggregate Semi Final 2nd leg 14.11. 1998 ? Orlando Pirates 1 -- 0 Kaizer Chiefs 2001 - 02 MTN 8 Semi Final 25.08. 2001 FNB Stadium Kaizer Chiefs 1 -- 0 Orlando Pirates 2005 - 06 ABSA Cup Final 19.05. 2006 FNB Stadium Kaizer Chiefs * 0 -- 0 ( 5 -- 3 pens ) Orlando Pirates 2009 - 10 Telkom Knockout Semi Final 05.04. 2010 FNB Stadium Orlando Pirates * 0 -- 0 ( 0 -- 3 pens ) Kaizer Chiefs 2010 - 11 MTN 8 Semi Final 1st leg 11.09. 2010 FNB Stadium Orlando Pirates 1 -- 1 Kaizer Chiefs Orlando Pirates won 2 -- 1 on aggregate Semi Final 2nd leg 26.09. 2010 FNB Stadium Kaizer Chiefs 0 -- 1 Orlando Pirates Telkom Knockout Final 03.12. 2010 FNB Stadium Orlando Pirates * 0 -- 3 Kaizer Chiefs 2012 - 12 MTN 8 Final 10.09. 2011 FNB Stadium Orlando Pirates * 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Kaizer Chiefs 2012 - 13 MTN 8 Semi Final 1st leg 24.08. 2013 FNB Stadium Kaizer Chiefs 0 -- 1 Orlando Pirates 83,000 Orlando Pirates won 2 -- 1 on aggregate Semi Final 2nd leg 24.09. 2013 Orlando Stadium Orlando Pirates 1 -- 1 Kaizer Chiefs 40,000 2014 - 15 MTN 8 Final 20.09. 2014 Moses Mabhida Stadium Orlando Pirates * 0 -- 1 Kaizer Chiefs 50,000 2015 - 16 Telkom Knockout Semi Final 07.11. 2015 FNB Stadium Kaizer Chiefs 0 -- 0 Orlando City Kaizer Chiefs won 6 -- 5 on penalties * Played as neutral game with one side designated as the ' home team ' . Club 's honours ( edit ) Competition Kaizer Chiefs Orlando Pirates League Premier Soccer League ( 1996 -- present ) National Soccer League ( 1985 - 1995 ) National Premier Soccer League ( 1971 - 1984 ) 5 Total League 12 9 Cup Nedbank Cup 13 8 Telkom Knockout 13 MTN 8 15 9 Total Cup 41 18 International CAF Champions League - African Cup Winners ' Cup - CAF Super Cup - Total International Total Competition Wins 54 28 Head - to - head ranking in Premier Soccer League ( 1996 / 97 - present ) ( edit ) P . 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 5 5 5 5 5 6th 6 6 7th 7 8th 8 9th 9 9 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's derby goes global '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soweto_derby&oldid=826746069 '' Categories : Association football rivalries Kaizer Chiefs F.C. Orlando Pirates 1970 establishments in South Africa Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 19 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what season does frank get a new liver

No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 37 `` Simple Pleasures '' John Wells John Wells January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) 1.69 Liam can walk and talk minimally , but this is irrelevant to the family . Debbie is starting to blossom , physically and emotionally . Fiona is three months into a corporate job and is semi-dating her boss , Mike , but they are flirting with an affair . Sheila does maintenance and cleaning at the Gallagher 's house in goodwill . Lip starts classes at Chicago Polytechnic , living on campus and working at the college 's cafeteria . Carol is charging Kev with many pregnancy - related bills . Frank is found by police nearly unconscious in a drug house and is left at home with Sheila and Carl . They bathe him and put him in bed to recover . Frank teaches Carl that he is physically addicted to alcohol , but coughs blood when he drinks it , so he convinces Carl to improvise administering the wine through a douche tube . Mickey has become a wannabe pimp and mafia Don . Ian is missing and Mickey pretends to not care about him . Stan , the owner of the bar managed by Kev , dies at the nursing home . Carl starts to have nocturnal emissions and Frank teaches him about masturbation before sleep to avoid this . Veronica discovers she is pregnant with triplets and askes her mom to abort . She informs Kev about the pregnancy , and he enjoys the news of four upcoming babies . Debbie befriends a 20 - year - old pizza - delivering bachelor . Fiona finally has sex with Mike , but does n't seem very satisfied by it . Mickey tries to masturbate while looking at a photo of Ian , but his frustration has him punch the bathroom 's mirror , bloodying his hand . Lip gets a D on his English paper and confronts the teacher 's assistant who gave him the bad grade , and is told that he needs to work harder , or change his course at college . Fiona refuses to donor to Frank after Carl pleads to her , Frank tells his son it is alright since he will go to his other daughter for help , Fiona states Debbie is too young but Frank tells her that he 's referring to his oldest daughter Samantha . He leaves as Fiona is stunned to hear this . 38 `` My Oldest Daughter '' Mimi Leder Nancy M. Pimental January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) 1.60 Fiona begins to enjoy the perks of living life just above the poverty line . She uses her newly activated health benefits to take the kids for checkups . However , when a road rage incident damages the company car , Fiona lies to Mike about how it happened . Frank stakes out Sammi 's trailer with Carl . Meanwhile , Lip seems to have lost his mojo as he struggles in school and with the ladies . It turns out Stan left Kev the Alibi Room in his will , fulfilling Kev 's dream , but the books show the place is deep in debt . 39 `` Like Father , Like Daughter '' Sanaa Hamri Sheila Callaghan January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) 1.83 Fiona has dinner with Mike 's family and meets his self - proclaimed ' life addict ' brother Robbie . Sheila looks for love through an online Christian dating service . In an attempt to make some money , Carl steals various dogs around the neighborhood and holds them ransom . Lip continues to struggle in college and finds himself cracking under the pressure . A disheartened Mickey tries to mask his pain with alcohol and sex , while Veronica and Kev desperately try to make more money in preparation for their four children . Frank meets eldest daughter Sammi ( Emily Bergl ) who does not know of Frank 's parental relationship to her . He makes a good impression on her , leading to her pursuing him romantically . Even though Frank rebuffs these attempts , she still offers her liver to him . Debbie is also turned down when she tries to have sex with her much older boyfriend . After another dinner , Fiona has sex with Robbie while Mike is passed out . 40 `` Strangers on a Train '' Peter Segal Etan Frankel February 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 02 ) 1.22 Frank discovers that the transplant he needs will cost him $150,000 and sets out to injure himself for a large insurance payout . After a failed attempt , he enlists the help of Carl , who successfully breaks Frank 's leg . Mickey , who is angered by how little his wife is being paid , tells her and all the other prostitutes not to work until they are paid more by their employer . His efforts prove unsuccessful when the women are replaced within a matter of hours . When he is denied the opportunity to take one of his midterms , Lip goes on a destructive rampage and flees the campus . On a visit home Lip and Mandy reignite their former flame , which ends in a fight after Lip insults her . Fiona once again succumbs to Robbie 's seductive nature and the pair are almost caught by Mike . She admits to Veronica that she does n't know how to have a functional relationship . Debbie 's sexual advances are once again rebuffed by her boyfriend , and after trying to have sex with another boy closer to her own age , she realizes that she is n't ready to lose her virginity . Samantha tells Frank that she is n't a viable donor and he accidentally reveals that he 's her father . Understandably , Samantha is furious and throws him out but eventually warms up to the idea of having a father . Lip returns to college and is granted a retest . 41 5 `` There 's the Rub '' David Nutter Davey Holmes February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) 1.58 Fiona and Robbie meet at a motel and she ends things with him . At college , Lip is surprised by two military officers who claim that his identity has been stolen . Despite them showing him a photograph of Ian , he claims not to know who did it . During an argument , Robbie reveals his tryst with Fiona to Mike , resulting in a fight between the two brothers in front of their parents and an end to Fiona and Mike 's relationship . With construction in front of the Alibi Room decreasing the amount of patrons entering , Kev and Mickey open a brothel in the apartment above the bar . Frank is told that the claim for his broken leg will take up to a year to process . Desperate for a cure to his liver disease , he enlists Samantha , Sheila , and her Native American boyfriend to build a sweat lodge to rid his body of toxins . Meanwhile , Lip returns from college to search for Ian . With the help of Debbie , the pair track him down to a gay bar , although he is n't behaving normally and dodges all of their questions . Robbie surprises Fiona by turning up at her house with cocaine , but she chases him out . At a party celebrating her birthday , Fiona and Kev snort the cocaine Robbie left behind . Disaster strikes when Liam is found unconscious in the kitchen ; he consumed the remainder of the cocaine . Fiona is arrested in the hospital waiting room . 42 6 `` Iron City '' James Ponsoldt John Wells February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) 1.90 Liam 's accidental cocaine ingestion lands Fiona in county jail , where she experiences the wrongs of her actions and gets a rude awakening . After getting the prognosis on Liam 's condition , Lip blames Fiona for her lack of responsibility and disregards Fiona 's attempts to be a guardian again . Debbie runs off to Matt 's apartment to find solace but does n't realize that his feelings for her have changed . Frank gets some sobering news from the doctor , who tells him he does n't have much time left to live . Though Samantha is expecting the worst - case - scenario , Frank believes his time is not up yet and is too stubborn to die . Sheila says goodbye to her new boyfriend 's family and experiences an empty nest once again . Samantha tries to admit Frank to a hospice but he refuses to go . Lip tells Mandy of their current situation and asks for her help in locating Ian . Fiona gets bailed out of jail unexpectedly by Mike , who does n't ever want to see her again after he takes her home . While the rest of the family comes to see Liam recover at the hospital , Fiona walks into the empty Gallagher home and realizes she 's alone once again . 43 7 `` A Jailbird , Invalid , Martyr , Cutter , Retard and Parasitic Twin '' Gary B. Goldman Nancy M. Pimental February 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 23 ) 1.89 Guardianship duties fall upon Lip , who bans Frank from smoking weed inside to make the house presentable to the social worker who will drop by at any moment . After planning on taking Liam with him to his classes , Lip gets some unexpected assistance from Amanda in the form of babysitting , plus snacks from her family in Florida . Carl defends his family when two students at his school make fun of Liam 's accident while on the bus . Mickey searches for Ian and discovers where he is . After trying to talk him into coming home , Mickey waits for Ian to finish work , finds him passed out due to drugs and brings him to the Milkovich home . When Debbie makes Matt a nice dinner as a part of their anniversary , Matt breaks things off with her , again telling her she 's too young for him . Fiona sees her public defender , who says she may serve some time if she pleads guilty , though Fiona believes she 's not guilty because it was an accident . Later that night , Lip and Fiona fight and come to a realization about the incident with Liam . The Alibi Room gets robbed of what little cash Kev had saved , prompting him to get a gun for protection . Meanwhile , Frank is trying to adjust to his conditions and decides to write a blog or book about his escapades with alcohol and drugs ; Samantha interprets this as Frank 's memoirs , which angers him . To calm him down , Samantha gives Frank hard drugs , which cause him to pass out in the bathroom and soil himself , prompting Lip and the rest of the Gallaghers to kick her , Frank and Chuckie out . Fiona comes to her hearing where the judge states she will serve house arrest instead of jail time and be charged as a felon . When asked for her plea , Fiona replies `` I 'm guilty . '' 44 8 `` Hope Springs Paternal '' Mimi Leder Sheila Callaghan March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) 1.77 To prepare for a visit from her probation officer , Fiona must remove all contraband from the house , including Carl 's hidden weapons such as a Taser and nunchakus , and she destroys Debbie 's `` Countdown to Virginity '' poster . Ian is kicked out of Mickey 's house by Mickey 's wife , who feels threatened by Ian 's presence , and Carl gets suspended from school for bullying the students who made fun of Liam 's accident . Ian returns to the Gallagher house to Fiona 's surprise . While trying to pry out where he 's been the entire time , Ian reveals little of his time in the Army and continually has `` ideas '' for future endeavors . Mickey gets torn between his relationships with Ian and his Russian wife until he succumbs to Ian 's demands . Debbie spurns Fiona as a sister and finds solace with Samantha , who guides her through her first period along with `` the birds and the bees . '' Kev , feeling he further needs to protect his upcoming family and the Alibi Room , decides to purchase more guns , but gets a message that Carol is in labor . After the baby is born , Carol reconsiders and wants to keep the baby . To Kev 's disappointment , Veronica makes him agree , and he creates a new motto to follow after realizing how dangerous life is with a family on the way . Lip finds that caring for Liam has its benefits . In an effort to raise money for Frank 's surgery , Samantha decides to scam money by selling Sheila 's house for cash with the aid of Carl . In return , Frank decides to go to Carl 's school to apologize for his son 's recent violent actions , which has an unexpected result . Robbie comes by the house to apologize for what 's happened , but Fiona slams the door in his face . Lip comes home to a drunken Fiona who burns dinner , resulting in him taking Carl and Liam to his dorm so she can figure things out . 45 9 `` The Legend of Bonnie and Carl '' Mark Mylod Etan Frankel March 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 16 ) 1.70 Carl connects with a girl named Bonnie ; they appear to have the same interests for recklessness and violence , causing Carl to fall head over heels . Debbie tries to connect with Matt , but he 's found someone else , making her jealous , and she takes action to monopolize him . Amanda tries to seduce Lip , which he tries to resist since she 's dating his roommate ; a compromising situation arises , but does n't have the result Lip had expected . Amanda brings structure to Lip 's life which he 's not accustomed to , but it comes at a cost . Sheila returns with big plans for her and Frank before he dies . Refusing to accept his situation and in denial of his condition , Samantha and Sheila bring Frank 's wish of visiting the Alibi to him . Fiona searches for a job as part of her probation . Things start off well until her prior actions continue to haunt her , forcing her to confront Robbie . Mickey spends time with Ian instead of his wife and newborn son . Though she wants him to come home and to pay for and take care of their child , Mickey is reluctant to do so . But seeing it as a way out , Ian and Mickey come up with a plan , until Mickey 's wife disrupts their goals . Mandy attempts to reconnect with Lip , but her boyfriend thinks there 's more going on between them , which comes to a head at the college . 46 10 `` Liver , I Hardly Know Her '' Christopher Chulack Davey Holmes March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) 1.63 Immediately following her confrontation with Robbie , Fiona spirals out of control and goes on a binge , partaking heavily in narcotics and alcohol . Waking up periodically , Fiona regains coherence in a gas station in Sheboygan , WI , as the people she was riding with strand her there . The remaining Gallaghers and the newly arrived Ball family go into search mode to find her and end up applying the methods they use to find Frank when he disappears . Lip eventually finds Fiona and , seeing how broken she is , forgives her , and apologizes for his harsh attitude towards her . Carl and Bonnie steal a car , some food , and delve into their family lives . Mickey starts to feud with Kev over the money they 're making with on their joint venture . Kev robs Mickey of his cut so he can buy new baby items , angering Mickey . At home , Kev starts stockpiling weapons in case Mickey tries to retaliate , but promises Veronica he 'll get rid of them after one of them goes off . After going to the Milkovich home , Ian and Mickey discover Mandy is back with her abusive boyfriend Kenyatta , with her believing it was her fault he hit her . Ian wants to take her to a safe place , but the ensuing argument reveals Ian has some issues he 's still dealing with , especially when he holds a knife to Kenyatta 's throat . Sam and Sheila devise a cheaper alternative for Frank 's liver problem , but things do not go as planned . 47 11 `` Emily '' Anthony Hemingway Nancy M. Pimental March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) 1.76 Fiona is taken to a correctional facility and experiences the beginning of a 90 - day sentence . Frank suffers post-operative delirium where he ca n't distinguish clearly who people are or why he 's in the hospital . While there , Frank bonds with Emily , a young girl who 's waiting for a new heart ; he becomes genuinely sad when she dies before her pending transplant . Though Sheila means well , Samantha wants to stop her Native American methods of cures for more modern ones , and sparks a rift between the two . Carl invites Bonnie 's family to live at the Gallagher house , confusing Lip momentarily but gaining approval so Lip can further irritate and scare Amanda 's parents . A social worker stops by and inspects the house that is now under Lip 's guardianship . Documenting but ignoring flagrant violations of the Illinois DCFS , the social worker is impressed with Lip 's responsibility and aids him . Ian crashes Mickey 's son 's christening . Later , at a post-party , where Mickey 's dad Terry is present , Mickey announces his homosexuality to everyone , causing a bar brawl with the Milkoviches ; Terry gets arrested once more . After witnessing their daughter 's new boyfriend 's lifestyle , Amanda 's parents use bribery in an attempt to keep Lip away ; it goes over not so smoothly . Debbie meets a classmate who initially seems to like her , but who suddenly twists Debbie 's innocence into an ugly and humiliating internet prank . 48 12 `` Lazarus '' Mark Mylod John Wells April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 1.93 Frank has recovered from his post-operative delirium and discovers , much to his surprise , his marriage to Sheila . At the hospital , Frank discovers that his transplant medication will produce a number of unwanted side effects , and he still ca n't drink alcohol . Fiona is tempted by a fellow inmate in prison . Ian and Mickey wake up in each other 's arms , but Mickey finds Ian in a depressed state . Svetlana and Mickey come to an understanding about their child and how to raise him . Following a random drug test , Fiona is released from jail due to overcrowding and has a renewed probation . Fiona 's probation officer secures her a job waiting tables but Fiona is required to attend regular Narcotics Anonymous meetings . After a kind gesture by Carl , Bonnie worries that he may be falling in love with her . Sheila 's petition to adopt the Native American children is denied and they are sent to live with their great - grandfather . Mickey 's worries about Ian cause him to seek out the help of Debbie and Carl who recognize his symptoms . Following an initiation at Amanda 's sorority , Lip and Mandy run into each other at a restaurant but she is n't pleased to see him , though Lip is clearly still concerned about her . With Fiona back in the house , Debbie and Carl are thrilled , but soon break the news about Ian . Fiona concludes that Ian is bipolar and suggests hospitalizing him , which Mickey disagrees with , saying that he will care for Ian . Sheila and Sammi come to blows at the hospital , and everyone is distracted long enough for Carl to escape with Frank . The two eventually reconcile with Sammi 's trailer occupying the vacant lot next to Sheila 's house . Frank and Carl stop at the edge of lake Michigan and look off into the distance , with the two of them sharing a bottle of alcohol together . Later that night , a woman driving a Maserati and her male companion pull up outside the Gallagher household . The passenger is revealed to be Jimmy -- using the alias ' Jack ' -- who is very much alive .

Shameless ( season 4 )

shameless ( season 4 )

The fourth season of Shameless , an American comedy - drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott , premiered on January 12 , 2014 , at Sunday 9 : 00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network . Executive producers are John Wells , Abbott and Andrew Stearn , with producer Michael Hissrich . The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 6 , 2014 . The show 's season premiere brought in 1.69 million viewers , while the episode airing February 2 , `` Strangers on a Train '' , received 1.22 million total viewers , its lowest rated episode of the season . The season finale scored 1.93 million viewers , becoming the show 's highest rated episode for the season .

Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast and Characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Development and production 5 DVD release 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Now that Fiona has a steady job and Lip is enrolled in college , it looks like the Gallaghers may have a shot at happiness . But when you 're down and out , moving up is n't so easy . Frank 's liver fails , forcing him to find a donor or live out his last days , Carl takes it on himself to find him an organ donor . Fiona is arrested on two felony charges when 3 - year old Liam gets into some cocaine she was given for her birthday and ends up in the hospital . Lip goes to college and meets a young woman named Amanda who helps him through a difficult time . Lip begins a relationship with Amanda . Debbie attempts to reinvent herself . Ian comes back from the army drastically changed . Veronica finds out that she 's pregnant with triplets , Kevin reveals that the bar is losing money , Carol refuses Veronica 's her request to abort her own baby , also fathered by Kev . Cast and Characters ( edit ) See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) characters Regular ( edit ) William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher Jeremy Allen White as Philip `` Lip '' Gallagher Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher Shanola Hampton as Veronica `` V '' Fisher Steve Howey as Kevin `` Kev '' Ball Emma Kenney as Deborah `` Debbie '' Gallagher Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher Emma Greenwell as Mandy Milkovich Noel Fisher as Mickey Milkovich Jake McDorman as Mike Pratt Special guest stars ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Sheila Jackson Gallagher Recurring ( edit ) Emily Bergl as Samantha `` Sammi '' Slott Vanessa Bell Calloway as Carol Fisher Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana James Allen McCune as Matty Baker Danika Yarosh as Holly Herkimer Nichole Bloom as Amanda Nick Gehlfuss as Robbie Pratt Adam Cagley as Ron Kuzner Kellen Michael as Chuckie Michael Patrick McGill as Tommy Kerry O'Malley as Kate J. Michael Trautmann as Iggy Milkovich Jim Hoffmaster as Kermit Maile Flanagan as Connie Dennis Cockrum as Terry Milkovich Shel Bailey as Kenyatta Miguel Izaguirre as Paco Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 37 `` Simple Pleasures '' John Wells John Wells January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) 1.69 Liam can walk and talk minimally , but this is irrelevant to the family . Debbie is starting to blossom , physically and emotionally . Fiona is three months into a corporate job and is semi-dating her boss , Mike , but they are flirting with an affair . Sheila does maintenance and cleaning at the Gallagher 's house in goodwill . Lip starts classes at Chicago Polytechnic , living on campus and working at the college 's cafeteria . Carol is charging Kev with many pregnancy - related bills . Frank is found by police nearly unconscious in a drug house and is left at home with Sheila and Carl . They bathe him and put him in bed to recover . Frank teaches Carl that he is physically addicted to alcohol , but coughs blood when he drinks it , so he convinces Carl to improvise administering the wine through a douche tube . Mickey has become a wannabe pimp and mafia Don . Ian is missing and Mickey pretends to not care about him . Stan , the owner of the bar managed by Kev , dies at the nursing home . Carl starts to have nocturnal emissions and Frank teaches him about masturbation before sleep to avoid this . Veronica discovers she is pregnant with triplets and askes her mom to abort . She informs Kev about the pregnancy , and he enjoys the news of four upcoming babies . Debbie befriends a 20 - year - old pizza - delivering bachelor . Fiona finally has sex with Mike , but does n't seem very satisfied by it . Mickey tries to masturbate while looking at a photo of Ian , but his frustration has him punch the bathroom 's mirror , bloodying his hand . Lip gets a D on his English paper and confronts the teacher 's assistant who gave him the bad grade , and is told that he needs to work harder , or change his course at college . Fiona refuses to donor to Frank after Carl pleads to her , Frank tells his son it is alright since he will go to his other daughter for help , Fiona states Debbie is too young but Frank tells her that he 's referring to his oldest daughter Samantha . He leaves as Fiona is stunned to hear this . 38 `` My Oldest Daughter '' Mimi Leder Nancy M. Pimental January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) 1.60 Fiona begins to enjoy the perks of living life just above the poverty line . She uses her newly activated health benefits to take the kids for checkups . However , when a road rage incident damages the company car , Fiona lies to Mike about how it happened . Frank stakes out Sammi 's trailer with Carl . Meanwhile , Lip seems to have lost his mojo as he struggles in school and with the ladies . It turns out Stan left Kev the Alibi Room in his will , fulfilling Kev 's dream , but the books show the place is deep in debt . 39 `` Like Father , Like Daughter '' Sanaa Hamri Sheila Callaghan January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) 1.83 Fiona has dinner with Mike 's family and meets his self - proclaimed ' life addict ' brother Robbie . Sheila looks for love through an online Christian dating service . In an attempt to make some money , Carl steals various dogs around the neighborhood and holds them ransom . Lip continues to struggle in college and finds himself cracking under the pressure . A disheartened Mickey tries to mask his pain with alcohol and sex , while Veronica and Kev desperately try to make more money in preparation for their four children . Frank meets eldest daughter Sammi ( Emily Bergl ) who does not know of Frank 's parental relationship to her . He makes a good impression on her , leading to her pursuing him romantically . Even though Frank rebuffs these attempts , she still offers her liver to him . Debbie is also turned down when she tries to have sex with her much older boyfriend . After another dinner , Fiona has sex with Robbie while Mike is passed out . 40 `` Strangers on a Train '' Peter Segal Etan Frankel February 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 02 ) 1.22 Frank discovers that the transplant he needs will cost him $150,000 and sets out to injure himself for a large insurance payout . After a failed attempt , he enlists the help of Carl , who successfully breaks Frank 's leg . Mickey , who is angered by how little his wife is being paid , tells her and all the other prostitutes not to work until they are paid more by their employer . His efforts prove unsuccessful when the women are replaced within a matter of hours . When he is denied the opportunity to take one of his midterms , Lip goes on a destructive rampage and flees the campus . On a visit home Lip and Mandy reignite their former flame , which ends in a fight after Lip insults her . Fiona once again succumbs to Robbie 's seductive nature and the pair are almost caught by Mike . She admits to Veronica that she does n't know how to have a functional relationship . Debbie 's sexual advances are once again rebuffed by her boyfriend , and after trying to have sex with another boy closer to her own age , she realizes that she is n't ready to lose her virginity . Samantha tells Frank that she is n't a viable donor and he accidentally reveals that he 's her father . Understandably , Samantha is furious and throws him out but eventually warms up to the idea of having a father . Lip returns to college and is granted a retest . 41 5 `` There 's the Rub '' David Nutter Davey Holmes February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) 1.58 Fiona and Robbie meet at a motel and she ends things with him . At college , Lip is surprised by two military officers who claim that his identity has been stolen . Despite them showing him a photograph of Ian , he claims not to know who did it . During an argument , Robbie reveals his tryst with Fiona to Mike , resulting in a fight between the two brothers in front of their parents and an end to Fiona and Mike 's relationship . With construction in front of the Alibi Room decreasing the amount of patrons entering , Kev and Mickey open a brothel in the apartment above the bar . Frank is told that the claim for his broken leg will take up to a year to process . Desperate for a cure to his liver disease , he enlists Samantha , Sheila , and her Native American boyfriend to build a sweat lodge to rid his body of toxins . Meanwhile , Lip returns from college to search for Ian . With the help of Debbie , the pair track him down to a gay bar , although he is n't behaving normally and dodges all of their questions . Robbie surprises Fiona by turning up at her house with cocaine , but she chases him out . At a party celebrating her birthday , Fiona and Kev snort the cocaine Robbie left behind . Disaster strikes when Liam is found unconscious in the kitchen ; he consumed the remainder of the cocaine . Fiona is arrested in the hospital waiting room . 42 6 `` Iron City '' James Ponsoldt John Wells February 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 16 ) 1.90 Liam 's accidental cocaine ingestion lands Fiona in county jail , where she experiences the wrongs of her actions and gets a rude awakening . After getting the prognosis on Liam 's condition , Lip blames Fiona for her lack of responsibility and disregards Fiona 's attempts to be a guardian again . Debbie runs off to Matt 's apartment to find solace but does n't realize that his feelings for her have changed . Frank gets some sobering news from the doctor , who tells him he does n't have much time left to live . Though Samantha is expecting the worst - case - scenario , Frank believes his time is not up yet and is too stubborn to die . Sheila says goodbye to her new boyfriend 's family and experiences an empty nest once again . Samantha tries to admit Frank to a hospice but he refuses to go . Lip tells Mandy of their current situation and asks for her help in locating Ian . Fiona gets bailed out of jail unexpectedly by Mike , who does n't ever want to see her again after he takes her home . While the rest of the family comes to see Liam recover at the hospital , Fiona walks into the empty Gallagher home and realizes she 's alone once again . 43 7 `` A Jailbird , Invalid , Martyr , Cutter , Retard and Parasitic Twin '' Gary B. Goldman Nancy M. Pimental February 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 23 ) 1.89 Guardianship duties fall upon Lip , who bans Frank from smoking weed inside to make the house presentable to the social worker who will drop by at any moment . After planning on taking Liam with him to his classes , Lip gets some unexpected assistance from Amanda in the form of babysitting , plus snacks from her family in Florida . Carl defends his family when two students at his school make fun of Liam 's accident while on the bus . Mickey searches for Ian and discovers where he is . After trying to talk him into coming home , Mickey waits for Ian to finish work , finds him passed out due to drugs and brings him to the Milkovich home . When Debbie makes Matt a nice dinner as a part of their anniversary , Matt breaks things off with her , again telling her she 's too young for him . Fiona sees her public defender , who says she may serve some time if she pleads guilty , though Fiona believes she 's not guilty because it was an accident . Later that night , Lip and Fiona fight and come to a realization about the incident with Liam . The Alibi Room gets robbed of what little cash Kev had saved , prompting him to get a gun for protection . Meanwhile , Frank is trying to adjust to his conditions and decides to write a blog or book about his escapades with alcohol and drugs ; Samantha interprets this as Frank 's memoirs , which angers him . To calm him down , Samantha gives Frank hard drugs , which cause him to pass out in the bathroom and soil himself , prompting Lip and the rest of the Gallaghers to kick her , Frank and Chuckie out . Fiona comes to her hearing where the judge states she will serve house arrest instead of jail time and be charged as a felon . When asked for her plea , Fiona replies `` I 'm guilty . '' 44 8 `` Hope Springs Paternal '' Mimi Leder Sheila Callaghan March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) 1.77 To prepare for a visit from her probation officer , Fiona must remove all contraband from the house , including Carl 's hidden weapons such as a Taser and nunchakus , and she destroys Debbie 's `` Countdown to Virginity '' poster . Ian is kicked out of Mickey 's house by Mickey 's wife , who feels threatened by Ian 's presence , and Carl gets suspended from school for bullying the students who made fun of Liam 's accident . Ian returns to the Gallagher house to Fiona 's surprise . While trying to pry out where he 's been the entire time , Ian reveals little of his time in the Army and continually has `` ideas '' for future endeavors . Mickey gets torn between his relationships with Ian and his Russian wife until he succumbs to Ian 's demands . Debbie spurns Fiona as a sister and finds solace with Samantha , who guides her through her first period along with `` the birds and the bees . '' Kev , feeling he further needs to protect his upcoming family and the Alibi Room , decides to purchase more guns , but gets a message that Carol is in labor . After the baby is born , Carol reconsiders and wants to keep the baby . To Kev 's disappointment , Veronica makes him agree , and he creates a new motto to follow after realizing how dangerous life is with a family on the way . Lip finds that caring for Liam has its benefits . In an effort to raise money for Frank 's surgery , Samantha decides to scam money by selling Sheila 's house for cash with the aid of Carl . In return , Frank decides to go to Carl 's school to apologize for his son 's recent violent actions , which has an unexpected result . Robbie comes by the house to apologize for what 's happened , but Fiona slams the door in his face . Lip comes home to a drunken Fiona who burns dinner , resulting in him taking Carl and Liam to his dorm so she can figure things out . 45 9 `` The Legend of Bonnie and Carl '' Mark Mylod Etan Frankel March 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 16 ) 1.70 Carl connects with a girl named Bonnie ; they appear to have the same interests for recklessness and violence , causing Carl to fall head over heels . Debbie tries to connect with Matt , but he 's found someone else , making her jealous , and she takes action to monopolize him . Amanda tries to seduce Lip , which he tries to resist since she 's dating his roommate ; a compromising situation arises , but does n't have the result Lip had expected . Amanda brings structure to Lip 's life which he 's not accustomed to , but it comes at a cost . Sheila returns with big plans for her and Frank before he dies . Refusing to accept his situation and in denial of his condition , Samantha and Sheila bring Frank 's wish of visiting the Alibi to him . Fiona searches for a job as part of her probation . Things start off well until her prior actions continue to haunt her , forcing her to confront Robbie . Mickey spends time with Ian instead of his wife and newborn son . Though she wants him to come home and to pay for and take care of their child , Mickey is reluctant to do so . But seeing it as a way out , Ian and Mickey come up with a plan , until Mickey 's wife disrupts their goals . Mandy attempts to reconnect with Lip , but her boyfriend thinks there 's more going on between them , which comes to a head at the college . 46 10 `` Liver , I Hardly Know Her '' Christopher Chulack Davey Holmes March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) 1.63 Immediately following her confrontation with Robbie , Fiona spirals out of control and goes on a binge , partaking heavily in narcotics and alcohol . Waking up periodically , Fiona regains coherence in a gas station in Sheboygan , WI , as the people she was riding with strand her there . The remaining Gallaghers and the newly arrived Ball family go into search mode to find her and end up applying the methods they use to find Frank when he disappears . Lip eventually finds Fiona and , seeing how broken she is , forgives her , and apologizes for his harsh attitude towards her . Carl and Bonnie steal a car , some food , and delve into their family lives . Mickey starts to feud with Kev over the money they 're making with on their joint venture . Kev robs Mickey of his cut so he can buy new baby items , angering Mickey . At home , Kev starts stockpiling weapons in case Mickey tries to retaliate , but promises Veronica he 'll get rid of them after one of them goes off . After going to the Milkovich home , Ian and Mickey discover Mandy is back with her abusive boyfriend Kenyatta , with her believing it was her fault he hit her . Ian wants to take her to a safe place , but the ensuing argument reveals Ian has some issues he 's still dealing with , especially when he holds a knife to Kenyatta 's throat . Sam and Sheila devise a cheaper alternative for Frank 's liver problem , but things do not go as planned . 47 11 `` Emily '' Anthony Hemingway Nancy M. Pimental March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) 1.76 Fiona is taken to a correctional facility and experiences the beginning of a 90 - day sentence . Frank suffers post-operative delirium where he ca n't distinguish clearly who people are or why he 's in the hospital . While there , Frank bonds with Emily , a young girl who 's waiting for a new heart ; he becomes genuinely sad when she dies before her pending transplant . Though Sheila means well , Samantha wants to stop her Native American methods of cures for more modern ones , and sparks a rift between the two . Carl invites Bonnie 's family to live at the Gallagher house , confusing Lip momentarily but gaining approval so Lip can further irritate and scare Amanda 's parents . A social worker stops by and inspects the house that is now under Lip 's guardianship . Documenting but ignoring flagrant violations of the Illinois DCFS , the social worker is impressed with Lip 's responsibility and aids him . Ian crashes Mickey 's son 's christening . Later , at a post-party , where Mickey 's dad Terry is present , Mickey announces his homosexuality to everyone , causing a bar brawl with the Milkoviches ; Terry gets arrested once more . After witnessing their daughter 's new boyfriend 's lifestyle , Amanda 's parents use bribery in an attempt to keep Lip away ; it goes over not so smoothly . Debbie meets a classmate who initially seems to like her , but who suddenly twists Debbie 's innocence into an ugly and humiliating internet prank . 48 12 `` Lazarus '' Mark Mylod John Wells April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 1.93 Frank has recovered from his post-operative delirium and discovers , much to his surprise , his marriage to Sheila . At the hospital , Frank discovers that his transplant medication will produce a number of unwanted side effects , and he still ca n't drink alcohol . Fiona is tempted by a fellow inmate in prison . Ian and Mickey wake up in each other 's arms , but Mickey finds Ian in a depressed state . Svetlana and Mickey come to an understanding about their child and how to raise him . Following a random drug test , Fiona is released from jail due to overcrowding and has a renewed probation . Fiona 's probation officer secures her a job waiting tables but Fiona is required to attend regular Narcotics Anonymous meetings . After a kind gesture by Carl , Bonnie worries that he may be falling in love with her . Sheila 's petition to adopt the Native American children is denied and they are sent to live with their great - grandfather . Mickey 's worries about Ian cause him to seek out the help of Debbie and Carl who recognize his symptoms . Following an initiation at Amanda 's sorority , Lip and Mandy run into each other at a restaurant but she is n't pleased to see him , though Lip is clearly still concerned about her . With Fiona back in the house , Debbie and Carl are thrilled , but soon break the news about Ian . Fiona concludes that Ian is bipolar and suggests hospitalizing him , which Mickey disagrees with , saying that he will care for Ian . Sheila and Sammi come to blows at the hospital , and everyone is distracted long enough for Carl to escape with Frank . The two eventually reconcile with Sammi 's trailer occupying the vacant lot next to Sheila 's house . Frank and Carl stop at the edge of lake Michigan and look off into the distance , with the two of them sharing a bottle of alcohol together . Later that night , a woman driving a Maserati and her male companion pull up outside the Gallagher household . The passenger is revealed to be Jimmy -- using the alias ' Jack ' -- who is very much alive . Development and production ( edit ) On January 29 , 2013 , Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fourth season . The show 's fourth season began production on September 20 , 2013 and began filming the following week , and premiered on Sunday , January 12 , 2014 . DVD release ( edit ) The Complete Fourth Season Set details Special features 12 episodes 642 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 624 minutes ( Region 4 ) 3 - disc set 1.77 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Subtitles : English , and French ( Region 1 ) English , Spanish , Danish , French , Dutch , Finnish , Norwegian , Swedish , English and German for the Hearing Impaired ( Regions 2 and 4 ) Being Gallagher -- ( featurette ) Shameless Neighbors -- ( featurette ) Deleted Scenes -- A small selection of deleted scenes of the series . Episodes : TBA Release dates United States Australia December 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 30 ) December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Shameless ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Girls ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Live From the Red Carpet ' , ' Curse of Oak Island ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' NFL Primetime ' Wins Night , ' Puppy Bowl ' , ' Shameless ' , ' Zombie Bowl ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , NBA All Star Game , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Shameless ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , + ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' True Detective ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' ' Naked And Afraid ' , ' Shameless ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , NCAA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Talking Dead ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Shameless ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seat42f . `` Showtime Renews Shameless '' . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amazing first table read with my # shameless family ! This seasons gon na ROCK . '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Shameless : The Complete Fourth Season Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- The Complete 4th Season '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shameless DVD news : Announcement for Shameless -- The Complete 4th Season -- TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Shameless ; S4 Emmy Rossum , Drama , Blu - ray -- Sanity '' . Sanity . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Shameless episodes on IMDb Shameless Original version Episodes Characters Frank Gallagher Carl Gallagher Ian Gallagher Jamie Maguire Karen Maguire Mimi Maguire Shane Maguire Mickey Maguire U.S. adaptation Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shameless_(season_4)&oldid=866467838 '' Categories : 2014 American television seasons Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2014 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 14 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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when did the first teenage mutant ninja turtles movie come out

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a 1990 American superhero action comedy film directed by Steve Barron , based on the comic book characters of the same name . Released on March 30 , 1990 , the film presents the origin story of Splinter and the Turtles , their meeting April O'Neil and Casey Jones , and their first confrontation with Shredder and his Foot Clan . It stars Judith Hoag , Elias Koteas , and the voices of Brian Tochi , Robbie Rist , Corey Feldman , and Josh Pais as the four title characters . The turtle costumes were developed by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop , and was one of the last projects that Henson was involved in prior to his death .

March 30 , 1990

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 film )

teenage mutant ninja turtles ( 1990 film )

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a 1990 American superhero action comedy film directed by Steve Barron , based on the comic book characters of the same name . Released on March 30 , 1990 , the film presents the origin story of Splinter and the Turtles , their meeting April O'Neil and Casey Jones , and their first confrontation with Shredder and his Foot Clan . It stars Judith Hoag , Elias Koteas , and the voices of Brian Tochi , Robbie Rist , Corey Feldman , and Josh Pais as the four title characters . The turtle costumes were developed by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop , and was one of the last projects that Henson was involved in prior to his death .

When the New York City Police Department is unable to stop a severe crime wave caused by the Foot Clan , four mutated turtles -- Leonardo , Michelangelo , Donatello and Raphael -- come forth to save the city . Under the leadership of mutated rat , Splinter , and together with their new - found allies April O'Neil and Casey Jones , they fight back and take the battle to The Shredder . The film kept very close to the dark feel of the original comics , and is a direct adaptation of the comic book storyline involving the defeat of Shredder , with several elements also taken from the 1987 TV series that was airing at the time , such as April being a news reporter , and the turtles having different - colored masks , as opposed to the uniform red masks of the comic . The film became the highest - grossing independent film of all time , the ninth - highest - grossing film worldwide of 1990 , and the most successful film in the series until the 2014 reboot . It was followed by two sequels , The Secret of the Ooze in 1991 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III in 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Live - action actors 2.2 Voice cast 2.3 Puppeteers 3 Production 4 Marketing 5 Alternate versions 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 7 Home release 8 Soundtrack 9 Legacy 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As a crime wave rises in New York City , news reporter April O'Neil covers the mysterious Foot Clan , a gang of ninjas plaguing the city . April 's coverage gains the attention of the Shredder , leader of the Foot , who orders her silenced . She is attacked by the Foot in a subway and knocked unconscious . Raphael ( who has been following April to retrieve a sai he had lost in a previous battle ) emerges from the shadows and easily fights off the Foot . He carries April back to the Turtles ' hideout , unaware that one of the Foot is following him . Splinter then recounts to an astonished April their origins : once ordinary animals living in the sewer , they were mutated into intelligent , human - sized creatures by a discarded canister of toxic waste . The Turtles escort April back home . Upon their return to the sewers , the Turtles find their home ransacked and Splinter kidnapped . With nowhere else to go , the four distraught Turtles return to April 's apartment and spend the night there . Meanwhile , the Foot Clan continues to grow , incorporating a number of delinquent teens into their ranks . One of these teens is Danny Pennington , the son of April 's supervisor Charles Pennington , who is arrested for robbery . After bailing Danny out of jail , Charles stops by April 's apartment , where Danny incidentally catches a glimpse of one of the Turtles in hiding . He then reports back to Shredder , who has been searching for the Turtles . At April 's apartment , Leo and Raph get into a heated argument . Raph goes to the roof , where the Foot ambush him . Comatose , he 's thrown through April 's skylight , and the Turtles scramble to defend themselves from the Foot . Things look bleak until the arrival of Casey Jones , who helps them fight off the remaining Foot warriors . However , the building catches fire during the melee , and the Turtles are forced to retreat . They retreat to a farm that belongs to April 's family , and Casey informs her that she was fired from her job after hearing an answering machine message shortly before the escape . Raph eventually recovers from his coma , and the Turtles train together vigorously while April and Casey fall in love . At one point , Leo manages to make contact with Splinter through meditation , and after the Turtles witness him in a shared vision , they decide to return to New York to find and rescue him . Despite being a member of the Foot Clan , Danny has secretly been taking counsel from Splinter , who shares with him the story of his master Hamato Yoshi 's murder by a rival ninja named Oroku Saki . Splinter explains that during the struggle , Splinter 's cage was broken and he lunged at Saki 's face , clawing and biting him in vengeance for his master . Saki , bleeding and enraged , sliced off part of his ear with a katana . When Danny learns Shredder intends to have Splinter killed , he and Casey set him free from captivity . Although the Foot were set to ambush the Turtles in the sewers upon their return , the Turtles manage to turn the tables on them . The fight escalates into the streets above and eventually onto a rooftop , where the Turtles finally face off against Shredder , but prove to be no match for him . Leo eventually scores a hit with his ninjato , but is ultimately disarmed and pinned to the ground . Before Shredder can finish Leo off , Splinter appears and challenges him to a fight . Splinter names Shredder as Oroku Saki , and Saki removes his mask and touches his scar , remembering how Splinter gave it to him . Saki then charges Splinter who , using Michelangelo 's nunchaku , ensnares the Shredder 's yari , leaving him to dangle precariously over the roof 's edge . Shredder throws a tanto from his belt , but when Splinter reaches up to catch it , his grip is released and Saki falls into the back of a garbage truck . Casey pulls the lever to activate the compactor , crushing the Shredder . As the police arrive on the scene , the teens inform them on where all the stolen goods can be found . Reunited with Splinter , the Turtles watch as April and Casey share a kiss . Cast ( edit ) Live - action actors ( edit ) Judith Hoag as April O'Neil , a reporter for Channel 3 News Elias Koteas as Casey Jones , a street-wise vigilante and former ice hockey player who becomes an ally of the Turtles Michael Turney as Danny Pennington , Charles 's teenage son and a member of The Foot Jay Patterson as Charles Pennington , April 's boss Raymond Serra as Chief Sterns , the Police Chief of New York City James Saito as Oroku Saki / The Shredder , the founder of a network of runaways - turned - thieves and the main antagonist of the film . Toshishiro Obata as Tatsu , Shredder 's second - in - command Sam Rockwell as Head Thug Skeet Ulrich and Scott Wolf appear , uncredited , as members of the Foot . Voice cast ( edit ) Josh Pais as Raphael , the rebellious and angry Turtle Robbie Rist as Michelangelo , the fun - loving , party Turtle Brian Tochi as Leonardo , the leader of the Turtles and the closest to Splinter Corey Feldman as Donatello , the brains of the Turtles Kevin Clash as Splinter , the Turtles ' master . David McCharen as Oroku Saki / The Shredder Michael McConnohie as Tatsu Puppeteers ( edit ) David Greenaway as Raphael ( facial assistant ) Josh Pais as Raphael ( in - suit performer ) Mak Wilson as Michelangelo ( facial assistant ) Michelan Sisti as Michaelangelo ( in - suit performer ) David Rudman as Donatello ( facial assistant ) Leif Tilden as Donatello ( in - suit performer ) Ernie Reyes , Jr. as Donatello in - suit martial arts stunt double Martin P. Robinson as Leonardo ( facial assistant ) David Forman as Leonardo ( in - suit performer ) Kevin Clash as Splinter ( puppeteer ) Rickey Boyd as Splinter ( facial assistant ) Robert Tygner as Splinter ( assistant puppeteer ) NOTE : All four actors who played the in - suit Turtles also appeared in cameos as minor characters , with David Forman ( Leonardo ) as a gang member , Michelan Sisti ( Michaelangelo ) as a pizza delivery man , Leif Tilden ( Donatello ) as a messenger of The Foot and Josh Pais ( Raphael ) as a passenger in a taxi . Pais was the only actor to portray a Turtle on screen and provide his voice . Production ( edit ) Jim Henson on set with the suit actors . The film was released less than two months before Henson 's death . The film 's budget was $13.5 million . Much of the production took place in North Carolina , with a couple of location shoots in New York City during the summer of 1989 to capture famous landmark areas , such as Times Square , the Empire State Building , and the Hudson River . Filming in North Carolina took place at the North Carolina Film Studios , where New York rooftop sets were created . Production designer Roy Forge Smith and his art director , Gary Wissner , went to New York City four months prior to filming and took still photographs of rooftops and other various locations . While in NYC , Smith and Wissner were allowed to explore an abandoned Brooklyn subway line , as they could not gain access to a city sewer , but the structure of the subway had the same principle as a sewer . They also went to a water tunnel which had large pipes running through it . After design sketches were created , the construction team used the studios ' backlot to create some of the sets . There were problems with the manholes that led to the Turtles ' home , in that an eight - foot square room had to be constructed beneath them , but found water at about five - feet , and thus had to pour concrete into the underground rooms to keep the water out . In order to make the sewer authentic , a tide - mark was given , and it was covered with brick , plaster and stucco paint to give the walls a realistic look . The Turtles themselves were created by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop in London . Jim Henson said that the creatures were the most advanced that he had ever worked with . The creatures were first made out of fiberglass , and then remolded out of clay . They were produced as molds to cast the whole body in foam rubber latex . The work at the Shop was completed within 18 weeks . Many major studios , such as Walt Disney Pictures , Columbia Pictures , MGM / UA , Orion Pictures , Paramount ( whose parent company Viacom would acquire the TMNT property in 2009 ) , and Warner Bros. turned down the film for distribution ; they were worried that despite the popularity of the cartoon and the toy line , the film could potentially be a box office disappointment , like Masters of the Universe was just a couple years prior . The film finally found distribution roughly halfway through the initial production , via the then small and independent production company New Line Cinema , which at that point had been known for distributing low budget B movies and arthouse fare . Marketing ( edit ) Live Entertainment Inc. announced that the film would go to VHS via its Family Home Entertainment label on October 4 , 1990 . The suggested price was $24.99 per cassette . Pizza Hut engaged in a $20 million marketing campaign tied into the film ( despite the fact that Domino 's Pizza was used as product placement in the film itself ) . Items included advertising in print , radio and television , and several rebate coupons . Alternate versions ( edit ) The UK version removed Eastern fighting weapons like the nunchaku , using alternate shots of Michaelangelo in order to conceal his nunchaku weapon , or omitting the show - off duel between Michaelangelo and a member of the Foot clan . Also , the scene of Shredder in the garbage shred was heavily edited and the Turtle Power song was edited to change the word ' ninja ' to ' hero ' as per the UK TV series . The unedited version was released on DVD in 2004 in the UK . The German theatrical voice - dubbed version is identical to the UK version , i.e. it omits the usage of the nunchaku . Furthermore , the German dubbing audio track contains several `` cartoon - like '' sounds in order to soften the violence of the fight scenes . Although the German dub of the film was released with unedited pictures on DVD , the German dub audio version with the `` funny noises '' was still kept , because they were permanently merged into the German voice - dubbing audio . Reception ( edit ) On the film 's initial release , Owen Gleiberman , writing for Entertainment Weekly , gave the movie an F rating , finding that none of the four turtles or Splinter had any personality , and felt that a young audience might enjoy the film , noting that the reviewer might have `` gone for it too had I been raised on Nintendo games and the robotic animation that passes for entertainment on today 's Saturday - morning TV . '' Kim Newman wrote in the Monthly Film Bulletin that he found the characters reminiscent of the early ' 70s Godzilla film series , describing the turtles as `` loveable monsters in baggy foam rubber suits '' who `` befriended lost children and smashed things up in orgies of destruction that somehow never hurt anyone , '' and that the Turtles `` drop the occasional teenage buzzword but are never remotely convincing as teenagers , mutants , ninjas or turtles , leaving them stranded on the screen as big green Muppets with different coloured headbands . '' Variety , the New York Times , and the Monthly Film Bulletin all noted the Asian villains of the film ; Variety described `` overtones of racism in its use of Oriental villains '' , while the Times ' Janet Maslin stated `` The story 's villainous types are Asian , and the film plays the yellow - peril aspects of this to the hilt . '' Newman noted a racist joke in April O'Neil's response to the Foot Clan , `` What 's the matter , did I fall behind on my Sony payments ? '' , finding that the film expressed a `` resentment of Japan 's economic strength even while the film is plundering Japan 's popular culture . '' Roger Ebert commented that there is `` no racism '' in the film . Maslin of The New York Times criticized the cinematography , stating that it was so `` poorly photographed that the red - masked turtle looks almost exactly like the orange - masked one . '' Variety described the film as `` visually rough around the edges ... sometimes sluggish in its plotting '' Ebert stated that the `` most interesting part of the film for a non-Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle fan is the production design '' , which he described as a `` low - rent version of Batman or Metropolis . '' Both Gleiberman and Maslin praised the work of Jim Henson 's Creature Shop , with Maslin stating `` without which there would have been no film at all '' . Variety praised the film 's tongue - in - cheek humor and the `` amusingly outlandish '' martial arts sequences . Ebert concluded that the film is `` nowhere near as bad as it might have been , and probably is the best possible Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle movie . It supplies , in other words , more or less what Turtle fans will expect . '' The film has received a 40 % rating on the rotten tomatoes rating aggregator website , making it the highest rated film in the series . Box office ( edit ) The film opened in North America on March 30 , 1990 , coming in at # 1 at the box office over the weekend , with more than $25 million . The film turned out to be a huge success at the box office , eventually making over $135 million in North America , and over $66 million outside North America , for a worldwide total of over $200 million , making it the ninth highest - grossing film of 1990 worldwide . The film was also nominated for awards by The Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror Films . Home release ( edit ) In 1990 , the film was released to VHS and reached No. 4 in the home video market . The film was released to DVD in Region 1 on September 3 , 2002 ; it includes only minor special features , such as a trailer and interactive menus . The film was also released in the MiniDVD format . On August 11 , 2009 , the film was included in a special 25th anniversary box set ( 25th anniversary of the original comic book , not the movie ) , released to both DVD and Blu - Ray formats . It also contained Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III , and 2007 's animated release , TMNT . No additional features , other than theatical trailers , were included . In Germany , however , a `` Special Edition '' was released on March 12 , 2010 with additional features , including an audio commentary by director Steve Barron , an alternate ending , and alternate takes from the original German release , where Michelangelo 's nunchaku had been edited out . Warner Home Video released the film along with Secret of the Ooze and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III as part of a `` Triple Feature '' on Blu - ray in June 2012 , minus the fourth film TMNT . Warner Home Video released the film separately on Blu - ray on December 18 , 2012 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Legacy ( edit ) Following the huge success of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the box office , several sequels were created . A year later , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze was released in theaters , and was a commercial success . In 1993 , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III was released in theaters , to a smaller box office take . After a 14 - year absence from theaters , a fourth film , TMNT , was released in 2007 , though unlike the first three , this was a CGI animated film . Seven years later , a reboot , also with the title Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , was released in 2014 , and a sequel titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows was released in theaters on June 3 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . Afi.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2005 ) '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' : Untold Story of the Movie `` Every Studio in Hollywood '' Rejected `` . The Hollywood Reporter. 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMNT I '' . ninjaturtles.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Mock Turtle Suits '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 30 , 1990 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Pendleton , Jennifer . `` RELEASE OF ` NINJA TURTLES ' WILL FUEL BUSY VIDEO - BUYING SEASON THIS FALL . '' Los Angeles Daily News at The Deseret News . July 22 , 1990 . Retrieved on September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerald Wurm . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Movie ( Comparison : BBFC PG VHS - BBFC PG DVD ) - Movie-Censorship.com '' . movie-censorship.com . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( March 30 , 1990 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Kim ( December 1990 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . London . LVII ( 683 ) : 344 -- 345 . ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( March 30 , 1990 ) . `` Review / Film ; Nonstop Action in ' Mutant Ninja Turtles ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( March 30 , 1990 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : The Movie , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ( April 3 , 1990 ) . `` Turtles Wax the Opposition at Box Office : Film : Moviegoers spent more than $25 million on the opening weekend of the New Line Cinema movie '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ninja Turtle Movie Honored by Sci - Fi Academy '' . The Los Angeles Times . March 8 , 1990 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Worldcat. 1990 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( October 18 , 1990 ) . `` Ninja Turtles Barrels Up Rental Chart '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Alternative Extended Ending '' . / Film . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Reboot Finally Gets An Official Title '' . Inquisitr.com. April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 film ) . 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'' `` Spin That Wheel '' Dimension X Technodrome Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shell Shock Turtle Power : The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Films directed by Steve Barron Electric Dreams ( 1984 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) Coneheads ( 1993 ) The Adventures of Pinocchio ( 1996 ) Merlin ( 1998 ) Rat ( 2000 ) Mike Bassett : England Manager ( 2001 ) Dreamkeeper ( 2003 ) Choking Man ( 2006 ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Superhero fiction portal Comedy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1990_film)&oldid=826410148 '' Categories : 1990 films English - language films American films 1990s action films 1990s comedy films 1990s martial arts films 1990s science fiction films 1990s superhero films American action comedy films Superhero comedy films American independent films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department Films about revenge Films based on American comics Live - action films based on comics Films set in New York City Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in New York City Martial arts comedy films Martial arts science fiction films Ninja films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles films Golden Harvest films Films directed by Steve Barron Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 23 : 28 . 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where is the oldest surviving film production studio in all of india

AVM Studios in Chennai , India 's oldest surviving film studio

Chennai

Cinema of India

cinema of india

The Cinema of India , consists of films produced across India . Cinema has immense popularity in the country . As many as 1,600 films in various languages are produced every year . In terms of the number of films produced and the number of tickets sold , Indian cinema is the largest film industry in the world ; in 2011 , over 3.5 billion tickets were sold across the globe , which is 900,000 tickets more than Hollywood . Indian films have a wide following throughout Southern Asia , and is available in mainstream cinemas across other parts of Asia , Europe , the Greater Middle East , North America , Eastern Africa , and elsewhere . Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the `` Father of Indian cinema '' . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award , for lifetime contribution to cinema , was instituted in his honour , by the Government of India in 1969 , and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema .

In the 20th century , Indian cinema , along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries , became a global enterprise . As of 2013 , in terms of annual film output , India ranks first , followed by Nollywood , Hollywood and China . In 2012 , India produced 1,602 feature films . The Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $1.86 billion ( ₹ 93 billion ) in 2011 . This is projected to rise to $3 billion ( ₹ 200 billion ) in 2016 . In 2015 , India had a total box office gross of US $2.1 billion , one of the largest in the world . Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established cinematic norms of delivering product , altering the manner in which content reached the target audience . Biopics like Dangal emerged as transnational blockbusters grossing over $300 million worldwide in the early 21st century . Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened . The Indian government extended film delegations to foreign countries such as the United States of America and Japan while the country 's Film Producers Guild sent similar missions through Europe . The provision of foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Walt Disney Pictures and Warner Bros. Indian enterprises such as AVM Productions , Prasad 's Group , Sun Pictures , PVP Cinemas , Zee , UTV , Suresh Productions , Eros Films , Ayngaran International , Pyramid Saimira , Aascar Films and Adlabs also participated in producing and distributing films . Tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India . By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India , making the commercial presence of the medium felt . Bollywood refers to the Hindi language film industry based in Mumbai ( formerly Bombay ) , which is the largest Indian film industry , representing 43 % of Indian net box office revenue . The South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity : Tamil cinema ( Kollywood ) , the third largest Indian film industry ; Telugu cinema ( Tollywood ) , the second largest Indian film industry ; Kannada cinema ( Sandalwood ) ; and Malayalam cinema ( Mollywood ) . Telugu and Tamil cinema represent 36 % of Indian net box office revenue . In the early decades of Indian cinema , the largest Indian film industry was Bengali cinema ( Tollywood , based in Tollygunge ) . Although developed independently over a long period , gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation has helped to shape a new identity for Indian cinema . The Indian diaspora consists of millions of Indians overseas for which films are made available both through media such as DVDs and by screening of films in their country of residence wherever commercially feasible . These earnings , accounting for some 12 % of the revenue generated by a mainstream film , contribute substantially to the overall revenue of Indian cinema , the net worth of which was found to be US $ 1.3 billion in 2000 . Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Silent cinema ( 1910s -- 1920s ) 1.2 Early sound cinema ( 1930s -- mid-1940s ) 1.3 Golden Age of Indian cinema ( late 1940s -- 1960s ) 1.4 Contemporary Indian cinema ( 1970s -- present ) 2 Global discourse 3 Influences 4 Multilinguals 5 Regional industries 5.1 Assamese cinema 5.2 Bengali cinema ( Tollywood ) 5.3 Brajbhasha cinema 5.4 Bhojpuri cinema 5.5 Chhattisgarhi cinema 5.6 Gujarati cinema 5.7 Hindi cinema ( Bollywood ) 5.8 Kannada cinema 5.9 Konkani cinema 5.10 Malayalam cinema 5.11 Meitei cinema 5.12 Marathi cinema 5.13 Indian Gorkha cinema 5.14 Odia cinema 5.15 Punjabi cinema 5.16 Sindhi cinema 5.17 Sherdukpen cinema 5.18 Tamil cinema ( Kollywood ) 5.19 Telugu cinema ( Tollywood ) 5.20 Tulu cinema 6 Genres and styles 6.1 Masala films 6.2 Parallel cinema 7 Film production house 8 Film music 9 Film location in India 10 Awards 11 Film institutes in India 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History ( edit ) Silent cinema ( 1910s -- 1920s ) ( edit ) History of Indian cinema Advertisement in The Times of India of 25 May 1912 announcing the screening of the first feature film of India , Shree Pundalik by Dadasaheb Torne A scene from Raja Harishchandra ( 1913 ) , the first full - length Indian motion picture Producer - director - screenwriter Dadasaheb Phalke , the `` father of Indian cinema '' AVM Studios in Chennai , India 's oldest surviving film studio Following the screening of the Lumière and Robert Paul moving pictures in London ( 1896 ) , animated photography became a worldwide sensation and by mid-1896 both Lumière and Robert Paul films had been shown in Bombay . In the next year a film presentation by one Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcutta 's Star Theatre . With Stevenson 's encouragement and camera Hiralal Sen , an Indian photographer , made a film of scenes from that show , namely The Flower of Persia ( 1898 ) . The Wrestlers ( 1899 ) by H.S. Bhatavdekar showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay was the first film ever to be shot by an Indian . It was also the first Indian documentary film . The first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at ' Coronation Cinematograph ' , Bombay . Some have argued that Pundalik does not deserve the honour of being called the first Indian film because it was a photographic recording of a popular Marathi play , and because the cameraman -- a man named Johnson -- was a British national and the film was processed in London . The first full - length motion picture in India was produced by Dadasaheb Phalke , Dadasaheb is the pioneer of Indian film industry a scholar on India 's languages and culture , who brought together elements from Sanskrit epics to produce his Raja Harishchandra ( 1913 ) , a silent film in Marathi . The female roles in the film were played by male actors . The film marked a historic benchmark in the film industry in India . Only one print of the film was made and shown at the Coronation Cinematograph on 3 May 1913 . It was a commercial success and paved the way for more such films . The first silent film in Tamil , Keechaka Vadham was made by R. Nataraja Mudaliar in 1916 . The first Indian chain of cinema theatres , Madan Theatre was owned by the Parsi entrepreneur Jamshedji Framji Madan , who oversaw production of 10 films annually and distributed them throughout the Indian subcontinent starting from 1902 . He founded Elphinstone Bioscope Company in Calcutta . Elphinstone merged into Madan Theatres Limited in 1919 which brought many of Bengal 's most popular literary works to the stage . He also produced Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra in 1917 , a remake of Phalke 's Raja Harishchandra ( 1913 ) . Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu was an Indian artist and a pioneer in the production of silent Indian movies and talkies . Starting from 1909 , he was involved in many aspects of Indian cinema 's history , like travelling to different regions in Asia , to promote film work . He was the first to build and own cinema halls in Madras . He was widely known as the father of Telugu cinema . In South India , the first Tamil talkie Kalidas which released on 31 October 1931 , barely 7 months after India 's first talking picture Alam Ara Nataraja Mudaliar also established South India 's first film studio in Madras . During the early twentieth century cinema as a medium gained popularity across India 's population and its many economic sections . Tickets were made affordable to the common man at a low price and for the financially capable additional comforts meant additional admission ticket price . Audiences thronged to cinema halls as this affordable medium of entertainment was available for as low as an anna ( one - sixteenth of a rupee ) in Bombay . The content of Indian commercial cinema was increasingly tailored to appeal to these masses . Young Indian producers began to incorporate elements of India 's social life and culture into cinema . Others brought with them ideas from across the world . This was also the time when global audiences and markets became aware of India 's film industry . In 1927 , the British Government , to promote the market in India for British films over American ones , formed the Indian Cinematograph Enquiry Committee . The ICC consisted of three British and three Indians , led by T. Rangachari , a Madras lawyer . This committee failed to support the desired recommendations of supporting British Film , instead recommending support for the fledgling Indian film industry . Their suggestions were shelved . Early Sound cinema ( 1930s -- mid-1940s ) ( edit ) Ardeshir Irani released Alam Ara which was the first Indian talkie film , on 14 March 1931 . Irani later produced the first south Indian talkie film Kalidas directed by H.M. Reddy released on 31 October 1931 . Jumai Shasthi was the first Bengali talkie . Following the inception of ' talkies ' in India some film stars were highly sought after and earned comfortable incomes through acting . Actor of the time , Chittor V. Nagaiah , was one of the first multilingual film actor , singer , music composer , producer and directors in India . He was known as the Paul Muni of India in the media . In 1932 , the name `` Tollywood '' was coined for the Bengali film industry due to Tollygunge rhyming with `` Hollywood '' and because it was the centre of the Indian film industry at the time . It later inspired the name `` Bollywood '' , as Bombay later overtook Tollygunge as the center of the Indian film industry , and many other Hollywood - inspired names . In 1933 , East India Film Company has produced its first Indian film in Telugu Savitri . Based on a noted stage play by Mylavaram Bala Bharathi Samajam , the film was directed by C. Pullaiah casting stage actors Vemuri Gaggaiah and Dasari Ramathilakam as Yama and Savithri , respectively and shot in Calcutta on a budget of ₹ 75,000 . The blockbuster film has received an honorary diploma at the 2nd Venice International Film Festival . The first film studio in South India , Durga Cinetone was built in 1936 by Nidamarthi Surayya in Rajahmundry , Andhra Pradesh . As sound technology advanced , the 1930s saw the rise of music in Indian cinema with musicals such as Indra Sabha and Devi Devyani marking the beginning of song - and - dance in India 's films . Studios emerged across major cities such as Madras , Calcutta and Bombay as film making became an established craft by 1935 , exemplified by the success of Devdas , which had managed to enthrall audiences nationwide . In 1937 , Kisan Kanya directed by Moti B was released . It is the first colour film made in India . 1940 film , Vishwa Mohini , is the first Indian film , depicting the Indian movie world . The film was directed by Y.V. Rao and scripted by Balijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi . Swamikannu Vincent , who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore , introduced the concept of `` Tent Cinema '' in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films . The first of its kind was established in Madras , called `` Edison 's Grand Cinemamegaphone '' . This was due to the fact that electric carbons were used for motion picture projectors . Bombay Talkies came up in 1934 and Prabhat Studios in Pune had begun production of films meant for the Marathi language audience . Filmmaker R.S.D. Choudhury produced Wrath ( 1930 ) , banned by the British Raj in India as it depicted actors as Indian leaders , an expression censored during the days of the Indian independence movement . Sant Tukaram , a 1936 film based on the life of Tukaram ( 1608 -- 50 ) , a Varkari Sant and spiritual poet , was screened at the 1937 edition of Venice Film Festival and thus became the first Indian film to be screened at an international film festival . The film was subsequently adjudged as one of the three best films of the year in the World . In 1938 , Gudavalli Ramabrahmam , has co-produced and directed the social problem film , Raithu Bidda , which was banned by the British administration in the region , for depicting the uprise of the peasantry among the Zamindars during the British raj . The Indian Masala film -- a slang term used for commercial films with a mix of song , dance , romance etc. -- arose following World War II . South Indian cinema gained prominence throughout India with the release of S.S. Vasan 's Chandralekha . During the 1940s cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India 's cinema halls and cinema came to be viewed as an instrument of cultural revival . The partition of India following its independence divided the nation 's assets and a number of studios went to the newly formed Pakistan . The strife partition would become an enduring subject for film making during the decades that followed . After Indian independence the cinema of India was inquired by the S.K. Patil Commission . S.K. Patil , head of the commission , viewed cinema in India as a ' combination of art , industry , and showmanship ' while noting its commercial value . Patil further recommended setting up of a Film Finance Corporation under the Ministry of Finance . This advice was later taken up in 1960 and the institution came into being to provide financial support to talented filmmakers throughout India . The Indian government had established a Films Division by 1948 which eventually became one of the largest documentary film producers in the world with an annual production of over 200 short documentaries , each released in 18 languages with 9000 prints for permanent film theatres across the country . The Indian People 's Theatre Association ( IPTA ) , an art movement with a communist inclination , began to take shape through the 1940s and the 1950s . A number of realistic IPTA plays , such as Bijon Bhattacharya 's Nabanna in 1944 ( based on the tragedy of the Bengal famine of 1943 ) , prepared the ground for the solidification of realism in Indian cinema , exemplified by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas 's Dharti Ke Lal ( Children of the Earth ) in 1946 . The IPTA movement continued to emphasize realism and went on to produce Mother India and Pyaasa , among India 's most recognizable cinematic productions . Golden Age of Indian cinema ( late 1940s -- 1960s ) ( edit ) Following India 's independence , the period from the late 1940s to the early 1960s are regarded by film historians as the Golden Age of Indian cinema . Some of the most critically acclaimed Indian films of all time were produced during this period . Satyajit Ray is recognized as one of the greatest filmmakers of the 20th century . This period saw the emergence of a new Parallel Cinema movement , mainly led by Bengali cinema , which accounted for a quarter of India 's film output at the time . The movement emphasized social realism . Early examples of films in this movement include Dharti Ke Lal ( 1946 ) directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and based on the Bengal famine of 1943 , Neecha Nagar ( 1946 ) directed by Chetan Anand and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas , Ritwik Ghatak 's Nagarik ( 1952 ) , and Bimal Roy 's Do Bigha Zamin ( 1953 ) , laying the foundations for Indian neorealism and the `` Indian New Wave '' . Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) , the first part of The Apu Trilogy ( 1955 -- 1959 ) by Satyajit Ray , marked his entry in Indian cinema . The Apu Trilogy won major prizes at all the major international film festivals and led to the Parallel Cinema movement being firmly established in Indian cinema . Its influence on world cinema can also be felt in the `` youthful coming - of - age dramas that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties '' which `` owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy '' . The cinematographer Subrata Mitra , who made his debut with Satyajit Ray 's The Apu Trilogy , also had an important influence on cinematography across the world . One of his most important techniques was bounce lighting , to recreate the effect of daylight on sets . He pioneered the technique while filming Aparajito ( 1956 ) , the second part of The Apu Trilogy . Some of the experimental techniques which Satyajit Ray pioneered include photo - negative flashbacks and X-ray digressions while filming Pratidwandi ( 1972 ) . Ray 's 1967 script for a film to be called The Alien , which was eventually cancelled , is also widely believed to have been the inspiration for Steven Spielberg 's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak went on to direct many more critically acclaimed art films , and they were followed by other acclaimed Indian independent filmmakers such as M.S. Sathyu , Mrinal Sen , Mani Kaul , Adoor Gopalakrishnan , G. Aravindan , Girish Kasaravalli and Buddhadeb Dasgupta . During the 1960s , Indira Gandhi 's intervention during her reign as the Information and Broadcasting Minister of India further led to production of off - beat cinematic expression being supported by the official Film Finance Corporation . Commercial Hindi cinema also began thriving , with examples of acclaimed films at the time include Pyaasa ( 1957 ) and Kaagaz Ke Phool ( 1959 ) directed by Guru Dutt and written by Abrar Alvi , and Awaara ( 1951 ) and Shree 420 ( 1955 ) directed by Raj Kapoor and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas . These films expressed social themes mainly dealing with working - class urban life in India ; Awaara presented the city as both a nightmare and a dream , while Pyaasa critiqued the unreality of city life . Some epic films were also produced at the time , including Mehboob Khan 's Mother India ( 1957 ) , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , and K. Asif 's Mughal - e-Azam ( 1960 ) . V. Shantaram 's Do Aankhen Barah Haath ( 1957 ) is believed to have inspired the Hollywood film The Dirty Dozen ( 1967 ) . Mehboob Khan 's Mother India ( 1957 ) , a remake of his earlier Aurat ( 1940 ) , was the first Indian film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Mother India was also an important film that defined the conventions of Hindi cinema for decades . It spawned a new genre of dacoit films , which was further defined by Gunga Jumna ( 1961 ) . Written and produced by Dilip Kumar , Gunga Jumna was a dacoit crime drama about two brothers on opposite sides of the law , a theme that later became common in Indian films since the 1970s . Madhumati ( 1958 ) , directed by Bimal Roy and written by Ritwik Ghatak , popularised the theme of reincarnation in Western popular culture . Other mainstream Hindi filmmakers at the time included Kamal Amrohi and Vijay Bhatt . Dilip Kumar ( Muhammad Yusuf Khan ) , who debuted in the 1940s and rose to fame in the 1950s , was one of the biggest Indian movie stars . He was a pioneer of method acting , predating Hollywood method actors such as Marlon Brando . Much like Brando 's influence on New Hollywood actors such as Al Pacino and Robert De Niro , Kumar inspired many famous Indian actors , from Amitabh Bachchan and Naseeruddin Shah to Shah Rukh Khan to Nawazuddin Siddiqui . Kumar was described as `` the ultimate method actor '' ( natural actor ) by Satyajit Ray . Ever since the social realist film Neecha Nagar , directed by Chetan Anand and written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas , won the Grand Prize ( Palme d'Or ) at the first Cannes Film Festival in 1946 , Indian films were frequently in competition for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival for nearly every year in the 1950s and early 1960s , with a number of them winning major prizes at the festival . Satyajit Ray also won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival for Aparajito ( 1956 ) , the second part of The Apu Trilogy , and the Golden Bear and two Silver Bears for Best Director at the Berlin International Film Festival . The films of Khwaja Ahmad Abbas were nominated for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival three times , with Neecha Nagar winning it , along with nominations for Awaara and Pardesi ( 1957 ) . Ray 's contemporaries , Ritwik Ghatak and Guru Dutt , were overlooked in their own lifetimes but had belatedly generated international recognition much later in the 1980s and 1990s . Ray is regarded as one of the greatest auteurs of 20th century cinema , with Dutt and Ghatak . In 1992 , the Sight & Sound Critics ' Poll ranked Ray at No. 7 in its list of `` Top 10 Directors '' of all time , while Dutt was ranked No. 73 in the 2002 Sight & Sound greatest directors poll . A number of Indian films from this era are often included among the greatest films of all time in various critics ' and directors ' polls . A number of Satyajit Ray films appeared in the Sight & Sound Critics ' Poll , including The Apu Trilogy ( ranked No. 4 in 1992 if votes are combined ) , Jalsaghar ( ranked No. 27 in 1992 ) , Charulata ( ranked No. 41 in 1992 ) and Aranyer Din Ratri ( ranked No. 81 in 1982 ) . The 2002 Sight & Sound critics ' and directors ' poll also included the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool ( both tied at # 160 ) , the Ritwik Ghatak films Meghe Dhaka Tara ( ranked # 231 ) and Komal Gandhar ( ranked # 346 ) , and Raj Kapoor 's Awaara , Vijay Bhatt 's Baiju Bawra , Mehboob Khan 's Mother India and K. Asif 's Mughal - e-Azam all tied at # 346 . In 1998 , the critics ' poll conducted by the Asian film magazine Cinemaya included The Apu Trilogy ( ranked No. 1 if votes are combined ) , Ray 's Charulata and Jalsaghar ( both tied at # 11 ) , and Ghatak 's Subarnarekha ( also tied at # 11 ) . At this juncture , South Indian cinema saw the production works based on the epic Mahabharata , such as Mayabazar , listed by IBN Live 's 2013 Poll as the greatest Indian film of all time , and Narthanasala received awards for best production design and best actor to S.V. Ranga Rao , at the Indonesian Film Festival . Sivaji Ganesan became India 's first actor to receive an international award when he won the `` Best Actor '' award at the Afro - Asian film festival in 1960 and was awarded the title of Chevalier in the Legion of Honour by the French Government in 1995 . Tamil cinema is also influenced by Dravidian politics , with prominent film personalities like CN Annadurai , MG Ramachandran , M Karunanidhi and Jayalalithaa becoming Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu . Contemporary Indian cinema ( 1970s -- present ) ( edit ) Some filmmakers such as Shyam Benegal continued to produce realistic Parallel Cinema throughout the 1970s , alongside Satyajit Ray , M.S. Sathyu , Ritwik Ghatak , Mrinal Sen , Buddhadeb Dasgupta and Gautam Ghose in Bengali cinema ; K Balachandar , Balu Mahendra , Bharathiraaja and Mani Ratnam in Tamil cinema , Adoor Gopalakrishnan , Shaji N. Karun , John Abraham and G. Aravindan also Bharathan and Padmarajan in Malayalam cinema ; Nirad Mohapatra in Oriya cinema ; K.N.T. Sastry and B. Narsing Rao in Telugu cinema ; Mani Kaul , Kumar Shahani , Ketan Mehta , Govind Nihalani , Ram Gopal Varma and Vijaya Mehta in Hindi cinema . However , the art film bent of the Film Finance Corporation came under criticism during a Committee on Public Undertakings investigation in 1976 , which accused the body of not doing enough to encourage commercial cinema . The late 1960s to early 1970s saw the rise of Hindi commercial cinema in form of enduring films such as Aradhana ( 1969 ) , Sachaa Jhutha ( 1970 ) , Haathi Mere Saathi ( 1971 ) , Anand ( 1971 ) , Kati Patang ( 1971 ) and Amar Prem ( 1972 ) , Dushman ( 1972 ) , Daag ( 1973 ) , establishing Rajesh Khanna as the first actor to be labeled a `` superstar '' in Indian cinema . The screenwriting duo Salim - Javed , consisting of Salim Khan ( l ) and Javed Akhtar ( r ) , revolutionized Indian cinema in the 1970s , and are considered Bollywood 's greatest screenwriters . By the early 1970s , Hindi cinema was experiencing thematic stagnation , dominated by musical romance films . The arrival of screenwriter duo Salim - Javed , consisting of Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar , marked a paradigm shift , revitalizing the industry . They began the genre of gritty , violent , Bombay underworld crime films in the early 1970s , with films such as Zanjeer ( 1973 ) and Deewaar ( 1975 ) . They reinterpreted the rural themes of Mehboob Khan 's Mother India ( 1957 ) and Dilip Kumar 's Gunga Jumna ( 1961 ) in a contemporary urban context reflecting the socio - economic and socio - political climate of 1970s India , channeling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses , and unprecedented growth of slums , and dealing with themes involving urban poverty , corruption , and crime , as well as anti-establishment themes . This resulted in their creation of the `` angry young man '' , personified by Amitabh Bachchan , who reinterpreted Dilip Kumar 's performance in Gunga Jumna in a contemporary urban context , and giving a voice to the angst of the urban poor . By the mid-1970s , crime - action films like Zanjeer and Sholay ( 1975 ) solidified Amitabh Bachchan 's position as a lead actor . The devotional classic Jai Santoshi Ma made on a shoe - string budget was also released in 1975 and became a box office success and a cult classic . Another important film from 1975 was Deewar , directed by Yash Chopra and written by Salim - Javed , inspired by inspired by Gunga Jumna . A crime film pitting `` a policeman against his brother , a gang leader based on the real - life smuggler Haji Mastan '' , portrayed by Amitabh Bachchan , it was described as being `` absolutely key to Indian cinema '' by Danny Boyle . The 1970s was also when the name `` Bollywood '' was coined , and when the quintessential conventions of commercial Bollywood films were established . Key to this was the emergence of the masala film genre , which combines elements of multiple genres ( action , comedy , romance , drama , melodrama , musical ) . The masala film was pioneered in the early 1970s by filmmaker Nasir Hussain , along with screenwriter duo Salim - Javed , pioneering the Bollywood blockbuster format . Yaadon Ki Baarat ( 1973 ) , directed by Hussain and written by Salim - Javed , has been identified as the first masala film and the `` first '' quintessentially `` Bollywood '' film . Salim - Javed went on to write more successful masala films in the 1970s and 1980s . Masala films launched Amitabh Bachchan into the biggest Bollywood movie star of the 1970s and 1980s . A landmark for the masala film genre was Amar Akbar Anthony ( 1977 ) , directed by Manmohan Desai and written by Kader Khan . Manmohan Desai went on to successfully exploit the genre in the 1970s and 1980s . Their work of Salim - Javed was also highly influential in South Indian cinema . In addition to writing two Kannada films , many of their Bollywood films had remakes produced in other South Indian film industries , including Tamil cinema , Telugu cinema and Malayalam cinema . While the Bollywood directors and producers held the rights to their films in Northern India , it was Salim - Javed who held the rights to their films in South India , where they sold the remake rights to various South Indian filmmakers , usually for around ₹ 1 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 27 lakh or US $42,000 in 2016 ) each , for films such as Zanjeer , Yaadon Ki Baarat , and Don . Several of these remakes became breakthroughs for Rajinikanth , who was cast in Amitabh Bachchan 's role for several Tamil remakes . 1980 Telugu film , Sankarabharanam , which dealt with the revival of Indian classical music , has won the Prize of the Public at the Besancon Film Festival of France in 1981 . 1970 Kannada film , Samskara directed by Pattabhirama Reddy , pioneered the parallel cinema movement in south Indian cinema . The film won Bronze Leopard at the Locarno International Film Festival . Many Tamil - language films have premiered or have been selected as special presentations at various film festivals across the globe , such as Mani Ratnam 's Kannathil Muthamittal , Vasanthabalan 's Veyyil and Ameer Sultan 's Paruthiveeran . Kanchivaram ( 2009 ) was selected to be premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival . Tamil films have been a part of films submitted by India for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language on eight occasions , next only to Hindi . Kamal Hassan 's Nayagan ( 1987 ) was included in Time magazine 's `` All - TIME '' 100 best movies list . In 1991 , Marupakkam directed by K.S. Sethu Madhavan , became the first Tamil film to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film , the feat was repeated by Kanchivaram in 2007 . Malayalam cinema of Kerala experienced its own ' Golden Age ' in the 1980s and early 1990s . Some of the most acclaimed Indian filmmakers at the time were from the Malayalam industry , including Adoor Gopalakrishnan , G. Aravindan , T.V. Chandran and Shaji N. Karun . Adoor Gopalakrishnan , who is often considered to be Satyajit Ray 's spiritual heir , directed some of his most acclaimed films during this period , including Elippathayam ( 1981 ) which won the Sutherland Trophy at the London Film Festival , as well as Mathilukal ( 1989 ) which won major prizes at the Venice Film Festival . Shaji N. Karun 's debut film Piravi ( 1989 ) won the Camera d'Or at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival , while his second film Swaham ( 1994 ) was in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival . Commercial Malayalam cinema also began gaining popularity with the action films of Jayan , a popular stunt actor whose success was short - lived when he died while filming a dangerous helicopter stunt . Commercial Hindi cinema further grew throughout the 1980s and the 1990s with the release of films such as Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) , Mr India ( 1987 ) , Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) , Tezaab ( 1988 ) , Chandni ( 1989 ) , Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1989 ) , Baazigar ( 1993 ) , Darr ( 1993 ) , Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) , Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) , Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) , Pyar Kiya Toh Darna Kya ( 1998 ) and Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) , many of which starred Anil Kapoor , Salman Khan , Sridevi , Aamir Khan , Shah Rukh Khan , Madhuri Dixit and Kajol . At this juncture , Shekhar Kapur 's cult classic , Bandit Queen ( 1994 ) which received international recognition , has also garnered high criticism by Arundhati Roy in her film review entitled `` The Great Indian Rape - Trick '' . However , the film highlighted the revival of feminist themes . In the late 1990s , ' Parallel Cinema ' began experiencing a resurgence in Hindi cinema , largely due to the critical and commercial success of Satya ( 1998 ) , a crime film based on the Bombay underworld , written and directed by Ram Gopal Varma , with screenplay by Anurag Kashyap . The film 's success led to the emergence of a distinct genre known as Mumbai noir , urban films reflecting social problems in Bombay city . Later films made on organised crime in Bombay include Madhur Bhandarkar 's Chandni Bar ( 2001 ) and Traffic Signal ( 2007 ) , Ram Gopal Varma 's Company ( 2002 ) and its sequel D ( 2005 ) , as well as Anurag Kashyap 's Black Friday ( 2004 ) . Since the 1990s , the three biggest Bollywood movie stars have been the `` Three Khans '' : Aamir Khan , Shah Rukh Khan , and Salman Khan . Combined , they have starred in the top ten highest - grossing Bollywood films . The three Khans have had successful careers since the late 1980s , and have dominated the Indian box office since the 1990s , across three decades . Shah Rukh Khan was the most successful Indian actor for most of the 1990s and 2000s , while Aamir Khan has been the most successful Indian actor since the late 2000s ; according to Forbes , Aamir Khan is `` arguably the world 's biggest movie star '' as of 2017 , due to his immense popularity in the world 's two most populous nations , India and China . Vishal Bhardwaj 's 2014 film Haider , the third instalment of Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after Maqbool ( 2003 ) and Omkara ( 2006 ) , won the People 's Choice Award at the 9th Rome Film Festival in the Mondo Genere category making it the first Indian film to achieve this feat . Other art film directors active today include Mrinal Sen , Mir Shaani , Buddhadeb Dasgupta , Gautam Ghose , Sandip Ray and Aparna Sen in Bengali cinema ; Puttanna Kanagal , Dore Bhagavan , Siddalingaiah in Kannada ; Adoor Gopalakrishnan , Shaji N. Karun and T.V. Chandran in Malayalam cinema ; Nirad Mohapatra in Oriya cinema ; Mani Kaul , Kumar Shahani , Ketan Mehta , Govind Nihalani , Shyam Benegal , Mira Nair , Nagesh Kukunoor , Sudhir Mishra and Nandita Das in Hindi cinema ; K.N.T. Sastry , B. Narsing Rao , Akkineni Kutumba Rao , Deva Katta in Telugu cinema and Santosh Sivan in Tamil cinema . Deepa Mehta , Anant Balani , Homi Adajania , Vijay Singh and Sooni Taraporevala have garnered recognition in Indian English cinema . Global discourse ( edit ) Indians during the colonial rule bought film equipment from Europe . The British funded wartime propaganda films during World War II , some of which showed the Indian army pitted against the axis powers , specifically the Empire of Japan , which had managed to infiltrate into India . One such story was Burma Rani , which depicted civilian resistance offered to Japanese occupation by the British and Indians present in Myanmar . Pre-independence businessmen such as J.F. Madan and Abdulally Esoofally traded in global cinema . Indian cinema 's early contacts with other regions became visible with its films making early inroads into the Soviet Union , Middle East , Southeast Asia , and China . Some mainstream Indian movie stars , like the Akshay Kumar , Khans of Bollywood ( Aamir Khan , Shah Rukh Khan , Salman Khan , Dilip Kumar ) , the Kapoor family ( Raj Kapoor , Rishi Kapoor ) , Nargis , Mithun Chakraborty , Rajesh Khanna , Amitabh Bachchan , Rajnikanth , Madhuri Dixit and Aishwarya Rai gained international fame across Asia and Eastern Europe . For example , Indian films were popular in the Soviet Union , more so than Hollywood films and occasionally even domestic Soviet films . From 1954 to 1991 , 206 Indian films ( 175 of which were Bollywood films ) were imported in the Soviet Union , drawing higher average audience figures than domestic Soviet productions , with 50 Indian films drawing more than 20 million viewers ( compared to 41 Hollywood films ) , with some such as Awaara ( 1951 ) and Disco Dancer ( 1982 ) drawing more than 60 million viewers , establishing Indian actors like Raj Kapoor , Nargis , Rishi Kapoor and Mithun Chakroborty as household names in the country . The Hindi film actors Raj Kapoor and Aamir Khan also became very popular in China , with films such as Awaara , 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) , and Dangal ( 2016 ) , one of the top 20 highest - grossing films in China . Indian films frequently appeared in international fora and film festivals . This allowed Parallel Bengali filmmakers such as Satyajit Ray to achieve worldwide fame , with his films gaining success among European , American and Asian audiences . Ray 's work subsequently had a worldwide impact , with filmmakers such as Martin Scorsese , James Ivory , Abbas Kiarostami , Elia Kazan , François Truffaut , Steven Spielberg , Carlos Saura , Jean - Luc Godard , Isao Takahata , Gregory Nava , Ira Sachs and Wes Anderson being influenced by his cinematic style , and many others such as Akira Kurosawa praising his work . The `` youthful coming - of - age dramas that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a tremendous debt to the Apu trilogy '' . Subrata Mitra 's cinematographic technique of bounce lighting also originates from The Apu Trilogy . Ray 's film Kanchenjungha ( 1962 ) also introduced a narrative structure that resembles later hyperlink cinema . Since the 1980s , some previously overlooked Indian filmmakers such as Ritwik Ghatak and Guru Dutt have posthumously gained international acclaim . Tamil films have enjoyed consistent popularity among populations in South East Asia and many parts of the world . Since Chandralekha , Muthu was the second Tamil film to be dubbed into Japanese ( as Mutu : Odoru Maharaja ) and grossed a record $1.6 million in 1998 . In 2010 , Enthiran grossed a record $4 million in North America . Many Asian and South Asian countries increasingly came to find Indian cinema as more suited to their sensibilities than Western cinema . Jigna Desai holds that by the 21st century , Indian cinema had managed to become ' deterritorialized ' , spreading over to the many parts of the world where Indian diaspora was present in significant numbers , and becoming an alternative to other international cinema . Indian cinema has more recently begun influencing Western musical films , and played a particularly instrumental role in the revival of the genre in the Western world . Baz Luhrmann stated that his successful musical film Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) was directly inspired by Bollywood musicals . The critical and financial success of Moulin Rouge ! renewed interest in the then - moribund Western musical genre , subsequently fuelling a renaissance of the genre . Danny Boyle 's Oscar - winning film Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) was also directly inspired by Indian films , and is considered to be a `` homage to Hindi commercial cinema '' . Other Indian filmmakers are also making attempts at reaching a more global audience , with upcoming films by directors such as Vidhu Vinod Chopra , Jahnu Barua , Sudhir Mishra and Pan Nalin . Indian Cinema was also recognised at the American Academy Awards . Indian films , Mother India ( 1957 ) , Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) and Lagaan ( 2001 ) , were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film . Indian winners of the Academy Awards include Bhanu Athaiya ( costume designer ) , Satyajit Ray ( filmmaker ) , A.R. Rahman ( music composer ) , Resul Pookutty ( sound editor ) and Gulzar ( lyricist ) , Cottalango Leon and Rahul Thakkar Sci - Tech Award . Netflix have also entered India . Influences ( edit ) Victoria Public Hall , is a historical building in Chennai , named after Victoria , Empress of India . It served as a theatre in the late 19th century and the early 20th century . Prasads IMAX Theatre located at Hyderabad , is the world 's largest 3D - IMAX screen , and also the most attended screen in the world . Ramoji Film City located in Hyderabad , holds Guinness World Record as the World 's largest film studio . PVR Cinemas is one of the largest cinema chains in India Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake identify six major influences that have shaped the conventions of Indian popular cinema : The first was the ancient Indian epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana which have exerted a profound influence on the thought and imagination of Indian popular cinema , particularly in its narratives . Examples of this influence include the techniques of a side story , back - story and story within a story . Indian popular films often have plots which branch off into sub-plots ; such narrative dispersals can clearly be seen in the 1993 films Khalnayak and Gardish . The second influence was the impact of ancient Sanskrit drama , with its highly stylised nature and emphasis on spectacle , where music , dance and gesture combined `` to create a vibrant artistic unit with dance and mime being central to the dramatic experience . '' Sanskrit dramas were known as natya , derived from the root word nrit ( dance ) , characterising them as spectacular dance - dramas which has continued in Indian cinema . The Rasa method of performance , dating back to ancient Sanskrit drama , is one of the fundamental features that differentiate Indian cinema from that of the Western world . In the Rasa method , empathetic `` emotions are conveyed by the performer and thus felt by the audience , '' in contrast to the Western Stanislavski method where the actor must become `` a living , breathing embodiment of a character '' rather than `` simply conveying emotion . '' The rasa method of performance is clearly apparent in the performances of popular Hindi film actors like Amitabh Bachchan and Shah Rukh Khan . It is also evident in the nationally acclaimed Hindi films like Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) starring Aamir Khan in the lead role , and internationally acclaimed Bengali films directed by Satyajit Ray . The third influence was the traditional folk theatre of India , which became popular from around the 10th century with the decline of Sanskrit theatre . These regional traditions include the Yatra of West Bengal , the Ramlila of Uttar Pradesh , Yakshagana of Karnataka , ' Chindu Natakam ' of Andhra Pradesh , and the Terukkuttu of Tamil Nadu . The fourth influence was Parsi theatre , which `` blended realism and fantasy , music and dance , narrative and spectacle , earthy dialogue and ingenuity of stage presentation , integrating them into a dramatic discourse of melodrama . The Parsi plays contained crude humour , melodious songs and music , sensationalism and dazzling stagecraft . '' All of these influences are clearly evident in the masala film genre of the 1970s and early 1980s , such as Coolie ( 1983 ) , and to an extent in more recent critically acclaimed films such as Rang De Basanti . The fifth influence was Hollywood , where musicals were popular from the 1920s to the 1950s , though Indian filmmakers departed from their Hollywood counterparts in several ways . `` For example , the Hollywood musicals had as their plot the world of entertainment itself . Indian filmmakers , while enhancing the elements of fantasy so pervasive in Indian popular films , used song and music as a natural mode of articulation in a given situation in their films . There is a strong Indian tradition of narrating mythology , history , fairy stories and so on through song and dance . '' In addition , `` whereas Hollywood filmmakers strove to conceal the constructed nature of their work so that the realistic narrative was wholly dominant , Indian filmmakers made no attempt to conceal the fact that what was shown on the screen was a creation , an illusion , a fiction . However , they demonstrated how this creation intersected with people 's day - to - day lives in complex and interesting ways . '' The final influence was Western musical television , particularly MTV , which has had an increasing influence since the 1990s , as can be seen in the pace , camera angles , dance sequences and music of recent Indian films . An early example of this approach was in Mani Ratnam 's Bombay ( 1995 ) . Sharmistha Gooptu and Bhaumik also identify Indo - Persian / Islamicate culture as a major influence . In the early 20th century , Urdu was the lingua franca of popular cultural performances across northern India , established in popular performance art traditions such as nautch dancing , Urdu poetry , and Parsi theater . Urdu and related Hindi dialects were the most widely understood across northern India , thus Hindi - Urdu became the standardized language of early Indian talkies . The One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabian Nights ) also had a strong influence , on Parsi theater which performed `` Persianate adventure - romances '' that were adapted into films , and on early Bombay cinema where `` Arabian Nights cinema '' was a popular genre . Todd Stadtman identifies several foreign influences on commercial Bollywood masala films in the 1970s : New Hollywood , Hong Kong martial arts cinema , and Italian exploitation films . Like mainstream Indian popular cinema , Indian Parallel Cinema was also influenced also by a combination of Indian theatre ( such as Sanskrit drama and Parsi theater ) and Indian literature ( such as Bengali literature and Urdu poetry ) , but differs when it comes to foreign influences , where it is more influenced by European cinema ( particularly Italian neorealism and French poetic realism ) rather than Hollywood . Satyajit Ray cited Italian filmmaker Vittorio De Sica 's Bicycle Thieves ( 1948 ) and French filmmaker Jean Renoir 's The River ( 1951 ) , which he assisted , as influences on his debut film Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) . Besides the influence of European cinema and Bengali literature , Ray is also indebted to the Indian theatrical tradition , particularly the Rasa method of classical Sanskrit drama . The complicated doctrine of Rasa `` centers predominantly on feeling experienced not only by the characters but also conveyed in a certain artistic way to the spectator . The duality of this kind of a rasa imbrication '' shows in The Apu Trilogy . Bimal Roy 's Two Acres of Land ( 1953 ) was also influenced by De Sica 's Bicycle Thieves and in turn paved the way for the Indian New Wave , which began around the same time as the French New Wave and the Japanese New Wave . Ray known as one of the most important influences to Parallel Cinema , was depicted as an auteur ( Wollen ) . The focus of the majority of his stories portrayed the lower middle class and the unemployed ( Wollen ) . It was n't until the late 1960s that Parallel Cinema support grew ( Wollen ) . Multilinguals ( edit ) Some Indian films are known as `` multilinguals , '' having been filmed in similar but non-identical versions in different languages . This was done in the 1930s . According to Rajadhyaksha and Willemen in the Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema ( 1994 ) , in its most precise form , a multilingual is a bilingual or a trilingual ( that ) was the kind of film made in the 1930s in the studio era , when different but identical takes were made of every shot in different languages , often with different leading stars but identical technical crew and music . Rajadhyaksha and Willemen note that in seeking to construct their Encyclopedia , they often found it `` extremely difficult to distinguish multilinguals in this original sense from dubbed versions , remakes , reissues or , in some cases , the same film listed with different titles , presented as separate versions in different languages ... it will take years of scholarly work to establish definitive data in this respect . '' Regional industries ( edit ) Films are made in many cities and regions in India including Andhra Pradesh and Telangana , Assam , Bengal , Bihar , Gujarat , Haryana , Jammu , Kashmir , Jharkhand , Karnataka , Konkan ( Goa ) , Kerala , Maharashtra , Meitei , Odisha , Punjab , Rajasthan , Tamil Nadu among others . Table : Breakdown by languages Breakdown of 2016 Indian feature films certified by the Central Board of Film Certification sorted by languages . Note : This table indicates the number of films certified by the CBFC 's regional offices in nine cities . The actual number of films produced may be less . Language No. of films Hindi 340 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 340 Tamil 291 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 291 Telugu 275 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 275 Kannada 204 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 204 Marathi 180 ( digital ) and 1 ( celluloid ) , total of 181 Malayalam 168 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 168 Bengali 149 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 149 Bhojpuri 67 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 67 Punjabi 45 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 45 Gujarati 45 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 45 Odia 41 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 41 Assamese 20 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 20 Rajasthani 10 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 10 Chhattisgarhi 10 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 10 Tulu 10 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 10 Konkani 6 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 6 English 5 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 5 Haryanvi 4 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 4 Maithali 3 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 3 Sindhi 3 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 3 Urdu 3 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 3 Bodo 2 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 2 Kurukh 2 ( digital ) and 0 ( celluloid ) , total of 2 Others 1 each Total 1607 ( digital ) and 1 ( celluloid ) , total of 1608 Assamese cinema ( edit ) Main article : Cinema of Assam First Assamese motion picture , Joymati , filmed in 1935 The Assamese language film industry traces its origin to the works of revolutionary visionary Rupkonwar Jyotiprasad Agarwala , who was also a distinguished poet , playwright , composer and freedom fighter . He was instrumental in the production of the first Assamese film Joymati in 1935 , under the banner of Critrakala Movietone . Due to the lack of trained technicians , Jyotiprasad , while making his maiden film , had to shoulder the added responsibilities as the script writer , producer , director , choreographer , editor , set and costume designer , lyricist and music director . The film , completed with a budget of 60,000 rupees , was released on 10 March 1935 . The picture failed miserably . Like so many early Indian films , the negatives and complete prints of Joymati are missing . Some effort has been made privately by Altaf Mazid to restore and subtitle whatever is left of the prints . Despite the significant financial loss from Joymati , the second picture , Indramalati , was filmed between 1937 and 1938 , and was finally released in 1939 . The beginning of the 21st century has seen Bollywood - style Assamese movies hitting the screen . Bengali cinema ( Tollywood ) ( edit ) A scene from Dena Paona , 1931 , the first Bengali talkie Main article : Cinema of West Bengal The Bengali language cinematic tradition of Tollygunge located in West Bengal has had reputable filmmakers such as Satyajit Ray , Ritwik Ghatak and Mrinal Sen among its most acclaimed . Recent Bengali films that have captured national attention include Rituparno Ghosh 's Choker Bali , starring Aishwarya Rai . Bengali filmmaking also includes Bengali science fiction films and films that focus on social issues . In 1993 , the Bengali industry 's net output was 57 films . The history of cinema in Bengal dates back to the 1890s , when the first `` bioscopes '' were shown in theatres in Calcutta . Within five years , the first seeds of the industry were sown by Hiralal Sen , considered a stalwart of Victorian era cinema when he set up the Royal Bioscope Company , producing scenes from the stage productions of a number of popular shows at the Star Theatre , Calcutta , Minerva Theatre , Classic Theatre . Following a long gap after Sen 's works , Dhirendra Nath Ganguly ( Known as D.G. ) established Indo British Film Co , the first Bengali owned production company , in 1918 . However , the first Bengali Feature film Billwamangal was produced in 1919 under the banner of Madan Theatre . Bilat Ferat was the IBFC 's first production in 1921 . Madan Theatres production of Jamai Shashthi was the first Bengali talkie . In 1932 , the name `` Tollywood '' was coined for the Bengali film industry due to Tollygunge rhyming with `` Hollywood '' and because it was the centre of the Indian film industry at the time . It later inspired the name `` Bollywood '' , as Bombay later overtook Tollygunge as the center of the Indian film industry , and many other Hollywood - inspired names . The ' Parallel Cinema ' movement began in the Bengali film industry in the 1950s . A long history has been traversed since then , with stalwarts such as Satyajit Ray , Mrinal Sen , Ritwik Ghatak and others having earned international acclaim and securing their place in the history of film and actors like Uttam Kumar and Soumitra Chatterjee were the greatest actor in Bengali film industry . Brajbhasha cinema ( edit ) Braj Bhasha language films present Brij culture mainly to rural people , predominant in the nebulous Braj region centred around Mathura , Agra , Aligarh and Hathras in Western Uttar Pradesh and Bharatpur & Dholpur in Rajasthan . It is the predominant language in the central stretch of the Ganges - Yamuna Doab in Uttar Pradesh . The first Brij Bhasha movie produced in India was Brij Bhoomi ( 1982 ) , which was a success throughout the country . made by actor , producer & director Shiv Kumar in banner of `` Ocaon Movies '' . Later Brij Bhasha cinema saw the production of films like Jamuna Kinare , Brij Kau Birju , Bhakta Surdas , and Jesus . The culture of Brij is presented in the films Krishna Tere Desh Main ( Hindi ) , Kanha Ki Braj Bhumi , Brij ki radha dwarika ke shyam and Bawre Nain , Bhojpuri cinema ( edit ) Main article : Bhojpuri cinema Bhojpuri language films predominantly cater to people who live in the regions of western Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh and also have a large audience in Delhi and Bombay due to migration of Bhojpuri speakers to these metros . Besides India , there is a large market for these films in other Bhojpuri speaking countries of the West Indies , Oceania , and South America . Bhojpuri language film 's history begins in 1962 with the well - received film Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo ( `` Mother Ganges , I will offer you a yellow sari '' ) , which was directed by Kundan Kumar . Throughout the following decades , films were produced only in fits and starts . Films such as Bidesiya ( `` Foreigner '' 1963 , directed by S.N. Tripathi ) and Ganga ( `` Ganges , '' 1965 , directed by Kundan Kumar ) were profitable and popular , but in general Bhojpuri films were not commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s . The industry experienced a revival in 2001 with the super hit Saiyyan Hamar ( `` My Sweetheart , '' directed by Mohan Prasad ) , which shot the hero of that film , Ravi Kissan , to superstardom . This success was quickly followed by several other remarkably successful films , including Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi ( `` Priest , tell me when I will marry '' ) in 2005 , directed by Mohan Prasad , and Sasura Bada Paisa Wala ( `` My father - in - law , the rich guy '' ) in 2005 . In a measure of the Bhojpuri film industry 's rise , both of these did much better business in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits at the time , and both films , made on extremely tight budgets , earned back more than ten times their production costs . Although a smaller industry compared to other Indian film industries , the extremely rapid success of their films has led to dramatic increases in Bhojpuri cinema 's visibility , and the industry now supports an awards show and a trade magazine , Bhojpuri City . Chhattisgarhi cinema ( edit ) Main article : Chhollywood Chhollywood was born in 1965 with the first Chhattisgarhi film Kahi Debe Sandesh ( `` In Black and White '' ) , directed and produced by Manu Nayak . It was a story of intercaste love and it is said that former Indian Prime minister Indira Gandhi watched the movie . Naidu wrote the lyrics for the film , and two songs of the movie were sung by Indian singer Mohammad Rafi . Niranjan Tiwari directed Ghar Dwar in 1971 , produced by Vijay Kumar Pandey . However , both movies did not do well at the box office , and disappointed the producers . No movie was produced for nearly 30 years thereafter . Gujarati cinema ( edit ) Main article : Gujarati cinema Before the arrival of talkies , several silent films were closely related with Gujarati people and culture . Many film directors , producers and actors who are associated with silent films were Gujarati and Parsi . There were twenty leading film company and studios owned by Gujaratis between 1913 and 1931 . They were mostly located in Bombay ( now Mumbai ) . There were at least forty - four leading Gujarati directors during this period . Gujarati cinema dates back to 9 April 1932 , when the first Gujarati film , Narsinh Mehta , was released . Leeludi Dharti ( 1968 ) was the first colour film of Gujarati cinema . After flourishing through the 1960s to 1980s , the industry saw a decline . The industry has been revived in recent times . The film industry has produced more than one thousand films since its inception . In 2005 , the Government of Gujarat announced a 100 % entertainment tax exemption for Gujarati films . Gujarati cinema is chiefly based on scripts which range from mythology to history and social to political . Since its origin Gujarati cinema has experimented with stories and issues from Indian society . The films are generally targeted at a rural audience but after a recent revival also caters to an audience with urban subjects . Hindi cinema ( Bollywood ) ( edit ) Main article : Bollywood Amitabh Bacchan has been a popular Bollywood actor for over 45 years . The Hindi language film industry of Bombay -- also known as Bollywood -- is the largest and most powerful branch and controls Indian cinema . Hindi cinema initially explored issues of caste and culture in films such as Achhut Kanya ( 1936 ) and Sujata ( 1959 ) . International visibility came to the industry with Raj Kapoor 's Awara and later in Shakti Samantha 's Aradhana starring Rajesh Khanna and Sharmila Tagore . Hindi cinema grew during the 1990s with the release of as many as 215 films . In 1995 the Indian economy began showing sustainable annual growth , and Hindi cinema , as a commercial enterprise , grew at a growth rate of 15 % annually . The salary of lead stars increased greatly . Many actors signed contracts for simultaneous work in 3 -- 4 films . Institutions such as the Industrial Development Bank of India also came forward to finance Hindi films . A number of magazines such as Filmfare , Stardust , and Cine Blitz became popular . The audience 's reaction towards Hindi cinema is distinctive , with involvement in the films via clapping , singing , and reciting familiar dialogue with the actors . Kannada cinema ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Cinema of Karnataka Gubbi Veeranna , Doyen of Kannada cinema Gubbi Veeranna ( 1891 -- 1972 ) was an Indian theatre director and artist and an awardee of the prestigious Padma Shri conferred by the President of India . He was one of the pioneers and most prolific contributors to Kannada theatre. Gubbi Veeranna is like Bhishma of Kannada film industry . His contribution to Kannada film Industry is invaluable . Kannada actor Rajkumar was working in Gubbi Veeranna 's camp and later he became important actor . Gubbi Veeranna a started Karnataka Gubbi Productions which was a company to produce films . He first produced Sadarame in 1935 , in which he acted in the lead role . The film had C.I.D. Sakunthala , Ashwathama , B. Jayamma in the cast and was directed by Raja Chandrasekar . He then produced Subhadra which had Honnappa Bhagavathar in the lead . In 1942 , he produced Jeevana Nataka with Kemparaj Urs in the lead . He again acted in the lead role in the film Hemareddy Mallamma , in 1945 . He produced Sathya Shodhanai in 1953 , which was a Tamil Film and had again starred Honnappa Bhagavathar . Karnataka Gubbi Productions was later called as The Karnataka Films Ltd. , it is attributed to have started the film career of Rajkumar when it agreed to offer him the lead role in his first film Bedara Kannappa . He has also produced silent movies like His Love Affair which was directed by a foreigner , Raphel Algoet . In this film , the lead role of the actor was played by Gubbi Veeranna himself and the actress was none other than his wife , Jayamma . In 1956 , he produced Sadaarme , which had T.N. Balakrishna in lead and also had Kalyan Kumar . It was the remake of 1936 movie with the same name . In 1959 , he produced Sagothari , a Tamil Film which had K. Balaji in the Lead . Gubbi Veeranna productions film Bedara Kannappa ( 1954 ) , Director H.L.N. Simha received the first Certificate of Merit . The film was based on the folktale of the hunter Kannappa who proves his extreme devotion to Lord Shiva by plucking out both of his , eyes . However , the first `` President 's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Kannada '' was only awarded at the 5th National Film Awards ceremony held on 16 April 1958 to the 1957 film Premada Puthri . The film was directed by R. Nagendra Rao and produced under his banner R.N.R. Pictures The Kannada film industry , also referred to as Sandalwood , is based in Bengaluru and caters mostly to the state of Karnataka . Vishnuvardhan and Rajkumar were eminent actors along with Ambarish , Anant Nag , Shankar Nag , Prabhakar , Udaya Kumar , Kalyan Kumar , Gangadhar , Ravichandran , Girish Karnad , Prakash Raj , Charan Raj , B Jayamma , Leelavathi , Kalpana , Bharathi , Jayanthi , Pandari Bai , Aarathi , Jaimala , Tara , Umashri and Ramya . Film directors from the Kannada film industry like H.L.N. Simha , R. Nagendra Rao , B.R. Panthulu , M.S. Sathyu , Puttanna Kanagal , G.V. Iyer , Girish Karnad , T.S. Nagabharana Siddalingaiah , B.V. Karanth , AK Pattabhi , T.V. Singh Thakur , Y.R. Swamy , M.R. Vittal , Sundar Rao Nadkarni , P.S. Moorthy , S.K.A. Chari , Hunsur Krishnamurthy , Prema Karanth , Rajendra Singh Babu , N. Lakshminarayan , Shankar Nag , Girish Kasaravalli , Umesh Kulkarni , Suresh Heblikar etc. have garnered national recognition . Other noted film personalities in Kannada are , Bhargava , G.K. Venkatesh , Vijaya Bhaskar , Rajan - Nagendra , Geethapriya , Hamsalekha , R.N. Jayagopal , M. Ranga Rao , Yogaraj Bhat etc . Kannada cinema , along with Bengali and Malayalam films , contributed simultaneously to the age of Indian parallel cinema . Some of the influential Kannada films in this genre are Samskara ( based on a novel by U.R. Ananthamurthy ) , Chomana Dudi by B.V. Karanth , Tabarana Kathe , Vamshavruksha , Kaadu Kudure , Hamsageethe , Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu , Accident , Maanasa Sarovara , Bara , Chitegoo Chinte , Galige , Ijjodu , Kaneshwara Rama , Ghatashraddha , Tabarana Kathe , Mane , Kraurya , Thaayi Saheba , Bandhana , Muthina Haara , Banker Margayya , Dweepa , Munnudi , Bettada Jeeva , Mysore Mallige , Chinnari Muththa etc . The Government Film and Television Institute , Bangalore ( formerly a part of S.J. Polytechnic ) is believed to be the first government institute in India to start technical courses related to films . Legends like VK Murthy and Govind Nihalani passed out from this institute . Konkani cinema ( edit ) Main article : Konkani cinema Konkani language films are mainly produced in Goa . It is one of the smallest film industries in India , with just four films produced in 2009 . Konkani language is spoken mainly in the states of Goa , Maharashtra and Karnataka and to a smaller extent in Kerala . The first full length Konkani film was Mogacho Anvddo , which was released on 24 April 1950 , and produced and directed by Jerry Braganza , a native of Mapusa , under the banner of Etica Pictures . Hence , 24 April is celebrated as Konkani Film Day . Karnataka is the hub of a good number of Konkani speaking people . There is an immense body of Konkani literature and art in Karnataka . Several films have been noted among the Karnataka Konkani folks . Kazar ( English : Marriage ) is a 2009 Konkani film directed by Richard Castelino and produced by Frank Fernandes . Ujvaadu ( Shedding New Light on Old Age Issues ) was directed and produced by Kasaragod Chinna , whose stage name is Sujeer Srinivas Rao . The pioneering Mangalorean Konkani film is Mog Ani Maipas . Malayalam cinema ( edit ) Main article : Malayalam cinema Vigathakumaran Movie Poster A Promotional Notice of Balan Malayalam film industry is based in Kochi . It is considered to be the fourth largest among the film industries in India . Malayalam film industry is known for films that bridge the gap between parallel cinema and mainstream cinema by portraying thought - provoking social issues with top notch technical perfection but with low budgets . Filmmakers include Adoor Gopalakrishnan , Shaji N. Karun , G. Aravindan , K.G. George , Padmarajan , Sathyan Anthikad , T.V. Chandran and Bharathan . The first full length Malayalam feature film was Vigathakumaran , a silent movie released in 1928 produced and directed by J.C. Daniel , marked the beginning of Malayalam cinema . This movie is also credited as the first Indian social drama feature film and J.C. Daniel is considered as the father of Malayalam film industry for this work . Balan , released in 1938 , was the first Malayalam `` talkie '' directed by S. Nottani . Malayalam films were mainly produced by Tamil producers until 1947 , when the first major film studio , Udaya Studio , was established in Kerala . In 1954 , the film Neelakkuyil captured national interest by winning the President 's silver medal . Scripted by the well - known Malayalam novelist , Uroob , and directed by P. Bhaskaran and Ramu Kariat , it is often considered as the first authentic Malayali film . Newspaper Boy , made by a group of students in 1955 , was the first neo-realistic film in Malayalam . Chemmeen ( 1965 ) , directed by Ramu Kariat and based on a story by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai , went on to become immensely popular , and became the first South Indian film to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film . The first 3D film My Dear Kuttichathan ( 1984 ) was made in Malayalam . The first CinemaScope film made in Malayalam was Thacholi Ambu ( 1978 ). Villain ( 2017 ) is the first Indian film to be shot entirely in 8K resolution . The period from the late 1980s to early 1990s is popularly regarded as the ' Golden Age of Malayalam Cinema ' with the emergence of actors Mohanlal , Mammootty , Suresh Gopi , Jayaram , Bharath Gopi , Murali , Thilakan and Nedumudi Venu and filmmakers such as I.V. Sasi , Bharathan , Padmarajan , K.G. George , Sathyan Anthikad , Priyadarshan , A.K. Lohithadas , Siddique - Lal , T.K. Rajeev Kumar and Sreenivasan . The major actors who emerged after the Golden Age include Dileep , Jayasurya , Fahadh Faasil , Nivin Pauly , Prithviraj Sukumaran , Dulquer Salmaan , Kunchacko Boban and Asif Ali ( actor ) , Manju Warrier K.R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts ( KRNNIVSA ) is an autonomous institute established by the Government of Kerala at Thekkumthala in Kottayam District in Kerala state as a training - cum - research centre in film / audio - visual technology . Meitei cinema ( edit ) Main article : Meitei cinema Meitei cinema is a small filmmaking industry in the state of Manipur . This region started its film making industry with a full length black and white film Matamgee Manipur in 1972 . Meitei cinema started to produce many films starting in the 1980s . Langlen Thadoi ( 1984 ) was Meitei cinema 's first full length colour film . Meitei cinema has started gaining its momentum with a force since the imposition of a ban on the screening of Hindi films in entertainment houses in Manipur . Screening of Hindi movies has come to a halt in this volatile border state despite reiterated appeals made by the successive Chief Ministers . This move has given fresh impetus to the film producers , artists and film lovers in the state . The Meitei film industry is a vibrant one , with as many as 80 - 100 movies being made per year , despite constraints of infrastructure and the issues arising out of conflict . Cinemas opened in Imphal after World War II and the first full - length Meitei movie was made in 1972 . The boom happened in 2002 . Aribam Syam Sharma 's Imagi Ningthem won the prestigious Grand Prix in the Nantes International Film Festival in France in 1982 . The whole of France got the opportunity to know about Manipur through a nationwide telecast of Imagi Ningthem on French television . After watching Ishanou ( a world acclaimed cinema of Meitei film directed by Aribam Syam Sharma ) , westerners were inspired to take up research on Lai Haraoba and Manipur 's rich folklore . Maipak , Son of Manipur is the first Meitei documentary film and was released on 9 November 1971 . Among the notable Meitei films which have participated in film festivals and have won awards ( some even at the National Level ) are Phijigee Mani , Leipaklei and Pallepfam . Marathi cinema ( edit ) Main article : Marathi cinema Marathi cinema includes the films produced in the Marathi language in the state of Maharashtra , India . It is one of the oldest industry in Indian cinema . The pioneer of cinema in Union of India was Dadasaheb Phalke , who brought the revolution of moving images to India with his first indigenously made silent film Raja Harishchandra in 1913 , which is considered by IFFI and NIFD part of Marathi cinema as it was made by a Marathi crew . The first Marathi talkie film , Ayodhyecha Raja ( produced by Prabhat Films ) , was released in 1932 , just one year after Alam Ara , the first Hindi talkie film . Marathi cinema has grown in recent years , with two of its films , namely Shwaas ( 2004 ) and Harishchandrachi Factory ( 2009 ) , being India 's official entries for the Oscars . Today the industry is based in Mumbai but it sprouted and grew first from Kolhapur and then Pune . There are many Marathi movies . Some of the more notable are Sangte Aika , Ek Gaon Bara Bhangadi , Pinjara of V. Shantaram , Sinhasan , Pathlaag , Jait Re Jait , Saamana , Santh Wahate Krishnamai , Sant Tukaram , and Shyamchi Aai by Pralhad Keshav Atre , based on Sane Guruji 's novel Shamchi Aai . Marathi has made an immense contribution to Indian cinema , as many Marathi - speaking actors have brought glamour to the Indian film industry . Marathi film industry has included the work of actors including Durga Khote , V. Shantaram , Nutan , Lalita Pawar , Nanda , Tanuja , Shriram Lagoo , Ramesh Deo , Seema Deo , Nana Patekar , Smita Patil , Sadashiv Amrapurkar , Sonali Kulkarni , Sonali Bendre , Urmila Matondkar , Reema Lagoo , Mamta Kulkarni , Padmini Kolhapure , and Sachin Khedekar . In today 's list many filmmakers , directors , music directors , and actors have added glory to Marathi cinema . Natsamrat by Mahesh manjarekar , Lay Bhari by director Nishikant Kamat , and Balak Palak by Ritesh Deshmukh production house gave new stream to Marathi cinema . Shala . Duniyadari is the first highest - grossing film in that time who gave new face to Marathi cinema . now Sairat by Nagraj manjule crossed all records as of 2016 . Narbachi wadi is a beautiful film recited in Konkan . Music director Ajay - atul gave new fame to Marathi music . Indian Gorkha cinema ( edit ) Indian Gorkha cinema is Nepali language films produced by Nepali language speaking Indians . Odia cinema ( edit ) Main article : Cinema of Odisha The Odia film industry is the Bhubaneswar and Cuttack based Odia language film industry . The first Odia talkie Sita Bibaha was made by Mohan Sunder Deb Goswami in 1936 . Shreeram Panda , Prashanta Nanda , Uttam Mohanty and Bijay Mohanty started the revolution in the Oriya film industry by not only securing a huge audience but also bringing in a newness in their presentation . His movies heralded in the golden era of the Odia commercial industry by bringing in freshness to Odia movies . Then the first colour film was made by Nagen Ray and photographed by a Pune Film Institute trained cinematographer Surendra Sahu titled Gapa Hele Be Sata ( `` although a story , it is true '' ) . The golden phase of Odia cinema was 1984 when two Odia films , Maya Miriga and Dhare Alua , were showcased in Indian Panorama , and Nirad Mohapatra 's Maya Miriga was invited to the Critics Week at Cannes . The film received the Best Third World Film award at Mannheim Film Festival , Jury Award at Hawaii and was shown at London Film Festival . Punjabi cinema ( edit ) Main article : Punjabi cinema K.D. Mehra made the first Punjabi film , Sheela ( also known as `` Pind di Kudi '' ( Rustic Girl ) ) . Baby Noor Jehan was introduced as an actress and singer in this film . Sheela was made in Calcutta and released in Lahore , the capital of Punjab ; it ran very successfully and was a hit across the province . Due to the success of this first film many more producers started making Punjabi films . As of 2009 , Punjabi cinema had produced between 900 and 1,000 movies . The average number of releases per year in the 1970s was nine ; in the 1980s , eight ; and in the 1990s , six . In 1995 , the number of films released was 11 ; it plummeted to seven in 1996 and touched a low of five in 1997 . Since the 2000s the Punjabi cinema has seen a revival with more releases every year featuring bigger budgets , and home grown stars as well as Bollywood actors of Punjabi descent taking part . Manny Parmar made the first 3D Punjabi film , Pehchaan 3D , which released in 2013 . Sindhi cinema ( edit ) Main article : Sindhi cinema Though striving hard to survive , mainly because of not having a state or region to represent , the Sindhi film industry has been producing movies in intervals . The first Sindhi movie produced in India was the 1958 film Abana , which was a success throughout the country . Later the Sindhi cinema saw the production of some Bollywood style films like Hal Ta Bhaji Haloon , Parewari , Dil Dije Dil Waran Khe , Ho Jamalo , Pyar Kare Dis : Feel the Power of Love and The Awakening . There are numerous personalities of Sindhi descent who have been and are contributing in Bollywood , including GP Sippy , Ramesh Sippy , Nikhil Advani , Tarun Mansukhani , Ritesh Sidhwani , and Asrani . Sherdukpen cinema ( edit ) Director Songe Dorjee Thongdok introduced the first Indian film in the language of Sherdukpen with his film Crossing Bridges in 2014 . The language and cinema are native of the north - eastern state Arunachal Pradesh . Dorjee is planning on making future films in the same language , contributing one more regional dialect to the world of Indian cinema . Tamil cinema ( Kollywood ) ( edit ) Main article : Tamil cinema Kalidas ( 1931 ) , Tamil cinema 's first talkie Chennai once served as a base for all South Indian films and to date South India 's Second largest film production centre . H.M. Reddy directed the first south Indian talkie film Kalidas , shot in Tamil and Telugu . Sivaji Ganesan became India 's first actor to receive an international award when he won the Best Actor award at the Afro - Asian film festival in 1960 and was awarded the title of Chevalier in the Legion of Honour by the French Government in 1995 . Tamil cinema is also influenced by Dravidian politics , with prominent film personalities like CN Annadurai , MG Ramachandran , M Karunanidhi and Jayalalithaa becoming Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu . K.B. Sundarambal was the first film personality to enter a state legislature in India . She was also the first person in the Indian film industry to command a salary of one lakh rupees . Tamil films are distributed to various parts of Asia , Southern Africa , Northern America , Europe and Oceania . The industry has inspired Tamil film - making in Sri Lanka , Malaysia , Singapore and Canada . Rajnikanth is referred to as `` Superstar '' and has since continued to hold a matinee idol status in the popular culture of South India . His mannerisms and stylised delivery of dialogue in films contribute to his mass popularity and appeal . After earning ₹ 26 crore ( US $4.1 million ) for his role in Sivaji ( 2007 ) , he became the highest paid actor in Asia after Jackie Chan . Kamal Haasan made his debut in Kalathur Kannamma , for which he won the President 's Gold Medal for Best Child Actor . Haasan is tied with Mammootty and Amitabh Bachchan for the most Best Actor National Film Awards , with three . With seven submissions , Kamal Haasan has starred in the highest number of films submitted from India for the Academy Award Best Foreign Language Film . Vijay ( actor ) is the current superstar of South India after Rajnikanth . His film Kaavalan was screened at Shanghai International film festival in China out of many projects submitted by India . In Tamil films music and songs play an important role . Critically acclaimed composers such as Ilaiyaraaja and A.R. Rahman , who have an `` international following '' , belong to Tamil cinema.It is one of the dominant industries down the south . Telugu cinema ( Tollywood ) ( edit ) Main article : Telugu cinema Raghupati Venkayya , `` father of Telugu cinema '' The highest number of theatres are located in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana which produce films in the Telugu language . In 2005 , 2006 and 2008 the Telugu Film industry produced the largest number of films in India , exceeding the number of films produced in Bollywood , with 268 , 245 and 286 films in each year respectively . Ramoji Film City , which holds the Guinness World Record for the world 's largest film production facility , is located in Hyderabad . The Prasad 's IMAX in Hyderabad is the world 's largest 3D IMAX screen and is the most attended screen in the world . The highest grossing Telugu movie till date is Baahubali 2 : The Conclusion , Akkineni Nageshwar Rao is only Indian actor to act for 75 Years . Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu was considered the `` father of Telugu cinema '' . The annual Raghupati Venkaiah Award was incorporated into the Nandi Awards to recognize people for their contributions to the Telugu film industry . Chittor V. Nagaiah was the first multilingual film actor Indian film actor , thespian , composer , director , producer , writer and playback singer. Nagaiah made significant contributions to Telugu cinema , and was starred in about two hundred Telugu films . Regarded as one of the finest Indian method actors , and the first Telugu matinee idol , his forte was usually playing intense characters , often immersing himself in study of the real character 's traits and mannerisms . South India to be honoured with the Padma Shri . He was known as the Paul Muni of India in the media . S.V. Ranga Rao is one of the first Indian actors of the time to receive the international award at the Indonesian Film Festival , held in Jakarta , for Narthanasala in 1963 . N.T. Rama Rao was one of the most commercially successful Telugu actors of his time . B. Narsing Rao , K.N.T. Sastry and Pattabhirama Reddy have garnered international recognition for their pioneering work in Parallel Cinema . Adurthi Subba Rao has garnered ten National Film Awards , the highest individual awards in Telugu cinema , for his pioneering work as a director . NT Rama Rao popularly known as NTR , was an Indian actor , producer , director , editor and politician who served as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh for seven years over three terms . NTR received three National Film Awards Bhanumathi Ramakrishna was a multilingual Indian film actress , director , music director , singer , producer , book writer and songwriter . Widely known as the first female super star of Telugu cinema and South Indian film Industry , she is also known for her works in Tamil cinema . Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao was an Indian film , composer , playback singer known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema , and a few other language films . In 1970 , he received the Padma Shri award , Ghantasala performed in the United States , England and Germany , and for the United Nations Organisation. Ghantasala 's first break as a singer came from All India Radio. Ghantasala served as the Aaasthana Gaayaka ( court musician ) for the Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams . He recorded private albums , including Bhagawad Gita. The postal stamp was jointly released by the North American Telugu Society ( NATS ) in collaboration with Telugu Literary and Cultural Association ( TLCA ) in New York . S.P. Balasubramanyam holds the Guinness World Record of having sung the most number of songs for any male playback singer in the world ; the majority of his songs were sung in Telugu . S.V. Ranga Rao , N.T. Rama Rao , Kanta Rao , Bhanumathi Ramakrishna , Savitri , Gummadi and Sobhan Babu have received the erstwhile Rashtrapati Award for best performance in a leading role . Sharada , Archana , Vijayashanti , Rohini , Nagarjuna Akkineni , and P.L. Narayana have received the National Film Award for the best performance in acting . Chiranjeevi was listed among `` the men who changed the face of the Indian Cinema '' by IBN - live India . Tulu cinema ( edit ) Nowadays 30 to 40 films are made evry year in Tulu language.KN Tailor and Machchendra nath Pandeshwar , are icons of Tulu language films . The first film , Enna Thangadi , was released in 1971 . Usually Tulu films are released in theatres across the Kanara region of Karnataka . The critically acclaimed Tulu film Suddha won the award for Best Indian Film at the Osian film festival held at New Delhi in 2006 . Oriyardori Asal , released in 2011 , is the most successful Tulu film to date . The first Tulu film was Enna Thangadi , released in 1971 . Dareda Budedi produced by K.N. Taylor was the second feature film , released in 1971 . Koti Chennaya ( 1973 ) directed by Vishu Kumar was the first history - based Tulu film . The first Tulu colour film Kariyani Kattandi Kandani was produced in 1978 by Aroor Bhimarao . Bisatti Babu produced in 1972 was the first recipient of the state government award for the best Tulu film . Bangar Patler produced in 1993 by Richard Castelino won the highest national and international awards . September 8 , directed by Richard Castelino , starring Kannada actor Sunil and Kannada writer , K Shivaram Karanth was shot in 24 hours entirely in Mangalore , a record in the world cinema . Sudda won the award for the best Indian film at the eighth Asian Film Festival `` Ocean - Cinefan '' . Nirel directed by Ranjith Bajpe , produced by Shodhan Prasad and co-produced by San Poojary will be the first Tulu movie totally produced overseas . Genres and styles ( edit ) Further information : Mumbai underworld film and Dacoit film Masala films ( edit ) Main article : Masala ( film genre ) Masala is a style of Indian cinema , especially in Bollywood , Cinema of West Bengal and South Indian films , in which there is a mix of various genres in one film . For example , a film can portray action , comedy , drama , romance and melodrama all together . Many of these films also tend to be musicals , including songs filmed in picturesque locations , which is now very common in Bollywood films . Plots for such movies may seem illogical and improbable to unfamiliar viewers . The genre is named after masala , a mixture of spices in Indian cuisine . Parallel cinema ( edit ) Main article : Parallel Cinema Parallel Cinema , also known as Art Cinema or the Indian New Wave , is a specific movement in Indian cinema , known for its serious content of realism and naturalism , with a keen eye on the social - political climate of the times . This movement is distinct from mainstream Bollywood cinema and began around the same time as the French New Wave and Japanese New Wave . The movement was initially led by Bengali cinema ( which has produced internationally acclaimed filmmakers such as Satyajit Ray , Mrinal Sen , and Ritwik Ghatak ) and then gained prominence in the other film industries of India . Some of the films in this movement have garnered commercial success , successfully straddling art and commercial cinema . An early example of this was Bimal Roy 's Do Bigha Zamin ( 1953 ) , which was both a commercial and critical success , winning the International Prize at the 1954 Cannes Film Festival . The film 's success paved the way for the Indian New Wave . The neo-realist filmmakers were the Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray , closely followed by Ritwik Ghatak , Mrinal Sen , Shyam Benegal , Shaji N. Karun , Adoor Gopalakrishnan and Girish Kasaravalli Ray 's films include The Apu Trilogy , consisting of Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) , Aparajito ( 1956 ) and The World of Apu ( 1959 ) . The three films won major prizes at the Cannes , Berlin and Venice Film Festivals , and are frequently listed among the greatest films of all time . Film production house ( edit ) There are more than 1000 production houses in the Indian film industry , but few have managed to be successful in the market . AVM Productions is an Indian film production studio . It is the oldest surviving studio in India . Such production houses have helped Indian cinema reach an international platform , releasing films and distributing them to audiences overseas . Some well - known production houses in the Indian film industry include Yash Raj Films , Red Chillies Entertainment , Dharma Productions , Eros International , Balaji Motion Pictures , UTV Motion Pictures , Raj Kamal Films International , Wunderbar studios Indian Movies Limited and Geetha Arts . Film music ( edit ) See also : Filmi Music in Indian cinema is a substantial revenue generator , with the music rights alone accounting for 4 -- 5 % of the net revenues generated by a film in India . The major film music companies of India are Saregama and Sony Music . Commercially , film music accounts for 48 % India 's net music sales . A typical Indian film may have around 5 -- 6 choreographed songs spread throughout the film 's length . The demands of a multicultural , increasingly globalized Indian audience often led to a mixing of various local and international musical traditions . Local dance and music nevertheless remain a time tested and recurring theme in India and have made their way outside of India 's borders with its diaspora . Playback singers such as Mohammad Rafi , kishore kumar , Lata Mangeshkar , S.P. Balasubrahmanyam , Yesudas drew large crowds with national and international film music stage shows . The end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st saw extensive interaction between artists from India and the western world . Artists from Indian diaspora blended the traditions of their heritage to those of their country to give rise to popular contemporary music . Film location in India ( edit ) In filmmaking , a location is any place where a film crew will be filming actors and recording their dialog . A location where dialog is not recorded may be considered as a second unit photography site . Filmmakers often choose to shoot on location because they believe that greater realism can be achieved in a `` real '' place , however location shooting is also often motivated by the film 's budget . The most popular locations for film shooting in India are typically the centres of Indian cinema - Mumbai for Hindi and Marathi cinema , Kochi for Malayalam cinema , Chennai for Tamil cinema , Hyderabad for Telugu cinema , Calcutta for Bengali cinema , Bangalore for Kannada cinema and so on . Apart from these there are several national locations which are prominently used by Indian filmmakers . These include Manali and Shimla in Himachal Pradesh , Srinagar and Ladakh in Jammu & Kashmir , Lucknow , Agra and Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh , Ooty in Tamil Nadu , Amritsar in Punjab , Darjeeling in West Bengal , Udaipur , Jodhpur , Jaisalmer and Jaipur in Rajasthan , Delhi , Kerala and Goa . Awards ( edit ) This section lists the most important film awards given for Indian cinema by national and state authorities . Award Year of Inception Awarded by National Film Awards 1954 Directorate of Film Festivals , Government of India Bengal Film Journalists ' Association Awards 1937 Government of West Bengal Maharashtra State Film Awards 1963 Government of Maharashtra Nandi Awards 1964 Governments of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Punjab Rattan Awards 1940 Government of Punjab Tamil Nadu State Film Awards 1967 Government of Tamil Nadu Karnataka State Film Awards 1967 Government of Karnataka Orissa State Film Awards 1968 Government of Odisha Kerala State Film Awards 1969 Government of Kerala Below are the major non-governmental ( private ) awards . Award Year of Inception Awarded by Filmfare Awards Filmfare Awards South 1954 Bennett , Coleman and Co. Ltd . Screen Awards 1994 Screen Weekly Zee Cine Awards 1998 Zee Entertainment Enterprises Asianet Film Awards 1998 Asianet IIFA Awards 2000 Wizcraft International Entertainment Pvt Ltd Stardust Awards 2003 Stardust Zee Gaurav Puraskar 2003 Zee Entertainment Enterprises Apsara Awards Apsara Producers Guilt awards Vijay Awards 2007 STAR Vijay Marathi International Film and Theatre Awards Marathi Film Industry South Indian International Movie Awards 2012 South Indian Film Industry Punjabi International Film Academy Awards 2012 Parvasi Media Inc . Prag Cine Awards 2013 Prag AM Television Filmfare Awards East 2014 Bennett , Coleman and Co. Ltd . Film institutes in India ( edit ) Several institutes , both government run and private , provide formal education in various aspects of filmmaking . Some of the prominent ones include : AJK Mass Communication Research Centre , Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi Annapurna International School of Film and Media , Hyderabad Asian Academy of Film & Television Biju Pattnaik Film and Television Institute of Odisha BOFTA - Blue Ocean Film and Television Academy , Kodambakkam , Chennai , Tamil Nadu Centre for advanced media studies , Patiala Department of Culture & Media studies , Central University of Rajasthan Film and Television Institute of India ( FTII ) , Pune Film - Theater Studies , SOH , Tamil Nadu Open University , Saidapet , Chennai Government Film and Television Institute , Bangalore K.R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts ( KRNNIVSA ) , Kottayam , Kerala L.V. Prasad Film & TV Academy , Chennai MGR Film and Television institute , Chennai Matrikas Film School National Institute of Design , Ahmedabad Palme Deor Media College , Tambaram west , Chennai and Arulananda Nagar , Thanjavur Regional Government Film and Television Institute ( RGFTI ) , Guwahati Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute , Calcutta School of Media and Cultural Studies , Tata Institute of Social Sciences , Mumbai Srishti School of Art , Design and Technology , Bangalore , Karnataka Whistling Woods International National school of Drama Delhi See also ( edit ) Bollywood portal Film portal Tamil Cinema Earliest color films in South India Bengaluru International Film Festival Bollywood 100 Crore Club Bollywood 1000 Crore Club Cinema of Bangladesh Cinema of Nepal Cinema of Pakistan Cinema of West Bengal List of Indian animated movies International Film Festival of India International Film Festival of Kerala Khans of Bollywood Kolkata International Film Festival List of cinema of the world List of highest - grossing Indian films List of Indian Academy Award winners and nominees Malayalam cinema References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joshi , Hemant . `` Indywood The Indian Film Industry '' ( PDF ) . 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ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 636 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` From the UMICH website '' . Archived from the original on 23 April 2005 . Jump up ^ Gokulsing & Dissanayake , 133 ^ Jump up to : Ethiraj , Gopal ( 14 December 2009 ) . `` Rajini is simple , stylish , spiritual , that explains his uniqueness '' . Asian Tribune . Archived from the original on 15 December 2009 . Retrieved 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tollywood loses to Bollywood on numbers '' . The Times of India . 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Telugu film industry enters new era '' . Blonnet.com. 6 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2009 . Retrieved 12 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Largest film studio '' . Guinnessworldrecords.com. 1 January 2005 . Retrieved 1 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Telugu Cinema Celebrity - Raghupati Venkaiah Naidu '' . www.idlebrain.com . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chittoor Nagaiah statue to be installed in Tirupati '' . The Hindu . 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Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Maheeneni . `` Welcome to Abhinethri.com -- Exclusive photo of Legendary Actress Bhanumathi Ramakrishna from NTR Starrer Classic Movie Malliswari ( 1951 ) ... '' Jump up ^ `` Telugu Cinema Etc -- Idlebrain.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Wish singer SPB on his birthday today '' . The Times of India . 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SP Balasubramaniam '' . FilmiBeat . Jump up ^ `` S.P. Balasubramanyam - The Man Who Broke The Guiness Book Of Records '' . lokvani.com . Jump up ^ `` Telugu star Shoban Babu passes away '' . Hindustan Times . 21 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2010 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Social Post ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` Kantha Rao becomes a memory News -- Oneindia Entertainment '' . Entertainment.oneindia.in . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years of Cinema : The men who changed the face of Indian films '' . ibnlive.in.com . IBNLive . 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Jump up ^ `` All - Time 100 Best Movies '' . Time . 12 February 2005 . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll : 1992 '' . Sight & Sound . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2008 . Jump up ^ The Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made By THE FILM CRITICS OF THE NEW YORK TIMES , The New York Times , 2002 . Jump up ^ Business , Standard . `` The myth of the overseas market '' . www.business-standard.com/ . Business - Standard . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , 74 ^ Jump up to : Zumkhawala - Cook , 312 Jump up ^ ScoopWhoop. `` 13 Locations In India Made Famous By Bollywood Movies '' . Jump up ^ `` Top filming locations in India '' . 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Hungama , Bollywood ( 16 November 2006 ) . `` Vinod Chopra awarded Sunil Dutt Punjab Rattan Award - Vidhu Vinod Chopra - Latest Celebrity news '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Chennai Film Institute / Film School - BOFTA - Blue Ocean Film and Television Academy '' . Blue Ocean Film and Television Academy . Jump up ^ GFTI . `` GFTI '' . www.filminstitutebangalore.com . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ KRNNIVSA . `` Govt Film Institute in Kerala '' . www.krnnivsa.edu.in . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ L.V. Prasad Film & TV Academy . `` prasadacademy.com '' . prasadacademy.com . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` matrikasfilmschool.com '' . matrikasfilmschool.com . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Institute of Design - Film and Video Communication '' . Nid.edu . Archived from the original on 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To Palmedeor Film & Media College '' . www.palmedeor.in . Jump up ^ http://smcs.tiss.edu/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Suresh Chabria ; Paolo Cherchi Usai ( 1994 ) . Light of Asia : Indian Silent Cinema , 1912 -- 1934 . Wiley Eastern . ISBN 978 - 81 - 224 - 0680 - 1 . Stanley A. Wolpert ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31350 - 4 . Desai , Jigna ( 2004 ) . Beyond Bollywood : The Cultural Politics of South Asian Diasporic Film . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96684 - 9 . K. Moti Gokulsing ; Wimal Dissanyake ( 2004 ) . Indian Popular Cinema : A Narrative of Cultural Change . Trentham Books Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85856 - 329 - 9 . Gulzar , Govin Nihalanni , & Saibel Chatterjee . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema New Delhi : Encyclopædia Britannica , 2003 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 066 - 0 . Khanna , Amit ( 2003 ) , `` The Business of Hindi Films '' , Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema : historical record , the business and its future , narrative forms , analysis of the medium , milestones , biographies , Encyclopædia Britannica ( India ) Private Limited , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . Gopal , Sangita ; Moorti , Sujata ( 2008 ) . Global Bollywood : Travels of Hindi Song and Dance . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4578 - 7 . Narweker , Sanjit , ed . Directory of Indian Film - Makers and Films . Flicks Books , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 948911 - 40 - 9 Stanley A. Wolpert ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31351 - 1 . Nowell - Smith , Geoffrey ( 1996 ) . The Oxford History of World Cinema . Oxford University Press , US . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 811257 - 0 . Passek , Jean - Loup , ed. ( 1983 ) . Le cinéma indien . Paris : Centre national d'art et de culture Georges Pompidou . ISBN 9782864250371 . OCLC 10696565 . Rajadhyaksha , Ashish ; Willemen , Paul ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 146 - 6 . Stanley A. Wolpert ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31351 - 1 . Velayutham , Selvaraj ( 2008 ) . Tamil Cinema : The Cultural Politics of India 's Other Film Industry . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39680 - 6 . Watson , James L. ( 2009 ) , Globalization , Encyclopædia Britannica . Gopal , Sangita ; Moorti , Sujata ( 2008 ) . Global Bollywood : Travels of Hindi Song and Dance . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4578 - 7 . Report of the Indian Cinematograph Committee 1927 -- 1928 . Superintendent , The Government Press , Madras. 1928 . Dwyer , Rachel ; Patel , Divia ( 2002 ) . Cinema India : The Visual Culture of Hindi Film . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3175 - 5 . Culture and Representation : The Emerging Field of Media Semiotics / JAH Khatri / Ruby Press & Co. / ISBN 978 - 93 - 82395 - 12 - 6 / 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinema of India . 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where do the largest concentrations of asian and pacific islanders live in the united states

Los Angeles - Long Beach - Santa Ana , CA Metro Area 1,884,669 14.7 %

Los Angeles - Long Beach - Santa Ana , CA Metro Area

Demographics of Asian Americans

demographics of asian americans

The demographics of Asian Americans describe a heterogeneous group of people in the United States who trace their ancestry to one or more Asian countries . Because Asian Americans total about 5.6 % of the entire US population , diversity within the group is often overlooked in media treatment .

Asian American population percentage by state in 2010 . Percentage Asian American by county , 2010 Census Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Population 3 Distribution 4 Trends 4.1 Education 4.2 Income 4.3 Population growth 4.3. 1 Asian American alone 4.3. 2 With multiracial identifiers 5 Language 6 Religion 7 Sexuality 8 U.S. States 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Main articles : History of Asian Americans and History of Asian American immigration The first recorded Asian Americans in the continental United States were a group of Filipino men who established the small settlement of Saint Malo , Louisiana , after fleeing mistreatment aboard Spanish ships . Since there were no women with them , the Manilamen , as they were known , married Cajun and Native American women . In 1778 , Chinese and European explorers first arrived in Hawaii . Numerous Chinese and Japanese began immigrating to the US in the mid-19th century ; numerous Chinese immigrants worked as laborers on the First Transcontinental Railroad , many who immigrated due to overpopulation and poverty experienced in Canton Province . In the mid-20th century , refugees from Southeast Asia fled wars in the homelands to come to the United States . Most Asian Americans who immigrated to the United States arrived after 1965 , due to immigration reform that ended an earlier era of exclusion of Asian immigrants . Population ( edit ) Asian population density Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1860 34,933 -- 1870 63,254 + 81.1 % 1880 105,613 + 67.0 % 1890 109,527 + 3.7 % 1900 114,189 + 4.3 % 1910 146,863 + 28.6 % 1920 182,137 + 24.0 % 1930 264,766 + 45.4 % 1940 254,918 − 3.7 % 1950 321,033 + 25.9 % 1960 980,337 + 205.4 % 1970 1,538,721 + 57.0 % 1980 3,500,439 + 127.5 % 6,908,638 + 97.4 % 2000 11,896,828 + 72.2 % 17,320,856 + 45.6 % 2013 est . 19,437,463 + 12.2 % Sources 2000 & 2010 figures include Multiracial Asian American Americans 1910 , 1920 , 1930 , 1960 , 1970 , and 1980 include Pacific Islands American population numbers According to the United States Census Bureau , the Asian American population , including those of multiracial and Hispanic and Latino ancestry , had increased to 18,205,898 by 2011 . During the 2010 United States Census , there were a total of 17,320,856 Asian Americans , including Multiracial Americans identifying as part Asian . This made Asian Americans 5.6 percent of the total American population . The largest ethnic groups represented in the census were Chinese ( 3.79 million ) , Filipino ( 3.41 million ) , Indian ( 3.18 million ) , Vietnamese ( 1.73 million ) , Korean ( 1.7 million ) , and Japanese ( 1.3 million ) . Other sizable ethnic groups include Pakistani ( 409,000 ) , Cambodian ( 276,000 ) , Hmong ( 260,000 ) , Thai ( 237,000 ) , Laotian ( 232,000 ) , Bangladeshi ( 147,000 ) , and Burmese ( 100,000 ) . The total population of Asian Americans grew by 46 percent from 2000 to 2010 according to the Census Bureau , which constituted the largest increase of any major racial group during that period . In 2010 , there were an estimated 11,284,000 foreign born individuals who were born in Asia , of whom 57.7 % had become naturalized citizens . Additionally , 209,128 were Hispanic and Latino , of whom the largest population ( 101,654 ) claim Mexico as their nation of origin . The 2000 census recorded 11.9 million people ( 4.2 percent of the total population ) who reported themselves as having either full or partial Asian heritage . The largest ethnic subgroups were Chinese ( 2.7 million ) , Filipino ( 2.4 million ) , Indian ( 1.9 million ) , Vietnamese ( 1.2 million ) , Korean ( 1.2 million ) , and Japanese ( 1.1 million ) . Other sizable groups included Cambodians ( 206,000 ) , Pakistanis ( 204,000 ) , Lao ( 198,000 ) , Hmong ( 186,000 ) , and Thais ( 150,000 ) . About one - half of the Asian American population lived in the West , with California having the most total Asian Americans of any state , at 4.2 million . As a proportion of the total population , Hawaii is the only state with an Asian American majority population , at 58 percent ; Honolulu County had the highest percentage of Asian Americans of any county in the nation , with 62 percent . In 2000 , 69 percent of all Asian Americans were foreign born , although Japanese Americans , 60 percent of whom were born in the United States , bucked this trend . The Twenty - first United States Census , conducted in 1990 , recorded 6.9 million people who were called American Asians . The largest ethnic groups were Chinese ( 23.8 percent ) , Filipino ( 20.4 percent ) , Japanese ( 12.3 percent ) , Indian ( 11.8 percent ) , Korean ( 11.6 percent ) , Vietnamese ( 8.9 percent ) , and Laotian ( 2.2 percent ) . Smaller populations , of less than two percent , were documented of the following ethnicities : Cambodian , Thai , Hmong , Pakistani , Indonesian , Malay , Bangladeshi , Sri Lankan , and Burmese . Two thirds of `` American Asians '' lived in the five states of California , New York , Hawaii , Texas , and Illinois ; additionally their highest population concentrations were in California , New York , and Hawaii . In 1990 , 66 percent of American Asians were foreign born , with Vietnamese , Laotians , and Cambodians having this highest foreign born populations . Distribution ( edit ) The Asian American population is greatly urbanized , with nearly three - quarters of them living in metropolitan areas with population greater than 2.5 million . The three metropolitan areas with the highest Asian American populations are the Greater Los Angeles Area ( 1.868 million in 2007 ) , the New York metropolitan area ( 1.782 million in 2007 ) , and the San Francisco Bay Area ( 979,000 in 2007 ) . New York City proper , according to the United States 2010 Census , is home to more than one million Asian Americans , greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles . This trend of a largely urban population continues to be observed in 2015 , with significant populations in more expensive coastal cities , and less than five percent living in rural areas . Among the ten largest US cities , San Diego has the greatest proportion of Asian Americans . According to the 2010 Census almost three quarters of all Asian Americans live in California , New York , Texas , New Jersey , Hawaii , Illinois , Washington , Florida , Virginia , and Pennsylvania . A large proportion of all Asian Americans live in California ( 5.6 million in 2010 ) , New York ( 1.6 million in 2010 ) , and Texas ( 1.1 million in 2010 ) . Another state with a significant Asian American population is Massachusetts . Hawaii had the largest proportion of Asian Americans , with 57 % of the state population identifying as Asian or multiracial with at least one part Asian . In Vermont in 2008 , Asian Americans were the largest minority . Asian American populations have grown significantly since the 1970s . However , they are underrepresented in several large urban areas , such as Chicago , Philadelphia , Dallas and Atlanta , although in some cases , Asian Americans are concentrated in specific urban neighborhoods or suburbs of these cities . In regions with large numbers of Asian Americans , communities have developed that are heavily or predominantly Asian . Schools in these areas may offer instruction in languages such as Mandarin . These communities are often given unofficial names to reflect their populations , such as Chinatown , Little Manila , Little India , Little Pakistans , Koreatown , Little Saigons , and Cambodia Town . Metropolitan areas with the highest population of Asian Americans ( greater than 250,000 people ) ( 2010 Census ) Metropolitan area Total % of total population Los Angeles - Long Beach - Santa Ana , CA Metro Area 1,884,669 14.7 % New York - Northern New Jersey - Long Island , NY - NJ - PA Metro Area 1,878,261 9.9 % San Francisco - Oakland - Fremont , CA Metro Area 1,005,823 23.2 % San Jose - Sunnyvale - Santa Clara , CA Metro Area 571,967 31.1 % Chicago - Joliet - Naperville , IL - IN - WI Metro Area 532,801 5.6 % Washington - Arlington - Alexandria , DC - VA - MD - WV Metro Area 517,458 9.3 % Honolulu , HI Metro Area 477,503 43.9 % Seattle - Tacoma - Bellevue , WA Metro Area 392,961 11.4 % Houston - Sugar Land - Baytown , TX Metro Area 389,007 6.5 % Dallas - Fort Worth - Arlington , TX Metro Area 341,503 5.4 % San Diego - Carlsbad - San Marcos , CA Metro Area 336,091 10.9 % Philadelphia - Camden - Wilmington , PA - NJ - DE-MD Metro Area 295,766 5.0 % Boston - Cambridge - Quincy , MA - NH Metro Area 294,503 6.5 % Riverside - San Bernardino - Ontario , CA Metro Area 259,071 6.1 % Sacramento -- Arden - Arcade -- Roseville , CA Metro Area 255,995 11.9 % Atlanta - Sandy Springs - Marietta , GA Metro Area 254,307 4.8 % Metropolitan Areas with the Highest Proportion of Asian Americans ( 2000 Census ) Metropolitan Area Total population % of Asian Americans Honolulu , HI MSA 876,156 46.0 San Francisco Bay Area 7,039,362 18.4 Greater Los Angeles Area 16,373,645 10.4 Sacramento / Yolo , CA CMSA 1,796,857 9.0 San Diego , CA MSA 2,813,833 8.9 Seattle - Tacoma metropolitan area 3,554,760 7.9 New York metropolitan area 21,199,865 6.8 Portland 538,544 6.3 Anchorage , Alaska 270,951 5.5 Baltimore - Washington ( AA demographics ) 7,608,070 5.3 Greater Houston 4,669,571 4.9 Clark County , Nevada , NV / AZ MSA 1,563,282 4.7 Trends ( edit ) Asian Americans , on average , have higher incomes and education levels than White Americans . However , they also have higher poverty rates and lower home ownership rates . In addition , homeownership among Asian Americans has increased by twice as much as white Americans in recent years ( see Homeownership in the United States ) . Since the majority of the Asian American population is urbanized it usually offers more access to an educational environment as well as academic supplies . With that being said , Asian Americans will tend to find better access to higher paying jobs because of their better access to resources . Also , rural settings require farm hands which will prevent children and teenagers from completing highschool and graduating with a diploma . Education ( edit ) See also : Education outcomes in the United States by race and other classifications Asian Americans have the highest educational attainment of any racial group in the country ; about 49.8 % of them have at least a bachelor 's degree . Since the 1990s , Asian American students often have the highest math averages in standardized tests such as the SAT and GRE . Their verbal scores generally lag , but their combined scores are usually higher than those of white Americans . The proportion of Asian Americans at many selective educational institutions far exceeds the national population rate . Asians constitute around 10 -- 20 percent of those attending Ivy League and other elite universities . Asian Americans are the largest racial group on seven of the nine University of California campuses , are the largest racial group of undergraduates in the system , and make up more than a quarter of graduate and professional students . Asian Americans are more likely to attend college , are more likely to apply to competitive colleges , and have significantly higher college completion level than other races . According to a poll targeting Asian Americans in 14 states and the District of Columbia conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund in 2013 , 40 percent of Asian Americans have a college degree , with almost a quarter of them having achieved an education attainment greater than a bachelor 's degree . That same year , Asian Americans in their late thirties had the highest percentage ( 65 % ) of college graduates for that age group than any other race or ethnicity in the United States . However , there are concerns that the goal of diversity in American higher education has had a negative effect on Asians , with charges of quotas and discrimination starting in the 1980s . Asian American test scores are also bimodal -- Asians are overrepresented both at high scores and low scores . Income ( edit ) Further information : Income in the United States While Asian Americans have higher household and personal income levels than any other racial demographic , the Asian poverty rate is higher than that of European Americans . In 2005 , the median per capita income for Asian Americans was estimated at $27,331 , compared to $26,496 for Whites , $16,874 for African Americans , and $14,483 for those identifying as Hispanic or Latino ; the median household income of Asian Americans was estimated at $61,094 , compared to $48,554 for European Americans . Additionally 28 percent of Asian American households had incomes exceeding $100,000 , compared to 18 percent of the overall population . In 2006 , Asian American households were slightly larger than other households , with fewer households with no earners . In 2008 , Asian American households had the highest median income in the US , at $65,637 ; however , 11.8 percent of Asians were in poverty in 2004 , a higher than the 8.6 percent rate for non-Hispanic whites . This is largely due to the fact that a high percentage of Asian Americans are immigrants , and independently of race , immigrants are more likely than the native - born to be poor . Once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account , Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty . Much of this poverty is concentrated in ethnic enclaves , such as Chinatowns . In 2010 , the median household income of Asian Americans had increased to $67,022 . As with educational achievement , economic prosperity is not uniform among all Asian American groups . Census figures also show that an average white male with a college diploma earns around $66,000 a year , while similarly educated Asian men earn around $52,000 a year . Median household and personal income along racial lines . Household income distribution , by race / ethnicity , 2009 Source : United States Census Bureau Race / ethnic group Type of income < $15 k $15 k - $25 k $25 k - $35 k $35 k - $50 k $50 k - $75 k $75 k - $100 k > $100 k All Americans Households 13.0 % 11.9 % 11.1 % 14.1 % 18.1 % 11.5 % 20.1 % European Americans Households 11.4 % 11.6 % 10.8 % 14.2 % 18.7 % 12.0 % 21.4 % African Americans Households 23.5 % 15.4 % 13.4 % 14.5 % 15.1 % 8.7 % 9.3 % Asian & Pacific Islanders Households 11.7 % 7.9 % 8.2 % 11.1 % 16.9 % 11.8 % 32.4 % Hispanic or Latino Households 16.5 % 15.2 % 14.3 % 15.4 % 17.6 % 9.1 % 11.7 % Population growth ( edit ) Asian American population growth is fueled largely by immigration . Natural population growth accounts for a small proportion of the 43 percent increase in total Asian American population between 2000 and 2010 . Asian American alone ( edit ) Ancestry Population 2000 Population Percent change Bangladeshi 46,905 142,080 202.9 % Bhutanese 192 18,814 9,699.0 % Burmese 14,620 95,536 553.5 % Cambodian 183,769 255,497 39.0 % Chinese 2,564,190 3,535,382 37.9 % Filipino 1,908,125 2,649,973 38.9 % Hispanic 119,829 -- -- Hmong 174,712 252,323 44.4 % Indian 1,718,778 2,918,807 69.8 % Indonesian 44,186 63,383 69.7 % Japanese 852,237 841,824 − 1.2 % Korean 1,099,422 1,463,474 33.1 % Laotian 179,103 209,646 17.1 % Malaysian 15,029 21,868 45.5 % Maldivian 29 102 251.7 % Mongolian 3,699 15,138 309.2 % Nepalese 8,209 57,209 596.9 % Okinawan 6,138 5,681 − 7.4 % Pakistani 164,628 382,994 132.6 % Singaporean 2,017 4,569 126.5 % Sri Lankan 21,364 41,456 94.0 % Taiwanese 118,827 199,387 67.6 % Thai 120,918 182,872 51.2 % Vietnamese 1,169,672 1,632,717 39.6 % Other Asian , not specified 162,913 238,332 46.3 % Total 10,242,998 14,674,252 43.3 % With multiracial identifiers ( edit ) Ancestry Population 2000 Population Percent change Bangladeshi 57,412 147,300 156.6 % Bhutanese 212 19,439 9,069.3 % Burmese 16,720 100,200 499.3 % Cambodian 206,052 276,667 34.3 % Chinese 2,865,232 4,010,114 40.0 % Filipino 2,364,815 3,416,840 44.5 % Hispanic -- 598,146 -- Hmong 186,310 260,073 39.6 % Indian 1,899,599 3,183,063 67.6 % Indonesian 63,073 95,270 51.0 % Japanese 1,148,932 1,304,286 13.5 % Korean 1,228,427 1,706,822 38.9 % Laotian 198,203 232,130 17.1 % Malaysian 18,566 26,179 41.0 % Maldivian 51 127 149.0 % Mongolian 5,868 18,344 212.6 % Nepalese 9,399 59,490 532.9 % Okinawan 10,599 11,326 6.9 % Pakistani 204,309 409,163 100.3 % Singaporean 2,394 5,347 123.4 % Sri Lankan 24,587 45,381 84.6 % Taiwanese 132,038 215,582 65.2 % Thai 150,283 237,583 58.1 % Vietnamese 1,223,736 1,737,433 42.0 % Other Asian , not specified 376,723 623,761 65.6 % Total 11,898,828 17,320,856 45.6 % Language ( edit ) Main article : Languages of the United States In 2010 , there were 2.8 million people ( 5 and older ) who spoke a Chinese language at home ; after the Spanish language , it is the third most common language in the United States . Other sizeable Asian languages are Tagalog , Vietnamese , and Korean , with all three having more than 1 million speakers in the United States . In 2012 , Alaska , California , Hawaii , Illinois , Massachusetts , Michigan , Nevada , New Jersey , New York , Texas and Washington were publishing election material in Asian languages in accordance with the Voting Rights Act ; these languages include Tagalog , Mandarin Chinese , Vietnamese , Hindi and Bengali . Election materials were also available in Gujarati , Japanese , Khmer , Korean , and Thai . According to a poll conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund in 2013 , it found that 48 percent of Asian Americans considered media in their native language as their primary news source . According to the 2000 Census , the more prominent languages of the Asian American community include the Chinese languages ( Cantonese , Taishanese , and Hokkien ) , Tagalog , Vietnamese , Korean , Japanese , Hindi , Urdu , and Gujarati . In 2008 , Chinese , Japanese , Korean , Tagalog , and Vietnamese languages are all used in elections in Alaska , California , Hawaii , Illinois , New York , Texas , and Washington state . Language Population 2016 Speak English `` very well '' Speak English less than `` very well '' Chinese 3,372,930 1,518,619 1,854,311 Tagalog 1,701,960 1,159,211 542,749 Vietnamese 1,509,994 634,273 875,720 Korean 1,088,788 505,734 583,054 Hindi 810,877 642,855 172,182 Urdu 474,481 342,436 132,045 Japanese 464,535 265,552 197,983 Gujarati 407,520 265,219 139,612 Telugu 365,566 264,368 143,152 Bengali 324,008 182,447 141,561 Tai - Kadai 307,442 152,210 155,212 Punjabi 287,491 168,743 118,748 Tamil 273,332 221,997 51,355 Hmong 224,133 133,163 90,970 Khmer 203,115 102,364 100,751 Other Austronesian languages 467,718 291,405 176,313 Other Indic languages 409,631 244,847 164,784 Other Dravidian languages 241,678 184,233 57,445 Other languages of Asia 384,154 175,146 209,008 Religion ( edit ) See also : Religion in the United States Asian Americans ' religious preferences are wide - ranging , and tends to be more diverse than among other races in the United States . The growth of Asian American immigration since 1965 has contributed to this diversity . Until recently , a dearth of scholarship regarding Asian American religious beliefs led to a stereotype that Asian Americans are not religious or spiritual . Although 59 percent of Asian Americans believe strongly in the existence of one or more gods exist , 30 percent identify as `` secular '' or `` somewhat secular . '' Only 39 percent of Asian American households belong to a local church or temple , due to atheism or adherence to Eastern religions without congregational traditions . Although no one religious affiliation claims a majority of Asian Americans , about 45 percent of them adhere to some form of Christianity . A Trinity College survey , conducted in 2008 , found that 38 percent of Christian Asian Americans are Catholic ; Filipino Americans are majority Catholic , and a significant minority of Vietnamese Americans are as well . The Trinity survey also found that of all demographic populations , Asian Americans had the highest number of respondents who did not claim a religion or refused to divulge their religious affiliation . Various surveys have put this number between 23 and 27 percent of Asian Americans . Additionally , the Trinity College survey found that 8 % of Asian Americans are Muslim ; many of these Muslim Asian Americans come from , or trace their ancestry to , Bangladesh , China , India , Indonesia , Malaysia , and Pakistan . A Gallup poll conducted in 2010 found that Asian Americans were the group least likely to say that religion was important in their daily lives , although a 54 percent majority of respondents still said that religion was important in their daily lives . In 2012 , a survey was conducted by the Pew Research Center of the Faiths of Asian Americans , it found that Christianity had the largest plurality ( 42 % ) of Asian American respondents , followed by those who were unaffiliated ( 26 % ) . The three next largest faiths , of those who responded , were Buddhist ( 14 % ) , Hindu ( 10 % ) , and Muslim ( 4 % ) . Sexuality ( edit ) According to a Gallup survey conducted from June to September 2012 , 4.3 percent of Asian Americans self identify as LGBT . This compares with 4.6 percent of African - Americans , 4 percent of Hispanic - Americans , 3.2 percent of Caucasian - Americans , and the overall 3.4 percent of American adults that self identify as LGBT in the total population . U.S. States ( edit ) State / Territory Asian American Population ( 2010 ) Percentage Asian American ( 2010 ) Chinese Filipino Indian Japanese Korean Vietnamese Other Asian Alabama 67,036 1.4 11,154 8,224 14,951 4,336 10,624 8,488 9,259 Alaska 50,402 7.1 3,726 25,424 1,911 3,926 6,542 1,446 7,427 Arizona 230,907 3.6 42,331 53,067 40,510 19,611 21,125 27,872 26,391 Arkansas 44,943 1.5 6,301 6,396 7,973 2,384 3,247 6,302 12,340 California 5,556,592 14.9 1,451,537 1,474,707 590,445 428,014 505,225 647,589 459,075 Colorado 185,589 3.7 33,344 26,242 24,135 22,714 28,177 23,933 27,044 Connecticut 157,088 4.4 36,483 16,402 50,806 6,203 11,760 10,804 24,630 Delaware 33,701 3.8 7,033 4,637 12,344 1,196 3,099 1,688 3,704 District of Columbia 26,857 4.5 6,583 3,670 6,417 2,010 2,990 1,856 3,331 Florida 573,083 3.0 94,244 122,691 151,438 25,747 35,629 65,772 77,562 Georgia 365,497 3.8 54,298 28,528 105,444 14,247 60,836 49,264 52,880 Hawaii 780,968 57.4 199,751 342,095 4,737 312,292 48,699 13,266 139,872 Idaho 29,698 1.9 5,473 6,211 2,786 5,698 2,806 2,154 4,570 Illinois 668,694 5.2 119,308 139,090 203,669 28,623 70,263 29,101 78,640 Indiana 126,750 2.0 26,038 16,988 30,947 8,437 13,685 8,175 22,480 Iowa 64,512 2.1 11,494 6,026 12,525 2,854 7,375 9,543 14,695 Kansas 83,930 2.9 13,448 9,399 15,644 4,178 7,756 16,074 17,431 Kentucky 62,029 1.4 10,512 8,402 14,253 6,197 7,264 5,813 9,588 Louisiana 84,335 1.9 11,953 10,243 13,147 3,117 4,752 30,202 10,921 Maine 18,333 1.4 4,390 2,918 2,397 1,181 1,741 2,170 3,536 Maryland 370,044 6.4 79,660 56,909 88,709 12,826 55,051 26,605 50,284 Massachusetts 394,211 6.0 136,866 18,673 85,441 15,358 28,904 47,636 61,343 Michigan 289,607 2.9 51,525 32,324 84,750 17,412 30,292 19,456 53,848 Minnesota 247,132 4.7 30,047 15,660 38,097 7,995 20,995 27,086 107,252 Mississippi 32,560 1.1 5,333 5,638 6,458 807 2,301 7,721 4,302 Missouri 123,571 2.1 26,001 17,706 26,263 7,084 12,689 16,530 17,298 Montana 10,482 1.1 1,919 2,829 930 1,854 1,369 481 1,100 Nebraska 40,561 2.2 5,730 4,900 6,708 3,106 3,815 8,677 7,625 Nevada 242,916 9.0 39,448 123,891 14,290 21,364 18,518 12,366 13,039 New Hampshire 34,522 2.6 7,652 3,369 9,075 1,842 3,021 2,907 6,686 New Jersey 795,163 9.0 149,356 126,793 311,310 19,710 100,334 23,535 64,125 New Mexico 40,456 2.0 7,668 8,535 5,727 4,889 3,760 5,403 4,474 New York 1,579,494 8.2 615,932 126,129 368,767 51,781 153,609 34,510 228,763 North Carolina 252,585 2.6 40,820 29,314 63,852 12,878 25,420 30,665 49,636 North Dakota 9,193 1.4 1,762 1,704 1,740 628 933 791 1,635 Ohio 238,292 2.1 50,870 27,661 71,211 16,995 21,207 15,639 34,706 Oklahoma 84,170 2.2 11,658 10,850 14,078 5,580 9,072 18,098 14,834 Oregon 186,281 4.9 41,374 29,101 20,200 24,535 20,395 29,485 21,191 Pennsylvania 402,587 3.2 96,606 33,021 113,389 12,699 47,429 44,605 54,838 Rhode Island 36,763 3.5 8,228 4,117 5,645 1,455 2,658 1,615 13,045 South Carolina 75,674 1.6 11,706 15,228 17,961 4,745 7,162 7,840 11,032 South Dakota 10,216 1.3 1,570 1,864 1,433 696 1,179 1,002 2,472 Tennessee 113,398 1.8 18,313 14,409 26,619 6,955 13,245 11,351 22,506 Texas 1,110,666 4.4 182,477 137,713 269,327 37,715 85,332 227,968 170,134 Utah 77,748 2.8 16,358 10,657 7,598 12,782 7,888 9,338 13,127 Vermont 10,463 1.7 2,833 1,035 1,723 842 1,271 1,206 1,553 Virginia 522,199 6.5 72,585 90,493 114,471 20,138 82,006 59,984 82,522 Washington 604,251 9.0 120,814 137,083 68,978 67,597 80,049 75,843 53,887 West Virginia 16,465 0.9 3,208 3,059 3,969 1,159 1,571 1,104 2,395 Wisconsin 151,513 2.7 21,054 13,158 25,998 5,967 10,949 6,191 68,196 Wyoming 6,729 1,340 1,657 739 982 803 283 925 Puerto Rico 10,464 0.3 2,751 445 5,475 313 205 232 1,043 United States of America 17,320,856 5.6 4,010,114 3,416,840 3,183,063 1,304,286 1,706,822 1,737,433 1,962,298 The above list displays the population of Asian Americans ( `` Alone , or in combination '' ) in US states , Puerto Rico , and the District of Columbia , according to the 2010 United States Census ; Data for American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and the Virgin Islands have not yet been released . Chinese Americans figures include Taiwanese Americans See also ( edit ) List of U.S. cities with Asian American majority populations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Felicity Barringer ( March 2 , 1990 ) . `` Asian Population in U.S. Grew by 70 % in the 80 's '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Lisa ( 2004 ) . `` Heterogeneity , Hybridity , Multiplicity : Marking Asian American Differences '' . In Ono , Kent A . A Companion to Asian American Studies . Blackwell Companions in Cultural Studies . John Wiley & Sons . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1595 - 7 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Lisa ( Spring 1991 ) . `` Heterogeneity , Hybridity , Multiplicity : Marking Asian American Differences '' . Diaspora : A Journal of Transnational Studies . University of Toronto Press . 1 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 44 . doi : 10.1353 / dsp. 1991.0014 . ISSN 1911 - 1568 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fehr , Dennis Earl ; Fehr , Mary Cain ( 2009 ) . 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Jump up ^ Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex , Race Alone or in Combination , and Hispanic Origin for the United States , States , and Counties : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 more information 2013 Population Estimates Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Resident Population Change by Race and Hispanic Origin for the United States : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 ( NC - EST2011 - 04 ) '' . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . May 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . 18,205,898 `` Asian American Populations '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . United States Department of Health & Human Services . May 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . In 2011 , the population of Asians , including those of more than one race , was estimated at 18.2 million in the U.S. population . Jump up ^ Humes , Karen R. ; Jones , Nicholas A. ; Ramirez , Roberto R. ( March 2011 ) . `` Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION WITH ONE OR MORE OTHER RACES , AND WITH ONE OR MORE ASIAN CATEGORIES FOR SELECTED GROUPS '' . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . 2011 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Asian Population in the United States '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . U.S. Department of Commerece . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asian / Pacific American Heritage Month : May 2011 '' . Facts for Features . United States Census Bureau . December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth M. Grieco ; Yesenia D. Acosta ; G. Petricia de la Cruz ; Christine Gambino ; Thomas Gryn ; Luke J. Larsen ; Edward N. Trevelyan ; Nathan P. Walters ( May 2012 ) . `` The Foreign - Born Population in the United States : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . American Community Survey Reports . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sharon R. Ennis ; Merays Rios - Vargas ; Nora G. Albert ( May 2011 ) . `` The Hispanic Population : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Jessica S. ; Bennett , Claudette E. ( February 2002 ) . `` The Asian Population : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Census 2000 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` We the People : Asians in the United States '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . December 2004 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Paisano , Edna L. ; Carroll , Deborah L. ; June H. , Cowles ; DeBarros , Kymberly A. ; Robinson , Ann J. ; Miles , Kenya N. ; Harrison , Roderick J. ( September 1993 ) . `` We the Americans : Asians '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of the Census . United States Department of Commerce . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 18 , 1997 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selected Population Profile in the United States '' . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Lee , Sharon M. ( 1998 ) . `` Asian Americans : Diverse and Growing '' ( PDF ) . Population Bulletin . Population Reference Bureau . 53 ( 2 ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Ng , Franklin ( 1998 ) . The History and Immigration of Asian Americans . Taylor & Francis . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2690 - 8 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Asians , a group more commonly associated with the West Coast , are surging in New York , where they have long been eclipsed in the city 's kaleidoscopic racial and ethnic mix . For the first time , according to census figures released in the spring , their numbers have topped one million -- nearly 1 in 8 New Yorkers -- which is more than the Asian population in the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles combined . Jump up ^ Guo , Jeff ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` The Asian American ' advantage ' that is actually an illusion '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Asian American Statistics '' . © 2011 Améredia Incorporated . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jessica S. Barnes ( January 2010 ) . Asian Population : 2000 : Census 2000 Brief . DIANE Publishing . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4379 - 2104 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dan Walters ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` California has by far nation 's largest Asian - American population '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Asian American / Pacific Islander Profile '' . Office of Minority Health . United States Department of Health and Human Services . January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Robert ( May 1 , 2008 ) . `` U.S. Hispanic Population Surpasses 45 Million '' . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2008 . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Asian Population Patterns 2000 - 2010 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anchorage ( municipality ) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau Jump up ^ `` Broad racial disparities persist '' . MSNBC . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Stoops , Nicole ( June 2004 ) . `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2003 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` School Performance '' . The Multicultural Families and Adolescents Study . University of California , Riverside. 2004 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Banchero , Stephanie ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Students ' SAT Scores Stay in Rut '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grandy , Jerille ( July 1996 ) . `` Differences in the Survey Responses of Asian American and White Science and Engineering Students '' ( PDF ) . Graduate Record Examinations Board . Educational Testing Service . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Self - perceived abilities were consistent with GRE scores . The Asian American sample did , in fact , earn higher average GRE quantitative scores and lower average verbal and analytical scores than the White sample did . Jump up ^ Kara Miller ( February 8 , 2010 ) . `` Do colleges redline Asian - Americans ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Indeed , as Princeton 's Nieli suggests , most elite universities appear determined to keep their Asian - American totals in a narrow range . Yale 's class of 2013 is 15.5 percent Asian - American , compared with 16.1 percent at Dartmouth , 19.1 percent at Harvard , and 17.6 percent at Princeton . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Palash R. ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` Asian - Americans in the Ivy League : A Portrait of Privilege and Discrimination '' . International Business Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles C. Johnson ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` The New Chinese Exclusion Act '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Asian - Americans blast UC admissions policy '' . Associated Press . April 24 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diversity : Annual Accountability Sub-Report '' ( PDF ) . University of California . September 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Michael K. ( 2003 ) . Whitewashing race : the myth of a color - blind society . University of California Press . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23706 - 3 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . While Asian Americans are far more likely to attend college and are somewhat more likely to complete it , Asian American college graduates earn slightly less than whites . Jump up ^ Jaschik , Scott ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Who Applies ( and Gets in ) '' . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Doris Nhan ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Surprising Statistics on the Political Leanings of Asian - American Voters '' . National Journal . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sunstein , Cass ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` Asian - Americans will soon be wealthiest Americans '' . Chicago Tribune . Bloomberg . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hong , Christine ; Lee , Catherine ; Leong , Andrew ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` What Really Happened to Diversity ? '' . Asian American and Asian Diaspora Studies . University of California , Berkeley . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Stephen ( February 5 , 2012 ) . `` What Harvard Owes Its Top Asian - American Applicants '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jaschik , Scott ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Is it Bias ? Is it Legal ? '' . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joe , Don W. `` Statistics on Reverse Discrimination '' . Asian - American Politics . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Junn , Jane ; Masuoka , Natalie ( 2008 ) . `` Asian American Identity : Shared Racial Status and Political Context '' ( PDF ) . Perspectives on Politics . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Teranishi , Robert T . `` The Need for Disaggregated and Cross-Tabulated Data in Higher Education Policymaking '' . National Commission on Asian American and Pacific Islander Research in Education . United States Department of Education . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ US Census Bureau publication p 60 -- 231 `` Income , Poverty and Health Insurance in the United States : 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Carmen DeNavas - Walt ; Bernadette D. Proctor ; Cheryll Hill Lee ( August 2006 ) . `` Income , Poverty , and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2005 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Asian American Consumer '' ( PDF ) . The Nielsen Company . 2012 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shiao - Lin Shirley Tsai ; Lucilla Tan ( June 2006 ) . `` Food - at - home expenditures of Asian households '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Income , Poverty , and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2008 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 2009 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/sop.2011.54.2.251?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Jump up ^ Financing Affordable Housing : A Primer By Rick Liu , Sampan ( archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Asian / Pacific American Heritage Month : May 2012 '' . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weingarten , Liza ; Smith , Raymond Arthur ( 2009 ) . `` Asian American Immigration Status '' ( PDF ) . Majority Rule and Minority Rights Issue Briefs . Columbia University . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MSNBC March . 27 , 2005 `` Black , Asian women make income gains '' Jump up ^ `` Table PINC - 03 . Educational Attainment -- People 25 Years Old and Over , by Total Money Earnings in 2005 , Work Experience in 2005 , Age , Race , Hispanic Origin and Sex '' . Annual Demographic Servey . U.S. Census . August 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Table HINC - 06 . Income Distribution to $250,000 or More for Households : 2005 '' . Annual Demographic Servey . U.S. Census . August 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Table 690 . Money Income of Households -- Percent Distribution by Income Level , Race , and Hispanic Origin , in Constant ( 2009 ) Dollars : 1990 to 2009 '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Karen R. Hume ; Nicholas A. Jones ; Roberto R. Ramirez ( March 2011 ) . `` Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . U.S. Department of Commerce . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Table 8 . The Asian Population and Largest Multiple - Race Combinations by Hispanic or Latino Origin for the United States : 2010 . Asian Alone or in Combination / Hispanic or Latino / 598,146 / 100.0 / ( X ) Jump up ^ `` Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin : 2000 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . ^ Jump up to : `` Asian / Pacific American Heritage Month : May 2012 '' . United States Census Bureau . United States Department of Commerce . March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Table 53 . Languages Spoken At Home by Language : 2011 '' ( PDF ) , Language use in the United States , August 2013 , U.S. Census Bureau , archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 5 , 2016 , retrieved February 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ Bureau , U.S. Census . `` American FactFinder - Results '' . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy Pratt ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` More Asian Immigrants Are Finding Ballots in Their Native Tongue '' . New York Times . Las Vegas . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leslie Berestein Rojas ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Five new Asian languages make their debut at the polls '' . KPCC . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaun Tandon ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Half of Asian Americans rely on ethnic media : poll '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Language Use and English - Speaking Ability : 2000 : Census 2000 Brief Jump up ^ EAC Issues Glossaries of Election Terms in Five Asian Languages Translations to Make Voting More Accessible to a Majority of Asian American Citizens . Election Assistance Commission . June 20 , 2008 . ( archived from the original on July 31 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Espinosa , Gastón ( 2008 ) . Religion , race , and the American presidency . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6321 - 6 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Paul ( 2012 ) . The Columbia Guide to Religion in American History . Columbia University Press . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 14020 - 1 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carnes , Tony ; Yang , Fenggang ( 2004 ) . Asian American religions : the making and remaking of borders and boundaries . New York University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 1630 - 4 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kosmin , Barry Alexander ; Keysar , Ariela ( 2006 ) . Religion in a free market : religious and non-religious Americans , who , what , why , where . Ithaca , New York : Paramount Market Publishing . pp. 241 -- 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9766973 - 6 - 7 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Le , C.N. ( 2012 ) . `` Religion , Spirituality , and Faith '' . Asian-Nation.org . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lugo , Luis ; Sandra Stencel ; John Green ; Gregory Smith ; Dan Cox ; Allison Pond ; Tracy Miller ; Elizabeth Podrebarac ; Michelle Ralston ( February 2008 ) . `` U.S. Religious Landscape Survey : Religious Affiliation : Diverse and Dynamic '' ( PDF ) . Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . Pew Research Center . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kosmin , Barry A. ; Keysar , Ariela ( March 2009 ) . `` American Religious Identification Survey ( ARIS 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society & Culture . Trinity College . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Daniel Pipes ; Khalid Durán ( August 2002 ) . `` Muslim Immigrants in the United States '' . Center for Immigration Studies . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Symbolic of this diversity , Los Angeles alone boasts such exotic food fare as the Chinese Islamic Restaurant and the Thai Islamic Restaurant . Jump up ^ Syed , Farhan A. ( 2006 ) . Integration and Isolation : A Comparative Study of Immigrant Muslims in the United States and the United Kingdom ( PDF ) ( Master of Arts thesis ) . University of Pennsylvania . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jeffrey M. ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Asian - Americans Lean Left Politically '' . Gallup . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asian Americans : A Mosaic of Faiths '' . The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . Pew Research Center . July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Crary ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Gallup study : 3.4 percent of US adults are LGBT '' . WTOP . Associated Press . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Gary J. Gates ; Frank Newport ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Special Report : 3.4 % of U.S. Adults Identify as LGBT '' . Gallup . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Nonwhites are more likely than white segments of the U.S. population to identify as LGBT . The survey results show that 4.6 % of African - Americans identify as LGBT , along with 4.0 % of Hispanics and 4.3 % of Asians . The disproportionately higher representation of LGBT status among nonwhite population segments corresponds to the slightly below - average 3.2 % of white Americans who identified as LGBT . Jump up ^ `` Total Population : Asian Alone or in combination with one or more other races '' . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Total Population : Chinese alone or in any combination '' . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Total Population : Filipino alone or in any combination '' . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Total Population : Asian Indian alone or in any combination '' . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Total Population : Japanese alone or in any combination '' . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Total Population : Korean alone or in any combination '' . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Total Population : Vietnamese alone or in any combination '' . 2010 Census Summary File 2 . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Kao. `` 2012 Asian Pacific Town Hall '' ( PDF ) . Council on Asian Pacific Minnesotans . State of Minnesota . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Asian - Nation Asian American Socioeconomic Statistics and Comparisons `` Demographics of Asian Americans '' . Pew Research Social & Demographic Trends . Pew Research Center . 4 April 2013 . Asian Americans Central Asian Mongolian Uzbek East Asian Chinese Hong Kong Tibetan Fuzhou / Hokchiu Hokkien / Hoklo / Minnan Hakka Japanese Hawaii Korean Taiwanese South Asian Bangladeshi Bengali Bhutanese Indian Indo - Caribbean Bengali Punjabi Sindhi Tamil Nepalese Pakistani Baloch Pashtun Punjabi Sindhi Sri Lankan Tamil Southeast Asian Burmese Cambodian Filipino Hmong Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Mien Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Other Hispanic and Latino Punjabi Mexican Multiracial American Afro - Asian Amerasian Eurasian History General Immigration Military Topics Arts and Entertainment Demographics Politics Stereotypes Religion Buddhists Christians Catholics Protestants Hindus Jainism Muslims Sikhs Regions California Hawaii Maryland New York City Puerto Rico Washington Notes ( show ) The U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asians refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East , Southeast Asia , or the Indian subcontinent . The United States Government classified Kalmyks as Asian until 1951 , when Kalmyk Americans were reclassified as White Americans . The U.S. Census Bureau considers Mongolians and Uzbeks as Central Asians , but a specific Central Asian American group similar to Middle Eastern American does not yet exist . The U.S. Census Bureau reclassifies anyone identifying as `` Tibetan American '' as `` Chinese American '' . Bengali Americans may be classified as Bangladeshi or Indian . Punjabi Americans may be classified as Indian or Pakistani . Tamil Americans may be classified as Indian or Sri Lankan . Demographics of the United States Demographic history By economic and social Affluence Educational attainment Emigration Home - ownership Household income Immigration Income inequality Language LGBT Middle classes Personal income Poverty Social class Unemployment by state Wealth By religion Buddhists Christians Catholics Coptics Protestants Hindus Jains Jews Muslims Ahmadiyyas Neopagans Non-religious Rastafaris Scientologists Sikhs By continent and ethnicity Africa African diaspora in the Americas Afro - Caribbean / West Indian Americans Bahamian Americans Belizean Americans Guyanese Americans Haitian Americans Jamaican Americans Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans Black Hispanic and Latino Americans African immigrants to the United States Central Africans in the United States Horn Africans in the United States North Africans in the United States Southeast Africans in the United States Southern Africans in the United States West Africans in the United States Asia Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans East Asia Chinese Americans Hong Kong Americans Tibetan Americans Japanese Americans Korean Americans Mongolian Americans Taiwanese Americans South Asia Bangladeshi Americans Bhutanese Americans Indian Americans Nepalese Americans Pakistani Americans Romani Americans Sri Lankan Americans Southeast Asia Burmese Americans Cambodian Americans Filipino Americans Hmong Americans Indonesian Americans Laotian Americans Malaysian Americans Singaporean Americans Thai Americans Vietnamese Americans West Asia Arab Americans Assyrian Americans Iranian Americans Israeli Americans Jewish Americans Europe White Americans English Americans French Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Spanish Americans Non-Hispanic whites White Hispanic and Latino Americans Oceania Pacific Islands Americans Chamorro Americans Native Hawaiians Samoan Americans Tongan Americans Euro Oceanic Americans Australian Americans New Zealand Americans North America Native Americans and Alaska Natives Canadian Americans Cuban Americans Mexican Americans Puerto Ricans ( Stateside ) South America Hispanic and Latino Americans Brazilian Americans Colombian Americans Ecuadorian Americans Multiethnic Melungeon People of the United States / Americans American ancestry Maps of American ancestries 2010 Census Race and ethnicity in the Census Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Racism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Asian_Americans&oldid=813883968 '' Categories : Asian - American issues Demographics of the United States Minorities Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 19 : 28 . 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who does meg griffin voice on family guy

Meg Griffin

meg griffin

Megan `` Meg '' Griffin is a character from the American animated television series Family Guy . The eldest child of the Griffin family , Meg is the family 's scapegoat who receives the least of their attention and bears the brunt of their abuse . She is often bullied , ridiculed , and ignored .

Meg made her first appearance on television when Family Guy debuted on Fox on January 31 , 1999 , with the episode `` Death Has a Shadow '' . Originally voiced by Lacey Chabert during the first season , she has been voiced by Mila Kunis since season 2 , although Chabert returned to voice Meg in Yug Ylimaf and Back to the Pilot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 Voice actors 3 Appearance 4 Social life 5 Family life 6 References 7 External links Personality ( edit ) Meg is a self - conscious and emotionally fragile teenage girl . She is treated unfairly by her parents and has multiple insecurities that cause her to try to be part of the `` in - crowd '' , which only results in her getting rebuffed by Connie D'Amico , the popular and beautiful yet mean - spirited and superficial head cheerleader of the local high school , James Woods Regional High School . However , another student named Neil Goldman is attracted to her . She is also usually the butt of Peter 's jokes due to her `` homeliness '' and unpopularity . Everyone in her family ( except Chris ) makes fun of her : Peter resorts to outrageous stunts and names ; Stewie and Brian employ subtle but effective jokes , but typically choose not to verbalize them in front of Meg ; Lois constantly puts Meg down while boosting her own egotistical image . However , in the episode `` Seahorse Seashell Party '' , she strongly insults and defames her family for their actions against her , causing them to distance themselves in shame and sending Peter and Lois into a depression , though she later apologizes . On one occasion , the whole family even goes as far as to read her diary and mock her deepest secrets . However , on some occasions the family 's true love for her has been proven , mostly by Chris . She has been so insecure about herself that she has engaged in dangerous sexual behavior just for attention . She is also prone to violent releases of her repressed rage , as shown in `` Road to Rupert '' , when she assaults a man who insulted her after a fender - bender . Many of the show 's `` Meg '' storylines involve her trying to improve her typical life , trying to find a boyfriend , and reaching breaking points with her family and other bullies who victimize her . In the episode `` Chris Cross '' , it 's strongly hinted that Meg is working with Dutch neo-Nazis when she orders Chris to retrieve mail she receives from the Netherlands at a private post office box , saying she 's `` part of a group that trashes Anne Frank 's house every year . '' Voice actors ( edit ) On the season 1 DVD commentary for the Drawn Together episode `` Hot Tub '' , Cree Summer claims she was offered the role to play Meg but was dismissed by the producers . Meg was voiced by an uncredited Lacey Chabert for the first season , and by Mila Kunis in subsequent seasons after Chabert became busy with school and appearing on Party of Five at the time , although some of her work became second season episodes due to production order . Mila Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character , in part due to her performance on That ' 70s Show . MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition , instructing her to speak more slowly , and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more . Once she claimed that she had it under control , MacFarlane hired her . MacFarlane stated that Kunis `` had a very natural quality to Meg '' and she 's `` in a lot of ways ( ... ) almost more right for the character '' . Kunis 's voice is first heard as Meg in Episode 3 of season two `` Da Boom '' , and the voices switch back and forth in the broadcast order until settling on Kunis . Tara Strong provides Meg 's singing voice in `` Do n't Make Me Over '' . Lacey Chabert ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mila Kunis ( 1999 -- present ) Tara Strong ( singing voice ) Appearance ( edit ) Meg , like Peter , has short brown hair and wears eyeglasses due to myopia . She also wears a pink beanie even underneath other headgear . Her clothing consists of a pink T - shirt with a white collar and white cuffs , blue jeans , and white shoes . She occasionally is seen wearing dresses or formal wear usually without her trademark cap . She is slightly shorter than her younger brother Chris . Meg is also self - conscious about her appearance ( `` I 'm so fat and gross . '' ) . Social life ( edit ) Meg is very unpopular in high school due to both her plain appearance and personality . She desperately tries to be part of the cool crowd , but is usually coldly rebuffed . Because of her eagerness for acceptance , she has been recruited `` unknowingly '' into a suicidal religious cult , and later recruited again unwittingly into her school 's Lesbian Alliance ( `` Brian Sings and Swings '' ) . However , Meg does have a moderate number of friends , the best of which being with a group of girls who are often seen with her during occasions such as her slumber parties and gossiping about boys . In later episodes , these girls , known by the names Beth , Patty , Collette , Esther , and Ruth , are characterized as being highly unpopular and dateless , much like Meg , even saying that she was the only one of them who ever had a boyfriend ( actually a decaying corpse she was `` dating '' ) . Meg is so unpopular at school that one student fires a nail gun into his own stomach twice ( in shop class ) in order to avoid a date with her , and then in a later episode shoots his own brother as an excuse not to go to a dance with her the following night . On another occasion , Meg and Lois are looking for new clothes for Meg , but with no luck ( a saleswoman ended up pouring gasoline on herself , lighting a match , catching fire , and then jumping out of a window after looking at Meg in a pair of jeans ) . However , she is sought by nerd Neil Goldman . In `` 8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter '' , Neil starts dating a girl named Cecilia , Meg becomes instantly jealous and pretends to date Jake Tucker to make him jealous . This leads to her signing a contract to become Neil 's girlfriend and ( not knowing at first ) his slave , but she gets him to tear up the contract after Lois seduces him . Perverted neighbor Glenn Quagmire has shown a repeated interest in her , mostly due to his very low standards , asking if she has reached the age of consent . Quagmire comes close to succeeding when Lois tells Peter to back off after he was ruining Meg and Quagmire 's ' dates ' . Then , they rescue Meg after Glenn takes her to his cabin , Peter and Lois arriving in time before anything happens . In several episodes she is shown dating , including stories with characters Mayor Adam West and nudist Jeff Campbell . She also loses her virginity unknowingly on live television to Saturday Night Live host Jimmy Fallon after having a drastic makeover ; but , before all that happens , she goes out with a rebel at her school named Craig Hoffman . In `` Jerome is the New Black '' , Jerome , an old flame of Lois 's and Peter 's new friend , admits to having sex with Meg , to which Peter replies indifferently . In the episode `` Brian Sings and Swings '' , a lesbian student named Sarah invites Meg to join in her Lesbian Alliance Club , with Meg not knowing at first what kind of club it was . Desperate to fit in , she pretends to be a lesbian and also pretends to be attracted to Sarah and even goes so far as to kiss her to prove it . At the end of the episode , Meg goes over to Sarah 's house to admit she lied about being a lesbian ( Sarah thought that Meg came over to have sex and even undresses when Meg is telling her that she lied ) , much to Glenn 's ( who was hiding in Sarah 's closet ) disappointment . She also used to have a crush on anchorman Tom Tucker , but it ended after she discovered his vanity and selfishness . In other episodes , she is portrayed as chronically incapable of finding a boyfriend . For her Junior Prom she accepts a pity date from Brian , the family dog and only after threatening suicide . Earlier in season 2 , she dated Joe Swanson 's son Kevin Swanson , but in `` Stew - Roids '' it is mentioned that Kevin died in Iraq . In the episode , `` Prick Up Your Ears '' , she dates a boy named Doug , but he breaks up with her when he sees her naked right before almost having sex . In the episode `` Peter 's Daughter '' , Meg falls in love with a medical student named Michael Milano after coming out of a short coma ( caused by Peter when he asked her to `` rescue '' beer and make him a sandwich out of an already flooded kitchen ) and they start to date . After he breaks up with Meg ( because of Peter being overprotective of her after promising that if she came out of the coma , he would `` treat her like a princess '' ) , she announces that she is pregnant by Michael and the two get engaged . After finding out that she is not actually pregnant , Meg tells Michael the truth hoping that he will stay , however , Michael quickly leaves Meg at the altar . In the episode `` Dial Meg for Murder '' , she is dating a convict , while in the episode `` Go , Stewie , Go ! '' she dates an attractive young man named Anthony , who is absolutely normal ( much to the surprise of many of the other characters ) . They were so shocked that they had to do tests just to see if he was completely normal which annoyed Meg . It is presumed that she broke up with him after he and Lois had an affair . Meg also shows extremely possessive behavior when she encounters someone she believes she has a romantic connection with such as kidnapping Brian and detaining Bonnie Swanson at the airport by planting a gun in her purse . Overall , Meg has shown romantic interest in and dated several men throughout the series . However , there have been several instances in which she has shown hints of being bisexual or a lesbian : examples of this include `` Brian Sings and Swings '' , `` Stew - Roids '' , and `` Dial Meg for Murder '' . In November 2016 , when asked by Splitsider if the writers will further develop the characters of Chris and Meg in future episodes , showrunner Alec Sulkin confirmed that the series crew members are working on doing so and added that there are plans for an episode where Meg comes out as a lesbian , taking inspiration from previous instances in which she exhibited signs of lesbian characteristics , like when she joins a lesbian alliance group at school in `` Brian Sings and Swings '' and is identified as a `` transgender man '' named `` Ron '' in Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story , the latter which takes place in the future . However , Sulkin also noted that the plotline has not yet been finalized and thus is n't officially set to be used in an episode . Family life ( edit ) In the first three seasons of the show , the family had inadvertently humiliated Meg due to their bumbling or stupidity , though they cared for her and meant well . In the post-cancellation seasons , this began to change as the inadvertent embarassment became deliberate bullying and disrespect . Additionally , the show started to flesh out the characters to the point where it appears that most of the population of Quahog who knows her , or even just meets her , bullies , talks down on , or disdains her for no reason other than her simply being `` Meg '' . This basically means that she is a victim of circumstance , as Meg is normally docile and well - behaved and generally never seems to do anything mean or inconsiderate or even try to retaliate to her mistreatment from others , which most likely contributes to people 's deliberate disdain for her . In an interview , Mila Kunis stated : `` Meg gets picked on a lot . But it 's funny . It 's like the middle child . She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 16 - year - old , when you 're kind of going through puberty and what - not . She 's just in perpetual mode of humiliation , and it 's fun . '' Meg is also the most misunderstood of the family , often shown by people avoiding her company , disparaging her in person , gathering in her bedroom to read her diary for laughs , etc . Peter reminds Lois , `` We agreed that if we could only save two , we 'd leave Meg ! '' even randomly shooting her when she simply said `` Hi Dad '' ( `` Peter 's Daughter '' ) but despite this he also was going to say `` I love you '' in `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' , and in `` Road to Rupert '' he stated they were ' secret best friends ' before throwing lemonade in her face , saying he would have to continue to treat her badly in public in order to maintain his reputation due to `` peer pressure '' , thus giving hope that they may be on good terms . Occasionally , when Meg asks a question to Peter or just speaks when he is in the room , Peter responds by saying `` Shut up , Meg '' , which is immediately followed by a line from another character . When the family tries an anger management technique of writing letters and not sending them , Meg finds Peter 's letter to her , which says , `` Dear Meg , for the first four years of your life , I thought you were a house cat . '' And in Peter 's short story of her birth , they had to go back to get her once they realized they grabbed the afterbirth . In the episode `` Stewie Kills Lois '' , Peter tells guests on a cruise ship about how he and Lois had gone to get an abortion but decided against it when they arrived at the clinic and found out the abortionist had one hand . He then says `` two and a half months later , our daughter Meg was born '' -- indicating that they had tried to abort her when Lois was already over six months pregnant . Another hint to this is when Meg is in the car with Lois and at an attempt to make civilized conversation , says , `` Hey Meg , did you know that if you 're on birth control and you take an antibiotic it makes it not work ? ' Cause no one told me ! I just thought you should know '' and laughs awkwardly . On Meg 's 17th birthday , her mother and father both try to hide from Meg that they do not remember her age . Peter states that Meg sucks in the episode `` PTV '' , and Chris says that people think the same thing about her in `` Long John Peter '' . In `` Not All Dogs Go to Heaven '' , Brian says to Meg 's face that she lives in a home `` where nobody respects or cares about ( her ) , not even enough to get ( her ) a damn mumps shot ! '' Chris , however , has more of a typical brother - sister relationship with Meg , with Chris telling those who condemn her that it is never her fault . Chris , at one point , threatened to quit his job at the local mini-mart if his boss did n't re-hire Meg ( at the insistence of Lois ) . Like Chris , Meg has an anthropomorphic monkey in her closet , and although she has proved it , her family coldly state that they were talking about Chris ' , not hers . Cleveland comments to Peter `` Meg is my least favorite of your children . '' Apparently , a double standard also exists against Meg , further underscoring the mistreatment she suffers from the people around her . In `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' , an episode wherein Peter loses his memory , as he reacquaints himself with the pleasures of sex , Lois tells him that it is inappropriate to have sex with his own children ; in response , Meg attempts an incest joke . She then lambastes her for this and kicks her out of the room . However , in the season finale `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' , Lois tells a joke that implies that it was Meg that gave birth to Stewie , and apart from a shocked reaction from the latter , Lois receives no such violent reaction . Additionally , in `` Model Misbehavior '' , when Lois starts a modeling career , Peter states that he will pleasure himself to Lois ' pictures , followed by Chris and Meg both exclaiming `` Me too ! '' to which Peter shouts `` Oh God , Meg , that 's sick ! That 's your mother ! '' , ignoring the fact that Chris said the same thing . Meg responded by saying `` I was only trying to fit in ! '' Peter immediately kicked her out of the house . Later , during an unrelated conversation , when she spoke , he said `` Meg , who let you back in the house ? '' Brian 's attention softens the lack of respect from Peter and the neighbors ; he admits that he cares for Meg when she goes out with Mayor Adam West . Lois has also often shown sympathy for Meg , for example , taking her to Spring Break at the beach . Lois very often comforts Meg when she is down ; however , she gives up one attempt after 45 minutes and gives her a Sylvia Plath novel and a bottle of Ambien , and with a `` Whatever happens , happens '' , leaves Meg to her misery . One of the most cruel examples comes in the episode `` You Ca n't Do That On Television , Peter '' . When Peter is mauled by a puma , Meg uses medical training to save his life . However , no one thanks her afterward and when she tries to point it out , Peter just tells her to get him water . The family 's treatment of Meg finally reaches her limit in `` Dial Meg for Murder '' when Meg emerges from a short stint in a Young Offenders Institution as a hardened criminal , abusing her family and beating up anyone who makes fun of her . It is only after a conversation with Brian that she changes her ways . However , it comes to a head once again in `` Seahorse Seashell Party '' , when Meg finally grows tired of her mistreatment and lashes out against Lois and Peter , informing them of their own flaws . Lois condescendingly tells Meg that she is simply taking her own problems out on everyone else invoking Meg to bring up her mother 's delinquent past . Meg tells her that she is far from the perfect parent , harshly berates her for constantly and ruthlessly pointing out Meg 's shortcomings . Lois tries to justify that she 's a better person because of her past and she is open that she is n't the perfect parent , but Meg tells her that she 's the farthest thing from and states how she has neglected to protect her from harm and guide her through life . Meg also informs Lois that when she turns 18 , she may never want to see her again . This breaks Lois ' heart and she finally admits that she 's been a terrible mother to Meg . Finally , Meg turns on Peter who , unable to comprehend her insults , thinks that his daughter 's argument is amusing , even when she points out Peter 's destructive tendencies and that he would go to jail if someone could witness his negative treatment towards her . It dawns on Peter that he is being insulted when Meg calls him a `` waste of a man . '' A disillusioned Peter asks Lois to tell Meg to `` knock it off '' , but Lois refuses because he did n't stick up for her . Within moments , Peter turns his abusive criticisms and insults on Chris and Lois . Peter finally runs to his room crying , with Lois running after him , leaving behind Meg and Brian , who is now fully recovered from his trip , to discuss what just happened . Brian likes that Meg stood up for herself , but she sadly tells him that even though she meant every word , seeing Peter turn on everyone like wolves has made her think that it is ultimately her non-ideal role to serve as the Griffins ' `` lightning rod that absorbs all the dysfunction '' . He commends her on her maturity , and even goes on to say that Meg is the `` strongest person '' in the family . She soon apologizes to the others and says that she is actually the one at fault . Since this episode , the abuse that Meg receives begins to fade away as a storyline . She also notices that Peter 's pro wrestler sister Karen treats Peter exactly the way Peter treats her , and they bond over this with a plan to embarrass Karen at a wrestling show -- which goes awry when Meg hits her with a metal folding chair instead of a breakaway one and injures Karen to the point where she ends up in a coma and ( as it is implied ) possibly will die from her injuries without a blood transfusion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IMDB -- Family Guy -- Stew - Roids ( 2009 ) Movie Connections Jump up ^ Aurthur , Kate ( 2005 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Sharing the Ratings Spoils '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lacey Chabert interview by GameSpy ( October 6 , 2006 ) - Sonic Retro ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy -- Casting Mila Kunis '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Seth MacFarlane '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( 2005 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Fox Swears By Family Guy '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Planet Family Guy - Character guide - Meg Griffin Archived 2012 - 09 - 07 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Mila Kunis talks about working on Family Guy `` : EveryJoe - Sports and Entertainment News Archived October 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Movie Reviews , Articles , Trailers , and more at Metacritic ^ Jump up to : `` Barely Legal '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 8 . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Fox . I 'm so fat and gross ! Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Death Bang '' . Family Guy . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 1999 - 04 - 18 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Brian Sings and Swings '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 19 . 2006 - 01 - 08 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Fifteen Minutes of Shame '' . Family Guy . Season 2 . Episode 12 . 2000 - 04 - 25 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Thin White Line '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 2001 - 11 - 07 . Fox . Are you 18 yet ? Jump up ^ `` The Story on Page One '' . Family Guy . Season 2 . Episode 19 . 2000 - 07 - 18 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` From Method to Madness '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 18 . 2002 - 01 - 24 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Make Me Over '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 4 . 2005 - 06 - 05 . Fox . Jump up ^ Newman , Vicki ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` Family Guy 's Meg Griffin ' to come out as lesbian ' ... but will she still go on to become transgender man Ron ? '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Dawn ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Is Meg Griffin of ' Family Guy ' About to Come Out as a Lesbian ? '' . LGBTQ Nation . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Top 25 Family Guy Characters '' . IGN . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` Mila Kunis Talks About Working on Family Guy and Her Upcoming Movie '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stuck Together , Torn Apart '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 19 . 2002 - 01 - 31 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Petergeist '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 26 . 2006 - 05 - 07 . Fox . Oh yeah right like I 'm going back for Meg Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapons '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 7 . 2001 - 08 - 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Peter 's Two Dads '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 10 . 2007 - 02 - 11 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Out Is Hard to Do '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 9 . 2005 - 07 - 17 . Fox Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 3 . 2006 - 09 - 24 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' . Family Guy . Season 8 . Episode 10 . 2010 - 01 - 03 . Fox . `` I wish you 'd told him that before he lost his memory ! '' -- Meg , after Lois tells Peter he can not have sex with the children Jump up ^ `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' . Family Guy . Season 8 . Episode 21 . 2010 - 06 - 20 . Fox . External links ( edit ) Meg Griffin at Fox.com Mila Kunis on Meg Griffin ( hide ) Family Guy ( franchise ) Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Adam West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Family Guy portal Animation portal Television portal Comedy portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meg_Griffin&oldid=834481310 '' Categories : Family Guy characters Child characters in television Teenage characters in television Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional American people of German descent Fictional characters from Rhode Island Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Animated human characters Female characters in animation Female characters in television Fictional characters who have attempted suicide Fictional victims of bullies Fictional victims of child abuse Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 23 : 30 . 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who controls the market in a competitive market

In economics and particularly in industrial organization , market power is the ability of a firm to profitably raise the market price of a good or service over marginal cost . In perfectly competitive markets , market participants have no market power . A firm with total market power can raise prices without losing any customers to competitors . Market participants that have market power are therefore sometimes referred to as `` price makers '' or `` price setters '' , while those without are sometimes called `` price takers '' . Significant market power occurs when prices exceed marginal cost and long run average cost , so the firm makes profit .

Market power

market power

In economics and particularly in industrial organization , market power is the ability of a firm to profitably raise the market price of a good or service over marginal cost . In perfectly competitive markets , market participants have no market power . A firm with total market power can raise prices without losing any customers to competitors . Market participants that have market power are therefore sometimes referred to as `` price makers '' or `` price setters '' , while those without are sometimes called `` price takers '' . Significant market power occurs when prices exceed marginal cost and long run average cost , so the firm makes profit .

A firm with market power has the ability to individually affect either the total quantity or the prevailing price in the market . Price makers face a downward - sloping demand curve , such that price increases lead to a lower quantity demanded . The decrease in supply as a result of the exercise of market power creates an economic deadweight loss which is often viewed as socially undesirable . As a result , many countries have anti-trust or other legislation intended to limit the ability of firms to accrue market power . Such legislation often regulates mergers and sometimes introduces a judicial power to compel divestiture . A firm usually has market power by virtue of controlling a large portion of the market . In extreme cases -- monopoly and monopsony -- the firm controls the entire market . However , market size alone is not the only indicator of market power . Highly concentrated markets may be contestable if there are no barriers to entry or exit , limiting the incumbent firm 's ability to raise its price above competitive levels . Market power gives firms the ability to engage in unilateral anti-competitive behavior . Some of the behaviours that firms with market power are accused of engaging in include predatory pricing , product tying , and creation of overcapacity or other barriers to entry . If no individual participant in the market has significant market power , then anti-competitive behavior can take place only through collusion , or the exercise of a group of participants ' collective market power . The Lerner index and Herfindahl index may be used to measure market power . Contents ( hide ) 1 Oligopoly 2 Monopoly power 3 Source 4 Measurement 5 Elasticity of demand 6 Nobel Memorial Prize 7 See also 8 References 9 Further references Oligopoly ( edit ) When several firms control a significant share of market sales , the resulting market structure is called an oligopoly or oligopsony . An oligopoly may engage in collusion , either tacit or overt , and thereby exercise market power . A group of firms that explicitly agree to affect market price or output is called a cartel . Monopoly power ( edit ) Monopoly power is an example of market failure which occurs when one or more of the participants has the ability to influence the price or other outcomes in some general or specialized market . The most commonly discussed form of market power is that of a monopoly , but other forms such as monopsony , and more moderate versions of these two extremes , exist . A well - known example of monopolistic market power is Microsoft 's market share in PC operating systems . The United States v. Microsoft case dealt with an allegation that Microsoft illegally exercised its market power by bundling its web browser with its operating system . In this respect , the notion of dominance and dominant position in EU Antitrust Law is a strictly related aspect . Source ( edit ) A monopoly can raise prices and retain customers because the monopoly has no competitors . If a customer has no other place to go to obtain the goods or services , they either pay the increased price or do without . Thus the key to market power is to preclude competition through high barriers of entry . Barriers to entry that are significant sources of market power are control of scarce resources , increasing returns to scale , technological superiority and government created barriers to entry . OPEC is an example of an organization that has market power due to control over scarce resources -- oil . Increasing returns to scale are another important source of market power . Firms experiencing increasing returns to scale are also experiencing decreasing average total costs . Firms in such industries become more profitable with size . Therefore over time the industry is dominated by a few large firms . This dominance makes it difficult for start up firms to succeed . Firms like power companies , cable television companies and wireless communication companies with large start up costs fall within this category . A company wishing to enter such industries must have the financial ability to spend millions of dollars before starting operations and generating any revenue . Similarly established firms also have a competitive advantage over new firms . An established firm threatened by a new competitor can lower prices to drive out the competition . Microsoft is a firm that has substantial pricing or market power due to technological superiority in its design and production processes . Finally government created barriers to entry can be a source of market power . A prime example are patents granted to pharmaceutical companies . These patents give the drug companies a virtual monopoly in the protected product for the term of the patent . Measurement ( edit ) Concentration ratios are the most common measures of market power . The four - firm concentration ratio measures the percentage of total industry output attributable to the top four companies . For monopolies the four firm ratio is 100 per cent while the ratio is zero for perfect competition . The four firm concentration domestic ( U.S ) ratios for cigarettes is 93 % ; for automobiles , 84 % and for beer , 85 % . Another measure of concentration is the Herfindahl - Hirschman Index ( HHI ) which is calculated by `` summing the squares of the percentage market shares of all participants in the market '' . The HHI index for perfect competition is zero ; for monopoly , 10,000 . U.S. courts almost never consider a firm to possess market power if it has a market share of less than 50 percent . Elasticity of demand ( edit ) Market power is the ability to raise price above marginal cost ( MC ) and earn a positive profit . The degree to which a firm can raise price ( P ) above marginal cost depends on the shape of the demand curve at the profit maximizing output . That is , elasticity is the critical factor in determining market power . The relationship between market power and the price elasticity of demand ( PED ) can be summarized by the equation : P M C = P E D 1 + P E D . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( P ) ( MC ) ) = ( \ frac ( PED ) ( 1 + PED ) ) . ) Note that PED will be negative , so the ratio is always greater than one . The higher the P / MC ratio , the more market power the firm possesses . As PED increases in magnitude , the P / MC ratio approaches one , and market power approaches zero . The equation is derived from the monopolist pricing rule : P − M C P = − 1 P E D . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( P - MC ) ( P ) ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( PED ) ) . ) Nobel Memorial Prize ( edit ) Jean Tirole was awarded the 2014 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his analysis of market power and economic regulation . See also ( edit ) Bargaining power Imperfect competition Market concentration Natural monopoly Predatory pricing Price discrimination Dominance ( economics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vatiero Massimiliano ( 2010 ) . `` The Ordoliberal notion of market power : an institutionalist reassessment '' . European Competition Journal . 6 ( 3 ) : 689 -- 707 . doi : 10.5235 / ecj. v6n3. 689 . Jump up ^ Vatiero M. ( 2009 ) , `` An Institutionalist Explanation of Market Dominances '' . World Competition . Law and Economics Review , 32 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 226 . Jump up ^ If the power company raised rates the customer either pays the increase or does without power . ^ Jump up to : Krugman & Wells , Microeconomics 2d ed . ( Worth 2009 ) Jump up ^ Often such natural monopolies will also have the benefit of government granted monopolies . Jump up ^ Samuelson & Nordhaus , Microeconomics , 17th ed . ( McGraw - Hill 2001 ) at 183 -- 184 . Jump up ^ Samuelson & Nordhaus , Microeconomics , 17th ed . ( McGraw - Hill 2001 ) at 183 . ^ Jump up to : Samuelson & Nordhaus , Microeconomics , 17th ed . ( McGraw - Hill 2001 ) at 184 . Jump up ^ J. Gregory Sidak & Hal J. Singer , Überregulation Without Economics : The World Trade Organization 's Decision in the U.S. - Mexico Arbitration on Telecommunications Services , General Agreement on Trade in Services , GATS , 57 FED . COMM . L.J. 1 , 34 ( 2004 ) , http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1388&context=fclj . ^ Jump up to : Perloff , J : Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus page 369 . Pearson 2008 . Jump up ^ Perloff , J : Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus Pearson 2008 . Further references ( edit ) Brickley , Smith and Zimmerman. `` 7 '' . Managerial Economics and Organizational Architecture ( 3rd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0073375823 . `` The Theory of Industrial Organization '' , Tirole , MIT Press 1988 ( hide ) Institutional economics Institutional economists Werner Abelshauser Clarence Edwin Ayres Joe S. Bain Shimshon Bichler Robert A. Brady Daniel Bromley Ha - Joon Chang John Maurice Clark John R. Commons Richard T. Ely Robert H. Frank John Kenneth Galbraith Walton Hale Hamilton Orris C. Herfindahl Albert O. Hirschman Geoffrey Hodgson János Kornai Simon Kuznets Hunter Lewis Jesse W. Markham Wesley Clair Mitchell Gunnar Myrdal Jonathan Nitzan Warren Samuels François Simiand Herbert A. Simon Frank Stilwell George W. Stocking Sr . Lars Pålsson Syll Thorstein Veblen Edward Lawrence Wheelwright Erich Zimmermann Key concepts and ideas Accelerator effect Administered prices Barriers to entry Bounded rationality Conspicuous consumption Conspicuous leisure Conventional wisdom Countervailing power Effective competition Herfindahl index Hiding hand principle Hirschman cycle Instrumentalism Kuznets cycles Market concentration Market power Market structure Penalty of taking the lead Satisficing Shortage economy Structure -- conduct -- performance paradigm Technostructure Theory of two - level planning Veblen goods Veblenian dichotomy Related fields Behavioral Economics Development economics Economic sociology English historical school of economics French historical school Historical school of economics Legal realism New Institutional Economics Post-Keynesian economics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_power&oldid=834364399 '' Categories : Imperfect competition Power ( social and political ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Português Suomi Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 10 : 07 . 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when did elliot leave law & order svu

Elliot Stabler is a fictional character portrayed by Christopher Meloni and one of the lead characters on the NBC police procedural series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit during the first twelve seasons . As a result of Meloni 's sudden departure from the cast at the end of the twelfth season , Stabler abruptly retires from the police force off - screen during the thirteenth - season premiere .

Elliot Stabler

elliot stabler

Elliot Stabler is a fictional character portrayed by Christopher Meloni and one of the lead characters on the NBC police procedural series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit during the first twelve seasons . As a result of Meloni 's sudden departure from the cast at the end of the twelfth season , Stabler abruptly retires from the police force off - screen during the thirteenth - season premiere .

Contents 1 Character overview 2 Biography 3 Family 4 Partners 4.1 Olivia Benson 4.2 Dani Beck 4.3 Jo Marlowe 5 Development and casting 6 Departure 7 Acclaim 8 Awards and decorations 9 References Character overview ( edit ) Stabler is an NYPD Detective 1st Grade with Manhattan 's 16th Precinct , which investigates sex crimes . His partner during the first twelve years is Detective Olivia Benson ( Mariska Hargitay ) . Stabler is dedicated to his job , but often takes cases personally , thus affecting his judgment . Nonetheless , Stabler has a 97 - percent case - closure rate as of 2007 . His badge number is 6313 . Stabler is an Irish American Catholic and lives at 72 - 12 Castleside Street , Glen Oaks , Queens with his wife Kathy ( Isabel Gillies ) and five children ( Maureen , Kathleen , Richard `` Dickie '' , Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' , and Elliot `` Eli '' , Jr . ) . Stabler was born October 20 , 1966 . He is devoted to his family and frequently mentions or thinks about them while working cases . He is also a practicing Catholic whose faith sometimes complicates the cases on which he works . Series creator Dick Wolf named SVU 's two lead detectives after his son , Elliot , and his daughter , Olivia . Executive producer and head writer Neal Baer has explained that , in contrast to Benson - `` the empathetic , passionate voice for these victims '' - Stabler embodies `` the rage we feel , the ' How can this happen ? ' feeling '' . Of their partnership , Baer assessed that : `` They both represent the feelings that we feel simultaneously when we hear about these cases . That 's why they work so well together . '' Biography ( edit ) Stabler was born and raised in Bayside , Queens . His father , Joseph Stabler , was a policeman who lost his pension and eventually died of cancer . Stabler had a difficult relationship with his father , who physically and emotionally abused him . His mother , Bernadette ( née McGinley ) ( Ellen Burstyn ) , has bipolar disorder and once nearly killed her son during a manic phase . As a result , Stabler has `` erased his childhood '' , and maintains little contact with his mother . Stabler was a Marine and served in Operation Desert Storm . During his time in the military , he was a hand - to - hand combat specialist . He also has three tattoos , notably the Eagle , Globe , and Anchor tattoo on his forearm ( the official emblem of the Marine Corps ) , and the crucifixion of Christ on his left bicep . One of his best friends died in the September 11 attacks . He has a B.A. from Queens College . Stabler harbors a great deal of anger that is sometimes fed by his job . He is often openly aggressive and intimidating towards suspects , which can either complicate the case further , or lead to speedy confessions . When his wife Kathy leaves him in season 6 , Stabler 's anger rises closer to the surface , and in a few episodes , threatens to boil over . During an interrogation , serial killer Gordon Ricketts ( Matthew Modine ) , whom Stabler had investigated 14 years earlier , tells him that they harbor the same kind of rage , and that if it were n't for his family and his job , Stabler would be just like him . When Benson and Stabler catch Ricketts about to murder a young girl , Stabler appears ready to kill him in cold blood ; it is only Benson 's intervention that prevents him from doing so . In season 7 , he goes to see a psychiatrist , Dr. Rebecca Hendrix ( Mary Stuart Masterson ) , after using excessive force on an abusive parent . Stabler eventually opens up to Hendrix about his personal demons , and they become close until Hendrix is transferred . By season 9 , he and Kathy reconcile , and Stabler learns to better deal with his problems . In the season 12 finale , Stabler is forced to shoot and kill a young woman who opens fire in the Special Victims squad room . Before dying in Stabler 's arms , she had killed two suspects involved in the rape and murder of her mother and injured a third , as well as killing recurring character Sister Peg ( Charlayne Woodard ) . After the shootout , Stabler is placed on administrative leave by the NYPD 's Internal Affairs Bureau . Although he is eventually cleared , it is nonetheless his sixth career `` good shooting '' and according to Cragen , IAB `` wants to go over his entire jacket ... if Elliot wants to keep his job , he 's gon na have to submit to a psych eval , anger management , a lot of hoops . '' Confirming Benson 's assurance that he will instead tell them to `` go to hell '' , Stabler subsequently retires from the police force offscreen during the thirteenth - season premiere . Benson is quietly devastated by his resignation ; she puts on a stoic face in front of her colleagues , but breaks down sobbing once she 's alone in the interrogation room . Family ( edit ) He married his wife , Kathy , when they were both 17 years old , and at the beginning of the series , they have four school - aged children : Maureen ( born September 30 , 1984 ) , Kathleen Louise ( born July 13 , 1989 ) , and twins Richard `` Dickie '' , and Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' ( both born February 21 , 1993 ) . Richard ( he stopped using his nickname upon entering adolescence ) is named after Col. Richard Finley , a friend whom Stabler greatly admired . After years of the stress involved with being married to a police officer , Kathy Stabler leaves her husband , taking their children , and temporarily moves in with her mother . Following a case involving a divorce that turned violent , Stabler signs the divorce papers , saying , `` when love warps to hate , there 's nothing you wo n't do . '' However , after being cleared in the death of a suspect , Stabler realizes that he can not bear to lose either his job or his family , so he seeks reconciliation with his wife . A short time later , Kathy announces that she is pregnant and asks Stabler to come home . After a serious car accident , Kathy delivers a healthy baby boy , Elliot Stabler , Jr . ( Eli ) ( born November 17 , 2007 ) . Kathy nearly dies as a result of the crash , but paramedics are able to save her . Of his five children , Kathleen ( Allison Siko ) and Dickie ( Jeffrey Scaperrotta ) have most directly affected his job . Kathleen is twice charged with DUI ; he uses his clout as a police officer to make the first charge disappear , but he eventually realizes that he has to let her face the consequences of her actions , and she is sentenced to community service . Kathleen then steals her father 's credit card and gives it to her boyfriend , who rings up thousands of dollars in charges . She is later arrested for breaking and entering and robbery , at which time doctors and her family realize that she suffers from bipolar disorder , which she inherited from her paternal grandmother , Bernadette Stabler ( Ellen Burstyn ) . After speaking with her grandmother , Kathleen agrees to treatment . She later becomes an advocate for sexual assault victims , and in one episode , helps her father on a case . Dickie also occasionally gives his father problems . In an 11th - season episode , he runs away from school and tries to join the Army , something Stabler disapproves of . It later turns out that Dickie was acting out because his friend , Shane , had been murdered . Stabler refuses to sign a parental consent form for Dickie to join the Army , but resolves to be a more attentive parent . Stabler is fiercely protective of his children and becomes defensive if a suspect asks about his family ; it is suggested that he sees aspects of his children in every victim . As a result , he harbors an intense hatred of pedophiles , admitting to a police psychiatrist that he sometimes fantasizes about killing them . He almost loses his job as a result . Stabler has occasionally seen aspects of himself in a child abuser ; during one case , the actions of an abusive parent prompt him to recall an incident in which he lost his temper and raised his hand to slap his daughter Maureen , then a toddler . In another , he beats up a pedophile ( Tom Noonan ) who posts a picture of Elizabeth on his website . Child victims tend to respond to him . For example , Stabler successfully reaches out to a 15 - year - old girl ( Rachael Bella ) who regresses to a childlike state after being attacked by her father . SVU 's resident psychiatrist , Dr. George Huang ( B.D. Wong ) , theorizes that only Stabler would be able to reach her , as he is a father , and she is looking for another father figure . Partners ( edit ) Olivia Benson ( edit ) Stabler is partnered with Olivia Benson for 12 years . They are best friends , and trust each other completely . Stabler is Benson 's longest relationship with a man , and they have even each promised to give the other a kidney should they need a transplant . Their relationship is not without friction , however . The two sometimes argue over the cases they work on ; Benson tends to be quicker to side with the victims . For example , during a case in which three women are charged with raping a male stripper , Benson and ADA Alexandra Cabot ( Stephanie March ) believe the man 's story , while Stabler takes a cynical view of his claim from the start . Benson and Stabler are separated at times during the show . She asks for a new partner after Stabler expects her to jeopardize his life to shoot a convicted sex offender ( Lou Diamond Phillips ) who had kidnapped two children and killed one of them . Instead , she is briefly reassigned to Computer Crimes and replaced by a Queens SVU detective , Lucius Blaine ( Anthony Anderson ) . Benson and Stabler become partners again after her replacement , Dani Beck , leaves the squad . They remain partners for the rest of Stabler 's time in the precinct . Dani Beck ( edit ) Stabler is assigned a temporary partner named Dani Beck ( Connie Nielsen ) while Benson is undercover in Oregon , embedded in an eco-terrorist group at the request of the FBI in season 8 ( Mariska Hargitay was pregnant and on maternity leave ) . Beck takes well to the job , and she and Stabler become close . There is also some sexual tension between the two , and during one case they share a kiss . The relationship goes no further , however , as Beck leaves when she realizes that she will not be able to save every victim . Jo Marlowe ( edit ) Jo Marlowe ( played by Sharon Stone ) was Stabler 's training officer . She is appointed by Jack McCoy to be the new ADA for the SVU squad during a four - episode run in season 11 . Stabler reveals that he has not seen her for 15 years when she first arrives as the new ADA . Marlowe was a lieutenant in 1995 when she left the NYPD after her command decision resulted in the deaths of two of her officers . She was diagnosed with an `` aggressive '' type of breast cancer and had a bilateral radical mastectomy a year before joining the SVU squad . Development and casting ( edit ) For the role of Stabler , the finalists were Meloni , Tim Matheson and John Slattery . Meloni and Hargitay had auditioned in the final round together and after the actors left , there was a moment of dead silence , after which Wolf blurted out , `` Oh well . There 's no doubt who we should choose -- Hargitay and Meloni . '' The duo , who Wolf believed had the perfect chemistry from the first time he saw them together , were his first choice . Garth Ancier , then head of NBC Entertainment , agreed , and the rest of the panel assembled voiced their assent . In May 2009 , after the show 's tenth season , Hargitay and Meloni 's contracts expired when they were reportedly making $375,000 -- $385,000 per episode . During negotiations in April for a new contract , the actors attempted to receive a percentage of the show 's profits . It was rumored that NBC threatened to replace Hargitay and Meloni if they persisted in their demands . Two months later , however , it was officially reported that both their contracts had been renewed for two more years . Departure ( edit ) In May 2011 , Meloni announced that he would not be returning to SVU in fall 2011 for its 13th season after the failure of negotiations over a new contract . The Stabler character was subsequently written out of the show . Acclaim ( edit ) Meloni was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2006 , in the category of Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series , for his role as Elliot Stabler . Awards and decorations ( edit ) The following are the medals and service awards worn by Elliot , as seen in `` Dolls '' . American Flag Breast Bar NYPD Medal of Honor NYPD Unit Citation Bar References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hate '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 5 . Episode 13 . January 13 , 2004 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Fat '' . Law & Order : SVU . Season 7 . Episode 20 . May 2 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Haystack '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 8 . Episode 15 . February 20 , 2007 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Ripped '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 7 . Episode 4 . October 11 , 2005 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Dick Wolf : Biography '' . TVGuide.com . ^ Jump up to : David , Greg ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU 's Mariska Hargitay speaks ! '' . MSN . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swing '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 10 . Episode 3 . October 14 , 2008 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Goliath '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 6 . Episode 23 . May 24 , 2005 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Annihilated '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 8 . Episode 20 . May 8 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Rage '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 6 . Episode 17 . March 1 , 2005 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 8 . Episode 16 . February 27 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Smoked '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 12 . Episode 24 . May 18 , 2011 . NBC . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ; Abrams , Natalie ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Mega Buzz : Tiva Time on NCIS ? Plus : Fringe 's Future and Stabler 's SVU Exit '' . TV Guide . Portland , Oregon : NTVB Media . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scorched Earth '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 13 . Episode 1 . September 21 , 2011 . NBC . Jump up ^ Maureen is said to be 15 in episode `` Wrong Is Right '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 2 . Episode 1 . October 20 , 2000 . NBC . Jump up ^ Kathleen is said to be 19 in episode `` Swing '' . Law & Order : SVU . Season 10 . Episode 3 . October 14 , 2008 . NBC . Jump up ^ Lizzie is said to be 15 in episode `` Confession '' . Law & Order : SVU . Season 10 . Episode 2 . September 30 , 2008 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Doubt '' . Law & Order : SVU . Season 6 . Episode 8 . November 23 , 2004 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Burned '' . Law & Order : SVU . Season 8 . Episode 11 . January 8 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Dependent '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 8 . Episode 14 . February 13 , 2007 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Screwed '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 8 . Episode 22 . May 22 , 2007 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Paternity '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 9 . Episode 9 . November 27 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Alternate '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 9 . Episode 1 . September 25 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Trials '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 10 . Episode 1 . September 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gray '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 12 . Episode 9 . November 17 , 2010 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Turmoil '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 11 . Episode 8 . November 11 , 2009 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Slaves '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 1 . Episode 22 . May 19 , 2000 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Wrong is Right '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 2 . Episode 1 . October 20 , 2000 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Shaken '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 5 . Episode 10 . March 25 , 2003 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Confession '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 10 . Episode 2 . September 30 , 2008 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Resilience '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 4 . Episode 10 . December 6 , 2002 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Futility '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 4 . Episode 22 . April 25 , 2003 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Ridicule '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 3 . Episode 10 . December 14 , 2001 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Fault '' . Law & Order : SVU . Season 7 . Episode 19 . April 4 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Choreographed '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 8 . Episode 9 . November 28 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Underbelly '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 8 . Episode 7 . November 14 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Cage '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 8 . Episode 8 . November 21 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Ace '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 11 . Episode 22 . May 5 , 2010 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Shattered '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 11 . Episode 24 . May 19 , 2010 . NBC . Jump up ^ Green , Susan ; Dawn , Randee ( 2009 ) . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Unofficial Companion . Dallas , Texas : BenBella Books , Inc. p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933771 - 88 - 5 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Meloni , Hargitay seal deal with ' SVU ' '' . Variety . Los Angeles , California : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' stars Christopher Meloni and Mariska Hargitay sign on for two more years '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California : Tronc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` ' SVU ' exclusive : NBC to replace Chris and Mariska ? ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Christopher Meloni Exits Law & Order : SVU '' . TV Guide . Portland , Oregon : NTVB Media . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Christopher Meloni to Leave ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' . The New York Times . New York City : New York Times Company . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( August 22 , 2006 ) . `` Christopher Meloni Preps for the Emmys '' . TV Guide . Portland , Oregon : NTVB Media . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . hide Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Peter Stone Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Jack McCoy Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Chicago franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elliot_Stabler&oldid=852615360 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from New York City Fictional Gulf War veterans Fictional New York City Police Department detectives Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters Fictional United States Marine Corps personnel Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Fictional victims of child abuse Crossover characters in television Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from September 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking reliable references from December 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 06 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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which of the following was the form for caprice in a minor op. 1 number 24

Caprice No. 24 ( Paganini )

caprice no. 24 ( paganini )

Caprice No. 24 in A minor is the final caprice of Niccolò Paganini 's 24 Caprices , and a famous work for solo violin . The work , in the key of A minor , consists of a theme , 11 variations , and a finale . His 24 Caprices were probably composed in 1817 , while he was in the service of the Baciocchi court .

It is widely considered one of the most difficult pieces ever written for the solo violin . It requires many highly advanced techniques such as parallel octaves and rapid shifting covering many intervals , extremely fast scales and arpeggios including minor scales in thirds and tenths , left hand pizzicato , high positions , and quick string crossing . Contents 1 Variations on the theme 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Variations on the Theme ( edit ) The caprice has provided a rich seam of material for works by subsequent composers . Compositions based on it , and transcriptions of it , include : Aria -- used as a basis for the main riff in the song `` Igra s ognyom '' ( `` Playing with fire '' ) from the 1989 album of the same name . The plot of the song concerns a fictional violinist who is based on Paganini ; Angra -- Used the main theme for an interlude on electric guitar on the song `` Angels Cry '' , from the album of same name ; Leopold Auer -- arranged it for violin with piano accompaniment , and added some variations of his own ; Rafał Augustyn - Paganini Variations for solo piano ( 1987 -- 1989 ) ( reference : www.polmic.pl ) ; Luc Baiwir -- Variations on a Theme by Paganini , for solo piano ( 2007 ) ; BanYa -- `` Caprice of Otada '' is based on Rachmaninoff 's Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini and is used in Pump it Up NX2 ; Alison Balsom -- recorded a version transcribed for trumpet ; James Barnes -- `` Fantasy Variations on a Theme by Niccolo Paganini '' , a wind band arrangement with each variation as a solo for a particular section ; Isaak Berkovich -- Variations on a Theme by Paganini , for solo piano ( 1950 ? ) ; Boris Blacher -- Variations on a Theme by Paganini ( 1947 ) , for orchestra ; Hans Bottermund -- Variations on a Theme by Paganini , for cello solo ; Johannes Brahms -- Variations on a Theme of Paganini , Op. 35 ( 1862 -- 63 ) , for solo piano ( 2 books ) ; Charles Camilleri -- Paganiana , for two pianos ; Eliot Fisk -- transcribed all 24 Caprices for solo guitar ; First Piano Quartet -- Variations on a Theme of Paganini , for four pianos , eight hands ; Ignaz Friedman -- Studies on a Theme of Paganini , Op . 47b ( 1914 ) , for piano solo ; David Garrett -- `` Paganini Rhapsody '' ( 2007 ) ; Benny Goodman -- Caprice XXIV ; Mark Hambourg -- Variations on a Theme of Paganini ( 1902 ) , for piano solo ; Marc - André Hamelin -- Variations on a Theme by Paganini for solo piano ( 2011 ) ; Helloween -- Used in the opening guitar solo of Future World on the High Live album ; Toshi Ichiyanagi -- Paganini Personal , for marimba and piano ; The Great Kat -- adapted the 24th Caprice for electric guitar ; Lowell Liebermann -- Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini for piano and orchestra ( 2001 ) ; Franz Liszt -- the sixth and last of his Études d'exécution transcendante d'après Paganini for solo piano , S. 140 ( 1838 ) -- revised and republished in 1851 as Six Grandes Études de Paganini , S. 141 ; Andrew Lloyd Webber -- Variations ( 1977 ) , Variations ( album ) originally for cello and rock band , and used as the theme for The South Bank Show , later also arranged for cello and orchestra ; Song & Dance -- the Dance part is a reworked version of Variations ; Witold Lutosławski -- Variations on a Theme by Paganini , for two pianos ( 1940 -- 41 ) or for piano and orchestra ( 1978 ) ; Yngwie Malmsteen -- Used the main theme for an interlude on electric guitar on the song `` Prophet of Doom '' , from his album War to End All Wars ; Denis Matsuev -- Caprice No. 24 variations , Denis Matsuev Quartet , jazz ( 2010 years ) ; Nathan Milstein -- Paganiniana , an arrangement for solo violin of the 24th Caprice , with variations based on the other caprices ; Robert Muczynski -- `` Desperate Measures '' Paganini Variations , Op. 48 ; Pavel Necheporenko -- Variations on a Theme by Paganini , transcribed for unaccompanied balalaika ; Jeff Nelsen -- Performed Caprice No. 24 on French Horn with Canadian Brass ; Paolo Pessina -- Paganini Variations , for Violin ( and Piano ' ad libitum ' ) `` to Ruggiero Ricci '' , Op. 25 ( 1997 ) ; Gregor Piatigorsky -- Variations on a Paganini Theme , for cello and orchestra ( 1946 ) , later arranged for cello and piano ; Simon Proctor -- `` Paganini Metamorphasis '' for Solo Piano ; Frank Proto -- Capriccio di Niccolo for Trumpet and Orchestra ( 1994 ) . Nine Variants on Paganini for Double Bass and Orchestra , also for Double Bass and Piano ( 2001 ) . Paganini in Metropolis for Clarinet and Wind Symphony ( 2001 ) , also for Clarinet and Orchestra ( 2002 ) ; Manuel Quiroga -- 9 Variations on Paganini 's Caprice No. 24 ; 12 Variations on Paganini 's Caprice No. 24 ; both for violin and piano ; Sergei Rachmaninoff -- Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini , Op. 43 ( 1934 ) , a set of 24 variations for piano and orchestra ; George Rochberg -- 50 Caprice Variations ( 1970 ) for solo violin ; Alexander Rosenblatt -- Variations on Theme of Paganini for solo piano ( 1988 ) ; Poul Ruders -- Paganini Variations : Guitar Concerto No. 2 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , 22 variations for guitar and orchestra ; Ehsan Saboohi -- Metamorphosis on Theme of Paganini for solo piano ( 2009 ) ; Fazıl Say -- Paganini Jazz in Say Plays Say for solo piano ( 1988 ) ; Stanisław Skrowaczewski -- Concerto Nicolò for Piano Left Hand and Orchestra ( 2003 ) ; Joe Stump -- used the main theme for an interpretation on the song `` Paganini 's Revenge '' on the album Guitar Dominance . The track also incorporates elements from Paganini 's 5th Caprice ; Karol Szymanowski -- No. 3 from Trzy kaprysy Paganiniego ( 3 Caprices de Paganini ) , Op. 40 ( 1918 ) ; transcriptions for violin and piano ; George Thalben - Ball -- `` Variations on a Theme of Paganini '' Theme and 10 variations for Pipe organ . All except the last variation are for solo organ pedals ; Philip Wilby -- Paganini Variations , for both wind band and brass band ; Victor Wooten -- `` Classical Thump '' , `` A Show Of Hands '' ; Hans Wurman -- `` 13 Variations on a Paganini theme '' for synthesizer on The Moog Strikes Bach ( 1969 ) ; Eugène Ysaÿe -- Variations on Paganini 's Caprice No. 24 , for violin and piano , op . posthumous ; JJ Lin -- `` Variation 25 : Clash of The Souls '' , a song from album `` Lost N Found '' ( 2011 ) See also ( edit ) File : Caprice - 24 - a4. pdf Violin sheet music for this piece References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The First Piano Quartet '' , Billboard ( New York ) , June 5 , 1947 , p 132 . Jump up ^ Karol Szymanowski -- by Neal Galanter External links ( edit ) PDF score of the 24th Caprice at the Werner Icking Music Archive ( arranged for guitar ) Niccolò Paganini Concertos No. 1 in D / E-flat major , Op. 6 , M.S. 21 No. 2 in B minor , Op. 7 , M.S. 48 No. 3 in E major , M.S. 50 No. 4 in D minor , M.S. 60 No. 5 in A minor , M.S. 78 No. 6 in E minor , M.S. 75 ( incomplete ) Caprices Caprice No. 5 Caprice No. 13 Caprice No. 16 Caprice No. 24 General Moretti and Sorrento Related Il Cannone Guarnerius Portrayals Paganini ( 1923 film ) Paganini ( 1925 operetta ) Paganini ( 1934 film ) The Magic Bow ( 1946 film ) Paganini ( 1989 film ) The Devil 's Violinist ( 2013 film ) List of compositions by Niccolò Paganini Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caprice_No._24_(Paganini)&oldid=853353341 '' Categories : Solo violin pieces Compositions by Niccolò Paganini Compositions in A minor 1817 compositions Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from May 2017 Wikipedia articles needing context from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing context Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano ქართული მარგალური Polski Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 04 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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america's first political factions formed as a result of the conflict over

The Federalists promoted the financial system of Treasury Secretary Hamilton , which emphasized federal assumption of state debts , a tariff to pay off those debts , a national bank to facilitate financing , and encouragement of banking and manufacturing . The Republicans , based in the plantation South , opposed a strong executive power , were hostile to a standing army and navy , demanded a strict reading of the Constitutional powers of the federal government , and strongly opposed the Hamilton financial program . Perhaps even more important was foreign policy , where the Federalists favored Britain because of its political stability and its close ties to American trade , while the Republicans admired the French and the French Revolution . Jefferson was especially fearful that British aristocratic influences would undermine republicanism . Britain and France were at war from 1793 -- 1815 , with only one brief interruption . American policy was neutrality , with the federalists hostile to France , and the Republicans hostile to Britain . The Jay Treaty of 1794 marked the decisive mobilization of the two parties and their supporters in every state . President George Washington , while officially nonpartisan , generally supported the Federalists and that party made Washington their iconic hero .

First Party System

first party system

The First Party System is a model of American politics used in history and political science to periodize the political party system that existed in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824 . It featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency , Congress , and the states : the Federalist Party , created largely by Alexander Hamilton , and the rival Jeffersonian Democratic - Republican Party , formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , usually called at the time the `` Republican Party . '' The Federalists were dominant until 1800 , while the Republicans were dominant after 1800 .

In an analysis of the contemporary party system , Jefferson wrote on February 12 , 1798 : Two political Sects have arisen within the U.S. the one believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support ; the other that like the analogous branch in the English Government , it is already too strong for the republican parts of the Constitution ; and therefore in equivocal cases they incline to the legislative powers : the former of these are called federalists , sometimes aristocrats or monocrats , and sometimes Tories , after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition : the latter are stiled republicans , Whigs , jacobins , anarchists , dis - organizers , etc. these terms are in familiar use with most persons . Both parties originated in national politics , but soon expanded their efforts to gain supporters and voters in every state . The Federalists appealed to the business community , the Republicans to the planters and farmers . By 1796 politics in every state was nearly monopolized by the two parties , with party newspapers and caucuses becoming especially effective tools to mobilize voters . The Federalists promoted the financial system of Treasury Secretary Hamilton , which emphasized federal assumption of state debts , a tariff to pay off those debts , a national bank to facilitate financing , and encouragement of banking and manufacturing . The Republicans , based in the plantation South , opposed a strong executive power , were hostile to a standing army and navy , demanded a strict reading of the Constitutional powers of the federal government , and strongly opposed the Hamilton financial program . Perhaps even more important was foreign policy , where the Federalists favored Britain because of its political stability and its close ties to American trade , while the Republicans admired the French and the French Revolution . Jefferson was especially fearful that British aristocratic influences would undermine republicanism . Britain and France were at war from 1793 -- 1815 , with only one brief interruption . American policy was neutrality , with the federalists hostile to France , and the Republicans hostile to Britain . The Jay Treaty of 1794 marked the decisive mobilization of the two parties and their supporters in every state . President George Washington , while officially nonpartisan , generally supported the Federalists and that party made Washington their iconic hero . The First Party System ended during the Era of Good Feelings ( 1816 -- 1824 ) , as the Federalists shrank to a few isolated strongholds and the Democratic - Republicans lost unity . In 1824 -- 28 , as the Second Party System emerged , the Democratic - Republican Party split into the Jacksonian faction , which became the modern Democratic Party in the 1830s , and the Henry Clay faction , which was absorbed by Clay 's Whig Party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Federalists versus Anti-Federalists in 1787 -- 88 2 Washington administration ( 1789 -- 1797 ) 3 Newspapers as party weapons 4 Party strength in Congress 5 Inventing campaign techniques 6 War threats with Britain and France 6.1 National debt 7 Jefferson and the revolution of 1800 8 State parties 9 Era of Good Feelings 10 Legitimacy of a party system 11 Historical legacy 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 General 14.2 Biographies 14.3 Newspapers and authors 14.4 State and regional studies 14.5 Primary sources 14.6 External links Federalists versus Anti-Federalists in 1787 -- 88 ( edit ) Further information : The Federalist Papers Leading nationalists , George Washington , Alexander Hamilton and Benjamin Franklin ( see Annapolis Convention ) , called the Constitutional Convention in 1787 . It drew up a new constitution that was submitted to state ratification conventions for approval . ( The old Congress of the Confederation approved the process . ) James Madison was the most prominent figure ; he is often referred to as `` the father of the Constitution . '' An intense debate on ratification pitted the `` Federalists '' ( who supported the Constitution , and were led by Madison and Hamilton ) against the `` Anti-Federalists , '' ( who opposed the new Constitution ) . The Federalists won and the Constitution was ratified . The Anti-Federalists were deeply concerned about the theoretical danger of a strong central government ( like that of Britain ) that someday could usurp the rights of the states . The framers of the Constitution did not want or expect political parties would emerge , because they considered them divisive . The term `` Federalist Party '' originated around 1792 -- 93 and refers to a somewhat different coalition of supporters of the Constitution in 1787 -- 88 as well as entirely new elements , and even a few former opponents of the Constitution ( such as Patrick Henry ) . Madison largely wrote the Constitution and was thus a Federalist in 1787 -- 88 , but he opposed the program of the Hamiltonians and their new `` Federalist Party . '' Washington administration ( 1789 -- 1797 ) ( edit ) Further information : Presidency of George Washington § Rise of political parties At first , there were no parties in the nation . Factions soon formed around dominant personalities such as Alexander Hamilton , the Secretary of the Treasury , and Thomas Jefferson , the Secretary of State , who opposed Hamilton 's broad vision of a powerful federal government . Jefferson especially objected to Hamilton 's flexible view of the Constitution , which stretched to include a national bank . Jefferson was joined by Madison in opposing the Washington administration , leading the `` Anti-Administration party '' . Washington was re-elected without opposition in 1792 . Hamilton built a national network of supporters that emerged about 1792 -- 93 as the Federalist Party . In response , Jefferson and James Madison built a network of supporters of the republic in Congress and in the states that emerged in 1792 -- 93 as the Democratic - Republican Party . The elections of 1792 were the first contested on anything resembling a partisan basis . In most states , the congressional elections were recognized in some sense , as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it , as a `` struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest . '' In New York , the race for governor was organized along these lines . The candidates were John Jay , who was a Hamiltonian , and incumbent George Clinton , who was allied with Jefferson and the Republicans . In 1793 , the first Democratic - Republican Societies were formed . They supported the French Revolution , which had just seen the execution of King Louis XVI , and generally supported the Jeffersonian cause . The word `` democrat '' was proposed by Citizen Genet for the societies , and the Federalists ridiculed Jefferson 's friends as `` democrats . '' After Washington denounced the societies as unrepublican , they mostly faded away . In 1793 , war broke out between England , France , and their European allies . The Jeffersonians favored France and pointed to the 1778 treaty that was still in effect . Washington and his unanimous cabinet ( including Jefferson ) decided the treaty did not bind the U.S. to enter the war ; instead Washington proclaimed neutrality . When war threatened with Britain in 1794 , Washington sent John Jay to negotiate the Jay treaty with Britain ; it was signed in late 1794 , and ratified in 1795 . It averted a possible war and settled many ( but not all ) of the outstanding issues between the U.S. and Britain . The Jeffersonians vehemently denounced the treaty , saying it threatened to undermine republicanism by giving the aristocratic British and their Federalist allies too much influence . The fierce debates over the Jay Treaty in 1794 -- 96 , according to William Nisbet Chambers , nationalized politics and turned a faction in Congress into a nationwide party . To fight the treaty the Jeffersonians `` established coordination in activity between leaders at the capital , and leaders , actives and popular followings in the states , counties and towns . '' In 1796 Jefferson challenged John Adams for the presidency and lost . The Electoral College made the decision , and it was largely chosen by the state legislatures , many of which were not chosen on a national party basis . Newspapers as Party weapons ( edit ) Federalist poster about 1800 . Washington ( in heaven ) tells partisans to keep the pillars of Federalism , Republicanism and Democracy By 1796 , both parties had a national network of newspapers , which attacked each other vehemently . The Federalist and Republican newspapers of the 1790s traded vicious barbs against their enemies . An example is this acrostic from a Republican paper ( note the sequence of first letters ) : A SK -- who lies here beneath this monument ? L o -- ' tis a self created MONSTER , who E mbraced all vice . His arrogance was like X erxes , who flogg 'd the disobedient sea , A dultery his smallest crime ; when he N obility affected . This privilege D ecreed by Monarchs , was to that annext . E nticing and entic 'd to ev'ry fraud , R enounced virtue , liberty and God . H aunted by whores -- he haunted them in turn A ristocratic was this noble Goat M onster of monsters , in pollution skill 'd I mmers 'd in mischief , brothels , funds & banks L ewd slave to lust , -- afforded consolation ; T o mourning whores , and tory - lamentation . O utdid all fools , tainted with royal name ; N one but fools , their wickedness proclaim . The most heated rhetoric came in debates over the French Revolution , especially the Jacobin Terror of 1793 -- 94 when the guillotine was used daily . Nationalism was a high priority , and the editors fostered an intellectual nationalism typified by the Federalist effort to stimulate a national literary culture through their clubs and publications in New York and Philadelphia , and through Federalist Noah Webster 's efforts to simplify and Americanize the language . Party strength in Congress ( edit ) Historians have used statistical techniques to estimate the party breakdown in Congress . Many Congressmen were hard to classify in the first few years , but after 1796 there was less uncertainty . The first parties were anti-federalist and federalist . Federalist and Democratic - Republican strength in Congress by election year House 1788 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 Federalist 37 39 51 47 57 60 38 39 25 24 Democratic - Republican 28 30 54 59 49 46 65 103 116 118 Democratic - Republican 43 % 43 % 51 % 56 % 46 % 43 % 63 % 73 % 82 % 83 % Senate 1788 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 Federalist 18 16 16 21 22 22 15 9 7 6 Democratic - Republican 8 13 14 11 10 10 17 25 17 28 Democratic - Republican 31 % 45 % 47 % 34 % 31 % 31 % 53 % 74 % 71 % 82 % Inventing campaign techniques ( edit ) Given the power of the Federalists , the Democratic Republicans had to work harder to win . In Connecticut in 1806 the state leadership sent town leaders instructions for the forthcoming elections ; every town manager was told by state leaders `` to appoint a district manager in each district or section of his town , obtaining from each an assurance that he will faithfully do his duty . '' Then the town manager was instructed to compile lists and total up the number of taxpayers , the number of eligible voters , how many were `` decided democratic republicans , '' `` decided federalists , '' or `` doubtful , '' and finally to count the number of supporters who were not currently eligible to vote but who might qualify ( by age or taxes ) at the next election . The returns eventually went to the state manager , who issued directions to laggard towns to get all the eligibles to town meetings , help the young men qualify to vote , to nominate a full ticket for local elections , and to print and distribute the party ticket . ( The secret ballot did not appear for a century. ) This highly coordinated `` get - out - the - vote '' drive would be familiar to modern political campaigners , but was the first of its kind in world history . The Jeffersonians invented many campaign techniques that the Federalists later adopted and that became standard American practice . They were especially effective at building a network of newspapers in major cities to broadcast their statements and editorialize in their favor . But the Federalists , with a strong base among merchants , controlled more newspapers : in 1796 the Federalist papers outnumbered the Democratic Republicans by 4 to 1 . Every year more papers began publishing ; in 1800 the Federalists still had a 2 to 1 numerical advantage . Most papers , on each side , were weeklies with a circulation of 300 to 1000 . Jefferson systematically subsidized the editors . Fisher Ames , a leading Federalist , who used the term `` Jacobin '' to link Jefferson 's followers to the terrorists of the French Revolution , blamed the newspapers for electing Jefferson , seeing them as `` an overmatch for any Government ... The Jacobins owe their triumph to the unceasing use of this engine ; not so much to skill in use of it as by repetition . '' Historians echo Ames ' assessment . As one explains , It was the good fortune of the Republicans to have within their ranks a number of highly gifted political manipulators and propagandists . Some of them had the ability ... to not only see and analyze the problem at hand but to present it in a succinct fashion ; in short , to fabricate the apt phrase , to coin the compelling slogan and appeal to the electorate on any given issue in language it could understand . Outstanding phrasemakers included editor William Duane , party leaders Albert Gallatin and Thomas Cooper , and Jefferson himself . Meanwhile , John J. Beckley of Pennsylvania , an ardent partisan , invented new campaign techniques ( such as mass distribution of pamphlets and of handwritten ballots ) that generated the grass - roots support and unprecedented levels of voter turnout for the Jeffersonians . War threats with Britain and France ( edit ) With the world thrown into global warfare after 1793 , the small nation on the fringe of the European system could barely remain neutral . The Jeffersonians called for strong measures against Britain , and even for another war . The Federalists tried to avert war by the Jay Treaty ( 1795 ) with England . The treaty became highly controversial when the Jeffersonians denounced it as a sell - out to Britain , even as the Federalists said it avoided war , reduced the Indian threat , created good trade relations with the world 's foremost economic power , and ended lingering disputes from the Revolutionary War . When Jefferson came to power in 1801 he honored the treaty , but new disputes with Britain led to the War of 1812 . In 1798 disputes with France led to the Quasi-War ( 1798 - 1800 ) , an undeclared naval war involving the navies and merchant ships of both countries . Democratic - Republicans said France really wanted peace , but the XYZ Affair undercut their position . Warning that full - scale war with France was imminent , Hamilton and his `` High Federalist '' allies forced the issue by getting Congressional approval to raise a large new army ( which Hamilton controlled ) , replete with officers ' commissions ( which he bestowed on his partisans ) . The Alien and Sedition Acts ( 1798 ) clamped down on dissenters , including pro-Jefferson editors , and Vermont Congressman Matthew Lyon , who won re-election while in jail in 1798 . In the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions ( 1798 ) , secretly drafted by Madison and Jefferson , the legislatures of the two states challenged the power of the federal government . National debt ( edit ) Jefferson and Albert Gallatin focused on the danger that the public debt , unless it was paid off , would be a threat to republican values . They were appalled that Hamilton was increasing the national debt and using it to solidify his Federalist base . Gallatin was the Republican Party 's chief expert on fiscal issues and as Treasury Secretary under Jefferson and Madison worked hard to lower taxes and lower the debt , while at the same time paying cash for the Louisiana Purchase and funding the War of 1812 . Burrows says of Gallatin : His own fears of personal dependency and his small - shopkeeper 's sense of integrity , both reinforced by a strain of radical republican thought that originated in England a century earlier , convinced him that public debts were a nursery of multiple public evils -- corruption , legislative impotence , executive tyranny , social inequality , financial speculation , and personal indolence . Not only was it necessary to extinguish the existing debt as rapidly as possible , he argued , but Congress would have to ensure against the accumulation of future debts by more diligently supervising government expenditures . Andrew Jackson saw the national debt as a `` national curse '' and he took special pride in paying off the entire national debt in 1835 . Jefferson and the Revolution of 1800 ( edit ) Madison worked diligently to form party lines inside the Congress and build coalitions with sympathetic political factions in each state . In 1800 , a critical election galvanized the electorate , sweeping the Federalists out of power , and electing Jefferson and his Democratic - Republican Party . Adams made a few last minute , `` midnight appointments '' , notably Federalist John Marshall as Chief Justice . Marshall held the post for three decades and used it to federalize the Constitution , much to Jefferson 's dismay . As president , Jefferson worked to cleanse the government of Adams 's `` midnight appointments '' , withholding the commissions of 25 of 42 appointed judges and removing army officers . The sense that the nation needed two rival parties to balance each other had not been fully accepted by either party ; Hamilton had viewed Jefferson 's election as the failure of the Federalist experiment . The rhetoric of the day was cataclysmic -- election of the opposition meant the enemy would ruin the nation . Jefferson 's foreign policy was not exactly pro-Napoleon , but it applied pressure on Britain to stop impressment of American sailors and other hostile acts . By engineering an embargo of trade against Britain , Jefferson and Madison plunged the nation into economic depression , ruined much of the business of Federalist New England , and finally precipitated the War of 1812 with a much larger and more powerful foe . The Federalists vigorously criticized the government , and gained strength in the industrial Northeast . However , they committed a major blunder in 1814 . That year the semi-secret `` Hartford Convention '' passed resolutions that verged on secession ; their publication ruined the Federalist party . It had been limping along for years , with strength in New England and scattered eastern states but practically no strength in the West . While Federalists helped invent or develop numerous campaign techniques ( such as the first national nominating conventions in 1808 ) , their elitist bias alienated the middle class , thus allowing the Jeffersonians to claim they represented the true spirit of `` republicanism . '' State parties ( edit ) Because of the importance of foreign policy ( decided by the national government ) , of the sale of national lands , and the patronage controlled by the President , the factions in each state realigned themselves in parallel with the Federalists and Republicans . Some newspaper editors became powerful politicians , such as Thomas Ritchie , whose `` Richmond Junto '' controlled Virginia state politics from 1808 into the 1840s . New England was always the stronghold of the Federalist party . One historian explains how well organized it was in Connecticut : It was only necessary to perfect the working methods of the organized body of office - holders who made up the nucleus of the party . There were the state officers , the assistants , and a large majority of the Assembly . In every county there was a sheriff with his deputies . All of the state , county , and town judges were potential and generally active workers . Every town had several justices of the peace , school directors and , in Federalist towns , all the town officers who were ready to carry on the party 's work ... Militia officers , state 's attorneys , lawyers , professors and schoolteachers were in the van of this `` conscript army . '' In all , about a thousand or eleven hundred dependent officer - holders were described as the inner ring which could always be depended upon for their own and enough more votes within their control to decide an election . This was the Federalist machine . '' Religious tensions polarized Connecticut , as the established Congregational Church , in alliance with the Federalists , tried to maintain its grip on power . Dissenting groups moved toward the Jeffersonians . The failure of the Hartford Convention in 1814 wounded the Federalists , who were finally upended by the Democratic - Republicans in 1817 . Era of good Feelings ( edit ) The First Party System was primarily built around foreign policy issues that vanished with the defeat of Napoleon and the compromise settlement of the War of 1812 . Furthermore , the fears that Federalists were plotting to reintroduce aristocracy dissipated . Thus an `` Era of Good Feelings '' under James Monroe replaced the high - tension politics of the First Party System about 1816 . Personal politics and factional disputes were occasionally still hotly debated , but Americans no longer thought of themselves in terms of political parties . Historians have debated the exact ending of the system . Most concluded it petered out by 1820 . The little state of Delaware , largely isolated from the larger political forces controlling the nation , saw the First Party System continue well into the 1820s , with the Federalists occasionally winning some offices . Legitimacy of a Party System ( edit ) Depiction of election - day activities in Philadelphia by John Lewis Krimmel , 1815 Alexander Hamilton felt that only by mobilizing its supporters on a daily basis in every state on many issues could support for the government be sustained through thick and thin . Newspapers were needed to communicate inside the party ; patronage helped the party 's leaders and made new friends . Hamilton , and especially Washington , distrusted the idea of an opposition party , as shown in George Washington 's Farewell Address of 1796 . They thought opposition parties would only weaken the nation . By contrast Jefferson was the main force behind the creation and continuity of an opposition party . He deeply felt the Federalists represented aristocratic forces hostile to true republicanism and the true will of the people , as he explained in a letter to Henry Lee in 1824 : Men by their constitutions are naturally divided into two parties : 1 . Those who fear and distrust the people , and wish to draw all powers from them into the hands of the higher classes . 2 . Those who identify themselves with the people , have confidence in them , cherish and consider them as the most honest and safe , although not the most wise depositary of the public interests . In every country these two parties exist , and in every one where they are free to think , speak , and write , they will declare themselves . Call them , therefore , liberals and serviles , Jacobins and Ultras , whigs and tories , republicans and federalists , aristocrats and democrats , or by whatever name you please , they are the same parties still and pursue the same object . The last appellation of aristocrats and democrats is the true one expressing the essence of all . '' Hofstadter ( 1970 ) shows it took many years for the idea to take hold that having two parties is better than having one , or none . That transition was made possible by the successful passing of power in 1801 from one party to the other . Although Jefferson systematically identified Federalist army officers and officeholders , he was blocked from removing all of them by protests from republicans . The Quids complained he did not go far enough . Historical legacy ( edit ) While historians are not unanimous , Princeton scholar Sean Wilentz in 2010 identified a scholarly trend very much in Hamilton 's favor : In recent years , Hamilton and his reputation have decidedly gained the initiative among scholars who portray him as the visionary architect of the modern liberal capitalist economy and of a dynamic federal government headed by an energetic executive . Jefferson and his allies , by contrast , have come across as naïve , dreamy idealists . At best according to many historians , the Jeffersonians were reactionary utopians who resisted the onrush of capitalist modernity in hopes of turning America into a yeoman farmers ' arcadia . At worst , they were proslavery racists who wish to rid the West of Indians , expand the empire of slavery , and keep political power in local hands -- all the better to expand the institution of slavery and protect slaveholders ' rights to own human property . See also ( edit ) Federalist Era Second Party System , 1830s -- 1840s Third Party System , 1850s -- 1890s Fourth Party System , 1896 -- 1932 Fifth Party System Sixth Party System List of United States House of Representatives elections , 1789 -- 1822 American election campaigns in the 19th century History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chambers , 1972 Jump up ^ letter to John Wise in Francis N. Thorpe , ed `` A Letter from Jefferson on the Political Parties , 1798 , '' American Historical Review v. 3 # 3 ( April 1898 ) pp 488 -- 89 Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer , The Revolution of American Conservatism : The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy ( 1965 ) p 116 Jump up ^ Morris The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 pp 267 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Wood ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter , `` A Constitution against Parties '' in his The Idea of a Party System : The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States , 1780 -- 1840 ( 1970 ) ch 2 Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , p. 288 Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , 405 -- 12 Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , 417 -- 8 ; Goodman ( 1964 ) 71 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Political Parties p. 80 Jump up ^ Marcus Daniel , Scandal and Civility : Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Independent Chronicle ( Boston ) , 16 October 1797 quoted in Donald Henderson Stewart ( 1969 ) . The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period . SUNY Press . p. 541 . Jump up ^ Catherine O'Donnell Kaplan , Men of Letters in the Early Republic : Cultivating Forms of Citizenship 2008 ) Jump up ^ Kenneth C. Martis , The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 -- 1989 ( 1989 ) ; the numbers are estimates by historians . Jump up ^ Noble E. Cunningham , Jr . The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power : Party Operations 1801 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) p 129 Jump up ^ Stewart , Opposition Press , p. 622 Jump up ^ Cunningham , 1957 p 167 Jump up ^ Tinkcom 271 Jump up ^ Miller , Federalist Era pp 165 -- 78 Jump up ^ Miller , Federalist Era pp 210 -- 43 Jump up ^ Edwin G. Burrows . `` Gallatin , Albert '' in American National Biography Online ( 2000 ) Accessed Dec 03 2013 Jump up ^ Robert V. Remini ( 2008 ) . Andrew Jackson . Macmillan . p. 180 . Jump up ^ Miller , Federalist Era , pp. 251 -- 77 Jump up ^ Smelser , Democratic Republic Jump up ^ Samuel E. Morison , `` The First National Nominating Convention , 1808 , '' The American Historical Review , Vol. 17 , No. 4 ( July 1912 ) , pp. 744 -- 763 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Banner , To the Hartford Convention ( 1970 ) ; Wood ( 2009 ) pp. 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Norman K. Risjord , The Old Republicans : southern conservatism in the age of Jefferson ( 1965 ) P. 179 ; Joseph H. , Harrison , Jr. , `` Oligarchs and Democrats : The Richmond Junto , '' Virginia Magazine of History & Biography ; 1970 78 ( 2 ) : 184 -- 198 , Jump up ^ Richard J. Purcell , Connecticut in Transition : 1775 -- 1818 1963 . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Richard P. McCormick , The Second American Party System : Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era ( 1966 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Skeen ( 1993 ) , p. 77 Jump up ^ Jeffrey L. Pasley . `` The Tyranny of Printers '' : Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Wood ( 2009 ) ch. 4 Jump up ^ Sean Wilentz , `` Book Reviews , '' Journal of American History Sept. 2010 v. 97 # 2 p 476 . Wilentz notes that Wood ( 2009 ) is much more favorable toward Jefferson . Further reading ( edit ) General ( edit ) Banning , Lance . The Jeffersonian Persuasion : Evolution of a Party Ideology ( 1978 ) Ben - Atar , Doron and Barbara B. Oberg , eds . Federalists Reconsidered ( 1999 ) , topical essays by scholars Beard , Charles A . The Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy ( 1915 ) online edition Bowling , Kenneth R. and Donald R. Kennon , eds . Perspectives on the History of Congress , 1789 -- 1801 . ( 2000 ) Brown , Roger H. The Republic in Peril : 1812 ( 1964 ) , stresses intense hostility between partisans online edition Brown ; Stuart Gerry . The First Republicans : Political Philosophy and Public Policy in the Party of Jefferson and Madison Syracuse University Press . ( 1954 ) online . Buel , Richard . Securing the Revolution : Ideology in American Politics , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1972 ) Chambers , William Nisbet , ed . The First Party System ( 1972 ) Chambers , William Nisbet . Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) , political science perspective Charles , Joseph . The Origins of the American Party System ( 1956 ) , reprints articles in William and Mary Quarterly Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr . Jeffersonian Republicans : The Formation of Party Organization : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1957 ) , highly detailed party history Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr . The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power : Party Operations 1801 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) , highly detailed party history Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr . The Process of Government Under Jefferson ( 1978 ) Dawson , Matthew Q. Partisanship and the Birth of America 's Second Party , 1796 -- 1800 : Stop the Wheels of Government . Greenwood , ( 2000 ) online version Dinkin , Robert J. Campaigning in America : A History of Election Practices . ( Greenwood 1989 ) online version Elkins , Stanley and Eric McKitrick . The Age of Federalism ( 1995 ) online version , the standard highly detailed political history of 1790s also online at DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780195093810.001. 0001 online John Ferling ; A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . Oxford University Press . ( 2003 ) online version ; survey Finkelman , Paul , ed . Encyclopedia of the New American Nation , 1754 -- 1829 ( 2005 ) , 1600 pp . Fischer , David Hackett . The Revolution of American Conservatism : The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy ( 1965 ) , shows that the upper class Federalists learned too late how to appeal to voters Freeman , Joanne B . `` The Election of 1800 : A Study in the Logic of Political Change . '' Yale Law Journal . Volume : 108 . Issue : 8 . 1999 . pp : 1959 -- 1994 . Goodman , Paul . `` The First American Party System '' in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham , eds . The American Party Systems : Stages of Political Development ( 1967 ) , 56 -- 89 . Hoadley , John F. `` The Emergence of Political Parties in Congress , 1789 -- 1803 . '' American Political Science Review ( 1980 ) 74 ( 3 ) : 757 -- 779 . in JSTOR Looks at the agreement among members of Congress in their roll - call voting records . Multidimensional scaling shows the increased clustering of congressmen into two party blocs from 1789 to 1803 , especially after the Jay Treaty debate ; shows politics was moving away from sectionalism to organized parties . Hofstadter , Richard . The Idea of a Party System : The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States , 1780 -- 1840 ( 1970 ) Kerber , Linda K. Federalists in Dissent : Imagery and ideology in Jeffersonian America ( 1970 ) Lampi , Philip J. `` The Federalist Party Resurgence , 1808 - 1816 : Evidence from the New Nation Votes Database , '' Journal of the Early Republic ( Summer 2013 ) 33 # 2 pp. 255 -- 281 DOI : 10.1353 / jer. 2013.0029 Libby , O.G. `` Political Factions in Washington 's Administration , '' NDQ : North Dakota Quarterly ( 1913 ) vol 3 # 3 pp 293 -- 318 full text online , looks at votes of each Congressman Luetscher , George D. Early Political Machinery in the United States ( 1903 ) online Miller , John C. The Federalist Era : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) , survey of political history Pasley , Jeffrey L. et al. eds . Beyond the Founders : New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic ( 2004 ) , topical essays by scholars Ratcliffe , Donald . `` The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy , 1787 - 1828 , '' Journal of the Early Republic ( Summer 2013 ) 33 # 2 pp. 219 -- 254 DOI : 10.1353 / jer. 2013.0033 Schlesinger , Arthur , Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 - 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 - 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 - 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 - 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 - 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 - 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 - 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 - 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 - 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 - 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 - 2001 Sharp , James Roger . American Politics in the Early Republic : The New Nation in Crisis ( 1993 ) , political narrative of 1790s Slez , Adam , and John Levi Martin . `` Political Action and Party Formation in the United States Constitutional Convention , '' American Sociological Review , volume 72 , Number 1 , February 2007 , pp. 42 -- 67 ( 26 ) , says decisions in 1787 convention set up the outlines of the first party system Smelser , Marshall . The Democratic Republic , 1801 -- 1815 ( 1968 ) ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 131406 - 4 ) survey of political and diplomatic history Theriault , Sean M. `` Party Politics during the Louisiana Purchase , '' Social Science History 2006 30 ( 2 ) : 293 -- 324 ; doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 30 - 2 - 293 Wilentz , Sean . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln . ( 2005 ) , broad - scale interpretation of political history Wiltse , Charles Maurice . The Jeffersonian Tradition in American Democracy ( 1935 ) Wood , Gordon S. Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) Biographies ( edit ) Banning , Lance . The Sacred Fire of Liberty : James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic ( 1995 ) , to 1795 ; online edition Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr. , `` John Beckley : An Early American Party Manager , '' William and Mary Quarterly , 13 ( January 1956 ) , 40 -- 52 , in JSTOR Malone , Dumas . Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty v 3 ( ISBN 0 - 316 - 54469 - 8 ) ; Jefferson the President : First Term 1801 -- 1805 vol 4 ( ISBN 0 - 316 - 54480 - 9 ) ; Jefferson the President : Second term , 1805 -- 1809 vol 5 ( 1948 -- 70 ) , the standard multivolume biography Miller , John C. Alexander Hamilton : Portrait in Paradox ( 1959 ) , full scale biography ; online edition Schachner , Nathan . Aaron Burr : A Biography ( 1961 ) , full scale biography online version Newspapers and authors ( edit ) Humphrey , Carol Sue The Press of the Young Republic , 1783 -- 1833 ( 1996 ) Knudson , Jerry W. Jefferson and the Press : Crucible of Liberty ( 2006 ) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800 ; Thomas Paine ; Louisiana Purchase ; Hamilton -- Burr duel ; impeachment of Chase ; and the embargo Daniel , Marcus , `` Scandal and Civility : Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy '' ( 2009 ) O'Donnell , Catherine . `` Literature and Politics in the Early Republic : Views from the Bridge , '' Journal of the Early Republic , Summer 2010 , Vol. 30 # 2 pp 279 -- 292 ; looks at Washington Irving , James Fenimore Cooper , and John Adams in terms of gender studies , interdisciplinary studies , American identity , and the work of Jürgen Habermas , Gordon Wood and Bernard Bailyn . Pasley , Jeffrey L. `` The Tyranny of Printers '' : Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2003 ) ( ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2177 - 5 ) Rollins , Richard . The Long Journey of Noah Webster ( 1980 ) ; Webster was an important Federalist editor Stewart , Donald H. The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era ( 1968 ) , highly detailed study of Republican newspapers State and regional studies ( edit ) Banner , James M. To the Hartford Convention : The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1970 ) Broussard , James H. The Southern Federalists : 1800 -- 1816 ( 1978 ) Formisano , Ronald . The Transformation of Political Culture : Massachusetts Parties , 1790s -- 1840s ( 1983 ) Fox , Dixon Ryan . The decline of aristocracy in the politics of New York ( 1919 ) shows the Federalists were too artistocratic to win elections online edition Goodman , Paul . The Democratic - Republicans of Massachusetts : Politics in a Young Republic ( 1964 ) Leonard , Gerald . The Invention of Party Politics : Federalism , Popular Sovereignty , and Constitutional Development in Jacksonian Illinois ( 2002 ) McCormick , Richard P . The Second Party System : Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era ( 1966 ) deals with the collapse of the First Party System , state by state Prince , Carl E. New Jersey 's Jeffersonian Republicans : The Genesis of an Early Party Machine , 1789 -- 1817 ( 1967 ) Risjord , Norman K . The Old Republicans : Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson ( 1965 ) Risjord ; Norman K. Chesapeake Politics , 1781 -- 1800 ( 1978 ) , covers Maryland , Virginia and North Carolina ; online edition Robertson , Andrew W. `` Reconceptualizing Jeffersonian Democracy , '' Journal of the Early Republic ( Summer 2013 ) 33 # 2 pp 317 -- 35 ; focus on historiography of turnout in states and localities . Tinkcom , Harry M. The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania , 1790 -- 1801 : A Study in National Stimulus and Local Response ( 1950 ) Turner , Lynn Warren ; The Ninth State : New Hampshire 's Formative Years . ( 1983 ) . Young , Alfred F. The Democratic Republicans of New York : The Origins , 1763 -- 1797 ( 1967 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr. ed . The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809 ( 1965 ) , short excerpts from primary sources Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr. , ed . Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents 1789 -- 1829 ( 1978 ) , 3 vol ; political reports sent by Congressmen to local newspapers External links ( edit ) American Political History Online guide to WWW resources `` The First American Party System '' lesson plan for grades 9 -- 12 A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns , 1787 -- 1825 Political eras of the United States First Party System Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Thomas Jefferson 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) Founding documents of the United States A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) 1776 Declaration of Independence Committee of Five authored physical history `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom freedom of religion French Revolution Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) Presidency Inaugural Address ( 1801 1805 ) Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Corps of Discovery timeline Empire of Liberty Red River Expedition Pike Expedition Cumberland Road Embargo Act of 1807 Chesapeake -- Leopard affair Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 First Barbary War Native American policy Marbury v. Madison West Point Military Academy State of the Union Addresses ( texts 1801 1802 1805 ) Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Other noted accomplishments Early life and career Founder , University of Virginia history Land Ordinance of 1784 Northwest Ordinance 1787 Anti-Administration party Democratic - Republican Party Jeffersonian democracy First Party System republicanism Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measure of the United States ( 1790 ) Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions A Manual of Parliamentary Practice ( 1801 ) Jeffersonian architecture Barboursville Farmington Monticello gardens Poplar Forest University of Virginia The Rotunda The Lawn Virginia State Capitol White House Colonnades Other writings Notes on the State of Virginia ( 1785 ) 1787 European journey memorandums Indian removal letters Jefferson Bible ( 1895 ) Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society The Papers of Thomas Jefferson Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society American Revolution patriots Member , Virginia Committee of Correspondence Committee of the States Founding Fathers of the United States Franco - American alliance Jefferson and education Religious views Jefferson and slavery Jefferson and the Library of Congress Jefferson disk Jefferson Pier Pet mockingbird National Gazette Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Sally Hemings Jefferson -- Hemings controversy Betty Hemings Separation of church and state Swivel chair The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Elections United States Presidential election 1796 1800 1804 Legacy Bibliography Jefferson Memorial Mount Rushmore Birthday Thomas Jefferson Building Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression Jefferson Lecture Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service Jefferson Lab Monticello Association Jefferson City , Missouri Jefferson College Thomas Jefferson School of Law Thomas Jefferson University Washington and Jefferson National Forests Other placenames Currency depictions Jefferson nickel Two - dollar bill Louisiana Purchase Exposition dollar U.S. postage stamps Popular culture Ben and Me ( 1953 short ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) Jefferson in Paris ( 1995 film ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1997 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy Wine bottles controversy Family Peter Jefferson ( father ) Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) Martha Jefferson ( wife ) Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) Madison Hemings ( son ) Eston Hemings ( son ) Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) Francis Eppes ( grandson ) George W. 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when was nutella first sold in the uk

In 1963 , Ferrero 's son Michele Ferrero revamped Supercrema with the intention of marketing it throughout Europe . Its composition was modified and it was renamed `` Nutella '' . The first jar of Nutella left the factory in Alba on 20 April 1964 . The product was an instant success and remains widely popular .

20 April 1964

Nutella

nutella

Nutella ( / nuːˈtɛlə / ; Italian pronunciation : ( nuː - ˈtɛlla ) ) is a brand of sweetened hazelnut cocoa spread manufactured by the Italian company Ferrero that was first introduced in 1965 , although its first iteration dates to 1963 .

Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Ingredients 3 Production 4 Processing 5 Nutrition 6 Storage 7 Class action lawsuit 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Nutella Cafe Pietro Ferrero , who owned a bakery in Alba , Piedmont , an area known for the production of hazelnuts , sold an initial batch of 300 kilograms ( 660 lb ) of `` Pasta Gianduja '' in 1946 . At the time , there was very little chocolate because cocoa was in short supply due to World War II rationing . Ferrero instead used hazelnuts , which are plentiful in the Piedmont region of Italy ( northwest ) , to extend the limited chocolate supply . This product , called `` Pasta Gianduja '' was originally sold as a solid block , but Ferrero started to sell a creamy version in 1951 as `` Supercrema '' . In 1963 , Ferrero 's son Michele Ferrero revamped Supercrema with the intention of marketing it throughout Europe . Its composition was modified and it was renamed `` Nutella '' . The first jar of Nutella left the factory in Alba on 20 April 1964 . The product was an instant success and remains widely popular . In 2012 , French senator Yves Daudigny proposed a tax increase on palm oil from € 100 to € 400 per metric tonne . At 20 percent , palm oil is one of Nutella 's main ingredients and the tax was dubbed `` the Nutella tax '' in the media . World Nutella Day is February 5 . On 14 May 2014 , Poste italiane issued a 50th anniversary Nutella commemorative stamp . The 70 Euro cent stamp was designed by Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato and features a jar of Nutella on a golden background . Ferrero held a Nutella Day on 17 and 18 May to celebrate the anniversary . It is currently available in more than 75 countries and since 2005 in Brazil . Ingredients ( edit ) Nutella in its jar and also spread on bread , along with hazelnuts and a pitcher of milk The main ingredients of Nutella consist of sugar and palm oil ( greater than 50 % ) . It also includes hazelnut at 13 % , , cocoa solids and skimmed milk . In the United States and the UK , Nutella contains soy products . Nutella is marketed as `` hazelnut cream '' in many countries . Under Italian law , it can not be labeled as a `` chocolate cream '' , as it does not meet minimum cocoa solids concentration criteria . Ferrero uses 25 percent of the global supply of hazelnuts . In November 2017 , the company modified the recipe slightly , increasing the sugar and skimmed milk powder content . Since the colour of the product is lighter in tone , the Hamburg Consumer Protection Center estimated that the cocoa content was also reduced . Some news outlets reported that the modification of the recipe led to consumers being `` outraged '' or `` going nuts '' . The traditional Piedmont recipe , Gianduja , was a mixture containing approximately 71.5 % hazelnut paste and 19.5 % chocolate . It was developed in Piedmont , Italy due to a lack of cocoa beans due to post war rationing led to a lack of availability of the raw material . Production ( edit ) Nutella is produced in various facilities . In the North American market , it is produced at a plant in Brantford , Ontario in Canada and more recently in San José Iturbide , Guanajuato , Mexico . For Australia and New Zealand , Nutella has been manufactured in Lithgow , New South Wales since the late 1970s . Two of the four Ferrero plants in Italy produce Nutella , in Alba , Piedmont , and in Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi in Campania . In France , a production facility is located in Villers - Écalles . For Eastern Europe ( including Southeast Europe , Poland , Turkey , Czech Republic and Slovakia ) and South Africa , it is produced in Warsaw and Manisa . For Germany and northern Europe , Nutella is produced at the Ferrero plant in Stadtallendorf , which has been in existence since 1956 . Ferrero also has a plant in Brazil , which supplies the Brazilian market , with part of the production being exported overseas . Global production in 2013 was about 350,000 tonnes . Processing ( edit ) Hazelnuts While resembling a Chocolate spread , Nutella is a hazelnut spread that contains some cocoa . The manufacturing process for this food item is very similar to a generic production of chocolate spread . Nutella is made from sugar , modified palm oil , hazelnuts , cocoa powder , skimmed milk powder , whey powder , lecithin , and vanillin . The process of making this spread begins with the extraction of cocoa powder from the cocoa bean . These cocoa beans are harvested from cocoa trees and are left to dry for about ten days before being shipped for processing . Typically cocoa beans contain approximately 50 percent of cocoa butter ; therefore , they must be roasted to reduce the cocoa bean into a liquid form . This step is not sufficient for turning cocoa bean into a chocolate paste because it solidifies at room temperature , and would not be spreadable . After the initial roast , the liquid paste is sent to presses , which are used to squeeze the butter out of the cocoa bean . The final products are round discs of chocolate made of pure compressed cocoa . The cocoa butter is transferred elsewhere so it can be used in other products . The second process involves the hazelnuts . Once the hazelnuts have arrived at the processing plant , a quality control is issued to inspect the nuts so they are suitable for processing . A guillotine is used to chop the nuts to inspect the interior . After this process , the hazelnuts are cleaned and roasted . A second quality control is issued by a computer - controlled blast of air , which removes the bad nuts from the batch . This ensures that each jar of Nutella is uniform in its look and taste . Approximately 50 hazelnuts can be found in each jar of Nutella , as claimed by the company . The cocoa powder is then mixed with the hazelnuts along with sugar , vanillin and skim milk in a large tank until it becomes a paste - like spread . Modified palm oil is then added to help retain the solid phase of the Nutella at room temperature , which substitutes for the butter found in the cocoa bean . Whey powder is then added to the mix to act as a binder for the paste . Whey powder is an additive commonly used in spreads to prevent the coagulation of the product because it stabilizes the fat emulsions . Similarly , lecithin , a form of a fatty substance found in animal and plant tissues , is added to help emulsify the paste as it promotes homogenized mixing of the different ingredients , allowing the paste to become spreadable . It also aids the lipophilic properties of the cocoa powder which , again , keeps the product from separating . Vanillin is added to enhance the sweetness of the chocolate . The finished product is then packaged . Nutrition ( edit ) Nutella contains 10.4 percent of saturated fat and 58 % of processed sugar by weight . A two - tablespoon ( 37 gram ) serving of Nutella contains 200 calories including 99 calories from 11 grams of fat ( 3.5 g of which are saturated ) and 80 calories from 21 grams of sugar . The spread also contains 15 mg of sodium and 2g of protein per serving ( for reference a Canadian serving size is 1 tablespoon or 19 grams ) . Storage ( edit ) The label states that Nutella does not need to be refrigerated . This is because the large quantity of sugar in the product acts as a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms . More specifically , the sugar acts as a preservative by binding the water in the product , which prevents the microorganisms from growing . In fact , refrigeration causes Nutella to harden because it contains fats from the hazelnuts . When nut fats are placed in cold temperatures they become too hard to spread . Hazelnuts contain almost 91 percent monounsaturated fat , which are known to be liquid at room temperature and solidify at refrigerator temperatures . Room temperature allow the product to have a smooth and spreadable consistency because the monounsaturated oils from the hazelnut are liquid at this state . In addition , the palm oil used in Nutella does not require refrigeration because it contains high amounts of saturated fat and resists becoming rancid . Therefore , Nutella can be stored at room temperature in the cabinet without going rancid before the Best Before date . The remaining ingredients in Nutella , such as cocoa , skimmed milk powder , soy lecithin , and vanillin also do not require refrigeration . Hence , Nutella does not need to be put in the refrigerator after opening . Class action lawsuit ( edit ) In the United States , Ferrero was sued in a class action for false advertising leading to consumer inferences that Nutella has nutritional and health benefits ( from advertising claims that Nutella was `` part of a nutritious breakfast '' ) . In April 2012 , Ferrero agreed to pay a $3 million settlement ( up to $4 per jar for up to five jars in returns by customers ) . The settlement also required Ferrero to make changes to Nutella 's labeling and marketing , including television commercials and their website . See also ( edit ) Food portal Companies portal Italy portal Nocilla Nudossi Ferrero Rocher List of brand name condiments References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nutella hands £ 4m job to Krow ahead of relaunch -- Brand Republic News . Brandrepublic.com ( 2007 - 08 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mitzman , Dany ( 17 May 2014 ) . `` Nutella : How the world went nuts for a hazelnut spread '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of Nutella ... '' Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Carridice , Adriel . `` The History of Nutella ( 3 ) '' . NutellaUSA.com . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Carridice , Adriel . `` The History of Nutella ( 2 ) '' . NutellaUSA.com . Archived from the original on 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Willsher , Kim ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) . `` France 's ' Nutella amendment ' causes big fat international row '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Nutella Day - February 5th '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Nutella diventa un francobollo '' ( Nutella becomes a stamp ) ( in Italian ) . Yahoo Finance . 14 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Amabile , Flavia ( 15 May 2014 ) . `` I nostri primi 50 anni con la Nutella '' ( Our first 50 years with Nutella ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Nutella ha 50 anni , arriva anche un francobollo '' ( Nutella is 50 years old , a stamp is introduced ) ( in Italian ) . Agenzia ANSA Società Cooperativa. 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Yahoo '' . Yahoo ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nutella -- Breakfast for Champions ? . Greenpeace.org ( 2008 - 05 - 28 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Nutella Jar Ingredients '' . Jump up ^ `` Nutella and Nutrition : Food Pyramid and Guidelines '' . NutellaUSA.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Narula , Svati Kirsten . `` A frost in Turkey may drive up the price of your Nutella '' . Quartz ( publication ) . Atlantic Media . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/08/nutellas-new-recipe-sparks-nutellagate-twitter-backlash.html Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/11/07/nutella-fans-go-nuts-changes-recipe-beloved-chocolate-spread/ Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/nov/07/choc-horror-fans-outraged-by-nutellas-secret-recipe-change Jump up ^ Carridice , Adriel . `` The History of Nutella ( 1 ) '' . NutellaUSA.com . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Ferrero Canada Limited . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Abre Ferrero primera planta en México '' . Reforma . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ferrero Australia History '' . Ferrero Australia . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Stabilitmenti '' . Ferrero Italia SpA . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Où nous trouver '' . Ferrero France . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` offizielle Website von Ferrero Deutschland '' . Jump up ^ `` Ferrero do Brasil : a história '' . Jump up ^ Amoroso , Ludovico ( 14 May 2014 ) . `` Nutella festeggia i suoi primi 50 anni e chiude le porte di Piazza Affari '' . La Repubblica . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2017/jan/20/is-nutella-really-that-bad-for-you ^ Jump up to : `` How is Nutella Made '' . ^ Jump up to : Triwood1973 ( 25 May 2008 ) . `` Chocolate Spread : How Its Made '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` Nutella Australia '' . Jump up ^ `` How is Nutella Made '' . Jump up ^ Dept. , Milk Ingredients , Communication . `` Milk Ingredients '' . Jump up ^ `` Nutella settles lawsuit from angry mom , drops health claims '' . CTV News . 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Chocolate - flavored hazelnut spread '' . NutritionaData . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ cite http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:FNH200/Lesson_02 Jump up ^ Horton , Jonathan . `` Health Benefits of Hazelnuts '' . Jump up ^ `` What are Polyunsaturated and Monounsaturated Fats ? - Your Guide to Diet and Diabetes - U of I Extension '' . Jump up ^ `` Course : FNH200 / Lesson 02 - UBC Wiki '' . Jump up ^ `` Oils and Fats Handling / Safety / Storage '' . Jump up ^ `` Our ingredients '' . Jump up ^ Nutella Swiss Roll Jump up ^ Tepper , Rachel ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Nutella Lawsuit : Ferrero Settles Class - Action Suit Over Health Claims For $3 Million '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nutella . Nutella global website ( hide ) Confectionery products of Ferrero SpA Fannie May Kinder Chocolate Kinder Happy Hippo Kinder Surprise Kinder Bueno Kinder Joy Nutella Hanuta Ferrero Rocher Ferrero Küsschen Mon Chéri Pocket Coffee Raffaello Thorntons Tic Tac GND : 4796923 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nutella&oldid=809520128 '' Categories : Italian cuisine Spreads ( food ) Ferrero brands Italian brands Products introduced in 1964 Brand name condiments Hidden categories : CS1 errors : deprecated parameters CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 17 : 17 . 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who played the girl with the dragon tattoo actress

Noomi Rapace ( Swedish pronunciation : ( ˈnuːmɪ raˈpasː ) ( listen ) ; née Norén ; born 28 December 1979 ) is a Swedish actress . She achieved fame with her portrayal of Lisbeth Salander in the Swedish film adaptations of the Millennium series : The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The Girl Who Played with Fire , and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest . In 2011 , she was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo .

Noomi Rapace ( Swedish pronunciation : ( ˈnuːmɪ raˈpasː ) ( listen

Noomi Rapace

noomi rapace

Noomi Rapace ( Swedish pronunciation : ( ˈnuːmɪ raˈpasː ) ( listen ) ; née Norén ; born 28 December 1979 ) is a Swedish actress . She achieved fame with her portrayal of Lisbeth Salander in the Swedish film adaptations of the Millennium series : The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The Girl Who Played with Fire , and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest . In 2011 , she was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo .

She is also known for playing Anna in Daisy Diamond ( 2007 ) , Leena in Beyond ( 2010 ) , Anna in The Monitor ( 2011 ) , Madame Simza Heron in Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) , the lead role of Dr. Elizabeth Shaw in the Ridley Scott science - fiction film Prometheus ( 2012 ) , Beatrice in Dead Man Down ( 2013 ) , Nadia in The Drop ( 2014 ) , Raisa Demidova in Child 44 ( 2015 ) and the 7 lead roles in What Happened to Monday ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo 2.3 Hollywood 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Music videos 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Rapace in Los Angeles Rapace was born in Hudiksvall , Sweden . Her mother , Nina Norén ( born Kristina Norén ; 1954 ) , is a Swedish actress , and her father , Rogelio Durán ( 10 November 1953 -- 4 November 2006 ) , was a Spanish Flamenco singer from Badajoz . She has said that her father may have been of part Romani descent , and though she is `` not sure if it is true , '' she has `` always been interested in the culture . '' Rapace 's sister , Særún Norén , is a photographer . Rapace has said she saw her father only occasionally before his death . At the age of five , she moved from her native Sweden to Flúðir in Iceland with her mother and stepfather . Two years later , she made her film debut in a minor role in the Icelandic film In the Shadow of the Raven . Rapace speaks fluent Icelandic , Danish , Norwegian , and English in addition to her native Swedish . Career ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) At the age of seven , Rapace was given her first film role , a non-speaking part in the Icelandic film In the Shadow of the Raven by Hrafn Gunnlaugsson . This experience prompted her to be an actress . She left home at age 15 and enrolled in a Stockholm theatre school . In 1996 , she made her television debut playing the part of Lucinda Gonzales in the long - running soap series Tre kronor . From 1998 to 1999 , Rapace studied at the acting school Skara Skolscen . She has been engaged at Theater Plaza 2000 -- 01 , Orionteatern 2001 , Teater Galeasen 2002 , Stockholms stadsteater in 2003 , as well as at the Royal Dramatic Theatre , all in Stockholm . In 2007 , she won acclaim for her award - winning portrayal of a troubled teen mother in the Danish film Daisy Diamond , directed by Simon Staho . She won the two top film awards in Denmark ( the Bodil and Robert prize ) for Best Actress for her role in the film , which was also selected for the main competition at the San Sebastián International Film Festival . The film received some criticism for the supposed abuse occurring to a baby actor during production . The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( edit ) In 2009 , she played the role of Lisbeth Salander in the Swedish - produced film adaptation of the best - selling novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , for which she won the Guldbagge Award ( Sweden 's top film award ) and was nominated for a BAFTA Award and European Film Award . She reprised this role in the sequels The Girl Who Played with Fire , and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest ( all three were subsequently recut as a six - part miniseries aired on Swedish television called Millennium ) . Hollywood ( edit ) On 11 September 2010 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Rapace had been cast in Guy Ritchie 's Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows , her first English - speaking role , as a French - Romani woman ; the film was released in 2011 . Her international fame has earned her leading roles in American cinema . She was cast in Ridley Scott 's blockbuster hit Prometheus , where she played the leading role , a scientist named Elizabeth Shaw . She had met Scott for the first time following the release of the Millennium trilogy movies , at which point he expressed a willingness to work with her and encouraged her to improve her accent . Prometheus was released in June 2012 . She did not appear in the final cut of the film 's sequel Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) , but did act in a short related prologue . In November 2012 , she appeared in a Rolling Stones video for the single `` Doom and Gloom '' shot in the studios of the Cité du Cinéma by Luc Besson in Saint - Denis . In 2013 , she starred alongside Rachel McAdams in Brian De Palma 's erotic thriller Passion , which is the English - language remake of 2010 's French psychological thriller Love Crime . They both appeared in Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows , but did not share scenes . Rapace also appeared in Niels Arden Oplev 's crime thriller Dead Man Down , alongside Isabelle Huppert and Colin Farrell . In 2014 , she appeared as Nadia in Michael Roskam 's thriller The Drop , alongside Tom Hardy , Matthias Schoenaerts , and James Gandolfini . On September 2014 , she was the subject of the short film A Portrait of Noomi Rapace , directed by artist and designer Aitor Throup and scored by Flying Lotus . In the same year , Rapace appeared in the video for the single `` eez - eh '' by Kasabian . Rapace at the 2014 San Sebastian Film Festival In 2015 , she starred as Raisa Demidova in Daniel Espinosa 's Child 44 , opposite Tom Hardy ( her co-star in The Drop ) also starring Gary Oldman , Vincent Cassel , Jason Clarke , and Joel Kinnaman . Rapace will be in the upcoming sci - fi thriller Brilliance , although her role is not known yet . She will also star in the spy thriller Unlocked , with Michael Douglas , John Malkovich , Orlando Bloom , and Toni Collette ; will lead the sci - fi / actioner Seven Sisters ( released on Netflix under title `` What Happened to Monday '' ) opposite Glenn Close and Willem Dafoe and the sci - fi / thriller Rupture by Steven Shainberg . On 12 May 2015 , it was announced that she will play opera singer Maria Callas in a biopic directed by Niki Caro . On 5 November 2015 , it was announced that Rapace is in talks to portray Amy Winehouse in a new biopic about the late singer 's life directed by Kirsten Sheridan . Personal life ( edit ) Rapace married Swedish actor Ola Norell in 2001 . Together , they chose the surname `` Rapace '' after they were married , which means `` bird of prey '' in French . They have a son who was born in 2003 . In September 2010 , the couple filed for divorce , taking effect in 2011 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes In the Shadow of the Raven Sanning eller konsekvens Nadja 2001 Röd jul Kvinna på krog 2003 En utflykt till månens baksida Andrea 2003 Capricciosa Elvira Älskar , älskar och älskar Nelly 2005 Lovisa och Carl Michael Anna Rella Toleransens gränser Mom Blodsbröder Veronica 2006 Enhälligt beslut Amira Du & jag Maja Sökarna : Återkomsten Enforcer 2007 Daisy Diamond Anna 2009 Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Lisbeth Salander Girl Who Played with Fire , The The Girl Who Played with Fire Lisbeth Salander Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest , The The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets ' Nest Lisbeth Salander Beyond Leena 2011 The Monitor Anna Also known as Babycall Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows Madame Simza Heron 2012 Prometheus Dr. Elizabeth Shaw 2013 Passion Isabelle Dead Man Down Beatrice 2014 A Portrait of Noomi Rapace Herself The Drop Nadia 2015 Child 44 Raisa Demidova 2016 Rupture Renee 2017 Unlocked Alice Racine Alien : Covenant - Prologue : The Crossing Dr. Elizabeth Shaw Alien : Covenant Dr. Elizabeth Shaw Bright Post-production What Happened to Monday ? Monday , etc . / Karen Settman The Price Claire Filming 2018 Stockholm Filming 2018 Close Filming TBA Brilliance Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1996 -- 1997 Tre kronor Lucinda Gonzales Main role ; 12 episodes 2001 Pusselbitar Marika Nilsson TV miniseries 2002 Stora teatern Fatima TV miniseries 2003 Tusenbröder Hemvårdare Episode : `` Tusenbröder II -- Del 5 '' 2007 -- 2008 Labyrint Nicky Main role ; 12 episodes Music videos ( edit ) Year Video Artist Notes 2012 `` Doom and Gloom '' The Rolling Stones 2014 `` eez - eh '' Kasabian Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2008 Bodil Awards Best Actress Daisy Diamond Won 2008 Robert Award Best Actress Daisy Diamond Won 2009 European Film Awards Best Actress Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Nominated Nymphe d'Or Best Actress in a TV - Mini-Series Millennium Trilogy ( TV version ) Won Nymphe d'Or Best Actress Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Best Actress Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Nominated Guldbagge Awards Best Actress Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Won Houston Film Critics Society Best Actress Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award Best Lead Actress Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Nominated New York Film Critics Online Award Breakthrough Performer Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Won Satellite Awards Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Won St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Actress Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Nominated Saturn Award Best Actress Girl with the Dragon Tattoo , The The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Nominated São Paulo International Film Festival Best Actress Beyond Won Hollywood Film Festival Spotlight Award Won 2011 London Film Critics ' Circle Actress of the Year The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Nominated 2011 Empire Awards Best Actress The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Won 2011 BAFTA Awards Best Leading Actress The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Nominated 2011 Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films Best Actress The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Nominated 2011 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Actress The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Nominated 2011 Central Ohio Film Critics Association Breakthrough Film Artist The Girl Who Played with Fire The Girl Who Kicked the Hornet 's Nest The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Nominated 2011 Guldbagge Awards Best Actress Beyond Nominated 2011 International Emmy Awards Best Performance by an Actress Millennium Nominated 2011 Rome Film Festival Best Actress The Monitor Won 2012 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress -- Action Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows Nominated 2012 Choice Movie Breakout Prometheus Nominated 2012 Amanda Awards Best Actress The Monitor Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Noomi Rapace Pronunciation in Swedish audio link ( Retrieved 10 June 2012 ) Jump up ^ Karen Olsson , Noomi Rapace Arrives in Hollywood , by Way of Outer Space , The New York Times Magazine , 27 May 2012 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Howell ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Rising star became the girl with the dragon tattoo '' . Toronto : thestar.com . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andrew ( 20 August 2010 ) . `` Millennium fever : Stieg Larsson and the mystery of the lost manuscript '' . Thisislondon.co.uk . ES London Limited . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Bob Thompson , `` Sherlock Holmes star Noomi Rapace on moving past the Girl with the Dragon Tattoo '' , National Post , 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Noomi Rapace : ' I Want to Fight Like the Guys ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Noomi Rapace knows how to handle herself in ' Sherlock Holmes ' -- News -- The Patriot Ledger , Quincy , MA -- Quincy , MA '' . Patriotledger.com. 10 December 2011 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sverrisson , Ágúst Borgþór ( 22 July 2009 ) . `` Vildi ekki flytja frá Íslandi -- Pressan spjallar við aðalleikkonuna úr Menn sem hata konur '' ( in Icelandic ) . www.pressan.is . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( 18 February 2010 ) . `` Noomi Rapace interview : the world 's most seductive sleuth '' . Telegraph.co.uk . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Barnmisshandel kan aldrig rättfärdigas , Aftonbladet Jump up ^ Karen Valby . `` ' Dragon Tattoo ' star Noomi Rapace cast in ' Sherlock Holmes 2 ' '' . EW . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Sheryl Garratt ( 1 June 2012 ) . `` Noomi Rapace interview for Ridley Scott 's Prometheus '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ridley Scott 's Prometheus -- new trailer released '' . Radio Times . 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones Première Video For New Song ' Doom And Gloom ' '' . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 21 June 2012 ) , Colin Farrell - Noomi Rapace Crime Thriller ' Dead Man Down ' Sets 2013 Release , HollywoodReporter.com , retrieved 14 August 2012 Jump up ^ `` Flying Lotus Scores A Short Film Starring Swedish Actress Noomi Rapace '' . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kasabian - eez - eh '' . YouTube . 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hardy , Noomi Rapace Thriller ' Child 44 ' Gets April 2015 Date '' . Deadline.com. 18 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prometheus Star Noomi Rapace is Joining Will Smith for Brilliance '' . First Showing . Jump up ^ `` Noomi Rapace To Star , Mikael Hafstrom Helm Spy Thriller ' Unlocked ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Seven Sisters ' Trailer Shows off Noomi Rapace 's Strong ' Orphan Black ' Vibes '' . Collider. 2017 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Noomi Rapace , Glenn Close To Star In ' What Happened To Monday ? ' '' . deadline.com. 6 May 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Noomi Rapace Seals Rupture Deal '' . Empire Online . 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cannes : Noomi Rapace Starring in Maria Callas Biopic '' . Variety . 12 May 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Noomi Rapace Starring in Amy Winehouse Biopic '' . Variety . 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ola Rapace '' . General - Anzeiger ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Millennium ' - stjärnan Noomi Rapace har ansökt om skilsmässa från maken Ola Rapace '' . Aftonbladet.se ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Diu , Nisha Lilia ( 11 December 2011 ) . `` Noomi Rapace : ' I Want to Fight Like the Guys ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Drop 's Noomi Rapace : on her rough past and the pressure to be sexy '' . The Daily Telegraph . 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Alien : Covenant Prologue : The Crossing 20th Century FOX External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Noomi Rapace . Noomi Rapace on IMDb Noomi Rapace at the TCM Movie Database Noomi Rapace at the Swedish Film Database Noomi Rapace at AllMovie Noomi Rapace at Rotten Tomatoes Noomi Rapace at TVGuide.com Noomi Rapace at Box Office Mojo Noomi Rapace at The-Numbers.com Pronunciation ( audio link by Swedish speakers ) Noomi Rapace on Charlie Rose IONCINEMA.com interview with Rapace for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in March 2010 Awards for Noomi Rapace Empire Award for Best Actress Nicole Kidman ( 1996 ) Frances McDormand ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1999 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2000 ) Connie Nielsen ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman ( 2004 ) Julie Delpy ( 2005 ) Thandie Newton ( 2006 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2007 ) Keira Knightley ( 2008 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2009 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2010 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2011 ) Olivia Colman ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Emma Thompson ( 2014 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2015 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2016 ) Felicity Jones ( 2017 ) Guldbagge Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role 1963 -- 1990 Ingrid Thulin ( 1963 / 64 ) Eva Dahlbeck ( 1964 / 65 ) Christina Schollin ( 1965 / 66 ) Bibi Andersson ( 1966 / 67 ) Lena Nyman ( 1967 / 68 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1968 / 69 ) Anita Ekström ( 1969 / 70 ) Monica Zetterlund ( 1971 / 72 ) Harriet Andersson ( 1972 / 73 ) Inga Tidblad ( 1973 / 74 ) Lis Nilheim ( 1974 / 75 ) Margaretha Krook ( 1975 / 76 ) Birgitta Valberg ( 1976 / 77 ) Lil Terselius ( 1977 / 78 ) Sif Ruud ( 1978 / 79 ) Gunn Wållgren ( 1980 / 81 ) Sunniva Lindekleiv , Lise Fjeldstad , Rønnaug Alten ( 1981 / 82 ) Malin Ek , Kim Anderzon ( 1982 / 83 ) Gunilla Nyroos ( 1984 ) Malin Ek ( 1985 ) Stina Ekblad ( 1986 ) Lene Brøndum ( 1987 ) Lena T. Hansson ( 1988 ) Viveka Seldahl ( 1989 ) Malin Ek ( 1990 ) 1991 -- present Gunilla Röör ( 1991 ) Pernilla August ( 1992 ) Helena Bergström ( 1993 ) Suzanne Reuter ( 1994 ) Gunilla Röör ( 1995 ) Ghita Nørby ( 1996 ) Johanna Sällström ( 1997 ) Alexandra Dahlström ( 1998 ) Katarina Ewerlöf ( 1999 ) Lena Endre ( 2000 ) Viveka Seldahl ( 2001 ) Oksana Akinshina ( 2002 ) Ann Petrén ( 2003 ) Maria Kulle ( 2004 ) Maria Lundqvist ( 2005 ) Haddy Jallow ( 2006 ) Sofia Ledarp ( 2007 ) Maria Heiskanen ( 2008 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2009 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2010 ) Ann Petrén ( 2011 ) Nermina Lukac ( 2012 ) Edda Magnason ( 2013 ) Saga Becker ( 2014 ) Malin Levanon ( 2015 ) Maria Sundbom ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Christina Ricci ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Jennifer Westfeldt ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Ellen Page ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2010 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Diane Lane ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Angelina Jolie ( 2008 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2009 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2010 ) Motion Picture ( 2011 -- present ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ‎ / Ruth Negga ( 2016 ) VIAF : 107188107 LCCN : no2010108349 ISNI : 0000 0001 2032 3235 GND : 140496378 SUDOC : 139539867 BNF : cb16554613v ( data ) BNE : XX4860521 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noomi_Rapace&oldid=801748041 '' Categories : 1979 births Living people Swedish film actresses Swedish child actresses Swedish television actresses Swedish people of Spanish descent Best Actress Empire Award winners Best Actress Guldbagge Award winners Swedish expatriates in England Swedish expatriates in Iceland 20th - century Swedish actresses 21st - century Swedish actresses Hidden categories : CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 16 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who played in charlie's angels the movie

Cameron Diaz as Natalie Cook Drew Barrymore as Dylan Sanders Lucy Liu as Alex Munday Bill Murray as John Bosley John Forsythe as Charles `` Charlie '' Townsend ( Voice ) Sam Rockwell as Eric Knox Kelly Lynch as Vivian Wood Crispin Glover as the Thin Man Tim Curry as Roger Corwin Matt LeBlanc as Jason Gibbons Luke Wilson as Peter Kominsky Tom Green as Chad LL Cool J as Mr. Jones Alex Trebek as Himself Karen McDougal as Roger Corwin 's girlfriend Melissa McCarthy as Doris

Charlie 's Angels ( film )

charlie's angels ( film )

Charlie 's Angels is a 2000 American action comedy film based on the television series of the same name created by Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts . Unlike the original series , which had dramatic elements , the film featured more comical elements .

The film was directed by McG , adapted by screenwriters Ryan Rowe , Ed Solomon and John August , and starred Cameron Diaz , Drew Barrymore and Lucy Liu as three women working in a private detective agency in Los Angeles . John Forsythe reprised his role as the unseen Charlie 's voice from the original series . Making cameo appearances are Tom Green ( who was dating Barrymore at the time of production ) and LL Cool J . The film was released on November 3 , 2000 in the United States by Columbia Pictures , receiving mixed to positives reviews from critics . A sequel , titled Full Throttle , was released in June 2003 . A reboot film is in production , scheduled for a 2019 release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.1. 1 North America 4.2 Critical reception 5 Home media 6 Sequel 7 Reboot 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Natalie Cook ( Cameron Diaz ) , Dylan Sanders ( Drew Barrymore ) and Alex Munday ( Lucy Liu ) are the `` Angels '' , three talented , tough , attractive women who work as private investigators together for an unseen millionaire named Charlie ( voiced by John Forsythe ) . Charlie uses a speaker in his offices to communicate with the Angels , and his assistant Bosley ( Bill Murray ) works with them directly when needed . Charlie assigns the Angels to find Eric Knox ( Sam Rockwell ) , a software genius who created a revolutionary voice - recognition system and heads his own company , Knox Enterprises . Knox is believed to have been kidnapped by Roger Corwin ( Tim Curry ) , who runs a communications - satellite company called Redstar . The Angels infiltrate a party held by Corwin and spot the Creepy Thin Man ( Crispin Glover ) who was seen on the surveillance videos during Knox 's kidnapping . They chase and fight the Creepy Thin Man . After the Angels reunite Knox with his business partner Vivian Wood ( Kelly Lynch ) , Charlie explains that they must determine whether the Creepy Thin Man has stolen Knox 's voice - recognition software . The Angels infiltrate Redstar headquarters , fool the security system , and plant a device in the central computer that will enable them to explore it remotely . They retire for the night after giving Bosley the laptop computer that communicates with the Redstar computer . Dylan takes up Knox 's offer to spend the night with him , end up in having sex but he betrays her later that night , explaining that he faked the kidnapping with help from Vivian and the Creepy Thin Man . He has kidnapped Bosley , and , with access to Redstar 's central computer , he intends to use his voice software with the Redstar satellite network to find and kill Charlie , who he believes had killed his father in the Vietnam War . Knox shoots at Dylan , seemingly killing her , but she escapes unharmed . Natalie and Alex are also attacked , and Corwin is murdered by the Creepy Thin Man . When the Angels regroup together , all uninjured , Charlie 's offices are blown up . A radio receiver survives in the rubble , and Natalie deduces Bosley 's location as he speaks to the Angels using a radio transmitter implanted in his teeth , explaining how to spot his location where he is being held captive . With help from Dylan 's current boyfriend Chad ( Tom Green ) , the Angels approach the abandoned lighthouse where Knox is holding Bosley prisoner . The Angels rescue Bosley and defeat Vivian , the Creepy Thin Man , and some henchmen before Knox blows up the lighthouse , but Knox uses his software and the Redstar satellite network to locate Charlie when he telephones Bosley . When Knox programs a helicopter with a missile towards Charlie 's house , Bosley helps the Angels board the helicopter , and Alex reprograms the missile to have it shoot backwards , which blows up the helicopter and kills Knox while all of the Angels land safely together on the beach . Seeing the opportunity to finally meet Charlie in person , they enter the beach house that Knox had targeted the missile at , but Charlie has already left . He remotely congratulates the Angels on a job well done through another speaker , and treats them and Bosley to a vacation . Charlie tells them that Knox 's father was undercover ; however , he was discovered and he was killed by someone else but not Charlie . When he speaks to the Angels unseen again by telephone on the beach , they ask if they could ever meet him in person . Dylan then suspects that she might be seeing him nearby talking into a cell phone , but she does n't tell the group . Cast ( edit ) One of the most widely reproduced publicity images from Charlie 's Angels features ( L to R ) Lucy Liu , Cameron Diaz , and Drew Barrymore in defensive posture as they prepare to subdue The Creepy Thin Man . Cameron Diaz as Natalie Cook Drew Barrymore as Dylan Sanders Lucy Liu as Alex Munday Bill Murray as John Bosley John Forsythe as Charles `` Charlie '' Townsend ( Voice ) Sam Rockwell as Eric Knox Kelly Lynch as Vivian Wood Crispin Glover as the Thin Man Tim Curry as Roger Corwin Matt LeBlanc as Jason Gibbons Luke Wilson as Peter Kominsky Tom Green as Chad LL Cool J as Mr. Jones Alex Trebek as Himself Karen McDougal as Roger Corwin 's girlfriend Melissa McCarthy as Doris Soundtrack ( edit ) Released October 24 , 2000 . `` Independent Women Part I '' by Destiny 's Child `` Heaven Must Be Missing an Angel '' by The Tavares `` You Make Me Feel Like Dancing '' by Leo Sayer `` True '' by Spandau Ballet `` Dot '' by Destiny 's Child `` Baby Got Back '' by Sir Mix - A-Lot `` Angel 's Eye '' by Aerosmith `` Barracuda '' by Heart `` Turning Japanese '' by The Vapors `` Brandy ( You 're a Fine Girl ) '' by Looking Glass `` Got to Give It Up ( Part 1 ) '' by Marvin Gaye `` Ya Mama '' by Fatboy Slim `` Groove Is in the Heart '' by Deee - Lite `` Charlie 's Angels 2000 '' by Apollo 440 `` Tangerine Speedo '' by Caviar Other songs used in the film `` Blind '' by Korn `` Live Wire '' by Mötley Crüe `` Wake Me Up Before You Go Go '' by Wham ! `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' by The Flying Lizards `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll '' by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts `` Angel of the Morning '' by Juice Newton `` Undercover Angel '' by Alan O'Day `` Principles of Lust '' by Enigma `` Twiggy Twiggy '' by Pizzicato Five `` Sukiyaki '' by Kyu Sakamoto `` Zendeko Hachijo '' by Zenshuji Zendeko `` Smack My Bitch Up '' by The Prodigy `` Another Town '' by Transister `` Belly '' by Nomad `` When Angels Yodel '' written and arranged by Frank Marocco `` The Humpty Dance '' by Digital Underground `` Miami Vice Theme '' by Jan Hammer `` Simon Says '' by Pharoahe Monch `` Leave You Far Behind '' by Lunatic Calm `` Skullsplitter '' by Hednoize `` Song 2 '' by Blur `` Billie Jean '' by Michael Jackson `` Angel '' by Rod Stewart `` All the Small Things '' by Blink - 182 `` A Girl Like You '' by Edwyn Collins Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Charlie 's Angels grossed $125.3 million domestically and $148.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide gross of $264.1 million , becoming the 12th highest - grossing of 2000 . Against a budget of $93 million , the film was a box office success . North america ( edit ) Domestically , the film opened in November 3 , 2000 , earning $13.7 million in its opening day , debuting at the top of the box office . For its first weekend , the film grossed $40.1 million dethroning Meet the Parents , which had stayed at number - one for four weeks . Eventually , Charlie 's Angels grossed a total of $125,305,545 domestically . Critical reception ( edit ) Charlie 's Angels received generally positive reviews from critics , some action scenes , the humor of the film and the performances of Diaz and Murray were highly praised . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 67 % `` Fresh '' rating based on 141 reviews , despite the lower 45 % audience rating . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from film critics , it has a rating score of 52 , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . During the making of Blade II , Guillermo del Toro commented that while films like Charlie 's Angels had helped to popularize the wire fu style of fighting choreography in Western films , they also served as a `` nail in the coffin '' and prompted many filmmakers to want to get back to more `` hard - hitting '' action . `` The moment you see Cameron Diaz flying in the air , and you know that she is incapable of flying in the air and kicking five guys ... you realize that it is done using wires . ( ... ) I mean , Charlie 's Angels was great , but it ( s fighting style ) was almost satirical . '' Home media ( edit ) Charlie 's Angels was released on both VHS and DVD on 27 March 2001 . Sequel ( edit ) A sequel called Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle released in 2003 . Cameron Diaz , Drew Barrymore and Lucy Liu reprised their roles , as did John Forsythe as the voice of Charlie in his last film role . Bernie Mac replaced Bill Murray as Bosley , Demi Moore had a major role , and Jaclyn Smith reprised her role of Kelly Garrett from the original television series . Reboot ( edit ) On September 15 , 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter has reported that Sony are rebooting the film with Elizabeth Banks both producing with her producing partner and husband Max Handelman and the studio are in negotiations with her to direct the film . On April 13 , 2016 , Sony has confirmed that Banks will direct the reboot . On May 23 , 2017 , the reboot was scheduled for a June 7 , 2019 release . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Charlie 's Angels ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 8 , 2000 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production Workshop '' documentary . Blade II DVD . Roadshow Entertainment , 2002 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elizabeth Banks in Talks to Direct New ' Charlie 's Angels ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sony confirms Charlie 's Angels reboot , Jump Street - Men in Black crossover '' . entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Charlie 's Angels ( film ) Charlie 's Angels on IMDb Charlie 's Angels at AllMovie Charlie 's Angels at the TCM Movie Database Charlie 's Angels at Box Office Mojo Charlie 's Angels at Rotten Tomatoes Charlie 's Angels Episodes Season 1 5 Films Charlie 's Angels Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle Characters John Bosley Other Charlie 's Angels ( video game ) She Spies Asian Charlie 's Angels Charlie 's Angels ( 2011 reboot ) Films directed by McG Charlie 's Angels ( 2000 ) Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle ( 2003 ) We Are Marshall ( 2006 ) Terminator Salvation ( 2009 ) This Means War ( 2012 ) 3 Days to Kill ( 2014 ) The Babysitter ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie%27s_Angels_(film)&oldid=809695151 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films Charlie 's Angels 2000s action films 2000s comedy films American action comedy films American films Film scores by Edward Shearmur Films directed by McG Directorial debut films Female buddy films Films based on television series Flower Films films Columbia Pictures films Films set on airplanes Screenplays by Ed Solomon Screenplays by John August Films shot in Los Angeles Films about revenge Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 20 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%2527s%20Angels%20%28film%29

what is one change that was taking place in the united states in the late 1700s

Territorial Evolution of North America since 1763

territorial evolution of north america since 1763

The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the major war known by Americans as the French and Indian War and by Canadians as the Seven Years ' War / Guerre de Sept Ans , or by French - Canadians , La Guerre de la Conquête . It was signed by Great Britain , France and Spain , with Portugal in agreement . Preferring to keep Guadeloupe , France gave up Canada and all of its claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain . With France out of North America this dramatically changed the European political scene on the continent .

At first only the imperial powers of Europe had the resources to support and expand settlements in North America . As time went on the colonies became more powerful and sought independence from the Old World . These demands for more autonomy sparked several wars , including the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) and the Mexican War of Independence ( 1810 -- 1821 ) . The last major colonial power on the continent , the United Kingdom , granted dominion status to Canada in 1867 and slowly turned over its remaining land to that country over the next 100 years , with the last land transfer being the Dominion of Newfoundland in 1949 . Throughout this period , France maintained the small North American territory of Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of the island of Newfoundland . From independence , the United States expanded rapidly to the west , acquiring the massive Louisiana territory in 1803 and fighting a war with Mexico to push west to the Pacific . At the same time , British settlement in Canada increased . US expansion was complicated by the division between `` free '' and `` slave '' states , which led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . Likewise , Canada faced tensions between settlers , including French and English communities , and the colonial administration that led to the outbreak of civil strife in 1837 . Mexico faced constant political tensions between liberals and conservatives , as well as the rebellion of the English - speaking region of Texas , which declared itself the Republic of Texas in 1836 . In 1845 Texas joined the United States and in 1867 the United States acquired Alaska from Russia . The last major territorial change occurred when Newfoundland joined Canada in 1949 , but there have been a number of small adjustments like the Boundary Treaty of 1970 where the city of Rio Rico , Texas , was ceded to Mexico . Contents ( hide ) 1 See also 2 Notes 3 Before 1763 4 1763 5 1774 6 1775 7 1778 8 1779 9 1783 10 1784 11 October 28 , 1790 12 1791 13 1792 14 1793 15 1796 16 1799 17 1800 18 January 1 , 1801 19 1802 20 1803 21 1805 22 March 1 , 1809 23 1810 24 1812 25 December 11 , 1816 26 1817 27 1818 28 1819 29 1820 30 1821 31 1824 32 February 28 , 1825 33 1828 34 September 30 , 1830 35 1835 36 1836 37 January 26 , 1837 38 July 4 , 1838 39 January 17 , 1840 40 1841 41 1842 42 1845 43 1846 44 1848 45 1849 46 1850 47 1853 48 May 30 , 1854 49 February 12 , 1857 50 1858 51 1859 52 1861 53 July 14 , 1862 54 1863 55 1864 56 1865 57 1866 58 1867 59 1868 60 1869 61 July 15 , 1870 62 July 20 , 1871 63 October 21 , 1872 64 July 1 , 1873 65 July 26 , 1874 66 1876 67 February 8 , 1879 68 1880 69 July 1 , 1881 70 March 28 , 1882 71 1884 72 May 7 , 1886 73 1889 74 1890 75 November 24 , 1894 76 October 2 , 1895 77 1896 78 1897 79 June 13 , 1898 80 May 23 , 1901 81 November 24 , 1902 82 1903 83 September 1 , 1905 84 1906 85 1907 86 1912 87 February 5 , 1917 88 March 28 , 1921 89 March 11 , 1927 90 1928 91 November 11 , 1930 92 February 7 , 1931 93 1934 94 1948 95 March 31 , 1949 96 November 21 , 1952 97 1959 98 1970 99 October 8 , 1974 100 April 1 , 1999 101 Annotations 102 Bibliography 102.1 Citations 102.2 References See also ( edit ) Territorial evolution of the United States Territorial evolution of Canada Territorial evolution of Mexico Animated map of North America Animated map of the Canada provinces evolution version 1 Animated map of the Canada provinces evolution version 2 Animated map of US states by date of statehood Animated map of Mexico Notes ( edit ) France is still listed as a nation in North America throughout its history because of their possession of the small islands Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the Canadian coast of Newfoundland ( the island ) . Republic of Indian Stream ( 1832 -- 1835 ) is represented on the map as the disputed territory between Maine and New Hampshire of the U.S. and Quebec and New Brunswick of Canada . Republic of Madawaska ( 1827 -- 1842 ) is represented on the map as the disputed territory between Maine ( U.S. ) and Canada ; the area was known as Madawaska Valley . It was then transferred to Quebec in 1842 , then transferred to New Brunswick at some point in the 1850s ( see Mitchell maps of Canada - East of 1850 & 1860 ) . Territories of a nation are represented by a lighter color than that for that nation 's states or provinces . Before 1763 ( edit ) See Territorial evolution of North America prior to 1763 1763 ( edit ) February 10 , 1763 The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War / Seven Years ' War . It was signed by Great Britain , France and Spain , with Portugal in agreement . Preferring to keep Guadeloupe , France gave up Canada and all of its claims to territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain . his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty , in full right , Canada , with all its dependencies , as well as the island of Cape Breton , and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence , and in general , every thing that depends on the said countries , lands , islands , and coasts , with the sovereignty , property , possession , and all rights acquired by treaty , or otherwise , which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had until now over the said countries , lands , islands , places , coasts , and their inhabitants '' -- French King Spain ceded Florida to the British , but later received New Orleans and French Louisiana from them . October 7 , 1763 By the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , King George III of Great Britain created the Province of Quebec in the St. Lawrence valley , the part of the former French province of Canada that was settled by people of French descent . The Great Lakes basin was barred to European settlement , reserved as exclusive `` hunting grounds '' for the `` several nations or tribes of Indians '' under the king 's `` protection . '' 1774 ( edit ) By the Quebec Act , the territory of the Province of Quebec was expanded to take over part of the Indian Reserve , including much of what is now southern Ontario , Illinois , Indiana , Michigan , Ohio , Wisconsin , and parts of Minnesota . 1775 ( edit ) To ensure their claim on the Pacific coast the Spanish sent Bruno de Hezeta and Francisco Mourelle in the Santiago and Sonora sailed to what is now Vancouver Island and then south along the coast before continuing north as far as modern day Alaska . 1778 ( edit ) In 1778 Saint Pierre and Miquelon were attacked by a force led by Newfoundland 's Governor John Montagu and then population deported by the British as retaliation for French support of the American Revolutionary War . The residents were sent to France and their homes were destroyed . 1779 ( edit ) In another attempt to assert Spanish authority over the Pacific coast the Spanish sent Ignatio de Arteaga in La Princesa to what is now Prince of Wales Island and as far north and west as Unalaska . 1783 ( edit ) January 20 , 1783 Great Britain surrendered East Florida and West Florida to Spain ; British inhabitants had 18 months from the date of ratification to leave . September 3 , 1783 The 1783 Treaty of Paris formally ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the United States of America , which had rebelled against British rule . The other combatant nations , France , Spain and the Dutch Republic , had separate agreements , known as the Peace of Paris ( 1783 ) . The Kingdom of Great Britain recognized the territory south of what is now Canada , east of the Mississippi and north of Florida as American property . Vermont remained independent until 1791 . France regained Saint Pierre and Miquelon in 1783 after the Peace of Paris and some residents returned to the islands . 1784 ( edit ) In 1784 , Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov , who later set up the Russian - Alaska Company that colonized early Alaska , arrived in Three Saints Bay on Kodiak Island with two ships , the Three Saints and the St. Simon . The indigenous Koniag harassed the Russian party and Shelikhov responded by killing hundreds and taking hostages to enforce the obedience of the rest . Having established his authority on Kodiak Island , Shelikhov founded the second permanent Russian settlement in Alaska ( after Unalaska ) on the island 's Three Saints Bay . August 23 , 1784 Delegates from the North Carolina counties of Washington , Sullivan , Spencer ( now Hawkins ) and Greene -- all in present - day Tennessee -- convened in the town of Jonesborough and declared the lands the State of Frankland , independent of North Carolina . A constitution modeled on that of North Carolina was adopted with few changes , and the state name was changed to `` Franklin '' . By 1790 , the state government had collapsed entirely and the territory was again firmly under the control of North Carolina . October 28 , 1790 ( edit ) In 1789 in attempt to assert its sovereignty over the Pacific coast the Spanish seized British ships in Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island . This action sparked an international incident that resulted in the Nootka Convention which was signed on October 28 , 1790 . The conventions stated that the English had the right to found settlements anywhere on the Pacific claimed by Spain but never settled by Spain . As a result claims of sovereignty on the Pacific were determined by settlement or feet on the ground as opposed to claims based on prior discovery . 1791 ( edit ) March 4 , 1791 The Vermont Republic , which included land claimed by New York and New Hampshire and , while unrecognized by the United States , was a de facto independent country , was admitted to the US as the 14th state , Vermont . December 26 , 1791 The Province of Quebec was divided into two parts , Lower Canada and Upper Canada . The Province of Upper Canada ( French : province du Haut - Canada ) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario in Canada . Upper Canada officially existed from 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841 . Its name reflected its position higher up the river or closer to the headwaters of the St. Lawrence River than that of Lower Canada , present - day southern Quebec . The division was effected so that Loyalist American settlers and British immigrants in Upper Canada could have English laws and institutions , and the French - speaking population of Lower Canada could maintain French civil law and the Catholic religion . 1792 ( edit ) March 3 , 1792 The US federal government sold the Erie Triangle to Pennsylvania . June 1 , 1792 The western counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains were split off and admitted to the US as the 15th state , Kentucky . 1793 ( edit ) Saint Pierre and Miquelon saw action during the French Revolution when France had declared war on the United Kingdom as part of the War of the First Coalition . This led to a British attack on the islands under Captain William Affleck of Halifax who captured the islands in May 1793 . 1796 ( edit ) June 1 , 1796 The Southwest Territory was admitted to the US as the 16th state , Tennessee . August 2 , 1796 Pinckney 's Treaty , also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo , settled the northern border of West Florida as the 31st parallel . 1799 ( edit ) Sitka was originally settled by the native Tlingit people . Old Sitka was founded in 1799 by Alexandr Baranov , the governor of Russian America . Baranov arrived under the auspices of the Russian - American Company , a `` semi-official '' colonial trading company chartered by Tsar Paul I . 1800 ( edit ) July 4 , 1800 Indiana Territory was formed from the western portion of Northwest Territory . It corresponded to present - day Illinois , Indiana , northeastern Minnesota , and Wisconsin , as well as the western half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and all but the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula . Northwest Territory was left with only most of Ohio and the rest of Michigan . October 1 , 1800 In the secretly negotiated Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ( formally titled the Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain , Concerning the Aggrandizement of His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the Retrocession of Louisiana ) , Spain returned the colonial territory of Louisiana to France . January 1 , 1801 ( edit ) The Kingdom of Great Britain or Great Britain changed its name to United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland or United Kingdom on January 1 , 1801 due to the Act of Union 1800 . 1802 ( edit ) Amiens Treaty of 1802 specified that Saint Pierre and Miquelon would again be returned to France . Although it took until 1816 for the British to honor the Treaty and allow the French to return . 1803 ( edit ) March 1 , 1803 The southeastern portion of Northwest Territory was admitted to the US as the 17th state , Ohio . The remainder of Northwest Territory was transferred to Indiana Territory . April 30 , 1803 The Louisiana Purchase was made , expanding the United States west of the Mississippi River . There was a dispute with West Florida over how much land east of the Mississippi River it included . The purchase extended slightly north of the modern borders , as it was defined only as the watershed of the Mississippi River . The purchase consisted of the whole of present - day Arkansas , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Nebraska , and Oklahoma , and portions of Colorado , Louisiana , Minnesota , Montana , New Mexico , North Dakota , South Dakota , Texas and Wyoming . It also included the southernmost portions of the present - day Canadian provinces of Alberta , Manitoba , and Saskatchewan . The cost was 60 million francs ( $11,250,000 ) plus cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs ( $3,750,000 ) . Including interest , the U.S. finally paid $23,213,568 ( US $371,262,331 in 2017 ) for the Louisiana territory . September 1803 The North West Company organized an overland expedition from Montreal to James Bay and a second expedition by sea . In September 1803 , the overland party met the company 's ship at Charlton Island in what is now Nunavut . There , they lay claim to the territory that drained into the Arctic in the name of the North West Company . 1805 ( edit ) January 11 , 1805 Michigan Territory was split from Indiana Territory , including the whole of the lower peninsula of present - day Michigan but only that eastern tip of the upper peninsula which was held by the Northwest Territory after Indiana Territory had been split from it . July 4 , 1805 The District of Louisiana was organized as Louisiana Territory . March 1 , 1809 ( edit ) Illinois Territory was split from Indiana Territory . Illinois Territory included present - day Illinois , northeastern Minnesota , and Wisconsin . Indiana Territory included the present - day borders of Indiana , with its western and eastern borders continuing northward ; thus , it also included the central portion of the upper peninsula of Michigan , as well as Door Peninsula of present - day Wisconsin . 1810 ( edit ) September 23 , 1810 The short - lived Republic of West Florida declared its independence from Spain . October 27 , 1810 US President James Madison proclaimed the annexation of the Baton Rouge and Mobile Districts of West Florida , declaring them part of the Louisiana Purchase . The US Army occupied the capital , St. Francisville , on December 6 and Baton Rouge on December 10 , bringing an end to the Republic of West Florida after 90 days . 1812 ( edit ) April 30 . Most of the Territory of Orleans was admitted to the US as the 18th state , Louisiana . The rest of the territory ( the northwestern tip ) was ceded to Louisiana Territory . Russian Colony Fort Ross was created . December 11 , 1816 ( edit ) The southern portion of Indiana Territory was admitted as the 19th state , Indiana . The remainder became unorganized . 1817 ( edit ) March 3 , 1817 Alabama Territory was split from Mississippi Territory ; both correspond to their present - day counterparts . December 10 , 1817 Mississippi Territory was admitted to the US as the 20th state , Mississippi . 1818 ( edit ) October 20 , 1818 The Treaty of 1818 established the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the border with British - held lands , and Oregon Country was established as a shared land between the United States and United Kingdom . Oregon Country consisted of most of present - day Idaho and Oregon , all of Washington , and a portion of Montana , as well as the southern part of the unorganized British territory which became British Columbia . The treaty transferred the Red River Basin to the United States , consisting of northwestern Minnesota , northeastern North Dakota , and the northeastern tip of South Dakota . December 3 , 1818 The southern portion of Illinois Territory was admitted as the 21st state , Illinois . The remainder was reassigned to Michigan Territory . The unorganized lands which had been a part of Indiana Territory prior to the admission of Indiana as a state were also assigned to Michigan Territory . 1819 ( edit ) February 22 , 1819 The Adams - Onís Treaty or Transcontinental Treaty was signed in Washington , establishing a defined border between the United States and New Spain . The treaty ceded Spain 's claims to Oregon Country to the United States and American claims to Texas to Spain ; moved portions of present - day Colorado , Oklahoma , and Wyoming , and all of New Mexico and Texas , to New Spain ; and all of Spanish Florida as well as a small portion of modern day Colorado to the United States . The new borders intruded on Arkansaw Territory 's Miller County , created on April 1 , 1820 , which dipped below the Red River and into land ceded to Spain . However , the remoteness of the region caused no serious conflict with Spain . March 2 , 1819 The southern part of Missouri Territory was organized as Arkansaw Territory , consisting of present - day Arkansas as well as part of Oklahoma . It was not officially spelled Arkansas until later . December 14 , 1819 Alabama Territory was admitted to the US as the 22nd state , Alabama . 1820 ( edit ) March 16 , 1820 The Maine District of Massachusetts was split off and admitted to the US as the 23rd state , Maine , as part of the Missouri Compromise . 1821 ( edit ) July 1821 In 1821 , the North West Company of Montreal and the Hudson 's Bay Company merged , with a combined territory that was further extended by a license to the watershed of the Arctic Ocean on the north and the Pacific Ocean on the west . August 10 , 1821 The southeastern corner of Missouri Territory was admitted to the US as the 24th state , Missouri . The remainder became unorganized . Missouri did not include its northwestern triangle at this point , that being added later in the Platte Purchase . 1824 ( edit ) October 4 , 1824 The 1824 Constitution of Mexico was enacted , creating the United Mexican States and replacing the Mexican Empire , which had collapsed on March 19 , 1823 . The constitution organized the country into 19 states and four territories . In the aftermath of the end of the empire , Central American regions mostly voted not to stay a part of Mexico , with Chiapas , formerly part of Guatemala , being the only area that favored remaining in Mexico . However , rebels in one part of Chiapas , Soconusco , proclaimed its separation from Mexico on July 24 , 1824 , and it was formally annexed by the Federal Republic of Central America on August 18 , 1824 . November 15 , 1824 Arkansas Territory was shrunk , the western portion becoming unorganized . February 28 , 1825 ( edit ) The Treaty of Saint Petersburg of 1825 , also known as the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1825 , defined the boundaries between Russian America and British claims and possessions in the Pacific Northwest of North America at 54 degrees 40 minutes north latitude . 1828 ( edit ) May 6 , 1828 Arkansas Territory was shrunk further , attaining the present - day borders of Arkansas , with the remainder again becoming unorganized , excepting the land it still claimed as Miller County . September 30 , 1830 ( edit ) The state of Sonora y Sinaloa was split into two states , Sinaloa and Sonora . 1835 ( edit ) May 23 , 1835 The territory of Aguascalientes was split from the state of Zacatecas . June 30 , 1834 A large portion of unorganized land was added to Michigan Territory , corresponding to present - day Iowa , western Minnesota , and eastern North Dakota and South Dakota . 1836 ( edit ) June 15 , 1836 Arkansas Territory was admitted to the US as the 25th state , Arkansas . It continued to claim Miller County , with increasing irrelevance . March 2 , 1836 Due to disapproval of the government of Antonio López de Santa Anna , the Tejas region of the state of Coahuila y Tejas declared independence . The remainder was renamed simply Coahuila . The Treaties of Velasco signified the end of the Texas Revolution on May 14 , 1836 , creating the Republic of Texas . July 4 , 1836 Wisconsin Territory was split off from Michigan Territory , consisting of present - day Wisconsin , Minnesota , Iowa , and eastern North and South Dakota . As an inducement to give up its claim over the Toledo Strip to Ohio , the whole of the present - day upper peninsula was assigned to Michigan Territory , giving it the present - day borders of Michigan . January 26 , 1837 ( edit ) Michigan Territory was admitted to the US as the 26th state , Michigan . March 28 , 1837 The Platte Purchase added a small area of land to Missouri , giving it its present - day boundaries . July 4 , 1838 ( edit ) Iowa Territory was split off from Wisconsin Territory , consisting of present - day Iowa , western Minnesota , and eastern North Dakota and South Dakota , leaving Wisconsin Territory with northeastern Minnesota and Wisconsin . January 17 , 1840 ( edit ) Voicing the same concerns as Texas , the states of Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas declared independence from Mexico as the Republic of the Rio Grande ; since the border of Texas was never conclusively decided , they claim a northern border of the Nueces River , while Texas claims a southern border of the Rio Grande . The rebellion lasted until November 6 , 1840 . The nation was never fully established , and only existed in the minds of a few . 1841 ( edit ) February 10 , 1841 The Province of Canada or the United Province of Canada was created by combining Lower Canada and Upper Canada . It was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867 . Its formation reflected recommendations made by John Lambton , 1st Earl of Durham in the Report on the Affairs of British North America following the Rebellions of 1837 . The Province of Canada ceased to exist at Canadian Confederation on July 1 , 1867 , when it was redivided into the modern Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec . The Russians were forced to sell Fort Ross due to its economic failure . A private investor , John Sutter , agreed to pay $30,000 ( US $696,484 in 2017 ) over a three - year period . 1842 ( edit ) September 11 , 1842 The district of Soconusco rejoined Mexico as part of the state of Chiapas . November 10 , 1842 The Webster - Ashburton Treaty settled the border between the United States and lands held by the United Kingdom east of the Rocky Mountains , ending the disputes over the northern border of the state of Maine and northeastern border of Wisconsin Territory , which today resides in present day Minnesota . 1845 ( edit ) March 3 , 1845 Florida Territory was admitted to the US as the 27th state , Florida . December 29 , 1845 The Republic of Texas was admitted to the US as the 28th state , Texas . The United States Congress passed the joint resolution of annexation on March 1 , 1845 , but Texas did not agree to join the union for some time after . Although the annexation resolution avoided specifying Texas 's boundaries , the U.S. inherited Texas 's unenforced claims to South Texas , West Texas , over half of New Mexico , a third of Colorado , and small parts of Oklahoma , Kansas and Wyoming . With Texas joining the union , Arkansas finally gave up its claim on Miller County . 1846 ( edit ) January 1 , 1846 The state of Yucatán declares independence , for the same reasons as the Republic of Texas and Republic of the Rio Grande , forming the Republic of Yucatán . June 14 , 1846 The California Republic , also called the Bear Flag Republic , was proclaimed by settlers in Sonoma in the then - Mexican province of California . Declared during the Mexican - American War , the republic lasted less than a month . June 18 , 1846 The Oregon Treaty established the 49th parallel west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border ( so it did not include Vancouver Island ) with the lands held by the United Kingdom . The sharing of Oregon Country ended , and the American portion becomes unorganized territory . December 28 , 1846 The southeast portion of Iowa Territory was admitted to the US as the 29th state , Iowa . The remainder became unorganized . 1848 ( edit ) February 2 , 1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican - American War . Mexico ceded the Texas - claimed areas as well as a large area of land consisting of all of present - day California , Nevada , and Utah , most of Arizona , and portions of Colorado , New Mexico , and Wyoming . August 17 , 1848 The Republic of Yucatán rejoined Mexico after the Caste War of Yucatán forced them to seek outside help . May 29 , 1848 The southeastern portion of Wisconsin Territory was admitted to the US as the 30th state , Wisconsin . The remainder became unorganized . August 14 , 1848 Oregon Territory was organized , including present - day Idaho , northwestern Montana , Oregon , Washington , and western Wyoming . 1849 ( edit ) January 13 , 1849 Colony of Vancouver Island is formed as a British crown colony . March 3 , 1849 Minnesota Territory was organized , consisting of present - day Minnesota , and eastern portions of North Dakota and South Dakota . 1850 ( edit ) September 9 , 1850 The Compromise of 1850 divided the Mexican Cession and land claimed by Texas but ceded to the federal government in exchange for taking on its debts . The western portion was admitted to the US as the 31st state , California , most of the rest was organized as Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory , and a small portion became unorganized land . New Mexico Territory consisted of most of present - day Arizona and New Mexico , as well as a southern portion of Colorado and the southern tip of Nevada . Utah Territory consisted of present - day Utah , most of Nevada , and portions of Colorado and Wyoming . 1853 ( edit ) March 2 , 1853 Washington Territory was split from Oregon Territory , consisting of present - day Washington , northern Idaho , and the western tip of Montana , leaving Oregon Territory with all of Oregon , southern Idaho and a portion of Wyoming . December 30 , 1853 The Gadsden Purchase added some land to New Mexico Territory , corresponding to the southernmost areas of present - day Arizona and New Mexico . May 30 , 1854 ( edit ) Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory were organized ; the remaining unorganized land colloquially became known as Indian Territory . Kansas Territory consisted of present - day Kansas and eastern Colorado . Nebraska Territory consisted of present - day Nebraska , and parts of Colorado , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , and Wyoming . Indian Territory corresponds to eastern Oklahoma . A peculiarity appeared at this time , when a small strip of land north of Texas was not officially assigned by any state or territory ; this came to be called the Neutral Strip or `` No Man 's Land '' , which corresponds to the present - day panhandle of Oklahoma . February 12 , 1857 ( edit ) The 1857 Constitution of Mexico was adopted , reorganizing some states . Nuevo León is merged into Coahuila ; Aguascalientes , Colima , and Tlaxcala all had their status changed from territory to state ; and the state of Guerrero was created from portions of México and Puebla . 1858 ( edit ) August 2 , 1858 The Colony of British Columbia was a crown colony in British North America from 1858 until 1871 . May 11 , 1858 The eastern portion of Minnesota Territory was admitted to the US as the 32nd state , Minnesota . The remainder became unorganized . 1859 ( edit ) February 14 , 1859 The western portion of Oregon Territory was admitted to the US as the 33rd state , Oregon . The remainder was assigned to Washington Territory . 1859 A boundary commission was set up to delineate the border between Vancouver Island and the Washington State coast . The commission could not come to agreement on where the middle of the Strait was so in 1859 things came to a head during the bloodless Pig War . 1861 ( edit ) January 29 , 1861 The eastern portion of Kansas Territory was admitted as the 34th state , Kansas . The western portion was added to Colorado Territory on February 28 , 1861 , but for the month between statehood for Kansas and the formation of Colorado Territory , it appears to have had no official status . March 4 , 1861 The Confederate States of America ( CSA ) was formed . The Southern states seceded at different dates and joined the CSA at different dates ; to simplify the map , only the final form of the CSA is shown here . There were rebel governments as well as Union governments in Kentucky and Missouri , and the CSA had full control over Indian Territory . To view a detailed animated map depicting the various state secessions see CSA states evolution . February 28 , 1861 Colorado Territory was organized , with land from Utah , New Mexico , and Nebraska Territories , as well as the land left over from Kansas Territory ; it corresponded already to present - day Colorado . Also , the eastern tip of Washington Territory was transferred to Nebraska Territory . July 14 , 1862 ( edit ) Due to its nature as a mining and grazing area , land started to be added to Nevada Territory to accommodate these activities . Its eastern border was moved eastward from the 39th meridian west from Washington , to the 38th meridian west from Washington , transferring the land from Utah Territory . 1863 ( edit ) April 29 , 1863 The Mexican state of Campeche was split from Yucatán . February 24 , 1863 The Union created its own Arizona Territory , splitting it off from New Mexico Territory , making both territories correspond to their present - day states , except for Arizona Territory including the southern tip of present - day Nevada . March 4 , 1863 Idaho Territory was created from portions of Washington , Dakota , and Nebraska Territories , consisting of present - day Idaho , Montana , and most of Wyoming . Nebraska and Washington Territories were left corresponding to their present - day counterparts . June 20 , 1863 Several counties of northwestern Virginia who did not want to be part of the Confederacy split off and were admitted to the US as the 35th state , West Virginia . 1864 ( edit ) February 26 , 1864 The Mexican state of Nuevo León was re-split from Coahuila . May 26 , 1864 Montana Territory was split from Idaho Territory , which also had some land transferred to Dakota Territory . Montana Territory corresponded to present - day Montana , Idaho Territory consisted of Idaho and western Wyoming , and Dakota Territory included both North and South Dakota , and most of Wyoming . October 31 , 1864 Nevada Territory was admitted to the US as the 36th state , Nevada ; it was a bit smaller than it is today , lacking area in both the east and south . 1865 ( edit ) April 9 , 1865 The Confederate States of America surrendered . The process of Reconstruction and readmission to the union would take several years ; to simplify the map , they are shown as already readmitted . To view a detailed animated map depicting the various state readmission during Reconstruction see CSA states evolution . 1866 ( edit ) August 2 , 1866 Colony of Vancouver Island and Colony of British Columbia merge to form United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia 1867 ( edit ) January 18 , 1867 Nevada 's eastern border was moved from the 38th meridian west from Washington , to the 37th meridian west from Washington , transferring land to it from Utah Territory . Also , the northwestern corner of Arizona Territory was transferred to the state of Nevada , giving it its present - day borders . March 1 , 1867 Nebraska Territory was admitted to the US as the 37th state , Nebraska . July 1 , 1867 Canada was formed from three provinces of British North America : the Province of Canada , which was split into the provinces of Ontario and Quebec , and the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia . At this time , though , Canada did not become independent according to the modern meaning of the word . The Statute of Westminster 1931 made Canada much closer to being independent , but not completely . October 11 , 1867 The United States purchased Alaska from Russia ; it was designated the Department of Alaska , and corresponds , except for a boundary dispute , to present - day Alaska . The United States Senate approved the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000 ( US $123,377,142.86 in 2017 ) on April 9 , 1867 . 1868 ( edit ) July 25 , 1868 Wyoming Territory was formed from portions of Dakota , Idaho , and Utah Territories , corresponding to the present - day borders of Wyoming . Idaho Territory then corresponds to present day Idaho , and Utah Territory to present - day Utah . 1869 ( edit ) January 15 , 1869 The Mexican state of Hidalgo was split from the state of México . April 16 , 1869 The Mexican state of Morelos was split from the state of México . July 15 , 1870 ( edit ) The United Kingdom ceded most of its remaining land in North America to Canada , with Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory becoming the North - West Territories . The Rupert 's Land Act 1868 transferred the region to Canada as of 1869 , but it was only consummated in 1870 when £ 300,000 were paid to the Hudson 's Bay Company . At this time , the Manitoba Act took effect , and a small square of the newly acquired region surrounding the city of Winnipeg was made the province of Manitoba . Unlike what this map shows , the actual border between Newfoundland & Quebec is still unknown . Mapmakers have mostly made their own guesses until 1927 , pretending that the border was more known than it really was . The problem did n't stop in 1927 ( see 1927 ) . July 20 , 1871 ( edit ) The British colony of British Columbia joined Canada as the sixth province . British Columbia joined the Canadian confederation following The Great Confederation Debates in the spring of 1870 and the Confederation Negotiations of the following summer and winter . October 21 , 1872 ( edit ) The San Juan Islands were awarded to the US , formally ending the Pig War with Britain . July 1 , 1873 ( edit ) The British colony of Prince Edward Island joined Canada as the seventh province by an Act of Parliament ( and , as part of the terms of union , was guaranteed a ferry link , a term which was deleted upon completion of the Confederation Bridge in 1997 ) . July 26 , 1874 ( edit ) The borders of Ontario were provisionally expanded north and west . When the Province of Canada was formed , its borders were not entirely clear , and Ontario claimed to eventually reach all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Arctic Ocean . With Canada 's acquisition of Rupert 's Land , Ontario was interested in clearly defining its borders , especially since some of the new areas it was interested in were rapidly growing . After the federal government asked Ontario to pay for construction in the new disputed area , the province asked for an elaboration on its limits , and its boundary was moved north to the 51st parallel north . 1876 ( edit ) April 12 , 1876 The District of Keewatin was created by the passage of the Keewatin Act on April 12 , 1876 in a central separate strip from the North - West Territories , in order to provide government for the growing area north of Manitoba and west of Ontario . August 1 , 1876 Colorado Territory was admitted to the US as the 38th state , Colorado . February 8 , 1879 ( edit ) Arenas Key is claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act 1880 ( edit ) September 1 , 1880 The United Kingdom ceded its Arctic Islands to Canada , and they were made part of the North - West Territories . September 13 , 1880 The Western Triangle Islands are claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act . July 1 , 1881 ( edit ) Manitoba 's borders were expanded to a larger postage stamp province taking land easterly from the District of Keewatin to the western boundary of Ontario . Since the province 's eastern border was defined as the `` western boundary of Ontario '' , the exact definition of which was still unclear , Ontario disputed a portion of the new region . March 28 , 1882 ( edit ) The part of Dakota Territory south of 43 ° north and north of the Keya Paha and Niobrara Rivers was transferred to Nebraska . 1884 ( edit ) June 21 , 1884 The Islands of Perez Chica and Pajora of the Alacrene Islands in the bay of Campeche are claimed for the United States under the Guano Islands Act . December 12 , 1884 The Mexican territory of Tepic was split from the state of Jalisco . May 7 , 1886 ( edit ) The southwestern border of the District of Keewatin was adjusted to conform to the boundaries of the new provisional districts of the North - West Territories created in 1882 , returning some land to the North - West Territories . The provisional districts were the District of Alberta , the District of Athabasca , District of Assiniboia and the District of Saskatchewan , which all remained administrative areas of the North - West Territories , unlike the District of Keewatin . 1889 ( edit ) November 2 , 1889 Dakota Territory was split in two , and it was admitted to the US as the 39th state , North Dakota , and 40th state , South Dakota . November 8 , 1889 Montana Territory was admitted to the US as the 41st state , Montana . November 11 , 1889 Washington Territory was admitted to the US as the 42nd state , Washington . August 12 , 1889 The dispute between Manitoba and Ontario ended as Ontario 's borders were finalized in accordance with the Canada ( Ontario Boundary ) Act , 1889 , which extended the province west to the Lake of the Woods and north to the Albany River . 1890 ( edit ) May 2 , 1890 Oklahoma Territory was organized from the western portion of Indian Territory , and included the Neutral Strip , corresponding to the western half of present - day Oklahoma . July 3 , 1890 Idaho Territory was admitted to the US as the 43rd state , Idaho . July 10 , 1890 Wyoming Territory was admitted to the US as the 44th state , Wyoming . November 24 , 1894 ( edit ) The American claims over the Western Triangle , Areaas , Perez , Chica , Pajoras , and Arenas Keys are all waived by the American government in favor of Mexico . October 2 , 1895 ( edit ) Keewatin covered the portion of the North - West Territories north of Manitoba on the mainland , and all islands within Hudson , James , and Ungava Bays . The portion between the District of Keewatin , Ontario , and Hudson Bay was not in a district , and was assigned to the District of Keewatin by an Order of Council . Four additional provisional districts of the North - West Territories were formed , the District of Yukon , the District of Ungava , the District of Mackenzie , and the District of Franklin . 1896 ( edit ) January 4 , 1896 Utah Territory was admitted to the US as the 45th state , Utah . May 4 , 1896 A Supreme Court ruling officially assigns Greer County to Oklahoma Territory . 1897 ( edit ) The borders of the District of Keewatin were adjusted . Southampton Island , Coats Island , Mansel Island , Akimiski Island , and other islands were transferred to Keewatin . June 13 , 1898 ( edit ) Yukon Territory was created from the District of Yukon in the northwestern part of the North - West Territories , and the Quebec Boundary Extension Act , 1898 expanded the borders of Quebec north to the Eastmain River . May 23 , 1901 ( edit ) The eastern border of Yukon Territory was adjusted to the eastern edge of the Peel River watershed , and also to include some more islands . November 24 , 1902 ( edit ) The Mexican territory of Quintana Roo was split from the state of Yucatán . 1903 ( edit ) The Alaska Boundary Dispute was a territorial dispute between the United States and Canada ( then a British Dominion with its foreign affairs controlled from London ) , and at a subnational level between Alaska on the US side and British Columbia and the Yukon on the Canadian side . It was resolved by arbitration in 1903 , generally favoring the American claim . September 1 , 1905 ( edit ) The provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from the North - West Territories . Saskatchewan 's western border and Alberta 's eastern border run concurrent with the 4th meridian or the 110 ° W longitude . Saskatchewan 's eastern border is not a meridian , but instead follows a staircase - shaped Dominion Land Survey range line . Alberta 's southern and northern borders are the same as Saskatchewan 's : the southern border is the Canada -- United States border or the 49th parallel and the northern border is the 60th parallel . Alberta 's western border runs along peaks of the Rocky Mountain ridge and then extends north to the 60th parallel . The District of Keewatin became an administrative unit of the Northwest Territories . 1906 ( edit ) In 1906 , the American Rio Grande Land and Irrigation Company performed an unauthorized diversion of the Rio Grande , which moved a 413 - acre ( 167 ha ) tract of land , including the American village of Rio Rico , south of the river . Since the 1845 Border Treaty all land south of the Rio Grande was Mexican . Mexican authorities unknowingly assumed control of the area , which became known as the Horcón Tract . 1907 ( edit ) September 26 , 1907 The Dominion of Newfoundland was a British dominion from 1907 ( before which the territory had the status of a British colony , self - governing from 1855 ) to 1949 . The Dominion of Newfoundland was situated in northeastern North America along the Atlantic coast and comprised the island of Newfoundland and Labrador on the mainland . Newfoundland never became independent according to the modern meaning of the word . The Statute of Westminster 1931 would have made Newfoundland much closer to being independent , but not completely . However , the government of Newfoundland did not ratify it , and furthermore , abolished itself in 1934 because of bankruptcy . November 16 , 1907 Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were combined and admitted to the US as the 46th state , Oklahoma . 1912 ( edit ) January 6 , 1912 New Mexico Territory was admitted to the US as the 47th state , New Mexico . February 14 , 1912 Arizona Territory was admitted to the US as the 48th state , Arizona . May 15 , 1912 Manitoba , Ontario , and Quebec were all expanded into their present - day boundaries . The Northwest Territories is now only situated north of the 60th parallel ( except Hudson Bay and James Bay islands ) with three districts , Keewatin , Mackenzie and Franklin . February 5 , 1917 ( edit ) With the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution of Mexico , the territory of Tepic had its name and status changed to the state of Nayarit . March 28 , 1921 ( edit ) The dispute over a square mile between Delaware and Pennsylvania , The Wedge , is finally resolved in favor of Delaware . March 11 , 1927 ( edit ) A decision of the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council of 1927 decided the issue of the border between the Dominion of Newfoundland and Canada in favour of Newfoundland . The issue had been the precise boundary between the Canadian province of Quebec and Labrador , part of Newfoundland . The boundary ruling clarified that a large area of the disputed land belonged to Newfoundland , not to Canada . Maps prior to 1927 wildly disagreed on the actual position of the border , instead of agreeing upon marking the area as being disputed . Maps after 1927 tended to agree with the decision , but due to protests , some mapmakers in Quebec still disagreed . In the 60 's , logos of the two biggest political parties of Quebec ( PLQ & UN ) both included the shape of the province as including all of Labrador . Disagreements persist even today ( to a lesser extent ) , as Quebec insists on including the rest of the gulf 's basin in its maps , separated with a dotted line saying 1927 border , non-final . Newfoundland complains in 2014 , even though older electoral maps showed the same . 1928 ( edit ) Norway asserted its claim of sovereignty over the Sverdrup Islands . The islands are named after Norwegian explorer Otto Sverdrup , who explored and mapped them from 1898 to 1902 with the vessel Fram , although some were previously inhabited by Inuit people . Sverdrup claimed the islands for Norway , but the Norwegian government showed no interest in pursuing the claim until 1928 . At that point , the Norwegian government raised the claim , primarily to use the islands as bargaining chips in negotiations with the United Kingdom over the status of the Arctic island Jan Mayen and the Antarctic Bouvet Island . November 11 , 1930 ( edit ) Sverdrup Islands are ceded to Canada by Norway , in exchange for British recognition of Norway 's sovereignty over Jan Mayen . February 7 , 1931 ( edit ) The Mexican Baja California Territory was split into North Territory of Baja California and South Territory of Baja California . Statute of Westminster 1931 allows dominions to become independent . Dominion of Canada decides to become almost independent , whereas Newfoundland does not sign ( see 1934 ) . 1934 ( edit ) The Dominion of Newfoundland , because of financial difficulties , was obliged to give up its self - governing status and the Commission of Government took its place . 1948 ( edit ) Air Force Island , Prince Charles Island , and Foley Island are discovered and added to Northwest Territories . March 31 , 1949 ( edit ) The Dominion of Newfoundland and its dependency of Labrador joined Canada as the tenth province , named Newfoundland as proclaimed by the British North America Act 1949 . November 21 , 1952 ( edit ) The North Territory of Baja California changed its status and became the state of Baja California . 1959 ( edit ) January 3 , 1959 Alaska Territory was admitted to the US as the 49th state , Alaska . 1970 ( edit ) The city of Rio Rico , Texas , was ceded to Mexico in the Boundary Treaty of 1970 . The handover officially took place in 1977 and the city was added to the Mexican state of Tamaulipas . October 8 , 1974 ( edit ) The territory of Quintana Roo changed into a state status . The South Territory of Baja California changed its status and became the state of Baja California Sur , giving Mexico its present - day configuration . April 1 , 1999 ( edit ) The Canadian territory of Nunavut was created from the Northwest Territories . The provisional districts are no longer administrative areas of the Northwest Territories . Annotations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not shown on the map as it a name change not a territorial change Jump up ^ Not shown on the map as the Republic only lasted 90 days Jump up ^ Not shown on the map as the Republic only lasted under a month Jump up ^ Not shown on the map as maritime borders are not displayed Bibliography ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Saint Pierre and Miquelon '' . USA.gov . Central Intelligence Agency . 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Webb , Jeff A. ( January 2003 ) . `` The Commission of Government , 1934 -- 1949 : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage '' . Memorial University of Newfoundland and the C.R.B. Foundation . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 1981 , pp. 13 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Kingdoms of Great Britain , France and Holland ( 1763 ) . Treaty of Paris . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Hall , Anthony J. `` Royal Proclamation of 1763 '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Cannon 1995 , p. 95 ^ Jump up to : Haycox 2002 , pp. 159 -- 161 ^ Jump up to : Chamier - James 1860 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Bemis 2008 , p. 253 ^ Jump up to : Van DeWater 1974 , p. xix Jump up ^ `` Alaska History Timeline '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Fink 1989 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Chiorazzi-Most 2005 , p. 958 . Jump up ^ `` Upper Canada '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2009 Historica - Dominion . 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Erie County ( PA ) Genealogy -- Triangle Monument History '' . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Marley 2005 , p. 470 Jump up ^ `` Text of the `` Treaty of Friendship , Limits , and Navigation Between Spain and The United States '' `` . The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dauenhauer - Black 2008 , p. xxviii . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of Territories and States from the Old `` Northwest Territory '' `` . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Kingdom of Spain & the Republic of France ( 1819 ) . Treaty of San Ildefonso . Wikisource . ( scan ) Jump up ^ Chamier - James 1837 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Robert Higgs ( 2005 - 03 - 14 ) . `` '' Not Merely Perfidious but Ungrateful `` : The U.S. Takeover of West Florida '' . The Independent Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase '' . United States National Archives . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Knafla - Swainger 2005 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Statutes at Large , 8th Congress , 2nd Session '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Davis 2005 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Kalani - Sweedler 2004 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` An Act To Establish A Separate Territorial Government For The Eastern Part Of The Mississippi Territory '' `` . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Convention of 1818 between the United States and Great Britain '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Treaty of Amity , Settlement , and Limits Between the United States of America and His Catholic Majesty. 1819 '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` MILLER COUNTY , ARKANSAS '' . The Handbook of Texas Online . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` States of the United States '' . Statoids . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` North West Company '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2009 Historica - Dominion . 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TREATY WITH THE IOWA , ETC . ( September 17 , 1836 ) '' . The Ioway Nation . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Law , Gwillim ( 2009 ) . `` States of Mexico '' . statoids.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas Territory 1819 -- 1836 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bourne 1977 , p. 175 Jump up ^ `` Ioway Cultural Institute : History -- Treaties '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mireles - Cotera 2006 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Parliament 1841 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Kalani - Sweedler 2004 , pp. 33 - 34 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` The Webster - Ashburton Treaty '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Annexation of Texas . Joint Resolution of the Congress of the United States , March 1 , 1845 '' . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The California Bear Flag '' . sfmuseum.org. 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Treaty with Great Britain , in Regard to Limits Westward of the Rocky Mountains . '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : August 14 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` An Act to Establish the Territorial Government of Minnesota '' ( PDF ) . p. 4 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Compromise of 1850 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Creation of Washington Territory '' . Whshington State Historical Society . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Gadsden Purchase Treaty '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas . '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NO MAN 'S LAND '' . Oklahoma Historical Society . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` British Columbia '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2009 Historica - Dominion . 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Act of Congress Admitting Oregon into Union '' `` . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Barman 1996 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : `` Colorado Government '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 '' . USA.gov. 2009 . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Nevada : The Adjustment of the Boundaries of Nevada '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bills and Resolutions , House of Representatives , 37th Congress , 2nd Session '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Glacier National Park -- Administrative History '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Today in History : May 26 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Old Boundary , ( Nevada 's Southern Boundary 1861 -- 1867 ) , Nevada Historical Marker 57 '' . Nevada Department of Cultural Affairs . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- History of Canada -- Territorial Evolution '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Text of `` Treaty concerning the Cession of the Russian Possessions in North America by his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias to the United States of America '' `` . The Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Facts '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hall , David J. ( 2009 ) . `` North - West Territories , 1870 -- 1905 '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia > History > West & Northwest History . Historica Foundation of Canada . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Moffat , Ben ( 2006 ) . `` Boundaries of Saskatchewan '' . Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan . Canadian Plains Research Center , University of Regina . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Maps 1667 -- 1999 -- Canadian Confederation '' . Library and Archives Canada . Government of Canada . May 2 , 2005 . Archived from the original on Mar 29 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` British Columbia -- Canadian Confederation '' . Library and Archives Canada . Government of Canada . August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barman 1996 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Bolger , Francis William Pius ( 1961 ) . `` Prince Edward Island and Confederation 1863 -- 1873 '' ( PDF ) . St. Dunstan 's University , Charlottetwon CCHA Report 28 ( 1961 ) 25 -- 30 . University of Manitoba . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mills 1877 , p. 347 Jump up ^ `` Territorial Evolution , 1874 '' . Natural Resources Canada > Atlas Home > Explore Our Maps > History > Territorial Evolution > Territorial Evolution , 1874 . Government of Canada . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Manitoba 1876 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Manitoba 1876 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Adjacent Territories Order Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- History of Canada -- Territorial Evolution 1880 '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Manitoba 's Boundaries '' . Association of Manitoba Land Surveyors . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hansen 2007 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Canada 1893 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Canada ( Ontario Boundary ) Act . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` Papers of the Territorial Governors '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Martin 1899 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- History of Canada -- Territorial Evolution 1895 '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Oklahoma , Volume 12 , No. 2 , June , 1934 : GREER COUNTY '' . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- History of Canada -- Territorial Evolution 1897 '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . 2006 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved August 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Quebec Boundary Extension Act . Wikisource. 1898 . Jump up ^ Yukon Territory Act , S.C. 1901 , c. 41 , s . 14 Jump up ^ D.M.L. FARR ( 2007 ) . `` Alaska Boundary Dispute '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2009 Historica Foundation of Canada . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Malcolm M. ; Tanner , Richard W. ( April 1977 ) . `` Canada 's Prime Meridian '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 71 : 204 . 1977JRASC ... 71 ... 204T . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Widdis , Randy ( 2006 ) . `` 49th Parallel '' . The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan . Canadian Plains Research Center , University of Regina . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lewry , Marilyn ( 2006 ) . `` Boundary surveys '' . The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan . Canadian Plains Research Center , University of Regina . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlas of Canada -- Territorial Evolution , 1905 '' . Natural Resources Canada . Government of Canada . April 6 , 2004 . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Strange case of Rio Rico '' ( PDF ) . tomesparza.com. 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Webb , Jeff A. ( January 2003 ) . `` The Commission of Government , 1934 -- 1949 '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site ( 2007 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ international 1914 , p. 130 Jump up ^ `` The Erie Triangle '' ( PPT ) . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Labrador Boundary Dispute Jump up ^ `` Les Dix Grand Mensonges '' . Henri Dorion discrédite les Dix Grand Mensonges sur la frontière du Labrador ( Henri Dorion debunks the Ten Great Myths about the Labrador boundary ) . Québec -- Assemblée Nationale -- Première session , 34 Législature ( Quebec -- National Assembly -- First Session , 34th Legislature ) . October 1 , 1991 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.electionsquebec.qc.ca/images/carte-2011/circonscriptions/745.gif Jump up ^ http://globalnews.ca/news/1257709/quebec-election-map-revives-controversy-over-labrador-border-dispute/ ^ Jump up to : Berton 1988 , p. 629 Jump up ^ Walker , Ruth ( April 1 , 1999 ) . `` Nunavut becomes the newest , largest territory in Canada '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved November 14 , 2009 . References ( edit ) Bacci , Massimo Livi ( 2001 ) . A concise history of world population ( 2001 ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22335 - 5 . - Total pages : 251 Barman , Jean ( 1996 ) . The West beyond the West : a history of British Columbia ( 1996 ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 7185 - 6 . - Total pages : 449 Berton , Pierre ( 1988 ) . The Arctic grail : the quest for the North West Passage and the North Pole , 1818 -- 1909 ( 1988 ed . ) . Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 82491 - 7 . - Total pages : 672 Bemis , Samuel Flagg ( 2008 ) . The Diplomacy of the American Revolution ( 2008 ed . ) . Read Books . ISBN 1 - 4437 - 2193 - X . - Total pages : 320 Bourne , Charles B. ( 1977 ) . Canadian Yearbook of International Law , Volume 14 ( 1977 ed . ) . UBC Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0069 - 0 . - Total pages : 442 Canada , Government of ( 1893 ) . Sessional papers , Volume 46 , Issue 24 : Report of the Dominion Fishery Commission on the Fisheries of the Province of Ontario ( 1893 ed . ) . C.H. Parmelee . Cannon , Kerry A. ( 1995 ) . On the Land : Confronting the Challenges to Aboriginal Self - Determination ( 1995 ed . ) . Dundurn Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 9690783 - 6 - 6 . - Total pages : 165 Chamier , Frederick ; James , Wiliam . The naval history of Great Britain : from the declaration of war by France in 1793 , to the accession of George IV. , Volumes 3 - 4 ( 1837 ed . ) . London : R. Bentley . - Total pages : 377 Chamier , Frederick ; James , Wiliam . The naval history of Great Britain , from the declaration of war by France in 1793 , to the accession of George IV . ( 1860 ed . ) . London : W. Clowes and sons . - Total pages : 461 Chiorazzi , Michael G. ; Most , Marguerite . Prestatehood legal materials ( 2005 ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7890 - 2056 - 4 . Dauenhauer , Richard ; Black , Lydia . Russians in Tlingit America ( 2008 ed . ) . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98601 - 8 . - Total pages : 491 Davis , William C. ( 2005 ) . The pirates Laffite : the treacherous world of the corsairs of the Gulf ( 2005 ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 100403 - X . - Total pages : 706 Fink , Paul M. ( 1989 ) . Jonesborough : the first century of Tennessee 's first town , 1776 -- 1876 ( 1989 ed . ) . The Overmountain Press . ISBN 0 - 932807 - 38 - 0 . - Total pages : 203 Hansen , Jerry ( 2007 ) . State Boundaries Of America : How , Why , and When American State Lines Were Formed ( 2007 ed . ) . Heritage Books . ISBN 0 - 7884 - 4456 - 5 . - Total pages : 210 Haycox , Stephen W. ( 2002 ) . Alaska : an American colony ( 2002 ed . ) . C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . ISBN 1 - 85065 - 677 - 0 . - Total pages : 372 international ( 1914 ) . The New international year book ( 1914 ed . ) . Dodd , Mead and Co . Kalani , Lyn ; Sweedler , Sarah . Fort Ross and the Sonoma Coast ( 2004 ed . ) . Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2896 - X . - Total pages : 128 Knafla , Louis A. ; Swainger , Jonathan Scott . Laws and societies in the Canadian prairie west , 1670 -- 1940 ( 2005 ed . ) . University of British Columbia Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 1166 - 8 . - Total pages : 344 Who Named the North - Land ? ( August 19 , 1876 ed . ) . Manitoba Free Press . Keewatin . ( August 19 , 1876 ed . ) . Manitoba Free Press . Marley , David F. ( 2005 ) . Historic cities of the Americas : an illustrated encyclopedia ( 2005 ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 027 - 1 . - Total pages : 1010 Martin , Frederick ; Keltie , Sir John Scott ; Renwick , Isaac Parker Anderson ; Epstein , Mortimer ; Steinberg , Sigfrid Henry ; Paxton , John . The Statesman 's year - book ( 1899 ed . ) . St. Martin 's Press . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Miller , Tom ( 1981 ) . On the border : portraits of America 's southwestern frontier ( 1981 ed . ) . Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 013039 - 3 . - Total pages : 226 Mills , David ( 1877 ) . Report on the Boundaries of the Province of Ontario ( 1877 ed . ) . Hunter , Rose & Co . - Total pages : 204 Mireles , Jovita González ; Cotera , María Eugenia . Life along the border : a landmark Tejana thesis ( 2006 ed . ) . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 564 - 9 . - Total pages : 131 Parliament , Great Britain ( 1841 ) . Correspondence relative to the affairs of Canada , 1841 ( 1841 ed . ) . Printed by W. Clowes for Her Majesty 's Stationery Office . - Total pages : 72 Van DeWater , Frederic F. ( 1974 ) . The Reluctant Republic , Vermont 1724 -- 1791 ( 1974 ed . ) . The John Day company . ISBN 0 - 914378 - 02 - 3 . - Total pages : 344 ( hide ) Territorial evolution of the world By country Armenia Australia Canada France Germany Mexico Poland Russia Switzerland United Kingdom United States By former country British Empire Ottoman Empire By region Baltic states Caribbean North America ( Prior to 1763 Since 1763 ) By country , people , region or period Burgundian and Habsburg in the Low Countries China in Tibet ( 1951 ) Crimea ( 1954 ) German in Central and Eastern Europe Hungarian in the Carpathian Russia ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Vietnam ( 11th - 18th century ) By international organisation African Union European Union Geography portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_evolution_of_North_America_since_1763&oldid=801331967 '' Categories : History of North America Territorial evolution Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 01 : 44 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial%20evolution%20of%20North%20America%20since%201763

the first indo-european civilization in western asia was that of the

Indo - European migrations

indo - european migrations

Pontic Steppe

Domestication of the horse Kurgan Kurgan culture Steppe cultures Bug - Dniester Sredny Stog Dnieper - Donets Samara Khvalynsk Yamna Mikhaylovka culture Caucasus Maykop East - Asia Afanasevo Eastern Europe Usatovo Cernavodă Cucuteni Northern Europe Corded ware Baden Middle Dnieper Bronze Age Pontic Steppe Chariot Yamna Catacomb Multi-cordoned ware Poltavka Srubna Northern / Eastern Steppe Abashevo culture Andronovo Sintashta Europe Beaker Globular Amphora Corded ware Tumulus Unetice Urnfield Lusatian Nordic Bronze Age Terramare Trzciniec South - Asia BMAC Yaz Gandhara grave Iron Age Steppe Chernoles Europe Thraco - Cimmerian Hallstatt Jastorf Caucasus Colchian India Painted Grey Ware Northern Black Polished Ware Peoples and societies ( show ) Bronze Age Anatolians Armenians Mycenaean Greeks Indo - Iranians Iron Age Indo - Aryans Indo - Aryans Iranians Iranians Scythians Persians Medes Europe Celts Gauls Celtiberians Insular Celts Hellenic peoples Italic peoples Germanic peoples Paleo - Balkans / Anatolia : Thracians Dacians Illyrians Phrygians Middle Ages East - Asia Tocharians Europe Balts Slavs Albanians Medieval Europe Indo - Aryan Medieval India Iranian Greater Persia Religion and mythology ( show ) Reconstructed Proto - Indo - European religion Proto - Indo - Iranian religion Historical Hittite Indian Vedic Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Iranian Persian Zoroastrianism Kurdish Yazidism Yarsanism Scythian Ossetian Other Armenian Europe Paleo - Balkans Greek Roman Celtic Irish Scottish Breton Welsh Cornish Germanic Anglo - Saxon Continental Norse Baltic Latvian Lithuanian Slavic Albanian Practices Fire - sacrifice Horse sacrifice Sati Winter solstice / Yule Indo - European studies ( show ) Scholars Marija Gimbutas J.P. Mallory Institutes Copenhagen Studies in Indo - European Publications Encyclopedia of Indo - European Culture The Horse , the Wheel and Language Journal of Indo - European Studies Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch Indo - European Etymological Dictionary Indo - European migrations were the movements of peoples speaking Proto - Indo - European language , who departed their homeland at the Pontic - Caspian steppes spreading throughout Europe and Asia . Modern knowledge of these migrations is based on data from linguistics , archaeology , anthropology and genetics . Linguistics describes the similarities between various languages , and the linguistic laws at play in the changes in those languages . Archaeological data , describes the spread of the Proto - Indo - European language and culture in several stages from the Proto - Indo - European Eurasian homeland in the Pontic -- Caspian steppe , into Western Europe and Central and South Asia , by migrations , and by language shift through elite - recruitment as described by anthropological research . Recent genetic research has a growing contribution to the understanding of the historical relations between various historical cultures . The Indo - European languages and cultures spread in various stages . Early migrations from c. 4200 -- 3000 BCE brought archaic proto - Indo - European into the lower Danube valley , Anatolia , and the Altai region . Pre-Celtic and pre-Italic probably spread into Europe after new migrations into the Danube Valley , while pre-Germanic and pre-Balto - Slavic developed east of the Carpathian mountains , at present - day Ukraine , moving north and spreading with the Corded Ware culture in Middle Europe ( third millennium BCE ) . The Indo - Iranian language and culture emerged at the Sintashta culture ( c. 2100 -- 1800 BCE ) , at the eastern border of the Yamna horizon and the Corded ware culture , growing into the Andronovo culture ( c. 1800 -- 800 BCE ) . Indo - Aryans moved into the Bactria -- Margiana Archaeological Complex ( c. 2300 -- 1700 BCE ) and spread to the Levant ( Mitanni ) , northern India ( Vedic people , c. 1500 BCE ) , and China ( Wusun ) . The Iranian languages spread throughout the steppes with the Scyths and into Iran with the Medes , Parthians and Persians from ca . 800 BCE . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fundaments 1.1 Linguistics : relations between languages 1.1. 1 Indo - European languages 1.1. 2 Development of the Indo - European languages 1.1. 2.1 Proto - Indo - European language 1.1. 2.2 Pre-Proto - Indo - European 1.1. 2.3 Genesis of Indo - European languages 1.2 Archaeology : migrations from the steppe Urheimat 1.3 Anthropology : Elite recruitment and language shift 1.4 Genetics : genetic relations between historical populations 1.5 Ecological studies : widespread drought , urban collapse , and pastoral migrations 2 Origins of the Indo - Europeans 2.1 Urheimat 2.1. 1 Urheimat hypotheses 2.1. 2 Kurgan hypothesis / Revised Steppe theory 2.2 Proto - Indo - Europeans 2.2. 1 Pre-Proto - Indo - Europeans 3 Development of the steppe cultures 3.1 Pre-Yamnaya 3.2 Yamnaya 3.3 Post-Yamnaya 4 Early migrations -- archaic Proto - Indo - European 4.1 Europe -- Danube Valley ( 4200 BCE ) 4.2 Archaic Proto - Indo - European -- Anatolian branch ( Hittites ) ( 4500 -- 3500 BCE ) 4.3 Asia ( 3500 -- 2500 BCE ) 4.3. 1 Afanasevo culture 4.3. 2 The Tocharians 4.4 Northern Caucasus -- Maikop culture 5 Europe 5.1 Origins of Germanic , Italic , Celtic , Balkan , Baltic and Slavic languages 5.1. 1 The Balkan - Danubian complex and the Dniestr and Dniepr rivers 5.1. 2 Corded Ware culture 5.2 Germanic 5.3 Italic and Celtic 5.3. 1 Italic 5.3. 2 Celtic 5.4 Balto - Slavic 5.4. 1 Balts 5.4. 2 Slavs 5.5 Balkan languages 5.5. 1 Thracian and Dacian 5.5. 1.1 Thracian 5.5. 1.2 Dacian 5.5. 2 Illyrian 5.5. 3 Albanian 5.6 Armenic and Greek 5.6. 1 Armenian 5.6. 2 Hellenic Greek 5.7 Sea Peoples and the Bronze Age Collapse 5.7. 1 Phrygian 6 Indo - Iranian migrations 6.1 Sintashta - Petrovka and Andronovo culture 6.1. 1 Sintashta - Petrovka culture 6.1. 2 Andronovo culture 6.2 Bactria - Magiana Culture 6.3 Indo - Aryan migrations 6.3. 1 Syria -- Mitanni 6.3. 2 India -- Vedic culture 6.3. 3 Inner Asia -- Wusun and Yuezhi 6.3. 4 Mesopotamia -- Kassites 6.3. 5 Egypt -- Hyksos 6.3. 6 Levant -- Maryuannu 6.4 Iranians 6.4. 1 Iranian plateau 6.4. 2 Scythians 6.4. 3 Decline in central Asia 7 Alternative hypotheses 7.1 Anatolian hypothesis 7.2 Paleolithic Continuity Paradigm 7.3 Indian origins 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Web 11 Sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Fundaments ( edit ) Linguistics : relations between languages ( edit ) ( show ) Indo - European languages Classification of Indo - European languages . Red : Extinct languages . White : categories or unattested proto - languages . Left half : centum languages ; right half : satem languages A map showing the approximate present - day distribution of the Indo - European branches within their homelands of Europe and Asia . The following legend is given in the chronological order of the earliest surviving written attestations of each branch : Hellenic ( Greek ) ( 1 ) Indo - Iranian ( 2 ) Italic ( includes Romance ) ( 3 ) Celtic ( 4 ) Germanic ( 5 ) Armenian ( 6 ) Balto - Slavic ( Baltic ) ( 7 ) Balto - Slavic ( Slavic ) ( 8 ) Albanian ( 9 ) Non-Indo - European languages Dotted / striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common ( more visible upon full enlargement of the map ) . See also : Comparative method ( linguistics ) Indo - European languages ( edit ) Main article : Indo - European languages The Indo - European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects . There are about 439 languages and dialects , according to the 2009 Ethnologue estimate , about half ( 221 ) belonging to the Indo - Aryan subbranch . It includes most major current languages of Europe , the Iranian plateau , the northern half of the Indian Subcontinent , Sri Lanka ( Sinhala ) and was also predominant in ancient Anatolia . With written attestations appearing since the Bronze Age in the form of the Anatolian languages and Mycenaean Greek , the Indo - European family is significant to the field of historical linguistics as possessing the second - longest recorded history , after the Afro - Asiatic family . Indo - European languages are spoken by almost 3 billion native speakers , the largest number by far for any recognised language family . Of the 20 languages with the largest numbers of native speakers according to SIL Ethnologue , 12 are Indo - European : Spanish , English , Hindi , Portuguese , Bengali , Russian , German , Punjabi , Marathi , French , Urdu , Italian , accounting for over 1.7 billion native speakers . Several disputed proposals link Indo - European to other major language families . The similarities between various European languages , Sanskrit and Persian were noted by Sir William Jones when learning Sanskrit in India , concluding that all these languages originated from the same source . Development of the Indo - European languages ( edit ) Proto - Indo - European language ( edit ) Main article : Proto - Indo - European language The Proto - Indo - European language ( PIE ) is the linguistic reconstruction of a common ancestor of the Indo - European languages spoken by the Proto - Indo - Europeans . PIE was the first proposed proto - language to be widely accepted by linguists . Far more work has gone into reconstructing it than any other proto - language and it is by far the most well - understood of all proto - languages of its age . During the 19th century , the vast majority of linguistic work was devoted to reconstruction of Proto - Indo - European or its daughter proto - languages such as Proto - Germanic , and most of the current techniques of historical linguistics ( e.g. the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction ) were developed as a result . Scholars estimate that PIE may have been spoken as a single language ( before divergence began ) around 3500 BCE , though estimates by different authorities can vary by more than a millennium . The most popular hypothesis for the origin and spread of the language is the Kurgan hypothesis , which postulates an origin in the Pontic -- Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe . The existence of PIE was first postulated in the 18th century by Sir William Jones , who observed the similarities between Sanskrit , Ancient Greek , and Latin . By the early 20th century , well - defined descriptions of PIE had been developed that are still accepted today ( with some refinements ) . The largest developments of the 20th century have been the discovery of Anatolian and Tocharian languages and the acceptance of the laryngeal theory . The Anatolian languages have also spurred a major re-evaluation of theories concerning the development of various shared Indo - European language features and the extent to which these features were present in PIE itself . PIE is thought to have had a complex system of morphology that included inflections ( suffixing of roots , as in who , whom , whose ) , and ablaut ( vowel alterations , as in sing , sang , sung ) . Nouns used a sophisticated system of declension and verbs used a similarly sophisticated system of conjugation . Relationships to other language families , including the Uralic languages , have been proposed but remain controversial . There is no written evidence of Proto - Indo - European , so all knowledge of the language is derived by reconstruction from later languages using linguistic techniques such as the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction . Pre-Proto - Indo - European ( edit ) Location of early Yamna culture The Indo - Hittite hypothesis postulates a common predecessor for both the Anatolian languages and the other indo - European languages , called Indi - Hittite or Indo - Anatolian . Although it 's obvious that PIE had predecessors , the Indo - Hittite hypothesis is not widely accepted , and there is little to suggest that it is possible to reconstruct a proto - Indo - Hittite stage that differes substantially from what is already reconstructed for PIE . According to Kortlandt , Indo - Uralic is the pre-PIE , postulating that Indo - European and Uralic share a common ancestor . According to Kortlandt , `` Indo - European is a branch of Indo - Uralic which was radically transformed under the influence of a North Caucasian substratum when its speakers moved from the area north of the Caspian Sea to the area north of the Black Sea . '' Anthony notes that the validity of such deep relationships can not be reliably demonstrated due to the time - depth involved , and also notes that the similarities may be explained by borrowings from PIE into proto - Uralic . Yet , Anthony also notes that the North Caucasian communities `` were southern participants in the steppe world '' . Genesis of Indo - European languages ( edit ) ( show ) Spread of IE - languages I Indo - European languages ca . 3500 BCE Indo - European languages ca . 2500 BCE Indo - European languages ca . 1500 BCE Indo - European languages ca . 500 BCE Indo - European languages ca . 500 CE ( show ) Spread of IE - languages II 4000 BCE 3000 BCE 2000 BCE 500 BCE Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology , Don Ringe and Tandy Warnow propose the following evolutionary tree of Indo - European branches : Pre-Anatolian ( before 3500 BCE ) Pre-Tocharian Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic ( before 2500 BCE ) ( Pre-Germanic ) Pre-Armenian and Pre-Greek ( after 2500 BCE ) ( Pre-Germanic ) ; proto - Germanic c. 500 BCE Pre-Balto - Slavic ; Proto - Indo - Iranian ( 2000 BCE ) David Anthony , following the methodology of Ringe and Warnow , proposes the following sequence : Pre-Anatolian ( 4200 BCE ) Pre-Tocharian ( 3700 BCE ) Pre-Germanic ( 3300 BCE ) Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic ( 3000 BCE ) Pre-Armenian ( 2800 BCE ) Pre-Balto - Slavic ( 2800 BCE ) Pre-Greek ( 2500 BCE ) Proto - Indo - Iranian ( 2200 BCE ) ; split between Iranian and Old Indic 1800 BCE Ringe and Warnow 's methodology may be outdated , and not accurately reflect the development of the IE languages . Archaeology : migrations from the steppe Urheimat ( edit ) Archaeological research has unearthed a broad range of historical cultures which can be related to the spread of the Indo - European languages . Various steppe - cultures show strong similarities with the Yamna - horizon at the Pontic steppe , while the time - range of several Asian cultures also coincides with the proposed trajectory and time - range of the Indo - European migrations . According to the widely accepted Kurgan hypothesis c.q. Steppe theory , the Indo - European language and culture spread in several stages from the Proto - Indo - European Eurasian homeland in the Pontic steppes , into Western Europe , Central and South Asia , through folk migrations and so - called elite recruitment . This process started with the introduction of cattle at the Eurasian steppes around 5200 BCE , and the mobilisation of the steppe herder cultures with the introduction of wheeled wagons and horse - back riding , which led to a new kind of culture . Between 4,500 and 2,500 BCE , this `` horizon '' , which includes several distinctive cultures , spread out over the Pontic steppes , and outside into Europe and Asia . Early migrations at ca . 4200 BCE brought steppe herders into the lower Danube valley , either causing or taking advantage of the collapse of Old Europe . According to Anthony , the Anatolian branch , to which the Hittites belong , probably arrived in Anatolia from the Danube valley . According to Matieson & Reich et al. ( 2017 ) , it is unlikely that the Anatolian branch arrived in Anatolia via the Balkans . Migrations eastward from the Yamna culture founded the Afanasevo culture which developed into the Tocharians . The Tarim mummies may represent an migration of Tocharian speakers from the Afanasevo culture in the Tarim Basin . Migrations southward may have founded the Maykop culture , but the Maikop origins could also have been in the Caucasus . The western Indo - European languages ( Germanic , Celtic , Italic ) probably spread into Europe from the Balkan - Danubian complex , a set of cultures in Southeast Europe . At ca . 3000 BCE a migration of Proto - Indo - European speakers from the Yamna - culture took place toward the west , along the Danube river , Slavic and Baltic developed a little later at the middle Dniepr ( present - day Ukraine ) , moving north toward the Baltic coast . The Corded Ware culture in Middle Europe ( third millennium BCE ) , which materialized with a massive migration from the Eurasian steppes to Central Europe , probably played a central role in the spread of the pre-Germanic and pre-Baltic - Slavic dialects . The eastern part of the Yamna horizon and the Corded ware culture contributed to the Sintashta culture ( c. 2100 -- 1800 BCE ) , where the Indo - Iranian language and culture emerged , and where the chariot was invented . The Indo - Iranian language and culture was further developed in the Andronovo culture ( c. 1800 -- 800 BCE ) , and influenced by the Bactria -- Margiana Archaeological Complex ( c. 2300 -- 1700 BCE ) . The Indo - Aryans split off around 1800 -- 1600 BCE from the Iranians , whereafter Indo - Aryan groups moved to the Levant ( Mitanni ) , northern India ( Vedic people , c. 1500 BCE ) , and China ( Wusun ) . The Iranian languages spread throughout the steppes with the Scyths and into Iran with the Medes , Parthians and Persians from ca . 800 BCE . Anthropology : elite recruitment and language shift ( edit ) See also : Language shift , Elite recruitment and language change , and Indo - Europeanization and language shift According to Marija Gimbutas , the process of `` Indo - Europeanization '' of Europe was essentially a cultural , not a physical transformation . It is understood as Yamnaya migration to Europe , as military victors in terms of successfully imposing a new administrative system , language and religion upon the indigenous groups . The social organization greatly facilitated the Yamnaya people 's effectiveness in war , their patrilinear and patriarchal structure . The Old Europeans ( indigenous groups ) had neither a warrior class nor horses . They lived in ( probably ) theocratic monarchies presided over by a queen - priestess ; this Old European social structure contrasted with Yamnaya Indo - European arrivals . Indo - European languages probably spread through language shifts . Small groups can change a larger cultural area , and elite male dominance by small groups may have led to a language shift in northern India . According to Guus Kroonen , Indo - Europeans encountered existing populations that spoke dissimilar , unrelated languages when they migrated to Europe from Yamnaya steppes . Relatively little is known about the Pre-Indo - European linguistic landscape of Europe , except for Basque , as the `` Indo - Europeanization '' of Europe caused a largely unrecorded , massive linguistic extinction event , most likely through language - shift . Guus Kroonens ' study reveals that Pre-Indo - European speech contains a clear Neolithic signature emanating from the Aegean language family and thus patterns with the prehistoric migration of Europe 's first farming populations . According to Edgar Polomé , 30 % of non-Indo - European substratum found in modern German derives from non-Indo - European - speakers of Funnelbeaker Culture indigenous to southern Scandinavia . When Yamnaya Indo - European speakers came into contact with the indigenous peoples during the 3rd millennium BCE , they came to dominate the local populations yet parts of the indigenous lexicon persisted in the formation of Proto - Germanic , thus giving German the status of being an Indo - Europeanized language . According to Marija Gimbutas , Corded Ware cultures migration to Scandinavia `` synthesized '' with the Funnelbeaker culture , giving birth to the Proto - Germanic language . David Anthony , in his `` revised Steppe hypothesis '' notes that the spread of the Indo - European languages probably did not happen through `` chain - type folk migrations '' , but by the introduction of these languages by ritual and political elites , which were emulated by large groups of people , a process which he calls `` elite recruitment '' . According to Parpola , local elites joined `` small but powerful groups '' of Indo - European speaking migrants . These migrants had an attractive social system and good weapons , and luxury goods which marked their status and power . Joining these groups was attractive for local leaders , since it strengthened their position , and gave them additional advantages . These new members were further incorporated by matrimonial alliances . According to Joseph Salmons , language shift is facilitated by `` dislocation '' of language communities , in which the elite is taken over . According to Salmons , this change is facilitated by `` systematic changes in community structure '' , in which a local community becomes incorporated in a larger social structure . Genetics : genetic relations between historical populations ( edit ) Since the 2000s genetical studies are assuming a prominent role in the research on Indo - European migrations . Whole - genome studies reveal relations between various cultures and the time - range in which those relations were established . Research by Haak et al. ( 2015 ) showed that ~ 75 % of the Corded Ware ancestry came from Yamna - related populations , while Allentoft et al. ( 2015 ) shows that the Sintashta culture is genetically related to the Corded Ware culture . Ecological Studies : widespread drought , urban collapse , and pastoral migrations ( edit ) Climate change and drought may have triggered both the initial dispersal of Indo - European speakers , and the migration of Indo - Europeans from the steppes in south central Asia and India . Around 4200 -- 4100 BCE a climate change occurred , manifesting in colder winters in Europe . Steppe herders , archaic Proto - Indo - European speakers , spread into the lower Danube valley about 4200 -- 4000 BCE , either causing or taking advantage of the collapse of Old Europe . The Yamna horizon was an adaptation to a climate change which occurred between 3500 and 3000 BCE , in which the steppes became drier and cooler . Herds needed to be moved frquently to feed them sufficiently , and the use of wagons and horse - back riding made this possible , leading to `` a new , more mobile form of pastoralism '' . In the second century BCE widespread aridization lead to water shortages and ecological changes in both the Eurasian steppes and south Asia . At the steppes , humidization lead a change of vegetation , triggering `` higher mobility and transition to the nomadic cattle breeding '' . Water shortage also had a strong impact in south Asia , `` causing the collapse of sedentary urban cultures in south central Asia , Afghanistan , Iran , and India , and triggering large - scale migrations '' . Origins of the Indo - Europeans ( edit ) The Proto - Indo - European homeland according to the steppe hypothesis ( dark green ) and the present - day distribution of Indo - European languages in Eurasia ( light green ) . The development of the Kurgan culture according to Marija Gimbutas ' Kurgan hypothesis . Urheimat ( edit ) Urheimat hypotheses ( edit ) Main article : Proto - Indo - European Urheimat hypotheses The Proto - Indo - European Urheimat hypotheses are tentative identifications of the Urheimat , or primary homeland , of the hypothetical Proto - Indo - European language . Such identifications attempt to be consistent with the glottochronology of the language tree and with the archaeology of those places and times . Identifications are made on the basis of how well , if at all , the projected migration routes and times of migration fit the distribution of Indo - European languages , and how closely the sociological model of the original society reconstructed from Proto - Indo - European lexical items fits the archaeological profile . Since the early 1980s the mainstream consensus among Indo - Europeanists favors Marija Gimbutas ' `` Kurgan hypothesis '' , c.q. David Anthony 's `` Revised Steppe theory '' , derived from Gimbutas ' pioneering work , placing the Indo - European homeland in the Pontic steppe , more specifically , between the Dniepr ( Ukraine ) and the Ural river ( Russia ) , of the Chalcolithic period ( 4th to 5th millennia BCE ) , where various related cultures developed . The Pontic steppe is a large area of grasslands in far Eastern Europe , located north of the Black Sea , Caucasus Mountains and Caspian Sea and including parts of eastern Ukraine , southern Russia and northwest Kazakhstan . This is the time and place of the earliest domestication of the horse , which according to this hypothesis was the work of early Indo - Europeans , allowing them to expand outwards and assimilate or conquer many other cultures . The Yamna culture ( 3300 -- 2500 BCE ) , located on the middle Don and Volga , is the specific culture from where this expansion in its major form started . The primary competitor is the Anatolian hypothesis advanced by Colin Renfrew , which states that the Indo - European languages began to spread peacefully into Europe from Asia Minor ( modern Turkey ) from around 7000 BCE with the Neolithic advance of farming ( wave of advance ) . Another theory which has drawn considerable attention is the Armenian plateau hypothesis of Gamkrelidze and Ivanov , who have argued that the urheimat was south of the Caucasus , specifically , `` within eastern Anatolia , the southern Caucasus and northern Mesopotamia '' in the fifth to fourth millennia BC . All hypotheses assume a significant period ( at least 1500 -- 2000 years ) between the time of the Proto - Indo - European language and the earliest attested texts , at Kültepe , c. 19th century BCE . Kurgan hypothesis / revised steppe theory ( edit ) Main articles : Kurgan hypothesis and Revised Steppe theory The Kurgan hypothesis ( also theory or model ) argues that the people of an archaeological `` Kurgan culture '' ( a term grouping the Yamna , or Pit Grave , culture and its predecessors ) in the Pontic steppe were the most likely speakers of the Proto - Indo - European language . The term is derived from kurgan ( курган ) , a Turkic loanword in Russian for a tumulus or burial mound . An origin at the Pontic - Caspian steppes is the most widely accepted scenario of Indo - European origins . Marija Gimbutas formulated her Kurgan hypothesis in the 1950s , grouping together a number of related cultures at the Pontic steppes . She defined the `` Kurgan culture '' as composed of four successive periods , with the earliest ( Kurgan I ) including the Samara and Seroglazovo cultures of the Dnieper / Volga region in the Copper Age ( early 4th millennium BCE ) . The bearers of these cultures were nomadic pastoralists , who , according to the model , by the early 3rd millennium expanded throughout the Pontic - Caspian steppe and into Eastern Europe . Gimbutas ' grouping is nowadays considered to have been too broad . According to Anthony , it is better to speak of the Yamna culture or `` horizon '' , which included several related cultures , as the defining Proto - Indo - European culture at the Pontic steppe . David Anthony has incorporated recent developments in his `` revised steppe theory '' , which also supports a steppe origin of the Indo - European languages . Anthony emphasizes the Yamnaya culture as the origin of the Indo - European dispersal . Recent research by Haak et al. ( 2015 ) confirms the migration of Yamnaya - people into western Europe , forming the Corded Ware culture . Proto - Indo - Europeans ( edit ) Main article : Proto - Indo - Europeans The Proto - Indo - Europeans were the speakers of the Proto - Indo - European language ( PIE ) , a reconstructed prehistoric language of Eurasia . Knowledge of them comes chiefly from the linguistic reconstruction , along with material evidence from archaeology and archaeogenetics . According to some archaeologists , PIE speakers can not be assumed to have been a single , identifiable people or tribe , but were a group of loosely related populations ancestral to the later , still partially prehistoric , Bronze Age Indo - Europeans . This view is held especially by those archaeologists who posit an original homeland of vast extent and immense time depth . However , this view is not shared by linguists , as proto - languages generally occupy small geographical areas over a very limited time span , and are generally spoken by close - knit communities such as a single small tribe . The Proto - Indo - Europeans were likely to have lived during the late Neolithic , or roughly the 4th millennium BCE . Mainstream scholarship places them in the forest - steppe zone immediately to the north of the western end of the Pontic - Caspian steppe in Eastern Europe . Some archaeologists would extend the time depth of PIE to the middle Neolithic ( 5500 to 4500 BCE ) or even the early Neolithic ( 7500 to 5500 BCE ) , and suggest alternative Proto - Indo - European Urheimats . By the late 3rd millennium BCE , offshoots of the Proto - Indo - Europeans had reached Anatolia ( Hittites ) , the Aegean ( Mycenaean Greece ) , Western Europe , and southern Siberia ( Afanasevo culture ) . Pre-Proto - Indo - Europeans ( edit ) See also : Origins of Yamna culture and Yamna component in European genes The proto - Indo - Europeans , c.q. the Yamnaya people and the related cultures , seem to have been a mix from eastern European hunter - gatherers ; and people related to the near east , c.q. Caucasus hunter - gatherers c.q. Iran Chalcolithic people with a Caucasian hunter - gatherer component . According to Haak et al. ( 2015 ) , `` the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter - gatherers , but from a population of Near Eastern ancestry . '' According to Jones et al. ( 2015 ) , Caucasus hunter - gatherers ( CHG ) `` genomes significantly contributed to the Yamnaya steppe herders who migrated into Europe ~ 3,000 BCE , supporting a formative Caucasus influence on this important Early Bronze age culture . CHG left their imprint on modern populations from the Caucasus and also central and south Asia possibly marking the arrival of Indo - Aryan languages . '' According to Lazaridis et al. ( 2016 ) , `` a population related to the people of the Iran Chalcolithic contributed ~ 43 % of the ancestry of early Bronze Age populations of the steppe . '' According to Lazaridis et al. ( 2016 ) , these Iranian Chacolithic people were a mixture of `` the Neolithic people of western Iran , the Levant , and Caucasus Hunter Gatherers '' . Development of the steppe cultures ( edit ) Ukraine rivers Pre-Yamnaya ( edit ) According to Anthony , the development of the Proto - Indo - European cultures started with the introduction of cattle at the Pontic - Caspian steppes . Until ca . 5200 -- 5000 BCE the Pontic - Caspian steppes were populated by hunter - gatherers . According to Anthony , the first cattle herders arrived from the Danube Valley at ca . 5800 -- 5700 BCE , descendants from the first European farmers . They formed the Criş culture ( 5800 -- 5300 BCE ) , creating a cultural frontier at the Prut - Dniestr watershed . The adjacent Bug - Dniester culture ( 6300 -- 5500 BCE ) was a local forager culture , from where cattle breeding spread to the steppe peoples . The Dniepr Rapids area was the next part of the Pontic - Caspian steppes to shift to cattle - herding . It was the densely populated area of the Pontic - Caspian steppes at the time , and had been inhabited by various hunter - gatherer populations since the end of the Ice Age . From ca. 5800 -- 5200 it was inhabited by the first phase of the Dnieper - Donets culture , a hunter - gatherer culture contemporaneous with the Bug - Dniestr culture . At ca . 5200 -- 5000 BCE the non-Indo - European Cucuteni - Tripolye culture ( 6000 -- 3500 BCE ) appears east of the Carpathian mountains , moving the cultural frontier to the Southern Bug valley , while the foragers at the Dniepr Rapids shifted to cattle herding , marking the shift to Dniepr - Donets II ( 5200 / 5000 -- 4400 / 4200 BCE ) . The Dniepr - Donets culture kept cattle not only for ritual sacrifices , but also for their daily diet . The Khvalynsk culture ( 4700 -- 3800 BCE ) , located at the middle Volga , which was connected with the Danube Valley by trade networks , also had cattle and sheep , but they were `` more important in ritual sacrifices than in the diet '' . The Samara culture ( early 5th millennium BCE ) , north of the Khvalynsk culture , interacted with the Khvalynsk culture , while the archaeological findings seem related to those of the Dniepr - Dontes II Culture . The Sredny Stog culture ( 4400 -- 3300 BCE ) appears at the same location as the Dniepr - Donets culture , but shows influences from people who came from the Volga river region . Yamnaya ( edit ) Volga river The Khvalynsk culture ( 4700 -- 3800 BCE ) ( middle Volga ) and the Don - based Repin culture ( ca. 3950 -- 3300 BCE ) preceded the Yamnaya culture ( 3300 -- 2500 BCE ) , which originated in the Don - Volga area . Late pottery from these two cultures can barely be distinguished from early Yamna pottery . The Yamna horizon was an adaptation to a climate change which occurred between 3500 and 3000 BCE , in which the steppes became drier and cooler . Herds needed to be moved frequently to feed them sufficiently , and the use of wagons and horse - back riding made this possible , leading to `` a new , more mobile form of pastoralism '' . It was accompanied by new social rules and institutions , to regulate the local migrations in the steppes , creating a new social awareness of a distinct culture , and of `` cultural Others '' who did not participate in these new institutions . The Yamna culture c.q. horizon ( a.k.a. Pit Grave culture ) spreads quickly across the Pontic - Caspian steppes between ca . 3400 and 3200 BCE . According to Anthony , `` the spread of the Yamnaya horizon was the material expression of the spread of late Proto - Indo - European across the Pontic - Caspian steppes . '' Anthony further notes that `` the Yamnaya horizon is the visible archaeological expression of a social adjustment to high mobility -- the invention of the political infrastructure to manage larger herds from mobile homes based in the steppes . '' The Yamnaya horizon represents the classical reconstructed Proto - Indo - European society with stone idols , predominantly practising animal husbandry in permanent settlements protected by hillforts , subsisting on agriculture , and fishing along rivers . According to Gimbutas , contact of the Yamna culture with late Neolithic Europe cultures results in the `` kurganized '' Globular Amphora and Baden cultures . Anthony excludes the Globular Amphora culture . The Maykop culture ( 3700 -- 3000 ) emerges somewhat earlier in the northern Caucasus . Although considered by Gimbutas as an outgrowth of the steppe cultures , it is related to the development of Mesopotamia , and Anthony does not consider it to be a Proto - Indo - European culture . The Maykop culture shows the earliest evidence of the beginning Bronze Age , and Bronze weapons and artifacts are introduced to the Yamna horizon . Between 3100 -- 2600 BCE Yamna people into the Danube Valley as far as Hungary . This migration probably gave rise to Proto - Celtic and Pre-Italic . Pre-Germanic dialects may have developed between the Dniestr ( west Ukraine ) and the Vistula ( Poland ) at c. 3100 -- 2800 BCE , and spread with the Corded Ware culture . Slavic and Baltic developed at the middle Dniepr ( present - day Ukraine ) at c. 2800 BCE , also spreading with the Corded Ware horizon . Post-yamnaya ( edit ) In the northern Don - Volga area the Yamnaya culture was followed by the Poltavka culture ( 2700 -- 2100 BCE ) , while the Sintashta culture ( 2100 -- 1800 ) extended the Indo - European culture zone east of the Ural mountains , giving rise to Proto - Indo - Iranian and the subsequent spread of the Indo - Iranian languages toward India and the Iranian plateau . Early migrations -- archaic Proto - Indo - European ( edit ) Europe -- Danube Valley ( 4200 BCE ) ( edit ) According to Anthony , steppe herders , archaic Proto - Indo - European speakers , spread into the lower Danube valley about 4200 -- 4000 BCE , either causing or taking advantage of the collapse of Old Europe . According to Anthony , their languages `` probably included archaic Proto - Indo - European dialects of the kind partly preserved later in Anatolian . '' According to Anthony their descendants later moved into Anatolia , at an unknown time , but maybe as early as 3,000 BCE . According to Matieson & Reich et al. ( 2017 ) , it is unlikely that the Anatolian branch arrived in Anatalia via the Balkans . According to Parpola , the appearance of Indo - European speakers from Europe into Anatolia , and the appearance of Hittite , is related to later migrations of Proto - Indo - European speakers from the Yamna - culture into the Danube Valley at ca . 2800 BCE , which is in line with the `` customary '' assumption that the Anatolian Indo - European language was introduced into Anatolia somewhere in the third millennium BCE . Archaic Proto - Indo - European -- Anatolian branch ( Hittites ) ( 4500 -- 3500 BCE ) ( edit ) ( show ) Anatolian languages Area where the 2nd millennium BCE Luwian language was spoken Anatolian languages attested in the mid-1st millennium BCE The Hittite Empire at its greatest extent under Suppiluliuma I ( c. 1350 -- 1322 BCE ) and Mursili II ( c. 1321 -- 1295 BCE ) Main articles : Anatolians and Hittites The Anatolians were a group of distinct Indo - European peoples who spoke the Anatolian languages and shared a common culture . The Anatolian languages were a branch of the larger Indo - European language family . Although the Hittites are placed in the 2nd millennium BCE , the Anatolian branch seems to have separated at a very early stage from Proto - Indo - European , or may have developed from an older Pre-Proto - Indo - European ancestor . If it separated from Proto - Indo - European , it likely did so between 4500 -- 3500 BCE . The archeological discovery of the archives of the Hittites and the belonging of the Hittite language to a separate Anatolian branch of the Indo - European languages caused a sensation among historians , forcing a re-evaluation of Near Eastern history and Indo - European linguistics . In accordance with the Kurgan hypothesis , J.P. Mallory notes in Encyclopedia of Indo - European Culture that it is likely that the Anatolians reached the Near East from the north , either via the Balkans or the Caucasus in the 3rd millennium BCE . According to Anthony , descendants of archaic Proto - Indo - European steppe herders , who moved into the lower Danube valley about 4200 -- 4000 BCE , later moved into Anatolia , at an unknown time , but maybe as early as 3,000 BCE . According to Parpola the movement into Anatolia took place at a later date . According to Matieson & Reich et al. ( 2017 ) , it is unlikely that the Anatolian branch arrived in Anatolia via the Balkans . Together with the Tocharians , the Anatolians constituted the first known wave of Indo - European emigrants out of the Eurasian steppe . Although they had wagons , they probably emigrated before Indo - Europeans had learned to use chariots for war . It is likely that their arrival was one of gradual settlement and not as an invading army . The Anatolians ' earliest linguistic and historical attestation are as names mentioned in Assyrian mercantile texts from 19th - century BCE Kanesh . The Hittites , who established an extensive empire in the Middle East in the 2nd millennium BCE , are by far the best known members of the Anatolian group . The history of the Hittite civilization is known mostly from cuneiform texts found in the area of their kingdom , and from diplomatic and commercial correspondence found in various archives in Egypt and the Middle East . Despite the use of Hatti for their core territory , the Hittites should be distinguished from the Hattians , an earlier people who inhabited the same region ( until the beginning of the 2nd millennium ) . The Hittite military made successful use of chariots . Although belonging to the Bronze Age , they were the forerunners of the Iron Age , developing the manufacture of iron artifacts from as early as the 14th century , when letters to foreign rulers reveal the latter 's demand for iron goods . The Hittite empire reached its height during the mid-14th century under Suppiluliuma I , when it encompassed an area that included most of Asia Minor as well as parts of the northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia . After 1180 BCE , amid the Bronze Age Collapse in the Levant associated with the sudden arrival of the Sea Peoples , the kingdom disintegrated into several independent `` Neo-Hittite '' city - states , some of which survived until as late as the 8th century BCE . The lands of the Anatolian peoples were successively invaded by a number of peoples and empires at high frequency : the Phrygians , Bithynians , the Medes , the Persians , the Greeks , the Galatian Celts , Romans and the Oghuz Turks . Many of these invaders settled in Anatolia , in some cases causing the extinction of the Anatolian languages . By the Middle Ages , all the Anatolian languages ( and the cultures accompanying them ) were extinct , although there may be lingering influences on the modern inhabitants of Anatolia , most notably Armenians . Asia ( 3500 -- 2500 BCE ) ( edit ) Afanasevo culture ( edit ) The geographic area the Afanasevo culture covered Main article : Afanasevo culture The Afanasievo culture ( 3300 to 2500 BC ) is the earliest Eneolithic archaeological culture found until now in south Siberia , occupying the Minusinsk Basin , Altay and Eastern Kazakhstan . It originated with a migration of people from the pre-Yamnaya Repin culture , at the Don river , and is related to the Tocharians . Radiocarbon gives dates as early as 3705 BCE on wooden tools and 2874 BCE on human remains for the Afanasievo culture . The earliest of these dates has now been rejected , giving a date of around 3300 BCE for the start of the culture . The Tocharians ( edit ) Main articles : Tocharians and Tocharian languages The Tocharians , or `` Tokharians '' ( / təˈkɛəriənz / or / təˈkɑːriənz / ) were inhabitants of medieval oasis city - states on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin ( modern Xinjiang , China ) . Their Tocharian languages ( a branch of the Indo - European family ) are known from manuscripts from the 6th to 8th centuries CE , after which they were supplanted by the Turkic languages of the Uyghur tribes . These people were called `` Tocharian '' by late 19th - century scholars who identified them with the Tókharoi described by ancient Greek sources as inhabiting Bactria . Although this identification is now generally considered mistaken , the name has become customary . The Tocharians are thought to have developed from the Afanasevo culture of eastern Siberia ( c. 3500 -- 2500 BCE ) . It is believed that the Tarim mummies , dated from 1800 BCE , represent a migration of Tocharian speakers from the Afanasevo culture in the Tarim Basin in the early 2nd millennium BCE . By the end of the 2nd millennium BCE , the dominant people as far east as the Altai Mountains southward to the northern outlets of the Tibetan Plateau were anthropologically Caucasian , with the northern part speaking Iranian Scythian languages and the southern parts Tocharian languages , having Mongoloid populations as their northeastern neighbors . These two groups were in competition with each other until the latter overcame the former . The turning point occurred around the 5th to 4th centuries BCE with a gradual Mongolization of Siberia , while Eastern Central Asia ( East Turkistan ) remained Caucasian and Indo - European - speaking until well into the 1st millennium CE . The Sinologist Edwin G. Pulleyblank has suggested that the Yuezhi , the Wusun the Dayuan , the Kangju and the people of Yanqi , could have been Tocharian - speaking . Of these the Yuezhi are generally held to have been Tocharians . The Yuezhi were originally settled in the arid grasslands of the eastern Tarim Basin area , in what is today Xinjiang and western Gansu , in China . After the Yuezhi were defeated by the Xiongnu , in the 2nd century BCE , a small group , known as the Little Yuezhi , fled to the south , later spawning the Jie people who dominated the Later Zhao until their complete extermination by Ran Min in the Wei -- Jie war . The majority of the Yuezhi however migrated west to the Ili Valley , where they displaced the Sakas ( Scythians ) . Driven from the Ili Valley shortly afterwards by the Wusun , the Yuezhi migrated to Sogdia and then Bactria , where they are often identified with the Tókharoi ( Τοχάριοι ) and Asioi of Classical sources . They then expanded into northern South Asia , where one branch of the Yuezhi founded the Kushan Empire . The Kushan empire stretched from Turfan in the Tarim Basin to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain at its greatest extent , and played an important role in the development of the Silk Road and the transmission of Buddhism to China . Tocharian languages continued to be spoken in the city - states of the Tarim Basin , only becoming extinct in the Middle Ages . Northern Caucasus -- Maikop culture ( edit ) Main article : Maikop culture The Maykop culture ( also spelled Maikop ) , c. 3700 -- 3000 BCE , was a major Bronze Age archaeological culture in the Western Caucasus region of Southern Russia . It extends along the area from the Taman Peninsula at the Kerch Strait to near the modern border of Dagestan and southwards to the Kura River . The culture takes its name from a royal burial found in Maykop kurgan in the Kuban River valley . According to Mallory and Adams , migrations southward founded the Maykop culture ( c. 3500 -- 2500 BCE ) . Yet , according to Mariya Ivanova the Maikop origins were on the Iranian Plateau , while kurgans from the beginning of the 4th millennium at Soyuqbulaq in Azerbaijan , which belong to the Leyla - Tepe culture , show parallels with the Maikop kurgans . According to Museyibli , `` the Leylatepe Culture tribes migrated to the north in the mid-fourth millennium and played an important part in the rise of the Maikop Culture of the North Caucasus . '' Europe ( edit ) Origins of Germanic , Italic , Celtic , Balkan , Baltic and Slavic languages ( edit ) See also : Origin and dispersal of R1a and Origin and dispersal of R1b Mallory notes that the Italic , Celtic and Germanic languages are closely related , which accords with their historic distribution . The Germanic languages are related to the Baltic and Slavic languages , which in turn share similarities with the Indo - Iranic languages . The Greek , Armenian and Indo - Iranian languages are also related , which suggests `` a chain of central Indo - European dialects stretching from the Balkans across the Black sea to the east Caspian '' . And the Celtic , Italic , Anatolian and Tocharian languages preserve archaisms which are preserved only in those languages . According to David Anthony , pre-Germanic split - off earliest ( 3300 BCE ) , followed by pre-Italic and pre-Celtic ( 3000 BCE ) , pre-Armenian ( 2800 BCE ) , pre-Balto - Slavic ( 2800 BCE ) and pre-Greek ( 2500 BCE ) . The Balkan - Danubian Complex and the Dniestr and Dniepr rivers ( edit ) ( show ) Danube , Dniestr , Vistula , Dniepr Course of the Danube , marked in red Dniester river Vistula river Dniepr river The Balkan - Danubian complex is a set of cultures in Southeast Europe from which the western Indo - European languages probably spread into western Europe from c. 3500 BCE . According to Anthony , Pre-Italic , Pre-Celtic and Pre-Germanic may have split - off here from Proto - Indo - European . The Usatovo culture developed in south - eastern Central Europe at around 3300 -- 3200 BCE at the Dniestr river . Although closely related to the Tripolye culture , it is contemporary with the Yamna culture , and resembles it in significant ways . According to Anthony , it may have originated with `` steppe clans related to the Yamnaya horizon who were able to impose a patron - client relationship on Tripolye farming villages '' . According to Anthony , the Pre-Germanic dialects may have developed in this culture between the Dniestr ( west Ukraine ) and the Vistula ( Poland ) at c. 3100 -- 2800 BCE , and spread with the Corded Ware culture . Between 3100 -- 2800 / 2600 BCE , when the Yamna horizon spread fast across the Pontic Steppe , a real folk migration of Proto - Indo - European speakers from the Yamna - culture took place into the Danube Valley , moving along Usatovo territory toward specific destinations , reaching as far as Hungary , where as many as 3,000 kurgans may have been raised . Bell Beaker sites at Budapest , dated c. 2800 -- 2600 BCE , may have aided in spreading Yamna dialects into Austria and southern Germany at their west , where Proto - Celtic may have developed . Pre-Italic may have developed in Hungary , and spread toward Italy via the Urnfield culture and Villanovan culture . According to Anthony , Slavic and Baltic developed at the middle Dniepr ( present - day Ukraine ) at c. 2800 BCE , spreading north from there . According to Parpola , this migration into the Danube Valley is related to the appearance of Indo - European speakers from Europe into Anatolia , and the appearance of Hittite . The Balkan languages ( Thracian , Dacian , Illyrian ) may have developed among of the early Indo - European populations of southeastern Europe . In the early Middle Ages their territory was occupied by migrating Slavic people , and by east Asian steppe peoples . Corded Ware culture ( edit ) Funnelbeaker ( Trichterbecherkultur , TRB ) c. 4300 BC -- 2800 BC Approximate extent of the Corded Ware horizon with adjacent 3rd - millennium cultures ( Baden culture and Globular Amphora culture ) ( after EIEC ) . Main articles : Corded Ware and Bronze Age Europe The Corded Ware culture in Middle Europe ( c. 3200 / 2,900 -- 2450 / 2350 cal . BCE ) probably played an essential role in the origin and spread of the Indo - European languages in Europe during the Copper and Bronze Ages . According to Mallory , the Corded Ware culture may be postulated as `` the common prehistoric ancestor of the later Celtic , Germanic , Baltic , Slavic , and possibly some of the Indo - European languages of Italy '' . Yet , Mallory also notes that the Corded Ware can not account for Greek , Illyrian , Thracian and East Italic , which may be derived from Southeast Europe . According to Anthony , the Corded ware horizon may have introduced Germanic , Baltic and Slavic into northern Europe . According to Gimbutas , the Corded Ware culture was preceded by the Globular Amphora culture ( 3400 -- 2800 BCE ) , which she regarded to be an Indo - European culture . The Globular Amphora culture stretched from central Europe to the Baltic sea , and emerged from the Funnelbeaker culture . The Corded Ware spread across northern Europe after 3000 BCE , with an `` initial rapid spread '' between 2900 and 2700 BCE . Around 2400 BCE the people of the Corded Ware replaced their predecessors and expanded to Danubian and Nordic areas of western Germany . A related branch invaded Denmark and southern Sweden . In places a continuity between Funnelbeaker and Corded Ware can be demonstrated , whereas in other areas Corded Ware heralds a new culture and physical type . According to Cunliffe , most of the expansion was clearly intrusive . Recent research by Haak et al. confirms that a massive migration took place from the Eurasian steppes to Central Europe . This migration is closely associated with the Corded Ware culture . Haak et al. ( 2015 ) note that German Corded ware `` trace ~ 75 % of their ancestry to the Yamna '' , envisioning a migration from the Yamna culture through western Ukraine and Poland into Germany . Allentoft et al. ( 2015 ) envision a migration from the Yamna culture towards northern Europe both via Central Europe and the territory of present - day Russia toward the Baltic area and the eastern periphery of the Corded ware culture . In supplementary information to Haak et al. ( 2015 ) Anthony , together with Lazaridis , Haak , Patterson , and Reich , notes that the mass migration of Yamna people to northern Europe shows that `` the languages could have been introduced simply by strength of numbers : via major migration in which both sexes participated . '' Germanic ( edit ) Map of the Nordic Bronze Age culture , c. 1200 BCE The expansion of the Germanic tribes 750 BC -- AD 1 ( after the Penguin Atlas of World History 1988 ) : Settlements before 750 BC New settlements by 500 BC New settlements by 250 BC New settlements by AD 1 Main articles : Germanic peoples , Proto - Germanic language , and Germanic languages The Germanic peoples ( also called Teutonic , Suebian or Gothic in older literature ) are an Indo - European ethno - linguistic group of Northern European origin , identified by their use of the Germanic languages which diversified out of Proto - Germanic starting during the Pre-Roman Iron Age . The term `` Germanic '' originated in classical times , when groups of tribes were referred to using this term by Roman authors . For them , the term was not necessarily based upon language , but rather referred to tribal groups and alliances who were considered less civilised than the Celtic Gauls living in the region of modern France . Tribes referred to as Germanic in that period lived generally to the north and east of the Gauls . In modern times the term occasionally has been used to refer to ethnic groups who speak a Germanic language and claim ancestral and cultural connections to ancient Germanic peoples . Within this context , modern Germanic peoples include the Norwegians , Swedes , Danes , Icelanders , Germans , Austrians , English , Dutch , Afrikaners , Flemish , Frisians and others . The Germanic languages are spoken by a sizable population in Western Europe , North America , and Australasia . The common ancestor of all of the languages in this branch is called Proto - Germanic ( also known as Common Germanic ) , which was spoken in approximately the middle of the 1st millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe . Proto - Germanic , along with all of its descendants , is characterized by a number of unique linguistic features , most famously the consonant change known as Grimm 's law . Early varieties of Germanic enter history with the Germanic tribes moving south from northern Europe in the 2nd century BCE , to settle in north - central Europe . The most widely spoken Germanic languages are English and German , with approximately 300 -- 400 million native English speakers and over 100 million native German speakers . They belong to the West Germanic family . The West Germanic group also includes other major languages , such as Dutch with 23 million , Low Saxon with approximately 5 million speakers in Germany and 1.7 million in the Netherlands , and Afrikaans with over 6 million native speakers . The North Germanic languages include Norwegian , Danish , Swedish , Icelandic , and Faroese , which have a combined total of about 20 million speakers . There is also the East Germanic branch , which includes languages such as Gothic , Burgundian , and Vandalic , but it has been extinct for at least two centuries . The SIL Ethnologue lists 48 different living Germanic languages , with the Western branch accounting for 42 , and the Northern for 6 languages . The total number of Germanic languages is unknown , as some of them , especially East Germanic languages , disappeared shortly after the Migration Period . Italic and Celtic ( edit ) Italic ( edit ) Romance languages in Europe . Main articles : Italic languages and Italic peoples The Italic languages are a subfamily of the Indo - European language family originally spoken by Italic peoples . They include the Romance languages derived from Latin ( Italian , Spanish , Catalan , Portuguese , French , Romanian , Occitan , etc . ) ; a number of extinct languages of the Italian Peninsula , including Umbrian , Oscan , Faliscan , South Picene ; and Latin itself . At present , Latin and its daughter Romance languages are the only surviving languages of the Italic language family . The most widely accepted theory suggests that Latins and other proto - Italic tribes first entered in Italy with the late Bronze Age Proto - Villanovan culture , then part of the central European Urnfield culture system . In particular various authors , like Marija Gimbutas , had noted important similarities between proto - villanova , the South - German Urnfield culture of Bavaria - Upper Austria and Middle - Danube Urnfield culture . According to David W. Anthony proto - Latins originated in today 's eastern Hungary , kurganized around 3100 BC by the Yamna culture , while Kristian Kristiansen associated the proto - villanovans with the Velatice - Baierdorf culture of Moravia and Austria . Today the Romance languages , which comprise all languages that descended from Latin , are spoken by more than 800 million native speakers worldwide , mainly in the Americas , Europe , and Africa . Romance languages are either official , co-official , or significantly used in 72 countries around the globe . Additionally , Latin had a great influence on both the grammar and the lexicon of West Germanic languages . Romance words make respectively 59 % , 20 % and 14 % of English , German and Dutch vocabularies . Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included . Accordingly , Romance words make roughly 35 % of the vocabulary of Dutch . Celtic ( edit ) Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples : core Hallstatt territory , by the 6th century BCE maximal Celtic expansion , by 275 BCE Lusitanian area of Iberia where Celtic presence is uncertain the six Celtic nations which retained significant numbers of Celtic speakers into the Early Modern period areas where Celtic languages remain widely spoken today Main articles : Celts , Proto - Celtic language , and Celtic languages The Celts ( / ˈkɛlts / , occasionally / ˈsɛlts / , see pronunciation of Celtic ) or Kelts were an ethnolinguistic group of tribal societies in Iron Age and Medieval Europe who spoke Celtic languages and had a similar culture , although the relationship between the ethnic , linguistic and cultural elements remains uncertain and controversial . The earliest archaeological culture that may justifiably be considered Proto - Celtic is the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of Central Europe , which flourished from around 1200 BCE . Their fully Celtic descendants in central Europe were the people of the Iron Age Hallstatt culture ( c. 800 -- 450 BCE ) named for the rich grave finds in Hallstatt , Austria . By the later La Tène period ( c. 450 BCE up to the Roman conquest ) , this Celtic culture had expanded by diffusion or migration to the British Isles ( Insular Celts ) , France and The Low Countries ( Gauls ) , Bohemia , Poland and much of Central Europe , the Iberian Peninsula ( Celtiberians , Celtici and Gallaeci ) and Italy ( Golaseccans , Lepontii , Ligures and Cisalpine Gauls ) and , following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BCE , as far east as central Anatolia ( Galatians ) . The Celtic languages ( usually pronounced / ˈkɛltɪk / but sometimes / ˈsɛltɪk / ) are descended from Proto - Celtic , or `` Common Celtic '' ; a branch of the greater Indo - European language family . The term `` Celtic '' was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707 . Modern Celtic languages are mostly spoken on the north - western edge of Europe , notably in Ireland , Scotland , Wales , Brittany , Cornwall , and the Isle of Man , and can be found spoken on Cape Breton Island . There are also a substantial number of Welsh speakers in the Patagonia area of Argentina . Some people speak Celtic languages in the other Celtic diaspora areas of the United States , Canada , Australia , and New Zealand . In all these areas , the Celtic languages are now only spoken by minorities though there are continuing efforts at revitalization . Welsh is the only Celtic language not classified as `` endangered '' by UNESCO . During the 1st millennium BCE , they were spoken across much of Europe , in the Iberian Peninsula , from the Atlantic and North Sea coastlines , up to the Rhine valley and down the Danube valley to the Black Sea , the northern Balkan Peninsula and in central Asia Minor . The spread to Cape Breton and Patagonia occurred in modern times . Celtic languages , particularly Irish , were spoken in Australia before federation in 1901 and are still used there to some extent . Balto - Slavic ( edit ) Area of Balto - Slavic dialectic continuum ( purple ) with proposed material cultures correlating to speakers Balto - Slavic in Bronze Age ( white ) . Red dots = archaic Slavic hydronyms Main articles : Proto - Slavic and Balto - Slavic languages The Balto - Slavic language group traditionally comprises the Baltic and Slavic languages , belonging to the Indo - European family of languages . Baltic and Slavic languages share several linguistic traits not found in any other Indo - European branch , which points to a period of common development . Most Indo - Europeanists classify Baltic and Slavic languages into a single branch , even though some details of the nature of their relationship remain in dispute in some circles , usually due to political controversies . Some linguists , however , have recently suggested that Balto - Slavic should be split into three equidistant nodes : Eastern Baltic , Western Baltic and Slavic . A Proto - Balto - Slavic language is reconstructable by the comparative method , descending from Proto - Indo - European by means of well - defined sound laws , and out of which modern Slavic and Baltic languages descended . One particularly innovative dialect separated from the Balto - Slavic dialect continuum and became ancestral to the Proto - Slavic language , from which all Slavic languages descended . Balts ( edit ) Eastern Europe in 3 -- 4th century CE with archeological cultures identified as Baltic - speaking in purple . Their area extended from the Baltic Sea to modern Moscow . Main article : Balts The Balts or Baltic peoples ( Lithuanian : baltai , Latvian : balti ) are an Indo - European ethno - linguistic group who speak the Baltic languages , a branch of the Indo - European language family , which was originally spoken by tribes living in area east of Jutland peninsula in the west and Moscow , Oka and Volga rivers basins in the east . One of the features of Baltic languages is the number of conservative or archaic features retained . Among the Baltic peoples are modern Lithuanians , Latvians ( including Latgalians ) -- all Eastern Balts -- as well as the Old Prussians , Yotvingians and Galindians -- the Western Balts -- whose people also survived , but their languages and cultures are now extinct , and are now being assimilated into the Eastern Baltic community . Slavs ( edit ) Slavic peoples in 6th century Slavic tribes from the 7th to 9th centuries in Europe , surrounding the Avars in south - eastern Europe . Main article : Slavs The Slavs are an Indo - European ethno - linguistic group living in Central Europe , Eastern Europe , Southeast Europe , North Asia and Central Asia , who speak the Indo - European Slavic languages , and share , to varying degrees , certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds . From the early 6th century they spread to inhabit most of Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Europe . Slavic groups also ventured as far as Scandinavia , constituting elements amongst the Vikings ; whilst at the other geographic extreme , Slavic mercenaries fighting for the Byzantines and Arabs settled Asia Minor and even as far as Syria . Later , East Slavs ( specifically , Russians and Ukrainians ) colonized Siberia and Central Asia . Every Slavic ethnicity has emigrated to other parts of the world . Over half of Europe 's territory is inhabited by Slavic - speaking communities . Modern nations and ethnic groups called by the ethnonym Slavs are considerably diverse both genetically and culturally , and relations between them -- even within the individual ethnic groups themselves -- are varied , ranging from a sense of connection to mutual feelings of hostility . Present - day Slavic people are classified into East Slavic ( chiefly Belarusians , Russians and Ukrainians ) , West Slavic ( chiefly Poles , Czechs , Slovaks , Wends and Sorbs ) , and South Slavic ( chiefly Bosniaks , Bulgarians , Croats , Goranis , Macedonians , Montenegrins , Serbs and Slovenes ) . For a more comprehensive list , see the ethnocultural subdivisions . Balkan languages ( edit ) Thracian and Dacian ( edit ) Thracian ( edit ) Dacia during the reign of Burebista Main articles : Thracians and Thracian languages The Thracian language was the Indo - European language spoken in Southeast Europe by the Thracians , the northern neighbors of the Greeks . Some authors group Thracian and Dacian into a southern Baltic linguistic family . The Thracians inhabited a large area in southeastern Europe , including parts of the ancient provinces of Thrace , Moesia , Macedonia , Dacia , Scythia Minor , Sarmatia , Bithynia , Mysia , Pannonia , and other regions of the Balkans and Anatolia . This area extended over most of the Balkans region , and the Getae north of the Danube as far as beyond the Bug and including Panonia in the west . The origins of the Thracians remain obscure , in the absence of written historical records . Evidence of proto - Thracians in the prehistoric period depends on artifacts of material culture . Leo Klejn identifies proto - Thracians with the multi-cordoned ware culture that was pushed away from Ukraine by the advancing timber grave culture . It is generally proposed that a proto - Thracian people developed from a mixture of indigenous peoples and Indo - Europeans from the time of Proto - Indo - European expansion in the Early Bronze Age when the latter , around 1500 BCE , mixed with indigenous peoples . We speak of proto - Thracians from which during the Iron Age ( about 1000 BCE ) Dacians and Thracians begin developing . Dacian ( edit ) Map of Dacia 1st century BC Main articles : Dacians and Dacian language The Dacians ( / ˈdeɪʃənz / ; Latin : Daci , Ancient Greek : Δάκοι , Δάοι , Δάκαι ) were an Indo - European people , part of or related to the Thracians . Dacians were the ancient inhabitants of Dacia , located in the area in and around the Carpathian Mountains and west of the Black Sea . This area includes the present - day countries of Romania and Moldova , as well as parts of Ukraine , Eastern Serbia , Northern Bulgaria , Slovakia , Hungary and Southern Poland . The Dacians spoke the Dacian language , believed to have been closely related to Thracian , but were somewhat culturally influenced by the neighbouring Scythians and by the Celtic invaders of the 4th century BCE . The Dacians and Getae were always considered as Thracians by the ancients ( Dio Cassius , Trogus Pompeius , Appian , Strabo and Pliny the Elder ) , and were both said to speak the same Thracian language . Evidence of proto - Thracians or proto - Dacians in the prehistoric period depends on the remains of material culture . It is generally proposed that a proto - Dacian or proto - Thracian people developed from a mixture of indigenous peoples and Indo - Europeans from the time of Proto - Indo - European expansion in the Early Bronze Age ( 3,300 -- 3,000 BCE ) when the latter , around 1500 BCE , conquered the indigenous peoples . The indigenous people were Danubian farmers , and the invading people of the 3rd millennium BCE were Kurgan warrior - herders from the Ukrainian and Russian steppes . Indo - Europeanization was complete by the beginning of the Bronze Age . The people of that time are best described as proto - Thracians , which later developed in the Iron Age into Danubian - Carpathian Geto - Dacians as well as Thracians of the eastern Balkan Peninsula . Illyrian ( edit ) Ethnogenesis of the Illyrians . Illyrian colonization of Italy ( 9th century BC ) . Main articles : Illyrians and Illyrian languages The Illyrians ( Ancient Greek : Ἰλλυριοί , Illyrioi ; Latin : Illyrii or Illyri ) were a group of Indo - European tribes in antiquity , who inhabited part of the western Balkans and the south - eastern coasts of the Italian peninsula ( Messapia ) . The territory the Illyrians inhabited came to be known as Illyria to Greek and Roman authors , who identified a territory that corresponds to the Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Slovenia , Montenegro , part of Serbia and most of Albania , between the Adriatic Sea in the west , the Drava river in the north , the Morava river in the east and the mouth of the Aoos river in the south . The first account of Illyrian peoples comes from the Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax , an ancient Greek text of the middle of the 4th century BC that describes coastal passages in the Mediterranean . These tribes , or at least a number of tribes considered `` Illyrians proper '' , of which only small fragments are attested enough to classify as branches of Indo - European ; were probably extinct by the 2nd century CE . The name `` Illyrians '' , as applied by the ancient Greeks to their northern neighbors , may have referred to a broad , ill - defined group of peoples , and it is today unclear to what extent they were linguistically and culturally homogeneous . The Illyrian tribes never collectively regarded themselves as ' Illyrians ' , and it is unlikely that they used any collective nomenclature for themselves . The name Illyrians seems to be the name applied to a specific Illyrian tribe , which was the first to come in contact with the ancient Greeks during the Bronze Age , causing the name Illyrians to be applied to all people of similar language and customs . Albanian ( edit ) Main article : Albanian language Albanian ( shqip ( ʃcip ) or gjuha shqipe ( ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ ) , meaning Albanian language ) is an Indo - European language spoken by approximately 7.4 million people , primarily in Albania , Kosovo , the Republic of Macedonia and Greece , but also in other areas of the Balkans in which there is an Albanian population , including Montenegro and Serbia ( Presevo Valley ) . Centuries - old communities speaking Albanian - based dialects can be found scattered in Greece , southern Italy , Sicily , and Ukraine . As a result of a modern diaspora , there are also Albanian speakers elsewhere in those countries and in other parts of the world , including Scandinavia , Switzerland , Germany , Austria and Hungary , United Kingdom , Turkey , Australia , New Zealand , Netherlands , Singapore , Brazil , Canada , and the United States . The earliest written document that mentions the Albanian language is a late 13th - century crime report from Dubrovnik . The first audio recording of the Albanian language was made by Norbert Jokl on 4 April 1914 in Vienna . Armenic and Greek ( edit ) Armenian ( edit ) Main articles : Armenian language and Armenians The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat , the highest peak of the region . In the Bronze Age , several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia , including the Hittite Empire ( at the height of its power ) , Mitanni ( South - Western historical Armenia ) , and Hayasa - Azzi ( 1600 -- 1200 BCE ) . Soon after Hayasa - Azzi were the Nairi ( 1400 -- 1000 BCE ) and the Kingdom of Urartu ( 1000 -- 600 BCE ) , who successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland . Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people . Yerevan , the modern capital of Armenia , was founded in 782 BCE by king Argishti I . A minority view also suggests that the Indo - European homeland may have been located in the Armenian Highland . Hellenic Greek ( edit ) A reconstruction of the 3rd - millennium BCE `` Proto - Greek area '' , according to Bulgarian linguist Vladimir Georgiev . Main articles : Hellenic languages , Mycenaean Greek , and Greeks Hellenic is the branch of the Indo - European language family that includes Greek . In traditional classifications , Hellenic consists of Greek alone , but some linguists group Greek together with various ancient languages thought to have been closely related or distinguish varieties of Greek that are distinct enough to be considered separate languages . The Proto - Greeks probably arrived at the area now called Greece , in the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula , at the 3rd millennium BCE , though a later migration by sea from eastern Anatolia ( modern Armenia ) , has also been suggested . The sequence of migrations into the Greek mainland during the 2nd millennium BCE has to be reconstructed on the basis of the ancient Greek dialects , as they presented themselves centuries later and are therefore subject to some uncertainties . There were at least two migrations , the first being the Ionians and Aeolians , which resulted in Mycenaean Greece by the 16th century BCE , and the second , the Dorian invasion , around the 11th century BCE , displacing the Arcadocypriot dialects , which descended from the Mycenaean period . Both migrations occur at incisive periods , the Mycenaean at the transition to the Late Bronze Age and the Doric at the Bronze Age collapse . Sea peoples and the Bronze Age collapse ( edit ) Main articles : Sea Peoples and Bronze Age Collapse In the 13th century BCE , at the end of the Bronze Age , seafaring invaders from Europe and the Aegean known as the Sea Peoples entered the Eastern Mediterranean , invading Anatolia , Syria , Canaan , Cyprus and Egypt . The invasions by the Sea Peoples ushered the Bronze Age Collapse , which resulted in the cultural collapse of Mycenean Greece , the Hittite Empire , the New Kingdom of Egypt and the civilizations of Canaan and Syria . The Sea Peoples are regarded as being composed of various groups of Indo - European peoples . Groups of the Sea Peoples mentioned in Egyptian documents are the Ekwesh , a group of Bronze Age Greeks ( Achaeans ; Ahhiyawa in Hittite texts ) ; Teresh , Tyrrhenians ( Tyrsenoi ) , known to later Greeks as sailors and pirates from Anatolia , ancestors of the Etruscans ; Luka , an Anatolians coastal people of western Anatolia , also known from Hittite sources ( their name survives in classical Lycia on the southwest coast of Anatolia ) ; Sherden , probably Sardinians ( the Sherden acted as mercenaries of the Egyptians in the Battle of Kadesh , 1299 BCE ) ; Shekelesh , probably identical with the Italic tribe called Siculi ; and Peleset , generally believed to refer to the Philistines , who perhaps came from Crete and were the only major tribe of the Sea Peoples to settle permanently in Palestine . Phrygian ( edit ) Location of Phrygia in Anatolia Main articles : Phrygians and Phrygian language The Phrygians ( gr . Φρύγες , Phruges or Phryges ) were an ancient Indo - European people . After the collapse of the Hittite Empire at the beginning of the twelfth century BCE , the political vacuum in central - western Anatolia was filled by a wave of Indo - European migrants and `` Sea Peoples '' , including the Phrygians , who established their kingdom with a capital eventually at Gordium . It is presently unknown whether the Phrygians were actively involved in the collapse of the Hittite capital Hattusa or whether they simply moved into the vacuum left by the collapse of Hittite hegemony . The Phrygian language / ˈfrɪdʒiən / was the language spoken by the Phrygians in Asia Minor during Classical Antiquity ( ca . 8th century BCE to 5th century CE ) . Phrygian is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . The similarity of some Phrygian words to Greek ones was observed by Plato in his Cratylus ( 410a ) . However , Eric P. Hamp suggests that Phrygian was related to Italo - Celtic in a hypothetical `` Northwest Indo - European '' group . According to Herodotus , the Phrygians were initially dwelling in the southern Balkans under the name of Bryges ( Briges ) , changing it to Phruges after their final migration to Anatolia , via the Hellespont . Though the migration theory is still defended by many modern historians , most archaeologists have abandoned the migration hypothesis regarding the origin of the Phrygians due to a lack substantial archeological evidence , with the migration theory resting only on the accounts of Herodotus and Xanthus . From tribal and village beginnings , the state of Phrygia arose in the eighth century BCE with its capital at Gordium . During this period , the Phrygians extended eastward and encroached upon the kingdom of Urartu , the descendants of the Hurrians , a former rival of the Hittites . Meanwhile , the Phrygian Kingdom was overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders around 690 BCE , then briefly conquered by its neighbour Lydia , before it passed successively into the Persian Empire of Cyrus the Great and the empire of Alexander and his successors , was taken by the Attalids of Pergamon , and eventually became part of the Roman Empire . The last mention of the Phrygian language in literature dates to the fifth century CE and it was likely extinct by the seventh century . Indo - Iranian migrations ( edit ) Main articles : Proto - Indo - Iranians , Proto - Indo - Iranian religion , and Indo - Iranians Indo - Iranian peoples are a grouping of ethnic groups consisting of the Indo - Aryan , Iranian , Dardic and Nuristani peoples ; that is , speakers of Indo - Iranian languages , a major branch of the Indo - European language family . The Proto - Indo - Iranians are commonly identified with the Sintashta culture and the subsequent Andronovo culture within the broader Andronovo horizon , and their homeland with an area of the Eurasian steppe that borders the Ural River on the west , the Tian Shan on the east . The Indo - Iranians interacted with the Bactria - Magiana Culture , also called `` Bactria - Magiana Archaeological Complex '' . Proto - Indo - Iranian arose due to this influence . The Indo - Iranians also borrowed their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from this culture . The Indo - Iranian migrations took place in two waves . The first wave consisted of the Indo - Aryan migration into the Levant , founding the Mittani kingdom , and a migration south - eastward of the Vedic people , over the Hindu Kush into northern India . The Indo - Aryans split - off around 1800 -- 1600 BCE from the Iranians , where - after they were defeated and split into two groups by the Iranians , who dominated the Central Eurasian steppe zone and `` chased ( the Indo - Aryans ) to the extremities of Central Eurasia '' . One group were the Indo - Aryans who founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria ; ( c. 1500 -- 1300 BCE ) the other group were the Vedic people . Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun , an Indo - European Caucasian people of Inner Asia in antiquity , were also of Indo - Aryan origin . The second wave is interpreted as the Iranian wave , and took place in the third stage of the Indo - European migrations from 800 BCE onwards . Sintashta - Petrovka and Andronovo culture ( edit ) Sintashta - Petrovka culture ( edit ) According to Allentoft ( 2015 ) , the Sintashta culture probably derived from the Corded Ware Culture . Main article : Sintashta culture The Sintashta culture , also known as the Sintashta - Petrovka culture or Sintashta - Arkaim culture , is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of the northern Eurasian steppe on the borders of Eastern Europe and Central Asia , dated to the period 2100 -- 1800 BCE . It is probably the archaeological manifestation of the Indo - Iranian language group . The Sintashta culture emerged from the interaction of two antecedent cultures . Its immediate predecessor in the Ural - Tobol steppe was the Poltavka culture , an offshoot of the cattle - herding Yamnaya horizon that moved east into the region between 2800 and 2600 BCE . Several Sintashta towns were built over older Poltavka settlements or close to Poltavka cemeteries , and Poltavka motifs are common on Sintashta pottery . Sintashta material culture also shows the influence of the late Abashevo culture , a collection of Corded Ware settlements in the forest steppe zone north of the Sintashta region that were also predominantly pastoralist . Allentoft et al. ( 2015 ) also found close autosomal genetic relationship between peoples of Corded Ware culture and Sintashta culture . The earliest known chariots have been found in Sintashta burials , and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology , which spread throughout the Old World and played an important role in ancient warfare . Sintashta settlements are also remarkable for the intensity of copper mining and bronze metallurgy carried out there , which is unusual for a steppe culture . Because of the difficulty of identifying the remains of Sintashta sites beneath those of later settlements , the culture was only recently distinguished from the Andronovo culture . It is now recognised as a separate entity forming part of the ' Andronovo horizon ' . Andronovo culture ( edit ) Map of the approximate maximal extent of the Andronovo culture . The formative Sintashta - Petrovka culture is shown in darker red . The location of the earliest spoke - wheeled chariot finds is indicated in purple . Adjacent and overlapping cultures ( Afanasevo culture , Srubna culture , BMAC ) are shown in green . Main article : Andronovo culture The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local Bronze Age Indo - Iranian cultures that flourished c. 1800 -- 900 BCE in western Siberia and the west Asiatic steppe . It is probably better termed an archaeological complex or archaeological horizon . The name derives from the village of Andronovo ( 55 ° 53 ′ N 55 ° 42 ′ E  /  55.883 ° N 55.700 ° E  / 55.883 ; 55.700 ) , where in 1914 , several graves were discovered , with skeletons in crouched positions , buried with richly decorated pottery . The older Sintashta culture ( 2100 -- 1800 ) , formerly included within the Andronovo culture , is now considered separately , but regarded as its predecessor , and accepted as part of the wider Andronovo horizon . At least four sub-cultures of the Andronovo horizon have been distinguished , during which the culture expands towards the south and the east : Sintashta - Petrovka - Arkaim ( Southern Urals , northern Kazakhstan , 2200 -- 1600 BCE ) the Sintashta fortification of ca . 1800 BCE in Chelyabinsk Oblast the Petrovka settlement fortified settlement in Kazakhstan the nearby Arkaim settlement dated to the 17th century Alakul ( 2100 -- 1400 BCE ) between Oxus and Jaxartes , Kyzylkum desert Alekseyevka ( 1300 -- 1100 BCE `` final Bronze '' ) in eastern Kazakhstan , contacts with Namazga VI in Turkmenia Ingala Valley in the south of the Tyumen Oblast Fedorovo ( 1500 -- 1300 BCE ) in southern Siberia ( earliest evidence of cremation and fire cult ) Beshkent - Vakhsh ( 1000 -- 800 BCE ) The geographical extent of the culture is vast and difficult to delineate exactly . On its western fringes , it overlaps with the approximately contemporaneous , but distinct , Srubna culture in the Volga - Ural interfluvial . To the east , it reaches into the Minusinsk depression , with some sites as far west as the southern Ural Mountains , overlapping with the area of the earlier Afanasevo culture . Additional sites are scattered as far south as the Koppet Dag ( Turkmenistan ) , the Pamir ( Tajikistan ) and the Tian Shan ( Kyrgyzstan ) . The northern boundary vaguely corresponds to the beginning of the Taiga . In the Volga basin , interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged , and Federovo style pottery is found as far west as Volgograd . Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early Indo - Iranian languages , though it may have overlapped the early Uralic - speaking area at its northern fringe . Bactria - Magiana culture ( edit ) The extent of the BMAC ( after EIEC ) . Main article : BMAC The Bactria - Magiana Culture , also called `` Bactria - Magiana Archaeological Complex '' , was a non-Indo - European culture which influenced the Indo - European groups of the second stage of the Indo - European migrations . It was centered in what is nowadays northwestern Afghanistan and southern Turkmenistan , and had an elaborate trade - network reachings as far as the Indus civilisation , the Iranian plateau , and the Persian Gulf . Finds within BMAC sites include an Elamite - type cylinder seal and a Harappan seal stamped with an elephant and Indus script found at Gonur - depe . Proto - Indo - Iranian arose due to this BMAC - influence . The Indo - Iranians also borrowed their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from this culture . According to Anthony , the Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo - European immigrants in the contact zone between the Zeravshan River ( present - day Uzbekistan ) and ( present - day ) Iran . It was `` a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new Indo - European elements '' , which borrowed `` distinctive religious beliefs and practices '' from the Bactria -- Margiana Culture . At least 383 non-Indo - European words were borrowed from this culture , including the god Indra and the ritual drink Soma . Indo - Aryan migrations ( edit ) Main articles : Indo - Aryan migration and Indo - Aryan peoples Syria -- Mitanni ( edit ) Map of the Near East c. 1400 BCE showing the Kingdom of Mitanni at its greatest extent Main article : Mitanni Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform KUR Mi - ta - an - ni ) , also Mittani ( Mi - it - ta - ni ) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat , Khanigalbat cuneiform Ḫa - ni - gal - bat ) or Naharin in ancient Egyptian texts was an Hurrian - speaking state in northern Syria and south - east Anatolia from c. 1500 -- 1300 BCE . Founded by an Indo - Aryan ruling class governing a predominantly Hurrian population , Mitanni came to be a regional power after the Hittite destruction of Amorite Babylon and a series of ineffectual Assyrian kings created a power vacuum in Mesopotamia . At the beginning of its history , Mitanni 's major rival was Egypt under the Thutmosids . However , with the ascent of the Hittite empire , Mitanni and Egypt made an alliance to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination . At the height of its power , during the 14th century BCE , Mitanni had outposts centered around its capital , Washukanni , whose location has been determined by archaeologists to be on the headwaters of the Khabur River . Eventually , Mitanni succumbed to Hittite and later Assyrian attacks , and was reduced to the status of a province of the Middle Assyrian Empire . Their sphere of influence is shown in Hurrian place names , personal names and the spread through Syria and the Levant of a distinct pottery type . India -- Vedic culture ( edit ) ( show ) Spread of Vedic culture Archaeological cultures associated with the Indo - Iranian migration ( Iranian and Indo - Aryan : * The Andronovo is regarded as the origin of the Indo - Iranians . * The Indo - Iranians interacted with the BMAC , from which they borrowed their distinctive religious beliefs . * The Yaz culture is also associated with Indo - Iranian migrations . * The GGC , Cemetery H , Copper Hoard and PGW cultures are associated with Indo - Aryan migrations . Source : EIEC ) Early Vedic Period . Painted Grey Ware culture ( 1200 -- 600 BCE ) Kingdoms , tribes and theological schools of the Late Vedic Period . Mahajanapadas ( c. 500 BCE ) Northern Black Polished Ware Culture ( 700 -- 200 BCE ) Language families in the Indian subcontinent . Main articles : Vedic period and Hinduism The Indo - Aryan peoples started to migrate into north - western India around 1500 BCE , as a slow diffusion during the Late Harappan period , establishing the Vedic religion during the Vedic period ( c. 1500 -- 500 BCE ) . The research on the Indo - Aryan migrations began with the study of the Rig Veda in the mid-19th century by Max Muller , and gradually evolved from a theory of a large scale invasion of a racially and technologically superior people to being a slow diffusion of small numbers of nomadic people that had a disproportionate societal impact on a large urban population . Contemporary claims of Indo - Aryan migrations are drawn from linguistic , archaeological , literary and cultural sources . During the early part of the Vedic period , the Indo - Aryans settled into northern India , bringing with them their specific religious traditions . The associated culture was initially a tribal , pastoral society centred in the northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent ; it spread after 1200 BCE to the Ganges Plain , as it was shaped by increasing settled agriculture , a hierarchy of four social classes , and the emergence of monarchical , state - level polities . The end of the Vedic period witnessed the rise of large , urbanized states as well as of shramana movements ( including Jainism and Buddhism ) which challenged the Vedic orthodoxy . Around the beginning of the Common Era , the Vedic tradition formed one of the main constituents of the so - called `` Hindu synthesis '' Inner Asia -- Wusun and Yuezhi ( edit ) The Tarim Basin , 2008 Wusun and their neighbours during the late 2nd century BCE , take note that the Yancai did not change their name to Alans until the 1st century . The migrations of the Yuezhi through Central Asia , from around 176 BCE to 30 CE Main article : Wusun According to Christopher I. Beckwith the Wusun , an Indo - European Caucasian people of Inner Asia in antiquity , were also of Indo - Aryan origin . From the Chinese term Wusun , Beckwith reconstructs the Old Chinese * âswin , which he compares to the Old Indic aśvin `` the horsemen '' , the name of the Rigvedic twin equestrian gods . Beckwith suggests that the Wusun were an eastern remnant of the Indo - Aryans , who had been suddenly pushed to the extremeties of the Eurasian Steppe by the Iranian peoples in the 2nd millennium BCE . The Wusun are first mentioned by Chinese sources as vassals in the Tarim Basin of the Yuezhi , another Indo - European Caucasian people of possible Tocharian stock . Around 175 BCE , the Yuezhi were utterly defeated by the Xiongnu , also former vassals of the Yuezhi . The Yuezhi subsequently attacked the Wusun and killed their king ( Kunmo Chinese : 昆 彌 or Kunmi Chinese : 昆 莫 ) Nandoumi ( Chinese : 難 兜 靡 ) , capturing the Ili Valley from the Saka ( Scythians ) shortly afterwards . In return the Wusun settled in the former territories of the Yuezhi as vassals of the Xiongnu . The son of Nandoumi was adopted by the Xiongnu king and made leader of the Wusun . Around 130 BCE he attacked and utterly defeated the Yuezhi , settling the Wusun in the Ili Valley . After the Yuezhi were defeated by the Xiongnu , in the 2nd century BCE , a small group , known as the Little Yuezhi , fled to the south , while the majority migrated west to the Ili Valley , where they displaced the Sakas ( Scythians ) . Driven from the Ili Valley shortly afterwards by the Wusun , the Yuezhi migrated to Sogdia and then Bactria , where they are often identified with the Tókharoi ( Τοχάριοι ) and Asioi of Classical sources . They then expanded into northern South Asia , where one branch of the Yuezhi founded the Kushan Empire . The Kushan empire stretched from Turfan in the Tarim Basin to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain at its greatest extent , and played an important role in the development of the Silk Road and the transmission of Buddhism to China . Soon after 130 BCE the Wusun became independent of the Xiongnu , becoming trusted vassals of the Han Dynasty and powerful force in the region for centuries . With the emerging steppe federations of the Rouran , the Wusun migrated into the Pamir Mountains in the 5th century CE . They are last mentioned in 938 when a Wusun chieftain paid tribute to the Liao dynasty . The Indo - European eastward expansion in the 2nd millennium BCE had a significant influence on Chinese culture , introducing the chariot , horse burials , the domesticated horse , iron technology , and wheeled vehicles , fighting styles , head - and - hoof rituals , art motifs and myths . Mesopotamia -- Kassites ( edit ) The appearance of the Kassites in Mesopotamia in the 18th century BCE has been connected to the contemporary Indo - European expansion into the region at the time . The Kassites gained control of Babylonia after the Hittite sack of the city in 1595 BCE ( i.e. 1531 BCE per the short chronology ) , and established a dynasty based in Dur - Kurigalzu . The Kassites were members of a small military aristocracy but were efficient rulers and not locally unpopular . The horse , which the Kassites worshipped , first came into use in Babylonia at this time . The Kassites were polytheistic , and the name of some 30 gods are known . The Kassite language has not been classified . However , several Kassite leaders bore Indo - European names , and the Kassites worshipped several Indo - Aryan gods , suggesting that the Kassites were under significant Indo - European influence . The reign of the Kassites laid the essential groundwork for the development of subsequent Babylonian culture . Egypt -- Hyksos ( edit ) The migration of the Hyksos from the Levant to Egypt in the 18th century BCE has been contected to the contemporary Indo - European expansion into the Middle East at the time . Beginning around 1630 BCE , the Hyksos , possibly related to the Amorites , seized control of Egypt , establishing their Fifteenth Dynasty with its capital at Avaris . Although vilified in later Egyptian texts , the Hyksos became highly Egyptianized and ruled as pharaohs listed as legitimate kings in the Turin Papyrus . The Hyksos capital was seized around 1521 BCE by the Theban Ahmose , founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty , and the Hyksos were expelled . The Hyksos may have been related to the later Habiru , etymologically connected to the term Hebrew . The Hyksos practiced horse burials , and their chief deity , their native storm god , became associated with the Egyptian storm and desert god , Seth . Although most Hyksos names seem Semitic , the Hyksos also included Hurrians , who , while speaking an isolated language , were under the rule and influence of Indo - Aryans . The Hyksos brought several technical improvements to Egypt , as well as cultural infusions such as new musical instruments and foreign loan words . The changes introduced include new techniques of bronze working and pottery , new breeds of animals , and new crops . In warfare , they introduced the horse and chariot , the composite bow , improved battle axes , and advanced fortification techniques . Because of these cultural advances , Hyksos rule brought Egypt out of its technological backwardness and was decisive for Egypt 's later empire in the Middle East . Levant -- maryuannu ( edit ) In the mid-2nd millennium BCE , control of the Levant was seized by people known as Maryannu in Akkadian texts . Many of these intruders had Indo - Aryan names . The Amarna letters show that in the early 14th century BCE , most of the important cities of Palestine and Syria were controlled by men of either Indo - Aryan or Hurrian ( who were under Indo - Aryan rule and influence at the time ) names . Among the Indo - Aryan rulers of Palestine mentioned in the Amarna letters we find Induruta as lord of Achshaph , Biridiya as lord of Megiddo , Widia as lord of Ashkelon , Shuwardata as lord of Hebron , Zatatna and Surata as lords of Acre , Biryawaza as lord of Damascus , and other places , while Abdu - Heba , lord of Jerusalem has a Hurrian name . Iranians ( edit ) Distribution of Iranian peoples in 100 BCE : shown is Sarmatia , Scythia , Bactria and the Parthian Empire Iranian plateau ( edit ) Main article : Iranian peoples The Iranian peoples ( also known as Iranic peoples ) are an Indo - European ethno - linguistic group that comprise the speakers of Iranian languages . Their historical areas of settlement were on the Iranian plateau ( mainly Iran , Azerbaijan and Afghanistan ) and certain neighbouring areas of Asia ( such as parts of the Caucasus , Eastern Turkey , Northeast Syria , Uzbekistan , Tajikistan , Bahrain , Oman , northern Iraq , Northwestern and Western Pakistan ) reflecting changing geopolitical range of the Persian empires and the Iranian history . The Medes , Parthians and Persians begin to appear on the western Iranian plateau from c. 800 BCE , after which they remained under Assyrian rule for several centuries , as it was with the rest of the peoples in the Near East . The Achaemenids replaced Median rule from 559 BCE . Around the first millennium CE , the Kambojas , the Pashtuns and the Baloch began to settle on the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau , on the mountainous frontier of northwestern and western Pakistan , displacing the earlier Indo - Aryans from the area . Their current distribution spreads across the Iranian plateau , and stretches from the Caucasus in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south , and from the Indus River in the east to eastern Turkey in the west -- a region that is sometimes called the `` Iranian cultural continent '' , or Greater Iran by some scholars , and represents the extent of the Iranian languages and significant influence of the Iranian peoples , through the geopolitical reach of the Iranian empire . The Iranians comprise the present day Persians , Lurs , Ossetians , Kurds , Pashtuns , Balochs , Tajiks and their sub-groups of the historic Medes , Massagetaes , Sarmatians , Scythians , Parthians , Alans , Bactrians , Soghdians and other people of Central Asia , the Caucasus and the Iranian plateau . Another possible group are the Cimmerians who are mostly supposed to have been related to either Iranian or Thracian speaking groups , or at least to have been ruled by an Iranian elite . Scythians ( edit ) Scythian and related archaeological groups in circum - Pontic region , c. 7th to 3rd centuries BC Territories ( full line ) and expansion ( dotted line ) of the Indo - Scythians Kingdom at its greatest extent . Main articles : Scythia and Scythians The first Iranians to reach the Black Sea may have been the Cimmerians in the 8th century BCE , although their linguistic affiliation is uncertain . They were followed by the Scythians , who would dominate the area , at their height , from the Carpathian Mountains in the west , to the eastern-most fringes of Central Asia in the east , including the Indo - Scythian Kingdom in India . For most of their existence , they were based in what is modern - day Ukraine and southern European Russia . Sarmatian tribes , of whom the best known are the Roxolani ( Rhoxolani ) , Iazyges ( Jazyges ) and the Alani ( Alans ) , followed the Scythians westwards into Europe in the late centuries BCE and the 1st and 2nd centuries of the Common Era ( The Age of Migrations ) . The populous Sarmatian tribe of the Massagetae , dwelling near the Caspian Sea , were known to the early rulers of Persia in the Achaemenid Period . In the east , the Saka occupied several areas in Xinjiang , from Khotan to Tumshuq . Decline in Central Asia ( edit ) In Central Asia , the Turkic languages have marginalized Iranian languages as a result of the Turkic expansion of the early centuries CE . In Eastern Europe , Slavic and Germanic peoples assimilated and absorbed the native Iranian languages ( Scythian and Sarmatian ) of the region . Extant major Iranian languages are Persian , Pashto , Kurdish , and Balochi , besides numerous smaller ones . Alternative hypotheses ( edit ) Anatolian hypothesis ( edit ) The Anatolian hypothesis proposes that the dispersal of Proto - Indo - Europeans originated in Neolithic Anatolia . The hypothesis suggests that the speakers of the Proto - Indo - European language ( PIE ) lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era , and associates the distribution of historical Indo - European languages with the expansion during the Neolithic revolution during the 7th and 6th millennia BCE . The alternative and more academically favored view is the Kurgan hypothesis . The main proponent of the Anatolian hypothesis was Colin Renfrew , who in 1987 suggested a peaceful Indo - Europeanization of Europe from Anatolia from around 7000 BCE with the advance of farming by demic diffusion ( `` wave of advance '' ) . Accordingly , most of the inhabitants of Neolithic Europe would have spoken Indo - European languages , and later migrations would at best have replaced these Indo - European varieties with other Indo - European varieties . The main strength of the farming hypothesis lies in its linking of the spread of Indo - European languages with an archaeologically known event ( the spread of farming ) that is often assumed as involving significant population shifts . Paleolithic Continuity Paradigm ( edit ) Main article : Paleolithic Continuity Theory The `` Paleolithic Continuity Paradigm '' is a hypothesis suggesting that the Proto - Indo - European language ( PIE ) can be traced back to the Upper Paleolithic , several millennia earlier than the Chalcolithic or at the most Neolithic estimates in other scenarios of Proto - Indo - European origins . Its main proponents are Marcel Otte , Alexander Häusler , and Mario Alinei . The PCT posits that the advent of Indo - European languages should be linked to the arrival of Homo sapiens in Europe and Asia from Africa in the Upper Paleolithic . Employing `` lexical periodization '' , Alinei arrives at a timeline deeper than even that of Colin Renfrew 's Anatolian hypothesis . Since 2004 , an informal workgroup of scholars who support the Paleolithic Continuity hypothesis has been held online . Apart from Alinei himself , its leading members ( referred to as `` Scientific Committee '' in the website ) are linguists Xaverio Ballester ( University of Valencia ) and Francesco Benozzo ( University of Bologna ) . Also included are prehistorian Marcel Otte ( Université de Liège ) and anthropologist Henry Harpending ( University of Utah ) . It is not listed by Mallory among the proposals for the origins of the Indo - European languages that are widely discussed and considered credible within academia . Indian origins ( edit ) Main article : Indigenous Aryans The notion of Indigenous Aryans posits that speakers of Indo - Aryan languages are `` indigenous '' to the Indian subcontinent . Scholars like Jim G. Shaffer and B.B. Lal note the absence of archaeological remains of an Aryan `` conquest '' , and the high degree of physical continuity between Harappan and Post-Harappan society . They support the controversial hypothesis that the Indo - Aryan civilization was not introduced by Aryan migrations , but originated in pre-Vedic India . In recent years , the concept of `` Indigenous Aryans '' has been increasingly conflated with an `` Out of India '' origin of the Indo - European language family . This contrasts with the model of Indo - Aryan migration which posits that Indo - Aryan tribes migrated to India from Central Asia . Some furthermore claim that all Indo - European languages originated in India . These claims remain problematic . See also ( edit ) Human migration Bronze Age Origin of the Vlachs Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kortlandt ( 2010 ) refers to Kortlandt , Frederik . 2007b . C.C. Uhlenbeck on Indo - European , Uralic and Caucasian . Several variants and elaborations of this theory exist : The `` Sogdiana hypothesis '' of Johanna Nichols places the homeland in the 4th or 5th millennium BCE to the east of the Caspian Sea , in the area of ancient Bactria - Sogdiana . According to Allan R. Bomhard , `` Proto - Indo - European is the result of the imposition of a Eurasiatic language -- to use Greenberg 's term -- on a population speaking one or more primordial Northwest Caucasian languages . '' See also The Origins of Proto - Indo - European : The Caucasian Substrate Hypothesis . According to Bernard Sergent , the lithic assemblage of the first Kurgan culture in Ukraine ( Sredni Stog II ) , which originated from the Volga and South Urals , recalls that of the Mesolithic - Neolithic sites to the east of the Caspian sea , Dam Dam Chesme II and the cave of Djebel . He places the roots of the Gimbutas ' Kurgan cradle of Indo - Europeans in a more southern cradle , and adds that the Djebel material is related to a Paleolithic material of Northwestern Iran , the Zarzian culture , dated 10,000 -- 8,500 BCE , and in the more ancient Kebarian of the Near East . He concludes that more than 10,000 years ago the Indo - Europeans were a small people grammatically , phonetically and lexically close to Semitic - Hamitic populations of the Near East . ^ Jump up to : David Anthony : `` Germanic shows a mixture of archaic and derived traits that make its place uncertain ; itcould have branched off at about the same time as the root of Italic and Celtic ( but ) it also shared many traits with Pre-Baltic and Pre-Slavic . '' Jump up ^ According to Gimbutas , Indigenous groups here refers to Old Europe ( the term Old Europe is used for Pre-Indo - European Europe during the Neolithic , Chalcolithic and Copper ages ) existed for nearly 3 millennia ( c. 6500 -- 3500 B.C. ) . Notabely , Narva culture , Funnelbeaker culture , Linear Pottery culture , Cardium pottery , Vinča culture , early Helladic , Minoans etc . Jump up ^ Marija Gimbutas : `` Three millennium long traditions were truncated by two waves of semi-nomadic horse riding people from the east : the towns and villages disintegrated , the magnificent painted pottery vanished ; so did the shrines , frescoes , sculptures , symbols and script . The archaeological record not only by the abrupt absences of the magnificent painted pottery and figurines and the termination of sign use , but by the equally abrupt appearance of thrusting weapons and horses infiltrating the Danubian Valley and other major grasslands of the Balkans and Central Europe . Their arrival initiated a dramatic shift in the prehistory of Europe , a change in social structure and in residence patterns , in art and in religion and it was a decisive factor in the formation of Europe 's last 5,000 years . Jump up ^ Additionally , `` This `` Old Europe '' social structure contrasted with the Indo - European Kurgans who were mobile and non-egalitarian ; their system was accordingly ranked into a three category hierarchy : warrior priest rulers , warrior nobility , and laborers / agriculturalists at the bottom . The IE Kurgans were also warlike , lived in smaller villages at times , and had an ideology that centered on the virile male . Their gods were often heroic warriors of the shining and thunderous sky rather than peaceful mother goddesses of birth and regeneration . In sum , when comparing and contrasting these two groups through the eyes of Gimbutas , it can be said that , `` the Old Europeans put no emphasis on dangerous weapons whereas the Kurgans glorified the sharp blade '' What eventually occurred was the `` drastic upheaval of Old Europe '' . Jump up ^ Additionally , `` Old Europeans '' often dwelled in `` large agglomerations '' , were sedentary - horticulturalist , had an ideology which `` focused on the eternal aspects of birth , death , and regeneration , symbolized by the feminine principle , a mother creatrix '' , buried their dead in communal megalith graves and were generally peaceful . Jump up ^ David Anthony ( 1995 ) : `` Language shift can be understood best as a social strategy through which individuals and groups compete for positions of prestige , power , and domestic security ( ... ) What is important , then , is not just dominance , but vertical social mobility and a linkage between language and access to positions of prestige and power ( ... ) A relatively small immigrant elite population can encourage widespread language shift among numerically dominant indigenes in a non-state or pre-state context if the elite employs a specific combination of encouragements and punishments . Ethnohistorical cases ( ... ) demonstrate that small elite groups have successfully imposed their languages in non-state situations . '' Jump up ^ Note the dislocation of the Indus Valley Civilisation prior to the start of the Indo - Aryan migrations into northern India , and the onset of Sanskritisation with the rise of the Kuru kingdom , as described by Michael Witzel . Note also that the `` Ancestral North Indians '' and `` Ancestral South Indians '' mixed between 4,200 to 1,900 years ago ( 2200 BCE -- 100 CE ) , where after a shift to endogamy took place . Jump up ^ Demkina et al. ( 2017 ) : `` In the second millennium BC , humidization of the climate led to the divergence of the soil cover with secondary formation of the complexes of chestnut soils and solonetzes . This paleoecological crisis had a significant effect on the economy of the tribes in the Late Catacomb and Post-Catacomb time stipulating their higher mobility and transition to the nomadic cattle breeding . '' Jump up ^ See also Eurogenes Blogspot , The crisis . Jump up ^ See : Mallory : `` The Kurgan solution is attractive and has been accepted by many archaeologists and linguists , in part or total . It is the solution one encounters in the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Grand Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Larousse . '' Strazny : `` The single most popular proposal is the Pontic steppes ( see the Kurgan hypothesis ) ... '' Jump up ^ Lazaridis et al. ( 2016 ) : `` The spread of Near Eastern ancestry into the Eurasian steppe was previously inferred without access to ancient samples , by hypothesizing a population related to present - day Armenians as a source . '' Lazaridis et al. ( 2016 ) refer to haak et al. ( 2015 ) . Eurogenes Blog : `` Lazaridis et al. show that Early to Middle Bronze Age steppe groups , including Yamnaya , tagged by them as Steppe EMBA , are best modeled with formal statistics as a mixture of Eastern European Hunter - Gatherers ( EHG ) and Chalcolithic farmers from western Iran . The mixture ratios are 56.8 / 43.2 , respectively . However , they add that a model of Steppe EMBA as a three - way mixture between EHG , the Chalcolithic farmers and Caucasus Hunter - Gatherers ( CHG ) is also a good fit and plausible . '' See also : * Stephanie Dutchen ( 2014 ) , New Branch Added to European Family Tree . Genetic analysis reveals Europeans descended from at least three ancient groups * Richard Gray ( 2015 ) , Modern Europeans descend from FOUR groups of hunter - gatherers : New strand of DNA discovered in the Caucasus is the ' missing piece in the ancestry puzzle ' * Dieneke 's Anthropology Blog , West_Asian in the flesh ( hunter - gatherers from Georgia ) ( Jones et al. 2015 ) * For what they were ... we are ( 2016 ) , Caucasus and Swiss hunter - gatherer genomes Jump up ^ Jones et al. ( 2015 ) further note that `` Caucasus hunter - gatherers ( CHG ) belong to a distinct ancient clade that split from western hunter - gatherers ~ 45 kya , shortly after the expansion of anatomically modern humans into Europe and from the ancestors of Neolithic farmers ~ 25 kya , around the Last Glacial Maximum . '' Jump up ^ See also : * eurogenes. blogspot , The genetic structure of the world 's first farmers ( Lazaridis et al. preprint ) * For what they were ... we are ( 2016 ) Ancient genomes from Neolithic West Asia Jump up ^ There are several datings available : Gimbutas dated it to 5000 BC . According to V.A. Dergachev ( 2007 ) , О скипетрах , о лошадях , о войне : Этюды в защиту миграционной концепции М . Гимбутас , ISBN 5 - 98187 - 173 - 3 , dates Samara culture at cal. C - 14 5200 -- 4500 BCE , with possible continuatation into first half of 5th millennium , while the Khvalynsk culture is dated at ca . 4600 -- 3900 BCE . These data are based on synchronisation , not radicarbon dating or dendrochronology of Samara culture sites itself . Mallory and Adams , Encyclopedia of Indo - European Culture , gives the bare date `` fifth millennium BC '' , while the Khvalynsk culture , its reported successor , is dated at 4900 -- 3500 BC . Jump up ^ They further note : `` the main argument in favor of the Anatolian hypothesis ( that major language change requires major migration ) can now also be applied to the Steppe hypothesis . '' `` our results level the playing field between the two leading hypotheses ( the Steppe hypotheses and the Anatalian hypothesis ) of Indo - European origins , as we now know that both the Early Neolithic and the Late Neolithic were associated with major migrations . '' Jump up ^ `` Balto - Slavic languages . '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Those scholars who accept the Balto - Slavic hypothesis attribute the large number of close similarities in the vocabulary , grammar , and sound systems of the Baltic and Slavic languages to development from a common ancestral language after the breakup of Proto - Indo - European . Those scholars who reject the hypothesis believe that the similarities are the result of parallel development and of mutual influence during a long period of contact . Jump up ^ Kortlandt , Frederik ( 2009 ) , Baltica & Balto - Slavica , p. 5 , Though Prussian is undoubtedly closer to the East Baltic languages than to Slavic , the characteristic features of the Baltic languages seem to be either retentions or results of parallel development and cultural interaction . Thus I assume that Balto - Slavic split into three identifiable branches , each of which followed its own course of development . Jump up ^ Derksen , Rick ( 2008 ) , Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon , p. 20 , `` I am not convinced that it is justified to reconstruct a Proto - Baltic stage . The term Proto - Baltic is used for convenience 's sake . Jump up ^ The origin of Rus . O Pritsak ; 1981 ; pp 14 , 27 -- 28 . Pritsak argues that the eastern Vikings -- the Rus -- were a social group of seafaring nomads which consisted of not only Scandinavians , but also Frisians , Balts , Slavs and Finns . Jump up ^ Archaeological cultures identified with phases of Vedic culture include the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture , the Gandhara Grave culture , the Black and red ware culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture . Jump up ^ R.N Frye , `` IRAN v. PEOPLE OF IRAN '' in Encyclopedia Iranica . `` In the following discussion of ' Iranian peoples ' , the term ' Iranian ' may be understood in two ways . It is , first of all , a linguistic classification , intended to designate any society which inherited or adopted , and transmitted , an Iranian language . The set of Iranian - speaking peoples is thus considered a kind of unity , in spite of their distinct lineage identities plus all the factors which may have further differentiated any one group 's sense of self . '' Jump up ^ Mario Alinei : `` The sharp , and now at last admitted even by traditionalists ( Villar 1991 ) ( Villar , Francisco ( 1991 ) , Los indoeuropeos y los orígines de Europa . Lenguaje y historia , Madrid , Gredos ) differentiation of farming terminology in the different IE languages , while absolutely unexplainable in the context of Renfrew 's NDT , provides yet another fundamental proof that the differentiation of IE languages goes back to remote prehistory . '' Jump up ^ Bryant : `` It must be stated immediately that there is an unavoidable corollary of an Indigenist position . If the Indo - Aryan languages did not come from outside South Asia , this necessarily entails that India was the original homeland of all the other Indo - European languages . '' Jump up ^ Bryant : `` There is at least a series of archaeological cultures that can be traced approaching the Indian subcontinent , even if discontinuous , which does not seem to be the case for any hypothetical east - to - west emigration . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beckwith 2009 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ https://indo-european.info/indo-european-demic-diffusion-model-2.pdf ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Beckwith 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Parpola 2015 , pp. 37 -- 38 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory & Adams 1997 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory 1999 , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , pp. 345 , 361 -- 367 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , pp. 368 , 380 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory 1999 , pp. 108 ; 244 -- 250 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Haak 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony & Ridge 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kortlandt 2010 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1997 . Jump up ^ Nichols 1999 . Jump up ^ The Origins of Proto - Indo - European : The Caucasian Substrate Hypothesis Jump up ^ See Dzhebel , and V.A. Ranov and R.S. Davis ( 1979 ) , Toward a New Outline of the Soviet Central Asian Paleolithic Jump up ^ Bernard Sergent ( 1995 ) , Les Indo - Européens -- Histoire , langues , mythes ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , pp. 56 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Ringe 2006 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Mallory 1999 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , pp. 43 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Matieson & Reich et al. ( 2017 ) , The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 101 , 264 -- 265 . ^ Jump up to : Loewe & Shaughnessy 1999 , pp. 83 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory & Adams 1997 , p. 372 . ^ Jump up to : Ivanova 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , p. 101 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , p. 408 . ^ Jump up to : Gimbutas 1997 . Jump up ^ Gimbutas 1997 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Gimbutas 1997 , p. 361 . ^ Jump up to : Gimbutas 1997 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Gimbutas 1997 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Gimbutas 1997 , pp. 241 , 316 . ^ Jump up to : Parpola 2015 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory 2002 . Jump up ^ Witzel 2005 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Basu 2003 , p. 2287 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Pereltsvaig & Lewis 2015 , pp. 208 -- 215 . ^ Jump up to : Kroonen 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroonen , Guus ( 2015 ) , Pre-Indo - European speech carrying a Neolithic signature emanating from the Aegean ( PDF ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ Karlene 1996 . Jump up ^ Jones - Bley , Karlene ( 1996 ) . The Indo - Europeanization of northern Europe : papers presented at the international conference held at the University of Vilnius , Vilnius , Lithuania . Institute for the Study of Man . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Pereltsvaig & Lewis 2015 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Witzel 2001 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Parpola 2015 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Parpola 2015 , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : Salmons 2015 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Witzel 1995 . Jump up ^ Moorjani , P. ; Thangaraj , K. ; Patterson , N. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 93 ( 3 ) : 422 -- 38 . PMC 3769933 . PMID 23932107 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ajhg. 2013.07. 006 . Jump up ^ Allentoft 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 227 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , pp. 300 , 336 . ^ Jump up to : Demkina 2017 . Jump up ^ Bojtar 1999 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Parpola 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony & Ringe 2015 . Jump up ^ T.V. Gamkrelidze and V.V. Ivanov , Indo - European and the Indo - Europeans , 1995 , Chapters Eleven and Twelve ^ Jump up to : Mallory 1989 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : Strazny 2000 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Gimbutas ( 1985 ) page 190 . ^ Jump up to : Pereltsvaig & Lewis 2015 . Jump up ^ Mallory & Adams 1997 , 4 and 6 ( Afanasevo ) , 13 and 16 ( Anatolia ) , 243 ( Greece ) , 127 -- 128 ( Corded Ware ) , and 653 ( Yamna ) . ^ Jump up to : Haak 2015 , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lazaridis 2016 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ eurogenes. blogspot , The genetic structure of the world 's first farmers ( Lazaridis et al. preprint ) Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 132 , 145 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 145 , 147 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 155 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 185 , 190 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 244 -- 245 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , p. 275 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 274 -- 277 , 317 -- 320 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 301 -- 302 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 345 , 361 -- 362 , 367 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , p. 367 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , pp. 360 , 368 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Beckwith 2009 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Fortson , IV 2011 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Fortson , IV 2011 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Hock & Joseph 1996 , pp. 520 -- 521 ^ Jump up to : Mallory & Adams 1997 , pp. 12 -- 16 Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 133 , 262 . ^ Jump up to : Beckwith 2009 , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Anthony 2007 , pp. 264 -- 265 . Jump up ^ D.W. Anthony , Two IE phylogenies , three PIE migrations , and four kinds of steppe pastoralism , The Journal of Language Relationship , vol. 9 ( 2013 ) , pp. 1 -- 21 Jump up ^ Beckwith 2009 , pp. 59 , 70 -- 1 . The dominant people in the western part of it , from the Altai of western Mongolia south through the Kroraina area around the Lop Nor to the Ch'i - lien Mountains , the northern outliers of the Tibetan Plateau , were Caucasoid in race ; those in the northern region seem to have spoken North Iranian `` Saka '' languages or dialects , while those in the Kroraina area spoke Tokharian languages or dialects . ^ Jump up to : `` Stone Age : Central Asia and Siberia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Beckwith 2009 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Pulleyblank 1966 , pp. 9 -- 39 Jump up ^ Mallory 1989 , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Ivanova , Mariya ( 2007 ) . `` The Chronology of the `` Maikop Culture '' in the North Caucasus : Changing Perspectives `` . Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies . II : 7 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory 1999 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 359 -- 360 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , pp. 361 -- 362 , 367 . Jump up ^ Anthony 2007 , p. 362 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory & Adams 1997 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory 1999 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Mallory 1999 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Mallory & Adams 1997 . Jump up ^ Cunliffe , Barry ( 1994 ) . The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe . Oxford University Press . pp. 250 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Haak 2015 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Haak 2015 , p. 11 , figure 4c . Jump up ^ Allentoft 2015 , p. 108 , topright map . ^ Jump up to : Lazaridis & Haak 2015 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Carl ; Mason , Catherine ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of European Peoples . Infobase Publishing . p. 296 . ISBN 1 - 4381 - 2918 - 1 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Carl ; Catherine , Catherine ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of European Peoples . Infobase Publishing . p. xii . ISBN 1 - 4381 - 2918 - 1 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Minahan , James ( 2000 ) . One Europe , many nations : a historical dictionary of European national groups . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 769 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30984 - 1 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pavlovic , Zoran ( 2007 ) . Europe . Infobase Publishing . p. 53 . ISBN 1 - 4381 - 0455 - 3 . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Andy . Color , Race , And English Language Teaching : Shades of Meaning. 2006 , page 192 . Jump up ^ SIL Ethnologue ( 2006 ) . 95 million speakers of Standard German ; 105 million including Middle and Upper German dialects ; 120 million including Low Saxon and Yiddish . Jump up ^ `` Nedersaksisch '' . Taal.phileon.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue on Afrikaans '' . Ethnologue.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Holmberg , Anders and Christer Platzack ( 2005 ) . `` The Scandinavian languages '' . In The Comparative Syntax Handbook , eds Guglielmo Cinque and Richard S. Kayne . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . Excerpt at Durham University . Jump up ^ Ethnologue : Germanic Jump up ^ Cornell ( 1995 ) 44 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Latium ^ Jump up to : M. Gimbutas -- Bronze Age Cultures in Central and Eastern Europe pp. 339 -- 345 Jump up ^ John M. Coles -- The Bronze Age in Europe : An Introduction to the Prehistory of Europe C. 2000 -- 700 BC , p. 422 Jump up ^ Massimo Pallottino - Etruscologia p. 40 . Jump up ^ David W. Anthony -- The Horse , The Wheel and Language p. 344 Jump up ^ David W. Anthony -- The Horse , The Wheel and Language p. 367 Jump up ^ K. Kristiansen -- Europe Before History p. 388 . Jump up ^ `` Language Acquisition in the Romance Speaking World : Peru -- Departamento de Educación '' . Departamento.pucp.edu.pe . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Manual of Language Acquisition -- Google Libros '' . Books.google.es. 2014 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Multilingualism , Education and Change -- Jean Jacques Weber -- Google Libros '' . Books.google.es . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Language in the Media : Representations , Identities , Ideologies -- Google Libros '' . Books.google.es. 2007 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` I nomi dei fiumi , dei monti , dei siti : strutture linguistiche preistoriche -- Claudio Beretta -- Google Libros '' . Books.google.es . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ USA ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Radiation oncology in Latin speaking countries : A link between Europe and Latin America . '' . Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 19 : 227 -- 9 . PMC 4104016 . PMID 25061515 . doi : 10.1016 / j. rpor. 2013.06. 004 . Jump up ^ Finkenstaedt , Thomas ; Dieter Wolff ( 1973 ) . Ordered Profusion ; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon. C. Winter . ISBN 3 - 533 - 02253 - 6 . Jump up ^ Uwe Pörksen , German Academy for Language and Literature 's Jahrbuch ( Yearbook ) 2007 ( Wallstein Verlag , Göttingen 2008 , pp. 121 -- 130 ) ^ Jump up to : Loanwords in the World 's Languages : A Comparative Handbook ( PDF ) . Walter de Gruyter. 2009 . p. 370 . Jump up ^ Koch , John ( 2005 ) . Celtic Culture : a historical encyclopedia . Santa Barbara : ABC - Clio . pp. xx . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 440 - 0 . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chadwick , Nora ; Corcoran , J.X.W.P. ( 1970 ) . The Celts . Penguin Books . pp. 28 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Cunliffe , Barry ( 1997 ) . The Ancient Celts . Penguin Books . pp. 39 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Koch , John T ( 2010 ) . Celtic from the West Chapter 9 : Paradigm Shift ? Interpreting Tartessian as Celtic -- see map 9.3 The Ancient Celtic Languages c. 440 / 430 BCE -- see third map in PDF at URL provided which is essentially the same map ( PDF ) . Oxbow Books , Oxford , UK . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 410 - 4 . Jump up ^ Koch , John T ( 2010 ) . Celtic from the West Chapter 9 : Paradigm Shift ? Interpreting Tartessian as Celtic -- see map 9.2 Celtic expansion from Hallstatt / La Tene central Europe -- see second map in PDF at URL provided which is essentially the same map ( PDF ) . Oxbow Books , Oxford , UK . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 410 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` American Heritage Dictionary . Celtic : kel - tik , sel '' . Dictionary.reference.com . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Cunliffe , Barry W. 2003 . The Celts : a very short introduction . pg. 48 Jump up ^ `` Language by State -- Scottish Gaelic '' on Modern Language Association website . Retrieved 27 December 2007 Jump up ^ `` Languages Spoken At Home '' Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . from Australian Government Office of Multicultural Interests website . Retrieved 27 December 2007 Jump up ^ Languages Spoken : Total Responses from Statistics New Zealand website . Retrieved 5 August 2008 Jump up ^ G. Leitner , Australia 's Many Voices : Australian English -- The National Language , 2004 , pg. 74 Jump up ^ Fortson ( 2010 : 414 ) Jump up ^ Young ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Bojtár page 18 . Jump up ^ Guests in the House ; cultural transmission between Slavs and Scandinavians . Mats Roslund. 2008 Jump up ^ Peter Somogyi . New Remarks on the flow of Byzantine coins in wallachia and Avaria ... In : The Other Europe in the Middle Ages : Avars , Bulgars , Khazars and Cumans ; 2008 Jump up ^ Fiona Hill , Russia -- Coming In From the Cold ? , The Globalist , 23 February 2004 Archived April 24 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Robert Greenall , Russians left behind in Central Asia , BBC News , 23 November 2005 Jump up ^ Terry Kirby , 750,000 and rising : how Polish workers have built a home in Britain , The Independent , 11 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Poles in the United States , Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Barford , P.M. 2001 . The Early Slavs . Culture and Society in Early Medieval Europe . Cornell University Press . 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3977 - 9 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Bideleux , Robert . 1998 . History of Eastern Europe : Crisis and Change . Routledge . Jump up ^ `` Slav ( people ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 September 2006 . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Harvey E. ( Antanas Klimas ed . ) . `` Dacian and Thracian as Southern Baltoidic Lituanus '' . Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences . 38 ( 2 -- Summer 1992 ) . ISSN 0024 - 5089 . Jump up ^ Christopher Webber , Angus McBride ( 2001 ) . The Thracians , 700 BC -- AD 46 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 329 - 2 . Jump up ^ The catalogue of Kimbell Art Museum 's 1998 exhibition Ancient Gold : The Wealth of the Thracians indicates a historical extent of Thracian settlement including most of the Ukraine , all of Hungary and parts of Slovakia . ( Kimbell Art -- Exhibitions ) ^ Jump up to : Hoddinott , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Casson , p. 3 . Jump up ^ John Boardman , I.E.S. Edwards , E. Sollberger , and N.G.L. Hammond . The Cambridge Ancient History , Volume 3 , Part 1 : The Prehistory of the Balkans , the Middle East and the Aegean World , Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC . Cambridge University Press , 1982 , p. 53 . `` Yet we can not identify the Thracians at that remote period , because we do not know for certain whether the Thracian and Illyrian tribes had separated by then . It is safer to speak of Proto - Thracians from whom there developed in the Iron Age ... '' ^ Jump up to : Strabo & 20 AD , VII 3 , 12 . Jump up ^ Dionysius Periegetes , Graece et Latine , Volume 1 , Libraria Weidannia , 1828 , p. 145 . ^ Jump up to : Nandris 1976 , p. 731 . Jump up ^ Husovská 1998 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Treptow 1996 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Ellis 1861 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Mountain 1998 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Dumitrescu et al. 1982 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Maggiulli , Sull'origine dei Messapi , 1934 ; D'Andria , Messapi e Peuceti , 1988 ; I Messapi , Taranto 1991 Jump up ^ Frazee 1997 , p. 89 : `` The Balkan peninsula had three groups of Indo - Europeans prior to 2000 BCE . Those on the west were the Illyrians ; those on the east were the Thracians ; and advancing down the southern part of the Balkans , the Greeks . '' Jump up ^ Wilkes 1995 , pp. 6 , 92 ; Boardman & Hammond 1982 , p. 261 Jump up ^ Wilkes 1995 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Eastern Michigan University Linguist List : The Illyrian Language : `` An ancient language of the Balkans . Based upon geographical proximity , this is traditionally seen as the ancestor of Modern Albanian . It is more likely , however , that Thracian is Modern Albanian 's ancestor , since both Albanian and Thracian belong to the satem group of Indo - European , while Illyrian belonged to the centum group . 2nd half of 1st Millennium BC -- 1st half of 1st Millennium AD . '' Jump up ^ Fol 2002 , p. 225 : `` Romanisation was total and complete by the end of the 4th century A.D. In the case of the Illyrian elements a Romance intermediary is inevitable as long as Illyrian was probably extinct in the 2nd century A.D. '' Jump up ^ Roisman & Worthington 2010 , p. 280 : `` The Illyrians certainly never collectively called themselves Illyrians , and it is unlikely that they had any collective name for themselves . '' Jump up ^ Boardman 1982 , p. 629 . Jump up ^ Wilkes 1995 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ http://www.minorityrights.org/1617/italy/albanians.html Jump up ^ http://www.albanianlanguage.net/ Jump up ^ Robert Elsie ( 2010 ) . Historical Dictionary of Albania . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6188 - 6 . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . 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Stylistic evidence , such as the sharp angles , flat bottoms , and strap handles of certain Qijia clay pots ( in Gansu ; c. 2250 -- 1900 BCE ) , has led some scholars to posit an early sheet - or wrought - metal tradition possibly introduced from the west by migrating Indo - European peoples ... Jump up ^ Beckwith 2009 , p. 44 `` It is now accepted that the chariot is an intrusive cultural artifact that entered Shang China from the north or northwest without any wheeled - vehicle precursors . '' Jump up ^ Beckwith 2009 , p. 401 `` The Chinese did not have wheeled vehicles before this period . They adopted the chariot from the foreigners who brought the fully formed artifact with them from the northwest . '' Jump up ^ Beckwith 2009 , p. 400 ... `` no earlier wheeled vehicles of any kind have ever been found in China proper . '' Jump up ^ Beckwith 2009 , p. 402 ... `` The wheel was introduced to China as a part of the chariot ... 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Haak , Wolfgang ( 2015 ) , `` Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo - European languages in Europe '' , Nature , 522 : 207 -- 211 , Bibcode : 2015Natur. 522 ... 207H , PMC 5048219 , PMID 25731166 , arXiv : 1502.02783 , doi : 10.1038 / nature14317 Harmatta , János ( 1992 ) . `` The Emergence of the Indo - Iranians : The Indo - Iranian Languages '' . In Dani , A.H. ; Masson , V.M. History of Civilizations of Central Asia : The Dawn of Civilization : Earliest Times to 700 B.C. ( PDF ) . UNESCO . pp. 346 -- 370 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 102719 - 2 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2002 ) . Hinduism . In : Joseph Kitagawa , `` The Religious Traditions of Asia : Religion , History , and Culture '' . Routledge . Hock , Hans Heinrich ; Joseph , Brian Daniel ( 1996 ) . Language History , Language Change , and Language Relationship : An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 3 - 1101 - 4784 - X . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . 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Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Salmons , Joseph ( 2015 ) , `` Language shift and the Indo - Europanization of Europe '' , in Mailhammer , Robert ; Vennemann , Theo ; Olsen , Birgit Anette , Origin and Development of European Languages , Museum Tusculanum Press Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2010 ) . The Origins of Yoga and Tantra . Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century . Cambridge University Press . Treptow , Kurt W ( 1996 ) . A History of Romania . Polygon . ISBN 978 - 0880333450 . Underhill , Peter A. ( 2010 ) , `` Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a '' , Eur J Hum Genet , 18 ( 4 ) : 479 -- 84 , PMC 2987245 , PMID 19888303 , doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2009.194 Underhill , Peter A. ( 2014 ) , `` The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y - chromosome haplogroup R1a '' , European Journal of Human Genetics ( 2015 ) 23 , 124 -- 131 , 23 : 124 -- 31 , PMC 4266736 , PMID 24667786 , doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2014.50 Wilkes , J.J. ( 1995 ) , The Illyrians , Oxford , United Kingdom : Blackwell Publishing , ISBN 0 - 631 - 19807 - 5 Witzel , Michael ( 1989 ) . Tracing the Vedic dialects . Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo - Aryennes ed . Caillat , Paris , 97 -- 265 . Witzel , Michael ( 1995 ) , `` Early Sanskritization : Origin and Development of the Kuru state '' ( PDF ) , EJVS , 1 ( 4 ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 11 , 2007 Further reading ( edit ) Books Gimbutas , Marija ( 1997 ) . Dexter , Miriam Robbins ; Jones - Bley , Karlene , eds . The Kurgan Culture and the Indo - Europeanization of Europe : Selected Articles From 1952 to 1993 . Journal of Indo - European Studies Monograph Series No. 18 . Institute for the Study of Man . ISBN 978 - 094169456 - 8 . Mallory , J.P. ( 1999 ) , In Search of the Indo - Europeans : Language , Archaeology , and Myth ( reprint ed . ) , London : Thames & Hudson , ISBN 0 - 500 - 27616 - 1 Anthony , David W. ( 2007 ) . The Horse The Wheel And Language . How Bronze - Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World . Princeton University Press . Parpola , Asko ( 2015 ) , The Roots of Hinduism . The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization , Oxford University Press Cunliffe , Barry ( 2015 ) , By Steppe , Desert , and Ocean : The Birth of Eurasia , Oxford University Press Journal articles Silva M , Oliveira M , Vieira D ( 23 March 2017 ) , A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex - biased dispersals , BMC Evolutionary Biology External links ( edit ) Mainstream theories The Human Journey , The Indo - Europeans The Paleolithic Indo - Europeans The Ukrainian Week , The Cradle of Indo - Europeans . The dawn of Indo - Europeans on the Ukrainian steppes Genetics DNAeXplained -- Genetic Genealogy , Yamnaya , Light Skinned , Brown Eyed .... Ancestors ? ? ? The Genomic Ancient DNA Revolution -- Interview with David Reich Tony Joseph ( 2017 ) , How genetics is settling the Aryan migration debate , The Hindu Linguistics ScienceDaily , New Insights into Origins of World 's Languages Encyclopædia Britannica , Indo - European languages Alternative theories Mario Alinei ( 2012 ) , The Paleolithic Continuity Paradigm for the Origins of Indo - European Languages Proto - Indo - European language Phonology Accent Centum and satem Glottalic theory Laryngeal theory s - mobile Sound laws boukólos rule kwetwóres rule Glossary of sound laws Bartholomae 's Grassmann 's Osthoff 's Pinault 's Siebs ' Sievers ' ( Edgerton 's converse ) Stang 's Szemerényi 's Morphology Ablaut Caland system h2e - conjugation Narten present Nasal infix Root Thematic vowel Vṛddhi - derivation Parts of speech Nominals ( nouns and adjectives ) Numerals Particles Pronouns Verbs copula Vocabulary Main sources Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch ( IEW ) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben ( LIV ) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme ( LIPP ) Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon ( NIL ) Indo - European Etymological Dictionary ( IEED ) Origins Indo - European migrations & Proto - Indo - European Urheimat hypotheses Salmon problem Artificial compositions Schleicher 's fable The king and the god See also Proto - Indo - European religion Proto - Indo - European society Indo - European studies Encyclopedia of Indo - European Culture ( EIE ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-European_migrations&oldid=804845422 '' Categories : Indo - European Human migrations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles containing Lithuanian - language text Articles containing Latvian - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Albanian - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 13 : 57 . 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when a firewall filters traffic the firewall drops the traffic

Packet filters act by inspecting the `` packets '' which are transferred between computers on the Internet . If a packet does not match the packet filter 's set of filtering rules , the packet filter will drop ( silently discard ) the packet or reject it ( discard it , and send `` error responses '' to the source ) . Conversely , if the packet matches one or more of the programmed filters , the packet is allowed to pass . This type of packet filtering pays no attention to whether a packet is part of an existing stream of traffic ( i.e. it stores no information on connection `` state '' ) . Instead , it filters each packet based only on information contained in the packet itself ( most commonly using a combination of the packet 's source and destination address , its protocol , and , for TCP and UDP traffic , the port number ) . TCP and UDP protocols constitute most communication over the Internet , and because TCP and UDP traffic by convention uses well known ports for particular types of traffic , a `` stateless '' packet filter can distinguish between , and thus control , those types of traffic ( such as web browsing , remote printing , email transmission , file transfer ) , unless the machines on each side of the packet filter are both using the same non-standard ports .

Firewall ( computing )

firewall ( computing )

In computing , a firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules . A firewall typically establishes a barrier between a trusted , secure internal network and untrusted outside network , such as the Internet .

Firewalls are often categorized as either network firewalls or host - based firewalls . Network firewalls filter traffic between two or more networks ; they are either software appliances running on general purpose hardware , or hardware - based firewall computer appliances . Host - based firewalls provide a layer of software on a host that controls network traffic in and out of that single machine . Firewall appliances may also offer other functionality to the internal network they protect , such as acting as a DHCP or VPN server for that network . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First generation : packet filters 1.2 Second generation : `` stateful '' filters 1.3 Third generation : application layer 2 Types 2.1 Network layer or packet filters 2.2 Application - layer 2.3 Proxies 2.4 Network address translation 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The term firewall originally referred to a wall intended to confine a fire or potential fire within a building . Later uses refer to similar structures , such as the metal sheet separating the engine compartment of a vehicle or aircraft from the passenger compartment . The term was applied in the late 1980s to network technology that emerged when the Internet was fairly new in terms of its global use and connectivity . The predecessors to firewalls for network security were the routers used in the late 1980s . First generation : packet filters ( edit ) Screenshot of Gufw : The firewall shows its settings for incoming and outgoing traffic . The first type of network firewall was the packet filter which would look at network addresses and ports of the packet to determine if that packet should be allowed or blocked . The first paper published on firewall technology was in 1988 , when engineers from Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) developed filter systems known as packet filter firewalls . This fairly basic system was the first generation of what is now a highly involved and technical internet security feature . At AT&T Bell Labs , Bill Cheswick and Steve Bellovin were continuing their research in packet filtering and developed a working model for their own company based on their original first generation architecture . Packet filters act by inspecting the `` packets '' which are transferred between computers on the Internet . If a packet does not match the packet filter 's set of filtering rules , the packet filter will drop ( silently discard ) the packet or reject it ( discard it , and send `` error responses '' to the source ) . Conversely , if the packet matches one or more of the programmed filters , the packet is allowed to pass . This type of packet filtering pays no attention to whether a packet is part of an existing stream of traffic ( i.e. it stores no information on connection `` state '' ) . Instead , it filters each packet based only on information contained in the packet itself ( most commonly using a combination of the packet 's source and destination address , its protocol , and , for TCP and UDP traffic , the port number ) . TCP and UDP protocols constitute most communication over the Internet , and because TCP and UDP traffic by convention uses well known ports for particular types of traffic , a `` stateless '' packet filter can distinguish between , and thus control , those types of traffic ( such as web browsing , remote printing , email transmission , file transfer ) , unless the machines on each side of the packet filter are both using the same non-standard ports . Packet filtering firewalls work mainly on the first three layers of the OSI reference model , which means most of the work is done between the network and physical layers , with a little bit of peeking into the transport layer to figure out source and destination port numbers . When a packet originates from the sender and filters through a firewall , the device checks for matches to any of the packet filtering rules that are configured in the firewall and drops or rejects the packet accordingly . When the packet passes through the firewall , it filters the packet on a protocol / port number basis ( GSS ) . For example , if a rule in the firewall exists to block telnet access , then the firewall will block the TCP protocol for port number 23 . Second generation : `` stateful '' filters ( edit ) Main article : Stateful firewall From 1989 -- 1990 three colleagues from AT&T Bell Laboratories , Dave Presotto , Janardan Sharma , and Kshitij Nigam , developed the second generation of firewalls , calling them circuit - level gateways . Second - generation firewalls perform the work of their first - generation predecessors but operate up to layer 4 ( transport layer ) of the OSI model . This is achieved by retaining packets until enough information is available to make a judgement about its state . Known as stateful packet inspection , it records all connections passing through it and determines whether a packet is the start of a new connection , a part of an existing connection , or not part of any connection . Though static rules are still used , these rules can now contain connection state as one of their test criteria . Certain denial - of - service attacks bombard the firewall with thousands of fake connection packets in an attempt to overwhelm it by filling its connection state memory . Third generation : application layer ( edit ) Flow of network packets through Netfilter , a Linux kernel module Main article : Application level firewall Marcus Ranum , Wei Xu , and Peter Churchyard developed an application firewall known as Firewall Toolkit ( FWTK ) . In June 1994 , Wei Xu extended the FWTK with the kernel enhancement of IP filter and socket transparent . This was known as the first transparent application firewall , released as a commercial product of Gauntlet firewall at Trusted Information Systems . Gauntlet firewall was rated one of the top firewalls during 1995 -- 1998 . The key benefit of application layer filtering is that it can `` understand '' certain applications and protocols ( such as File Transfer Protocol ( FTP ) , Domain Name System ( DNS ) , or Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP ) ) . This is useful as it is able to detect if an unwanted application or service is attempting to bypass the firewall using a protocol on an allowed port , or detect if a protocol is being abused in any harmful way . As of 2012 , the so - called next - generation firewall ( NGFW ) is nothing more than the `` wider '' or `` deeper '' inspection at application stack . For example , the existing deep packet inspection functionality of modern firewalls can be extended to include Intrusion prevention systems ( IPS ) User identity management integration ( by binding user IDs to IP or MAC addresses for `` reputation '' ) Web application firewall ( WAF ) . WAF attacks may be implemented in the tool `` WAF Fingerprinting utilizing timing side channels '' ( WAFFle ) Types ( edit ) An illustration of where a firewall would be located in a network Firewalls are generally categorized as network - based or host - based . Network - based firewalls are positioned on the gateway computers of LANs , WANs and intranets . Host - based firewalls are positioned on the network node itself . The host - based firewall may be a daemon or service as a part of the operating system or an agent application such as endpoint security or protection . Each has advantages and disadvantages . However , each has a role in layered security . Firewalls also vary in type depending on where communication originates , where it is intercepted , and the state of communication being traced . Network layer or packet filters ( edit ) Network layer firewalls , also called packet filters , operate at a relatively low level of the TCP / IP protocol stack , not allowing packets to pass through the firewall unless they match the established rule set . The firewall administrator may define the rules ; or default rules may apply . The term `` packet filter '' originated in the context of BSD operating systems . Network layer firewalls generally fall into two sub-categories , stateful and stateless . Stateful firewalls maintain context about active sessions , and use that `` state information '' to speed packet processing . Any existing network connection can be described by several properties , including source and destination IP address , UDP or TCP ports , and the current stage of the connection 's lifetime ( including session initiation , handshaking , data transfer , or completion connection ) . If a packet does not match an existing connection , it will be evaluated according to the ruleset for new connections . If a packet matches an existing connection based on comparison with the firewall 's state table , it will be allowed to pass without further processing . Stateless firewalls require less memory , and can be faster for simple filters that require less time to filter than to look up a session . They may also be necessary for filtering stateless network protocols that have no concept of a session . However , they can not make more complex decisions based on what stage communications between hosts have reached . Newer firewalls can filter traffic based on many packet attributes like source IP address , source port , destination IP address or port , destination service like HTTP or FTP . They can filter based on protocols , TTL values , network block of the originator , of the source , and many other attributes . Commonly used packet filters on various versions of Unix are ipfw ( FreeBSD , Mac OS X ( 10.4 ) , OpenBSD , and some other BSDs ) , iptables / ipchains ( Linux ) and IPFilter . Application - layer ( edit ) Main article : Application layer firewall Application - layer firewalls work on the application level of the TCP / IP stack ( i.e. , all browser traffic , or all telnet or FTP traffic ) , and may intercept all packets traveling to or from an application . They block other packets ( usually dropping them without acknowledgment to the sender ) . On inspecting all packets for improper content , firewalls can restrict or prevent outright the spread of networked computer worms and Trojans . The additional inspection criteria can add extra latency to the forwarding of packets to their destination . Application firewalls function by determining whether a process should accept any given connection . Application firewalls accomplish their function by hooking into socket calls to filter the connections between the application layer and the lower layers of the OSI model . Application firewalls that hook into socket calls are also referred to as socket filters . Application firewalls work much like a packet filter but application filters apply filtering rules ( allow / block ) on a per process basis instead of filtering connections on a per port basis . Generally , prompts are used to define rules for processes that have not yet received a connection . It is rare to find application firewalls not combined or used in conjunction with a packet filter . Also , application firewalls further filter connections by examining the process ID of data packets against a rule set for the local process involved in the data transmission . The extent of the filtering that occurs is defined by the provided rule set . Given the variety of software that exists , application firewalls only have more complex rule sets for the standard services , such as sharing services . These per - process rule sets have limited efficacy in filtering every possible association that may occur with other processes . Also , these per - process rule sets can not defend against modification of the process via exploitation , such as memory corruption exploits . Because of these limitations , application firewalls are beginning to be supplanted by a new generation of application firewalls that rely on mandatory access control ( MAC ) , also referred to as sandboxing , to protect vulnerable services . Proxies ( edit ) Main article : Proxy server A proxy server ( running either on dedicated hardware or as software on a general - purpose machine ) may act as a firewall by responding to input packets ( connection requests , for example ) in the manner of an application , while blocking other packets . A proxy server is a gateway from one network to another for a specific network application , in the sense that it functions as a proxy on behalf of the network user . Proxies make tampering with an internal system from the external network more difficult , so that misuse of one internal system would not necessarily cause a security breach exploitable from outside the firewall ( as long as the application proxy remains intact and properly configured ) . Conversely , intruders may hijack a publicly reachable system and use it as a proxy for their own purposes ; the proxy then masquerades as that system to other internal machines . While use of internal address spaces enhances security , crackers may still employ methods such as IP spoofing to attempt to pass packets to a target network . Network address translation ( edit ) Main article : Network address translation Firewalls often have network address translation ( NAT ) functionality , and the hosts protected behind a firewall commonly have addresses in the `` private address range '' , as defined in RFC 1918 . Firewalls often have such functionality to hide the true address of protected hosts . Originally , the NAT function was developed to address the limited number of IPv4 routable addresses that could be used or assigned to companies or individuals as well as reduce both the amount and therefore cost of obtaining enough public addresses for every computer in an organization . Although NAT on its own is not considered a security feature , hiding the addresses of protected devices has become an often used defense against network reconnaissance . See also ( edit ) Access control list Air gap ( networking ) Bastion host Comparison of firewalls Computer security De-perimeterisation Distributed firewall Egress filtering End - to - end principle Firewall pinhole Firewalls and Internet Security Golden Shield Project Guard ( information security ) Identity - based security IP fragmentation attacks List of Unix - like router or firewall distributions Mangled packet Mobile security § Security software Next - Generation Firewall Personal firewall Screened - subnet firewall Unidirectional network Unified threat management Virtual firewall Vulnerability scanner Windows Firewall References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boudriga , Noureddine ( 2010 ) . Security of mobile communications . Boca Raton : CRC Press . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 0849379423 . ^ Jump up to : Oppliger , Rolf ( May 1997 ) . `` Internet Security : FIREWALLS and BEYOND '' . Communications of the ACM. 40 ( 5 ) : 94 . doi : 10.1145 / 253769.253802 . Jump up ^ Vacca , John R. ( 2009 ) . Computer and information security handbook . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 355 . ISBN 9780080921945 . Jump up ^ `` What is Firewall ? '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Firewall as a DHCP Server and Client '' . Palo Alto Networks . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` DHCP '' . www.shorewall.net . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` What is a VPN Firewall ? - Definition from Techopedia '' . Techopedia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` VPNs and Firewalls '' . technet.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` VPN and Firewalls ( Windows Server ) '' . Resources and Tools for IT Professionals TechNet . Jump up ^ `` Configuring VPN connections with firewalls '' . Jump up ^ Andrés , Steven ; Kenyon , Brian ; Cohen , Jody Marc ; Johnson , Nate ; Dolly , Justin ( 2004 ) . Birkholz , Erik Pack , ed . Security Sage 's Guide to Hardening the Network Infrastructure . Rockland , MA : Syngress . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 9780080480831 . Jump up ^ Naveen , Sharanya . `` Firewall '' . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Canavan , John E. ( 2001 ) . Fundamentals of Network Security ( 1st ed . ) . Boston , MA : Artech House . p. 212 . ISBN 9781580531764 . Jump up ^ Liska , Allan ( Dec 10 , 2014 ) . Building an Intelligence - Led Security Program . Syngress . p. 3 . ISBN 0128023708 . Jump up ^ Ingham , Kenneth ; Forrest , Stephanie ( 2002 ) . `` A History and Survey of Network Firewalls '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Peltier , Justin ; Peltier , Thomas R. ( 2007 ) . Complete Guide to CISM Certification . Hoboken : CRC Press . p. 210 . ISBN 9781420013252 . Jump up ^ Ingham , Kenneth ; Forrest , Stephanie ( 2002 ) . `` A History and Survey of Network Firewalls '' ( PDF ) . p. 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ TCP vs. UDP By Erik Rodriguez Jump up ^ William R. Cheswick , Steven M. Bellovin , Aviel D. Rubin ( 2003 ) . `` Google Books Link '' . Firewalls and Internet Security : repelling the wily hacker Jump up ^ Aug 29 , 2003 Virus may elude computer defenses by Charles Duhigg , Washington Post Jump up ^ Proceedings of National Conference on Recent Developments in Computing and Its Applications , August 12 -- 13 , 2009 . I.K. International Pvt. Ltd. 2009 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Conway , Richard ( 204 ) . Code Hacking : A Developer 's Guide to Network Security . Hingham , Massachusetts : Charles River Media . p. 281 . ISBN 1 - 58450 - 314 - 9 . Jump up ^ Andress , Jason ( May 20 , 2014 ) . The Basics of Information Security : Understanding the Fundamentals of InfoSec in Theory and Practice ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier Science . ISBN 9780128008126 . Jump up ^ Chang , Rocky ( October 2002 ) . `` Defending Against Flooding - Based Distributed Denial - of - Service Attacks : A Tutorial '' . IEEE Communications Magazine . 40 ( 10 ) : 42 -- 43 . doi : 10.1109 / mcom. 2002.1039856 . Jump up ^ `` WAFFle : Fingerprinting Filter Rules of Web Application Firewalls '' . 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Firewalls '' . MemeBridge . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Software Firewalls : Made of Straw ? Part 1 of 2 '' . Symantec Connect Community . 2010 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Auto Sandboxing '' . Comodo Inc . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced Security : Firewall '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 28 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Guide to Unix has a page on the topic of : OpenBSD PF firewall Wikimedia Commons has media related to Firewall . Internet Firewalls : Frequently Asked Questions , compiled by Matt Curtin , Marcus Ranum and Paul Robertson . Firewalls Are n't Just About Security - Cyberoam Whitepaper focusing on Cloud Applications Forcing Firewalls to Enable Productivity . Evolution of the Firewall Industry - Discusses different architectures and their differences , how packets are processed , and provides a timeline of the evolution . A History and Survey of Network Firewalls - provides an overview of firewalls at the various ISO levels , with references to the original papers where first firewall work was reported . Software Firewalls : Made of Straw ? Part 1 and Software Firewalls : Made of Straw ? Part 2 - a technical view on software firewall design and potential weaknesses Firewall software Application firewall Context - based access control Personal firewall Stateful firewall Unified threat management Virtual firewall Linux Apps FireHOL Firestarter FirewallD Netfilter ipset iptables L7 - filter NuFW MoBlock nftables Privoxy Shorewall Squid Uncomplicated Firewall Distros Endian Firewall IPCop IPFire LEDE OpenWrt SmoothWall Untangle Zeroshell BSD Apps IPFilter ipfirewall Distros M0n0wall NPF PF pfSense SmallWall macOS Little Snitch NetBarrier X4 PeerGuardian VirusBarrier X6 Windows Commercial Check Point Integrity Kaspersky Internet Security McAfee Personal Firewall Plus Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway Norton 360 Norton Internet Security Norton Personal Firewall Outpost Firewall Pro Symantec Endpoint Protection Trend Micro Internet Security Windows Firewall Windows Live OneCare WinGate WinRoute Freemium Comodo Internet Security ZoneAlarm Open - source PeerBlock PeerGuardian Appliances Novell BorderManager Vyatta ZoneAlarm Z100G Zorp firewall Comparison of firewalls List of router or firewall distributions Malware topics Infectious malware Computer virus Comparison of computer viruses Computer worm List of computer worms Timeline of computer viruses and worms Concealment Trojan horse Rootkit Backdoor Zombie computer Man - in - the - middle Man - in - the - browser Man - in - the - mobile Clickjacking Malware for profit Privacy - invasive software Adware Spyware Botnet Keystroke logging Form grabbing Web threats Fraudulent dialer Malbot Scareware Rogue security software Ransomware Crimeware By operating system Linux malware Palm OS viruses Mobile malware Macro virus Classic Mac OS viruses MacOS malware iOS malware Android malware Protection Anti-keylogger Antivirus software Browser security Internet security Mobile security Network security Defensive computing Firewall Intrusion detection system Data loss prevention software Countermeasures Computer and network surveillance Operation : Bot Roast Honeypot GND : 4386332 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firewall_(computing)&oldid=803918586 '' Categories : Network management Firewall software Packets ( information technology ) Computer network security Data security Cyberwarfare American inventions Hidden categories : Kvng RTH Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Pages using RFC magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 14 : 25 . 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what did north american colonies focused on as european nations competed

European colonization of the Americas

european colonization of the americas

The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by most of the naval powers of Europe .

Political map of the Americas in 1794 Spanish conquistador style armour Systematic European colonization began in 1492 , when a Spanish expedition headed by the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus sailed west to find a new trade route to the Far East but inadvertently landed in what came to be known to Europeans as the `` New World '' . Running aground on the northern part of Hispaniola on 5 December 1492 , which the Taino people had inhabited since the 7th century , the site became the first permanent European settlement in the Americas . European conquest , large - scale exploration and colonization soon followed . Columbus 's first two voyages ( 1492 -- 93 ) reached the Bahamas and various Caribbean islands , including Hispaniola , Puerto Rico , and Cuba . In 1497 , Italian explorer John Cabot , on behalf of England , landed on the North American coast , and a year later , Columbus 's third voyage reached the South American coast . As the sponsor of Christopher Columbus 's voyages , Spain was the first European power to settle and colonize the largest areas , from North America and the Caribbean to the southern tip of South America . The Spanish began building up their American empire in the Caribbean , using islands such as Cuba , Puerto Rico , and Hispaniola as bases . The North and South American mainland fell to the conquistadors , with an estimated 8 million deaths of indigenous populations , making this the first large - scale act of genocide in the modern era . Florida fell to Juan Ponce de León after 1513 . From 1519 to 1521 , Hernán Cortés waged a brutal campaign against the Aztec Empire , ruled by Moctezuma II . The Aztec capital , Tenochtitlan , became Mexico City , the chief city of what the Spanish were now calling `` New Spain . '' Later , the areas that are today California , Arizona , New Mexico , Colorado , Texas , Missouri , Louisiana , and Alabama were taken over by other conquistadors , such as Hernando de Soto , Francisco Vázquez de Coronado , and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca . Farther to the south , Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire during the 1530s . Other powers such as France also founded colonies in the Americas : in eastern North America , a number of Caribbean islands and small coastal parts of South America . Portugal colonized Brazil , tried colonizing the eastern coasts of present - day Canada and settled for extended periods northwest ( on the east bank ) of the River Plate . The Age of Exploration was the beginning of territorial expansion for several European countries . Europe had been preoccupied with internal wars and was slowly recovering from the loss of population caused by the Black Death ; thus the rapid rate at which it grew in wealth and power was unforeseeable in the early 15th century . Eventually , most of the Western Hemisphere came under the control of European governments , leading to changes to its landscape , population , and plant and animal life . In the 19th century over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas . The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange , a dramatically widespread exchange of animals , plants , culture , human populations ( including slaves ) , ideas , and communicable disease between the American and Afro - Eurasian hemispheres following Columbus 's voyages to the Americas . Contents 1 Norse trans - oceanic contact 2 Early conquests , claims and colonies 3 Early state - sponsored colonists 4 The search for riches 5 Religious immigration 6 Forced immigration and enslavement 6.1 Slavery 7 Disease and indigenous population loss 8 Impact of colonial land ownership on long - term development 9 List of European colonies in the Americas 9.1 English and ( after 1707 ) British 9.2 Courland ( indirectly part of Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ) 9.3 Danish 9.4 Dutch 9.5 French 9.6 Knights of Malta 9.7 Norwegian 9.8 Portuguese 9.9 Russian 9.10 Scottish 9.11 Spanish 9.12 Swedish 10 Failed attempts 10.1 German 10.2 Italian 11 Exhibitions and collections 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Bibliography 15 External links Norse trans - oceanic contact ( edit ) Main article : Norse colonization of the Americas Voyages of the Vikings to America . Norse journeys to Greenland and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence . A Norse colony in Greenland was established in the late 10th century , and lasted until the mid 15th century , with court and parliament assemblies ( þing ) taking place at Brattahlíð and a bishop located at Garðar . The remains of a Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland , Canada , were discovered in 1960 and were dated to around the year 1000 ( carbon dating estimate 990 -- 1050 CE ) . L'Anse aux Meadows is the only site widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact . It was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978 . It is also notable for its possible connection with the attempted colony of Vinland , established by Leif Erikson around the same period or , more broadly , with the West Norse colonization of the Americas . Early conquests , claims and colonies ( edit ) Territorial evolution of North America of non-native nation states from 1750 to 2008 Central America & Caribbean sovereignty 1700 -- present Early explorations and conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese immediately following their own final reconquest of Iberia in 1492 . In the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas , ratified by the Pope , these two kingdoms divided the entire non-European world into two areas of exploration and colonization , with a north to south boundary that cut through the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern part of present - day Brazil . Based on this treaty and on early claims by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa , discoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513 , the Spanish conquered large territories in North , Central and South America . Amerigo Vespucci awakens `` America '' in a Stradanus 's engraving ( circa 1638 ) Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés took over the Aztec Kingdom and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire . As a result , by the mid-16th century , the Spanish Crown had gained control of much of western South America , and southern North America , in addition to its earlier Caribbean territories . Over this same timeframe , Portugal claimed lands in North America ( Canada ) and colonized much of eastern South America , naming it Santa Cruz and Brazil . Other European nations soon disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas . England and France attempted to plant colonies in the Americas in the 16th century , but these failed . England and France succeeded in establishing permanent colonies in the following century , along with the Dutch Republic . Some of these were on Caribbean islands , which had often already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by disease , while others were in eastern North America , which had not been colonized by Spain north of Florida . Early European possessions in North America included Spanish Florida , Spanish New Mexico , the English colonies of Virginia ( with its North Atlantic offshoot , Bermuda ) and New England , the French colonies of Acadia and Canada , the Swedish colony of New Sweden , and the Dutch New Netherland . In the 18th century , Denmark -- Norway revived its former colonies in Greenland , while the Russian Empire gained a foothold in Alaska . Denmark - Norway would later make several claims in the Caribbean , starting in the 1600s . As more nations gained an interest in the colonization of the Americas , competition for territory became increasingly fierce . Colonists often faced the threat of attacks from neighboring colonies , as well as from indigenous tribes and pirates . Early state - sponsored colonists ( edit ) Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) Further information : Portugal in the Age of Discovery , Spanish colonization of the Americas , and First European colonization wave ( 15th century -- 19th century ) The first phase of well - financed European activity in the Americas began with the Atlantic Ocean crossings of Christopher Columbus ( 1492 -- 1504 ) , sponsored by Spain , whose original attempt was to find a new route to India and China , known as `` the Indies '' . He was followed by other explorers such as John Cabot , who was sponsored by England and reached Newfoundland . Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil and claimed it for Portugal . Amerigo Vespucci , working for Portugal in voyages from 1497 to 1513 , established that Columbus had reached a new set of continents . Cartographers still use a Latinized version of his first name , America , for the two continents . Other explorers included Giovanni da Verrazzano , sponsored by France in 1524 ; the Portuguese João Vaz Corte - Real in Newfoundland ; João Fernandes Lavrador , Gaspar and Miguel Corte - Real and João Álvares Fagundes , in Newfoundland , Greenland , Labrador , and Nova Scotia ( from 1498 to 1502 , and in 1520 ) ; Jacques Cartier ( 1491 -- 1557 ) , Henry Hudson ( 1560s -- 1611 ) , and Samuel de Champlain ( 1567 -- 1635 ) , who explored the region of Canada he reestablished as New France . In 1513 , Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and led the first European expedition to see the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of the New World . In an action with enduring historical import , Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean and all the lands adjoining it for the Spanish Crown . It was 1517 before another expedition , from Cuba , visited Central America , landing on the coast of Yucatán in search of slaves . Iberian Union ( 1598 ) These explorations were followed , notably in the case of Spain , by a phase of conquest : The Spaniards , having just finished the Reconquista of Spain from Muslim rule , were the first to colonize the Americas , applying the same model of governing their European holdings to their territories of the New World . Ten years after Columbus 's discovery , the administration of Hispaniola was given to Nicolás de Ovando of the Order of Alcántara , founded during the Reconquista . As in the Iberian Peninsula , the inhabitants of Hispaniola were given new landmasters , while religious orders handled the local administration . Progressively the encomienda system , which granted tribute ( access to indigenous labor and taxation ) to European settlers , was set in place . A relatively common misconception is that a small number of conquistadores conquered vast territories , aided only by disease epidemics and their powerful caballeros . In fact , recent archaeological excavations have suggested a vast Spanish - Indian alliance numbering in the hundreds of thousands . Hernán Cortés eventually conquered Mexico with the help of Tlaxcala in 1519 -- 1521 , while the conquest of the Incas was carried out by some 40,000 Incan renegades led by Francisco Pizarro in between 1532 and 1535 . Over the 1st century and a half after Columbus 's voyages , the native population of the Americas plummeted by an estimated 80 % ( from around 50 million in 1492 to eight million in 1650 ) , mostly by outbreaks of Old World diseases . In 1532 , Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor sent a vice-king to Mexico , Antonio de Mendoza , in order to prevent Cortes ' independentist drives , who definitively returned to Spain in 1540 . Two years later , Charles V signed the New Laws ( which replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512 ) prohibiting slavery and the repartimientos , but also claiming as his own all the American lands and all of the indigenous people as his own subjects . Painting depicting a Castas with his mixed - race daughter and his Mulatta wife by Miguel Cabrera , 1763 When in May 1493 , the Pope Alexander VI issued the Inter caetera bull granting the new lands to the Kingdom of Spain , he requested in exchange an evangelization of the people . Thus , during Columbus 's second voyage , Benedictine friars accompanied him , along with twelve other priests . As slavery was prohibited between Christians , and could only be imposed in non-Christian prisoners of war or on men already sold as slaves , the debate on Christianization was particularly acute during the 16th century . In 1537 , the papal bull Sublimis Deus definitively recognized that Native Americans possessed souls , thus prohibiting their enslavement , without putting an end to the debate . Some claimed that a native who had rebelled and then been captured could be enslaved nonetheless . Later , the Valladolid debate between the Dominican priest Bartolomé de Las Casas and another Dominican philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda was held , with the former arguing that Native Americans were beings doted with souls , as all other human beings , while the latter argued to the contrary and justified their enslavement . The process of Christianization was at first violent : when the first Franciscans arrived in Mexico in 1524 , they burned the places dedicated to pagan cult , alienating much of the local population . In the 1530s , they began to adapt Christian practices to local customs , including the building of new churches on the sites of ancient places of worship , leading to a mix of Old World Christianity with local religions . The Spanish Roman Catholic Church , needing the natives ' labor and cooperation , evangelized in Quechua , Nahuatl , Guaraní and other Native American languages , contributing to the expansion of these indigenous languages and equipping some of them with writing systems . One of the first primitive schools for Native Americans was founded by Fray Pedro de Gante in 1523 . To reward their troops , the Conquistadores often allotted Indian towns to their troops and officers . Black African slaves were introduced to substitute for Native American labor in some locations -- including the West Indies , where the indigenous population was nearing extinction on many islands . During this time , the Portuguese gradually switched from an initial plan of establishing trading posts to extensive colonization of what is now Brazil . They imported millions of slaves to run their plantations . The Portuguese and Spanish royal governments expected to rule these settlements and collect at least 20 % of all treasure found ( the quinto real collected by the Casa de Contratación ) , in addition to collecting all the taxes they could . By the late 16th century American silver accounted for one - fifth of Spain 's total budget . In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports . The search for riches ( edit ) Fur traders in Canada , trading with people of Indigenous ancestry , 1777 Inspired by the Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs , Incas , and other large Native American populations in the 16th century , the first Englishmen to settle permanently in America hoped for some of the same rich discoveries when they established their first permanent settlement in Jamestown , Virginia in 1607 . They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered Virginia Company financed by wealthy Englishmen who exaggerated the economic potential of this new land . The main purpose of this colony was the hope of finding gold . It took strong leaders , like John Smith , to convince the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter and the biblical principle that `` he who will not work shall not eat '' ( see 2 Thessalonians 3 ) . The lack of food security leading to extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists . To support the Colony , numerous supply missions were organized . Tobacco later became a cash crop , with the work of John Rolfe and others , for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland . From the beginning of Virginia 's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s , the main source of labor and a large portion of the immigrants were indentured servants looking for new life in the overseas colonies . During the 17th century , indentured servants constituted three - quarters of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake region . Most of the indentured servants were teenagers from England with poor economic prospects at home . Their fathers signed the papers that gave them free passage to America and an unpaid job until they became of age . They were given food , clothing , housing and taught farming or household skills . American landowners were in need of laborers and were willing to pay for a laborer 's passage to America if they served them for several years . By selling passage for five to seven years worth of work they could then start out on their own in America . Many of the migrants from England died in the first few years . Economic advantage also prompted the Darien Scheme , an ill - fated venture by the Kingdom of Scotland to settle the Isthmus of Panama in the late 1690s . The Darien Scheme aimed to control trade through that part of the world and thereby promote Scotland into a world trading power . However , it was doomed by poor planning , short provisions , weak leadership , lack of demand for trade goods , and devastating disease . The failure of the Darien Scheme was one of the factors that led the Kingdom of Scotland into the Act of Union 1707 with the Kingdom of England creating the united Kingdom of Great Britain and giving Scotland commercial access to English , now British , colonies . In the French colonial regions , the focus of economy was on sugar plantations in Caribbean . In Canada the fur trade with the natives was important . About 16,000 French men and women became colonizers . The great majority became subsistence farmers along the St. Lawrence River . With a favorable disease environment and plenty of land and food , their numbers grew exponentially to 65,000 by 1760 . Their colony was taken over by Britain in 1760 , but social , religious , legal , cultural and economic changes were few in a society that clung tightly to its recently formed traditions . Religious immigration ( edit ) Penn 's Treaty with the Indians Roman Catholics were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World , as settlers in the colonies of Portugal and Spain ( and later , France ) belonged to that faith . English and Dutch colonies , on the other hand , tended to be more religiously diverse . Settlers to these colonies included Anglicans , Dutch Calvinists , English Puritans and other nonconformists , English Catholics , Scottish Presbyterians , French Huguenots , German and Swedish Lutherans , as well as Jews , Quakers , Mennonites , Amish , and Moravians . Many groups of colonists went to the Americas searching for the right to practice their religion without persecution . The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century broke the unity of Western Christendom and led to the formation of numerous new religious sects , which often faced persecution by governmental authorities . In England , many people came to question the organization of the Church of England by the end of the 16th century . One of the primary manifestations of this was the Puritan movement , which sought to `` purify '' the existing Church of England of its offensive residual Catholic rites . Waves of repression led to the migration of about 20,000 Puritans to New England between 1629 and 1642 , where they founded multiple colonies . Later in the century , the new Pennsylvania colony was given to William Penn in settlement of a debt the king owed his father . Its government was set up by William Penn in about 1682 to become primarily a refuge for persecuted English Quakers ; but others were welcomed . Baptists , German and Swiss Protestants and Anabaptists also flocked to Pennsylvania . The lure of cheap land , religious freedom and the right to improve themselves with their own hand was very attractive . Forced immigration and enslavement ( edit ) Main article : Atlantic slave trade African slaves 17th - century Virginia , 1670 . Slavery was a common practice in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans , as different American Indian groups captured and held other tribes ' members as slaves . Many of these captives were forced to undergo human sacrifice in Amerindian civilizations such as the Aztecs . In response to some enslavement of natives in the Caribbean during the early years , the Spanish Crown passed a series of laws prohibiting slavery as early as 1512 . A new stricter set of laws was passed in 1542 , called the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of Indians , or simply New Laws . These were created to prevent the exploitation of the indigenous peoples by the encomenderos or landowners , by strictly limiting their power and dominion . This helped curb Indian slavery considerably , though not completely . Later , with the arrival of other European colonial powers in the New World , the enslavement of native populations increased , as these empires lacked legislation against slavery until decades later . The population of indigenous peoples declined ( mostly from European diseases , but also from forced exploitation and atrocities ) . Later , native workers were replaced by Africans imported through a large commercial slave trade . By the 18th century , the overwhelming number of black slaves was such that Amerindian slavery was less commonly used . Africans , who were taken aboard slave ships to the Americas , were primarily obtained from their African homelands by coastal tribes who captured and sold them . Europeans traded for slaves with the slave capturers of the local native African tribes in exchange for rum , guns , gunpowder , and other manufactures . Slavery ( edit ) The total slave trade to islands in the Caribbean , Brazil , Mexico and to the United States is estimated to have involved 12 million Africans . The vast majority of these slaves went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . At most about 600,000 African slaves were imported into the United States , or 5 % of the 12 million slaves brought across from Africa . Life expectancy was much higher in the United States ( because of better food , less disease , lighter work loads , and better medical care ) so the numbers grew rapidly by excesses of births over deaths , reaching 4 million by the 1860 Census . Slaves were a valuable commodity both for work and for sale in slave markets and so the policy of actively encouraging or forcing slaves to breed developed , especially after the ending of the Atlantic slave trade . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that of England . Slaves imported to the Thirteen colonies / United States by time period : 1619 -- 1700 -- 21,000 1701 -- 1760 -- 189,000 1761 -- 1770 -- 63,000 1771 -- 1790 -- 56,000 1791 -- 1800 -- 79,000 1801 -- 1810 -- 124,000 1810 -- 1865 -- 51,000 Total -- 597,000 Disease and indigenous population loss ( edit ) See also : Disease in colonial America and Native American disease and epidemics Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th - century Florentine Codex ( compiled 1540 -- 1585 ) Nahua suffering from smallpox The European lifestyle included a long history of sharing close quarters with domesticated animals such as cows , pigs , sheep , goats , horses , dogs and various domesticated fowl , from which many diseases originally stemmed . Thus , in contrast to the indigenous people , Europeans had developed a richer endowment of antibodies . The large - scale contact with Europeans after 1492 introduced novel germs to the indigenous people of the Americas . Epidemics of smallpox ( 1518 , 1521 , 1525 , 1558 , 1589 ) , typhus ( 1546 ) , influenza ( 1558 ) , diphtheria ( 1614 ) and measles ( 1618 ) swept the Americas subsequent to European contact , killing between 10 million and 100 million people , up to 95 % of the indigenous population of the Americas . The cultural and political instability attending these losses appears to have been of substantial aid in the efforts of various colonists in New England and Massachusetts to acquire control over the great wealth in land and resources of which indigenous societies had customarily made use . Such diseases yielded human mortality of an unquestionably enormous gravity and scale -- and this has profoundly confused efforts to determine its full extent with any true precision . Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of the Americas vary tremendously . Others have argued that significant variations in population size over pre-Columbian history are reason to view higher - end estimates with caution . Such estimates may reflect historical population maxima , while indigenous populations may have been at a level somewhat below these maxima or in a moment of decline in the period just prior to contact with Europeans . Indigenous populations hit their ultimate lows in most areas of the Americas in the early 20th century ; in a number of cases , growth has returned . Impact of Colonial land ownership on long - term Development ( edit ) Geographic differences between the colonies played a large determinant in the types of political and economic systems that later developed . In their paper on institutions and long - run growth , economists Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson argue that certain natural endowments gave rise to distinct colonial policies promoting either smallholder or coerced labor production . Densely settled populations , for example , were more easily exploitable and profitable as slave labor . In these regions , landowning elites were economically incentivized to develop forced labor arrangements such as the Peru mit'a system or Argentinian latifundias without regard for democratic norms . French and British colonial leaders , conversely , were incentivized to develop capitalist markets , property rights , and democratic institutions in response to natural environments that supported smallholder production over forced labor . James Mahoney , a professor at Northwestern University , proposes that colonial policy choices made at critical junctures regarding land ownership in coffee - rich Central America fostered enduring path dependent institutions . Coffee economies in Guatemala and El Salvador , for example , were centralized around large plantations that operated under coercive labor systems . By the 19th century , their political structures were largely authoritarian and militarized . In Colombia and Costa Rica , conversely , liberal reforms were enacted at critical junctures to expand commercial agriculture , and they ultimately raised the bargaining power of the middle class . Both nations eventually developed more democratic and egalitarian institutions than their highly concentrated landowning counterparts . List of European colonies in the Americas ( edit ) Puerto Plata , Dominican Republic . Founded in 1502 , the city is the oldest continuously - inhabited European settlement in the New World . Cumaná , Venezuela . Founded in 1510 , it is the oldest continuously - inhabited European city in the continental Americas . English and ( after 1707 ) British ( edit ) See also : § Scottish colonization of the Americas Further information : List of Hudson 's Bay Company trading posts British America ( 1607 -- 1783 ) Thirteen Colonies ( 1607 -- 1783 ) Rupert 's Land ( 1670 -- 1870 ) British Columbia ( 1793 -- 1871 ) British North America ( 1783 -- 1907 ) British West Indies Belize Courland ( indirectly part of Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ) ( edit ) New Courland ( Tobago ) ( 1654 -- 1689 ) ; Courland is now part of Latvia Danish ( edit ) Danish West Indies ( 1754 -- 1917 ) Greenland ( 1814 -- present ) Dutch ( edit ) New Netherland ( 1609 -- 1667 ) Essequibo ( 1616 -- 1815 ) Dutch Virgin Islands ( 1625 -- 1680 ) Berbice ( 1627 -- 1815 ) New Walcheren ( 1628 -- 1677 ) Dutch Brazil ( 1630 -- 1654 ) Pomeroon ( 1650 -- 1689 ) Cayenne ( 1658 -- 1664 ) Demerara ( 1745 -- 1815 ) Suriname ( 1667 -- 1954 ) ( After independence still within the Kingdom Of The Netherlands until 1975 ) Curaçao and Dependencies ( 1634 -- 1954 ) ( Aruba and Curaçao are still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands , Bonaire ; 1634 -- present ) Sint Eustatius and Dependencies ( 1636 -- 1954 ) ( Sint Maarten is still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands , Sint Eustatius and Saba ; 1636 -- present ) French ( edit ) Further information : List of French forts in North America New France ( 1604 -- 1763 ) Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Louisiana ( 1699 -- 1763 , 1800 -- 1803 ) Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) French Guiana ( 1763 -- present ) French West Indies Saint - Domingue ( 1659 -- 1804 , now Haiti ) Tobago Virgin Islands France Antarctique ( 1555 -- 1567 ) Equinoctial France ( 1612 -- 1615 ) Knights of Malta ( edit ) Saint Barthélemy ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Christopher ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Croix ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Martin ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Norwegian ( edit ) See also : List of possessions of Norway Greenland ( 986 -- 1814 ) Dano - Norwegian West Indies ( 1754 -- 1814 ) Sverdrup Islands ( 1898 -- 1930 ) Erik the Red 's Land ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Portuguese ( edit ) Colonial Brazil ( 1500 -- 1815 ) became a Kingdom , United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves . Terra do Labrador ( 1499 / 1500 -- ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Land of the Corte - Real , also known as Terra Nova dos Bacalhaus ( Land of Codfish ) -- Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) ( 1501 -- ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Portugal Cove - St. Philip 's ( 1501 -- 1696 ) Nova Scotia ( 1519 ? -- 1520s ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Barbados ( 1536 -- 1620 ) Colonia do Sacramento ( 1680 -- 1705 / 1714 -- 1762 / 1763 -- 1777 ( 1811 -- 1817 ) ) Cisplatina ( 1811 -- 1822 , now Uruguay ) French Guiana ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Russian ( edit ) Russian America ( Alaska ) ( 1799 -- 1867 ) Scottish ( edit ) Nova Scotia ( 1622 -- 1632 ) Darien Scheme on the Isthmus of Panama ( 1698 -- 1700 ) Stuarts Town , Carolina ( 1684 -- 1686 ) Spanish ( edit ) Cuba ( until 1898 ) Viceroyalty of New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) Captaincy General of Venezuela Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Las Californias Santa Fe de Nuevo México Captaincy General of Guatemala Louisiana ( New Spain ) Spanish Florida Viceroyalty of Peru ( 1542 -- 1824 ) Captaincy General of Chile Puerto Rico ( 1493 -- 1898 ) Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 ) Hispaniola ( 1493 -- 1865 ) ; the island currently comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic , under Spanish rule in whole or in part from 1492 -- 1865 . Swedish ( edit ) New Sweden ( 1638 -- 1655 ) Saint Barthélemy ( 1784 -- 1878 ) Guadeloupe ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Failed attempts ( edit ) German ( edit ) Klein - Venedig ( Holy Roman Empire ) Hanauisch - Indien ( in German ) Saint Thomas ( Brandenburg colony ) German caribbean ( German Empire ) Ernst Thälmann Island ( East Germany ) Italian ( edit ) Tuscan Guiana ( now French Guiana ) Exhibitions and collections ( edit ) In 2007 , the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History and the Virginia Historical Society ( VHS ) co-organized a traveling exhibition to recount the strategic alliances and violent conflict between European empires ( English , Spanish , French ) and the Native people living in North America . The exhibition was presented in three languages and with multiple perspectives . Artifacts on display included rare surviving Native and European artifacts , maps , documents , and ceremonial objects from museums and royal collections on both sides of the Atlantic . The exhibition opened in Richmond , Virginia on March 17 , 2007 , and closed at the Smithsonian International Gallery on October 31 , 2009 . The related online exhibition explores the international origins of the societies of Canada and the United States and commemorates the 400th anniversary of three lasting settlements in Jamestown ( 1607 ) , Québec ( 1608 ) , and Santa Fe ( 1609 ) . The site is accessible in three languages . See also ( edit ) European colonization of the Americas portal Martín de Argüelles Atlantic world Bandeirantes Chronology of the colonization of North America Colonial history of the United States Colonialism Columbian Exchange Conquistador Hernán Cortés European colonization of the Southern United States Former colonies and territories in Canada History of the west coast of North America Indigenous peoples of the Americas Influx of disease in the Caribbean Imperialism List of North American cities founded in chronological order Norse colonization of the Americas Francisco Pizarro Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Portuguese Empire Romanus Pontifex and Inter caetera Settler colonialism Spanish conquest of Yucatán Spanish Empire Thirteen Colonies , which became the United States in 1776 Timeline of the European colonization of North America Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Treaty of Alcáçovas Treaty of Tordesillas Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Forsythe , David P. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Human Rights , Volume 4 . Oxford University Press . p. 297 . ISBN 978 - 0195334029 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 9780142002100 . Jump up ^ David Eltis Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic slave trade Jump up ^ T. Douglas Price ( 2015 ) . Ancient Scandinavia : An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings . Oxford University Press . p. 321 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 023198 - 9 . Jump up ^ S.A. Wurm ; Peter Mühlhäusler ; Darrell T. Tyron ( 1996 ) . Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific , Asia , and the Americas . Walter de Gruyter . p. 1048 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 013417 - 9 . Jump up ^ Linda S. Cordell ; Kent Lightfoot ; Francis McManamon ; George Milner ( 30 December 2008 ) . Archaeology in America : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 82 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 02189 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Logan Allen ( 2007 ) . North American Exploration . U of Nebraska Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1015 - 9 . Jump up ^ Axel Kristinsson ( 2010 ) . Expansions : Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age . ReykjavíkurAkademían . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 9979 - 9922 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1536 Inca Rebellion unearthed Peruvian Travel Trends '' . Ferturperu.info. 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` La catastrophe démographique '' ( The Demographic Catastrophe ) in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : `` Espagnols - Indiens : le choc des civilisations '' , in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 , pp. 14 -- 21 ( interview with Christian Duverger , teacher at the EHESS ) Jump up ^ `` Spain '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America '' by James Axtell Archived March 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish Colonial System , 1550 -- 1800 . Population Development '' . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Barker , Deanna ( 10 March 2004 ) . `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . National Association for Interpretation , Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ John Prebble , Darien : the Scottish Dream of Empire ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brocklehurst , `` The Banker who Led Scotland to Disaster '' . Jump up ^ W.J. Eccles , The Canadian Frontier , 1534 -- 1760 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Leslie Choquette , Frenchmen into peasants : modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the cope of heaven : Religion , society , and politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ John Chester Miller ( 1966 ) . The First Frontier : Life in Colonial America . University Press of America . p. 80 . ISBN 9780819149770 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopædia Britannica 's Guide to Black History '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ García Icazbalceta , Joaquín `` Colección de documentos para la historia de México '' `` Leyes y ordenanzas '' ( Dada en la ciudad de Barcelona , a veinte días del mes de Noviembre , año del nacimiento de nuestro Salvador Jesucristo de mill e quinientos e cuarenta y dos años ) y addenda 4 de junio de 1543 ; 26 de junio de 1543 ; 26 de mayo de 1544 text on Internet Cervantes Virtual Jump up ^ Segal , Ronald ( 1995 ) . The Black Diaspora : Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 11396 - 3 . It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic . ( Note in original : Paul E. Lovejoy , `` The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa : A Review of the Literature , '' in Journal of African History 30 ( 1989 ) , p. 368 . ) ... It is widely conceded that further revisions are more likely to be upward than downward . Jump up ^ `` Quick guide : The slave trade '' . bbc.co.uk . March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stephen D. Behrendt , David Richardson , and David Eltis , W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African - American Research , Harvard University . Based on `` records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas '' . Stephen Behrendt ( 1999 ) . `` Transatlantic Slave Trade '' . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience . New York : Basic Civitas Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00071 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned and Constance Sublette ( 2016 ) . American Slave Coast : A History of the Slave - Breeding Industry . Chicago IL : Chicago Review Press , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Michael Tadman , `` The Demographic Cost of Sugar : Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas , '' The American Historical Review Dec. 2000 105 : 5 online Archived November 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Source : Miller and Smith , eds . Dictionary of American Slavery ( 1988 ) p. 678 Jump up ^ Includes 10,000 to Spanish Louisiana before 1803 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ American Indian Epidemics Archived February 14 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Smallpox : Eradicating the Scourge '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Knopf . pp. 106 -- 09 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3205 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Of ... Smallpox '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus ( ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4006 - X ) , Charles C. Mann , Knopf , 2005 . Jump up ^ Thornton , pp. xvii , 36 . Jump up ^ Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson , `` Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long - Run Growth , '' Handbook of Economic Growth 1 : 385 - 472 . 2005 . Jump up ^ James Mahoney , `` Path - Dependent Explanations of Regime Change : Central America in Comparative Perspective . '' Studies in Comparative International Development , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Jamestown , Québec , Santa Fe : Three North American Beginnings '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bailyn , Bernard , ed . Atlantic History : Concept and Contours ( Harvard UP , 2005 ) Bannon , John Francis . History of the Americas ( 2 vols. 1952 ) , older textbook Bolton , Herbert E. `` The Epic of Greater America , '' American Historical Review 38 , no . 3 ( April 1933 ) : 448 -- 74 in JSTOR Davis , Harold E. The Americas in History ( 1953 ) , older textbook Egerton , Douglas R. et al . The Atlantic World : A History , 1400 -- 1888 ( 2007 ) Eltis , David . The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas ( 2000 ) . Hinderaker , Eric ; Horn , Rebecca . `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp. 395 -- 432 in JSTOR Lockhart , James , and Stuart B. Schwartz . Early Latin America : A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil ( 1983 ) . Merriman , Roger Bigelow . The Rise of The Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New ( 4 vol. 1934 ) Morison , Samuel Eliot . The European Discovery of America : The northern voyages , A.D. 500 -- 1600 ( 1971 ) Morison , Samuel Eliot . The European Discovery of America : The southern voyages , 1492 -- 1616 ( 1971 ) Parry , J.H. The Age of Reconnaissance : Discovery , Exploration , and Settlement , 1450 -- 1650 ( 1982 ) Sarson , Steven , and Jack P. Greene , eds . The American Colonies and the British Empire , 1607 -- 1783 ( 8 vol , 2010 ) ; primary sources Sobecki , Sebastian . `` New World Discovery '' . Oxford Handbooks Online ( 2015 ) . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199935338.013. 141 Starkey , Armstrong ( 1998 ) . European - Native American Warfare , 1675 -- 1815 . University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3075 - 0 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2003 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : European colonization of the Americas `` The Political Force of Images , '' Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America , 1520 - 1820 . History of the Americas History North America Mesoamerica Central America Caribbean Latin America South America Andean South America Genetics Settlement Indigenous peoples Indigenous population Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Discovery Exploration European colonization Spanish colonization French colonization Portuguese colonization British colonization Columbian Exchange Decolonization Societies Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Aztec Maya Muisca Inca Related Maps Culture Geography Indigenous languages Epidemics Slavery Lists Pre-Columbian cultures Indigenous peoples Oldest churches Population Conflicts North America South America Chronology Archaeology of the Americas North America by period North American timelines Mesoamerica by period Mesoamerica timeline Era : By period By region Three - age system Ancient history Pre-Columbian era Classical Antiquity Middle Ages Modern history Future Colonization , decolonization , and neocolonialism Earth Exploration Americas Africa Asia Oceania Antarctica -- World oceans Colonization Americas Africa Asia Southeast Asia Oceania Antarctica World oceans Subterranea Decolonization Americas Africa Asia Oceania General topics Exploration Maritime history ( European ) Age of Discovery Solar System discovery Colonization Antiquity -- Imperialism Chartered companies Interventionism Colonialism chronology history empires settler colonialism wars Current : Non-Self - Governing Dependent Space Station -- Space Militarization Commercial use of space Colonial empires in Modern era Overseas , major : British Dutch French German Italian Portuguese Spanish Overseas , minor : American Australian Austro - Hungarian Belgian Couronian ( Polish - Lithuanian ) Danish New Zealand Norwegian Swedish Mostly contiguous : American Chinese Japanese Ottoman Russian South African Decolonization Wars of national liberation -- Predecessors of sovereign states in Europe in South America Independence referendum Sovereign states formation dates Postcolonialism Independence Internal colonialism Nation - building Neo-colonialism Postcolonialism ( international relations ) Terra nullius Indigenous peoples Uncontacted peoples Outer space Exploration Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Ceres Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Colonization Mercury Venus Moon Lagrangian points Mars Phobos Asteroids Outer Solar System : Jupiter Europa Callisto Saturn Titan Uranus Neptune trans - Neptunian objects Pluto Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=866384910 '' Categories : Colonization of the Americas History of the Americas History of European colonialism History of indigenous peoples of the Americas History of North America History of Central America History of South America History of the Caribbean Age of Discovery Christianization Colonization history of the United States Genocide of indigenous peoples of the Americas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Latina Lietuvių Magyar Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Patois Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 00 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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who decides who gets in the rock and roll hall of fame

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

rock and roll hall of fame

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Established Location 1100 Rock and Roll Boulevard ( East Ninth Street at Lake Erie ) Cleveland , Ohio 44114 United States 41 ° 30 ′ 30.2 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 43.8 '' W  /  41.508389 ° N 81.695500 ° W  / 41.508389 ; - 81.695500 Visitors 441,290 ( 2013 ) President Greg Harris Public transit access North Coast station ( RTA Rapid Transit ) Website rockhall.com The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , recognizes and archives the history of the best - known and most influential artists , producers , engineers , and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20 , 1983 , by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun . In 1986 , Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame 's permanent home . Contents ( hide ) 1 Foundation and museum 1.1 Economic impact 1.2 Layout 1.3 Architecture 2 Exhibit history 2.1 Public programs 2.2 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll 2.2. 1 Artists with four or more songs 2.3 25th anniversary concert 3 Inductees 3.1 Performers 3.2 Early Influences 3.3 Ahmet Ertegun Award for Lifetime Achievement 3.4 Award for Musical Excellence 4 Library and archives 5 Criticism 5.1 2007 vote controversy 5.2 The Monkees controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Foundation and museum ( edit ) Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans , Rolling Stone magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner , attorney Allen Grubman , and record executives Seymour Stein , Bob Krasnow , and Noreen Woods . The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986 , but the Hall of Fame still had no home . The search committee considered several cities , including Philadelphia ( home of Bill Haley and American Bandstand ) , Memphis ( home of Sun Studios and Stax Records ) , Detroit ( home of Motown Records ) , Cincinnati ( home of King Records ) , New York City , and Cleveland . Cleveland lobbied for the museum , citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term `` rock and roll '' and heavily promoted the new genre -- and that Cleveland was the location of Freed 's Moondog Coronation Ball , the first major rock and roll concert . In addition , Cleveland cited radio station WMMS , which played a key role in breaking several major acts in the U.S. during the 1970s and 80s , including artist David Bowie , who began his first U.S. tour in the city , Bruce Springsteen , Roxy Music , and Rush among many others . Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands . Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction . A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis , and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 USA Today poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located . On May 5 , 1986 , the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland . `` The hall of fame should 've been in Memphis , certainly , '' wrote Peter Guralnick , author of an acclaimed two - volume Elvis Presley biography . Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization 's site because the city offered the best financial package . As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted , `` It was $65 million ... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money . '' Co-founder Jann Wenner later said , `` One of the small sad things is we did n't do it in New York in the first place , '' but then added , `` I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland . '' During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum , the Foundation 's board considered the Cuyahoga River . Ultimately , the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie , east of Cleveland Stadium . At one point in the planning phase , when a financing gap existed , planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then - vacant May Company Building , but finally decided to commission architect I.M. Pei to design a new building . Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I.M. Pei in designs for the site . Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it . The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft ( 61 m ) high , but had to be cut down to 162 ft ( 49 m ) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport . The building 's base is approximately 150,000 square feet ( 14,000 m2 ) . The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7 , 1993 . Pete Townshend , Chuck Berry , Billy Joel , Sam Phillips , Ruth Brown , Sam Moore of Sam and Dave , Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking . The museum was dedicated on September 1 , 1995 , with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard , among others , before a crowd of more than 10,000 people . The following night an all - star concert was held at the stadium . It featured Chuck Berry , Bob Dylan , Al Green , Jerry Lee Lewis , Aretha Franklin , Bruce Springsteen , Iggy Pop , John Fogerty , John Mellencamp , and many others . In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees , the museum documents the entire history of rock and roll , regardless of induction status . Hall of Fame inductees are honored in a special exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie . Economic impact ( edit ) Since 1986 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees . The formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 26 times ( 1986 -- 92 , 1994 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) ; twice in Los Angeles ( 1993 and 2013 ) ; and four times in the Hall of Fame 's home in Cleveland ( 1997 , 2009 , 2012 and 2015 ) . Beginning in 2018 , the induction ceremonies will alternate each year between Cleveland and New York . The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public -- private partnership between the City of Cleveland , the State of Ohio , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and local foundations , corporations , civic organizations and individuals . Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events , including free concerts , a gospel celebration , exhibition openings , free admission to the museum , and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall . Millions viewed the television broadcast of the Cleveland inductions ; tens of thousands traveled to Ohio during induction week to participate in Induction - related events . The economic impact of the 2009 induction week activities was more than $13 million , and it provided an additional $20 million in media exposure for the region . The 2012 induction week yielded similar results . Layout ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( left ) sits on the Lake Erie shore next to the Great Lakes Science Center ( right ) in Cleveland 's North Coast Harbor . There are seven levels in the building . On the lower level is the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall , the museum 's main gallery . It includes exhibits on the roots of rock and roll ( gospel , blues , rhythm & blues and folk , country and bluegrass ) . It also features exhibits on cities that have had a major impact on rock and roll : Memphis , Detroit , London and Liverpool , San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York and Seattle . There are exhibits about soul music , the Fifties , Sun Records , Atlantic Records , hip hop music , Cleveland 's rock and roll legacy , the music of the Midwest , rock and roll radio and dee - jays , and the many protests against rock and roll . This gallery also has exhibits that focus on individual artists , including the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , Jimi Hendrix and others . Finally , the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall includes two theaters , one of which features a film about the roots of rock and roll and one that features films on various subjects . The first floor of the museum is the entrance level . It includes a cafe , a stage that the museum uses for various special performances and events throughout the year , and a section called `` Backstage Stories . '' The second floor includes several interactive kiosks that feature programs on one - hit wonders and the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . This level also includes a gallery with artifact - filled exhibits about Les Paul , Alan Freed , Sam Phillips and the evolution of audio technology . Visitors enter the Hall of Fame section of the museum on the third floor . This section includes `` The Power of Rock Experience , '' which includes one of Jonathan Demme 's final works , a film shown in the Connor Theater . The film includes musical highlights from some of the Hall 's induction ceremonies . Visitors exit the Hall of Fame section on the fourth floor . That level features the Foster Theater , a state - of - the - art 3 - D theater that is used for special events and programs . Finally , the top two levels of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame feature large , temporary exhibits . Over the years , numerous exhibits have been installed on these two levels , including exhibits about Elvis Presley , hip - hop , the Supremes , the Who , U2 , John Lennon , the Clash , Bruce Springsteen , Women Who Rock , and the Rolling Stones . Architecture ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , showing Lake Erie in the foreground Designed by I.M. Pei and structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates , the building rises above the shores of Lake Erie . It is a combination of geometric forms and cantilevered spaces that are anchored by a 162 - foot tower . The tower supports a dual - triangular - shaped glass `` tent '' that extends ( at its base ) onto a 65,000 - square - foot plaza that provides a main entry facade . The building houses more than 55,000 square feet of exhibition space , as well as administrative offices , a store , and a café . `` In designing this building , '' Pei said , `` it was my intention to echo the energy of rock and roll . I have consciously used an architectural vocabulary that is bold and new , and I hope the building will become a dramatic landmark for the city of Cleveland and for fans of rock and roll around the world . '' Exhibit history ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since 1997 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has featured numerous temporary exhibits that range in size from major exhibits that fill the top two floors of the museum to smaller exhibits that are often installed in the main exhibition hall on the lower level . The museum 's first major exhibit opened on May 10 , 1997 . It was called I Want to Take You Higher : The Psychedelic Era , 1965 -- 1969 . It included artifacts from numerous artists , including John Lennon , Eric Clapton , John Sebastian , the Jefferson Airplane , and Janis Joplin , as well as artifacts related to the Monterey International Pop Festival and Woodstock . That exhibit was followed by Elvis is in the Building , an exhibit about the `` King of Rock and Roll '' , which ran from August 8 , 1998 , to September 5 , 1999 . This year - long tribute was the first ever special exhibit devoted to a single artist , Elvis Presley , the first inductee into the RRHOF in 1986 . Graceland supplied a significant selection of representative artifacts for this special tribute spanning Elvis ' life and legendary career . Next , the museum curated Roots , Rhymes and Rage : The Hip - Hop Story . That was the first major museum exhibit to focus on hip - hop . It ran from November 11 , 1999 , to August 6 , 2000 . It was followed by Rock Style , an exhibit that focused on rock and roll and fashion . It featured clothing from Buddy Holly to Alice Cooper , from Ray Charles to David Bowie and from Smokey Robinson to Sly Stone . After it closed in Cleveland , Rock Style traveled to other museums in the U.S. The former Annex in Soho in New York City ( now closed ) Other temporary exhibits have included Lennon : His Life and Work , which ran from October 20 , 2000 , to January 1 , 2003 . It was followed by In the Name of Love : Two Decades of U2 and then Reflections : The Mary Wilson Supreme Legacy Collection . A major exhibition on display during the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in 2016 was Louder than Words : Rock , Power , Politics . Other large temporary exhibits have focused on the Clash ( Revolution Rock : The Story of the Clash ) , the Doors ( Break on Through : The Lasting Legacy of the Doors ) , the Who 's Tommy ( Tommy : The Amazing Journey ) , and Bruce Springsteen ( From Asbury Park to the Promised Land : The Life and Music of Bruce Springsteen ) . Another thematic temporary exhibit focused on the role of women in rock and roll ( Women Who Rock : Vision , Passion , Power ) . Many of these exhibits travel to other museums after closing in Cleveland . The museum 's current major temporary exhibit is about the history of the magazine Rolling Stone . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also curates many smaller temporary exhibits . Over the years , these exhibits have focused on such topics as the Vans Warped Tour , the Concert for Bangladesh , Woodstock 's 40th anniversary , Austin City Limits , the Monterey International Pop Festival , Roy Orbison , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , Marty Stuart , Paul Simon , Graham Nash , and John Mellencamp . The museum also devotes exhibits to photography and artwork related to rock and roll . Among the photographers whose work has been featured at the Hall of Fame are George Kalinsky , Alfred Wertheimer , Tommy Edwards , Kevin Mazur , Janet Macoska , Lynn Goldsmith , Mike McCartney , Robert Alford , and George Shuba . The museum also featured the artwork of Philip Burke in one of its temporary exhibits , and a later exhibit featured Herb Ritts . Public programs ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum produces numerous public programs , including concerts , interviews , lectures , film screenings , and other events that help tell the story of rock and roll . Every February , the museum celebrates Black History Month by hosting concerts , film screenings and lectures that illustrate the important role African - Americans have played in the history of rock and roll . Since the program began in 1996 , such artists as Robert Lockwood , Jr. , the Temptations , Charles Brown , Ruth Brown , the Ohio Players , Lloyd Price , Little Anthony and the Imperials , and Al Green have appeared at the museum during Black History Month . Another program is the Hall of Fame Series . This series began in April 1996 and features interviews with Hall of Fame inductees in a rare and intimate settings , most often in the Museum 's Foster Theater . The interviews are usually followed by a question - and - answer session with the audience and , often , a performance by the inductee . Among the inductees who have taken part in this series are Darryl `` DMC '' McDaniels of Run - D.M.C. , Lloyd Price , Marky Ramone , Seymour Stein , Ray Manzarek of the Doors , Ronnie Spector , Bootsy Collins , Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart , and Jorma Kaukonen of the Jefferson Airplane . A similar program is the Legends Series . The only real difference between this program and the Hall of Fame Series is that it features artists who have not yet been inducted into the Hall of Fame . Peter Hook of Joy Division , Spinderella of Salt n Pepa , Tommy James , and the Chi - Lites are among the artists who have participated in the Legends Series . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's most acclaimed program is the annual American Music Masters series . Each year the museum celebrates one of the Hall 's inductees with a week - long series of programs that include interviews , film screenings , and , often , a special exhibit . The celebration ends with an all - star concert held at a Cleveland theater . The concerts include a diverse mix of artists , from Hall of Fame inductees to contemporary musicians . The American Music Masters series began in 1996 with Hard Travelin ' : The Life and Legacy of Pete Seeger . Since then , the programs have honored the following inductees : Jimmie Rodgers ( 1997 ) , Robert Johnson ( 1998 ) , Louis Jordan ( 1999 ) , Muddy Waters ( 2000 ) , Bessie Smith ( 2001 ) , Hank Williams ( 2002 ) , Buddy Holly ( 2003 ) , Lead Belly ( 2004 ) , Sam Cooke ( 2005 ) , Roy Orbison ( 2006 ) , Jerry Lee Lewis ( 2007 ) , Les Paul ( 2008 ) , Janis Joplin ( 2009 ) , Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew ( 2010 ) , Aretha Franklin ( 2011 ) , and Chuck Berry ( 2012 ) . Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll ( edit ) Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke , along with `` the museum 's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts '' , created an unordered list of `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum , and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995 . It contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s . The Beatles with seven songs was the most represented on the 500 - song list . The oldest song on the list is `` Wabash Cannonball '' , written circa 1882 and credited to J.A. Roff . Since then , however , an additional 160 songs have been added , and the list is now simply referred to as `` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The most recent songs on the list are Gnarls Barkley 's `` Crazy '' and My Chemical Romance 's `` Welcome to the Black Parade '' , both released in 2006 . The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are the most represented on the 660 - song list , with eight songs each . Artists with four or more songs ( edit ) 8 The Beatles 8 The Rolling Stones 7 Elvis Presley 5 The Beach Boys 5 Chuck Berry 5 Bob Dylan 5 Led Zeppelin 5 Bruce Springsteen 4 Stevie Wonder 4 David Bowie 4 James Brown 4 Ray Charles 4 The Drifters 4 Aretha Franklin 4 Jimi Hendrix 4 Robert Johnson 4 The Kinks 4 Bob Marley 4 The Miracles 4 Prince 4 Muddy Waters 25th anniversary concert ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame celebrated its 25th anniversary with a concert series over two days on October 29 and 30 , 2009 at Madison Square Garden in New York . The celebration included performances by Jerry Lee Lewis , U2 , Patti Smith , Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band , Simon & Garfunkel , Dion DiMucci , Metallica , James Taylor , Bonnie Raitt , Fergie , Mick Jagger , Lou Reed , Ray Davies , Ozzy Osbourne , Paul Simon , Jeff Beck , Buddy Guy , Aretha Franklin , Stevie Wonder , Sting , Little Anthony & the Imperials , and Crosby , Stills and Nash . The first night ran almost six hours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band closing the concert with special guests John Fogerty , Darlene Love , Tom Morello , Sam Moore , Jackson Browne , Peter Wolf , and Billy Joel . Inductees ( edit ) English guitarist , singer , and songwriter Eric Clapton is the only three - time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame See also : List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Artists are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at an annual induction ceremony . Over the years , the majority of the ceremonies have been held at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City . However , on January 12 , 1993 , the ceremony was held in Los Angeles , and was held there again in 2013 . On May 6 , 1997 , about a year and a half after the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum , the ceremony was held in Cleveland . It returned to Cleveland in 2009 and again in 2012 . Current plans call for the ceremony to be in Cleveland every three years . Generally , the number of inductees ranges from about a half - dozen to a dozen . Virtually all living inductees have attended the ceremonies , and they are presented with their Hall of Fame award by an artist who was influenced by that inductee 's music . Both the presenter and the inductee speak at the ceremonies , which also include numerous musical performances , by both the inductees and the presenters . The first group of inductees , inducted on January 23 , 1986 , included Elvis Presley , James Brown , Little Richard , Fats Domino , Ray Charles , Chuck Berry , Sam Cooke , the Everly Brothers , Buddy Holly , and Jerry Lee Lewis . Robert Johnson , Jimmie Rodgers , and Jimmy Yancey were inducted as Early Influences , John Hammond received the Lifetime Achievement Award and Alan Freed and Sam Phillips were inducted as Non-Performers . Performers ( edit ) A nominating committee composed of rock and roll historians selects names for the `` Performers '' category ( singers , vocal groups , bands , and instrumentalists of all kinds ) , which are then voted on by roughly five hundred experts across the world . Those selected to vote include academics , journalists , producers , and others with music industry experience . Artists become eligible for induction 25 years after the release of their first record . Criteria include the influence and significance of the artists ' contributions to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . To be selected for induction , performers must receive the highest number of votes , and also greater than 50 % of the votes . Around five to seven performers are inducted each year . In 2012 , six additional groups , the Miracles , the Famous Flames , the Comets , the Blue Caps , the Midnighters , and the Crickets , were inducted as performers by a special committee due to the controversial exclusions when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Early Influences ( edit ) Early Influences includes artists from earlier eras , primarily country , folk , jazz , and blues , whose music inspired and influenced rock and roll artists . Other notable artists that have been inducted as Early Influences include Bill Kenny & The Ink Spots , country musicians Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams , blues musicians Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters , and jazz musicians Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong . After Nat King Cole and Billie Holiday in 2000 , no one was inducted in this category until 2009 , when rockabilly singer Wanda Jackson was selected . Unlike earlier inductees in this category , Jackson 's career almost entirely took place after the traditional 1955 start of the `` rock era '' . Ahmet Ertegun award for Lifetime Achievement ( edit ) Formerly the `` Non-Performers '' award , this category encompasses those who primarily work behind the scenes in the music industry , including record label executives , songwriters , record producers , disc jockeys , concert promoters and music journalists . This category has had at least one inductee every year except 2007 and 2009 . Following the death of the Hall of Fame 's co-founder Ahmet Ertegun , this award was renamed in his honor in 2008 . Award for musical Excellence ( edit ) Formerly the `` Sidemen '' award , this category was introduced in 2000 and honors veteran session and concert players who are selected by a committee composed primarily of producers . The category was dormant from 2004 through 2007 and re-activated in 2008 . This honor was renamed the `` Award for Musical Excellence '' in 2010 . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' Library and Archives ( edit ) The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland , Ohio November 2015 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's Library and Archives is the world 's most comprehensive repository of materials related to the history of rock and roll . The Library and Archives is located in a new building on the Metro Campus of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland 's Campus District . The Library and Archives ' mission is to collect , preserve and provide access to these materials . The Library and Archives operates on two levels : people may come into the library and read the books and magazines , listen to music and other recordings , and watch videos and films . More serious scholars , historians and journalists may also make an appointment for access to the archival collections under the supervision of the staff archivists . The library is composed of books , academic dissertations , and other references . It also includes popular magazines , scholarly journals and trade publications ; commercial audio and video recordings , and research databases . The archival collections include music - business records from record executives , artist managers , labels , historic venues , recording studios , specialists in stage design and lighting , and long - running concert tours . The collections also contain important individual items , such as personal letters penned by Aretha Franklin and Madonna , handwritten working lyrics by Jimi Hendrix and LL Cool J , papers from music journalists such as Sue Cassidy Clark , and rare concert recordings from CBGB in the 1970s . Criticism ( edit ) The most frequent criticism of the Hall of Fame is that the nomination process is controlled by a few individuals who are not themselves musicians , such as founder Jann Wenner ( co-founder and editor - in - chief of Rolling Stone magazine ) , former foundation director Suzan Evans , and writer Dave Marsh , reflecting their personal tastes rather than the views of the rock world as a whole . A former member of the nominations board once commented that `` At one point Suzan Evans lamented the choices being made because there were n't enough big names that would sell tickets to the dinner . That was quickly remedied by dropping one of the doo - wop groups being considered in favor of a ' name ' artist ... I saw how certain pioneering artists of the ' 50s and early ' 60s were shunned because there needed to be more name power on the list , resulting in ' 70s superstars getting in before the people who made it possible for them . Some of those pioneers still are n't in today . '' Sister Rosetta Tharpe is often considered `` The Godmother / Grandmother of Rock & Roll '' , but was not chosen for induction until 2017 . Also , the influential soul / funk group Tower of Power has not yet been honored . Velvet Underground drummer Maureen Tucker has dismissed the Hall of Fame as the `` Hall of Lame '' . There is also controversy in the lack of transparency in the selection process . Janet Morrissey of The New York Times wrote : `` With fame and money at stake , it 's no surprise that a lot of backstage lobbying goes on . Why any particular act is chosen in any particular year is a mystery to performers as well as outsiders -- and committee members say they want to keep it that way . '' Jon Landau , the chairman of the nominating committee , says they prefer it that way . `` We 've done a good job of keeping the proceedings nontransparent . It all dies in the room . '' According to Fox News , petitions with tens of thousands of signatures were also being ignored , and some groups that were signed with certain labels or companies or were affiliated with various committee members have even been put up for nomination with no discussion at all . The committee has also been accused of largely ignoring certain genres . According to author Brett Milano , `` entire genres get passed over , particularly progressive rock , ' 60s Top 40 , New Orleans funk and a whole lot of black music . '' In contrast , since the mid-2000s ( decade ) , numerous hip hop artists have been inducted , including Tupac Shakur ( class of 2017 ) , N.W.A ( class of 2016 ) and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five ( class of 2007 ) . Another criticism is that too many artists are inducted . In fifteen years , 97 different artists were inducted . A minimum of 50 % of the vote is needed to be inducted ; although , the final percentages are not announced and a certain number of inductees ( five in 2011 ) is set before the ballots are shipped . The committee usually nominates a small number of artists ( 12 in 2010 ) from an increasing number of different genres . Several voters , including Joel Selvin , himself a former member of the nominating committee , did not submit their ballots in 2007 because they did not feel that any of the candidates were truly worthy . Members of the British punk rock band The Sex Pistols , inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum `` a piss stain '' and `` urine in wine '' . In BBC Radio 6 Music 's Annual John Peel Lecture in 2013 , the singer Charlotte Church accused the museum of gender bias , stating , `` Out of 295 acts and artists in the Rock n ' Roll Hall of Fame , 259 are entirely male , meaning that Tina Weymouth 's part in Talking Heads makes them one of the 36 female acts . '' In fact , the actual percentage of woman inductees is 8.5 % . Combining all the categories , there have been 719 inductees , out of which only 61 have been women , none of which has been inducted more than once or awarded the Lifetime Achievement . 2016 inductee Steve Miller voiced a litany of criticisms directed at the hall , both during his induction speech and , especially , in interviews after it . His complaints included a lack of female inductees , not enough support by the hall for music education , and treatment of inductees at the award ceremony . 2007 vote controversy ( edit ) On March 14 , 2007 , two days after that year 's induction ceremony , Roger Friedman of Fox News published an article claiming that the Dave Clark Five should have been the fifth inductee , as they had more votes than inductee Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five . The article went on to say `` Jann Wenner used a technicality about the day votes were due in . In reality , The Dave Clark Five got six more votes than Grandmaster Flash . But he felt we could n't go another year without a rap act . '' The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation would later deny fixing the vote , although they did not deny that late votes were received , saying , `` No . There is a format and rules and procedure . There is a specific time when the votes have to be in , and then they are counted . The bands with the top five votes got in . '' The Dave Clark Five was subsequently nominated again and then inducted the following year . The Monkees controversy ( edit ) In June 2007 , Monkee Peter Tork complained to the New York Post that Wenner had blackballed the Monkees , commenting : ( Wenner ) does n't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit . It is an abuse of power . I do n't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame , but it 's pretty clear that we 're not in there because of a personal whim . Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else , and now , 40 years later , everybody says , ' What 's the big deal ? Everybody else does it . ' ( Uses studio artists or backing bands . ) Nobody cares now except him . He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007 . In a Facebook post , fellow Monkee Michael Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside , and further stated : `` I can see the HOF ( Hall of Fame ) is a private enterprise . It seems to operate as a business , and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise . The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner 's pleasure . This seems proper to me . It is their business in any case . It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate , nor should it be compelled to conform to one . '' Various magazines and news outlets , such as Time , NPR radio , The Christian Science Monitor , Goldmine magazine , Yahoo Music and MSNBC have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . See also ( edit ) Rock and Roll portal Cleveland portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 Annual Report to the Community '' ( PDF ) . RockHall.com . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . 2014 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WMMS : A Cleveland Legend Turns 40 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Rockhall.com . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Guralnick ( author of Sam Phillips : The Man Who Invented Rock ' n ' Roll ) , an interview , `` Bostonia , '' Winter - Spring 2016 , pp. 52 - 54 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Timeline : 1995 -- 2010 '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grzegorek , Vince ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rock Hall President : Induction to Take Place in Cleveland Every Other Year Beginning in 2018 '' . CleveScene.com . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is going strong , 15 years after opening '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions , done ' the Cleveland way , ' are a hit '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff . `` A look inside the redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum : Interactive Graphic '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Swank , Niki . `` Rock & Roll Hall of Fame : the heart of rock and roll '' . Builders Exchange Magazine . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rock Hall premieres its spellbinding ' The Power of Rock Experience ' '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGregor , Ellen ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` First Major redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum nears completion '' . Scripps Media / News Net 5 / ABC News ( Cleveland ) . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Redesigned Rock Hall opens exhibit on The Beatles '' . Article . NBC News / AP . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ AISC Marketing , Inc . `` The House That Steel Built : A Showcase of Interesting and Aesthetic Projects '' ( PDF ) . Business Literature . American Institute of Steel Construction . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( see Larry G. Keeter , `` Elvis Is In the Building , '' `` Elvis International Forum , '' Summer 2000 , pp. 28 -- 29 ) Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall announces ' Rock , Power and Politics ' exhibit to coincide with Republican National Convention '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall exhibit lays out Rolling Stone magazine 's remarkable impact '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` '' Just Ca n't Get Enough : The Photography of Robert Alford '' opens Sept. 19 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum `` . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum / Past Exhibits '' . Official Website . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` ' Herb Ritts : The Rock Portraits ' : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's captivating exhibit spotlights photographer 's skill at capturing stars ' essence ( review ) '' . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hake , A. `` Rock Hall Announces Black History Month Events '' . Article . WOIO / 19 Action News . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D.X. , Ferris . `` Slash , Billy Gibbons Jam for Les Paul at Rock Hall 's American Music Master 's Concert '' . Article . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Laura . `` Rock Hall to honor Janis Joplin in American Music Masters series '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Aretha Franklin Honored in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame American Music Masters Tribute '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick . `` Chuck Berry Praises Obama , Laments Fading Health '' . Article . Rolling Stones Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ - The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' . Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock '' . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artcom Museums Tour : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum , Cleveland , OH - Moving Companies '' . Jump up ^ `` Experience The Music : One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel is surprise guest at Rock and Roll Hall of Fame concert '' . NJ.com . Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams / Ap . `` Jagger , Springsteen , Black Eyed Peas jam with U2 at rock hall concert '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams / AP . `` Songs for HBO 's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame special announced '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Induction Process . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ WENN . `` Late Ertegun Honoured With New Hall Of Fame Award '' . Contactmusic.com . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Opens Archives to the Public '' . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary . `` Rock Hall Opening Library and Archives This Week '' . Article . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock Hall Library and Archives set to open Tuesday '' . article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Godmother of Rock & Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . BBC Four . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Godmother of Rock and Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . PBS . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Yule - Story '' . ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , Janet ( December 3 , 2011 ) . `` Battle of the Bands ( and Egos ) for the Rock Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Mike ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Getting progressive : The Rock Hall votes in Genesis . Is Yes or Procol Harum next ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Dispute rocks the hall '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( January 12 , 2007 ) . `` Three strikes , they 're in '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Sex Pistols -- The Filth and the Fury . February 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Transcript : Paul Resnikoff , `` I 'm Charlotte Church . And This Is How Women Are Routinely Demoralized by the Music Industry ... , '' Digital Media News , October 15 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 6 Music - The John Peel Lecture - Downloads '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Chapa , Yuridia , `` Misogyny in Rock '' Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : Inductees '' . Jump up ^ https://pitchfork.com/news/64693-steve-miller-rips-the-rock-and-roll-hall-of-fame/ Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall denies vote fix report '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna leads list of Rock Hall inductees '' . CNN . Associated Press . 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nesmith , Michael . `` '' Should The Monkees be included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ? `` , you ask '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCombs , Joseph ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Hey , Hey Let Them In : 10 Reasons The Monkees Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hirsh , Marc . `` NOW Can We Induct The Monkees Into The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame ? '' . NPR Radio . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : The top 5 biggest omissions '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marder , Phill . `` No Monkee business allowed in the Rock Hall of Fame ? '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marder , Phill. `` 10 more bands snubbed by the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoskyns , Barney . `` Why Are n't the Monkees In the Rock and Roll of Fame ? '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sclafani , Tony . `` Hey hey , it 's the fans who want the Monkees in the Rock Hall '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Official website Library and Archives SiriusXM.com : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Radio City of Cleveland Topics History ( Timeline ) Demographics Economy Historic Places Media Mass Transit Nicknames Notable People Sports Skyscrapers Attractions A Christmas Story House Children 's Museum of Cleveland Cleveland Botanical Garden Cleveland Cultural Gardens Cleveland Orchestra ( Severance Hall ) Cleveland Metroparks Zoo Cleveland Museum of Art Cleveland Museum of Natural History Cleveland Play House Dittrick Museum of Medical History Great Lakes Science Center Greater Cleveland Aquarium International Women 's Air & Space Museum Jack Cleveland Casino Lake View Cemetery ( James A. 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when does tom holland first appear in marvel

Spider - Man : Homecoming

spider - man : homecoming

2017 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios and Columbia Pictures Spider - Man : Homecoming Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon Watts Produced by Kevin Feige Amy Pascal Screenplay by Jonathan Goldstein John Francis Daley Jon Watts Christopher Ford Chris McKenna Erik Sommers Story by Jonathan Goldstein John Francis Daley Based on Spider - Man by Stan Lee Steve Ditko Starring Tom Holland Michael Keaton Jon Favreau Zendaya Donald Glover Tyne Daly Marisa Tomei Robert Downey Jr . Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Salvatore Totino Edited by Dan Lebental Debbie Berman Production companies Columbia Pictures Marvel Studios Pascal Pictures Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 million Box office $880.2 million Spider - Man : Homecoming is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Spider - Man , co-produced by Columbia Pictures and Marvel Studios , and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing . It is the second Spider - Man film reboot and the sixteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Jon Watts , from a screenplay by the writing teams of Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley , Watts and Christopher Ford , and Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers . Tom Holland stars as Peter Parker / Spider - Man , alongside Michael Keaton , Jon Favreau , Zendaya , Donald Glover , Tyne Daly , Marisa Tomei , and Robert Downey Jr . In Spider - Man : Homecoming , Peter Parker tries to balance high school life with being Spider - Man , while facing the Vulture . In February 2015 , Marvel Studios and Sony reached a deal to share the character rights of Spider - Man , integrating the character into the established MCU . The following June , Holland was cast as the title character and Watts was hired to direct . This was followed shortly by the hiring of Daley and Goldstein . In April 2016 , the film 's title was revealed , along with additional cast , including Downey in his MCU role of Tony Stark / Iron Man . Principal photography began in June 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , and continued in Atlanta , Los Angeles , and New York City . The other screenwriters were revealed during filming , which concluded in Berlin in October 2016 . The production team made efforts to differentiate the film from previous Spider - Man films . Spider - Man : Homecoming premiered in Hollywood on June 28 , 2017 , and was released in the United States in 3D , IMAX , and IMAX 3D on July 7 , 2017 . Homecoming grossed over $880 million worldwide , making it the second-most successful Spider - Man film and the sixth - highest - grossing film of 2017 . It received praise for the light tone and focus on Parker 's high school life , and the performances of Holland and Keaton . A sequel , Spider - Man : Far From Home , is scheduled to be released on July 5 , 2019 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.4. 1 Visual effects 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot Following the Battle of New York , Adrian Toomes and his salvage company are contracted to clean up the city , but their operation is taken over by the Department of Damage Control ( D.O.D.C. ) , a partnership between Tony Stark and the U.S. government . Enraged at being driven out of business , Toomes persuades his employees to keep the Chitauri technology they have already scavenged and use it to create and sell advanced weapons . Eight years later , Peter Parker is drafted into the Avengers by Stark to help with an internal dispute , but resumes his studies at the Midtown School of Science and Technology when Stark tells him he is not yet ready to become a full Avenger . Parker quits his school 's academic decathlon team to spend more time focusing on his crime - fighting activities as Spider - Man . One night , after preventing criminals from robbing an ATM with their advanced weapons from Toomes , Parker returns to his Queens apartment where his best friend Ned discovers his secret identity . On another night , Parker comes across Toomes ' associates Jackson Brice / Shocker and Herman Schultz selling weapons to local criminal Aaron Davis . Parker saves Davis before being caught by Toomes and dropped in a lake , nearly drowning after becoming tangled in a parachute built into his suit . He is rescued by Stark , who is monitoring the Spider - Man suit he gave Parker and warns him against further involvement with the criminals . Toomes accidentally kills Brice with one of their weapons , and Schultz becomes the new Shocker . Parker and Ned study a weapon left behind by Brice , removing its power core . When a tracking device on Schultz leads to Maryland , Parker rejoins the decathlon team and accompanies them to Washington , D.C. for their national tournament . Ned and Parker disable the tracker Stark implanted in the Spider - Man suit , and unlock its advanced features . Parker tries to stop Toomes from stealing weapons from a D.O.D.C. truck , but is trapped inside the truck , causing him to miss the decathlon tournament . When he discovers that the power core is an unstable Chitauri grenade , Parker races to the Washington Monument where the core explodes and traps Ned and their friends in an elevator . Evading local authorities , Parker saves his friends , including his fellow classmate and crush Liz . Returning to New York City , Parker persuades Davis to reveal Toomes ' whereabouts . Aboard the Staten Island Ferry , Parker captures Toomes ' new buyer Mac Gargan , but Toomes escapes and a malfunctioning weapon tears the ferry in half . Stark helps Parker save the passengers and takes away the suit as a result of his recklessness . Parker returns to his high school life , and eventually asks Liz to go to the homecoming dance with him . On the night of the dance , Parker learns that Toomes is Liz 's father . Deducing Parker 's secret identity from Liz 's account about him , Toomes threatens retaliation if he interferes with his plans . During the dance , Parker realizes Toomes is planning to hijack a D.O.D.C. plane transporting weapons from Avengers Tower to the team 's new headquarters , dons his old homemade Spider - Man suit and races to Toomes ' lair . He is first ambushed by Schultz , but defeats him with the help of Ned . At the lair , Toomes destroys the building 's support beams and leaves Parker to die . Parker escapes the rubble and intercepts the plane , steering it to crash on the beach near Coney Island . He and Toomes continue fighting , ending with Parker saving Toomes ' life after the damaged Vulture suit explodes , and leaving him for the police along with the plane 's cargo . After her father 's arrest , Liz moves away , and Parker declines an invitation from Stark to join the Avengers full - time . Stark returns Parker 's suit , which he puts on at his apartment just as his Aunt May walks in . In a mid-credits scene , an incarcerated Gargan approaches Toomes in prison . Gargan has heard that Toomes knows Spider - Man 's real identity , which Toomes denies . Cast ( L : R ) Tom Holland , Laura Harrier , Tony Revolori , Jacob Batalon , Zendaya , and director Jon Watts promoting Spider - Man : Homecoming at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International . Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man : A 15 - year - old who gained spider - like abilities after being bitten by a genetically - modified spider . Producers Kevin Feige and Amy Pascal were impressed by Holland 's performances in The Impossible ( 2012 ) , Wolf Hall ( 2015 ) , and In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) . Holland took inspiration from previous Spider - Man actors Tobey Maguire and Andrew Garfield , but also hoped to deliver something `` new and exciting '' with his take on the character , the first to focus on Parker as `` dealing with everyday problems that a 15 - year - old deals with as well as trying to save the city . '' Holland attended The Bronx High School of Science in The Bronx for a few days to prepare for the role , where other students did not believe he was cast as Spider - Man . Holland felt this would carry over well to the film , where other characters do not suspect Parker of being Spider - Man . It took 25 to 45 minutes for Holland to get into costume , depending on if he had to wear a stunt harness underneath the suit . Holland initially signed for six MCU films , including three Spider - Man films . Michael Keaton as Adrian Toomes / Vulture : A salvager - turned - arms - trafficker after his company is forced out of business . He uses a suit with mechanical wings forged from Chitauri technology . Toomes is revealed to be the father of Liz , Parker 's love interest . Director Jon Watts wanted him to be a `` regular guy '' , closer to John C. Reilly 's Nova Corpsman Rhomann Dey from Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) than other MCU villains like Thanos and Ultron , to go with Spider - Man as a `` regular kid who becomes a superhero '' . This helped avoid Toomes drawing the attention of the Avengers , and provided someone that Parker would be able to defeat while still learning to use his abilities . Keaton said Toomes was not completely villainous , as `` there 's parts of him that you go , ' You know what ? I might see his point ' . '' Co-producer Eric Hauserman Carroll likened Toomes to `` the dark Tony Stark '' , a `` businessman with a family . He wants to look out for his kids ... He does n't have these big delusions of grandeur where he wants to take over the world , or replace the government , or even defeat the Avengers or anything . He just wants his shot at the good life . '' Keaton was not hesitant to portray another comic book character after playing Batman in Tim Burton 's 1989 film and its 1992 sequel . Jon Favreau as Harold `` Happy '' Hogan : The former head of security for Stark Industries and Tony Stark 's driver and bodyguard . Hogan is `` looking after '' Parker in the film , with Favreau saying that Parker `` needs someone to help him out '' . Favreau previously portrayed Hogan in the Iron Man films , having also directed the first two of those , and described returning as just an actor as fun , allowing him `` to maintain the relationship with the MCU ... Especially when the filmmakers are taking care of you , and taking care of the characters and the story . '' Zendaya as Michelle `` MJ '' Jones : One of Parker 's classmates , Zendaya called her awkward but intellectual , `` she just feels like she does n't need to talk to people '' . She added that it was `` refreshing '' that Michelle was weird and different , feeling that `` a lot of young people -- especially young women -- can relate to that . '' Watts likened the character to Ally Sheedy 's Allison Reynolds from The Breakfast Club ( 1985 ) or Linda Cardellini 's Lindsay Weir from Freaks and Geeks ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . The character is not an adaptation of Mary Jane Watson , but was given the initials `` MJ '' to `` remind you of that dynamic '' , with the writers `` plant ( ing ) the seeds in this movie '' for comparisons to Watson , but also making her `` wholly different '' . Feige added that Michelle is `` not obsessed with '' Parker like Watson is at times in the comics , `` she 's just observant '' . Donald Glover as Aaron Davis : A criminal looking to purchase weapons from Toomes . Davis is the uncle of Miles Morales , a version of Spider - Man , in the comics . Glover voiced Morales in the Ultimate Spider - Man television series , and campaigned to portray Spider - Man in a film in 2010 . Watts was aware of the campaign , and as soon as he was hired he asked Feige about casting Glover . The role was designed as `` a surprise treat for fans '' , with Davis mentioning his nephew to set up Morales potentially appearing in a future MCU film . Tyne Daly as Anne Marie Hoag : The head of the U.S. Department of Damage Control . Marisa Tomei as May Parker : Peter 's aunt . First reports of Tomei 's casting caused backlash on social media , with comic book fans opining that the actress was `` too young and attractive to portray the character '' , especially after the character had previously been depicted by actresses older than Tomei . Regarding the casting , Captain America : Civil War co-writer Stephen McFeely said that , for the MCU , they were trying to make Peter `` as naturalistic as possible ... That 's partly why his aunt is n't 80 years old ; if she 's the sister of his dead mother , why does she have to be two generations ahead ? '' Carroll added that the creative team was looking for more of a `` big sister '' or someone closer in age to Peter Parker in the casting process . After researching the character , Tomei did make `` a case to age me up , but no they did n't do it '' . Tomei felt there was a `` blank slate '' from which she could develop the character , and talked to Watts about May being `` a community organizer or invested in the neighborhood '' to indicate where Peter 's values come from . Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : A self - described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own invention , who is Parker 's mentor and is the creator of the U.S. Department of Damage Control . Sony Pictures Motion Picture Group chairman Thomas Rothman noted that , beyond the commercial advantage of featuring Downey in the film , the inclusion of Stark was important due to the relationship established between him and Parker in Captain America : Civil War . Watts noted that after Stark 's actions in Civil War , introducing Parker to life as an Avenger , there are `` a lot of repercussions to that . Is it a first step towards Tony as some sort of mentor figure ? Is he comfortable with that ? '' Co-writer Jonathan Goldstein compared Stark to Ethan Hawke 's father character in Boyhood ( 2014 ) . Additionally , Gwyneth Paltrow , Kerry Condon , and Chris Evans reprise their roles as Pepper Potts , F.R.I.D.A.Y. , and Steve Rogers / Captain America from previous MCU films , respectively . Rogers appears in public service announcements played at Parker 's school . Jacob Batalon portrays Parker 's best friend Ned , a `` complete gamer '' , whom Batalon described as `` the quintessential best guy , the best man , the number two guy , the guy in the chair '' for Parker . Marvel used Ned Leeds as a basis for the character , who does not have a last name in the script or film , but essentially created their own character with him . Carroll said that Ned and other characters in the film are composites of several of their favorites from Spider - Man comics , and while Ned may eventually wind up with the last name `` Leeds '' , it is not a certainty . Laura Harrier portrays Liz , a senior , Parker 's love interest , and Toomes ' daughter , with a `` type - A '' personality . Tony Revolori plays Eugene `` Flash '' Thompson , Parker 's rival and classmate . It was noted that the character is generally depicted as a white bully in the comics ; the Guatemalan American actor received death threats upon his casting . Revolori worked hard `` to do him justice '' , as he is an important character to the fans . Rather than being a physically imposing jock , Thompson was re-imagined as `` a rich , smug kid '' to reflect modern views of bullying , by crafting him more into a social media bully and rival for Parker opposed to a jock ; this depiction was largely informed by Holland 's visit to The Bronx High School of Science . Revolori said that Thompson has to work hard to match Parker 's intelligence , which is `` one of the reasons he does n't like Peter . Everyone else seems to like Peter , so he 's like , why do n't they like me like they like him ? '' Revolori gained 60 lb ( 27 kg ) for the role . Garcelle Beauvais portrays Doris Toomes , Adrian 's wife and Liz 's mother , and Jennifer Connelly provides the voice of Karen , the A.I. in Parker 's suit . Hemky Madera appears as Mr. Delmar , the owner of a local bodega . Bokeem Woodbine and Logan Marshall - Green respectively play Herman Schultz and Jackson Brice , both incarnations of Shocker ; they are accomplices of Toomes who use modified , vibro - blast shooting versions of Crossbones ' gauntlets . Michael Chernus plays Phineas Mason / Tinkerer , Michael Mando appears as Mac Gargan , and Christopher Berry appears as Randy . Faculty at Parker 's high school include : Kenneth Choi , who previously played Jim Morita in the MCU , as Jim 's descendant Principal Morita ; Hannibal Buress as Coach Wilson , the school 's gym teacher , who he described as `` one of the dumbass characters that do n't realize ( Parker is ) Spider - Man '' ; Martin Starr , who previously had a non-speaking role in The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) , as Mr. Harrington , a teacher and academic decathlon coach ; Selenis Leyva as Ms. Warren ; Tunde Adebimpe as Mr. Cobbwell ; and John Penick as Mr. Hapgood . Parker 's classmates include : Isabella Amara as Sally ; Jorge Lendeborg Jr. as Jason Ionello ; J.J. Totah as Seymour ; Abraham Attah as Abraham ; Tiffany Espensen as Cindy ; Angourie Rice as Betty Brant ; Michael Barbieri as Charles ; and Ethan Dizon as Tiny . Martha Kelly appears in the film as a tour guide , and Kirk Thatcher makes a cameo appearance as a `` punk '' , a homage to his role in Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home . Spider - Man co-creator Stan Lee also has a cameo , as a New York City apartment resident named Gary who witnesses Parker 's confrontation with a neighbor . Jona Xiao was cast in an undisclosed role , but did not appear in the final film . Production Development See also : The Amazing Spider - Man 2 § Cancelled franchise and second reboot `` There are so many things from the comics that have n't been done yet ... stories ( that Spider - Man is ) in high school for a lot of it . We want to explore that . That also makes him very , very different from any of our other characters in the MCU '' -- Kevin Feige , President of Marvel Studios Following the November 2014 hacking of Sony 's computers , emails between Sony Pictures Entertainment Co-Chairman Amy Pascal and president Doug Belgrad were released , stating that Sony wanted Marvel Studios to produce a new trilogy of Spider - Man films while Sony retained `` creative control , marketing and distribution '' . Discussions between Sony and Marvel broke down , and Sony planned to proceed with its own slate of Spider - Man films . However , in February 2015 , Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that they would release a new Spider - Man film , with Kevin Feige and Pascal producing ( the latter through her company Pascal Pictures ) . The character would first appear in an earlier Marvel Cinematic Universe film , later revealed to be Captain America : Civil War . Marvel Studios would explore opportunities to integrate MCU characters into future Spider - Man films , which Sony Pictures would continue to finance , distribute , and have final creative control over . Both studios have the ability to terminate the agreement at any point , and no money was exchanged with the deal . However , a small adjustment was made to a 2011 deal that gave Marvel full control of Spider - Man 's merchandising rights , in exchange for a one - time payment of $175 million to Sony and paying up to $35 million for each future Spider - Man film rather than receiving their previous 5 % of a Spider - Man film 's revenue -- Marvel could now reduce their $35 million payment if the co-produced film grossed more than $750 million . Lone Star Funds also co-financed the film with Sony , via its LSC Film Corporation deal , covering 25 % of the $175 million budget , while Columbia Pictures officially served as co-producer with Marvel Studios . Sony also paid Marvel Studios an undisclosed producer fee . Marvel had been working to add Spider - Man to the Marvel Cinematic Universe since at least October 2014 , when they announced their slate of Phase Three films , with Feige saying , `` Marvel does n't announce anything officially until it 's set in stone . So we went forward with that Plan A in October , with the Plan B being , if ( the deal ) were to happen with Sony , how it would all shift . We 've been thinking about ( the Spider - Man film ) as long as we 've been thinking about Phase Three . '' Avi Arad and Matt Tolmach , producers for The Amazing Spider - Man series , were set to serve as executive producers , with neither director Marc Webb nor actor Andrew Garfield returning for the new film . Sony was reportedly looking for an actor younger than Garfield to play Spider - Man , with Logan Lerman and Dylan O'Brien considered front - runners . In March 2015 , Drew Goddard was being considered to write and direct the film , while O'Brien said he had not been approached for the role . Goddard , who was previously attached to a Sony film based on the Sinister Six , later said he declined to work on the new film as he thought he `` did n't really have an idea '' for it and struggled with the idea of working on a new film after spending a year working on the Sinister Six film and being in that mindset . The next month , while promoting Avengers : Age of Ultron , Feige said the character of Peter Parker would be around 15 to 16 years old in the film , which would not be an origin story , since `` there have been two retellings of that origin in the last ( thirteen years , so ) we are going to take it for granted that people know that , and the specifics '' . Parker 's Uncle Ben is still referenced in the film , but not by name . Later in April , Nat Wolff , Asa Butterfield , Tom Holland , Timothée Chalamet , and Liam James were under consideration by Sony and Marvel to play Spider - Man , with Holland and Butterfield the front - runners . In May 2015 , Jonathan Levine , Ted Melfi , Jason Moore , the writing team of John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein , and Jared Hess were being considered to direct the film . Butterfield , Holland , Judah Lewis , Matthew Lintz , Charlie Plummer , and Charlie Rowe screen tested for the lead role against Robert Downey Jr. , who portrays Tony Stark / Iron Man in the MCU , for `` chemistry '' . The six were chosen out of a search of over 1,500 actors to test in front of Feige , Pascal , and the Russo brothers -- the directors of Captain America : Civil War . By early June 2015 , Levine and Melfi had become the favorites to direct the film , with Daley and Goldstein , and Jon Watts also in consideration , while Feige and Pascal narrowed the actors considered to Holland and Rowe , with both screen testing with Downey again . Holland also tested with Chris Evans , who portrays Steve Rogers / Captain America in the MCU , and emerged as the favorite . On June 23 , Marvel and Sony officially announced that Holland would star as Spider - Man , and that Watts would direct the film . The Russos `` were pretty vocal about who ( sic ) ( they ) wanted for the part '' , pushing to cast an actor close to the age of Peter Parker in order to differentiate from the previous portrayals . They also praised Holland for having a dancing and gymnastics background . Watts was able to read the Civil War script , talk with the Russos , and was on set for the filming of Spider - Man 's scenes in that film . He was able to `` see what they were doing with it '' and provide `` ideas about this and that '' , including what Parker 's bedroom and wardrobe looked like `` so that my movie transitions seamlessly with theirs '' . On joining the MCU and directing the film , Watts said he was excited to explore the `` ground level '' of the MCU , a world where characters like the Avengers exist but have only been depicted in previous films at `` the Penthouse level of the Marvel world '' . Before getting the job of director , Watts created images of Nick Fury as Parker 's mentor in the story in early `` mood reels '' saying , `` I do n't know what the situation would be , but that would be a person he 'd want to get in trouble with . '' Feige said the films of John Hughes would be a major influence and that Parker 's personal growth and development would be just as important as his role as Spider - Man . He noted that `` at that age , in high school , everything feels like life or death '' . He also said that the film hoped to use one of Spider - Man 's rogues that have not been seen in film yet , and that filming would begin in June 2016 . In July 2015 , it was reported that Marisa Tomei had been offered the role of May Parker , Peter 's aunt . It was also revealed that Daley and Goldstein , after missing out on the director role , had begun negotiations to write the screenplay , and were given three days to present Marvel with their pitch ; both confirmed shortly after that they had reached a deal to write the screenplay . The pair had proposed a take on the character that was `` diametrically opposed '' to the previous Spider - Man films , creating a laundry list of all the elements seen in those films and actively trying to avoid re-using them . They chose to focus on the high school aspects of the character rather than the `` drama and weight of the tragedy that leads to the origin of Spider - Man '' . They felt this would differentiate him from the other MCU superheroes as well . Daley said the film was about Parker `` finding his place '' in the MCU , with the writing team wanting the film to focus on him `` coming to terms with his new abilities and not yet being good with them , and carrying with him some real human fears and weaknesses '' , such as a fear of heights when he has to scale the Washington Monument . Daley noted , `` Even within the context of this movie , I do n't think you would feel that fear of heights or even the vertigo the audience feels in that scene if you establish him as swinging from skyscrapers at the top of the movie . '' The writers also wanted to avoid the skyscrapers of Manhattan because of how often they were used in the other films , and instead wrote the character into locations such as `` the suburbs , on a golf course , the Staten Island Ferry , Coney Island , and even Washington D.C. '' One of the first sequences they pitched was `` seeing Spider - Man attached to a plane 10,000 feet up in the air , where he had absolutely no safety net ... you 're familiar with the sort of areas he 's been in , ( so ) why not turn it on its head and make it something different that people have n't seen before ? '' The pair conceded that the film took a more grounded , `` low - stakes '' approach than previous films , which avoided having to explain why the Avengers were not helping , since a world - threatening problem would logically require the `` big guys '' . Marvel encouraged Daley and Goldstein to express their own sense of humor in the script , with Daley saying , `` When you 're seeing the world through the eyes of a fun , funny kid , you can really embrace that voice , and not give him the cookie - cutter one - liners that you 're so accustomed to hearing from Peter Parker . '' Inspired by their experiences working on sit - coms , the writers also looked to create `` a network of strong characters '' to surround Parker with in the film . In October 2015 , Watts said he was looking to make the film a coming - of - age story to see the growth of Parker , citing Ca n't Buy Me Love ( 1987 ) , Say Anything ... ( 1989 ) , and Almost Famous ( 2000 ) as some of his favorite films in that genre . It was this aspect of the film that had initially got Watts interested in directing it , as he had already been looking to make a coming - of - age story when he heard that the new Spider - Man would be younger than previous incarnations . Watts re-read the original Spider - Man comics in preparation for the film , and `` came to a new realization '' about the character 's original popularity , feeling that he introduced a new perspective to the comics that had already established `` a crazy spectacular Marvel Universe ... to give a regular person 's perspective on it '' . He felt that this was also the responsibility of this film , since it had to introduce Spider - Man to the already established MCU . Specific comics that Watts noted as potential influences were Ultimate Spider - Man and Spider - Man Loves Mary Jane . In December , Oliver Scholl signed on to be the production designer for the film . Pre-production Watts promoting Spider - Man : Homecoming at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . Watts wanted to heavily pre-visualize the film , especially its action sequences , as he does on all his films . For Homecoming , Watts worked with a team to `` figure out the visual language for the action sequences and ... try stuff out before '' filming began to help Watts practice given his lack of experience working on large - scale films . For the `` web - slinging '' sequences , Watts wanted to avoid the big `` swoopy '' camera moves that had been previously used and instead `` keep it all as grounded as possible . So , whether it was shooting with a drone camera or a helicopter or a cable - cam , or even just handheld , up on a roof chasing after him , I wanted it to feel like we were there with him . '' In January 2016 , Sony shifted the film 's release date to July 7 , 2017 , and said the film would be digitally remastered for IMAX 3D in post-production . J.K. Simmons expressed interest in reprising his role as J. Jonah Jameson from Sam Raimi 's Spider - Man films . In early March , Zendaya was cast in the film as Michelle , and Tomei was confirmed as May Parker . The following month , Feige confirmed that characters from previous MCU films would appear , and clarified that the deal formed with Sony does not specify which characters can and can not crossover . He noted that the sharing between the studios was done with `` good faith '' in order `` to have more toys to play with as we put together a story '' , and that `` the agreement was that it is very much a Sony Pictures movie ... we are the creative producers . We are the ones hiring the actor , introducing him in ( Civil War ) , and then working right now on the script and soon to be shooting . '' Sony Pictures chairman Thomas Rothman further added that Sony has final greenlight authority , but were deferring creatively to Marvel . At CinemaCon 2016 , Sony announced the title of the film to be Spider - Man : Homecoming , a reference to the common high school tradition homecoming as well as the character `` coming home '' to Marvel and the MCU . Tony Revolori and Laura Harrier joined the cast as classmates of Parker 's , and Downey Jr. was revealed to be in the film as Stark . Watts noted that Stark `` was always a part of '' the films ' story because of his interactions with Parker in Civil War . Also in April , Michael Keaton entered talks to play a villain , but dropped out of discussions shortly thereafter due to scheduling conflicts with The Founder . He soon reentered talks for the role after a change in schedule for that film , and closed the deal in late May . In June , Michael Barbieri was cast as a friend of Parker 's , Kenneth Choi was cast as Parker 's high school principal , and Logan Marshall - Green was cast as another villain alongside Keaton 's character , while Donald Glover and Martin Starr joined the cast in undisclosed roles . Watts said that he wanted the cast to reflect Queens as `` one of ( the ) most diverse places in the world '' , with Feige adding that `` we want everyone to recognize themselves in every portion of our universe . ( With this cast ) especially , it really feels like this is absolutely what has to happen and continue . '' This is also different from the previous films , which Feige described as being `` set in a lily - white Queens '' . Additionally , Marvel made a conscious decision to mostly avoid including or referencing characters who appeared in previous Spider - Man films , outside of major ones like Peter and May Parker , and Flash Thompson . This included The Daily Bugle , with co-producer Eric Hauserman Carroll saying , `` We toyed with it for a while , but again , we did n't want to go down that road right away , and if we do do a Daily Bugle , we want to do it in a way that feels contemporary . '' This also included the character Mary Jane Watson , but Zendaya 's Michelle was eventually given the initials `` MJ '' as a nod to that character . Feige said that the point of this is `` to have fun with ( references ) while at the same time having it be different characters that can provide a different dynamic '' . Spider - Man 's costume in the film has more technical improvements than the previous suits , including the logo on the chest being a remote drone , an AI system similar to Stark 's J.A.R.V.I.S. , a holographic interface , a parachute , a tracking device for Stark to track Parker , a heater , an airbag , the ability to light up , and the ability to augment reality with the eye pieces . Stark also builds in a `` training wheels '' protocol , to initially limit Parker 's access to all of its features . Carroll noted Marvel went through the comics and `` pull ( ed ) out all the sort of fun and wacky things the suit did '' to include in the Homecoming suit . Spider - Man 's web shooters have various settings , first teased at the end of Civil War , which Carroll explained allowed him to `` adjust the spray '' to different settings like the spinning web , web ball , or ricochet web . He compared this to a DSLR camera . Filming Principal photography began on June 20 , 2016 , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , under the working title Summer of George . Salvatore Totino served as director of photography . Filming also took place in Atlanta , with locations including Grady High School , Downtown Atlanta , the Atlanta Marriott Marquis , Piedmont Park , the Georgia World Congress Center , and the West End neighborhood . Holland said building New York sets in Atlanta was cheaper than actually filming in New York , a location closely associated with the character , though the production may `` end up ( in New York ) for one week or two '' . A replica of the Staten Island Ferry was built in Atlanta , with the ability to open and close in half in 10 to 12 seconds and be flooded with 40,000 gallons of water in 8 seconds . Additional filming also occurred at two magnet schools in the Van Nuys and Reseda neighborhoods of Los Angeles . Casting continued after the start of production , with the inclusion of Isabella Amara , Jorge Lendeborg Jr. , J.J. Totah , Hannibal Buress , Selenis Leyva , Abraham Attah , Michael Mando , Tyne Daly , Garcelle Beauvais , Tiffany Espensen , and Angourie Rice in unspecified roles , with Bokeem Woodbine joining as an additional villain . At San Diego Comic - Con International 2016 , Marvel confirmed the castings of Keaton , Zendaya , Glover , Harrier , Revolori , Daly , and Woodbine , while revealing Zendaya , Harrier , and Revolori 's roles as Michelle , Liz Allan , and Flash Thompson , respectively , and announcing the casting of Jacob Batalon as Ned . It was also revealed that the Vulture would be the film 's villain , while the writing teams of Watts and Christopher Ford , and Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers , joined Goldstein and Daley in writing the screenplay , from Goldstein and Daley 's story . Eric Pearson , a member of Marvel Studios ' writing program who had written the Marvel One - Shot films , did uncredited work on the film as well . Watts praised Goldstein and Daley 's drafts as `` really fun and funny '' , and said that they `` sort of established the broad strokes of the movie '' , with him and Ford , close friends since childhood , then re-writing the script based on specific ideas that Watts had and things that he wanted to film , which he said was a `` pretty substantial structural pass , rearranging things and building it into the sort of story arc we wanted it to be . '' McKenna and Sommers then joined the film to deal with changes to the script during filming , as `` it 's all a little bit flexible when you get to set . You try things out , and you just need someone to be writing while you 're shooting . '' Harrier noted that the young actors in the film `` constantly refer to ourselves as The Breakfast Club '' . Shortly after , Martha Kelly joined the cast in an unspecified role . In August , Michael Chernus was cast as Phineas Mason / Tinkerer , while Jona Xiao joined the cast in an unspecified role , and Buress said he was playing a gym teacher . By September 2016 , Jon Favreau was reprising his role as Happy Hogan from the Iron Man series , and filming concluded in Atlanta and moved to New York City . Locations in the latter area included Astoria , Queens , St. George , Staten Island , Manhattan , and Franklin K. Lane High School in Brooklyn . Additionally , UFC fighter Tyron Woodley said he had been considered for a villain role in the film , but had to drop out due to a prior commitment with Fox Sports . Principal photography wrapped on October 2 , 2016 , in New York City , with some additional filming taking place later in the month in Berlin , Germany , near the Brandenburg Gate . Post-production In November 2016 , Feige confirmed that Keaton would play Adrian Toomes / Vulture , while Woodbine was revealed as Herman Schultz / Shocker . In March 2017 , Harrier said the film was undergoing re-shoots , and Evans was set to appear as Steve Rogers / Captain America in an instructional fitness video . Watts was inspired by The President 's Fitness Challenge for this , feeling that Captain America would be the obvious version of that for the MCU . He then started brainstorming other public service announcements ( PSA ) starring Captain America , about `` just anything you could think of , we had poor Captain America do it '' . Watts said that many of the additional PSA videos would be featured on the home media of the film . Watts confirmed that the company Stark creates that leads Toomes on his villainous path in the film is Damage Control , which Watts felt `` just fit in with our overall philosophy with the kind of story we wanted to tell '' and created a lot of practical questions Watts wanted to use `` to drive the story '' . The film features multiple post-credit scenes . The first gives the Vulture a chance at redemption , showing him protect Parker from another villain . Watts said this `` was a really interesting thing in the development of the story . You could n't just rely on the tropes of the villain being a murderer and killing a bunch of people . He had to be redeemable in some capacity in the end and that he believes everything he said , especially about his family . '' The second post-credits scene is an additional Captain America PSA , where he talks about the value of patience -- a joke at the expense of the audience , who have just waited through the film 's credits to see the scene . This was a `` last - minute addition '' to the film . Watts completed work on Homecoming at the beginning of June 2017 , approving the final visual effects shots . He stated that he had never been told that he could not do something by Marvel or Sony , saying , `` You assume you 'll have to fight for every little weird thing you wan na do , but I did n't really ever run into that . I got to do kind of everything I wanted to . '' That month , Starr explained that he was playing the academic decathlon coach at Parker 's high school , and Marshall - Green was said to be portraying another Shocker . In July , Feige discussed specific moments in the film , including an homage to The Amazing Spider - Man issue 33 where Parker is trapped underneath rubble , something Feige `` wanted to see in a movie for a long , long time '' . Daley said that they added the scene to the script because of how much Feige wanted it , and explained , `` We have ( Parker ) starting the scene with such self - doubt and helplessness , in a way that you really see the kid . You feel for him . He 's screaming for help , because he does n't think he can do it , and then ... he kind of realizes that that 's been his biggest problem . '' Feige compared the film 's final scene , where Parker accidentally reveals that he is Spider - Man to his Aunt May , to the ending of Iron Man when Stark reveals that he is Iron Man to the world , saying , `` What does that mean for the next movie ? I do n't know , but it will force us to do something unique . '' Goldstein added that it `` diminishes what is often the most trivial part of superhero worlds , which is finding your secret . It takes the emphasis off that ( and ) lets her become part of what 's really his life . '' Feige also talked about the film 's revelation that the Vulture is the father of Parker 's love interest , feeling that if it did not work , the film would not work . The team `` worked backwards and forwards from that moment ... You had to believe that we had set it up so that you would buy it ( and it ) does n't seem like something out of left field '' . Watts said the revelation scene and the following interactions between the Vulture and Parker were , `` more than anything else , ( what ) I was looking forward to , and I got to have a lot of fun shooting that stuff '' . Goldstein said the scene after the reveal , where Vulture realizes that Parker is Spider - Man while driving him to the school dance , was the moment he was most proud of in the film , and Daley said that scene 's effect on audiences was the dramatic equivalent of an audience laughing at a joke they had written . He added that the writers were `` giddy when we first came up with ( that twist ) , because it 's taking the obvious tension of meeting the father of the girl that you have a crush on , and multiplying it by 1,000 , when you also realize he 's the guy you 've been trying to stop the whole time . '' Visual effects Trixter used a LIDAR scan of Grand Central Terminal from The Avengers to help create their CGI version ( bottom ) , adding to the elements filmed on set ( top ) . Visual effects for the film were completed by Sony Pictures Imageworks , Method Studios , Luma Pictures , Digital Domain , Cantina Creative , Iloura , Trixter , and Industrial Light & Magic . Executive producer Victoria Alonso initially did not want Imageworks , which worked on all previous Spider - Man films , to work on Homecoming , in order to give it a different look than those earlier films . She changed her mind after seeing what she called `` phenomenal '' test material from the vendor . Trixter contributed over 300 shots for the film , including : the opening scene at Grand Central Terminal ; the sequence that retells the events of Civil War from Parker 's perspective ; the sequence where Toomes takes Liz and Parker to the dance ; the school battle between Parker and Schultz ; and the scene around and within the Avengers compound . They also worked on both Spider - Man suits and the spider tracer . Trixter created additional salvage workers to populate the Grand Central scene , whose clothes and proportions were able to be altered to create variation . For the battle between Parker and Schultz , Trixter used an all - digital Spider - Man in his homemade suit , which came from Imageworks , with Trixter applying a rigging , muscle and cloth system to it `` to mimic the appearance of the rather loose training suit '' . They also created the effects for Schultz 's gauntlets and had to change the setting from the Atlanta set to Queens , by using a CGI school and adding 360 degrees of matte paintings for the mid to far distance elements . Trixter received concept art and basic geometry that was used previously for the Avengers compound , but ended up remodeling it for the way it appears in Homecoming . Models and textures for Spider - Man 's Avengers costume were created by Framestore for use in a future MCU film , with Trixter creating the vault that it appears in . Trixter VFX supervisor Dominik Zimmerle said the idea was `` to have a clean , high tech , presentation Vault for the new suit . It should appear distinctively ' Stark ' originated '' . Digital Domain worked on the Staten Island Ferry battle , creating the CGI versions of Spider - Man , the Vulture suit , Iron Man , and Spider - Man 's drone . Digital Domain was able to LIDAR an actual Staten Island Ferry , as well as the version created on set , to help with creating their digital version . Lou Pecora , visual effects supervisor at Digital Domain , called that sequence `` brutal '' because `` the way they were shot , it was lit to be a certain time of day , and afterwards it was decided to change that time of day . '' Sony Pictures Imageworks created much of the third act of the film , when Parker confronts Toomes on the plane and beach in his homemade suit , and Toomes is in an upgraded Vulture suit . Some elements from Vulture 's first suit were shared with Imageworks , but the remainder was created by them based off a maquete . For the plane 's cloaking ability , Imageworks was inspired by the real world Adaptiv IR Camouflage tank cloaking system from BAE Systems , which uses a series of tiles to cloak against infrared . For their web design , which was based on the one created for Civil War , Digital Domain referenced polar bear hair because of its translucent nature . Imageworks also looked to the Civil War webs , as well as to those they had created for previous Spider - Man films , in which the webs had tiny barbs that aided in hooking on to things . For this film , they dialed back the barbs to line up more closely with the other web designs created for this film . Method Studios worked on the Washington Monument sequence . Music Main article : Spider - Man : Homecoming ( soundtrack ) While promoting Doctor Strange in early November 2016 , Feige accidentally revealed that Michael Giacchino , who composed the music for that film , would compose the score for Homecoming as well . Giacchino soon confirmed this himself . Recording for the soundtrack began on April 11 , 2017 . The score includes the theme from the 1960s animated series . The soundtrack was released by Sony Masterworks on July 7 , 2017 . Release The world premiere of Spider - Man Homecoming at TCL Chinese Theatre Spider - Man : Homecoming held its world premiere at the TCL Chinese Theater in Hollywood on June 28 , 2017 , and was released in the United Kingdom on July 5 . It opened in additional international markets on July 6 , with 23,400 screens ( 277 of which were IMAX ) in 56 markets for its opening weekend . The film was released in the United States on July 7 , in 4,348 theaters ( 392 were IMAX and IMAX 3D , and 601 were premium large - format ) , including 3D screenings . It was originally slated for release on July 28 . Marketing Watts , Holland , Batalon , Harrier , Revolori , and Zendaya appeared at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con to show an exclusive clip of the film , which also had a panel at Comic Con Experience 2016 . The first trailer for Homecoming premiered on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on December 8 , 2016 , and was released online alongside an international version , which Feige thought was different enough that `` it would be fun for people to see both . '' The shots of Vulture descending through a hotel atrium and Spider - Man swinging with Iron Man flying beside him were created specifically for the trailer . Watts explained that the Vulture shot was created for Comic - Con and `` was never meant to be in the movie '' , but he was able to repurpose the angle for Vulture 's reveal in the film . The Spider - Man and Iron Man shot was created because the marketing team wanted a shot of the two together , and existing shots `` just did n't look that great '' then . The trailer shot used a background plate taken when filming the subway in Queens . The two trailers were viewed over 266 million times globally within a week . On March 28 , 2017 , a second trailer debuted after screening at CinemaCon 2017 the night before . Shawn Robbins , chief analyst at BoxOffice.com , noted that the new Justice League trailer had received more Twitter mentions in that week but there was `` clearer enthusiasm for Spider - Man '' . The Homecoming trailer was second for the week of March 20 -- 26 in new conversations ( 85,859 ) behind Justice League ( 201,267 ) , according comScore 's PreAct service , which is `` a tracking service utilizing social data to create context of the ever - evolving role of digital communication on feature films '' . An exclusive clip from the film was seen during the 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards . On May 24 , Sony and Marvel released a third domestic and international trailer . Ethan Anderton of / Film enjoyed both trailers , stating Homecoming `` has the potential to be the best Spider - Man movie yet . Having the webslinger as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe just feels right '' . TechCrunch 's Darrell Etherington agreed , saying , `` You may have feelings about a tech - heavy Spider - Man suit or other aspects of this interpretation of the character , but it 's still shaping up to be better than any Spider - Man depicted in movies in recent memory . '' Ana Dumaraog for ScreenRant said the second trailer `` arguably showed too much of the movie 's overarching narrative '' , but the third `` perfectly shows the right amount of new and old footage '' . She also appreciated the attention to detail that Watts and the writers put into the film , as highlighted by the trailers . Siddhant Adlakha of Birth. Movies. Death also felt the trailers were giving away too many details , but enjoyed them overall , especially the `` vlogging '' aspect . Collider 's Dave Trombore expressed similar sentiments to Adlakha . After the trailers ' release , comScore and its PreAct service noted Homecoming was the top film for new social media conversations , that week and the week of May 29 . Alongside the release of the third trailers were domestic and international release posters . The domestic poster was criticized for its `` floating head '' style , which offers `` a chaotic mess of people looking in different directions , with little sense of what the film will deliver '' . Dan Auty for GameSpot called it a `` star studded hot mess '' , while Vanity Fair 's Katey Rich felt the poster was `` too bogged down by the many different threads of the Marvel universe to highlight anything that 's made Spider - Man : Homecoming seem special so far '' . Adlakha felt the posters released for the film `` have been alright thus far , but these ones probably tell general audiences to expect a very bloated movie '' . Adlakha was more positive of the international poster , which he felt was more `` comicbook - y '' and `` looks like it could be an actual scene from the film '' . Both Rich and Adlakha criticized the fact that Holland , Keaton , and Downey appeared twice on the domestic poster , both in and out of costume . Sony partnered with ESPN CreativeWorks to create cross-promotional television ads for Homecoming and the 2017 NBA Finals , which were filmed by Watts . The ads were made to `` weave in a highlight from the game just moments '' after it occurred . The promos see Holland , Downey Jr. , and Favreau reprise their roles from the film , with cameo appearances from Stan Lee , DJ Khaled , Tim Duncan , Magic Johnson , and Cari Champion . Through June and July 2017 , a Homecoming - inspired cafe opened in the Roppongi Hills complex in Tokyo , offering `` arachnid - themed foods and drinks , including a Spider Curry , Spider Sense Latte and a sweet and refreshing Strawberry Spider Squash drink '' , as well as a free , limited - edition sticker with any purchase . For the week ending on June 11 , comScore and its PreAct service noted that new social media conversations for the film were second only to Black Panther and its new trailer ; Homecoming was then the number one film in the next two weeks . That month , Sony released a mobile app allowing users to `` access '' Parker 's phone and `` view his photos , videos , text messages , and hear voicemails from his friends '' . The app also provided an `` AR Suit Explorer '' to learn more about the technology in the Spider - Man suit , and use photo filters , GIFs and stickers of the character . Sony and Dave & Buster 's also announced an arcade game based on the film , playable exclusively at Dave & Buster 's locations . A tie - in comic , Spider - Man : Homecoming Prelude , was released on June 20 , collecting two prelude issues . On June 28 , in partnership with Thinkmodo , a promotional prank was released in which Spider - Man ( stuntman Chris Silcox ) dropped from the ceiling in a coffee shop to scare customers ; the video also featured a cameo appearance from Lee . Sony also partnered with the mobile app Holo to let users add 3D holograms of Spider - Man , with Holland 's voice and lines from the film , to real - world photos and videos . Before the end of June , Spider - Man : Homecoming -- Virtual Reality Experience was released on the PlayStation VR , Oculus Rift , and HTC Vive for free , produced by Sony Pictures VR and developed by CreateVR . It allows users to experience how it feels to be Spider - Man , with the ability to hit targets with his web shooters and face off against the Vulture . It was also available at select Cinemark Theatres in the United States and at the CineEurope trade show in Barcelona . Ahead of the film 's release , for the week ending on July 2 , the film was the top film for the third consecutive week for new social media conversations , according to comScore , which also noted that Spider - Man : Homecoming had produced a total of 2.67 million conversations to date . Other promotions included Audi and Dell ( both also had product placement in the film ) , Pizza Hut , General Mills , Synchrony Bank , Movietickets.com , Goodwill , Baskin Robbins , Dunkin ' Donuts , Danone Waters , Panasonic Batteries , M&M 's , Mondelez , Asus , Bimbo , Jetstar , KEF , Kellogg 's , Lieferheld , Pepsico , Plus , Roady , Snickers , Sony Mobile , Oppo , Optus , and Doritos . Watts directed a commercial for Dell 's marketing efforts as well , which earned 2.8 million views online . Goodwill hosted a build - your - own Spider - Man suit contest , with the winner attending the film 's premiere . Overall , the campaign generated over $140 million in media value , greater than those for all previous Spider - Man films and Marvel Studios ' first 2017 release , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . This does not include merchandising for the film , which is controlled by Marvel and Disney . Marketing of the film in China included partnering with Momo , iQiyi , Tencent QQ , Baidu , Mizone , CapitaLand , Xiaomi , HTC Vive and corporate parent Sony . To help target the teenage audience , Holland `` recorded a high school entrance exam greeting '' while The Rap of China contestant PG One recorded a theme song . Home media Spider - Man : Homecoming was released on digital download by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on September 26 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray , and DVD on October 17 , 2017 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , deleted scenes , and a blooper reel . The physical releases in its first week of sale were the top home media release , according to NPD VideoScan data . The Blu - ray version accounted for 79 % of the sales , with 13 % of total sales coming from the Ultra HD Blu - ray version . Reception Box Office Spider - Man : Homecoming grossed over $334.2 million in the United States and Canada , and $546 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $880.2 million . The film had the second biggest global IMAX opening for a Sony film with $18 million . In May 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Homecoming was the second-most anticipated summer blockbuster behind Wonder Woman . By September 24 , 2017 , the film had earned $874.4 million worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing superhero film of 2017 , and the sixth - largest film based on a Marvel character . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $200.1 million , accounting for production budgets , prints and advertising , talent participations and other costs , against box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media , placing it seventh on their list of 2017 's `` Most Valuable Blockbusters '' . The film earned $50.9 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $15.4 million from Thursday night previews ) , and had a total weekend gross of $117 million , the top film for the weekend . It was the second - highest opening for both a Spider - Man film and a Sony film , after Spider - Man 3 's $151.1 million debut in 2007 . Early projections for the film from BoxOffice had it earning $135 million in its opening weekend , which was later adjusted to $125 million , and Deadline Hollywood noting industry projections at anywhere between $90 -- 120 million . In its second weekend , the film fell to second behind War for the Planet of the Apes with $45.2 million , a 61 % decline in earnings , which was similar to the declines The Amazing Spider - Man 2 and Spider - Man 3 had in their second weekends . Additionally , Homecoming 's domestic gross reached $208.3 million , which surpassed the total domestic gross of The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( $202.9 million ) . The film fell to third in its third weekend . By July 26 , Homecoming 's domestic gross reached $262.1 million , surpassing the total domestic gross of The Amazing Spider - Man ( $262 million ) , leading to a fifth place finish for its fourth weekend . The next weekend , Homecoming finished sixth , and finished seventh the following five weekends . By September 3 , 2017 , the film had earned $325.1 million , surpassing the $325 million projected amount for its total domestic gross . In its eleventh weekend , Homecoming finished ninth . Outside of the United States and Canada , Spider - Man : Homecoming earned $140.5 million its opening weekend from the 56 markets it opened in , with the film becoming number one in 50 of them . The $140.5 million was the highest opening ever for a Spider - Man film . South Korea had the highest Wednesday opening day gross , which contributed to a $25.4 million five - day opening in the country , the third - highest opening ever for a Hollywood film . Brazil had the largest July opening day of all time , with $2 million , leading to an opening weekend total of $8.9 million . The $7 million earned from IMAX showings was the top opening of all time for a Sony film internationally . In its second weekend , the film opened in France at number one and number two in Germany . It earned an additional $11.9 million in South Korea , to bring its total in the country to $42.2 million . This made Homecoming the highest - grossing Spider - Man film and the top grossing Hollywood film of 2017 in the country . Brazil contributed an additional $5.7 million , for a total of $19.4 million from the country , which was also the largest gross from a Spider - Man film . The film 's third weekend saw the Latin America region set a record as the highest - grossing Spider - Man film of all time , with a region total of $77.4 million . Brazil remained the top - grossing market for the region , with $25.7 million . In South Korea , the film became the 10th - highest - grossing international release of all time . Homecoming opened at number one in Spain in its fourth weekend . In its sixth weekend , the film opened at number one in Japan , with its $770,000 from IMAX the fourth largest IMAX weekend for a Marvel film in the country . The film opened at number one in China on September 8 , 2017 , grossing $23 million on its opening day , including Thursday previews , making it the third biggest opening day for a Marvel Cinematic Universe film , behind Avengers : Age of Ultron and Captain America : Civil War , and the largest opening day gross for a Sony film in the country . The $70.8 million Homecoming earned in China for its opening weekend was the third - highest opening behind Age of Ultron and Civil War , with $6 million from IMAX , which was the best IMAX opening weekend in September , and the best IMAX opening weekend for a Sony film . As of September 24 , 2017 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $115.7 million ) , South Korea ( $51.4 million ) , and the United Kingdom ( $34.8 million ) . Critical response Tom Holland garnered widespread acclaim for his performance as Spider - Man . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating based on 325 reviews , and an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Spider - Man : Homecoming does whatever a second reboot can , delivering a colorful , fun adventure that fits snugly in the sprawling MCU without getting bogged down in franchise - building . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 73 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 89 % overall positive score and a 74 % `` definite recommend '' . Sara Stewart of the New York Post praised the film as `` an endearingly awkward kid brother to the glamorous Wonder Woman '' , attributing much of the `` heavy - lifting '' to Holland 's performance and the `` perfectly cast '' Keaton . She also noted Watts ' focus on Parker 's human side . Mike Ryan at Uproxx felt Homecoming was the best Spider - Man film yet , specifically praising the light tone , younger and more optimistic portrayal of Parker , and Keaton 's performance -- Ryan named the Vulture twist reveal as one of his favorite scenes in the MCU . He said Homecoming is `` the kind of movie you leave and you 're just in the best mood -- and still will be days later . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called the film unique and refreshing , praising its lower stakes and focus on the character 's school life . He praised Holland as `` terrific and well - cast '' , as well as the other cast members ; Roeper believed that Keaton 's performance is more interesting than the character otherwise could have been . Owen Gleiberman of Variety felt the film was `` just distinctive enough '' from the previous Spider - Man films to become a `` sizable hit '' , and highlighted its focus on making Peter Parker a realistically youthful and grounded character . He found Holland to be likeable in the role , and thought the Vulture twist was a positive direction for that character . He did criticize the vague take on Spider - Man 's origin and powers , but `` the flying action has a casual flip buoyancy , and the movie does get you rooting for Peter . '' At IndieWire , David Ehrlich criticized the film 's superhero genre clichés and underwritten female characters , but praised the elements of the film that leaned into Parker 's high school life and the humanity of the Vulture . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a mixed review , criticizing the `` juvenile '' depiction of Parker and Watts ' `` unevenly orchestrated '' direction , but feeling that the film `` finds its pace and rhythm by the end '' and praising Keaton 's performance . The Hollywood Reporter 's John DeFore found the film to be `` occasionally exciting but often frustrating '' , and suggested it might have worked better if less focus had been put on integrating the film with the MCU . DeFore did praise Holland 's performance as `` winning '' despite the script , and called Zendaya a scene - stealer . Mick LaSalle , writing for the San Francisco Chronicle , said the film was a `` pretty good Spider - Man movie '' that `` breaks no new ground '' , not exploring the human side of the character enough and instead focusing on action that is not thrilling . At The Telegraph , Robbie Collin argued that `` a little of the new Spider - Man went an exhilaratingly long way in Captain America : Civil War last year . But a lot of him goes almost nowhere in this slack and spiritless solo escapade . '' Collin criticized Watts ' direction , but was positive of the cast , including Holland , Keaton , Tomei , and Zendaya . Accolades Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout Movie Star Tom Holland Nominated Zendaya Nominated Choice Summer Movie Spider - Man : Homecoming Won Choice Summer Movie Actor Tom Holland Won Choice Summer Movie Actress Zendaya Won Washington D.C. Film Critics Awards The Joe Barber Award for Best Portrayal of Washington , D.C. Spider - Man : Homecoming Nominated 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Spider - Man : Homecoming Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Zendaya Won Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Motion Picture Release Spider - Man : Homecoming Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Film Michael Keaton Nominated Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Film Tom Holland Won Zendaya Nominated Jump up ^ Also for her work in The Greatest Showman . Sequel Main article : Spider - Man : Far From Home Spider - Man : Far From Home is scheduled to be released on July 5 , 2019 . Watts returns to direct , from a script by McKenna and Sommers . Holland , Keaton , Zendaya , Tomei , and Batalon reprise their roles , with Jake Gyllenhaal joining as Mysterio . Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders are both set to reprise their roles as Nick Fury and Maria Hill from previous MCU media , respectively . Notes Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2012 film The Avengers Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2016 film Captain America : Civil War References ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Where does the Marvel Cinematic Universe begin ? Try the beginning of time '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . 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Michael Barbieri was never playing `` a version of or a character based on / similar to '' Ganke ... Ok , back to work for reals now ! ! ! `` . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Geoff Stults Jumps Into ' Granite Mountain ' ; Martha Kelly Joins ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Has A Crazy Obscure Star Trek IV Easter Egg '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tsirbas , Christos ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stan Lee Reveals Next Three Marvel Cameos '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Suits Up With $140 M+ Overseas ; ' Despicable 3 ' Nabs China Records -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Looks To Catch Between $190 M - $210 M In Its Worldwide Weekend Web -- B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC : Marvel Studios Reveals Latest Phase 3 Secrets '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sony & Marvel Bringing Spider - Man : Homecoming To Brazil Convention '' . 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Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Auty , Dan ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` New Spider - Man : Homecoming Poster Is Star Studded Hot Mess '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , Katey ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` 10 Burning Questions About That Truly Hideous Spider - Man : Homecoming Poster '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming promo : Webslinger concludes his NBA Finals party quest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arvedon , Jon ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Cafe Opens in Tokyo Ahead of Film Release '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Climbs to Top of Social Media Chart With First Trailer '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Dominates Social Media '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Continues to Dominate Social Media '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGloin , Matt ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` There 's A Spider - Man : Homecoming App '' . Cosmic Book News . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dolloff , Matt ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Arcade Game Exclusive to Dave & Buster 's '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Planning A Prequel Comic To Lead Fans Into Spider - Man : Homecoming '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man Freaks Out Starbucks Customers in Prank Video ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming : New App Lets You Hang Out With Spidey '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Gets A VR Experience : Watch the Trailer '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Dominates Social Media for Third Consecutive Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Elassandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Delivers Franchise 's Biggest Promotional Campaign At $140 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Swings Into China With $21.6 M Opening Day '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Breaks Genre Records With $62 M Debut , Spider - Man Swings Past $800 M WW -- Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Go Behind The Scenes Of Tom Holland 's Spidey Stunts In This Spider - Man : Homecoming Exclusive '' . MTV.com . MTV . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Newest ' Spider - Man ' Movie Shoots to Top of DVD , Blu - ray Disc Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman tops Fandango survey of most anticipated summer movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Fashions $100 M+ Global Bow ; ' It ' Hits $478 M & Spidey Tops 2017 Superheroes WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` No. 7 ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ; Verhoeven , Beatrice ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' : How Big Box Office Debut Still Trailed Tobey Maguire 's Original '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins , Shawn ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Long Range Forecast : Will ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Benefit from the Marvel Bump ? '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Long Range Forecast : ' Annabelle : Creation , ' ' The Glass Castle , ' & ' The Nut Job 2 : Nutty By Nature ' '' . BoxOffice . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Loots $56.5 M In Box Office Spoils -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Takes Warner Bros Past $1 B ; ' Girls Trip ' Record Opening For Malcolm D. Lee ; Reasons Why ' Valerian ' Crashed '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bonomolo , Cameron ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Has Passed Both Amazing Spider - Man Movies At Domestic Box Office '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Marches Ahead Of ' Emoji Movie ' After Close Battle For No. 1 -- Final Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Dark Tower ' Is Tall Enough For No. 1 With $19.5 M During Sluggish Summer Weekend -- Final Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Line 's Dollhouse Of Dough : ' Annabelle : Creation ' Opening To $35 M -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Flexes Muscle With $21 M+ During The Lowest - Grossing Weekend Of 2017 To Date -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Do n't Blame Hurricane Harvey & Showtime Fight For Weekend 's Lousy Box Office : Distribs Served Up Lackluster Titles '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 4 , 2017 ) . `` Labor Day The Worst Since The Late ' 90s As ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Holds No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $13 M+ -- Monday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Crazed Clown Cashes In , Smashes Sept. , Genre Records As Stephen King 's ' It ' Pulls In $123 M+ Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mother ! ' Dies With ' F ' CinemaScore And $7.5 M Start As ' It ' Becomes Biggest - Ever September Release With $218 M+ Cume '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Snares $25 M+ Through Thursday -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Marshals $46 M In Bow ; ' Spider - Man ' Rises To $261 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Takes Box Office By Storm With $55.4 M No. 1 Spot For $105 M+ Global Opening ; ' Valerian ' $23.5 M Start -- Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' Maps $131 M Offshore ; ' Despicable 3 ' Tops $800 M WW ; ' Wolf Warriors ' Devours China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wolf Warrior 2 ' Devours $680 M+ ; ' Annabelle ' Conjures $35 M ; ' Spider - Man ' Tops $700 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` China ' Wolf ' Howls At $470 M ; ' Apes ' Swings To $148 M Offshore ; ' Dunkirk ' Channels $314 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man : Homecoming Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Sara ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Holland 's ' Spider - Man ' is the four - star wall - crawler we 've been waiting for '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Is Truly Spectacular '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Unique ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' explores school as much as skies '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Review : Marvel Has Finally Started To Figure Out The Future Of Superhero Movies '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Review ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' trips on the teen angst , but Michael Keaton 's Vulture soars '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Once more without feeling -- another ' Spider - Man ' movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Spider - Man : Homecoming review : the web - slinger 's gizmo - heavy John Hughes homage is too cobwebby for comfort '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards : ' Get Out ' Is In with D.C. Film Critics '' ( Press release ) . Washington , D.C. : Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon Unveils 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops 44th Saturn Awards With Five ; ' Blade Runner 2049 ' , ' Shape Of Water ' , ' Get Out ' Also Score '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patches , Matt ( June 23 , 2018 ) . `` Tom Holland just revealed the full title of Spider - man 2 '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2018 . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Feige Confirms Jon Watts Will Direct Spider - Man : Homecoming 2 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ; Kit , Borys ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jake Gyllenhaal in Talks to Star in ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jake Gyllenhaal Eyed for Villain Role in ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' Sequel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Peter Parker 's best friend , Ned , may show up in an Avengers movie '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( June 23 , 2018 ) . `` Tom Holland Reveals Next ' Spider - Man ' Movie Is Called ' Far From Home ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spider - Man : Homecoming . 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where is the golden gate bridge on a map

The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate , the one - mile - wide ( 1.6 km ) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean . The structure links the American city of San Francisco , California -- the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula -- to Marin County , carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait . The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco , California , and the United States . It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers .

Golden Gate Bridge

golden gate bridge

The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate , the one - mile - wide ( 1.6 km ) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean . The structure links the American city of San Francisco , California -- the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula -- to Marin County , carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait . The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco , California , and the United States . It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers .

The Frommer 's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as `` possibly the most beautiful , certainly the most photographed , bridge in the world . '' At the time of its opening in 1937 , it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world , with a main span of 4,200 feet ( 1,280 m ) and a total height of 746 feet ( 227 m ) . Today , the Golden Gate Bridge is neither the longest nor the tallest in the world , but remains the tallest bridge in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ferry service 1.2 Conception 1.3 Design 1.4 Finance 1.5 Construction 1.6 Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries 2 Structural specifications 3 Aesthetics 4 Traffic 4.1 Usage and tourism 4.2 Tolls 4.3 Congestion pricing 5 Issues 5.1 Suicides 5.2 Wind 5.3 Seismic vulnerability and improvements 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Ferry service Golden Gate with Fort Point in foreground , c. 1891 Before the bridge was built , the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay . A ferry service began as early as 1820 , with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco . The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service , launched in 1867 , eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company , a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary , the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s . Once for railroad passengers and customers only , Southern Pacific 's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy . The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost US $1.00 per vehicle , a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge . The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes . Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County . San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats . Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay , the city 's growth rate was below the national average . Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700 ft ( 2,042 m ) strait , which had strong , swirling tides and currents , with water 372 ft ( 113 m ) deep at the center of the channel , and frequent strong winds . Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation . Conception Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new , the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins . San Francisco 's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million , which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009 , and impractical for the time . He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less . One who responded , Joseph Strauss , was an ambitious engineer and poet who had , for his graduate thesis , designed a 55 - mile - long ( 89 km ) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait . At the time , Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges -- most of which were inland -- and nothing on the scale of the new project . Strauss 's initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait , connected by a central suspension segment , which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million . Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts . A suspension - bridge design was considered the most practical , because of recent advances in metallurgy . Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California . The bridge faced opposition , including litigation , from many sources . The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic . The navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors . Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs . Southern Pacific Railroad , one of the most powerful business interests in California , opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project , leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service . In May 1924 , Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction . Deakyne , on behalf of the Secretary of War , approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the `` Bridging the Golden Gate Association '' and both San Francisco County and Marin County , pending further bridge plans by Strauss . Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry , which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles . The bridge 's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. O'Shaughnessy , city engineer of San Francisco , and Strauss . The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923 , creating a special district to design , build and finance the bridge . San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District , with the exception being Humboldt County , whose residents opposed the bridge 's construction and the traffic it would generate . Design South tower seen from walkway , with Art Deco elements Strauss was chief engineer in charge of overall design and construction of the bridge project . However , because he had little understanding or experience with cable - suspension designs , responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts . Strauss 's initial design proposal ( two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment ) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint . The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by Leon Moisseiff , the engineer of the Manhattan Bridge in New York City . Irving Morrow , a relatively unknown residential architect , designed the overall shape of the bridge towers , the lighting scheme , and Art Deco elements , such as the tower decorations , streetlights , railing , and walkways . The famous International Orange color was originally used as a sealant for the bridge . The US Navy had wanted it to be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships . Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis , collaborating remotely with Moisseiff , was the principal engineer of the project . Moisseiff produced the basic structural design , introducing his `` deflection theory '' by which a thin , flexible roadway would flex in the wind , greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers . Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound , a later Moisseiff design , the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge , collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed , because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter . Ellis was also tasked with designing a `` bridge within a bridge '' in the southern abutment , to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point , a pre -- Civil War masonry fortification viewed , even then , as worthy of historic preservation . He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge 's southern anchorage . Below Golden Gate Bridge Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree . He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University . He became an expert in structural design , writing the standard textbook of the time . Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge , but he received none of the credit in his lifetime . In November 1931 , Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate , Clifford Paine , ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff . Ellis , obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression , continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis , eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations . With an eye toward self - promotion and posterity , Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who , despite receiving little recognition or compensation , are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge . He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge . Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated . In May 2007 , the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge . The height , depth , and length of the span from end to end , looking west The Golden Gate Bridge at sunset , as seen from just north of Alcatraz Island Finance The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District , authorized by an act of the California Legislature , was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design , construct , and finance the Golden Gate Bridge . However , after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , the District was unable to raise the construction funds , so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure . The bonds were approved in November 1930 , by votes in the counties affected by the bridge . The construction budget at the time of approval was $27 million . However , the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932 , when Amadeo Giannini , the founder of San Francisco -- based Bank of America , agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy . Construction Construction began on January 5 , 1933 . The project cost more than $35 million , ( $3.45 billion in 2016 dollars ) completing ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget . The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic - Marshall Construction Co. , a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall , both of Lehigh University . 1.2 million steel rivets hold the bridge together . This is a segment of one of those replaced during the seismic retrofit of the bridge after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . Strauss remained head of the project , overseeing day - to - day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions . A graduate of the University of Cincinnati , he placed a brick from his alma mater 's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured . He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site , which saved the lives of many otherwise - unprotected ironworkers . Of eleven men killed from falls during construction , ten were killed on February 17 , 1937 , when the bridge was near completion when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen . According to Travel Channel 's Monumental Mysteries , the workers ' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear . The platform fell into the safety net , but was too heavy and the net gave way . Two out of the twelve workers survived the 200 - foot ( 61 m ) fall into the icy waters , including the 37 - year - old foreman , Slim Lambert . Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of their Half Way to Hell Club . The project was finished and opened May 27 , 1937 . The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge , adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012 . The Bridge Round House , an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938 , has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop . The diner was renovated in 2012 and the gift shop was then removed as a new , official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza . During the bridge work , the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge 's road work . With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012 , all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased . Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries View of the Golden Gate Bridge and Fort Point from Marine Drive . The bridge - opening celebration began on May 27 , 1937 and lasted for one week . The day before vehicle traffic was allowed , 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates . On opening day , Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin , then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial `` barriers '' , the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass . An official song , `` There 's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate '' , was chosen to commemorate the event . Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled `` The Mighty Task is Done . '' The next day , President Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington , D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon . As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area . Weeks of civil and cultural activities called `` the Fiesta '' followed . A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge . In May 1987 , as part of the 50th anniversary celebration , the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge . However , this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people , and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people , causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight . Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads , and was estimated not to have exceeded 40 % of the yielding stress of the suspension cables , bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday , May 27 , 2012 , because of the additional law enforcement costs required `` since 9 / 11 '' . A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day , 1937 Play media Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge Official invitation to the opening of the bridge . This copy was sent to the City of Seattle Structural specifications On the south side of the bridge a 36.5 - inch - wide ( 93 cm ) cross-section of the cable , containing 27,572 wires , is on display . Until 1964 , the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world , at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) . Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges ; it now has the second - longest main span in the United States , after the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge in New York City . The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet ( 2,737 m ) . The Golden Gate Bridge 's clearance above high water averages 220 feet ( 67 m ) while its towers , at 746 feet ( 227 m ) above the water , were the world 's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1993 when it was surpassed by the Mezcala Bridge , in Mexico . The Golden Gate Bridge remains the tallest bridge in the United States . The weight of the roadway is hung from 250 pairs of vertical suspender ropes , which are attached to two main cables . The main cables pass over the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end . Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire . The total length of galvanized steel wire used to fabricate both main cables is estimated to be 80,000 miles ( 130,000 km ) . The bridge has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets . Aesthetics The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange . The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge 's visibility in fog . Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected . Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan , he added details , such as lighting , to outline the bridge 's cables and towers . In 1999 , it was ranked fifth on the List of America 's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects . The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead - based topcoat , which was touched up as required . In the mid-1960s , a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats . Since 1990 , acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air - quality reasons . The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded . A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise View of the northern tower of the bridge Traffic Installation of the movable median barrier system in January 2015 Play media Testing the newly installed movable barrier . Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the concurrency between U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 . Although part of the National Highway System , the bridge is not officially part of California 's Highway System . For example , under the California Streets and Highways Code § 401 , Route 101 ends at `` the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge '' and then resumes at `` a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco '' . The Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) . The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns . On weekday mornings , traffic flows mostly southbound into the city , so four of the six lanes run southbound . Conversely , on weekday afternoons , four lanes run northbound . During off - peak periods and weekends , traffic is split with three lanes in each direction . From 1968 to 2015 , opposing traffic was separated by small , plastic pylons , and during that time , there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head - on collisions . To improve safety , the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph ( 80 to 72 km / h ) on October 1 , 1989 . Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s , only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier . Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11 , 2015 , following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic , the longest in the bridge 's history . The new barrier system , including the zipper trucks , cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install . Usage and tourism Play media Looking north with traffic and current flow into the bay with sailboats See also : Golden Gate National Recreation Area The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists , and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes . Initially , they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb , but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003 , primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway . The main walkway is on the eastern side , and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays ( 5 am to 3 : 30 pm ) , and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours ( until 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) . The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends ( 5 am to 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) , and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight , when it is closed to pedestrians . The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway . Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies : San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit . Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line , and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week . The southern end of the bridge , near the toll plaza and parking lot , is also accessible daily from 5 : 30 a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28 . The Marin Airporter , a private company , also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and San Francisco International Airport . A visitor center and gift shop , dubbed the `` Bridge Pavilion '' , is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge , adjacent to the southeast parking lot . It opened in 2012 , in time for the bridge 's 75th anniversary celebration . A cafe , outdoor exhibits , and restroom facilities are located nearby . On the Marin side of the bridge , only accessible from the northbound lanes , is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point , named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways . Lands and waters under and around the bridge are homes to varieties of wildlife such as bobcats and sea lions . Three species of cetaceans that had been absent in the area for many years show recent recoveries / ( re ) colonizations vicinity to the bridge , and researchers study them to strengthen protections , concerning actions by public and recommending to watch whales either from the bridge and nearby , or to use a local whale watching operator . Tolls The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971 , with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls . In November 2006 , the Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit , projected at $80 million over five years . The District promised that the proposal , which it called a `` partnership program , '' would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itself . In October 2007 , the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means , most likely a toll increase . In an effort to save $19.2 million over the following 10 years , the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only open road tolling . Subsequently , this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013 . The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight - year period . In addition to the FasTrak electronic toll collection system , the Golden Gate District implemented the use of license plate tolling ( branded as `` Pay - by - Plate '' ) , and also a one time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge . Twenty - eight positions were eliminated as part of this plan . On April 7 , 2014 , the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6 , while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7 . Bicycle , pedestrian , and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free . For vehicles with more than two axles , the toll rate is $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system , and $6 per axle for FasTrak users . During peak traffic hours , carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles pay a discounted toll of $4 ; drivers must have Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate . The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015 , and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years . Golden Gate Bridge toll increases ( 2014 -- 18 ) Effective date FasTrak Toll - by - plate Carpool Multi-axle vehicle April 7 , 2014 $6.00 $7.00 $4.00 $7.00 per axle July 1 , 2015 $6.25 $7.25 $4.25 $7.25 per axle July 1 , 2016 $6.50 $7.50 $4.50 $7.50 per axle July 1 , 2017 $6.75 $7.75 $4.75 $7.75 per axle July 1 , 2018 $7.00 $8.00 $5.00 $8.00 per axle Congestion pricing Further information : San Francisco congestion pricing Looking south In March 2008 , the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge , charging higher tolls during the peak hours , but rising and falling depending on traffic levels . This decision allowed the Bay Area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158 million in federal transportation funds from USDOT Urban Partnership grant . As a condition of the grant , the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009 . The first results of the study , called the Mobility , Access and Pricing Study ( MAPS ) , showed that a congestion pricing program is feasible . The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008 . In August 2008 , transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue . Issues Suicides Main article : Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge As a suicide prevention initiative , this sign promotes a special telephone available on the bridge that connects to a crisis hotline . The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site / suicide bridge in the world , after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge . The deck is about 245 feet ( 75 m ) above the water . After a fall of four seconds , jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph or about 120 km / h . Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma . About 5 % of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water . After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths , suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017 . Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million . Wind Since its completion , the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times : on December 1 , 1951 , because of gusts of 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) ; on December 23 , 1982 , because of winds of 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) ; and on December 3 , 1983 , because of wind gusts of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . An anemometer , placed midway between the two towers on the west side of the bridge , has been used to measure wind speeds . Another anemometer was placed on one of the towers . Seismic vulnerability and Improvements South approach sub-structure with seismic isolators ( short black cylinders ) added as part of the Seismic Retrofit Construction Project . Doyle Drive Replacement Project progress in October 2013 Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events . The proximity of the bridge to the San Andreas Fault places it at risk for a significant earthquake . Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake , the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure ( i.e. , collapse ) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320 - foot ( 98 m ) arch over Fort Point . A $392 million program was initiated to improve the structure 's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal ( repairable ) damage . One challenging undertaking is completing this program without disrupting traffic . A complex electro - hydraulic synchronous lift system was custom built for construction of temporary support towers and a series of intricate lifts , transferring the loads from the existing bridge onto the temporary supports . This was completed with engineers from Balfour Beatty and Enerpac , accomplishing this task without disrupting day - to - day San Francisco commuter traffic . The retrofit was planned to be completed in 2012 . The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio , known as Doyle Drive , dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle , President and son of the founder of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa , and the man who , more than any other person , made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge . The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north . The road was deemed `` vulnerable to earthquake damage '' , had a problematic 4 - lane design , and lacked shoulders , and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced . Construction on the $1 billion replacement , temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway , began in December 2009 . The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27 -- 30 , 2012 , and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway , until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9 -- 12 , 2015 . As of May 2012 , an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive . In popular culture Main article : Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture Golden Gate Bridge at sunset As a prominent American landmark , the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in numerous media which includes books , films and video games . Comparison of the side elevations of the Golden Gate Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale . ( click for interactive version ) San Francisco with two bridges ( Western section of Bay Bridge in the left background ) , Coit Tower ( in background to the left of north tower ) , and Fort Mason ( on the San Francisco waterfront in the background behind the north tower ) from Marin Golden Gate Bridge at night , with San Francisco in the background See also Bridges portal San Francisco Bay Area portal 25 de Abril Bridge , a bridge with a similar design in Portugal The Bridge , a 2006 documentary on suicides from the Bridge Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks List of longest suspension bridge spans List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks List of tallest bridges San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge Suicide bridge Suspension bridge References Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . goldengate.org . 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Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key Dates '' . Research Library . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Nanette ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge work finished early as barrier is installed '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Newspapers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Scott ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Hines Is Still Alive '' . Modern Luxury . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Golden Gate Bridge , Sidewalk Access for Pedestrians and Bicyclists . Goldengatebridge.org . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Muni Route 76X Marin Headlands '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Transit bus service '' ( PDF ) . Golden Gate Transit . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Muni Route 28 19th Avenue '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.marinairporter.com/ Jump up ^ `` Site Improvements '' . Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary . Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` H. Dana Bowers Rest Area '' . California Department of Transportation . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2015 Named Freeways , Highways , Structures and Other Appurtenances in California ( PDF ) . California Department of Transportation . pp. 183 , 205 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Animals -- Golden Gate National Recreation Area ( U.S. National Park Service ) . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ The SFGate. 2015 . Whale , sea lions put on a show near Golden Gate Bridge . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ GOLDEN GATE CETACEAN RESEARCH . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Keener B ... 2017 . Ask The Naturalist : Why Are There Humpback Whales In the San Francisco Bay Right Now ? . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Woodrow M ... 2017 . Experts concerned about whale safety in San Francisco Bay . The ABC7 . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Curiel , Jonathan ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge directors reject sponsorship proposals '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership Program Status '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge to eliminate toll takers '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toll 2014 '' . Goldengate.org. April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cabanatuan , Michael ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tolls for crossing Golden Gate Bridge rise $1 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Recommendations , February 27 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Board of Directors . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolling , David ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` GG Bridge tolls could top $7 , June 11 meeting will set new rates '' . Sonoma Index - Tribune . Jump up ^ The San Francisco Chronicle ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Congestion Pricing Approved for Golden Gate Bridge '' . planetizen.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Bridge raises tolls , denies Doyle Dr. funds '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mobility , Access and Pricing Study '' . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wollan , Malia ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` San Francisco Studies Fees to Ease Traffic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge congestion toll plan dies '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Bone , James ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate bridge in San Fransico ( sic ) gets safety net to deter suicides '' . The Times . New York . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Suspension Bridges '' ( PDF ) . snu.ac.kr . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 12 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Koopman , John , Staff Writer ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death : Suicide by bridge is gruesome , and death is almost certain . The fourth in a seven - part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bateson , John ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` The suicide magnet that is the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Barriers Going Up At Golden Gate Bridge After Over 1.5 K Deaths '' . CBS San Francisco . CBS Broadcasting Inc. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolte , Carl ( May 28 , 2007 ) . `` 70 YEARS : Spanning the Golden Gate : New will blend in with the old as part of bridge earthquake retrofit project '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Showing fancy foot work . Roads&Bridges ( December 28 , 2000 ) . ^ Jump up to : Golden Gate Bridge Authority ( May 2008 ) . `` Overview of Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Retrofit '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gonchar , Joann ( January 3 , 2005 ) . `` Famed Golden Gate Span Undergoes Complex Seismic Revamp '' . McGraw - Hill Construction . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive '' . Presidio Parkway Project . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doyle Drive Replacement Project '' . Doyle Drive Replacement Project . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Doyle Drive makeover will affect drivers soon '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Current Construction Activity '' . Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive . Presidio Parkway . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SMITH : It 's wrecked , but it 's still ' Doyle Drive ' '' . Press Democrat . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Further reading Cassady , Stephen ( 1979 ) . Spanning the Gate ( Commemorative edition , 1987 ed . ) . Squarebooks . Dyble , Louise Nelson ; the Golden Gate Bridge ( 2009 ) . Paying the Toll : Local Power , Regional Politics . University of Pennsylvania Press . Friend , Tad ( October 13 , 2003 ) . `` Jumpers : The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . The New Yorker . 79 ( 30 ) . p. 48 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2006 . Guthman , Edward ; an easy route to death have long made the Golden Gate Bridge a magnet for suicides ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` Lethal Beauty / The Allure : Beauty '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Schwartz , Harvey ( 2015 ) . Building the Golden Gate Bridge : A Workers ' Oral History . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0295995069 . Starr , Kevin ( 2010 ) . Golden Gate : The Life and Times of America 's Greatest Bridge . Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59691 - 534 - 3 . Steel , Eric ( 2006 ) . The Bridge . ( Documentary film regarding suicides occurring at the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Golden Gate Bridge Natural Frequencies '' . Vibrationdata.com. April 5 , 2006 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Golden Gate Bridge ( category ) Official website Links for Golden Gate Bridge at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Images of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . San Francisco Public Library 's Historical Photograph database . Marshal ' J ' ( Narrator ) ( 1962 ) . `` The Bridge Builders '' . KPIX - TV . ( A documentary film about the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Live Toll Prices for Golden Gate Bridge '' . Batolls.info . `` San Francisco To Have World 's Greatest Bridge '' . Popular Science . March 1931 . `` Golden Gate Bridge facts '' . sftodo.com . ( Educational poster . ) `` End of Land Sadness -- The history of Suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge Movie . 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8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Gate_Bridge&oldid=814884711 '' Categories : Golden Gate Bridge 1937 establishments in California Art Deco architecture in California Bridges by Joseph Strauss Bridges completed in 1937 Bridges in San Francisco Bridges in Marin County , California Bridges on the United States Numbered Highways California Historical Landmarks California State Route 1 Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District Historic American Engineering Record in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Landmarks in San Francisco Landmarks in the San Francisco Bay Area Pedestrian bridges in California Road bridges in California Roads with a reversible lane San Francisco Designated Landmarks Suspension bridges in California Symbols of California Toll bridges in California U.S. Route 101 Tourist attractions in Marin County , California Works Progress Administration in California Open - spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States Steel bridges in the United States Truss arch bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Structurae ID different from Wikidata CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles using Template : Infobox bridge with clearance Pages using Infobox bridge with extra All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 14 : 10 . 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where do we see milky way in our galaxy

Milky Way

milky way

The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System . The descriptive `` milky '' is derived from the appearance from Earth of the galaxy -- a band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that can not be individually distinguished by the naked eye . The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea , from the Greek γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . From Earth , the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk - shaped structure is viewed from within . Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610 . Until the early 1920s , most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe . Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies .

The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter between 100,000 and 180,000 light - years ( ly ) . It is estimated to contain 100 -- 400 billion stars . There are probably at least 100 billion planets in the Milky Way . The Solar System is located within the disk , about 26,000 light - years from the Galactic Center , on the inner edge of the Orion Arm , one of the spiral - shaped concentrations of gas and dust . The stars in the inner ≈ 10,000 light - years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge . The galactic center is detectable from an intense radio source , known as Sagittarius A * , likely a supermassive black hole . Stars and gases at a wide range of distances from the Galactic Center orbit at approximately 220 kilometers per second . The constant rotation speed contradicts the laws of Keplerian dynamics and suggests that much of the mass of the Milky Way does not emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation . This mass has been termed `` dark matter '' . The rotational period is about 240 million years at the position of the Sun . The Milky Way as a whole is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second with respect to extragalactic frames of reference . The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang . The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies , which form part of the Virgo Supercluster , which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Size and mass 3 Contents 4 Structure 4.1 Galactic quadrants 4.2 Galactic Center 4.3 Spiral arms 4.4 Halo 4.4. 1 Gaseous halo 4.5 Sun 's location and neighborhood 4.6 Galactic rotation 5 Formation 5.1 Age and cosmological history 6 Environment 7 Velocity 8 Etymology and mythology 9 Astronomical history 9.1 Mapping 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Appearance A view of the Milky Way toward the constellation Sagittarius ( including the Galactic Center ) as seen from an area not polluted by light ( the Black Rock Desert , Nevada ) . The bright object on the right is Jupiter , just above Antares . Play media This time - lapse video captures the Milky Way circling over ALMA . The Milky Way is visible from Earth as a hazy band of white light some 30 degrees wide arcing across the sky . Although all the individual naked - eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way , the light in this band originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane . Dark regions within the band , such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack , are areas where light from distant stars is blocked by interstellar dust . The area of the sky obscured by the Milky Way is called the Zone of Avoidance . The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness . Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light such as light pollution or stray light from the Moon . The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be seen . It should be visible when the limiting magnitude is approximately + 5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at + 6.1 . This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from any brightly lit urban or suburban location , but very prominent when viewed from a rural area when the Moon is below the horizon . `` The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness '' shows that more than one - third of Earth 's population can not see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution . As viewed from Earth , the visible region of the Milky Way 's Galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations . The center of the Galaxy lies in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius ; it is here that the Milky Way is brightest . From Sagittarius , the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the Galactic anticenter in Auriga . The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky , back to Sagittarius . The band divides the night sky into two roughly equal hemispheres . The Galactic plane is inclined by about 60 degrees to the ecliptic ( the plane of Earth 's orbit ) . Relative to the celestial equator , it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux , indicating the high inclination of Earth 's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic , relative to the Galactic plane . The north Galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12 49 , declination + 27.4 ° ( B1950 ) near β Comae Berenices , and the south Galactic pole is near α Sculptoris . Because of this high inclination , depending on the time of night and year , the arc of the Milky Way may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky . For observers from approximately 65 degrees north to 65 degrees south on Earth 's surface , the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day . The Milky Way arching at a high inclination across the night sky ( fish - eye mosaic shot at Paranal , Chile ) . The bright object is Jupiter in the constellation Sagittarius , and the Magellanic Clouds can be seen on the left . Galactic north is downwards . Size and mass A photograph of galaxy UGC 12158 , which is thought to resemble the Milky Way in appearance . The Milky Way is the second - largest galaxy in the Local Group , with its stellar disk approximately 100,000 ly ( 30 kpc ) in diameter , and , on average , approximately 1,000 ly ( 0.3 kpc ) thick . As a guide to the relative physical scale of the Milky Way , if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter ( 24.3 mm ( 0.955 in ) ) , the Milky Way would be approximately the size of the continental United States . A ring - like filament of stars wrapping around the Milky Way may belong to the Milky Way itself , rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane . If so , that would mean a diameter of 150,000 -- 180,000 light - years ( 46 -- 55 kpc ) . Schematic profile of the Milky Way . Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary , depending upon the method and data used . At the low end of the estimate range , the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8 × 10 solar masses ( M ) , somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy . Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km / s ( 570,000 mph ) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way . Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius , this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive , roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7 × 10 M within 160,000 ly ( 49 kpc ) of its center . In 2010 , a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kilo parsecs is 7 × 10 M . According to a study published in 2014 , the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5 × 10 M , which is about half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy . Much of the mass of the Milky Way appears to be dark matter , an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter . A dark matter halo is spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs ( kpc ) from the Galactic Center . Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1 -- 1.5 × 10 M . Recent studies indicate a range in mass , as large as 4.5 × 10 M and as small as 8 × 10 M . The total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6 × 10 M and 6.43 × 10 M . In addition to the stars , there is also interstellar gas , comprising 90 % hydrogen and 10 % helium by mass , with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one - third as molecular hydrogen . The mass of this gas is equal to between 10 % and 15 % of the total mass of the galaxy 's stars . Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1 % of the total mass of the gas . Contents This article or section appears to contradict itself . Please see the talk page for more information . ( April 2018 ) Further information : Exoplanet The Milky Way contains between 200 and 400 billion stars and at least 100 billion planets . The exact figure depends on the number of very - low - mass stars , which are hard to detect , especially at distances of more than 300 ly ( 90 pc ) from the Sun . As a comparison , the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion ( 10 ) stars . The Milky Way may also contain perhaps ten billion white dwarfs , a billion neutron stars , and a hundred million black holes . Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium . This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars , whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light years for the colder gas to thousands of light years for warmer gas . The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars . Rather , the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way . For reasons that are not understood , beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 ly ( 13 kpc ) from the center , the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius . Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical Galactic Halo of stars and globular clusters that extends further outward but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly ( 55 kpc ) . At this distance or beyond , the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds . Hence , such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way . The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around − 20.9 . Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way , and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars . The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star , resulting in 100 -- 400 billion planets , according to a January 2013 study of the five - planet star system Kepler - 32 with the Kepler space observatory . A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth - sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way . On November 4 , 2013 , astronomers reported , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth - sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun - like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way . 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun - like stars . The nearest such planet may be 4.2 light - years away , according to a 2016 study . Such Earth - sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants . Besides exoplanets , `` exocomets '' , comets beyond the Solar System , have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way . 360 - degree panorama view of the Milky Way ( an assembled mosaic of photographs ) by ESO . The galactic centre is in the middle of the view , with galactic north up . Structure Play media An artist 's impression that shows how the Milky Way would look from very different perspectives than from Earth . From some angles , the central bulge shows up as a peanut - shaped glowing ball of stars , and from above , the central narrow bar appears clearly . The many spiral arms and their associated dust clouds are also clearly seen . Artist 's conception of the spiral structure of the Milky Way with two major stellar arms and a bar Spitzer reveals what can not be seen in visible light : cooler stars ( blue ) , heated dust ( reddish hue ) , and Sgr A * as bright white spot in the middle . Bright X-ray flares from Sagittarius A * , location of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way . The Milky Way consists of a bar - shaped core region surrounded by a disk of gas , dust and stars . The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification , which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms . Astronomers began to suspect that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy , rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy , in the 1990s . Their suspicions were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way 's central bar to be larger than previously thought . Galactic quadrants Main article : Galactic quadrant A galactic quadrant , or quadrant of the Milky Way , refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way . In actual astronomical practice , the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system , which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system . Quadrants are described using ordinals -- for example , `` 1st galactic quadrant '' , `` second galactic quadrant '' , or `` third quadrant of the Milky Way '' . Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0 degrees ( ° ) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center , the quadrants are as follows : 1st galactic quadrant -- 0 ° ≤ longitude ( l ) ≤ 90 ° 2nd galactic quadrant -- 90 ° ≤ l ≤ 180 ° 3rd galactic quadrant -- 180 ° ≤ l ≤ 270 ° 4th galactic quadrant -- 270 ° ≤ l ≤ 360 ° ( 0 ° ) Galactic Center Main article : Galactic Center The Sun is 25,000 -- 28,000 ly ( 7.7 -- 8.6 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . This value is estimated using geometric - based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles , with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range . In the inner few kpc ( around 10,000 light - years radius ) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge . It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge formed due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies , and that instead it has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar . The Galactic Center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A * ( pronounced Sagittarius A-star ) . The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A * harbors a massive , compact object . This concentration of mass is best explained as a supermassive black hole ( SMBH ) with an estimated mass of 4.1 -- 4.5 million times the mass of the Sun . The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an inactive galactic nucleus , being estimated at around 6995100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 M y . Observations indicate that there are SMBH located near the center of most normal galaxies . The nature of the Milky Way 's bar is actively debated , with estimates for its half - length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc ( 3,000 -- 16,000 ly ) and 10 -- 50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center . Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars , one nestled within the other . However , RR Lyrae variables do not trace a prominent Galactic bar . The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the `` 5 - kpc ring '' that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way , as well as most of the Milky Way 's star formation activity . Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy , it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way . X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar and the Galactic ridge . Illustration of the two gigantic X-ray / gamma - ray bubbles ( blue - violet ) of the Milky Way ( center ) In 2010 , two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core , using data from the Fermi Gamma - ray Space Telescope . The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light - years ( 7.7 kpc ) ; they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night - sky of the southern hemisphere . Subsequently , observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles . These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly ( 200 pc ) of the Milky Way . Later , on January 5 , 2015 , NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual , a record - breaker , from Sagittarius A * . The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A * . Spiral arms Further information : Spiral galaxy Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bars , the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms . Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation , as traced by H II regions and molecular clouds . The Milky Way 's spiral structure is uncertain , and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way 's spiral arms . Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun , because galaxies commonly have arms that branch , merge , twist unexpectedly , and feature a degree of irregularity . The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique , and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way . Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7 ° to 25 ° . There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way 's center . These are named as follows , with the positions of the arms shown in the image at right : Observed ( normal lines ) and extrapolated ( dotted lines ) structure of the spiral arms . The gray lines radiating from the Sun 's position ( upper center ) list the three - letter abbreviations of the corresponding constellations . Color Arm ( s ) cyan 3 - kpc Arm ( Near 3 kpc Arm and Far 3 kpc Arm ) and Perseus Arm purple Norma and Outer arm ( Along with extension discovered in 2004 ) green Scutum -- Centaurus Arm pink Carina -- Sagittarius Arm There are at least two smaller arms or spurs , including : orange Orion -- Cygnus Arm ( which contains the Sun and Solar System ) Two spiral arms , the Scutum -- Centaurus arm and the Carina -- Sagittarius arm , have tangent points inside the Sun 's orbit about the center of the Milky Way . If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk , it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point . Two surveys of near - infrared light , which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction , detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum -- Centaurus arm but not in the Carina -- Sagittarius arm : the Scutum - Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30 % more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm . This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms : the Perseus arm and the Scutum -- Centaurus arm . The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars . In December 2013 , astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star - forming regions matches the four - arm spiral description of the Milky Way . Thus , the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars . The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear . Clusters detected by WISE used to trace the Milky Way 's spiral arms The Near 3 kpc Arm ( also called Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply 3 kpc Arm ) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 - centimeter radio measurements of HI ( atomic hydrogen ) . It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km / s . It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center . The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame ( Harvard - Smithsonian CfA ) . It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc ( about 10,000 ly ) from the Galactic Center . A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy . It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns : an inner one , formed by the Sagittarius arm , that rotates fast and an outer one , formed by the Carina and Perseus arms , whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound . In this scenario , suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms , the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring , and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm . The long filamentary molecular cloud dubbed `` Nessie '' probably forms a dense `` spine '' of the Scutum -- Centarus Arm Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring ( or Outer Ring ) , a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago . However , several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way . Halo The Galactic disk is surrounded by a spheroidal halo of old stars and globular clusters , of which 90 % lie within 100,000 light - years ( 30 kpc ) of the Galactic Center . However , a few globular clusters have been found farther , such as PAL 4 and AM1 at more than 200,000 light - years from the Galactic Center . About 40 % of the Milky Way 's clusters are on retrograde orbits , which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation . The globular clusters can follow rosette orbits about the Milky Way , in contrast to the elliptical orbit of a planet around a star . Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths , the halo component does not . Active star formation takes place in the disk ( especially in the spiral arms , which represent areas of high density ) , but does not take place in the halo , as there is little gas cool enough to collapse into stars . Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk . Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way 's structure . With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy ( M31 ) extends much further than previously thought , the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending further is apparent , and this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the Cygnus Arm and of a similar extension of the Scutum - Centaurus Arm . With the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart . Similarly , with the discovery of the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy , it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk . The Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure ( spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon ) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models . The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way . The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way . This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light - years ( 9 kpc ) away . Gaseous halo In addition to the stellar halo , the Chandra X-ray Observatory , XMM - Newton , and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is a gaseous halo with a large amount of hot gas . The halo extends for hundreds of thousand of light years , much further than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds . The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself . The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K ( 1.8 and 4.5 million F ) . Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one - sixth as much baryonic ( ordinary ) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old . However , only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way . If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed , it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way . Sun 's location and Neighborhood Diagram of the Sun 's location in the Milky Way . The angles represent longitudes in the galactic coordinate system . Diagram of the stars in the Solar neighborhood The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm , within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble , and in the Gould Belt , at a distance of 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . The Sun is currently 5 -- 30 parsecs ( 16 -- 98 ly ) from the central plane of the Galactic disk . The distance between the local arm and the next arm out , the Perseus Arm , is about 2,000 parsecs ( 6,500 ly ) . The Sun , and thus the Solar System , is located in the Milky Way 's galactic habitable zone . There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs ( 49 ly ) from the Sun , giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs , or one star per 2,360 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest bright stars ) . On the other hand , there are 64 known stars ( of any magnitude , not counting 4 brown dwarfs ) within 5 parsecs ( 16 ly ) of the Sun , giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs , or one per 284 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest stars ) . This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars : in the entire sky , there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14 . The apex of the Sun 's way , or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way . The general direction of the Sun 's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules , at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center . The Sun 's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions . In addition , the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit . This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force ( damping ) term . These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth . However , a reanalysis of the effects of the Sun 's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation . It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way ( a galactic year ) , so the Sun is thought to have completed 18 -- 20 orbits during its lifetime and 1 / 1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km / s ( 490,000 mph ) or 0.073 % of the speed of light . The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km / h ( 52,000 mph ) . At this speed , it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light - year , or 8 days to travel 1 AU ( astronomical unit ) . The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius , which follows the ecliptic . Galactic rotation Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way . Vertical axis is speed of rotation about the Galactic Center . Horizontal axis is distance from the Galactic Center in kpcs . The Sun is marked with a yellow ball . The observed curve of speed of rotation is blue . The predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red . Scatter in observations roughly indicated by gray bars . The difference is due to dark matter . The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially , meaning that the rotation period varies with location . As is typical for spiral galaxies , the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center . Away from the central bulge or outer rim , the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 and 240 km / s ( 470,000 and 540,000 mph ) . Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled . This is unlike the situation within the Solar System , where two - body gravitational dynamics dominate , and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them . The rotation curve ( shown in the figure ) describes this rotation . Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low , whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation . If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars , gas , and other baryonic ( ordinary ) matter , the rotation speed would decrease with distance from the center . However , the observed curve is relatively flat , indicating that there is additional mass that can not be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation . This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter . The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies , the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies . Alternatively , a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve . Formation Nature timeline view discuss edit - 13 -- -- - 12 -- -- - 11 -- -- - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- cosmic expansion Earliest light cosmic speed - up Solar System water Single - celled life photosynthesis Multicellular life Land life Earliest gravity Dark energy Dark matter ← Earliest universe ( − 13.80 ) ← Earliest stars ← Earliest galaxy ← Earliest quasar / sbh ← Omega Centauri forms ← Andromeda Galaxy forms ← Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms form ← Alpha Centauri forms ← Earliest Earth ( − 4.54 ) ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans i f r i m o r d i l Axis scale : billion years Also see : Human timeline and Life timeline Main article : Galaxy formation and evolution The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang . Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed . Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies . Nonetheless , these stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way . Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars , the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly . Due to conservation of angular momentum , this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk . Therefore , later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk . Most younger stars , including the Sun , are observed to be in the disk . Since the first stars began to form , the Milky Way has grown through both galaxy mergers ( particularly early in the Milky Way 's growth ) and accretion of gas directly from the Galactic halo . The Milky Way is currently accreting material from two of its nearest satellite galaxies , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , through the Magellanic Stream . Direct accretion of gas is observed in high - velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud . However , properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass , angular momentum , and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years . This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies ; its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with relatively large galaxies . According to recent studies , the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the galaxy color -- magnitude diagram is known as the `` green valley '' , a region populated by galaxies in transition from the `` blue cloud '' ( galaxies actively forming new stars ) to the `` red sequence '' ( galaxies that lack star formation ) . Star - formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star - forming gas in the interstellar medium . In simulated galaxies with similar properties , star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now , even accounting for the expected , short - term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy . In fact , measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies . Age and cosmological History Night sky from a hypothetical planet within the Milky Way 10 billion years ago . Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way , which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long - lived radioactive elements such as thorium - 232 and uranium - 238 , then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance , a technique called nucleocosmochronology . These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082 - 001 and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD + 17 ° 3248 . Once a white dwarf is formed , it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops . By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature , an age estimate can be made . With this technique , the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years . Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years , and a 95 % confidence upper limit of 16 billion years . Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way 's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80 - billion - year age of the Universe . In 2007 , a star in the galactic halo , HE 1523 - 0901 , was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old . As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time , this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . This estimate was made using the UV - Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R - process . The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes , from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology . Another star , HD 140283 , is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old . The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology . Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago . These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk . Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation , 10 to 8 billion years ago , when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before . The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed , but seemed to be the result of a break - up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light years in diameter and 50,000 light years wide . Close encounters between galaxies , like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas , which , over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at right angles to the main disc . Environment Diagram of the galaxies in the Local Group relative to the Milky Way The position of the Local Group within the Virgo Supercluster Main article : Local Group The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group , surrounded by a Local Void , itself being part of the Virgo Supercluster . Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids , devoid of many galaxies , the Microscopium Void to the `` north '' , the Sculptor Void to the `` left '' , the Bootes Void to the `` right '' and the Canes - Major Void to the South . These voids change shape over time , creating filamentous structures of galaxies . The Virgo Supercluster , for instance , is being drawn towards the Great Attractor , which in turn forms part of a greater structure , called Laniakea . Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way . The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 14,000 light - years . It has a close companion , the Small Magellanic Cloud . The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100 ° of the sky . The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way . Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf ( the closest ) , Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy , Ursa Minor Dwarf , Sculptor Dwarf , Sextans Dwarf , Fornax Dwarf , and Leo I Dwarf . The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light - years in diameter . These include Carina Dwarf , Draco Dwarf , and Leo II Dwarf . There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way , which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015 . There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way , such as Omega Centauri . In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way actually lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction . This came as a surprise : according to standard cosmology , the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos , and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions . This discrepancy is still not fully explained . In January 2006 , researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way , causing vibrations when they pass through its edges . Previously , these two galaxies , at around 2 % of the mass of the Milky Way , were considered too small to influence the Milky Way . However , in a computer model , the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way . Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km / s ( 220,000 to 310,000 mph ) . In 3 to 4 billion years , there may be an Andromeda -- Milky Way collision , depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies ' relative motion . If they collide , the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low , but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy over the course of about a billion years . Velocity Although special relativity states that there is no `` preferred '' inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way , the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference . One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow , the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space . Individual galaxies , including the Milky Way , have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow . Thus , to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow , one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local , random motions . A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow . Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km / s ( 1,400,000 mph ) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference . The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters , including the Shapley supercluster , behind it . The Local Group ( a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing , among others , the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy ) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster , centered near the Virgo Cluster : although they are moving away from each other at 967 km / s ( 2,160,000 mph ) as part of the Hubble flow , this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster . Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) . The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km / s ( 1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph ) with respect to the photons of the CMB , toward 10.5 right ascension , − 24 ° declination ( J2000 epoch , near the center of Hydra ) . This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) as a dipole contribution to the CMB , as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue - shifted in the direction of the motion and red - shifted in the opposite direction . Etymology and mythology The Origin of the Milky Way ( c. 1575 -- 1580 ) by Tintoretto Main articles : List of names for the Milky Way and Milky Way ( mythology ) In the Babylonian epic poem Enûma Eliš , the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragoness Tiamat , set in the sky by Marduk , the Babylonian national god , after slaying her . This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlil of Nippur , but is now though to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities . Llys Dôn ( literally `` The Court of Dôn '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia . At least three of Dôn 's children also have astronomical associations : Caer Gwydion ( `` The fortress of Gwydion '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way , and Caer Arianrhod ( `` The Fortress of Arianrhod '' ) being the constellation of Corona Borealis . In western culture , the name `` Milky Way '' is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved `` milky '' glowing band arching across the night sky . The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea , in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας , short for γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας ( galaxias ) -- from root γαλακτ - , γάλα ( `` milk '' ) + - ίας ( forming adjectives ) -- is also the root of `` galaxy '' , the name for our , and later all such , collections of stars . In Greek mythology , the Milky Way was formed after the trickster god Hermes suckled the infant Heracles at the breast of Hera , the queen of the gods , while she was asleep . When Hera awoke , she tore Heracles away from her breast and splattered her breast milk across the heavens . In another version of the story , Athena , the patron goddess of heroes , tricked Hera into suckling Heracles voluntarily , but he bit her nipple so hard that she flung him away , spraying milk everywhere . The Milky Way , or `` milk circle '' , was just one of 11 `` circles '' the Greeks identified in the sky , others being the zodiac , the meridian , the horizon , the equator , the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn , Arctic and Antarctic circles , and two colure circles passing through both poles . Astronomical History See also : Galaxy § Observation history The shape of the Milky Way as deduced from star counts by William Herschel in 1785 ; the Solar System was assumed near center In Meteorologica ( DK 59 A80 ) , Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) wrote that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras ( c. 500 -- 428 BC ) and Democritus ( 460 -- 370 BC ) proposed that the Milky Way might consist of distant stars . However , Aristotle himself believed the Milky Way to be caused by `` the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large , numerous and close together '' and that the `` ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere , in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions . '' The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger ( c. 495 -- 570 A.D. ) criticized this view , arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary , it should appear different at different times and places on Earth , and that it should have parallax , which it does not . In his view , the Milky Way is celestial . This idea would be influential later in the Islamic world . The Persian astronomer Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī ( 973 -- 1048 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars '' . The Andalusian astronomer Avempace ( d 1138 ) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction in Earth 's atmosphere , citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence . Ibn Qayyim Al - Jawziyya ( 1292 -- 1350 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars '' and that these stars are larger than planets . According to Jamil Ragep , the Persian astronomer Naṣīr al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī ( 1201 -- 1274 ) in his Tadhkira writes : `` The Milky Way , i.e. the Galaxy , is made up of a very large number of small , tightly clustered stars , which , on account of their concentration and smallness , seem to be cloudy patches . Because of this , it was likened to milk in color . '' Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars . In a treatise in 1755 , Immanuel Kant , drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright , speculated ( correctly ) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars , held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales . The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk . Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate `` galaxies '' themselves , similar to our own . Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the `` extragalactic nebulae '' as `` island universes '' , a term still current up to the 1930s . The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky . He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center . In 1845 , Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral - shaped nebulae . He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae , lending credence to Kant 's earlier conjecture . Photograph of the `` Great Andromeda Nebula '' from 1899 , later identified as the Andromeda Galaxy In 1917 , Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula ( Messier object 31 ) . Searching the photographic record , he found 11 more novae . Curtis noticed that these novae were , on average , 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way . As a result , he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs . He became a proponent of the `` island universes '' hypothesis , which held that the spiral nebulae were actually independent galaxies . In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , concerning the nature of the Milky Way , spiral nebulae , and the dimensions of the Universe . To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy , Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way , as well as the significant Doppler shift . The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m ( 100 in ) Hooker telescope . With the light - gathering power of this new telescope , he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars . He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae . He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun , far too distant to be part of the Milky Way . Mapping The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2022 . See also Baade 's Window Oort constants List of galaxies Galactic astronomy Notes Jump up ^ Jay M. Pasachoff in his textbook Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe states the term Milky Way should refer exclusively to the band of light that the galaxy forms in the night sky , while the galaxy should receive the full name Milky Way Galaxy . See : Pasachoff , Jay M. ( 1994 ) . Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe . Harcourt School . p. 500 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 001667 - 3 . Jump up ^ See also Bortle Dark - Sky Scale . Jump up ^ These estimates are very uncertain , as most non-star objects are hard to detect ; for example , black hole estimates range from ten million to one billion . Jump up ^ For a photo see : `` Sagittarius A * : Milky Way monster stars in cosmic reality show '' . Chandra X-ray Observatory . Harvard - Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics . January 6 , 2003 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Karachentsev et al. give a blue absolute magnitude of − 20.8 . Combined with a color index of 0.55 estimated here , an absolute visual magnitude of − 21.35 ( − 20.8 − 0.55 = − 21.35 ) is obtained . Note that determining the absolute magnitude of the Milky Way is very difficult , because Earth is inside it . References ^ Jump up to : Gerhard , O. ( 2002 ) . `` Mass distribution in our Galaxy '' . Space Science Reviews . 100 ( 1 / 4 ) : 129 -- 138 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0203110 . Bibcode : 2002astro.ph ... 3110G . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1015818111633 . Jump up ^ Frommert , Hartmut ; Kronberg , Christine ( August 26 , 2005 ) . `` Classification of the Milky Way Galaxy '' . SEDS . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . 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Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wright , An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe ... ( London , England : H. Chapelle , 1750 ) . On page 57 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright stated that despite their mutual gravitational attraction , the stars in the constellations do n't collide because they are in orbit , so centrifugal force keeps them separated : `` ... centrifugal force , which not only preserves them in their orbits , but prevents them from rushing all together , by the common universal law of gravity , ... '' On page 48 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright stated that the form of the Milky Way is a ring : `` ... the stars are not infinitely dispersed and distributed in a promiscuous manner throughout all the mundane space , without order or design , ... this phænomenon ( is ) no other than a certain effect arising from the observer 's situation , ... To a spectator placed in an indefinite space , ... it ( i.e. the Milky Way ( Via Lactea ) ) ( is ) a vast ring of stars ... '' On page 65 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright speculated that the central body of the Milky Way , around which the rest of the galaxy revolves , might not be visible to us : `` ... the central body A , being supposed as incognitum ( i.e. an unknown ) , without ( i.e. outside of ) the finite view ; ... '' On page 73 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright called the Milky Way the Vortex Magnus ( the great whirlpool ) and estimated its diameter to be 8.64 × 10 miles ( 13.9 × 10 km ) . On page 33 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright speculated that there are a vast number of inhabited planets in the galaxy : `` ... ; therefore we may justly suppose , that so many radiant bodies ( i.e. stars ) were not created barely to enlighten an infinite void , but to ... display an infinite shapeless universe , crowded with myriads of glorious worlds , all variously revolving round them ; and ... with an inconceivable variety of beings and states , animate ... '' Jump up ^ Immanuel Kant , Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels ... Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven ... ) , ( Koenigsberg and Leipzig , ( Germany ) : Johann Friederich Petersen , 1755 ) . On pages 2 -- 3 , Kant acknowledged his debt to Thomas Wright : `` Dem Herrn Wright von Durham , einen Engeländer , war es vorbehalten , einen glücklichen Schritt zu einer Bemerkung zu thun , welche von ihm selber zu keiner gar zu tüchtigen Absicht gebraucht zu seyn scheinet , und deren nützliche Anwendung er nicht genugsam beobachtet hat . Er betrachtete die Fixsterne nicht als ein ungeordnetes und ohne Absicht zerstreutes Gewimmel , sondern er fand eine systematische Verfassung im Ganzen , und eine allgemeine Beziehung dieser Gestirne gegen einen Hauptplan der Raume , die sie einnehmen . '' ( To Mr. Wright of Durham , an Englishman , it was reserved to take a happy step towards an observation , which seemed , to him and to no one else , to be needed for a clever idea , the exploitation of which he has n't studied sufficiently . He regarded the fixed stars not as a disorganized swarm that was scattered without a design ; rather , he found a systematic shape in the whole , and a general relation between these stars and the principal plane of the space that they occupy . ) Jump up ^ Kant ( 1755 ) , pages xxxiii -- xxxvi of the Preface ( Vorrede ) : Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Ich betrachtete die Art neblichter Sterne , deren Herr von Maupertuis in der Abhandlung von der Figur der Gestirne gedenket , und die die Figur von mehr oder weniger offenen Ellipsen vorstellen , und versicherte mich leicht , daß sie nichts anders als eine Häufung vieler Fixsterne seyn können . Die jederzeit abgemessene Rundung dieser Figuren belehrte mich , daß hier ein unbegreiflich zahlreiches Sternenheer , und zwar um einen gemeinschaftlichen Mittelpunkt , müste geordnet seyn , weil sonst ihre freye Stellungen gegen einander , wohl irreguläre Gestalten , aber nicht abgemessene Figuren vorstellen würden . Ich sahe auch ein : daß sie in dem System , darinn sie sich vereinigt befinden , vornemlich auf eine Fläche beschränkt seyn müßten , weil sie nicht zirkelrunde , sondern elliptische Figuren abbilden , und daß sie wegen ihres blassen Lichts unbegreiflich weit von uns abstehen . '' ( I considered the type of nebulous stars , which Mr. de Maupertuis considered in his treatise on the shape of stars , and which present the figures of more or less open ellipses , and I readily assured myself , that they could be nothing else than a cluster of fixed stars . That these figures always measured round informed me that here an inconceivably numerous host of stars , ( which were clustered ) around a common center , must be orderly , because otherwise their free positions among each other would probably present irregular forms , not measurable figures . I also realized : that in the system in which they find themselves bound , they must be restricted primarily to a plane , because they display not circular , but elliptical figures , and that on account of their faint light , they are located inconceivably far from us . ) Jump up ^ Evans , J.C. ( November 24 , 1998 ) . `` Our Galaxy '' . George Mason University . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The term Weltinsel ( island universe ) appears nowhere in Kant 's book of 1755 . The term first appeared in 1850 , in the third volume of von Humboldt 's Kosmos : Alexander von Humboldt , Kosmos , vol. 3 ( Stuttgart & Tübingen , ( Germany ) : J.G. Cotta , 1850 ) , pages 187 , 189 . From page 187 : Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Thomas Wright von Durham , Kant , Lambert und zuerst auch William Herschel waren geneigt die Gestalt der Milchstraße und die scheinbare Anhäufung der Sterne in derselben als eine Folge der abgeplatteten Gestalt und ungleichen Dimensionen der Weltinsel ( Sternschict ) zu betrachten , in welche unser Sonnensystem eingeschlossen ist . '' ( Thomas Wright of Durham , Kant , Lambert and first of all also William Herschel were inclined to regard the shape of the Milky Way and the apparent clustering of stars in it as a consequence of the oblate shape and unequal dimensions of the world island ( star stratum ) , in which our solar system is included . ) In the English translation -- Alexander von Humboldt with E.C. Otté , trans. , Cosmos ... ( New York City : Harper & Brothers , 1897 ) , vols. 3 -- 5 -- see page 147 . Jump up ^ William Herschel ( 1785 ) `` On the Construction of the Heavens , '' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 75 : 213 -- 266 . Herschel 's diagram of the Milky Way appears immediately after the article 's last page . See : Google Books Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . The Royal Society of London Archived April 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Abbey , Lenny . `` The Earl of Rosse and the Leviathan of Parsontown '' . The Compleat Amateur Astronomer . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Curtis , H.D. ( 1988 ) . `` Novae in spiral nebulae and the Island Universe Theory '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 : 6 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1988PASP ... 100 ... 6C . doi : 10.1086 / 132128 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Harold F. `` Robert Julius Trumpler '' . National Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sandage , Allan ( 1989 ) . `` Edwin Hubble , 1889 -- 1953 '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 83 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 1989JRASC ... 83 ... 351S . Jump up ^ Hubble , E.P. ( 1929 ) . `` A spiral nebula as a stellar system , Messier 31 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 69 : 103 -- 158 . Bibcode : 1929ApJ ... 69 ... 103H . doi : 10.1086 / 143167 . Jump up ^ `` New Milky Way Map Is a Spectacular Billion - Star Atlas '' . September 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaia > Gaia DR1 '' . www.cosmos.esa.int . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` OxfordOnline '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Further reading Thorsten Dambeck in Sky and Telescope , `` Gaia 's Mission to the Milky Way '' , March 2008 , p. 36 -- 39 . Cristina Chiappini , The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way , American Scientist , November / December 2001 , pp. 506 -- 515 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milky Way Galaxy . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Milky Way Milky Way -- 3D Map Milky Way -- Basic plan map -- Includes spiral arms and Orion spur Milky Way -- IRAS ( infrared ) survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- H - Alpha survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- MultiWavelength -- Images and VRML models ( NASA ) Milky Way -- Panorama ( 9 billion pixels ) . Milky Way -- Animated tour , University of South Wales Milky Way -- SEDS Messier website Milky Way -- Infrared Images Milky Way Video ( 02 : 37 ) -- VISTA IR Telescope Image ( October 24 , 2012 ) Milky Way Video ( 06 : 37 ) -- in RealTime ( Oregon ; September 17 , 2016 ) All - Sky Map -- CMB radiation ( Planck ; one - year survey ) The Milky Way Location Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Galactic core Center of the Milky Way Sagittarius A Sagittarius A * Supermassive black hole Spiral arms Carina -- Sagittarius Norma -- Cygnus Orion -- Cygnus Perseus Scutum -- Centaurus Satellite galaxies Magellanic Clouds Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud Magellanic Stream Magellanic Bridge Sagittarius Spheroidal Sagittarius Stream Boötes II Coma Berenices Messier 54 Palomar 12 Segue 1 Segue 2 Terzan 7 Dwarfs Boötes I Boötes III Canes Venatici I Canes Venatici II Canis Major Carina Crater 2 Draco Fornax Hercules Leo I Leo II Leo IV Leo V Leo T Phoenix Pisces I Pisces II Sculptor Sextans Triangulum II Ursa Major I Ursa Major II Ursa Minor Virgo I Other Monoceros Ring Virgo Stream Koposov I Koposov II Segue 3 Willman 1 Related Andromeda -- Milky Way collision Astronomy portal Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . 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who played in how to marry a millionaire

Betty Grable as Loco Dempsey Marilyn Monroe as Pola Debevoise Lauren Bacall as Schatze Page David Wayne as Freddie Denmark Rory Calhoun as Eben Cameron Mitchell as Tom Brookman Alex D'Arcy as J. Stewart Merrill Fred Clark as Waldo Brewster William Powell as J.D. Hanley

Betty Grable|Marilyn Monroe|Lauren Bacall|David Wayne|Rory Calhoun|Cameron Mitchell|Alex D'Arcy|Fred Clark|William Powell

How to Marry a Millionaire

how to marry a millionaire

How to Marry a Millionaire is a 1953 American romantic comedy film directed by Jean Negulesco and written and produced by Nunnally Johnson . The screenplay was based on the plays The Greeks Had a Word for It by Zoë Akins and Loco by Dale Eunson and Katherine Albert .

The film stars Betty Grable , Marilyn Monroe , and Lauren Bacall as three gold diggers , along with William Powell , David Wayne , Rory Calhoun , and Cameron Mitchell . Betty Grable received top billing in the screen credits but Marilyn Monroe 's name was first in all advertising , including the trailer . Made by 20th Century Fox , How to Marry a Millionaire was the first film ever to be photographed in the new CinemaScope wide - screen process , although it was the second Cinemascope film released by Fox after the biblical epic film The Robe ( also 1953 ) . How to Marry a Millionaire was also the first 1950s color and CinemaScope film ever to be shown on prime time network television , though panned - and - scanned , when it was presented as the first film on NBC Saturday Night at the Movies on September 23 , 1961 . The soundtrack from How to Marry a Millionaire was released on CD by Film Score Monthly on March 15 , 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Portrayal of New York 3.2 Music 4 Release and box office 5 Award nominations 6 Television adaptation 7 Remake 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Monroe as Pola , Grable as Loco , and Bacall as Schatze Resourceful Schatze Page ( Lauren Bacall ) , spunky Loco Dempsey ( Betty Grable ) , and ditzy Pola DeBevoise ( Marilyn Monroe ) rent a luxurious Sutton Place penthouse in New York City from Freddie Denmark ( David Wayne ) , who is avoiding the IRS by living in Europe . The women plan to use the apartment to attract rich men and marry them . When money is tight , Schatze pawns some of Freddie 's furniture , without his knowledge . To their dismay , as winter approaches , the furnishings continue to be sold off as they have no luck . One day , Loco carries in some groceries , assisted by Tom Brookman ( Cameron Mitchell ) . Tom is very interested in Schatze , but she dismisses him , thinking he is poor . She tries repeatedly to brush him off as she sets her sights on the charming , classy widower J.D. Hanley ( William Powell ) whose worth is irreproachably large . All the while she 's stalking the older J.D. , Tom , who is actually very wealthy , keeps after her . After every one of their dates , she tells him she never wants to see him again as she refuses to marry a poor man again . Meanwhile , Loco becomes acquainted with a grumpy businessman ( Fred Clark ) . He is married , but she agrees to go with him to his lodge in Maine , mistakenly thinking she 's going to meet a bunch of Elks Club members . When they arrive , Loco is disappointed to find that the businessman was hoping to have an affair with her and set them up in a dingy lodge instead of the glamorous one she was expecting . She attempts to leave but unfortunately has to stay due to the trains not able to come till the next day . Waldo ( Clark ) comes down with the measles and has to stay in the lodge until cured . He is nursed back to health with the help of Loco , Loco meets Eben ( Rory Calhoun ) whom she thinks owns most of the surrounding land . She has no trouble transferring her affections to the handsome outdoorsman and they become engaged . When she finds out that he 's just a forest ranger , she is very disappointed , but Loco realizes that she loves him and is willing to overlook his financial shortcomings . Pola being romanced by a phony tycoon , played by Alexander D'Arcy The third member of the group , Pola ( Monroe ) , is extremely nearsighted , but hates to wear her glasses where any man might see her . As she puts it , `` Men are n't attentive to girls who wear glasses . '' ( a takeoff of Dorothy Parker 's `` Men seldom make passes at girls who wear glasses . '' ) She falls for a phony Arab oil tycoon , not knowing he 's really a crooked speculator . Luckily , when she takes a plane from La Guardia airport to meet him , she misreads Kansas City for Atlantic City on an airport sign and ends up on the wrong plane . She sits next to a man , also wearing glasses , who thinks she 's `` quite a strudel '' and encourages her to put hers on . It turns out that he is the mysterious Freddie Denmark on his way to Kansas City to find the crooked accountant who got him into trouble with the IRS . He does n't have much luck when he tracks the man down , but he and Pola become enamored with each other and eventually marry . William Powell as J.D. Hanley prepares to marry Schatze , with Loco and Pola as bridesmaids . Loco and Pola are reunited with Schatze just before her wedding to J.D. Schatze finds herself unable to go through with the wedding and confesses to J.D. that she is in love with Tom . He graciously understands and agrees to call off the wedding . Tom is among the wedding attendees and the two reconcile and marry , with Schatze still not knowing that he is rich . Afterwards , the three happy couples end up at a greasy spoon , dining on hamburgers . Schatze jokingly asks Eben and Freddie about their financial prospects -- which are slim . When she finally gets around to Tom , he casually admits a net worth around $200 million , and lists an array of holdings , which none of the others appear to take seriously . He then calls for the check , pulls out an enormous wad of money , and pays with a $1,000 bill , telling the chef to keep the change . The three astonished women faint dead away onto the floor . Tom then proposes the men drink a toast to their unconscious wives . Cast ( edit ) Betty Grable as Loco Dempsey Marilyn Monroe as Pola Debevoise Lauren Bacall as Schatze Page David Wayne as Freddie Denmark Rory Calhoun as Eben Cameron Mitchell as Tom Brookman Alex D'Arcy as J. Stewart Merrill Fred Clark as Waldo Brewster William Powell as J.D. Hanley Production ( edit ) How to Marry a Millionaire was the first film ever to be photographed in the new CinemaScope wide - screen process , but it was the second Cinemascope film released by Fox , after the biblical epic film The Robe . Twentieth - Century Fox started production on The Robe before it began production on How to Marry a Millionaire , although production on the latter was completed first . The studio chose to present The Robe as its first CinemaScope production in late September or early October 1953 because it saw this film as being more family - friendly and attracting a larger audience to introduce its widescreen process . The film 's cinematography was by Joseph MacDonald . The costume design was by Travilla . Portrayal of New York ( edit ) Between scenes , the cinematography has some iconic views of New York City . Views include : Rockefeller Center ; Central Park ; the United Nations Building ; and Brooklyn Bridge in the opening sequence . Other iconic views include the Empire State Building , the lights of Times Square at night and the George Washington Bridge . Music ( edit ) Main article : How to Marry a Millionaire ( soundtrack ) The score for How To Marry a Millionaire was composed and directed by Alfred Newman , with incidental music by Cyril Mockridge . The album was released on CD by Film Score Monthly on March 15 , 2001 , as part of Film Score Monthly 's series Golden Age Classics . Release and box office ( edit ) How to Marry a Millionaire premiered at the Fox Wilshire Theatre ( now the Saban Theatre ) , in Beverly Hills , California , on November 4 , 1953 . The film was a box office success earning $8 million worldwide and $7.5 million domestically , making it Fox 's second highest grossing film of that year ( with The Robe being the first ) , and was the fourth highest - grossing film of 1953 , whereas Monroe 's previous feature Gentlemen Prefer Blondes was the ninth . Award nominations ( edit ) Date of ceremony Award Nominees February 25 , 1954 Writers Guild of America Awards Best Written Comedy Nunnally Johnson March 25 , 1954 Academy Awards Best Costume Design -- Color Charles LeMaire , Travilla 1955 British Academy Film Awards Best Film from any Source How to Marry a Millionaire Television adaptation ( edit ) In 1957 , the film was adapted into a sitcom of the same name . The series stars Barbara Eden ( as Loco Jones ) , Merry Anders ( Michelle `` Mike '' Page ) , Lori Nelson ( Greta Lindquist ) and as Nelson 's later replacement , Lisa Gaye as Gwen Kirby . How to Marry a Millionaire aired in syndication for a total of two seasons . Remake ( edit ) In 2000 , the 20th Century Fox Television produced a made - for - TV remake called How to Marry a Billionaire : A Christmas Tale . But instead of three women looking to marry a millionaire man , the film shows three men looking to marry a millionaire woman . The film was starred by John Stamos , Joshua Malina and Shemar Moore . In 2007 , Nicole Kidman bought the rights to How to Marry a Millionaire under her production company Blossom Films , and is set to produce and possibly star in a remake . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Solomon , Aubrey ( 2002 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series . 20 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 248 . ISBN 9780810842441 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2002 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series . 20 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 89 . ISBN 9780810842441 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gomery , Douglas ; Pafort - Overduin , Clara ( 2011 ) . Movie History : A Survey : Second Edition ( 2 ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . p. 246 . ISBN 1 - 136 - 83525 - 3 . Jump up ^ Churchwell , Sarah . The Many Lives of Marilyn Monroe . Picador . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 42565 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` How to Marry a Millionaire ( 1953 ) : Cast & Crew '' . TCM . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to Marry a Millionaire ( 1953 ) : Track List '' . Film Score Monthly . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How to Marry a Millionaire ( 1953 ) '' . soundtrackinfo.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Ted ( 2008 ) . Marilyn Revealed : The Ambitious Life of an American Icon . Taylor Trade Publications . p. 390 . ISBN 1 - 589 - 79342 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lev , Peter . Transforming the Screen , 1950 - 1959 . University of California Press . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24966 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Box Office Hits of 1953 '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . January 13 , 1954 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Writers Guild of America , USA : Awards for 1954 '' . IMDb . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars Ceremonies : The 26th Academy Awards - 1954 : Winners & Nominees - Costume Design ( Color ) '' . Oscars . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Awards Search : 1955 '' . bafta.org . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana . The Hollywood Reporter 2007 - 04 - 27 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : How to Marry a Millionaire Wikimedia Commons has media related to How to Marry a Millionaire ( film ) . How to Marry a Millionaire on IMDb How to Marry a Millionaire at AllMovie How to Marry a Millionaire at the TCM Movie Database How to Marry a Millionaire at Rotten Tomatoes How to Marry a Millionaire at the American Film Institute Catalog Listing of CD and LP releases of music from the film , including `` Street Scene '' ( hide ) Films directed by Jean Negulesco Crash Donovan ( 1936 ) Singapore Woman ( 1941 ) The Gay Parisian ( 1941 ) United States Marine Band ( 1942 ) Cavalcade of Dance ( 1943 ) Women at War ( 1943 ) The Mask of Dimitrios ( 1944 ) The Conspirators ( 1944 ) Three Strangers ( 1946 ) Nobody Lives Forever ( 1946 ) Humoresque ( 1946 ) Deep Valley ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda ( 1948 ) Road House ( 1948 ) The Forbidden Street ( 1949 ) Three Came Home ( 1950 ) Under My Skin ( 1950 ) The Mudlark ( 1950 ) Take Care of My Little Girl ( 1951 ) Phone Call from a Stranger ( 1952 ) Lydia Bailey ( 1952 ) Lure of the Wilderness ( 1952 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) Scandal at Scourie ( 1953 ) How to Marry a Millionaire ( 1953 ) Three Coins in the Fountain ( 1954 ) Woman 's World ( 1954 ) Daddy Long Legs ( 1955 ) The Rains of Ranchipur ( 1955 ) The Dark Wave ( 1956 ) Boy on a Dolphin ( 1957 ) The Gift of Love ( 1958 ) A Certain Smile ( 1958 ) Count Your Blessings ( 1959 ) The Best of Everything ( 1959 ) Jessica ( 1962 ) The Pleasure Seekers ( 1964 ) The Invincible Six ( 1970 ) Hello - Goodbye ( 1970 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Marry_a_Millionaire&oldid=792001166 '' Categories : 1953 films English - language films 1950s romantic comedy films 20th Century Fox films American comedy - drama films American female buddy films American films American romantic comedy films Film scores by Alfred Newman Films about weddings Films adapted into television programs Films based on multiple works Films based on plays Films directed by Jean Negulesco Films set in New York City Marilyn Monroe Screenplays by Nunnally Johnson Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2017 , at 20 : 37 . 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the blueprint 2 the gift & the curse

The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse

the blueprint 2 : the gift & the curse

The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse ( stylized as The Blueprint2 : The Gift & The Curse ) is the seventh studio album by American rapper Jay - Z . It was released on November 12 , 2002 , by Roc - A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings . The album serves as a sequel to his sixth album The Blueprint ( 2001 ) . Parts of the album were later reissued for his compilation album , titled Blueprint 2.1 ( 2003 ) . The album debuted at number one , shipping with first - week sales of 545,000 units . As of February 2012 , the album has sold 2,117,000 units in the United States .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Track listing 3 Charts 4 Certifications 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 64 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Blender Christgau 's Consumer Guide Entertainment Weekly NME 8 / 10 Pitchfork 7.5 / 10 Q Rolling Stone Spin 9 / 10 Uncut The Blueprint 2 received lukewarm reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album received an average score of 64 , based on 19 reviews . According to Nathan Rabin , the record `` led many to claim that ( Jay - Z ) lost his vise - like grip on rap music '' . In his review for The A.V. Club , Rabin deemed it `` overreaching but surprisingly solid '' , featuring a first disc of clever pop - rap jams and a second that was `` darker and more erratic '' . Rolling Stone critic Christian Hoard said The Blueprint 2 was another `` strong record from hip - hop 's most dependable voice '' but felt Jay - Z 's flow was more impressive than the production , finding it `` long on both bouncy funk and forgettable R&B samples '' . AllMusic 's John Bush believed Jay - Z showcased some exceptional songs but could not carry the 110 - minute double album as consistently as its predecessor . Soren Baker was more critical in the Chicago Tribune . He felt Jay - Z 's reworking of other rappers ' music ( `` It Was All a Dream '' , `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' , and `` The Watcher 2 '' ) was unimaginative while the rest of the album lacked his usual enthusiasm . `` It reminds me of nearly every other double CD '' , David Browne wrote in Entertainment Weekly . `` It could have been a good single disc . '' Robert Christgau named `` U Do n't Know ( Remix ) '' and `` Poppin ' Tags '' as highlights while writing in his Village Voice consumer guide that he was disappointed Jay - Z sampled Paul Anka for `` I Did It My Way '' when he could not get permission to use Frank Sinatra 's recording of `` My Way '' . Rollie Pemberton was more enthusiastic in his review for Pitchfork , writing that Jay - Z `` weaves his way through every imaginable style and flavor with unyielding expertise '' . Billboard hailed it as `` the most ambitious and most fully realized album of his career '' , while Q felt it surpassed his previous album . In the opinion of Spin critic Chris Ryan , The Blueprint 2 found Jay - Z `` tightening the screws of his delivery '' and discovering a `` bruising poetry in a flow that once seemed clumsily conversational '' . Track listing ( edit ) Disc one : The Gift No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` A Dream '' ( featuring Faith Evans and The Notorious B.I.G. ) Shawn Carter Kanye West Christopher Wallace Sean Combs Jean - Claude Olivier James Mtume West 4 : 12 2 . `` Hovi Baby '' Carter Justin Smith Kenneth Edmonds Just Blaze 4 : 21 3 . `` The Watcher 2 '' ( featuring Dr. Dre , Rakim and Truth Hurts ) Carter Andre Young William Griffen Dr. Dre 5 : 55 4 . `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' ( featuring Beyoncé Knowles ) Carter West Prince Darryl Harper Ricky Rouse Tupac Shakur Tyrone Wrice West 3 : 25 5 . `` Excuse Me Miss '' Carter Pharrell Williams Chad Hugo The Neptunes 4 : 41 6 . `` What They Gonna Do '' ( featuring Sean Paul ) Carter Timothy Mosley Timbaland 4 : 54 7 . `` All Around the World '' ( featuring LaToiya Williams ) Carter Dion Wilson Bruce Hawes Joseph Jefferson Charles Simmons George Clinton , Jr . William Collins J.S. Theracon Jim Vitti Edwin Hawkins No I.D. 3 : 52 8 . `` Poppin ' Tags '' ( featuring Big Boi , Killer Mike and Twista ) Carter West Antwan Patton Michael Render Carl Mitchell William Robinson West 6 : 00 9 . `` Fuck All Nite '' Carter Williams Hugo The Neptunes 4 : 19 10 . `` The Bounce '' ( featuring Kanye West ) Carter Mosley West Timbaland 4 : 18 11 . `` I Did It My Way '' Carter Jimi Kendrix Chuck Stanton Paul Anka Claude François Jacques Revaux Gilles Thibaut Kendrix Big Chuck 3 : 42 Disc two : The Curse No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Diamond Is Forever '' Carter Theron Feemster Stanton Ron Feemster Big Chuck 3 : 56 2 . `` Guns & Roses '' ( featuring Lenny Kravitz ) Carter Dwight Myers John McCrea Heavy D 4 : 26 3 . `` U Do n't Know ( Remix ) '' ( featuring M.O.P. ) Carter Smith Eric Murray Jamal Grinnage Bobby Byrd Just Blaze 4 : 27 4 . `` Meet the Parents '' Carter Smith Just Blaze 4 : 59 5 . `` Some How Some Way '' ( featuring Beanie Sigel and Scarface ) Carter Smith Dwight Grant Brad Jordan Michael McGloiry Just Blaze 5 : 37 6 . `` Some People Hate '' Carter West Brenda Russell Brian Russell Kanye West 4 : 32 7 . `` Blueprint '' Carter Henri Charlemagne Ennio Morricone Charlemagne 4 : 49 8 . `` Nigga Please '' ( featuring Young Chris ) Carter Williams Hugo Chris Ries The Neptunes 4 : 38 9 . `` 2 Many Hoes '' Carter Mosley Timbaland 3 : 34 10 . `` As One '' ( featuring Memphis Bleek , Freeway , Young Gunz , Peedi Crakk , Sparks and Rell ) Carter Smith Malik Cox Leslie Pridgen Pedro Zayas Ries Hanif Muhammad Kenneth Johnson Maurice White Verdine White Eduardo Del Barrio Just Blaze 3 : 49 11 . `` A Ballad for the Fallen Soldier '' Carter Williams Hugo The Neptunes 4 : 42 12 . `` Show You How '' ( bonus track ) Carter Smith Just Blaze 2 : 59 13 . `` Bitches & Sisters '' ( bonus track ) Carter Smith Isaac Hayes David Porter Just Blaze 2 : 39 14 . `` What They Gonna Do , Part II '' ( bonus track ) Carter Darrell Branch Digga 3 : 47 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 8 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 66 French Albums ( SNEP ) 79 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 61 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 49 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 52 UK Albums ( OCC ) 23 US Billboard 200 US Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 200,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one albums of 2002 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B albums of 2002 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) . `` Week Ending Feb. 26 , 2012 . Albums : Half of the Top 10 Chart Watch ( NEW ) - Yahoo ! Music '' . Music.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jay - Z Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2002 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Review '' . Blender . December 2002 . p. 156 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` Consumer Guide Album : Jay - Z : The Blueprint 2 '' . Robert Christgau . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , David ; Drumming , Neil ; Serpick , Evan ( November 19 , 2002 ) . `` H.O.V.A. Kill '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NME Album Reviews -- Jay - Z : The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse '' . Nme.Com. 2005 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived April 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Review '' . Q. January 2003 . p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Hoard , Christian ( November 12 , 2002 ) . `` The Blueprint , Vol. 2 : The Gift and the Curse '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Chris ( 2003 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Jay - Z , ' The Blueprint 2 : The Gift and the Curse ' ( Roc - a-Fella ) SPIN Albums Critical Mass '' . SPIN . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Review '' . Uncut . January 2003 . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Muhammad , Cedric ( November 15 , 2002 ) . `` Hip - Hop Fridays : In Defense Of Jay - Z And Blueprint 2 '' . Black Electorate . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( 2002 - 12 - 06 ) . `` The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse : Jay - Z Music MusicalWork Review The A.V. Club '' . Origin.avclub.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Baker , Soren ( November 24 , 2002 ) . `` The Blueprint 2 -- The Gift & The Curse '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( February 11 , 2003 ) . `` Consumer Guide : The Prelude '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & the Curse '' . Billboard . November 30 , 2003 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z -- Chart history '' Billboard Canadian Albums Chart for Jay - Z . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Jay - Z -- The Blueprint 2 -- The Gift & The Curse '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Jay - Z -- The Blueprint 2 -- The Gift & The Curse '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Jay - Z -- The Blueprint 2 -- The Gift & The Curse '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Jay - Z -- The Blueprint 2 -- The Gift & The Curse '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Jay - Z . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z -- Chart history '' Billboard Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums for Jay - Z . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- JAY Z -- The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- JAY Z -- The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- JAY Z -- The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse at Discogs ( list of releases ) Preceded by 8 Mile Soundtrack Billboard 200 number - one album November 24 , 2002 -- November 30 , 2002 Succeeded by Up ! by Shania Twain ( hide ) Jay - Z Albums Singles Videos Songs Films Awards and nominations Studio albums Reasonable Doubt In My Lifetime , Vol. 1 Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life Vol. 3 ... Life and Times of S. Carter The Dynasty : Roc La Familia The Blueprint The Best of Both Worlds The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse The Black Album Unfinished Business Kingdom Come American Gangster The Blueprint 3 Watch the Throne Magna Carta Holy Grail 4 : 44 Live albums MTV Unplugged Compilation albums Chapter One : Greatest Hits Blueprint 2.1 Bring It On : The Best of Jay - Z Greatest Hits Jay - Z : The Hits Collection , Volume One EPs Collision Course Live in Brooklyn Concert tours Blueprint Lounge Tour Best of Both Worlds Tour American Gangster Live Heart of the City Tour Projekt Revolution 2008 Europe Jay - Z & Ciara Live Jay - Z Fall Tour The Home & Home Tour U2 360 ° Tour Watch the Throne Tour Legends of the Summer Magna Carter World Tour On the Run Tour 4 : 44 Tour Related articles Roc - A-Fella Records Rocawear Roc Nation StarRoc Takeover Roc Nation 40 / 40 Club Beyoncé Kanye West Rihanna Linkin Park The Grey Album Jaydiohead Fade to Black Live Nation Entertainment NBA 2K13 Brooklyn Nets Made in America Festival Made in America Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Blueprint_2:_The_Gift_%26_The_Curse&oldid=800799674 '' Categories : Jay - Z albums 2002 albums Albums produced by Dr. Dre Albums produced by Just Blaze Albums produced by Kanye West Albums produced by The Neptunes Albums produced by No I.D. Albums produced by Timbaland Def Jam Recordings albums English - language albums Roc - A-Fella Records albums Sequel albums Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 19 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who has won vuelta and tour in same year

Cyclist Year Grand Tours won Result in World Championship Fausto Coppi ( ITA ) 1949 Tour + Giro 3rd place Fausto Coppi ( ITA ) 1952 Tour + Giro DNE Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) 1963 Tour + Vuelta 14th place Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) 1964 Tour + Giro 7th place Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 1970 Tour + Giro 29th place Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 1972 Tour + Giro 4th place Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 1973 Giro + Vuelta 4th place Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 1978 Tour + Vuelta 5th place Giovanni Battaglin ( ITA ) 1981 Giro + Vuelta 26th place Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 1982 Tour + Giro DNF Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 1985 Tour + Giro DNF Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) 1992 Tour + Giro 6th place Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) Tour + Giro 2nd place Marco Pantani ( ITA ) 1998 Tour + Giro DNE Alberto Contador ( ESP ) 2008 Giro + Vuelta DNF Chris Froome ( GBR ) 2017 Tour + Vuelta DNE

Triple crown of cycling

triple crown of cycling

The Triple Crown of Cycling is a term used in cycling to denote the achievement of winning three major titles in the same season , usually but not always the Giro d'Italia , the Tour de France and the UCI World Road Race Championship .

It is considered by many fans of the sport to be the greatest ' single ' achievement in cycling . Although mostly it means winning the Giro d'Italia , the Tour de France and the Road World Cycling Championship in one calendar year , occasionally a broader definition is also seen where the victory in the Giro d'Italia can be exchanged for the Vuelta a España ; this alternative has gained traction as the Vuelta , historically the least prestigious Grant Tour , has gained in reputation and importance . A hat - trick which did not include the Tour de France and the World title would not generally be considered as the Triple Crown . So far , the triple crown of cycling ( in both the narrower and the broader definition ) has been achieved by only two cyclists , Eddy Merckx and Stephen Roche . Requiring a cyclist who is excellent as both a general classification rider , and a classics racer , it is considered the hardest achievement professional road bicycle racing in the same year . Despite the prestige of the achievement , the Triple Crown of cycling is not an official title , and there is no physical award given for its accomplishment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Triple crowns won 2 Near wins 2.1 Winning two grand tours in one year 2.2 Winning one grand tour and world championship in one year 3 Other definitions 3.1 Winning all three grand tours in a career 3.2 Winning all three grand tours in one year 3.3 Completing all three grand tours in one year 3.3. 1 Cyclists who have completed all three grand tours in the same year 3.3. 2 List of riders and results 3.4 Winning world titles in three disciplines 4 References Triple crowns won ( edit ) The Triple Crown has only been achieved twice ( both times by winning Giro / Tour / Worlds ) : Rider Year Races Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) Tour + Giro + WC Stephen Roche ( IRL ) Tour + Giro + WC Near wins ( edit ) Some cyclists have been close to winning the triple crown of cycling , winning two of the three requirements . Among those who came close are Italian Fausto Coppi , Frenchman Bernard Hinault , and later Spaniard Miguel Indurain , who finished second in the World Championships in 1993 . Winning two grand tours in one year ( edit ) Coppi was the first rider in the history of the sport to win the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France in the same year which he did twice in 1949 and 1952 . At the World road race championships in 1949 Coppi came third behind Rik Van Steenbergen of Belgium and Ferdi Kübler of Switzerland . Merckx was the first rider to win the triple crown but he had already come close to winning it in 1972 when he won both the Tour and the Giro , coming fourth in the World road race . After his disappointment , Merckx broke the world hour record several weeks later . Indurain won the Giro - Tour double in both 1992 and 1993 and in both years he was very active in the World Road Race . In 1992 he finished sixth but in 1993 Indurain was very close to winning the Triple crown when he finished second behind Lance Armstrong . Cyclist Year Grand Tours won Result in World Championship Fausto Coppi ( ITA ) 1949 Tour + Giro 3rd place Fausto Coppi ( ITA ) 1952 Tour + Giro DNE Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) 1963 Tour + Vuelta 14th place Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) 1964 Tour + Giro 7th place Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 1970 Tour + Giro 29th place Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 1972 Tour + Giro 4th place Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 1973 Giro + Vuelta 4th place Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 1978 Tour + Vuelta 5th place Giovanni Battaglin ( ITA ) 1981 Giro + Vuelta 26th place Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 1982 Tour + Giro DNF Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 1985 Tour + Giro DNF Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) 1992 Tour + Giro 6th place Miguel Indurain ( ESP ) Tour + Giro 2nd place Marco Pantani ( ITA ) 1998 Tour + Giro DNE Alberto Contador ( ESP ) 2008 Giro + Vuelta DNF Chris Froome ( GBR ) 2017 Tour + Vuelta DNE Winning one grand Tour and World Championship in one year ( edit ) Hinault was aiming for winning the triple crown during the 1980 season . That year he won the 1980 Giro d'Italia before going on to the 1980 Tour de France . However , during the Tour , Hinault suffered from knee injury and despite winning three stages , he left the race while leading the general classification . Several weeks later he became world champion in Salanches . In the table below are the results in other grand tours of cyclists who won the world championship and a grand tour in one year . DNF ( did not finish ) indicates that the cyclist started the race , but did not finish ; DNE ( did not enter ) indicates that the cyclist did not enter the race . Cyclist Year Grand tour won Result in other grand tours Fausto Coppi ( ITA ) 1940 Giro Tour : DNE Vuelta : NA Georges Speicher ( FRA ) 1933 Tour Giro : DNE Vuelta : NA Fausto Coppi ( ITA ) 1953 Giro Tour : DNE Vuelta : NA Louison Bobet ( FRA ) 1954 Tour Giro : DNE Vuelta : NA Ercole Baldini ( ITA ) 1958 Giro Tour : DNE Vuelta : DNE Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 1971 Tour Giro : DNE Vuelta : DNE Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 1980 Giro Tour : DNF Vuelta : DNE Greg LeMond ( USA ) 1989 Tour Giro : 39th place Vuelta : DNE Other definitions ( edit ) Winning all three grand tours in a career ( edit ) No rider has ever won all three grand tours in a single year . Winning all three grand tours ( Tour de France , Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a España ) in a career is sometimes called a grand tour triple crown , although more usually it would be described as a ' grand slam ' . Only six riders have achieved this feat , and only one , Eddy Merckx has achieved both a classic Triple Crown and a career clean sweep of Grand Tour titles ( He also achieved a career clean sweep of Monument classics , the 5 most prestigious one day classic races ) . Only Bernard Hinault and Alberto Contador have achieve multiple career grand tour triple crowns , both having won each race at least twice . In bold the win that achieved a grand tour triple crown . Cyclist Tour de France wins Giro d'Italia wins Vuelta a España wins Jacques Anquetil ( FRA ) 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 1960 , 1964 1963 Felice Gimondi ( ITA ) 1965 1967 , 1969 , 1976 1968 Eddy Merckx ( BEL ) 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1974 1968 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 1973 Bernard Hinault ( FRA ) 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 1980 , 1982 , 1985 1978 , 1983 Alberto Contador ( ESP ) 2007 , 2009 2008 , 2015 2008 , 2012 , 2014 Vincenzo Nibali ( ITA ) 2014 2013 , 2016 Winning all three grand tours in one year ( edit ) The definition of Triple Crown of Cycling can also mean winning all three Grand Tours in the same year . As of 2017 , this has not been achieved . Only 39 times has a cyclist finished all three grand tours in one year , and of these 39 only Raphaël Géminiani ( in 1955 ) and Gastone Nencini ( in 1957 ) managed to finish in the top ten in each tour . In 2016 , Alejandro Valverde was close to accomplishing the same feat - he finished 3rd in the Giro d'Italia , 6th in the Tour de France , and was in the top three after the first half of the Vuelta of Spain , but lost 11 minutes in the 14th stage before recovering to finish in 12th place in overall standings , less than 2 minutes behind 10th place . In 2010 , Alberto Contador 's new team manager Bjarne Riis claimed that Contador could win all three grand tours in the same year , but his main rival Andy Schleck said it would be impossible . Eddy Merckx won four consecutive grand tours in 1972 -- 1973 : Giro 1972 , Tour 1972 , Vuelta 1973 , and Giro 1973 . Bernard Hinault won three consecutive grand tours in 1982 -- 1983 : Giro 1982 , Tour 1982 , and Vuelta 1983 . Completing all three grand tours in one year ( edit ) Cyclists who have completed all three grand tours in the same year ( edit ) As of 2016 , 39 riders completed all three grand tours in the same year : 6 times - Adam Hansen ( AUS ) - 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 4 times - Marino Lejarreta ( ESP ) - 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 3 times - Bernardo Ruiz ( ESP ) - 1955 , 1956 , 1957 2 times - Eduardo Chozas ( ESP ) - 1990 , 1991 2 times - Carlos Sastre ( ESP ) - 2006 , 2010 List of riders and results ( edit ) ID Year Rider Tour Giro Vuelta 1955 Raphaël Géminiani ( Fra ) 6 ° 4 ° 3 ° 1955 Louis Caput ( Fra ) 54 ° 68 ° 21 - ° 1955 Bernardo Ruiz ( Esp ) 22 ° 28 ° 14 ° 1956 Arrigo Padovan ( Ita ) 26 ° 12 ° 19 ° 1956 José Serra ( Esp ) 81 ° 26 ° 9 ° 6 1956 Bernardo Ruiz ( Esp ) 70 ° 38 ° 31 ° 7 1957 Gastone Nencini ( Ita ) 6 ° 1 ° 9 ° 8 1957 Mario Baroni ( Ita ) 53 ° 74 ° 46 ° 9 1957 Bernardo Ruiz ( Esp ) 24 ° 55 ° 3 ° 10 1958 Pierino Baffi ( Ita ) 63 ° 23 ° 26 - ° 11 1958 Federico Bahamontès ( Esp ) 8 ° 17 ° 6 ° 12 1971 José Manuel Fuente ( Esp ) 72 ° 39 ° 26 - ° 13 1971 José Luis Uribezubia ( Esp ) 49 ° 29 ° 36 ° 14 1985 Philippe Poissonnier ( Fra ) 90 ° 86 ° 66 ° 15 Marino Lejarreta ( Esp ) 10 ° 4 ° 26 - ° 16 Luis Javier Lukin ( Esp ) 82 ° 32 ° 26 - ° 17 1989 Marino Lejarreta ( Esp ) 5 ° 10 ° 20 ° 18 1990 Eduardo Chozas ( Esp ) 6 ° 11 ° 33 ° 19 1990 Marino Lejarreta ( Esp ) 5 ° 7 ° 26 - ° 20 1991 Eduardo Chozas ( Esp ) 11 ° 10 ° 11 ° 21 1991 Iñaki Gastón ( Esp ) 61 ° 23 ° 14 ° 22 1991 Marco Giovannetti ( Ita ) 30 ° 8 ° 18 ° 23 1991 Alberto Leanizbarrutia ( Esp ) 39 ° 64 ° 40 - ° 24 1991 Marino Lejarreta ( Esp ) 53 ° 5 ° 3 ° 25 1991 Vladimir Pulnikov ( Ucr ) 88 ° 11 ° 26 - ° 26 1991 Valerio Tebaldi ( Ita ) 89 ° 47 ° 87 ° 27 1992 Guido Bontempi ( Ita ) 75 ° 40 ° 62 ° 28 1992 Neil Stephens ( Aus ) 74 ° 57 ° 66 ° 29 1999 Mariano Piccoli ( Ita ) 50 ° 38 ° 58 ° 30 Jon Odriozola ( Esp ) 69 ° 59 ° 83 ° 31 2005 Giovanni Lombardi ( Ita ) 118 ° 88 ° 115 ° 32 2006 Carlos Sastre ( Esp ) 3 ° 43 ° 4 ° 33 2007 Mario Aerts ( Bel ) 70 ° 20 ° 27 ° 34 2008 Marzio Bruseghin ( Ita ) 26 ° 3 ° 10 ° 35 2008 Erik Zabel ( Ger ) 42 ° 80 ° 49 ° 36 2009 Julian Dean ( Nzl ) 121 ° 136 ° 132 ° 37 Carlos Sastre ( Esp ) 18 ° 8 ° 8 ° 38 2011 Sebastian Lang ( Ger ) 111 ° 55 ° 76 ° 39 2012 Adam Hansen ( Aus ) 81 ° 94 ° 123 ° 40 2013 Adam Hansen ( Aus ) 72 ° 72 ° 60 ° 41 2014 Adam Hansen ( Aus ) 64 ° 73 ° 53 ° 42 2015 Adam Hansen ( Aus ) 77 ° 114 ° 55 ° 43 2015 Sylvain Chavanel ( Fra ) 36 ° 54 ° 47 ° 44 2016 Alejandro Valverde ( Esp ) 6 ° 3 ° 12 ° 45 2016 Adam Hansen ( Aus ) 68 ° 100 ° 110 ° Winning World titles in three disciplines ( edit ) After Marianne Vos had won world titles in road race ( 2006 ) , cyclo - cross ( 2006 ) and track points race ( 2008 ) , she was said to have won the triple crown of cycling . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Eddy Merckx : Greatest Professional Cyclist Ever '' . EuroPeloton. 22 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Results -- The Grand Tours '' . Cycling Hall of Fame . Jump up ^ `` An interview with Stephen Roche , August 8 , 2007 -- Taking the triple '' . Cyclingnews. 8 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Championnats du Monde , 1963 '' . Les-Sports.info . Jump up ^ `` World Championships 1964 at Sallanches ( fra ) -- Men : Road Race '' . Sports 123 . Jump up ^ `` Championnats du Monde , 1970 '' . Les-Sports.info . Jump up ^ `` World Championships 1972 at Gap ( fra ) -- Men : Road Race '' . Sports 123 . Jump up ^ `` World Championships 1973 at Barcelona ( spa ) -- Men : Road Race '' . Sports 123 . Jump up ^ `` World Championships 1978 at Adenau ( wge ) -- Men : Road Race '' . Sports 123 . Jump up ^ `` Championnats du Monde , 1981 '' . Les-Sports.info . Jump up ^ `` Result World Championship , Road , Elite 1998 '' . Cyclingwebsite . Jump up ^ `` Championnats du Monde UCI CL / UCI RR World Championships ( 28.09. 2008 -- 28.09. 2008 ) '' . UCI . ^ Jump up to : In these years , there was no Vuelta organized . Jump up ^ Andrew Hood ( 3 June 2008 ) . `` Contador eyes grand tour sweep with Vuelta '' . VeloNews . Jump up ^ `` Giro d'Italia , Fausto Coppi and Gino Bartali duel '' . Ultimately Italy . Jump up ^ Eddy van der Mark . `` Tour Xtra : Tour de France Records '' . CVCCbike . Jump up ^ `` Contador 's triple crown claim crushed by Schleck '' . CyclingNews. 12 August 2010 . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vos wins unique cycling triple crown '' . DutchNews. 31 March 2008 . ( hide ) Grand Tour ( cycling ) Races Tour de France General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Yellow jersey statistics Giro d'Italia General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics Vuelta a España General classification winners Secondary classification winners Records and statistics GT winners General classification winners Points classification winners Mountains classification winners Stage winners at all three tours See also General classification Mountains classification Points classification Young rider classification Team classification Triple Crown of Cycling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_Crown_of_Cycling&oldid=802232515 '' Categories : Road bicycle racing terminology Grand Tour ( cycling ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what happened on the night of power islam

Laylat al - Qadr ( from Arabic : لیلة القدر ‎ ) , variously rendered in English as the Night of Decree , Night of Power , Night of Value , Night of Destiny , or Night of Measures , is in Islamic belief the night when the first verses of the Quran were revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad . It is one of the nights of the last ten days of Ramadan . Muslims believe that on this night the blessings and mercy of God are abundant , sins are forgiven , supplications are accepted , and that the annual decree is revealed to the angels who also descend to earth , specially the Angel Gabriel , referred to as `` the Spirit '' , to perform every and any errand decreed by God . Islam holds that God Almighty alone answers our supplications and that He alone receives them and forgives humanity and gives them what they ask for and that on this particular night Muslims should actively seek God 's forgiveness and engage in various acts of worship .

Laylat al - Qadr

laylat al - qadr

Laylat al - Qadr ( from Arabic : لیلة القدر ‎ ) , variously rendered in English as the Night of Decree , Night of Power , Night of Value , Night of Destiny , or Night of Measures , is in Islamic belief the night when the first verses of the Quran were revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad . It is one of the nights of the last ten days of Ramadan . Muslims believe that on this night the blessings and mercy of God are abundant , sins are forgiven , supplications are accepted , and that the annual decree is revealed to the angels who also descend to earth , specially the Angel Gabriel , referred to as `` the Spirit '' , to perform every and any errand decreed by God . Islam holds that God Almighty alone answers our supplications and that He alone receives them and forgives humanity and gives them what they ask for and that on this particular night Muslims should actively seek God 's forgiveness and engage in various acts of worship .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Revelation to Prophet Muhammad 2 Date 2.1 Sunni Islam 2.2 Shia Islam 2.3 Mahdavi Muslims 3 Religious importance 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Revelation to Prophet Muhammad ( edit ) Some commentators believe that the Quran was revealed to Muhammad twice ; the ' immediate revelation ' happening on the Laylat al - Qadr and ' gradual revelation ' across 23 years . The Quran uses the word Inzal ( انزال ) which justifies ' the immediate revelation ' , according to Allamah Tabatabai . However some others believe that the revelation of Quran occurred in two phases , with the first phase being the revelation in its entirety on Laylat al - Qadr to the angel Gabriel ( Jibril in Arabic ) in the lowest heaven , and then the subsequent verse - by - verse revelation to Muhammad by Gabriel . The revelation started in 610 CE at the Hira cave on Mount Nur in Mecca . The first Surah that was revealed was Sūrat al - ʿAlaq ( in Arabic العلق ) . During the first revelation the first five verses of this Surah , or chapter , were revealed . Date ( edit ) The specific date of Laylat al - Qadr is not mentioned in the Quran . Sunni Islam ( edit ) In Islamic countries and Sunni communities all over the world , Laylat al - Qadr is found to be on the last ten nights of Ramadan , mostly in on one of the odd nights ( 21st , 23rd , 25th , 27th or 29th ) whereby night precedes day . Many traditions insist particularly on the night before the 27th of Ramadan . 27th of Ramadan Gregorian date 1438 22 June 2017 1439 11 June 2018 Shia Islam ( edit ) See also : Assassination of Ali Iranians observing Qadr Night in Imam Reza shrine Iranians observing Qadr Night in Jamkaran Mosque Shia Muslims similarly believe that Laylat al - Qadr is to be found in the last ten odd nights of Ramadan but mostly on the 19th , 21st or 23rd of Ramadan with 23rd being the most important night . The 19th , according to the Shia belief coincides with the night Ali was attacked in the Mihrab while worshipping in the Great Mosque of Kufa , and died on the 21st of Ramadan . 23rd of Ramadan Gregorian date 1436 10 July 2015 1437 27 June 2016 1438 18 June 2017 1439 8 June 2018 Mahdavi Muslims ( edit ) Mahdavi Muslims believe that God blessed them with this most valued night of might / power , by the virtue of Muhammad Jaunpuri while travelling from Thatta ( now in Pakistani province of Sindh ) towards Farah ( now in Afghanistan ) . During his stay in Makran , Imam Mahdi , in compliance with divine order , offered Dogana Laylat al - Qadr past midnight of 27 Ramadan 908 AH along with his family members and companions at the nearby mountain , which was later named after him as Koh - e-Murad . Religious importance ( edit ) The night is not comparable to any others in view of Muslims and according to a tradition , the blessings due to the acts of worship during this night ca n't be equaled even by worshipping throughout an entire lifetime . The reward of acts of worship done in this one single night is more than the reward of around 83 years ( 1000 months ) of worship . Laylat al - Qadr is referenced in the Quran : We have indeed revealed this ( Message ) in the Night of Power : And what will explain to thee what the Night of Power is ? The Night of Power is better than a thousand months . Therein come down the angels and the Spirit by Allah 's permission , on every errand : Peace ! ... This until the rise of dawn ! -- Surah 97 ( Al - Qadr ) , āyāt 1 -- 5 The verses above regard the night as better than one thousand months . The whole month of Ramadan is a period of spiritual training wherein believers devote much of their time to fasting , praying , reciting the Quran , engaging in the remembrance of God ( dhikr ) and giving charity . However , because of the revealed importance of this night , Muslims strive ( give more effort ) harder in the last ten days of Ramadan since the Laylat al - Qadr could be one of the odd - numbered days in these last ten ( the first , third , fifth , seventh or ninth ) . Normally , some Muslims from each community perform iʿtikāf in the mosque : they remain in the mosque for the last ten days of the month for prayers and recitation . Women also observe i'tikaf . They remain in prayer and meditation mostly , although they are allowed to do the minimum domestic work to run the family . When Muhammed observed i'tikaf in a tent , he saw a few tents around his . His wives joined him by pitching tents . Shia Muslims believe that Ali ( the first Shia Imam , and the fourth Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate to Sunnis ) had special insight and intimacy with Allah on this night . Imam Sadiq is quoted as saying ( Tafsir `` al - Burhan '' , vol. 4 , p. 487 ) : Once Imam Ali was reciting Surat al - Qadr and his sons , Imam Hasan ( a ) and Imam Husayn ( a ) were near him . Imam Husayn ( a ) asked his father : `` Father , how come we feel a different sensation when you recite this surah ? '' Imam Ali ( a ) replied , `` O son of the Prophet and my son ! I know things from this chapter that you are not aware of now . When this surah was sent down to the Prophet he asked me to go to him . When I went to him he recited this surah , then he put his hand on my right shoulder and said : O my brother and my successor ! O the leader of my nation after me ! O tireless fighter with my enemies ! This surah is yours after me , and is for your two sons after you . Gabriel who is my brother among the angels informs me of the events of one year of my nation at the night of Qadr . And after me he will give this information to you . This surah will always have a shining light in your heart and in the heart of your successors until the rising of the dawn of the day of reappearance of Qa'im ( the one who rises , a title for the Islamic Messiah , Mahdi ) . '' See also ( edit ) Predestination in Islam ( Qadar ) Glossary of Islam Islamic calendar Muslim holidays References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Britannica Guide to the Islamic World . Encyclopaedia Britannica , Inc. 2009 . ISBN 9781593398491 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Halim , Fachrizal A. ( 2014 ) . Legal Authority in Premodern Islam : Yahya B Sharaf Al - Nawawi in the Shafi'i School of Law . Routledge . p. 15 . ISBN 9781317749189 . Jump up ^ Daneshgar , Majid ; Saleh , Walid ( 10 November 2016 ) . Islamic Studies Today : Essays in Honor of Andrew Rippin . BRILL . ISBN 9789004337121 . ^ Jump up to : A. Beverley , James ( 2011 ) . Melton , J. Gordon , ed . Religious Celebrations : An Encyclopedia of Holidays , Festivals , Solemn Observances , and Spiritual Commemorations ( 2 volumes ) : An Encyclopedia of Holidays , Festivals , Solemn Observances , and Spiritual Commemorations . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781598842067 . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Halim , Fachrizal A. ( 20 November 2014 ) . Legal Authority in Premodern Islam : Yahya B Sharaf Al - Nawawi in the Shafi'i School of Law . Routledge . ISBN 9781317749189 . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Qadr night from the view point of Allamah Tabtabaei '' . Allamah Tabtabaei University . Archived from the original on 3 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Islam and state in Sumatra : a study of seventeenth - century Aceh . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Marjo Buitelaar . Fasting and feasting in Morocco : women 's participation in ramzan . p. 64 Jump up ^ Night of 27 Ramadan Jump up ^ Mohammad Younes , Arefi . `` The importance of Qadr night and the secret behind it 's being hidden '' . The message of Woman ( in farsi ) . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Parsa , Farvardin . `` Laylat al - Qadr from the viewpoint of Sunni Muslims '' . Andisheh Club . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.calendarlabs.com/holidays/islam/laylat-al-kadr.php ^ Jump up to : Ysuf , Imtiyaz . `` Laylat al - Qadr '' . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Jump up ^ `` Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University , 1395 Calendar '' ( PDF ) ( in Persian ) . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University , 1396 Calendar '' ( PDF ) ( in Persian ) . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calendar center of Geophysics institute of Tehran University , 1397 Calendar '' ( PDF ) ( in Persian ) . Jump up ^ Koh e Murad Jump up ^ Dogana laytul qadr reference . Jump up ^ Quran 97 : 1 -- 5 Jump up ^ `` Imam Mahdi ( a ) in Chapter al - Qadr '' . Al-Islam.org . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laylat al - Qadr . Lailatul Qadr Al Qadr ( The Night of Power And Fate ) Laylatul Qadr : Introduction and guidance on special prayers for the night . ( Includes Salaatul Tasbeeh ) `` Deliverance from Error on Knowledge of Times of Day and the Direction of Prayer '' is an Arabic manuscript from 1683 which talks about the Night of Destiny Islamic holidays and observances The two Eids Eid al - Fitr Eid al - Adha Other holidays and observances Day of Arafah Day of Ashura Islamic New Year Arba'een Mawlid Laylat al - Raghaib Lailat al Miraj Mid-Sha'ban Ramadan Laylat al - Qadr Eid al - Ghadir Mubahala Promised Messiah Day Promised Reformer Day Caliphate Day Shia Muslim only Ahmadi Muslim only Holidays , observances , and celebrations in Algeria January New Year 's Day ( 1 ) Yennayer ( 12 ) February Valentine 's Day ( 14 ) Tafsut ( 28 ) March International Women 's Day ( 8 ) Victory Day ( 19 ) World Water Day ( 22 ) Maghrebi Blood Donation Day ( 30 ) Spring vacation ( 2 last weeks ) April April Fools ' Day ( 1 ) Knowledge Day ( 16 ) Berber Spring ( 20 ) Earth Day ( 22 ) Election Day ( Thursday ) May International Workers ' Day ( 1 ) World Press Freedom Day ( 3 ) Mother 's Day ( last Sunday ) June -- July -- August Summer vacation ( varies ) June Children 's Day ( 1 ) Father 's Day ( 21 ) July Independence Day ( 5 ) September International Day of Peace ( 21 ) October International Day of Non-Violence ( 2 ) Halloween ( 31 ) November Revolution Day ( 1 ) December Christmas Eve ( 24 ) Christmas ( 25 ) New Year 's Eve ( 31 ) Winter vacation ( 2 last weeks ) Varies ( year round ) Hijri New Year 's Day ( Muharram 1 ) Ashura ( Muharram 10 ) Mawlid ( Rabi ' al - Awwal 12 ) Ramadan ( Ramadan 1 ) Laylat al - Qadr ( Ramadan 27 ) Eid al - Fitr ( Shawwal 1 ) Day of Arafah ( Dhu al - Hijjah 9 ) Eid al - Adha ( Dhu al - Hijjah 10 ) Holi ( varies ) Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays . Ramadan Background Ramadan ( calendar month ) Fasting during Ramadan Zakat al - Fitr Fidyah and Kaffara Meals Suhur ( before sunrise ) Iftar ( after sunset ) Prayers and observances Tarawih Iʿtikāf Laylat al - Qadr Jumu'atul - Wida Laylat al - Jaiza Eid al - Fitr Ramadan culture Date ( fruit ) Chaand Raat Fanous Fast - a-Thon Gargee'an Mheibes Ramadan tent Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laylat_al-Qadr&oldid=846139201 '' Categories : Kandil holy days Islamic holy days Shia days of remembrance Ramadan Islamic terminology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) Use dmy dates from June 2018 Articles containing Arabic - language text Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kurdî Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Нохчийн Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English سنڌي کوردی Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Walon Zazaki 中文 Bahasa Hulontalo 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 16 : 10 . 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which of the following best describes the sectional form of a rondo

Rondo

rondo

Rondo and its French part - equivalent , rondeau , are words that have been used in music in a number of ways , most often in reference to a musical form but also to a character type that is distinct from the form .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Form 1.1 Examples of rondo form 2 Character type 3 Etymology 4 Other usages 5 Sources 6 External links Form ( edit ) Typical tonal structure of classical seven - part rondo , late 18th and early 19th centuries B ' Major key V VI , IV or parallel minor Minor key III or V VI or IV In rondo form , a principal theme ( sometimes called the `` refrain '' ) alternates with one or more contrasting themes , generally called `` episodes '' , but also occasionally referred to as `` digressions '' or `` couplets '' . Possible patterns in the Classical period include : ABA , ABACA , or ABACABA . These are sometimes designated `` first rondo '' , `` second rondo '' , and `` third rondo '' , respectively . The first rondo is distinguished from the three - part song form principally by the fact that at least one of the themes is a song form in itself , but the difference in melodic and rhythmic content of the themes in the rondo form is usually greater than in the song form , and the accompanimental figuration in the parts of the rondo ( unlike the song form ) is usually contrasted . The number of themes can vary from piece to piece , and the recurring element is sometimes embellished and / or shortened in order to provide for variation . A Baroque predecessor to the rondo was the ritornello . Ritornello form was used in the fast movements of baroque concertos , and in many baroque vocal and choral works . The entire orchestra ( in Italian , tutti ) plays the main ritornello theme , while soloists play the intervening episodes . While Rondo form is similar to ritornello form , it is different in that ritornello brings back the subject or main theme in fragments and in different keys , but the rondo brings back its theme complete and in the same key . Cedric Thorpe Davie is one author , however , who considers the ritornello form the ancestor , not of the rondo form , but of the classical concerto form ( which also occurs , as a form , in many a classical - era aria . ) A common expansion of rondo form is to combine it with sonata form , to create the sonata rondo form . Here , the second theme acts in a similar way to the second theme group in sonata form by appearing first in a key other than the tonic and later being repeated in the tonic key . Unlike sonata form , thematic development does not need to occur except possibly in the coda . Examples of rondo form ( edit ) Johann Sebastian Bach : E major Violin Concerto , last movement Antonín Dvořák : Cello Concerto in B minor , third Movement Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Horn Concerto No. 4 in E-flat major , last movement Ludwig van Beethoven : Rondo for piano and orchestra , WoO , 6 Ludwig van Beethoven : Piano Sonata , Op. 13 , last movement Ludwig van Beethoven : Piano Sonata No. 21 , last movement . Character type ( edit ) Rondo as a character - type ( as distinct from the form ) refers to music that is fast and vivacious -- normally Allegro . Many classical rondos feature music of a popular or folk character . Music that has been designated as `` rondo '' normally subscribes to both the form and character . On the other hand , there are many examples of slower , reflective works that are rondo in form but not in character ; they include Mozart 's Rondo in A minor , K. 511 ( marked Andante ) . Etymology ( edit ) The term and perhaps the formal principle may have derived from the medieval poetic form rondeau , which contains repetitions of a couplet separated by longer sections of poetry . ( Arnold Schoenberg disputed that claim of origin in an essay in Style and Idea by noting that `` if musical rondo form were really supposed to be modelled on the poetic form , it could only be so very superficially '' . ) Other usages ( edit ) The term ( or its French equivalent ) has other uses , in particular the rondeau , either the vocal Rondeau of the Medieval and early Renaissance period , or the French Baroque Rondeau usually associated with brief movements ( for keyboard or larger ensemble ) of the Baroque era and earlier , e.g. Jean - Philippe Rameau 's `` Rondeau des Indes Galantes '' or Les Barricades Mystérieuses which is also not really a rondo , but a form of its own . A well - known operatic vocal genre of the late 18th century , referred to at that time by the same name but distinguished today in English and German writing by the differently accented term `` rondò '' is cast in two parts , slow - fast . Sources ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : White , John D. ( 1976 ) . The Analysis of Music , p. 54 - 56 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 033233 - X . Jump up ^ Eugene K. Wolf , `` Rondo '' , Harvard Dictionary of Music , fourth edition , edited by Don Michael Randel . Harvard University Press Reference Library ( Cambridge : Belknap Press for Harvard University Press , 2003 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01163 - 2 . Jump up ^ Percy Goetschius , Lessons in Musical Form : A Manual of Analysis of All the Structural Factors ( Boston : Oliver Ditson Company , 1904 ) : 117 ; Leon Stein , Anthology of Musical Forms : Structure and Style , expanded edition ( New York : Summy - Birchard , Inc ... 1979 ) : 87 . ISBN 0 - 87487 - 164 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thorpe Davie , Musical Structure and Design . Jump up ^ in part because repetition serves different functions in poetry and in music . See For a Treatise on Composition , pp. 264 - 67 , ISBN 0 520 05286 2 . Jump up ^ Don Neville , `` Rondò '' , The New Grove Dictionary of Opera , 4 vols. , edited by Stanley Sadie ( London : Macmillan Press , 1992 ) . External links ( edit ) Rondo and Ritornello Forms in Tonal Music Rondo form in traditional marches from Limoux ' carnival http://www.karmina.cz/mp3/cd7/09.mp3 Texts on Wikisource : `` Rondo '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Rondeau '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . ( hide ) Musical form and development Arch form Argument Ausmultiplikation Bar form Binary form Call and response Cell Coda Conclusion Cycle Cyclic form Developing variation Drop Exposition Finale Formula composition Hook Introduction Lick Motif Movement Overture Period Recapitulation Repetition Reprise Rondo Rondò Section Sonata form Sonata rondo form Song structure ( popular music ) Strophic form Ternary form Theme Thirty - two - bar form Through - composed Transition Variation Verse -- chorus form GND : 4178454 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rondo&oldid=816258198 '' Categories : Musical form Musical symmetry Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Limburgs Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 06 : 53 . 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who knows the most languages fluently in the world

List of polyglots

list of polyglots

A polyglot is a person with a command of many languages . A polyglot may also be called a multilingual person ; the label `` multilingual '' is used for communities as well as individual speakers .

Richard Hudson , professor emeritus of linguistics at University College London , coined the term `` hyperpolyglot '' for a person who can speak twelve or more languages fluently . Other scholars apply the label to speakers of even more languages : twelve , sixteen , or in the most extreme cases , even fifty or more . It is difficult to judge which individuals are polyglots , as there is no uncontroversial definition for what it means to `` master '' a language , and because it is not always clear where to distinguish a dialect from a language . Being able to communicate in a language does not mean the person has `` mastered '' a language . There are far fewer who have attained higher levels of multi-linguistic skill , and there is no basis for testing those levels , or at least those levels of ability have not been noted here . This list consists of people who have been noted in news media , historical texts , or academic work as speaking five or more languages fluently . For general discussion of the phenomenon , including discussion of polyglot savants , see polyglotism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable living polyglots 1.1 Australia 1.2 Africa 1.3 Americas 1.4 Asia 1.5 Europe 2 Notable deceased reputed polyglots 3 External links 4 References Notable living polyglots ( edit ) The 2012 book Babel No More by Michael Erard highlights some polyglots around the globe , including Alexander Argüelles . Canada 's Global TV also brought out a piece on hyperpolyglots on their 16x9 show , entitled `` Word Play '' , featuring Canadian polyglots Axel Van Hout , Alexandre Coutu , Steven Kaufmann , James Chang and Keith Swayne . Tim Doner ( US ) and Richard Simcott ( UK ) also appear in the programme to describe their experiences speaking multiple languages . Australia ( edit ) Ghil'ad Zuckermann , linguist , revivalist and hyperpolyglot . Africa ( edit ) Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson , a Ghanaian cardinal of the Catholic Church is able to speak English , Fante , French , Italian , German , and Hebrew , in addition to understanding Latin and Greek . Dikembe Mutombo , a former NBA player , is able to speak English , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Tshiluba , Swahili , Lingala , and two other central African languages . Trevor Noah , a South African comedian and author who is the current host of The Daily Show ; he is able to speak English , Xhosa , Zulu , Sotho , and German . Americas ( edit ) Alexander Argüelles is an American polyglot . He speaks around a dozen languages and has a reading knowledge of many more . He was profiled in Michael Erard 's Babel No More . Andrew Divoff is an actor and producer polyglot . He speaks fluent nine languages , English , Spanish , Italian , French , Catalan , Russian , German , Portuguese and Swedish . He used to speak Romanian but he forgot the language when he had no one with whom to speak it . Pope Francis , in addition to his native Spanish , speaks fluent Italian ( the official language of Vatican City and the `` everyday language '' of the Holy See ) , German ( quarter ) , French ( average ) , Portuguese and English ( quarter ) , is conversant in Latin ( the official language of the Holy See ) , and he understands the Piedmontese language and some Genoese . Powell Janulus ( born 1939 ) is a notable living polyglot , also known as `` the most fluent person on earth . '' In 1985 , Powell Janulus was entered into the Guinness Book of World Records for fluency in forty - two languages . Melania Trump ( Melania Knauss ) , Slovene - American former model and the current First Lady of the United States . She speaks English , French , Italian , German , Serbo - Croatian and her native Slovene . Henry Lau is a Canadian singer , rapper , dancer , composer , record producer , beatboxer , actor and entertainer mostly active in South Korea . He is quintilingual . Aside from speaking native English , Lau is also fluent in Mandarin , Korean , French and Cantonese . Steven Kaufmann is a Canadian ex diplomatic service / businessman who spent many years in a number of countries . He runs a Youtube channel on learning languages as well as an online service . He speaks 16 languages including English , French , Mandarin , Japanese , German , Spanish , Russian , Portuguese , Czech , Romanian , Cantonese , Swedish , Italian , Korean , Ukrainian , and most recently Polish . Wena Poon , Singaporean - American lawyer and novelist , speaks English , French , Mandarin , Teochew , Cantonese , and Fujian Naphtali D. Brooks is an American actor , model and comedian . He speaks English , Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian , Galician and Catalan. ( 3 ) Asia ( edit ) Shoichi Funaki is a professional wrestler . He is fluent in Japanese , English , French , German , Portuguese and Spanish . Jackson Wang is a Chinese singer , rapper and dancer from Hong Kong and a member of Got7 . He speaks Cantonese , Korean , Mandarin , English , Shanghainese , Japanese and basic French . Asin is an Indian actress who can speak Malayalam ( her mother - tongue ) , Tamil , Telugu , Hindi , English , Sanskrit , and French . She speaks some Marathi , Italian , Spanish and German . Ambassador Naela Chohan is a polyglot , feminist artist , and current Ambassador of Pakistan to Australia and former Ambassador of Pakistan for Latin America . She is fluent in 7 Indo - European languages : English , French , Bengali , Urdu , Punjabi , Persian ( acquired at age 35 ) , and Spanish ( acquired at age 51 ) . George Fernandes , an Indian politician who is well - versed in ten languages : Konkani ( mother tongue ) , English , Hindi ( official language ) , Tulu , Kannada , Marathi , Tamil , Urdu , Malayalam and Latin . Janet Hsieh , Taiwanese - American television personality , violinist , author , and model . She is fluent in English , Spanish , French , Mandarin , and Taiwanese . Lokesh Chandra , one of the world 's foremost scholars of Buddhism , the Indian researcher is described as `` a polyglot and knows Pali , Avesta , Old Persian , Japanese , Chinese , Tibetan , Mongolian , Indonesian , Greek , Latin , German , French and Russian besides Hindi , Sanskrit and English . '' Cardinal Malcolm Ranjith , Archbishop of Colombo , Sri Lanka , a Sri Lankan Catholic prelate , is fluent in 11 languages : Sinhala , Tamil , English , ( the 3 official languages of Sri Lanka ) , German , French , Spanish , Italian , Latin , Greek , Hebrew , and Indonesian . Mickey Curtis , a Japanese actor , singer , and television celebrity born to Japanese - English parents . He speaks Japanese , English , French , German , Italian and Thai . Kamal Haasan , an Indian actor who can speak Tamil , Telugu , Hindi , Kannada , Malayalam and English . Péter Frankl , juggler and mathematician , speaks twelve languages ( English , Russian , Swedish , French , Spanish , Polish , German , Japanese , Chinese , Thai , Korean ) . Prakash Raj is an Indian actor who can speak Tulu ( his mother tongue ) , Kannada , Tamil , Telugu , Marathi , Hindi and Malayalam . Priya Anand , an Indian actress who can speak Tamil , Telugu , English , Bengali , Hindi , Marathi and Spanish languages . R. Sarathkumar , an Indian actor who can speak Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Kannada , Hindi , Russian and English fluently . Rajinikanth , an Indian actor who can speak Marathi ( his mother tongue ) , Kannada , Tamil , Telugu , Malayalam , Hindi , and English fluently . Swami Rambhadracharya , a Hindu religious leader and Sanskrit scholar based in Chitrakoot , India , can speak twenty - two languages , including Sanskrit , Hindi , English , French , Bhojpuri , Maithili , Oriya , Gujarati , Punjabi , Marathi , Magadhi , Awadhi , and Braj . Rambhadracharya has been blind since the age of two months and received no formal education until the age of seventeen . He has never used braille , or any other aid , to learn or compose his works and has authored more than 100 books . Suman Pokhrel , a Nepali poet who speaks Nepali , English , Hindi , Urdu , Bengali and Maithili . Abin Shrestha , a Nepali scholar who can speak Nepali , Newari , English , Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi and Spanish . Ling Tan , Malaysian supermodel , speaks four varieties of Chinese , Malay , and English . Karen Mok , Hong Kong - Chinese actress and singer , speaks English , Cantonese , Mandarin , Italian , German and French . Ziad Fazah , known for his claim of being able to speak , read and understand 59 languages . He was listed in the Guinness World Records up until 1998 as the person who could speak the most languages . Europe ( edit ) Zaharije Orfelin was a Serbian writer , artist , and polyglot who spoke more than 10 languages , and understood many more . Dositej Obradović is a Serbian writer . Obradović spoke and wrote in German , French , Italian , English , Greek , Albanian , Latin , Turkish , Hungarian , Romanian and all of the Slavic languages , including Russian and Church Slavonic . Jovan Rajić is a Serbian writer and cleric who spoke and wrote in many languages in his time . He was born in the Habsburg Empire where one had to know German , Hungarian , Latin , Italian , Romanian , and all the Slavic languages if one wanted to achieve a standing . Johan Vandewalle is a Belgian philologist and civil engineer . In 1987 the Polyglot of Flanders / Babel Prize judged him as able to speak 31 living languages . José Mourinho is a Portuguese football manager , who can speak Spanish , Italian , English and French as well as his native Portuguese . Frans Timmermans , a Dutch politician and diplomat , the First Vice-President of the European Commission , was Minister of Foreign Affairs ( from 2012 to 2014 ) . Speaks seven languages ; Dutch , Limburgish , English , German , French , Italian and Russian . Zdeno Chára is a Slovakian professional ice hockey player in the NHL who speaks seven languages . These are : Slovak , Czech , Polish , Swedish , Russian , German and English . Mišo Juzmeski is a Macedonian writer who speaks nine languages : Macedonian , Bulgarian , Serbian , English , French , Italian , Dutch , Spanish and German . Anatoly Moskvin , Russian linguist and polyglot , arrested in 2011 after the bodies of twenty - six mummified young women were discovered in his home . Levon Ter - Petrosyan , Armenian politician , first president of independent Armenia . He speaks at least seven languages ( Armenian , Assyrian , Russian , French , English , German , Arabic ) and has published academic papers in three ( Armenian , Russian , French ) . Daniel Tammet , an English savant , ' knows ' ten languages : English , Finnish , French , German , Lithuanian , Esperanto , Spanish , Romanian , Icelandic , and Welsh . He learned Icelandic in one week for a TV show experiment . Luca Lampariello is an Italian hyperpolygot . He is fluent in 12 languages . ( 1 ) Benny Lewis , an Irish traveller who is fluent in six langauges ; Spanish , French , German , Italian , Esperanto and Portuguese . He can speak Mandarin , American sign language , Dutch and Irish Gaelic at a conversational level He has given a number of TEDx talks and has written a book about language learning published by HarperCollins . Nicolas Tournadre , a specialist of Tibetic languages who has some knowledge of languages belonging to seven families . Connie Nielsen , a Danish actress who speaks eight languages : Danish , English , French , German , Italian , Norwegian , Swedish , and a little Spanish . Ioannis Ikonomou a translator for the European Commission in Brussels knows thirty - two languages including Greek , English , German , Italian , Russian , East African Swahili , Hebrew , Arabic , Mandarin and Bengali , plus some dead languages like Old Church Slavic . Queen Silvia of Sweden speaks Swedish as well as her native German , her mother 's language of Portuguese , along with French , Spanish , and English . She has some fluency in Swedish Sign Language , a national sign language used by the deaf community in Sweden . Dmitrij Petrov is a language interpreter who speaks thirty languages and reads in fifty . His native language is Russian and he actively works with eight foreign languages : English , German , French , Italian , Spanish , Czech , Greek and Hindi . Claudio Castagnoli is a professional wrestler and is fluent in four languages : English , German , Italian , and French . Arsène Wenger , football manager of Arsenal F.C. He grew up speaking French and German , and has learnt English , Spanish and Italian . He also knows some Japanese . Roy Hodgson , former football manager of England . He speaks fluent English , Norwegian , Swedish , German and Italian , as well as some Danish , French and Finnish . Viggo Mortensen , Danish actor . He speaks fluent English , Danish , and Spanish , is conversational in French and Italian , and understands Norwegian and Swedish . He also has some knowledge of Catalan . Gianni Infantino , current president of FIFA . He is fluent in Italian , French and German , and also knows English , Spanish , Portuguese and Arabic . Luís Figo , retired footballer . He is fluent in five languages : Portuguese , Spanish , English , Italian and French . Kirsan Ilyumzhinov , Kalmyk multi-millionaire businessman and politician . In addition to his native Kalmyk and Russian , he is fluent in English , Japanese , and a little Korean , Mongolian and Chinese . Clarence Seedorf , retired footballer and former football manager of A.C. Milan . Seedorf speaks six languages fluently : Dutch , English , Italian , Portuguese , Spanish and Surinamese Richard Simcott lives in Chester UK , is a hyperpolyglot who speaks 16 languages fluently , but can speak about 30 languages in total to some degree. . He is regarded as one of the most profecient Polyglots in the UK . Simcott can learn languages in very short periods of time , and has passed A1 Fluency exams after 3 months of study . Michele San Pietro lives in Reggio Emilia ( Italy ) , is a hyperpolyglot who can speak about 10 languages fluently and has a more limited knowledge of another 10 languages . Notable deceased reputed polyglots ( edit ) The following list consists of deceased individuals who are associated with claims of polyglotism , by year of birth . Mithridates VI of Pontus ( 134 -- 63 BC ) could supposedly speak the languages of all twenty - two nations within his kingdom . Cleopatra VII ( 69 -- 30 BC ) , the last ruling Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt , could , according to the Roman biographer Plutarch , speak nine languages and was the only member of her dynasty who could speak Egyptian as well as her native Greek . al - Farabi ( 872 -- 950 / 951 ) , a Persian polymath who mastered many languages . Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thera ( 1408 -- 1491 ) was a Buddhist monk and an eminent scholar , who lived in the fifteenth century in Sri Lanka . He was a multi-linguist who was given the title `` Shad Bhasha Parameshwara '' due to his mastery in six oriental languages which prevailed in the Indian subcontinent . Elizabeth I of England ( 1533 -- 1603 AD ) could speak ten languages : English , French , Spanish , Italian , Dutch , Latin , Welsh , Cornish , Scottish and Irish . The Venetian Ambassador once said : `` it is as if she possessed these languages as if they were her mother tongue '' Athanasius Kircher ( 1601 ? -- 1680 ) , German Jesuit polymath and scholar . Claimed knowledge of twelve languages ; among them : Latin , Greek , Hebrew , Aramaic , Syriac , Coptic , as well as several modern languages . He also pioneered the study of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and Classical Chinese characters . John Milton ( 1608 -- 1674 ) , an English poet who is famous for the epic work Paradise Lost , could speak English , Latin , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Italian , Spanish , Aramaic , Syriac , and Old English . Milton coined 630 terms in the English language . Wojciech Bobowski or Ali Ufki ( 1610 -- 1675 ) a Polish musician based in the Ottoman Empire who mastered sixteen languages . Gavril Stefanović Venclović ( 1670 -- 1749 ) was a Serbian priest , writer , poet , orator , philosopher , polyglot , and illuminator . Maria Gaetana Agnesi ( 1718 - 1799 ) was an Italian mathematician , philosopher , theologian and humanitarian . Agnecy was known as `` the seven language orator '' already in her childhood , since she was fluent with Italian , French , Greek , Hebrew , Spanish , German and Latin . Adam František Kollár ( 1718 -- 1783 ) , a Slovak writer , spoke Slovak , Czech , Serbian , Polish , Rusin , Russian , Belarusian , Ukrainian , Slovenian , Croatian , Bulgarian , Hungarian , German , Latin , Greek , Hebrew , Turkish , Chinese , Persian , Arabic , Italian , Romanian , French , Dutch , and English . Sir William Jones ( 1746 -- 1794 ) , an Anglo - Welsh philologist known for founding comparative linguistics through proposing the existence of a relationship between European and Indian languages ( the Indo - European Languages ) . Alongside his native English and Welsh languages , he learned Greek , Latin , Persian , Arabic , Hebrew and the basics of Chinese writing at an early age . In all , Jones could speak forty - one languages ( at least thirteen fluently ) . Jean - François Champollion ( 1790 -- 1832 ) , a French classical scholar , philologist , and orientalist , was the first to decipher the inscription on the Rosetta Stone , an achievement that facilitated the translation of the Egyptian Hieroglyphs -- the titles `` Father of Egyptology '' and `` the founder of scientific Egyptology '' have since been bestowed upon Champollion . He specialized in Oriental languages while he was a student at the College de France between 1807 and 1809 , and his linguistic repertoire eventually consisted of Latin , Greek , Sanskrit , Pahlavi , Arabic , Persian , Coptic , Ethiopic , Zend , and his native French . Matija Čop ( 1797 -- 1835 ) was a Slovenian polymath and linguist , and was said to speak nineteen languages , among which were his native Slovene , Latin , ancient Greek , German , English , French , Italian , Serbian , Polish , Ukrainian , Czech , Spanish , Russian , Portuguese , Hungarian , Occitan and Hebrew . Noah Webster ( 1758 -- 1843 ) , a lexicographer , English spelling reformer , and author , mastered twenty - three languages . Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti ( 1774 -- 1849 ) , an Italian Cardinal , knew the following thirty - nine languages , speaking many fluently and teaching some : Biblical Hebrew , Rabbinical Hebrew , Arabic , Coptic , Ancient Armenian , Modern Armenian , Persian , Turkish , Albanian , Maltese , Ancient Greek , Modern Greek , Latin , Italian , Spanish , Portuguese , French , German , Swedish , Danish , Dutch , English , Illyrian , Russian , Polish , Czech , Hungarian , Chinese , Syriac , Ge'ez , Hindustani , Amharic , Gujarati , Basque , Romanian , and Algonquin . John Bowring ( 1792 -- 1872 ) , an English political economist , traveler , writer , and the fourth governor of Hong Kong . Reputed to have known over two hundred languages , and to have had varying speaking ability in one hundred . Jan Prosper Witkiewicz ( known as : Yan Vitkevich ) ( 1808 - 1839 ) a Polish orientalist , explorer and diplomat in the Russian service , agent of Russia at Kabul just before the First Anglo - Afghan War a part of the Great Game . He knew 19 languages i.e. : Polish , Russian , French , German and English . In exile he learned Persian , Pashto and several Turkic languages , memorized the Qur'an in Arabic . Friedrich Engels ( 1820 -- 1895 ) , a German - English industrialist , social scientist , and cofounder of Marxist theory alongside Karl Marx , mastered over twenty languages . Sir Richard Francis Burton ( 1821 -- 1890 ) was a British explorer , geographer , translator , writer , soldier , orientalist , cartographer , ethnologist , spy , linguist , poet , fencer , and diplomat ; his extraordinary knowledge of languages and cultures amounted to having `` mastered at least twenty - five languages -- or forty , if distinct dialects are counted . '' Heinrich Schliemann ( 1822 -- 1890 ) was a German businessman and a pioneer of field archaeology . He was an advocate of the historical reality of places mentioned in the works of Homer . Schliemann was an archaeological excavator of Hissarlik , now presumed to be the site of Troy , along with the Mycenaean sites Mycenae and Tiryns . Mastered over fifteen languages . Pétrus Ky , Vĩnh Long Province , 6 December 1837 - 1 September 1898 ) was a Vietnamese scholar , Pedro II , Emperor of Brazil ( 1825 -- 1891 ) had a deep interest in many different arts and sciences . His passion for linguistics prompted lifelong studies of new languages , and he was able to speak and write not only his native Portuguese but also Latin , French , German , English , Italian , Spanish , Greek , Arabic , Hebrew , Sanskrit , Chinese , Occitan and Tupi . Pashko Vasa - ( 1825 - 1892 ) also known as Vaso Pasha , Wasa Pasha or Vaso Pashë Shkodrani , was an Albanian writer , poet and publicist . He had perfect knowledge of a number of foreign languages : Italian , French , Turkish and Greek . He also knew some English and Serbian , and in later years learned Arabic . Konstandin Kristoforidhi ( 1826 - 1895 ) was an Albanian translator and scholar . He is mostly known for having translated into Albanian the New Testament for the first time in the Gheg Albanian dialect in 1872 . He knew Albanian ( Tosk and Gheg dialects ) , Greek , Latin , Hebrew , English , Italian , Turkish , Bulgarian , Arabic , French , German . Georg Sauerwein ( 1831 -- 1904 ) was a German publisher , polyglot , poet , and linguist . Sauerwein mastered about seventy - five languages , including : Latin , ancient Greek , modern Greek , Hebrew , French , Italian , Spanish , Basque , Portuguese , English , Welsh , Cornish , Irish , Scottish Gaelic , Manx Gaelic , Dutch , Danish , Icelandic , Norwegian , Swedish , Sami , Finnish , Estonian , Latvian , Lithuanian , Polish , Russian , Belarusian , Ukrainian , Czech , Slovak , Bulgarian , Sorbian , Serbian , Croatian , Hungarian , Romanian , Albanian , Turkish , Azerbaijani , Chuvash ( a Turkic language ) , Tamil , Kashgar ( spoken in Siberia , similar to the language of Uzbekistan ) , Kumyk ( spoken in Siberia ) , Persian , Armenian , Georgian , Sanskrit , Romani , Hindustani , Ethiopian , Tigrinya ( another language of Ethiopia ) , Coptic or ancient Egyptian , Arabic , Malagasy ( the language of Madagascar ) , Malay , Samoan , Hawaiian , different dialects of Chinese , and Aneitum ( a language spoken in the New Hebrides ) . James Augustus Henry Murray ( 1837 -- 1915 ) , was a Scottish lexicographer , instrumental in the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary , and its primary editor from 1879 until his death . In an application letter written to the British Museum Library in November 1866 , he claimed abilities in Italian , French , Catalan , Spanish , and Latin , and `` in a less degree '' Portuguese , Provençal , Dutch , German , Flemish , and Danish . The letter also referred to Murray 's study of Celtic , Russian , Persian , Hebrew , and Syriac , among other languages and dialects . Yaqub Sanu ( 1839 -- 1912 ) , Egyptian journalist . Hagop Baronian , ( 1843 - 1891 ) , notable Armenian writer and playwright . He was fluent in 6 languages including French , Italian , Greek , Turkish , Bulgarian and his native Armenian Chiragh Ali ( 1844 -- 1895 ) , an Islamic scholar who , apart from his native Urdu , mastered Persian , Arabic , English , French , Hebrew , Aramaic , Latin and Greek . Naim Frashëri - ( 1846 - 1900 ) was an Albanian poet and writer . He is the author of a total of twenty - two works : four in Turkish , one in Persian , two in Greek and fifteen in Albanian . He learned Ottoman Turkish , Persian , Arabic , Ancient and Modern Greek , French , Italian Sami Frashëri ( 1850 - 1904 ) Albanian writer during Ottoman occupation of Albania . He authored many books , dictionaries , and an encyclopedia in every language he knows . He was fluent in Albanian , Turkish , Greek , French , Italian , Arabic and Persian . Arthur Rimbaud ( 1854 -- 1891 ) French Symbolist poet . After retiring from writing he went on ambitious language learning program while traveling around Europe and the Middle East ; mastering Latin , Ancient and Modern Greek , English , German , Spanish , Italian , Russian , Dutch , Arabic , Hindi , Amharic , as well as developing a working knowledge of several native African languages while living in Ethiopia . Nikola Tesla ( 1856 -- 1943 ) , Serbian - American inventor , electrical engineer , mechanical engineer , and futurist , best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current ( AC ) electricity supply system . Read and memorized the entirety of many books , and was capable of speaking eight languages : Serbo - Croatian , Slovenian , Czech , English , French , German , Hungarian , Italian , and Latin . Robert Dick Wilson ( 1856 -- 1930 ) , American Bible scholar , spoke forty - five languages including Hebrew , Aramaic , and Greek , as well as all the languages into which the Scriptures had been translated up to 600 CE . Ludwig Zamenhof ( 1859 -- 1917 ) , creator of the constructed language Esperanto , spoke eleven languages besides his own : Aramaic , English , French , German , Greek , Hebrew , Latin , Polish , Volapük , and his native Russian and Yiddish . He also had an interest in Arabic , Italian , and Lithuanian , though he never claimed fluency in those . José Rizal ( 1861 -- 1896 ) , was a Filipino nationalist , writer and revolutionary . He was able to speak twenty - two languages including Spanish , French , Latin , Greek , German , Portuguese , Italian , English , Dutch , and Japanese . Rizal also made translations from Arabic , Swedish , Russian , Chinese , Greek , Hebrew and Sanskrit . He translated the poetry of Schiller into his native Tagalog . In addition , he had at least some knowledge of Malay , and some other Philippine languages like Chavacano , Cebuano , Ilocano , and Subanon . Minakata Kumagusu ( 1867 -- 1941 ) , a Japanese author , biologist and naturalist . Emil Krebs ( 1867 - 1930 ) was a German polyglot and sinologist . He mastered sixty - eight languages in speech and writing , and studied 120 others . Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı ( 1869 -- 1949 ) , a Turkish philosopher and politician , who `` ... was proficient in eight languages , including Arabic , English , French , German , Italian , Latin , Persian , and Spanish '' in addition to Hebrew , Albanian and Armenian . Ahatanhel Krymsky ( 1871 -- 1942 ) , a Ukrainian orientalist and linguist ; was an expert in up to 34 languages . Sri Aurobindo ( 1872 -- 1950 ) , an Indian philosopher who , apart from his native Bengali and educational English , knew ancient Greek , Latin , French , German , Italian , Spanish and other Indian languages like Sanskrit , Hindi , Marathi and Gujarati . Harold Williams ( 1876 -- 1928 ) , a New Zealand journalist and linguist , spoke more than fifty - eight languages . Hrachia Adjarian ( 1876 -- 1953 ) , Armenian linguist . He spoke Armenian , Greek , Hebrew , French , English , German , Italian , Persian , Latin , Sanskrit , and Laz . Sir Mohammed Iqbal ( 1877 - 1938 ) , perhaps one of the greatest poets of the Persian language . Among his work of poetry , Asrar - e-Khudi , appeared in the Persian language in 1915 , and other books of poetry include Rumuz - i - Bekhudi , Payam - i - Mashriq and Zabur - i - Ajam . Amongst these his best known Urdu works are Bang - i - Dara , Bal - i - Jibril , Zarb - i Kalim and a part of Armughan - e-Hijaz . Mohammed Iqbal was fluent in Persian , Panjabi , Arabic , Hindi , Latin , Greek and English . Martin Buber ( 1878 -- 1965 ) , Austrian Jewish philosopher , who `` spoke German , Hebrew , Yiddish , Polish , English , French and Italian and read , in addition to these , Spanish , Latin , Greek , Dutch and other languages '' . Subramania Bharati ( 1882 - 1921 ) , a great Tamil poet , learnt 32 languages ( 29 Indian languages and 3 foreign languages ) including Tamil , English , Hindi , Sanskrit and Bengali . Ho Chi Minh ( 1890 -- 1969 ) , the Vietnamese Communist leader , became fluent in French , English , Russian , Cantonese , and Mandarin , in addition to his native Vietnamese , through study and many years spent in exile . Harinath De ( 1877 -- 1911 ) could speak thirty - four languages including many eastern and western languages such as Chinese , Tibetan , Pali , Sanskrit , Persian , Arabic , English , Greek , Latin , out of which he was M.A in fourteen B.R. Ambedkar ( 1891 -- 1956 ) , founding father of modern India , architect of Indian Constitution , champion of human rights and revivalist of Buddhism in India . He was great polymath ( mastered over 64 subjects ) , linguist and polyglot . Ambedkar could speak ten languages , and more than seven fluently : Marathi ( mother tongue ) , Hindi , English , Gujarati , Pali , Sanskrit , Bengali , Persian , French and German . He wrote Pali dictionary ( Pali to English ) . Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan ( 1893 -- 1963 ) could speak thirty - six languages and wrote in more than six . William James Sidis ( 1898 -- 1944 ) , an American child prodigy who knew eight languages ( Latin , Greek , German , French , Russian , Hebrew , Turkish and Armenian ) when eight years old and claimed to speak about forty languages shortly before his death . He also created his own artificial language , which was called Vendergood . Although Sidis was supposed to have an IQ between 250 and 300 measured through psychological analysis , this was never confirmed . Andrzej Gawroński ( 1885 - 1927 ) was a Polish indologist , linguist and polyglot , the author of the first Polish handbook of Sanskrit , founder of Polish Oriental Society who was able to speak more than 40 languages and studied 100 others Agop Dilâçar , Turkish - Armenian linguist who was proficient in 22 languages . Shuddhananda Bharati ( 1897 - 1990 ) , an Indian revolutionary turned mystic author who wrote `` over 250 published works , 173 are in Tamil , fifty in English , six in French , four in Hindi and three in Telugu . Apart from these languages , he was also conversant with Sanskrit , Kannada , Malayalam and Urdu . '' Vladimir Nabokov ( 1899 -- 1977 ) claimed to be trilingual `` in the proper sense of writing , not only speaking , three languages '' . He wrote in English , Russian , and French . Sukarno ( 1901 -- 1970 ) , the first President of Indonesia , was able to speak Javanese , Sundanese , Balinese , Indonesian , Dutch , German , English , French , Arabic , and Japanese . Steven Runciman ( 1903 -- 2000 ) , historian . Able to read Latin and Greek by the age of five , he mastered many languages so that , when writing about the Middle East , he was able to rely not only on accounts in Latin and Greek and the Western vernaculars , but on Arabic , Turkish , Persian , Hebrew , Syriac , Armenian and Georgian sources as well . John von Neumann ( 1903 -- 1957 ) , mathematician . While better known for his work in mathematics , Von Neumann was a polyglot ; fluent in French , German , Latin , Greek , English and Yiddish , as well as his native Hungarian . Antoun Saadeh ( 1904 - 1949 ) a Lebanese philosopher and figure of Syrian nationalism who was fluent in 7 languages : Arabic , English , Portuguese , French , German , Spanish and Russian . Syed Mujtaba Ali ( 1904 - 1974 ) , a Bangladeshi author proficient in 15 languages . S. Srikanta Sastri ( 1904 -- 1974 ) , eminent Indian Historian , Indologist , and epigraphist at the University of Mysore , was fluent in over fourteen languages , including Greek , Latin , Hittite , Sanskrit , Pali , and Prakrit . Nathan Leopold Jr. ( 1904 -- 1971 ) was born to a wealthy Jewish family . He spoke his first words at four months . He reportedly had an intelligence quotient of 210 , and claimed to have been able to speak twenty - seven languages by the time he was nineteen . More likely he was only fluent in nine or ten languages . He was involved in the murder of Robert `` Bobby '' Franks with friend Richard Loeb . He served thirty - three years in prison before receiving parole . João Guimarães Rosa ( 1908 -- 1967 ) was a Brazilian writer , considered by many to be one of the greatest Brazilian novelists born in the 20th century , and a self - taught polyglot . In a letter he claimed to speak Portuguese , German , French , English , Spanish , Italian , Esperanto , and some Russian . He also claimed to read Swedish , Dutch , Latin and Greek , but with the use of a dictionary . He also professed some understanding of German dialects , and study of Hungarian , Arabic , Sanskrit , Lithuanian , Polish , Tupi , Hebrew , Japanese , Czech , Finnish , and Danish grammar . Guimarães Rosa suggested that studying other languages helped him understand the national language of Brazil more deeply , but that he studied primarily for pleasure . Muhammad Hamidullah ( 1908 -- 2002 ) , an Islamic scholar , knew twenty - two languages and learned Thai at eighty - five . Uku Masing ( 1909 -- 1985 ) , an Estonian linguist , theologian , ethnologist , and poet , claimed to know approximately sixty - five languages , and could translate twenty . Kató Lomb ( 1909 -- 2003 ) , a Hungarian interpreter , translator , and one of the first simultaneous interpreters in the world , was able to interpret fluently in ten languages . George Campbell ( 1912 -- 2004 ) , a Scottish polyglot and a linguist at the BBC , who could speak and write fluently in at least forty - four languages and had a working knowledge of perhaps twenty others . Meredith Gardner ( 1912 -- 2002 ) , an American linguist and codebreaker . German , Old High German , Middle High German , Sanskrit , Latin , Greek , Lithuanian , Spanish , French , Italian , Russian , and Japanese . Enoch Powell ( 1912 -- 1998 ) , an English politician , classical scholar , linguist , and poet . English , French , German , Italian , Urdu , Modern Greek , Classical Greek , Latin , Welsh , Russian , Spanish , Portuguese , and Hebrew . Aziz Ahmad ( 1914 - 1978 ) , a Pakistani poet , short story writer , novelist , translator , historian , research scholar , Iqbal scholar and critic fluent in Urdu , English , French , German , Arabic , Persian , Italian and Turkish . Toshihiko Izutsu ( 1914 - 1993 ) , a Japanese scholar of Islam proficient in 30 languages . Nabi Bakhsh Khan Baloch ( 1917 - 2011 ) , a Pakistani scholar who `` has written in seven languages -- Sindhi , Arabic , Urdu , English , Persian , Balochi and Seraiki . '' Shūichi Katō , a Japanese scholar who was fluent in English , French , German , Italian and Chinese . Fazlur Rahman Malik ( 1919 - 1988 ) , a Pakistani scholar of Islam , proficient in Urdu , Persian , Arabic , English , classical Greek , Latin , German and French . Omeljan Pritsak ( 1919 - 2006 ) , professor of Turkology and linguistics and cofounder of the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute , was fluent in 12 languages and learned 67 in connection with his research . Pope John Paul II ( 1920 - 2005 ) , could speak many languages but reportedly was only fluent in Polish , Italian , Spanish , French , German , and Latin . Ahmad Hasan Dani ( 1920 -- 2009 ) , a Pakistani intellectual , archaeologist , historian , and linguist , who mastered thirty - five languages . Sahabzada Yaqub Khan ( 1920 - 2016 ) , a Pakistani diplomat and army general who could `` speak , read and write somewhere between 6 and 10 languages . '' Abdul Shakoor Rashad ( 1921 - 2004 ) , Afghan scholar , who mastered a dozen of languages outside his native Pashto . P.V. Narasimha Rao ( 1921 -- 2004 ) , who served as the tenth Prime Minister of India ( 1991 -- 1996 ) , could fluently speak nine Indian languages Telugu , Marathi , Hindi , Urdu , Oriya , Tamil , kannada , Sanskrit and Bengali and six Foreign languages English , French , German , Spanish , Arabic , and Persian . Jayalalithaa ( 1948 - 2016 ) , an Indian politician and actress , who could fluently speak Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , Hindi , Malayalam and English . Christopher Lee ( 1922 -- 2015 ) , English actor , singer , author , and World War II veteran who spoke fluent English , Italian , French , Spanish and German , and was moderately proficient in Swedish , Russian and Greek . Michael Ventris ( 1922 -- 1956 ) , an English linguist and architect . French , German , Swiss German , Polish , Russian , Swedish , Danish , Italian , Spanish , some Turkish , and ancient and modern Greek . P.B. Sreenivas ( 1930 -- 2013 ) , an Indian singer and poet , spoke and wrote in eight languages , including Kannada , English and Urdu . Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou ( 1930 -- 1989 ) , a Kurdish political activist and economist , mastered eight languages that included his mother tongue . Jon Elia ( 1931 - 2002 ) , a Pakistani poet and scholar who was fluent in Urdu , English , Arabic , Persian , Sanskrit and Hebrew . Thomas Joseph Odhiambo `` Tom '' Mboya , ( 1930 -- 1969 ) a Kenyan trade unionist , educationist , Pan Africanist , author , and politician could speak English as well as several Kenyan languages such as KiKamba , Kikuyu and his mother tongue DhoLuo . Hassan al - Turabi ( 1932 -- 2016 ) , a Sudanese Islamist leader , was fluent in Arabic , English , French , German , and many European languages . Kenneth L. Hale ( 1934 -- 2001 ) was an American professor of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . He spoke over fifty languages , including Basque , Dutch , French , Hopi , Irish Gaelic , Japanese , Jemez , Lardil , Navajo , O'odham , Polish , Spanish , Warlpiri , and Wômpanâak . Sergei Starostin ( 1953 -- 2005 ) , a Russian linguist , recognised as one of the creators of hypothetical Sino - Caucasian language family . He claimed to have known up to fifteen languages and to read forty without a dictionary . Shahab Ahmed ( 1966 -- 2015 ) , a university professor and scholar of Islam from Pakistan who was `` master of perhaps 15 languages '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polyglots . International Association of Hyperpolyglots , independent organisation to represent hyperpolyglot language experts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` polyglot Collins Dictionary '' . Collins Dictionary . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Richard ( 2008 ) . `` Word grammar , cognitive linguistics , and second language learning and teaching '' . In P. Robinson and N. Ellis . Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition . Routledge . pp. 89 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Erard , Michael ( June 2012 ) . `` The Polyglot of Bologna '' . Public Domain Review . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Erard , Michael ( 3 November 2005 ) . `` How many languages is it possible for a person to speak ? '' . The Five Minute Linguist . Archived from the original on 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Babel No More '' . babelnomore.com . Jamie - Lee Nardone at Duckworth Publishers . 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ 16x9onglobal ( 7 May 2012 ) . `` Word Play '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Dr Anna Goldsworthy : VOICES OF THE LAND ( In Port Augusta , an Israeli linguist is helping the Barngarla people reclaim their language ) , The Monthly , September 2014 Jump up ^ Sam Jones ; Afua Hirsch ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` Who will be the next pope ? The contenders for Vatican 's top job '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dikembe Mutombo '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC. 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Erard , Michael ( 2012 ) . Babel No More : The Search for the World 's Most Extraordinary Language Learners . New York : Free Press . Jump up ^ `` Pope Francis : 13 key facts about the new pontiff '' . The Guardian . London . 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Briefing di padre Lombardi '' . The Vatican Today . 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Francis and those humble gestures by the Pope , he does not sit on a throne , paying the bill at the hotel '' ( in Italian ) . Corriere Della Sera. 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Walker , Paul Owen & David Batty ( 14 March 2013 ) . `` Pope Francis , first day after election '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Willey , David , News analysis sidebar to `` Pope Francis delivers Easter plea for peace '' , BBC News , 31 March 2013 , Retrieved 31 March 2013 Jump up ^ Glatz , Carol ( 2 April 2013 ) . `` Ca n't chant , ca n't speak English ? Pope says it 's because he 's tone - deaf '' . Catholic News Service . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Melania Trump , explained '' . Vox . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeon , Su Mi ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Super Junior - M ′ s Henry Revealed to be Mystery SM Solo Singer '' . CJ E&M enewsWorld . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HYPIA : The International Association of Hyperpolyglots '' . HYPIA : The International Association of Hyperpolyglots . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlyjcA2Tpkg . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Asin Thottumkal knows seven languages ! - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` George Fernandes : Rebel without a pause '' . GulfNews.com. 27 April 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Koh , Bernard. `` But I speak only five languages '' , The Straits Times , Mon , Jun 02 , 2008 . Retrieved on 12 / 02 / 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lokesh Chandra New ICCR President '' . Outlook . 30 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka overjoyed as prelate named cardinal '' . Catholic News . 7 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ミッキー ・ カーチス ワタナベ エンターテインメント '' . Jump up ^ `` rediff.com , Movies : Kamal , as we know him '' . Jump up ^ `` 15 Things to Know as Prakash Raj Turns 50 - Silverscreen.in '' . 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Priya Anand interview - Telugu Cinema interview - Telugu film actress '' . ^ Jump up to : Saravanan , T. ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Sarath Speak '' -- via The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` वाचस्पति पुरस्कार २००७ '' ( Vachaspati Award 2007 ) ( PDF ) ( in Hindi ) . K.K. Birla Foundation . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Dinkar , Dr. Vagish ( 2008 ) . श्रीभार्गवराघवीयम् मीमांसा ( Investigation into Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam ) ( in Hindi ) . Delhi , India : Deshbharti Prakashan . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 908276 - 6 - 9 . Jump up ^ Aneja , Mukta ( 2005 ) . `` Shri Ram Bhadracharyaji -- A Religious Head With A Vision '' . In Kaul , J.K. ; Abraham , George . Abilities Redefined -- Forty Life Stories Of Courage And Accomplishment ( PDF ) . Delhi , India : All India Confederation of the Blind . pp. 66 -- 68 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 September 2011 . Retrieved 25 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia 's runway dar - Ling - Features - The Star Online '' . Jump up ^ http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=10086&display_set=eng Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Timmermans : si , je spreche multiple talen ( features a short video of Timmermans speaking five languages ) , Nos.nl , 7 October 2014 Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Arme Frans , Nu.nl , 25 January 2012 Jump up ^ Bishop , John ( 2010 ) . `` Bruins by the Numbers : 33 '' . BostonBruins.Com . Retrieved 4 August 2010 . 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Daily Mail 4 June 2015 `` Speak like Tarzan , do n't be embarrassed and aim to make 200 mistakes a day : Irish polyglot reveals how ANYONE can learn a language in just three months '' http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/travel_news/article-3106032/Speak-like-Tarzan-don-t-embarrassed-aim-make-200-mistakes-day-Irish-polyglot-reveals-learn-language-just-three-months.html Jump up ^ TEDxTalks ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` Hacking Language Learning : Benny Lewis at TEDxWarsaw '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ sgendreau ( 12 September 2013 ) . `` Traveling the World for 10 Years : An Interview with Polyglot Benny Lewis '' . lingholic . Samuel Gendreau . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Benny Lewis ( 11 March 2014 ) . Fluent in 3 Months : How Anyone at Any Age Can Learn to Speak Any Language from Anywhere in the World . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 755675 - 5 . 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family guy season 9 episode 1 and then there were fewer

And Then There Were Fewer

and then there were fewer

`` And Then There Were Fewer '' is the hour - long premiere of the ninth season of the American animated television series Family Guy . This and most of the season 9 episodes were produced for the eighth season . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on September 26 , 2010 . The episode follows the citizens of Quahog after they are invited by actor James Woods to his stately mansion on a remote island . While there , a series of murders occurs , and the group struggles to determine who committed the mysterious acts , before ultimately attempting to escape from the island , and avoid being murdered themselves . The name and plot of the episode is a parody of Agatha Christie 's murder mystery , And Then There Were None .

The episode was written by Cherry Chevapravatdumrong and directed by Dominic Polcino . It received high acclaim from critics , who praised its storyline and cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 9.41 million homes in its original airing . The episode features guest performances by Drew Barrymore , H. Jon Benjamin , Max Burkholder , Colin Ford , Patrick Stewart , Ashley Tisdale and James Woods , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . It was the first Family Guy episode to air in 720p high definition . The episode was nominated for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards . `` And Then There Were Fewer '' was released on DVD along with two other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 . The show confirmed afterwards that it was part of the show 's `` real '' canon and those characters that died ( i.e. Diane Simmons , Muriel Goldman etc . ) would not be brought back in the future . However , James Woods is seen in the thirteenth episode of season 10 , `` Tom Tucker : The Man and His Dream '' , in which he tells Peter and Tom that paramedics brought him to a secret science lab made for celebrities and revived him . In the same episode , he hires Peter as his agent after he fired Tucker , but later also fires Peter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production and development 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Most of the known residents of Quahog are invited to a dinner party in his palatial mansion by James Woods , who states he has become a born - again Christian thanks to his new girlfriend Priscilla , and wishes to repent for all his wrongdoings . Early into the night , as Woods and Priscilla go to the kitchen , Quagmire 's new companion , Stephanie , is mysteriously shot when she sits in Woods 's seat , leading the guests to believe Woods intends to murder them all . They try to leave , but lightning strikes a tree , causing it to break the bridge . Meanwhile , the main road is flooded due to the storm . Returning amidst accusations , Woods pleads ignorance before he too is murdered in front of the guests by an unseen killer with a knife during a power outage , causing Priscilla to faint . Trapped on the remote estate with no way of contacting anyone due to a thunderstorm and being out of cell range , the guests realize that the killer is among them . They also discover that Stephanie 's body has disappeared . While the guests search for clues in discovering the killer 's identity , they realise that many of them had motives for wanting revenge on James Woods . Tom did not take the part of Freddy Krueger in A Nightmare on Elm Street due to James advising him not to , Brian had the pilot of his series messed up by James , and Quagmire lost Cheryl Tiegs due to him , while Consuela the Mexican maid says he molested her nephew , causing him to ' shoot himself in the face ' . After reading a notebook belonging to Woods and found in a secret room , Mort Goldman 's wife , Muriel , disappears after it is discovered that she was being blackmailed by Woods , causing everyone to suspect her as the culprit . Peter accidentally got Joe knocked out , so organizes the groups , however several of them are separated from each other due to the secret passages . However , Muriel turns up dead soon after by being stabbed in the back with the same knife that killed James , placing suspicion on Priscilla , who also disappeared during the commotion . Jillian 's husband , Derek goes to an upper balcony to find a cell phone signal and contact the police , but is soon murdered by the unseen killer with Woods 's Golden Globe Award . The guests search everyone 's rooms until they locate the bloodstained award and Priscilla 's dead body in Tom Tucker 's guest room . Tom is thus implicated as the killer and is chased and caught by Peter , Joe , Carl , Dr. Hartman , Quagmire , Seamus , and Mayor Adam West . Tom is arrested by the police and the guests prepare to leave . Lois goes to comfort Tom 's co-anchor , Diane Simmons , only to intuitively realize she is the true murderer when Diane shows a dress for her solo debut on the news , even though she could n't have known Tom would be leaving . Diane reveals that she had dated Woods until he dumped her upon her fortieth birthday , around which Tom arranged her to be replaced on the Channel 5 News . Seeking revenge , Diane bribed Priscilla to make James become a born - again Christian and throw the dinner party so she could murder Woods and frame Tom for the crime , but was forced to kill the other guests after her plan went awry upon Stephanie 's accidental death . Priscilla woke up when she was removing the knife due to Joe pointing out her fingerprints were on it , so had her throat slit . When Diane was hiding the body in Tom 's room , Muriel saw her so was stabbed . The murderess did not have time to conceal the knife , but was able to wipe her fingerprints clean . She killed Derek to stop the police getting involved . Diane then attempts to silence Lois by forcing her outside to a nearby cliff , only to be shot down herself with a suppressed sniper rifle fired by Stewie , who proclaims if anyone were to kill Lois , he would be the one to do it . The scene then changes to everyone leaving without knowing what had just happened . Production and development ( edit ) James Woods ( left ) and Drew Barrymore reprised their recurring roles as himself and Jillian Russell respectively . The episode was first announced at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International in San Diego , California , on July 24 , 2010 , by series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane . It was directed by series regular Dominic Polcino and written by series regular Cherry Chevapravatdumrong shortly after the conclusion of the eighth production season , which completed its airing on television on June 20 , 2010 . The episode takes its title from the Agatha Christie novel And Then There Were None , and was largely based on the 1985 comedy film Clue . Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising director , with Andrew Goldberg , Alex Carter , Elaine Ko and Spencer Porter serving as staff writers for the episode . Composer Walter Murphy , who has worked on the series since its inception , returned to compose the music for `` And Then There Were Fewer '' . `` And Then There Were Fewer '' was the first episode of Family Guy to be broadcast in high - definition , with series showrunners Mark Hentemann and Steve Callaghan overseeing the transition . The episode was dedicated to series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane 's mother , Ann Perry MacFarlane , following her death from cancer on July 16 , 2010 . The original idea of the episode was sent to series showrunner and executive producer Hentemann in a text from Seth MacFarlane simply stating `` murder mystery . '' `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , along with the two other episodes from Family Guy 's ninth season , was released on a three - disc DVD set in the United States on December 13 , 2011 . The sets include brief audio commentaries by various crew and cast members for several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes and animatics , a special mini-feature which discussed the process behind animating `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , a mini-feature entitled `` The Comical Adventures of Family Guy -- Brian & Stewie : The Lost Phone Call '' , and footage of the Family Guy panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International . In addition to the regular cast , actress Drew Barrymore reprised her role as Jillian Russell , the former girlfriend of Brian ; actor James Woods , in his fifth appearance in the series , reprised his role as the overly exaggerated version of himself ; actress Ashley Tisdale ( who is known for playing Candace Flynn on Disney Channel 's Phineas and Ferb , the show created by Family Guy alumnus Dan Povenmire ) made her first official appearance on Family Guy as James Woods 's girlfriend , Priscilla ; and voice actor H. Jon Benjamin reprised his role as Quahog Market owner Carl . Additionally , actors Max Burkholder , Colin Ford and Patrick Stewart also guest starred in the episode in minor roles . Recurring guest voice actors Lori Alan , John G. Brennan , Nicole Sullivan , Jennifer Tilly , and John Viener reprised their roles as news reporter Diane Simmons , Quahog pharmacist Mort Goldman , Muriel Goldman , Griffin family neighbor Bonnie Swanson , and Jillian 's husband , Derek Wilcox , respectively . A minor appearance was also made by Family Guy writer and regular voice artist Danny Smith . Cultural references ( edit ) Survivor host Jeff Probst was referenced in the episode . The episode borrows heavily from the 1985 comedy film Clue , the 1976 comedy film Murder by Death , and is largely based upon the 1939 Agatha Christie novel And Then There Were None . The opening scene of the episode is similar to that of Stanley Kubrik 's The Shining . Once the Griffin family arrives at the mansion , Lois remarks on the estate 's beauty , wondering if television host Jeff Probst has a similar home . As they walk into the mansion , Sir John Everett Millais 's Ophelia is seen . As dinner commences , Carl begins conversing with Tom Tucker , and discusses the plot of the 1986 fantasy film Labyrinth , directed by Jim Henson . After Tucker is accused of murdering James Woods , he reveals that Woods talked him out of auditioning for the lead role in the 1984 hit horror film A Nightmare on Elm Street . The finger is then pointed at Mayor West , who tells the group of his hardships on the social networking service Twitter , after Woods stole his originally intended username . Diane Simmons also goes on to state that Woods had promised to introduce her to former CBS news anchor Dan Rather , but ultimately ended up introducing her to actor and comedian Danny Bonaduce instead . In the extended DVD release , Carl mentions No Way Out , Hard Rain and Days of Thunder . While searching for Muriel Goldman throughout the mansion , Brian and Stewie begin humming and singing the theme song to several television shows , including the CBS science fiction series Lost in Space , the CBS sitcom The Dick Van Dyke Show , and the ABC soap opera Dynasty . After discovering the Golden Globe Award underneath Tom Tucker 's bed , Tucker begins to profess his innocence , with Peter then instructing him to `` tell it to Mike Judge . '' In the scene where Diane tells Lois her conspiracy , Picasso 's painting Le Rêve can be seen on the wall behind Diane . At the end of the episode , Seamus asks , `` When we all see each other at school on Monday , are we still gon na be friends ? '' in a reference to The Breakfast Club . Reception ( edit ) `` And Then There Were Fewer '' was broadcast on September 26 , 2010 , as a part of an animated television night on Fox , and was preceded by the season premiere of The Simpsons , and Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane 's spin - off , The Cleveland Show . It was watched by 8.85 million viewers in its first half - hour , and concluded with a total 9.41 million viewers in its second half - hour , according to Nielsen ratings , despite airing simultaneously with the season premiere of Desperate Housewives on ABC , the season premiere of The Amazing Race on CBS and Sunday Night Football on NBC . The episode also acquired a 4.3 and 4.7 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic , beating The Simpsons and The Cleveland Show in addition to significantly edging out both shows in total viewership . The episode 's ratings were Family Guy 's highest since the airing of the season eight episode `` Family Goy '' . `` And Then There Were Fewer '' received widespread acclaim from critics and viewers , with one critic calling the storyline `` solidly funny , well - plotted , and nearly perfectly executed '' . In a simultaneous review of the episodes of The Simpsons and The Cleveland Show that preceded the episode , The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff commented that he enjoyed `` the ' a bunch of people go to an isolated place and start getting killed ' murder mystery subgenre '' , and that the episode `` made fun of the conceits of the genre '' . In the conclusion of his review VanDerWerff called the episode `` excellent and fun '' , and `` full of surprisingly gorgeous animation and a nicely creepy feel that hung over all of the jokes '' and rated it as a B+ , the best rating between The Simpsons episode `` Elementary School Musical '' and The Cleveland Show episode `` Harder , Better , Faster , Browner '' . Jason Hughes of TV Squad also praised the episode 's writers for doing a `` solid job of creating a genuine mystery throughout the hour , keeping us guessing as to who did it and what their motive may have been '' . Hughes went on to comment positively on the episode 's numerous guest stars , and compared its portrayal of Diane Simmons to that of The Simpsons character Sideshow Bob . Natalie Zutter of Ology also praised the episode , calling it , `` Surprisingly , the best of the evening . '' In the summary of her review , Zutter wrote that it was a `` fun murder mystery that lets us see all our favorite Quahog folks '' , while continuing to wonder whether the characters who were killed off would remain dead . Tom Eames of entertainment website Digital Spy placed the episode at number 14 on his listing of the best Family Guy episodes in order of `` yukyukyuks '' -- compiled in 2017 to honor the 18th anniversary of the show -- and praised the interaction of characters who do not normally interact , writing , `` We never thought we 'd see Jillian 's boyfriend Derek hanging out with Seamus the sea captain . '' He expressed his shock at the death of characters such as Muriel Goldman and Diane Simmons and noted , `` That 's one way to cut some dead wood . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 20th Century Fox -- Fox In Flight -- Family Guy '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Iverson , Dan ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) . `` SDCC 10 : Family Guy Returns With Jedi '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Vallow , Kara ( 2010 - 09 - 25 ) . `` And Then There Were Fewer '' . The Haunted Library . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy Preview : `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` . IGN. 2010 - 09 - 24 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Obituaries -- Ann Perry MacFarlane '' . Newburyport News . 2010 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hentemann , Mark ( 2011 - 12 - 13 ) . Family Guy Volume Nine Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lambert , Dave ( 2011 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Family Guy -- Does a Fan Site Message Board Have a List of Volume 9 DVD Contents and Extras ? '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Dave ( 2011 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Family Guy -- Street Date , Cost , and Other New Info for ' Volume 9 ' Come Out '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Stewie with the Revolver in the Library on the Season Premiere of `` Family Guy '' `` . Fox Flash . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Family Guy '' And Then There Were Fewer Cast and crew `` . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Hentemann , Mark ( 2010 - 05 - 09 ) . Family Guy Volume Nine Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Chevapravatdumrong , Cherry ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) . Family Guy Volume Nine Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Wins ; Simpsons , Cleveland Show , Family Guy , Makeover , Housewives All Down vs. Last Season 's Premieres '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 10 - 05 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Wins ; Three Rivers Runs Dry '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) . `` '' Elementary School Musical `` / '' Harder , Better , Faster , Browner `` / '' And Then There Were Fewer `` '' . The A.V. Club . AOL , Inc . Archived from the original on 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Jason ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Sundays With Seth : ' Family Guy ' and ' Cleveland Show ' Recap '' . TV Squad . Archived from the original on 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Zutter , Natalie ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Fox `` Animation Domination '' Review : ' The Simpsons , ' ' The Cleveland Show , ' and ' Family Guy ' `` . Ology . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Eames , Tom ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` The 16 best ever Family Guy episodes in order of yukyukyuks '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : `` And Then There Were Fewer '' Family Guy portal `` And Then There Were Fewer '' on IMDb `` And Then There Were Fewer '' at TV.com Agatha Christie 's And Then There Were None Films And Then There Were None ( 1945 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1965 ) Gumnaam ( 1965 ) Nadu Iravil ( 1970 ) And Then There Were None ( 1974 ) Desyat Negrityat ( 1987 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1989 ) Miniseries And Then There Were None ( 2015 ) Other And Then There Were None ( play ) Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None ( game ) Related `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` Private View '' Ten Little Indians Something 's Afoot I Know What You Did Last Wednesday A Stab in the Dark Family Guy episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Season 9 `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' `` Welcome Back , Carter '' `` Halloween on Spooner Street '' `` Baby , You Knock Me Out '' `` Brian Writes a Bestseller '' `` Road to the North Pole '' `` New Kidney in Town '' `` And I 'm Joyce Kinney '' `` Friends of Peter G . '' `` German Guy '' `` The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair '' `` Trading Places '' `` Tiegs for Two '' `` Brothers & Sisters '' `` The Big Bang Theory '' `` Foreign Affairs '' `` It 's a Trap ! '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_Then_There_Were_Fewer&oldid=830876917 '' Categories : 2010 American television episodes Black comedy Family Guy ( season 9 ) episodes James Woods Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 12 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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path-goal leadership theory is ascribed to which of the following leadership researchers

Path -- goal theory

path - - goal theory

The path -- goal theory , also known as the path -- goal theory of leader effectiveness or the path -- goal model , is a leadership theory developed by Robert House , an Ohio State University graduate , in 1971 and revised in 1996 . The theory states that a leader 's behavior is contingent to the satisfaction , motivation and performance of his or her subordinates . The revised version also argues that the leader engages in behaviors that complement subordinate 's abilities and compensate for deficiencies . According to Robert House and John Antonakis , the task - oriented elements of the path -- goal model can be classified as a form of instrumental leadership .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Original theory 3 In college athletics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origins ( edit ) The first theory was inspired by the work of Martin G. Evans ( 1970 ) , in which the leadership behaviors and the follower perceptions of the degree to which following a particular behavior ( path ) will lead to a particular outcome ( goal ) . The path -- goal theory was also influenced by the expectancy theory of motivation developed by Victor Vroom in 1964 . Vroom built his work on the work of Georgopoulos et al. ( 1957 ) : A path - goal approach to productivity . Journal of Applied Psychology . Volume 41 , No. 6 , pages 345 -- 353 . Original theory ( edit ) According to the first of all theory , the manager 's job is viewed as guiding workers to choose the best paths to reach their goals , as well as the organizational goals . The theory argues that leaders will have to engage in different types of leadership behavior depending on the nature and the demands of a particular situation . It is the leader 's job to assist followers in attaining goals and to provide the direction and support needed to ensure that their goals are compatible with the organization 's goals . A leader 's behavior is acceptable to subordinates when viewed as a source of satisfaction , and motivational when need satisfaction is contingent on performance , and the leader facilitates , coaches , and rewards effective performance . The original path - goal theory identifies achievement - oriented , directive , participative , and supportive leader behaviors : The directive path - goal clarifying leader behavior refers to situations where the leader lets followers know what is expected of them and tells them how to perform their tasks . The theory argues that this behavior has the most positive effect when the subordinates ' role and task demands are ambiguous and intrinsically satisfying . The achievement - oriented leader behavior refers to situations where the leader sets challenging goals for followers , expects them to perform at their highest level , and shows confidence in their ability to meet this expectation . Occupations in which the achievement motive were most predominant were technical jobs , sales persons , scientists , engineers , and entrepreneurs . The participative leader behavior involves leaders consulting with followers and asking for their suggestions before making a decision . This behavior is predominant when subordinates are highly personally involved in their work . The supportive leader behavior is directed towards the satisfaction of subordinates needs and preferences . The leader shows concern for the followers ' psychological well being . This behavior is especially needed in situations in which tasks or relationships are psychologically or physically distressing . Path -- goal theory assumes that leaders are flexible and that they can change their style , as situations require . The theory proposes two contingency variables , such as environment and follower characteristics , that moderate the leader behavior - outcome relationship . Environment is outside the control of the follower - task structure , authority system , and work group . Environmental factors determine the type of leader behavior required if the follower outcomes are to be maximized . Follower characteristics are the locus of control , experience , and perceived ability . Personal characteristics of subordinates determine how the environment and leader are interpreted . Effective leaders clarify the path to help their followers achieve goals and make the journey easier by reducing roadblocks and pitfalls. ( 1 ) Research demonstrates that employee performance and satisfaction are positively influenced when the leader compensates for the shortcomings in either the employee or the work setting . According to Northouse , the theory is useful because it reminds leaders that their central purpose as a leader is to help subordinates define and reach their goals in an efficient manner . In college athletics ( edit ) House ( 1971 ) refers to Rizzo ( 1970 ) , stating that a leader initiating structure increases the path instrumentality for subordinates by decreasing role ambiguity . Also , he says that a leader who is initiating structure and consideration will have different effects depending on whether the task is satisfying or unsatisfying to the subordinate and whether the task - role demands are clear or ambiguous . This means that the more satisfying the task , the less positive the relationship is between consideration and subordinate satisfaction and performance -- meaning people tend to act and enjoy it without considering whether they should not . Also , it means that when a coach is clear in setting goals and expectations , the goals are more likely to be achieved than if the goals and expectations are unclear . This is good for coaches , it means that when they can present a goal that is most satisfying to athletes , it is more likely for the athletes to have affective desire for achieving the goal . For a college coach , practicing good ethics in this regard means creating goals that are within reach for a team , and working together with members of a team when creating these goals . Larson and LaFasto in their 1989 book `` TeamWork '' place a clear & elevating goal at the forefront of the necessary components for a successful team . `` The image of a desired state of affairs that inspires action '' is how Garfield defines a clear goal , according to the authors ( p. 27 ) . They say that when the goal is `` unfocused and `` politicized '' , it becomes a reason for ineffective team functioning . `` A sense of mission '' is a clear characteristic of peak performers ' , says Garfield , according to the authors . Larson and LaFasto make no mistake in emphasizing the importance of clarity . `` Elevating '' to the authors means `` personally challenging '' ( p. 31 ) . A player asks the personal question of how worthwhile the goal itself is , and what type of difference it makes . The elevating factor of goal setting brings about a sense of urgency , causes a team to lose track of time ( relates to the idea of `` flow '' in the field of positive psychology ) , and causes the rate of communication to increase , for example , players calling one another in the evening , outside the sport context , to talk about today 's practice or tomorrow 's game . See also ( edit ) Leadership Leader -- member exchange theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Antonakis , J. ; House , RJ. ( 2014 ) . `` Instrumental leadership : Measurement and extension of transformational -- transactional leadership theory '' . The Leadership Quarterly . 25 ( 4 ) : 746 . doi : 10.1016 / j. leaqua. 2014.04. 005 . Jump up ^ Evans , Martin G. ( 1970 ) . `` The effects of supervisory behavior on the path - goal relationship '' . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 5 : 277 -- 298 . doi : 10.1016 / 0030 - 5073 ( 70 ) 90021 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : House , Robert J. ( 1996 ) . `` Path - goal theory of leadership : Lessons , legacy , and a reformulated theory '' . Leadership Quarterly . 7 ( 3 ) : 323 -- 352 . doi : 10.1016 / s1048 - 9843 ( 96 ) 90024 - 7 . Cite error : Invalid tag ; name `` House '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Vroom , Victor H. ( 1964 ) . Work and motivation . New York : Wiley . ^ Jump up to : House , Robert J. ; Mitchell , T.R. ( 1974 ) . `` Path - goal theory of leadership '' . Journal of Contemporary Business . 3 : l -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` The basic idea behind path - goal theory . '' University of Maryland . 2009 - 04 - 27 . URL : http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~dbalon/EDCP317/notes/Path-Goal_Theory.pdf . Accessed : 2009 - 04 - 27 . ( Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5gLBry5Zs ) Jump up ^ Northhouse , Peter . Leadership : Theory and Practice . Larson , Carl & LaFasto , Frank . ( 1989 ) . `` TeamWork '' . Sage Publications . External links ( edit ) Definition at BusinessDictionary.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Path -- goal_theory&oldid = 819465919 '' Categories : Organizational theory Leadership Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 14 : 47 . About Wikipedia

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what does prada mean in the devil wears prada

Dolce & Gabbana and Calvin Klein helped Field as well , with some contributions from Lebanese designer Georges Chakra . Although Field avoids making Streep look like Wintour , she dresses her in generous helpings of Prada ( By Field 's own estimate , 40 % of the shoes on Streep 's feet are Prada ) . `` I know her character was originally based on Anna Wintour , '' Field said , `` but I did n't want to copy someone 's style . '' But , like Wintour and her Vogue predecessor Diana Vreeland , the two realized that Miranda needed a signature look , which was provided primarily by the white wig and forelock she wore as well as the clothes the two spent much time poring over look - books for . `` ( I ) n choosing her wardrobe my idea was that she 's a chief fashion editor , she has her own style , '' Fields told Women 's Wear Daily in 2016 . `` We 're creating an original character . ''

The Devil Wears Prada ( film )

the devil wears prada ( film )

The Devil Wears Prada is a 2006 American comedy - drama film based on Lauren Weisberger 's 2003 novel of the same name . This screen adaptation stars Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly , a powerful fashion magazine editor , and Anne Hathaway as Andrea ( Andy ) Sachs , a college graduate who goes to New York City and lands a job as Priestly 's co-assistant . Emily Blunt and Stanley Tucci co-star as co-assistant Emily Charlton and art director Nigel , respectively .

Adrian Grenier , Simon Baker , and Tracie Thoms play key supporting roles . Wendy Finerman produced and David Frankel directed the film , which was distributed by 20th Century Fox . Streep 's performance drew critical acclaim and earned her many award nominations , including her record - setting 14th Oscar bid , as well as the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical . Blunt also drew favorable reviews and nominations for her performance , as did many of those involved in the film 's production . The film was well received by both film critics and the public and became a surprise summer box - office hit following its June 30 North American release . The commercial success and critical praise for Streep 's performance continued in foreign markets with the film leading the international box office for most of October . Likewise , the U.S. DVD release was the top rental during December . The film finished in 2006 's Top 20 both in the U.S. and overseas and grossed over $300 million , mostly from its international run . Although the movie is set in the fashion world , most designers and other fashion notables avoided appearing as themselves for fear of displeasing U.S. Vogue editor Anna Wintour , who is widely believed to have been the inspiration for Priestly . Still , many allowed their clothes and accessories to be used in the film , making it one of the most expensively costumed films in history . Wintour later overcame her initial skepticism , saying she liked the film and Streep in particular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cameos 3 Production 3.1 Preproduction 3.1. 1 Writing 3.1. 1.1 Cerulean sweater speech 3.1. 2 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.2. 1 Acting 3.2. 2 Costuming 3.2. 3 Production design 3.2. 4 Products 3.2. 5 Locations 3.2. 5.1 New York 3.2. 5.2 Paris 3.3 Post-production 3.3. 1 Editing 3.3. 2 Music 4 Pre-release and marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Depiction of fashion industry 5.2 Commercial 5.3 Anna Wintour 5.4 International 5.5 Awards and nominations 6 In other media 7 Home media 7.1 Reception 7.2 Deleted scenes 8 Cultural impact and legacy 8.1 Cast 8.2 Audience demographics 8.3 Popular culture and society 9 Possible sequel 10 See also 10.1 Films with similar plot elements 10.2 Lists 11 Works cited 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Plot ( edit ) Andy is an aspiring journalist fresh out of Northwestern University . Despite her ridicule for the shallowness of the fashion industry , she lands a job as junior personal assistant to Miranda Priestly , the editor - in - chief of Runway magazine . Andy plans to put up with Miranda 's excessive demands and humiliating treatment for one year in the hopes of getting a job as a reporter or writer somewhere else . At first , Andy fumbles with her job and fits in poorly with her gossipy , fashion - conscious co-workers , especially Miranda 's senior assistant , Emily Charlton . However , she does find an ally in art director Nigel , and gradually learns her responsibilities and begins to dress more stylishly to show her effort and commitment to the position . She also meets an attractive young writer , Christian Thompson , who offers to help her with her career . As she spends increasing amounts of time at Miranda 's beck and call , problems arise in her relationships with her college friends and her live - in boyfriend , Nate , a chef working his way up the career ladder . Miranda is impressed by Andy and allows her to be the one to bring the treasured `` Book '' , a mock - up of the upcoming edition , to her home , along with her dry cleaning . She is given instructions by Emily about where to leave the items and is told not to speak with anyone in the home . Andy arrives at Miranda 's home only to discover that the instructions she received are vague . As she tries to figure out what to do , Andy begins to panic . Miranda 's twins , Caroline and Cassidy , falsely tell her she can leave the book at the top of the stairs just as Emily has done on many occasions . At the top of the stairs , Andy interrupts Miranda and her husband having an argument . Mortified , Andy leaves the book and runs out of the home . The next day , Miranda tells Andy that she wants the new unpublished Harry Potter book for her daughters and , if Andy can not find a copy , she will be fired . Andy desperately attempts to find the book and nearly gives up , but ultimately obtains it through Christian 's contacts . She surprises Miranda by not only finding the book but having copies sent to the girls at the train station , leaving no doubt that she accomplished Miranda 's `` impossible '' task , thus saving her job . Andy gradually begins to outperform Emily at her job , and slowly but surely becomes more glamorous and begins aligning herself , unwittingly at first , to the Runway philosophy . One day , Andy saves Miranda from being embarrassed at a charity benefit , and Miranda rewards her by offering to take her to the fall fashion shows in Paris instead of Emily . Andy hesitates to take this privilege away from Emily but is forced to accept the offer after being told by Miranda that she will lose her job if she declines . Andy tries to tell Emily on her way to work , but Emily gets hit by a car . Andy later breaks the news to a hospitalized Emily . When Andy tells Nate she is going to Paris , he is angered by her refusal to admit that she 's become what she once ridiculed , and they break up . Once there , Miranda , without makeup , opens up to Andy about the effect Miranda 's impending divorce will have on her daughters . Later that night , Nigel tells Andy that he has accepted a job as Creative Director with rising fashion star James Holt at Miranda 's recommendation . Andy finally succumbs to Christian 's charms and , after spending the night with him , learns from him about a plan to replace Miranda with Jacqueline Follet as editor of Runway . Despite the suffering she has endured at her boss 's behest , she attempts to warn Miranda . At a luncheon later that day , however , Miranda announces that it is Jacqueline instead of Nigel who will leave Runway for Holt . Nigel remarks to a stunned Andy that , though disappointed , he has to believe that his loyalty to Miranda will one day pay off . Later , when Miranda and Andy are being driven to a show , she explains to a still - stunned Andy that she was grateful for the warning but already knew of the plot to replace her and sacrificed Nigel to keep her own job . Pleased by this display of loyalty , she tells Andy that she sees a great deal of herself in her . Andy , repulsed , says she could never do that to anyone . Miranda replies that she already did , stepping over Emily when she agreed to go to Paris . When they stop , Andy gets out and throws her cell phone into the fountain of the Place de la Concorde , leaving Miranda , Runway , and fashion behind . Some time later , Andy meets up with Nate , who is moving to Boston because he got a new job as the sous chef of a restaurant . They agree to start dating again and see what the future holds . The same day , Andy is interviewed and is accepted to work at a major New York publication company . The editor recounts how he called Runway for a reference on Andy , and got a response from Miranda herself . Miranda described Andy as `` her biggest disappointment '' - and said that the editor would be `` an idiot '' if he did n't hire her . Emily is offered her Paris wardrobe by Andy and the two leave on good terms . Andy passes the `` Runway '' office building and sees Miranda get into a car . Andy gives a wave , but Miranda does not acknowledge her . Andy is used to this and instead walks further into the crowd . Once inside the car , however , Miranda smiles and then orders her chauffeur to drive . Cast ( edit ) Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly Anne Hathaway as Andrea `` Andy '' Sachs Emily Blunt as Emily Charlton Stanley Tucci as Nigel Kipling Simon Baker as Christian Thompson Adrian Grenier as Nate Cooper Gisele Bündchen as Serena Tracie Thoms as Lily Rich Sommer as Doug Daniel Sunjata as James Holt Colleen Dengel as Caroline Priestly Suzanne Dengel as Cassidy Priestly David Marshall Grant as Richard Sachs Tibor Feldman as Irv Ravitz Rebecca Mader as Jocelyn Alyssa Sutherland as Clacker Ines Rivero as Clacker at elevator Stephanie Szostak as Jacqueline Follet David Callegati as Massimo Paul Keany as St. Regis Doorman Cameos ( edit ) Valentino Garavani Giancarlo Giammetti Carlos de Souza Bridget Hall Lauren Weisberger as the twins ' nanny Robert Verdi as a fashion journalist in Paris who interviews Miranda Heidi Klum Ivanka Trump Nigel Barker Production ( edit ) `` When we made it I was naive . I know now how rare it is to find situations where the stars align . '' -- Aline Brosh McKenna , Director David Frankel and producer Wendy Finerman had originally read The Devil Wears Prada in book proposal form . It would be Frankel 's second theatrical feature , and his first in over a decade . He , cinematographer Florian Ballhaus and costume designer Patricia Field , drew heavily on their experience in making Sex and the City . Frankel recalls the whole experience as having high stakes for those involved , since for himself and the others behind the camera it was the biggest project they had yet attempted , with barely adequate resources . `` We knew we were on very thin ice , '' he told Variety for a 2016 article on the film 's 10th anniversary . `` It was possible this could be the end of the road for us . '' Pre-production ( edit ) Fox bought the rights to Weisberger 's novel before it was not only published in 2003 , but even finished . Carla Hecken , then the studio 's executive vice president , had only seen the first hundred pages of manuscript and an outline for how the rest of the plot was to go . But for her that was enough . `` I thought Miranda Priestly was one of the greatest villains ever , '' she recalled in 2016 . `` I remember we aggressively went in and scooped it up . '' Writing ( edit ) Work on a screenplay started promptly , before Weisberger had even finished her work . When it became a bestseller upon publication , elements of the plot were incorporated into the screenplay in progress . Most took their inspiration from the 2001 Ben Stiller film Zoolander and primarily satirized the fashion industry . But it was still not ready to film . Elizabeth Gabler , later head of production at Fox , noted that the finished novel did not have a strong narrative . `` Since there was n't a strong third act in the book , '' she said later , `` we needed to invent that . '' In the meantime , the studio and producer Wendy Finerman sought a director . Out of many candidates with experience in comedy , David Frankel was hired despite his limited experience , having only made one feature , Miami Rhapsody , along with some episodes of Sex and the City and Entourage . He was unsure about the property , calling it `` undirectable ... a satire rather than a love story . '' Later , he cited Unzipped , the 1995 documentary about designer Isaac Mizrahi , as his model for the film 's attitude towards fashion : `` ( It ) revels in some of the silliness of the fashion world , but is also very serious . '' At a meeting with Finerman , Frankel told her that he thought the story unnecessarily punished Miranda . `` My view was that we should be grateful for excellence . Why do the excellent people have to be nice ? '' He prepared to move on and consider more scripts . Two days later his manager persuaded him to reconsider and look for something he liked that he could shape the film into . He took the job , giving Finerman extensive notes on the script and laying out a detailed vision for the film . Four screenwriters worked on the property . Peter Hedges wrote the first draft , but did n't think he could do more ; another writer passed . Paul Rudnick did some work on Miranda 's scenes , followed by a Don Roos rewrite . After that , Aline Brosh McKenna , who was able to relate her own youthful experiences attempting to launch a journalism career in New York to the story , produced a draft after a month 's work that struck the right balance for Finerman and Frankel , whose notes were incorporated into a final version , rearranging the plot significantly , following the book less closely and focusing the story on the conflict between Andrea and Miranda . She found the experience of writing a story with female protagonists that did not center around a relationship `` very liberating ... I felt I was allowed to do what the movie wanted to be , a Faust story , a Wall Street for ladies . '' McKenna also initially toned down Miranda 's meanness at the request of Finerman and Frankel , only to restore it later for Streep . She later cited Don Rickles as her main influence for the insults in the dialogue ; before even starting work on the screenplay she had come up with Miranda 's `` Take a chance . Hire the smart fat girl '' line , which she felt summed up the disparity between Andy and the world she found herself in . McKenna consulted with acquaintances who worked in fashion to make her screenplay more realistic . In a 2010 British Academy of Film and Television Arts lecture , she told of a scene that was changed after one of these reviews , where Nigel told Andy not to complain so much about her job . Originally , she had made his speech more of a supportive pep talk ; however one of those acquaintances said that would not happen : `` ( N ) o - one in that world is nice to each other ... There 's no reason to be , and they do n't have time . '' she quoted him as saying . Cerulean sweater speech ( edit ) The `` cerulean speech '' , where Miranda draws the connection between the designer fashion in Runway 's pages and Andy 's cerulean sweater , criticizing Andy 's snobbishness about fashion and explaining the trickle - down effect , had its origins in a scene cut from earlier drafts that Streep had asked to have restored . It slowly grew from a few lines where the editor disparaged her assistant 's fashion sense to a speech about `` why she thought fashion was important ... She is so aware that she is affecting billions of people , and what they pick off the floor and what they are putting on their bodies in the morning . '' Streep said in 2016 she was interested in `` the responsibility lying on the shoulders of a woman who was the head of a global brand ... That scene was n't about the fun of fashion , it was about marketing and business . '' McKenna recalls that she kept expanding it to suit Streep and Frankel , but even a few days before it was scheduled to be filmed she was unsure if it would be used or even shot . She was revising it at a nearby Starbucks when she realized that Miranda would describe something not as just blue -- chosen as the color for Andy 's sweater since it would work best on screen -- but would instead use an exact shade . From a list of shades McKenna sent , Streep picked cerulean ; the final speech takes up almost a page of the script , long for a mainstream film . `` I was like , it 'd be cool if half of that ended up in the movie , '' the writer says . `` Every word is in the movie . '' The references to past designer collections are entirely fictional , McKenna explains , since the speech was written around the sweater 's color ( however , the Huffington Post later pointed out , designers often take their fashion inspiration from the streets ) . The speech has become one of the film 's most memorable moments ; `` Miranda 's signature monologue '' to The Ringer . `` ' Cerulean ' ( has never ) sounded more sinister , '' the Huffington Post wrote in 2016 , Liz Jones , former editor of British Marie Claire , said it was `` a rare glimpse at the way in which even the most outlandish and extreme exponents of fashion ... influence and enrich all our lives , even if we only ever shop at Marks & Spencer or Gap . '' Casting ( edit ) Once the script was finished , the filmmakers and Fox focused on getting Meryl Streep to play Miranda ; Hacken recalled she was seen as so perfect for the part that no one had discussed any alternatives ( although McKenna recalls writing provisional dialogue should the producers have had to settle for another actress ) . Weisberger , who initially could not imagine Streep playing the part , recalled that after seeing her on set it was `` crystal clear '' that she was perfect for the role . The news that Streep would meet with Frankel was celebrated at Fox . But while Streep , for her part , knew the movie could be very successful , she felt the pay she was being offered for playing Miranda was `` slightly , if not insulting , not perhaps reflective of my actual value to the project . '' The producers doubled it to around $4 million , and she signed on , allowing Fox to greenlight the film . According to Frankel , Streep saw the film as a chance to `` skewer the doyennes of the fashion world . '' She has three daughters , and as an ardent feminist , felt that fashion magazines `` twisted the minds of young women around the world and their priorities . This was an interesting way to get back at them . '' Also , she said , the film passed the Bechdel test . She insisted on the scenes where she explains to Andy the connection between the blue sweater she is wearing and the haute couture industry , and the scene where Miranda briefly opens up to Andy , without makeup , about her divorce . `` I wanted '' , she explained , `` to see that face without its protective glaze , to glimpse the woman in the businesswoman . '' Casting Andy was less clear - cut . Fox wanted an A-list younger actress , and felt Rachel McAdams , then coming off successes in The Notebook and Mean Girls , would help the film 's commercial prospects . However , she declined several offers to play Andy , telling the studio she was trying to avoid mainstream projects for a while . Hathaway , by contrast , actively sought the part , tracing `` Hire me '' in the sand of the zen garden on Hacken 's desk when she talked about the project with the executive . While Frankel liked her enough to not require her to audition , she knew she was not the studio 's first choice and had to be patient ( other accounts say that she was the only actress considered for the lead ) . Fox production chief Elizabeth Gabler says the studio did not realize how strong her audience was after the Princess Diaries movies . She took the part to work with Streep , but also due to some personal aspects . She celebrated when she learned she had gotten the part . Over a hundred actresses had been considered for Emily before one of the casting agents taped Emily Blunt reading some of the lines elsewhere on the Fox lot as she was leaving for her flight to London following her audition for Eragon . Although she read them in her native British accent despite the character being written as American as she is in the novel , Frankel was interested ; Finerman liked her for her sense of humor . After the makers of Eragon cast Sienna Guillory , Frankel called her in the bathroom of `` some dive club '' in London , where she was consoling herself with her sister . He told her that while he would have cast her just from the tape , the studio wanted to see another audition with her dressed more in character . She insisted on continuing to play the character as British ; Both Hathaway and Emily Blunt lost weight for their roles , with Hathaway later recounting that `` ( she ) and I would clutch at each other and cry because we were so hungry . '' Blunt later denied rumors she did this at the filmmakers ' request . Colleen and Suzanne Dengel , the twins who played Miranda 's daughters , were cast two weeks after auditioning for Frankel and Finerman . The director and producer laughed , which the sisters believed help them get the part . They recalled in 2017 that they were excited both by being able to work together on camera for the first time , as well as the chance to act opposite Hathaway since they were big fans of the Princess Diaries movies as well . Tucci was one of the last actors cast ; he agreed to play Nigel only three days before shooting started . The filmmakers reportedly had auditioned Barney 's creative director Simon Doonan and E ! 's Robert Verdi , both openly gay men highly visible as media fashion commentators , for the part ; the BBC 's Graham Norton also auditioned . Verdi would later say there was no intention to actually hire him and the producers had just used him and Doonan to give whoever they ultimately did cast some filmed research to use in playing a gay character ( he would end up with a walk - on part as a fashion journalist in Paris ) . Tucci says he was unaware of this : `` All I know is that someone called me and I realized this was a great part . '' He based the character on various people he was acquainted with , insisting on the glasses he ultimately wore . Daniel Sunjata had originally read for Tucci 's part , rather unenthusiastically since he had just finished playing a similar character , but then read the Holt part and asked if he could audition for it . Simon Baker auditioned by sending a video of himself , wearing the same self - designed green jacket he has on when he and Andrea meet for the first time . Weisberger is widely believed to have based Miranda on Anna Wintour , the powerful editor of Vogue . Wintour reportedly warned major fashion designers who had been invited to make cameo appearances as themselves in the film that they would be banished from the magazine 's pages if they did so . Vogue and other major women 's and fashion magazines have avoided reviewing or even mentioning the book in their pages . Wintour 's spokespeople deny the claim , but costume designer Patricia Field says many designers told her they did not want to risk Wintour 's wrath . Only Valentino Garavani , who had designed the black evening gown Streep wears in the museum benefit scene , chose to make an appearance . Coincidentally , he was in New York during production and Finerman dared Field , an acquaintance , to ask him personally . Much to her surprise , he accepted . Other cameos of note include Heidi Klum as herself and Weisberger as the twins ' nanny . Streep 's daughter 's film debut as a barista at Starbucks was cut . Gisele Bündchen agreed to be in the movie only if she did not play a model . Filming ( edit ) Hathaway between takes while shooting a scene in Midtown Manhattan Principal photography took place over 57 days in New York and Paris between October and December 2005 . The film 's budget was $41 million . It was originally lower , which caused problems with some locations -- the crew could not get permission to shoot at the Museum of Modern Art or Bryant Park . Ballhaus , at Finerman and Frankel 's suggestion , composed as many shots as possible , whether interiors or exteriors , to at least partially take in busy New York street scenes in the background , to convey the excitement of working in a glamorous industry in New York . He also used a handheld camera during some of the busier meeting scenes in Miranda 's office , to better convey the flow of action , and slow motion for Andrea 's entrance into the office following her makeover . A few process shots were necessary , mainly to put exterior views behind windows on sets and in the Mercedes where Miranda and Andrea are having their climactic conversation . Fox originally refused permission to let Frankel shoot some scenes from the third act in Paris , where it is set , due to the low budget . But after six `` nightmarish '' weeks of shooting , he had an editor cut a `` sizzle reel '' of highlights . That convinced the studio to increase the budget to allow for limited shooting overseas ( Streep did not go as Fox believed it would be too expensive ) . Acting ( edit ) Several weeks after all the major parts had been cast , the actors gathered in New York for a table read . Hathaway was nervous and goofy , she recalls , since she still had not developed her idea of the part ; she described her performance at that point as `` ( nothing ) particularly impressive . '' Blunt , by contrast , found Streep 's laugh relaxed her enough to keep her focused on playing a nervous , distracted Emily . The highlight of the session was Streep 's first line as Miranda . Instead of the `` strident , bossy , barking voice '' everyone expected , Hathaway says , Streep silenced the room by speaking in a near whisper . `` It was so unexpected and brilliant . '' At the reading Streep also changed Miranda 's last line to `` everybody wants to be us '' from the original `` me '' . Streep made a conscious decision not to play the part as a direct impression of Wintour , right down to not using an accent and making the character American rather than English ( `` I felt it was too restricting '' ) . `` I think she wanted people not to confuse the character of Miranda Priestly with Anna Wintour at all , '' said Frankel . `` And that 's why early on in the process she decided on a very different look for her and a different approach to the character . '' The `` that 's all , '' `` please bore someone else ... '' catchphrases ; her coat - tossing on Andrea 's desk and discarded steak lunch are retained from the novel . Streep prepared by reading a book by Wintour protégé Liz Tilberis and the memoirs of Vogue editor Diana Vreeland . She lost so much weight during shooting that the clothes had to be taken in . During the movie 's press tour she also said her performance as Miranda was inspired by different men she knew , but did not say which ones . In 2016 she disclosed to Variety that she took Miranda 's soft speaking style from Clint Eastwood : `` He never , ever , ever raises his voice and everyone has to lean in to listen , and he is automatically the most powerful person in the room . '' However , she said , Eastwood does not make jokes , so instead she modeled that aspect of the character on theatrical and film director Mike Nichols , whose delivery of a cutting remark , she said , made everyone laugh , including the target . `` The walk , I 'm afraid , is mine , '' Streep added . For Miranda 's actual look , Streep looked to two women . The bouffant hairstyle was inspired by model and actress Carmen Dell'Orefice , which Streep said she wanted to blend with `` the unassailable elegance and authority of ( French politician ) Christine Lagarde . '' The costumes Field designed for that look resulted in numerous blown takes during the montage where Miranda repeatedly throws her overcoat on Andrea 's desk when she arrives in the morning . When McKenna saw Streep as Miranda for the first time on set , she recalls being so terrified she threw her arm in front of Frankel `` like we were in a car wreck . '' Hathaway prepared for the part by volunteering for a week as an assistant at an auction house where she was `` put through the wringer '' according to Weisberger , who adds that Hathaway supplemented that by asking her many questions about working for Wintour . Frankel recalls that she was nervous through most of the shooting , particularly when working late , since Raffaello Follieri , her boyfriend at that time , preferred strongly that she not do so ; she was also having health issues due to a cyst . The director said she was `` terrified '' before starting her first scene with Streep , who had begun her working relationship with Hathaway by saying first `` I think you 're perfect for the role and I 'm so happy we 're going to be working on this together '' then warning her that was the last nice thing she would say . Streep applied this philosophy to everyone else on set as well , keeping her distance from the cast and crew members unless it was necessary to discuss something with them . That scene , where Andi delivers the Book , the mockup of the magazine in progress , to Miranda 's apartment , was , according to the Dengels , who played Miranda 's twin daughters , totally improvised . `` That was just something we did with Anne and it made the cut , '' Colleen Dengel told BuzzFeed in 2017 . Nevertheless , it took three more days of filming to get the shot of the girls up in the stairwell the way Frankel wanted it , a look she believes was inspired by a similar scene with twin girls in The Shining . Streep is the one who suggested the editorial meeting scene , which does not advance the plot but shows Miranda at work without Andrea present . It was also her idea that Miranda not wear makeup in the scene where she opens up to Andrea and worries about the effect on her daughters of her divorce becoming public knowledge . Blunt , for her part , contributed the line where she tells Andy `` I 'm hearing this '' , while opening and closing her hand , `` and I want to hear this '' keeping it closed . In 2015 she told Howard Stern that she had overheard a mother saying that to a child in a supermarket during production . Costuming ( edit ) Frankel , who had worked with Patricia Field on his feature - film debut Miami Rhapsody as well as Sex and the City , knew that what the cast wore would be of utmost importance in a movie set in the fashion industry . `` My approach was to hire her and then leave the room , '' he joked later . While only Valentino Garavani appeared onscreen , many other designers were helpful to Field . Her $100,000 budget for the film 's costumes was supplemented by help from friends throughout the industry . Ultimately , she believes , at least $1 million worth of clothing was used in the film , making it one of the most expensively costumed movies in cinema history . The single priciest item was a $100,000 Fred Leighton necklace on Streep . When Hathaway enters the office after Nigel gives her access to Runway 's closet , she is dressed entirely in Chanel . Field explained in 2016 that `` I felt Annie Hathaway was a Chanel girl organically , as opposed to let 's say a Versace ( or Roberto Cavalli ) girl . '' When she called the company to ask for assistance , they were delighted because `` they wanted to see Chanel on a young girl to give it another point of view , '' showing it as a brand for `` not just middle - aged women in suits , but youthful and funky . '' Calvin Klein rounds out Andrea 's wardrobe . Dolce & Gabbana and Calvin Klein helped Field as well , with some contributions from Lebanese designer Georges Chakra . Although Field avoids making Streep look like Wintour , she dresses her in generous helpings of Prada ( By Field 's own estimate , 40 % of the shoes on Streep 's feet are Prada ) . `` I know her character was originally based on Anna Wintour , '' Field said , `` but I did n't want to copy someone 's style . '' But , like Wintour and her Vogue predecessor Diana Vreeland , the two realized that Miranda needed a signature look , which was provided primarily by the white wig and forelock she wore as well as the clothes the two spent much time poring over look - books for . `` ( I ) n choosing her wardrobe my idea was that she 's a chief fashion editor , she has her own style , '' Fields told Women 's Wear Daily in 2016 . `` We 're creating an original character . '' Field said she avoided prevailing fashion trends for Miranda during production in favor of a more timeless look based on Donna Karan archives and pieces by Michaele Vollbracht for Bill Blass . She did not want people to easily recognize what Miranda was wearing . Emily Blunt in the outfit Field created for her character . She contrasted Andrea and Emily by giving Andrea a sense of style , without much risk - taking , that would suggest clothing a fashion magazine would have on hand for shoots , clothing a recent college graduate with little sense of style would feel comfortable wearing in a fashion - conscious workplace . Blunt , on the other hand was `` so on the edge she 's almost falling off . '' For her , Field chose pieces by Vivienne Westwood and Rick Owens to suggest a taste for funkier , more `` underground '' clothing . After the film 's release , some of the looks Field chose became popular , to the filmmakers ' amusement . Tucci praised Field 's skill in putting ensembles together that were not only stylish but helped him develop his character : She just sort of sits there with her cigarette and her hair , and she would pull stuff -- these very disparate elements -- and put them together into this ensemble , and you 'd go , `` Come on , Pat , you ca n't wear that with that . '' She 'd say , `` Eh , just try it on . '' So you 'd put it on , and not only did it work , but it works on so many different levels -- and it allows you to figure out who the guy is . Those outfits achieve exactly what I was trying to achieve . There 's flamboyance , there 's real risk - taking , but when I walk into the room , it 's not flashy . It 's actually very subtle . You look at it and you go , `` That shirt , that tie , that jacket , that vest ? What ? '' But it works . He found one Dries van Noten tie he wore during the film to his liking and kept it . Production Design ( edit ) After touring some offices of real fashion magazines , Jess Gonchor gave the Runway offices a clean , white look meant to suggest a makeup compact ( `` the chaste beiges and whites of impervious authority , '' Denby called it ) . Miranda 's office bears some strong similarities to the real office of Anna Wintour , down to an octagonal mirror on the wall , photographs and a floral arrangement on the desk Gonchor later told Women 's Wear Daily that he had based the set on a photo of Wintour 's office he found online ; the similarity led Wintour to have her office redecorated after the movie 's release . The magazine itself is very similar to Vogue , and one of the covers on the wall of the office , showing three models , is a direct homage to the August 2004 cover of that magazine . She even chose separate computer wallpaper to highlight different aspects of Blunt 's and Hathaway 's character : Paris 's Arc de Triomphe on Blunt 's suggests her aspirations to accompany Miranda to the shows there , while the floral image on Andy 's suggests the natural , unassuming qualities she displays at the outset of her tenure with the magazine . For the photo of Andrea with her parents , Hathaway posed with her own mother and David Marshall Grant . The Dengel twins recalled being asked every day for three years straight if the Harry Potter advance copies were real ; to their great disappointment they were not and in fact were `` all gibberish '' . They eventually auctioned them for $586 on eBay , along with various clothing used in the film , to benefit Dress for Success , a charity which provides business clothing to help women transition into the workforce . Products ( edit ) Aside from the clothing and accessories , some other well - known brands are conspicuous in the film . Apple computers are used in the Runway offices , consistent with many real publishing companies . Bottles of Italian San Pellegrino mineral water are seen in the Runway offices . Mitel IP telephones are used in the office of RUNWAY Magazine -- including both reception desks outside the office of Miranda Priestly ( played by Meryl Streep ) , Magazine Editor . Miranda drinks coffee from a nearby Starbucks . Andrea uses a Danger Hiptop 2 ( or a T - Mobile Sidekick 2 ) mobile phone , and Miranda a Motorola RAZR V3 in silver , same as Nigel 's . The two are frequently driven around in Lincoln Town Cars and Mercedes - Benz S - Class S550 ( without vehicle registration plate ) sedans . In one of the scenes Anne Hathaway is driving a Porsche 911 Carrera Cabriolet . Andrea gives her friend a Bang & Olufsen phone . The McGraw - Hill Building , home to Elias - Clarke in the film Locations ( edit ) New York ( edit ) The McGraw - Hill building on Sixth Avenue was used for the exteriors and lobby of Elias - Clarke 's headquarters . The Runway offices are partially corridors in the neighboring Fox building and partially sets . The Elias - Clarke cafeteria is the one at the Reuters office in Manhattan . Nate and Andy 's apartment is on the Lower East Side . Andy gets on the subway at the Spring Street station and gets off at 51st Street , both on the Lexington Avenue Line . Bubby 's , the restaurant Nate works at ( and where Andrea , Doug and Lily eat dinner on occasion ) is in TriBeCa . The Smith & Wollensky steakhouse and its kitchen were used . The Calvin Klein showroom is used in the deleted scenes . Holt 's studio is a loft used by an actual designer . The American Museum of Natural History was used for the exterior of the museum benefit , while the lobby of one of the Foley Square courthouses is used for the interior . The Priestly townhouse is on the Upper East Side and belongs to a friend of Finerman 's . It had to be dressed on short notice after another one could not be used . Christian gives Andy the unpublished Harry Potter manuscript at the St. Regis Hotel 's King Cole Bar . The Amtrak train the twins are taking is going up the Hudson River at Haverstraw Bay . Streep exits her limousine , supposedly in Paris , at 77th Street and Central Park West . The New York Mirror newsroom where Andrea gets hired at the end of the film is that of the now - defunct New York Sun . The cafe where Andy apologizes to Nate was the Mayrose at 920 Broadway ( near the Flatiron Building ) , which has since closed . On its site is the Brio restaurant . Paris ( edit ) The crew were in Paris for only two days , and used only exteriors . Streep did not make the trip . The fountain Andy throws her phone into is on the Place de la Concorde . All the hotel interiors are actually the St. Regis in Manhattan . The fashion shows were filmed on a soundstage in Queens . Likewise , Christian 's hotel is the Times Square W Hotel . Post-production ( edit ) Editing ( edit ) Mark Livolsi realized , as McKenna had on the other end , that the film worked best when it focused on the Andrea - Miranda storyline . Accordingly , he cut a number of primarily transitional scenes , such as Andrea 's job interview and the Runway staff 's trip to Holt 's studio . He also took out a scene early on where Miranda complimented Andrea . Upon reviewing them for the DVD , Frankel admitted he had n't even seen them before , since Livolsi did n't include them in any prints he sent to the director . Frankel praised Livolsi for making the film 's four key montages -- the opening credits , Miranda 's coat - tossing , Andrea 's makeover and the Paris introduction -- work . The third was particularly challenging as it uses passing cars and other obstructions to cover Hathaway 's changes of outfit . Some scenes were also created in the editing room , such as the reception at the museum , where Livolsi wove B - roll footage in to keep the action flowing . Music ( edit ) Further information : The Devil Wears Prada ( soundtrack ) Composer Theodore Shapiro relied heavily on guitar and percussion , with the backing of a full orchestra , to capture a contemporary urban sound . He ultimately wrote 35 minutes of music for the film , which were performed and recorded by the Hollywood Studio Symphony , conducted by Pete Anthony . His work was balanced with songs by U2 ( `` City of Blinding Lights '' , Miranda and Andrea in Paris ) , Madonna ( `` Vogue '' & `` Jump '' , Andrea 's fashion montage & her first day on the job , respectively ) , KT Tunstall ( `` Suddenly I See '' , female montage during opening credits ) , Alanis Morissette ( `` Crazy '' , Central Park photo shoot ) , Bitter : Sweet ( `` Our Remains , '' Andrea picks up James Holt 's sketches for Miranda ; Bittersweet Faith , Lily 's art show ) , Azure Ray ( `` Sleep , '' following the breakdown of her relationship with Nate ) , Jamiroquai ( `` Seven Days in Sunny June , '' Andrea and Christian meet at James Holt 's party ) among others . Frankel had wanted to use `` City of Blinding Lights '' in the film after he had used it as a soundtrack to a video montage of Paris scenes he had put together after scouting locations there . Likewise , Field had advocated just as strongly for `` Vogue . '' The soundtrack album was released on July 11 by Warner Music . It includes all the songs mentioned above ( except Madonna 's `` Jump '' ) as well as a suite of Shapiro 's themes . Among the tracks not included is `` Suddenly I See , '' which disappointed many fans . It became popular as a result of the film . Pre-release and marketing ( edit ) Originally intended just to convince Fox to fund some shooting in Paris , Frankel 's sizzle reel led the studio to put a stronger marketing push behind the movie . It moved the release date from February to summer , scheduling it as a lighter alternative audiences could consider to Superman Returns at the end of June 2006 , and began to position it as an event movie in and of itself . Two decisions by the studio 's marketing department that were meant to be preliminary wound up being integral to promoting the film . The first was the creation of the red stiletto heel ending in a pitchfork as the film 's teaser poster . It was so successful and effective , becoming almost `` iconic '' ( in Finerman 's words ) , that it was used for the actual release poster as well . It became a brand , and was eventually used on every medium related to the film -- the tie - in reprinting of the novel and the soundtrack and DVD covers as well . The studio also put together a trailer of scenes and images strictly from the first three minutes of the film , in which Andrea meets Miranda for the first time , to be used at previews and film festivals until they could create a more standard trailer drawing from the whole film . But , again , this proved so effective with early audiences it was retained as the main trailer , since it created anticipation for the rest of the film without giving anything away . Gabler credits the studio 's marketing team for being `` really creative '' . Fox saw the film as `` counterprogramming '' on the weekend Superman Returns was released . While they knew that the material and Hathaway would help draw a younger female audience that would not be as interested in seeing that film , `` ( w ) e did n't want it to just seem like a chick flick coming out . '' Reception ( edit ) The stars of The Devil Wears Prada at the Venice premiere , front row : ( left to right ) Anne Hathaway , Stanley Tucci , Lisa Tucci and Meryl Streep . Valentino can be seen behind and between Stanley and Lisa Tucci , and Beatrice Borromeo is partly visible to Stanley Tucci 's left . Critical response ( edit ) The Devil Wears Prada received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 75 % , based on 185 reviews , with the site 's critical consensus reads , `` A rare film that surpasses the quality of its source novel , this Devil is a witty expose of New York 's fashion scene , with Meryl Streep in top form and Anne Hathaway more than holding her own . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Initial reviews of the film focused primarily on Streep 's performance , praising her for making an extremely unsympathetic character far more complex than she had been in the novel . `` With her silver hair and pale skin , her whispery diction as perfect as her posture , Ms. Streep 's Miranda inspires both terror and a measure of awe , '' wrote A.O. Scott in The New York Times . `` No longer simply the incarnation of evil , she is now a vision of aristocratic , purposeful and surprisingly human grace . '' Kyle Smith agreed at the New York Post : `` The snaky Streep wisely chooses not to imitate Vogue editrix Anna Wintour , the inspiration for the book , but creates her own surprisingly believable character . '' David Edelstein , in New York magazine , criticized the film as `` thin '' , but praised Streep for her `` fabulous minimalist performance . '' J. Hoberman , Edelstein 's onetime colleague at The Village Voice , called the movie an improvement on the book and said Streep was `` the scariest , most nuanced , funniest movie villainess since Tilda Swinton 's nazified White Witch ( in 2005 's The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ) . '' Blunt , too , earned some favorable notice . `` ( She ) has many of the movie 's best lines and steals nearly every scene she 's in , '' wrote Clifford Pugh in the Houston Chronicle . Other reviewers and fans concurred . While all critics were in agreement about Streep and Blunt , they pointed to other weaknesses , particularly in the story . Reviewers familiar with Weisberger 's novel assented to her judgment that McKenna 's script greatly improved upon it . A rare exception was Angela Baldassare at The Microsoft Network Canada , who felt the film needed more of the nastiness others had told her was abundant in the novel . David Denby summed up this response in his New Yorker review : `` The Devil Wears Prada tells a familiar story , and it never goes much below the surface of what it has to tell . Still , what a surface ! '' Reactions to Hathaway 's performance were not as unanimous as for many of her costars . Denby said `` she suggests , with no more than a panicky sidelong glance , what Weisberger takes pages to describe . '' On the other hand , according to Baldassare , she `` barely carrie ( d ) the load . '' Depiction of fashion industry ( edit ) Some media outlets allowed their present or former fashion reporters to weigh in on how realistic the movie was . Their responses varied widely . Booth Moore at Los Angeles Times chided Field for creating a `` fine fashion fantasy with little to do with reality , '' a world that reflects what outsiders think fashion is like rather than what the industry actually is . Unlike the movie , in her experience fashionistas were less likely to wear makeup and more likely to value edgier dressing styles ( that would not include toe rings ) . `` If they want a documentary , they can watch the History Channel '' , retorted Field . Another newspaper fashion writer , Hadley Freeman of The Guardian , likewise complained the film was awash in the sexism and clichés that , to her , beset movies about fashion in general . Charla Krupp , the executive editor of SHOP , Inc. , says `` It 's the first film I 've seen that got it right ... ( It ) has the nuances of the politics and the tension better than any film -- and the backstabbing and sucking - up . '' Joanna Coles , the editor of the U.S. edition of Marie Claire , agreed : The film brilliantly skewers a particular kind of young woman who lives , breathes , thinks fashion above all else ... those young women who are prepared to die rather than go without the latest Muse bag from Yves Saint Laurent that costs three times their monthly salary . It 's also accurate in its understanding of the relationship between the editor - in - chief and the assistant . Ginia Bellefante , former fashion reporter for The New York Times , called it `` easily the truest portrayal of fashion culture since Unzipped '' and giving it credit for depicting the way fashion had changed in the early 21st century . Her colleague Ruth La Ferla found a different opinion from industry insiders after a special preview screening . Most found the fashion in the movie too safe and the beauty too overstated , more in tune with the 1980s than the 2000s . `` My job is to present an entertainment , a world people can visit and take a little trip , '' responded Field . Liz Jones , former editor of British Marie Claire , wrote in the Daily Mail that the movie was `` a chilling reminder of the most surreal three years of my life . '' The only detail she found inaccurate was the absence of flowers in Miranda 's Paris hotel room -- during her tenure as editor , her rooms there or in Milan received so many flowers from designers that she thought she `` had died prematurely . '' She personally vouched for Miranda 's personality : `` It took only a few weeks in the job for me to mutate into that strangely exotic and spoilt creature : the magazine maven , whose every whim , like those of Miranda ... must be pandered to . '' Commercial ( edit ) On its June 30 opening weekend , right before the Independence Day holiday , the film was on 2,847 screens . Through that Sunday , July 2 , it grossed $27 million , second only to the much bigger - budget Superman Returns , breaking The Patriot 's six - year - old record for the largest take by a movie released that holiday weekend that did not win the weekend ; a record that stood until Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs broke it in 2009 . During its first week it added $13 million . This success led Fox to add 35 more screens the next weekend , the widest domestic distribution the film enjoyed . Although it was never any week 's top - grossing film , it remained in the top 10 through July . Its theatrical run continued through December 10 , shortly before the DVD release . `` The core marketing was definitely to women , '' Gabler recalls , `` but the men did n't resist going to the movie . '' She felt that male viewers responded favorably to the movie because they sought a glimpse inside fashion , and because Miranda `` was enjoyable to watch . '' The release date helped generate word of mouth when people who had seen it discussed it at holiday gatherings . `` They were talking about it , like a summer reading book , '' said Gabler . It had a very successful run in theaters , making nearly $125 million in the United States and Canada and over $325 million worldwide , a career high for all three top - billed actresses at that time . Streep would surpass it two years later with Mamma Mia while Hathaway exceeded it with 2010 's Alice in Wonderland . Blunt would not be in a higher - grossing film until the 2014 movie adaptation of the Broadway musical Into the Woods ( also starring Streep ) . Anna Wintour , on whom Miranda is supposedly based , was at first skeptical of the film but later came to appreciate it . It was also Tucci 's highest - grossing film until Captain America : The First Avenger in 2011 . Anna Wintour ( edit ) Anna Wintour attended the film 's New York premiere , wearing Prada . Her friend Barbara Amiel reported that she said shortly afterward that the movie would go straight to DVD . But in an interview with Barbara Walters that aired the day the DVD was released , she called the film `` really entertaining '' and said she appreciated the `` decisive '' nature of Streep 's portrayal . `` Anything that makes fashion entertaining and glamorous and interesting is wonderful for our industry . So I was 100 percent behind it . '' Streep said Wintour was `` probably more upset by the book than the film '' . Anna Wintour 's popularity skyrocketed after her portrayal in The Devil Wears Prada . She was happy with the portrayal she got from Meryl Streep that did not place her in a position of complete villainy in which she felt was an unfair representation of her . Meryl Streep said she did n't base her character in The Devil Wears Prada on Anna Wintour , instead saying she was inspired by men she had known previously : `` Unfortunately you do n't have enough women in power , or at least I do n't know them , to copy . '' International ( edit ) Weisberger 's novel had been translated into 37 different languages , giving the movie a strong potential foreign audience . The international box office would ultimately deliver 60 % of the film 's gross . `` We did our European premiere at the Venice Film Festival '' , Gabler says , where the city 's gondoliers wore red T - shirts with the film 's logo . `` So many people around the world were captivated by the glossy fashion world . It was sexy and international . '' The Devil Wears Prada topped the charts on its first major European release weekend on October 9 , after a strong September Oceania and Latin America opening . It would be the highest - grossing film that weekend in Britain , Spain and Russia , taking in $41.5 million overall . Continued strong weekends as it opened across the rest of Europe helped it remain atop the overseas charts for the rest of the month . By the end of the year only its Chinese opening remained ; it was released there at the end of February 2007 and took in $2.4 million . The greatest portion of the $201.8 million total international box office came from the United Kingdom , with $26.5 million . Germany was next with $23.1 million , followed by Italy at $19.3 million and France at $17.9 million . Outside Europe , Japanese box office was the highest at $14.6 million , followed by Australia at $12.6 million . Most reviews from the international press echoed the domestic response , heaping praise on Streep and the other actors , but calling the whole film `` predictable . '' The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw , who found the film `` moderately entertaining , '' took Blunt to task , calling her a `` real disappointment ... strained and awkward . '' In The Independent , Anthony Quinn said Streep `` may just have given us a classic here '' and concluded that the film as a whole was `` as snappy and juicy as fresh bubblegum . '' The movie title in Spanish America ( El diablo viste a la moda ) , English and Spanish ( El diablo viste de Prada ) in the same typeface as that used on the poster In most markets the title remained unchanged ; either the English was used or a translation into the local language . The only exceptions were Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Mexico and Venezuela , where it was El diablo que viste Prada and El diablo se viste a la moda . In Poland , the title was Diabeł ubiera się u Prady which roughly means `` The Devil dresses ( itself ) at Prada '' rather than `` The Devil Wears Prada . '' In Italian the title was '' Il diavolo veste Prada '' which roughly means `` The devil wears Prada '' . In Turkey , the title was `` Şeytan Marka Giyer , '' roughly translated as `` The Devil Wears Brand - Names . '' In Romania , the title was `` Diavolul se îmbracă de la Prada , '' which roughly means `` The Devil Dresses itself from Prada '' , the same construction being found in the French title , `` Le Diable s'habille en Prada '' . The Japanese version is titled `` プラダ を 着 た 悪魔 '' , which translates as `` The devil wearing Prada '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Three months after the film 's North American release ( October 2006 ) , Frankel and Weisberger jointly accepted the first Quill Variety Blockbuster Book to Film Award . A committee of staffers at the magazine made the nominations and chose the award winner . Editor Peter Bart praised both works . ' The Devil Wears Prada ' is an energetically directed , perfect - fit of a film that has surprised some in the industry with its box - office legs . It has delighted the country , much as did Lauren Weisberger 's book , which is still going strong on several national bestseller lists . The film was honored by the National Board of Review as one of the year 's ten best . The American Film Institute gave the film similar recognition . The film received ample attention from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association when its Golden Globe Award nominations were announced in December . The film itself was in the running for Best Picture ( Comedy / Musical ) and Supporting Actress ( for Blunt ) . Streep later won the Globe for Best Actress ( Musical / Comedy ) . In January 2007 , Streep 's fellow members of the Screen Actors Guild nominated her for Best Actress as well . Four days later , at the National Society of Film Critics awards , Streep won Best Supporting Actress for her work both in Devil and A Prairie Home Companion . McKenna earned a nomination from the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . When the British Academy of Film and Television Arts announced its 2006 nominations , Blunt , Field , McKenna and Streep were all among the nominees . Makeup artist and hairstylists Nicki Ledermann and Angel de Angelis also were nominated . At the end of January , Streep received her 14th Academy Award nomination for Best Actress , lengthening her record from 13 for most nominations by any actor male or female . Field received a Costume Design nomination as well . Neither won , but Blunt and Hathaway presented the last mentioned award , amusing the audience by slipping into their characters for a few lines , nervously asking which of them had gotten Streep her cappuccino . Streep played along with a stern expression before smiling . Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Academy Awards February 25 , 2007 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Costume Design Patricia Field Nominated ACE Eddie Awards February 18 , 2007 Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Mark Livolsi Nominated AFI Awards January 12 , 2007 Movie of the Year The Devil Wears Prada Won African - American Film Critics Association Awards December 22 , 2006 Top 10 Films The Devil Wears Prada Won Alliance of Women Film Journalists ' EDA Awards December 2006 Best Comedy by or About Women David Frankel Nominated Best Actress in a Comedic Performance Meryl Streep Won Best Screenplay Written by a Woman Aline Brosh McKenna Nominated Awards Circuit Community Awards December 2006 Best Actress in a Leading Role Meryl Streep Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Emily Blunt Nominated BMI Film & TV Awards May 16 , 2007 BMI Film Music Theodore Shapiro Won Boston Society of Film Critics Awards December 11 , 2006 Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 11 , 2007 Best Actress in a Leading Role Meryl Streep Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Emily Blunt Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Aline Brosh McKenna Nominated Best Costume Design Patricia Field Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Nicki Ledermann Angel De Angelis Nominated Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards January 11 , 2007 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Awards December 28 , 2006 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 2007 Excellence in Costume Design for a Contemporary Film Patricia Field Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards January 20 , 2007 Best Comedy The Devil Wears Prada Nominated Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards December 19 , 2006 Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress Emily Blunt Nominated Dublin Film Critics ' Circle Awards December 2006 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 15 , 2007 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy The Devil Wears Prada Nominated Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Meryl Streep Won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Emily Blunt Nominated Golden Schmoes Awards December 2006 Best Supporting Actress of the Year Emily Blunt Nominated International Online Film Critics ' Poll Awards January 9 , 2011 Best Actress of the Decade Meryl Streep Nominated Italian Online Movie Awards May 2007 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Won Jupiter Awards March 2007 Best International Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Anne Hathaway Nominated London Film Critics ' Circle Awards February 8 , 2007 Actress of the Year Meryl Streep Won British Supporting Actress of the Year Emily Blunt Won MTV Movie Awards June 3 , 2007 Best Breakthrough Performance Emily Blunt Nominated Best Villain Meryl Streep Nominated Best Comedic Performance Emily Blunt Nominated MTV Russia Movie Awards April 19 , 2007 Best International Movie The Devil Wears Prada Nominated National Board of Review Awards January 9 , 2007 Top Ten Films The Devil Wears Prada Won National Society of Film Critics Awards January 6 , 2007 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Won New York Film Critics Circle Awards December 11 , 2006 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated North Texas Film Critics Association Awards January 21 , 2007 Best Actress Meryl Streep Won Online Film & Television Association Awards February 10 , 2007 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Costume Design Patricia Field Nominated Online Film Critics Society Awards January 8 , 2007 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 9 , 2007 Favorite Song from a Movie `` Crazy '' -- Alanis Morissette Nominated Rembrandt Awards March 2007 Best International Actress Meryl Streep Won Satellite Awards December 18 , 2006 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy The Devil Wears Prada Nominated Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Meryl Streep Won Satellite Award for Best Costume Design Patricia Field Won Screen Actors Guild Awards January 28 , 2007 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Meryl Streep Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards January 7 , 2007 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 20 , 2006 Choice Summer Movie : Comedy The Devil Wears Prada Nominated Choice Movie : Chemistry Meryl Streep Anne Hathaway Nominated Choice Movie : Breakout Star -- Female Emily Blunt Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Meryl Streep Nominated USC Scripter Awards February 18 , 2007 Best Screenplay Aline Brosh McKenna Lauren Weisberger Nominated Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards January 9 , 2007 Best Supporting Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Awards December 14 , 2006 Best Comedic Performance Meryl Streep Won Best Woman Storyteller Aline Brosh McKenna Won Writers Guild of America Awards February 11 , 2007 Best Adapted Screenplay Aline Brosh McKenna Nominated In other media ( edit ) The success of the film led to a proposed , but unrealized , American dramedy series that was in contention to air for the 2007 -- 08 television season on Fox . It was to be produced by Fox Television Studios , with the premise adjusted for the confines of a traditional half - hour or one - hour dramedy with a single camera set - up . However , it never reached the point of even producing a pilot episode . With the video release came renewed interest in Weisberger 's novel . It ranked eighth on USA Today s list of 2006 best sellers and was the second most borrowed book in American libraries . The audiobook version was released in October 2006 and quickly made it to third on that medium 's fiction best seller list . In 2015 , it was reported that Broadway producer Kevin McCollum had signed a deal two years earlier with Fox to develop some of the films from its back catalog into musicals for the stage . Two he expressed particular interest in were Mrs. Doubtfire and The Devil Wears Prada . Early in 2017 , McCollum announced that in partnership with Fox Stage Productions , he was developing a musical version of The Devil Wears Prada ( based on both the film and the book ) . Sir Elton John will be composing the score for the project with playwright Paul Rudnick , who had written some early scenes for the screenplay , mostly with Miranda , writing the book and lyrics . McCollum did not say when he expected it to premiere but hoped it would eventually play on Broadway . Home media ( edit ) The DVD was released on December 12 , 2006 and has , in addition to the film , the following extras : Audio commentary from Frankel , editor Mark Livolsi , Field , screenwriter Aline Brosh McKenna , producer Wendy Finerman and cinematographer Florian Ballhaus . A five - minute blooper reel featuring , among other shots , unintentional pratfalls by Hathaway due to the high stiletto heels she had to wear . It also includes gag shots such as a chubby crewmember in loose - fitting clothing walking along the runway at the fashion show , and Streep announcing `` I have some nude photographs to show you '' at the Paris brunch scene . Unlike most blooper reels , it is not a collection of sequential takes but rather a fast - paced montage set to music from the film with many backstage shots and a split screenshot allowing the viewer to compare the actual shot with the blooper . The many shots of actors touching their noses are , Rich Sommer says , a game played to assign blame for ruined takes . Five featurettes `` Trip to the Big Screen '' , a 12 - minute look at the film 's pre-production , discussing the changes made from the novel , how Frankel was chosen to direct and other issues . `` NYC and Fashion '' , a look at the real New York fashion scene and how it is portrayed in the film . `` Fashion Visionary Patricia Field '' , a profile of the film 's costume designer . `` Getting Valentino '' , covering how the designer was persuaded to appear as himself in the film . `` Boss from Hell '' , a short segment on difficult , nightmarish superiors like Priestly . Fifteen deleted scenes , with commentary from Frankel and Livolsi available ( see below ) . The theatrical trailer , and promotional spots for the soundtrack album and other releases . Closed captions in French and Spanish are also available . The DVD is available in both full screen and widescreen versions . Pictures of the cast and the tagline `` Hell on Heels '' were added to the red - heel image for the cover . It was released in the UK on February 5 , 2007 . A Blu - ray Disc of the film was released simultaneously with the DVD . The Blu - ray maintains the same features as the DVD ; however , the featurettes were dropped and replaced with a subtitle pop - up trivia track that can be watched by itself or along with the audio commentary . Reception ( edit ) Immediately upon its December 12 release , it became the top rental in the United States . It held that spot through the end of the year , adding another $26.5 million to the film 's grosses ; it dropped out of the top 50 at the end of March , with its grosses almost doubling . The following week it made its debut on the DVD sales charts in third position . By the end of 2007 it had sold nearly 5.6 million units , for a total of $94.4 million in sales . Deleted scenes ( edit ) Among the deleted scenes are some that added more background information to the story , with commentary available by the editor and director . Most were deleted by Livolsi in favor of keeping the plot focused on the conflict between Miranda and Andrea , often without consulting Frankel . Frankel generally approved of his editor 's choices , but differed on one scene , showing more of Andrea on her errand to the Calvin Klein showroom . He felt that scene showed Andrea 's job was about more than running personal errands for Miranda . Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) In 2016 , around the 10th anniversary of the film 's release , Vanity Fair did a rundown of some Independence Day weekend movie box results from the previous 15 years , noting how some better - remembered films had been bested by films that have not stood the test of time . It called Superman Returns ' win over The Devil Wears Prada the `` most ironic '' of these victories . `` ( T ) he degree to which ( it ) has penetrated pop culture needs no explanation -- as does the degree to which Superman Returns did n't . '' The cast 's opinions on why the movie has endured differ . Hathaway told Variety that she thinks many people relate to Andy 's predicament of working for someone who seems impossible to please . `` Everybody has had an experience like this . '' Tucci did not believe specific explanations were necessary . `` It 's a fucking brilliant movie ... The brilliant movies become influential , no matter what they are about . '' Cast ( edit ) The cast members bonded tightly on the set , and remained close afterwards . Blunt invited them to her wedding to John Krasinski in 2010 . There , Tucci met her sister Felicity , whom he later married . `` Ten years after The Devil Wears Prada , Stanley is in my actual family , '' she told Variety . `` How frightening is that ? '' In its anniversary story , Variety argued that it had benefited all three of its lead actresses . In addition to Streep 's record - setting Oscar nomination , the magazine observed , it had proven that she could be a box - office draw by herself , opening doors up for her to be cast as a lead in later summer movies such as Julie & Julia and Mamma Mia ! . For Hathaway , it was her first leading role in a film intended for an adult audience . Subsequent producers were impressed that she had held her own playing opposite Streep , which led eventually to her being cast in more serious roles like Rachel Getting Married and Les Misérables , for which she won an Oscar . `` I think what people saw was promising -- it made people want to see more . '' Hathaway believes that Blunt 's career took off because of her role . `` I 've never witnessed a star being born before , '' Hathaway says . `` That 's the first time I watched it happen . '' Blunt agrees that it was `` a night and day change '' for her -- the day after the film was released , she told Variety , the staff at the coffee shop she had been going to for breakfast every morning in Los Angeles suddenly recognized her . Even ten years later , people still quote her lines from the film back to her at least once a week , she says . Audience demographics ( edit ) `` ( The film ) definitely paved the way for the filmmakers and distributors of the world to know that there was a female audience that was really strong out there '' , Gabler recalls , one that was not segmented by age . She pointed to later movies , such as Mamma Mia ! , 27 Dresses ( written by McKenna ) and Me Before You , that appeared to her to be trying to replicate The Devil Wears Prada 's success with that demographic . However , Gabler feels they did not do so as well . `` Prada reminds me of movies that we do n't have a lot of now -- it harkens back to classic movies that had so much more than just one kind of plot line ... You just keep wanting to find something that can touch upon the same zeitgeist as this film . '' For Streep , the most significant thing about the film was that `` ( t ) his was the first time , on any movie I have ever made , where men came up to me and said , ' I know what you felt like , this is kind of like my life . ' That was for me the most ground - breaking thing about Devil Wears Prada -- it engaged men on a visceral level , '' she told Indiewire . Popular culture and Society ( edit ) The film has made a lasting impact on popular culture . Although a TV series based on it was not picked up , in the years after its release The Simpsons titled an episode `` The Devil Wears Nada '' and parodied some scenes . The American version of The Office began an episode with Steve Carell as Michael Scott imitating Miranda after watching the film on Netflix . In 2008 , The New York Times wrote that the movie had defined the image of a personal assistant in the public mind . Seven years later , Dissent 's Francesca Mari wrote about `` the assistant economy '' by which many creative professionals rely on workers so titled to do menial personal and professional tasks for them ; she pointed to The Devil Wears Prada as the best - known narrative of assistantship . The next year , writing about a proposed change in U.S. federal overtime regulations that was seen as threatening to that practice , the Times called it the ' Devil Wears Prada ' economy `` , a term other news outlets also used . On the film 's 10th anniversary , Alyssa Rosenberg wrote in The Washington Post that Miranda anticipated female antiheroines of popular television series of the later 2000s and 2010s such as Scandal 's Olivia Pope and Cersei Lannister in Game of Thrones . Like them , she observes , Miranda competently assumes a position of authority often held by male characters , despite her moral failings , that she must defend against attempts to use her personal life to remove her from it , to `` prov ( e ) , as a creature of sentiment , that she never belonged there in the first place . '' In doing so , however successfully to herself and others , `` she has zipped herself into a life as regimented and limited as a skintight pencil skirt . '' `` Like many instant classics , Prada benefited from perfect timing '' , Variety 's 2016 article observed , attempting to explain the film 's enduring appeal . `` It marked the beginning of the democratization of the fashion industry -- when the masses started to pay attention to the business of what they wore . '' It credited the movie with helping stir interest in the American adaptation of the Colombian television series Ugly Betty , which debuted months after its release . The film also has been credited with increasing interest in R.J. Cutler 's documentary The September Issue , which followed Wintour and other Vogue editors as they prepared the issue for that month of 2007 . Writing in The Ringer on the tenth anniversary , Alison Herman observed that `` The Devil Wears Prada transformed Wintour 's image from that of a mere public figure into that of a cultural icon . '' Once known primarily as a fashion editor , she was now `` every overlord you 'd ever bitched about three drinks deep at happy hour , only to dutifully fetch her coffee the next day . '' Ultimately , the film had effected a positive change in Wintour 's image , Herman argued , `` from a tyrant in chinchilla to an idol for the post-Sandberg age . '' Possible sequel ( edit ) In 2013 , Weisberger wrote a sequel , Revenge Wears Prada . However , it does not seem likely that a film version of it , or any sequel , will be made , as two of the film 's stars are not eager to do so . Streep , who has never made a sequel to any of her films , has reportedly said that she is not interested in making this one in particular . And while Hathaway admits she 'd be interested in working with the same people , it would have to be `` something totally different . '' The Devil Wears Prada , she told Variety `` might have just hit the right note . It 's good to leave it as it is . '' See also ( edit ) 2000s portal Comedy portal Fashion portal Film in the United States portal New York City portal Paris portal 2006 in film Films with similar plot elements ( edit ) The Intern , 2000 comedy about an overworked and mistreated low - level employee at a New York fashion magazine Swimming with Sharks , 1994 film starring Kevin Spacey as a tyrannical movie producer and Frank Whaley as his beleaguered assistant Lists ( edit ) List of 2006 box office number - one films in Australia List of 2006 box office number - one films in Japan List of 2006 box office number - one films in South Korea List of 2006 box office number - one films in the United Kingdom List of American comedy films List of American films of 2006 List of awards and nominations received by Anne Hathaway List of awards and nominations received by Emily Blunt List of awards and nominations received by Meryl Streep List of comedy films of the 2000s List of fiction works made into feature films ( D -- J ) List of film director and composer collaborations List of films set in New York City List of films set in Paris Works cited ( edit ) Weisberger , Lauren ; The Devil Wears Prada , Broadway Books , New York 2003 , ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1476 - 7 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Helen Mirren 's hair has also been cited as an inspiration Jump up ^ To qualify that record slightly , Ice Age narrowly lost that opening weekend to Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen , which unlike Superman Returns had opened the previous week . The following year , The Last Airbender also exceeded The Devil Wears Prada 's July 4 opening weekend take without winning the weekend , as did The Purge : Election Year in 2016 , but neither film broke Ice Age 's record . Jump up ^ In 2008 , Get Smart outdid Devil 's domestic box office but took in far less overseas . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Devil Wears Prada '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Anne ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Devil Wears Prada ' At 10 : Meryl Streep and More on How Their Risky Project Became a Massive Hit '' . Indiewire . p. 2 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : French , Serena ( June 21 , 2006 ) . `` The $1 Million Wardrobe '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : Walters , Barbara ; December 12 , 2006 ; Anna Wintour : Always in Vogue ; `` The 10 Most Fascinating People of 2006 '' ; retrieved from abcnews.go.com December 18 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , 3 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , Martin A. ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Oscar - Worthy ' Devil Wears Prada ' Most Enjoyable Film in Long Time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2006 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Devil Wears Prada ' Turns 10 : Meryl Streep , Anne Hathaway and Emily Blunt Tell All '' . Variety . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , 1 Jump up ^ Merin , Jennifer ( December 13 , 2006 ) . `` Jennifer Merin interviews David Frankel re ' The Devil Wears Prada ' '' . New York Press . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 -- via Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Jump up ^ Callaghan , Dylan ( 2006 ) . `` Clothes Encounters '' . Writers Guild of America , West . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Finerman , Wendy ( 2006 ) . `` Trip to the Big Screen '' on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Julie ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` How Meryl Streep Terrified The Devil Wears Prada 's Screenwriter '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Aline Brosh ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Aline Brosh McKenna : Screenwriters '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Herman , Alison ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Everybody Wants to Be Us '' . The Ringer . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wickman , Kase ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` The most iconic ' Devil Wears Prada ' scene almost did n't make it into the movie '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Krupnick , Ellie ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` What That Famous ' Devil Wears Prada ' Scene Actually Gets Wrong '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Liz ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Liz Jones : Diary of a magazine editor '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Sage ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` What Meryl Streep Was Like On ' The Devil Wears Prada ' Set , According To Author Lauren Weisberger '' . Bustle . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ; July 29 , 2007 ; `` Growing up in public '' ; The Star - Ledger , Section 4 , page 2 . `` I wanted to illustrate how dangerous it was to not make your own choices ... I had been doing that for far too long '' ^ Jump up to : Davies , Hugh ; September 9 , 2006 ; `` Meryl Streep plays the Devil her own way '' ; The Daily Telegraph ; retrieved January 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tan , Michelle ( August 27 , 2007 ) . `` Anne Hathaway Gets Fit for Get Smart '' . People . Jump up ^ Celebrity Stink ; July 11 , 2006 ; `` Devil Wears Prada Forced Emily Blunt To Emaciate Herself '' ; retrieved from cinemablend.com January 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Emily Blunt biography ; retrieved from Yahoo ! Movies January 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Blackmon , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` 12 Things You Need To Know About The Twins From `` The Devil Wears Prada '' `` . Buzzfeed . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanley Tucci on Graham Norton ; `` ( 1 ) '' ; retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lamphier , Jason ; `` Playing Devil 's Advocate '' ; Out ; retrieved January 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Frankel , David ( 2006 ) . Commentary track on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : `` The Devil You Know , On Line One '' . Fresh Intelligence . 2005 - 11 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Field , Patricia . ( 2006 ) . `` Getting Valentino '' on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Finerman , Wendy . ( 2006 ) . Commentary track on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Frankel , David and Livolsi , Mark ; commentary on deleted scenes on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Streep , Meryl ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Meryl Streep '' . Who ( Interview ) . Pacific Magazines . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . I wanted the freedom to make this person up Jump up ^ Weisberger , 80 . Jump up ^ Weisberger , 204 . Jump up ^ Weisberger , 201 . Jump up ^ Weisberger , 150 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Hill , Amelia ; October 8 , 2006 ; `` The secret of success ? Kindness '' ; The Observer ; retrieved January 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : McKenna , Aline Brosh ( 2006 ) . Commentary track on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Miller , Judy ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Emily Blunt Stole Her Most Vicious Devil Wears Prada Insult from an Awful Mom '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frankel , David ( 2006 ) . `` NYC and Fashion '' on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : June 25 , 2006 ; `` Meet the acid queen of New York fashion '' ; The Observer ; retrieved January 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , C. Molly ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Makeover Ensemble '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Field , Patricia ( 2006 ) . Commentary track on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Flirting with the ' 20s '' . Lucire . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fields , Patricia ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` 10 Years After ' The Devil Wears Prada , ' Patricia Field Explains How the Costumes Came Together '' . Racked.com ( Interview ) . Interview with Elana Fishman . Vox Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordstrom , Leigh ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Devil Wears Prada ' Turns Ten : Talking With Costumer Patricia Field '' . Women 's Wear Daily . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Field , Patricia ( 2006 ) . `` NYC and Fashion '' on The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Denby , David ; July 3 , 2006 ; `` Dressed to Kill '' ; The New Yorker ; retrieved January 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ See photos here Archived November 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lee , Helen ( August 6 , 2006 ) . `` Anna Wintour Redecorates Her Office Because of The Devil Wears Prada '' . Sassybella.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trivia for The Devil Wears Prada , retrieved from imdb.com December 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` DEVIL WEARS PRADA Hero Faux `` Harry Potter Book 7 '' ! `` . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2009 . ; retrieved from ebay.com January 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Yandoli , Krystie Lee ; Rackham , Casey ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` This Is What ' The Devil Wears Prada ' Looks Like In Real Life '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ; May 3 , 2006 ; Theodore Shapiro scores The Devil Wears Prada ; soundtrack.net ; retrieved September 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Customer reviews , as of December 12 , 2006 ; The Devil Wears Prada soundtrack ; amazon.com ; retrieved December 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Devil Wears Prada at Rotten Tomatoes Flixster Jump up ^ `` The Devil Wears Prada : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ; June 30 , 2006 ; `` In ' The Devil Wears Prada , ' Meryl Streep Plays the Terror of the Fashion World '' ; The New York Times , retrieved June 30 , 2006 Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ; June 30 , 2006 ; Guy at the movies New York Post ; retrieved May 26 , 2009 Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ; June 30 , 2006 ; Review of The Devil Wears Prada ; New York ; retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hoberman , J. ; June 27 , 2006 ; Myths American ; The Village Voice ; retrieved June 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Clifford ; June 30 , 2006 ; `` More about runaway egos than runway ensembles '' ; Houston Chronicle ; retrieved December 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Michael ; undated ; A Movie Parable : The Devil Wears Prada ; christiancritic.com ; retrieved December 24 , 2006 . Archived November 26 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Commentators on post by Slezak , Michael ; August 11 , 2006 et seq. ; Who 's your favorite summer - movie scene stealer ? popwatch ; retrieved from ew.com December 24 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Baldassare , Angela ; undated ; `` The Devil Wears Predictability '' ; sympatico.msn.ca ; retrieved January 7 , 2007 , Archived June 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . 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Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ; January 8 , 2007 ; National Society picks ' Pan ' as best pic ; The Hollywood Reporter ; retrieved January 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 WGA Award nominations '' . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2011 . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ British Academy of Film and Television Arts ; January 12 , 2007 ; LATEST WINNERS & NOMINEES ; retrieved July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , January 23 , 2007 ; Nominations List : 79th Annual Academy Awards , retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Archived January 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dehnhart , Andy ; February 26 , 2007 ; Oscar 's best moments were n't in the script ; MSNBC ; retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ( October 11 , 2006 ) ; subscrpition req '' . `` Variety '' . October 11 , 2006 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blais , Jacqueline ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Hollywood connection makes for best sellers '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Books Most Borrowed in U.S. Libraries '' . Library Journal . 132 ( 1 ) : 176 . January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maughan , S. ( October 2 , 2006 ) . `` Audio bestsellers / Fiction '' . Publishers Weekly . p. 19 . , cited at Spiker . Jump up ^ Paulson , Michael ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Devil Wears Prada ' Is Aiming for Broadway , as a Musical '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DVD review : The Devil Wears Prada Archived February 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Blooper reel. ( 2006 ) . The Devil Wears Prada ( DVD ) . USA : 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Sommer , Rich ; January 3 , 2007 ; `` Fun Archived January 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . '' ; retrieved January 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bracke , Peter M. ; December 11 , 2006 ; `` Blu - Ray Review : The Devil Wears Prada '' ; highdefdigest.com ; retrieved January 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) -- DVD / Home Video rentals '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Devil Wears Prada : Weekly US DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Independence Day Weekend Is for Blockbusters , Except When It Is n't '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rozhon , Tracie ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` Upstairs , Downstairs and Above the Garage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . The term ' personal assistant ' has been degraded over the years and is now almost synonymous with the overworked , underpaid heroine of the movie and book The Devil Wears Prada . Jump up ^ Mari , Francesca ( Spring 2015 ) . `` The Assistant Economy '' . Dissent . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scheiber , Noam ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` President Obama 's Overtime Pay Plan Threatens the ' Prada ' Economy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Timberg , Scott ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Good riddance to the ' Devil Wears Prada ' economy : It 's not just exploitative , it 's a diversity killer '' . Salon . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` How ' The Devil Wears Prada ' foreshadowed an age of antiheroines '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Devil Wears Prada Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Devil wears Prada ( film ) . The Devil Wears Prada on IMDb The Devil Wears Prada at AllMovie The Devil Wears Prada at Rotten Tomatoes The Devil Wears Prada at Metacritic The Devil Wears Prada at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by David Frankel Miami Rhapsody ( 1995 ) Dear Diary ( 1996 ) The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) Marley & Me ( 2008 ) The Big Year ( 2011 ) Hope Springs ( 2012 ) One Chance ( 2013 ) Collateral Beauty ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Devil_Wears_Prada_(film)&oldid=834292919 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s comedy - drama films 20th Century Fox films American comedy - drama films American films Dune Entertainment films Films about fashion Films about journalists Films based on American novels Films directed by David Frankel Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films set in New York City Films set in Paris Films shot in New York City Films shot in Paris Vogue ( magazine ) Works about fashion magazine publishing Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with attributed pull quotes Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 22 : 39 . 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what kind of dog is in annie 1982

Annie ( 1982 film )

annie ( 1982 film )

Annie is a 1982 American musical film adapted from the Broadway musical of the same name by Charles Strouse , Martin Charnin , and Thomas Meehan , which in turn is based on Little Orphan Annie , the 1924 comic strip by Harold Gray . The film was directed by John Huston , scripted by Carol Sobieski , and stars Albert Finney , Carol Burnett , Ann Reinking , Tim Curry , Bernadette Peters , Geoffrey Holder , Edward Herrmann , and Aileen Quinn in her film debut . Set during the Great Depression , the film tells the story of Annie , an orphan from New York City who is taken in by America 's richest billionaire Oliver Warbucks . Filming took place for six weeks at Monmouth University in New Jersey .

The film received mixed reviews from critics and was nominated for Best Production Design and Best Song Score and its Adaptation at the 55th Academy Awards . A television film sequel , named Annie : A Royal Adventure ! was released in 1995 . In their first film collaboration , Disney and Columbia Pictures produced a made for television version in 1999 . Columbia released a contemporary film adaptation on December 19 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 6 Awards and honors 7 Home media 8 Adaptations 9 Parodies 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) It 's 1933 , during the Great Depression , a young orphan named Annie is living in the Hudson Street Orphanage in New York City . It is run by Miss Hannigan , a cruel alcoholic who forces the orphans to clean the building daily . With half of a locket as her only possession , she remains optimistic that her parents , who left her on the doorstep as a baby , will return for her . Annie sneaks out with help from laundry man , Mr. Bundles , adopting a stray dog which she names Sandy . Annie is returned to the orphanage shortly after by a police officer . Grace Farrell , secretary to billionaire Oliver Warbucks , arrives to invite an orphan to live with Warbucks for a week , to improve his public image . Annie is chosen and she and Sandy travel to Warbucks ' mansion , meeting his many servants and two bodyguards , Punjab and the Asp . Warbucks , at first dismissive of Annie due to her being female , is charmed into letting her stay . He takes Annie and Grace to Radio City Music Hall to watch a show and Warbucks begins to develop affection for Annie. Grace urges him to adopt Annie and he meets with Miss Hannigan , convincing her to sign the adoption papers . Warbucks reveals his plans to Annie , even offering her a new locket , but she declines . She explains the purpose of her broken locket and her hope that her parents will return with the other half . Warbucks appears on Bert Healy 's radio show and offers $50,000 to find Annie 's parents . This causes mass hysteria with many would - be parents appearing to claim the money . To escape the madness , Warbucks flies Annie to the White House , introducing her to President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife Eleanor . Roosevelt informs them of his plan to introduce a social welfare program to help America 's impoverished and asks Warbucks to head it ; Annie encourages him to help . Upon returning home , Annie is disheartened when Grace reveals none of the potential parents knew about the locket . Miss Hannigan is visited by her con artist brother Rooster and his girlfriend , Lily St. Regis ; they plot to pose as Annie 's parents to gain the reward . The trio search the orphans ' belongings and Miss Hannigan reveals Annie 's parents died ; she possesses the other half of the locket . Annie 's friends overhear the conversation and try to sneak out , but are caught and locked away . Rooster and Lily succeed with the ruse , and Annie 's departure from Warbucks is sombre . Annie is kidnapped minutes after leaving , but her friends reach Warbucks and tell him the truth ; he informs the police , beginning a city - wide search . Annie convinces the felons to pull over , only to escape and tear apart Warbucks ' cheque . Rooster chases Annie up a bridge in an effort to kill her ; Miss Hannigan never wanted Annie hurt , but ca n't stop him . Punjab is able to rescue Annie , reuniting her with Warbucks and Grace . Rooster and Lily are arrested and Annie is officially adopted by Warbucks . At a party in which the orphans , a redeemed Miss Hannigan , and the Roosevelts attend , Warbucks gives Annie the new locket . She embraces her new father as fireworks write her name in the sky . Cast ( edit ) Aileen Quinn as Annie , an orphan , the title character . Albert Finney as Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks , a billionaire businessman who later becomes Annie 's adoptive father . Carol Burnett as Miss Agatha Hannigan , a cruel , slovenly drunkard who manages the orphanage . Tim Curry as Daniel Francis `` Rooster '' Hannigan , Agatha 's con - artist brother , who attempted to claim himself as Annie 's real father . Bernadette Peters as Lily St. Regis , Rooster 's petty - thieving girlfriend . Ann Reinking as Grace Farrell , Warbucks ' secretary and love interest . She looked at Annie as her own child , giving her the motherly love she never experienced . Edward Herrmann as Franklin D. Roosevelt , the Democratic President of the United States . Geoffrey Holder as Punjab , one of Warbucks ' personal bodyguards and butlers . Roger Minami as The Asp , Warbucks ' personal chauffeur and another personal bodyguard . Toni Ann Gisondi as Molly , the youngest orphan who often has nightmares . She is like a little sister to Annie . Rosanne Sorrentino as Pepper , the bossiest Orphan . Lara Berk as Tessie , another Orphan , who constantly exclaims , `` Oh my goodness , oh my goodness ! '' throughout the film . April Lerman as Kate , another , older Orphan who serves as a motherly figure to the others ; she often wears her hair in pigtail braids . Robin Ignico as Duffy , the oldest Orphan who is close with Pepper . Lucie Stewart as July , an Orphan who scarcely speaks . Lois de Banzie as Eleanor Roosevelt Peter Marshall as Bert Healy , a radio show host . Irving Metzman as Mr. Bundles , a laundry man whose truck Annie stows away in . I.M. Hobson as Drake , Warbucks ' head butler who hides his allergy to dogs . Colleen Zenk Pinter , Mavis Ray , and Pamela Blair as Cecile , Mrs. Greer , and Annette , Warbucks ' maids . Lu Leonard as Mrs. Pugh , Warbucks ' maid and cook . Victor Griffin as Saunders , one of Warbucks ' servants . Jerome Collamore as Frick . Jon Richards as Frack . Angela Lee as a Dancer . Several singer - actresses made their debuts in this film as Annie 's fellow orphans and principal dancers : April Lerman would later portray Lila Pembroke on the first season of Charles in Charge . Martika ( born Marta Marrero II ) graduated to the hit TV series Kids Incorporated and from there moved on to a successful solo career . Amanda Peterson , later of Explorers and Ca n't Buy Me Love fame , is a principal singer / dancer for the number `` Sandy '' . Shawnee Smith has since appeared in TV shows as Becker and Anger Management , and such films as Not My Kid and most recently the Saw series . Meredith Salenger , later of The Journey of Natty Gann , had an uncredited cameo as a dancing orphan . According to Robert Osbourne of Turner Classic Movies , Drew Barrymore had auditioned for the role of Annie while Bette Midler was an early choice for Miss Hannigan , and Jack Nicholson had been considered for the role of Daddy Warbucks . Sean Connery and Cary Grant were also considered for the role of Daddy Warbucks . Production ( edit ) Wilson Hall , at Monmouth University campus , New Jersey , was used as the exteriors of Oliver Warbuck 's mansion . The NX Bridge over the Passaic River in New Jersey where the ending was filmed . Ray Stark wanted both John Huston and Joe Layton while working as the director and choreographer respectively , to also be executive producer on the film , because it was too large an enterprise for one person . Regarding Huston being given the job of directing the first ( and what would be the only ) musical in his 40 - year directing career , screenwriter Carol Sobieski said : `` Hiring John ( Huston ) is an outsider risk , and Ray 's ( Stark ) a major gambler . He loves this kind of high risk situation . '' Writing ( edit ) Carol Sobieski , who wrote the screenplay , introduced major differences between the stage musical and the film version . In the stage musical , it is Christmas when Miss Hannigan , Rooster , and Lily are caught at the Warbucks mansion by the United States Secret Service , foiling their plan to kidnap Annie . But in the film , due to summertime shooting , Annie is kidnapped on the Fourth of July leading to Warbucks organizing a citywide search and a climactic ending on the B&O Bridge . Punjab and The Asp , Warbucks ' servants / bodyguards , from the original comic strip appear in the film in supporting roles . Miss Hannigan 's redemption at the end is also a new development on the part of the movie -- in the musical , Miss Hannigan briefly baulks at Rooster 's intention to make Annie `` disappear '' with his switchblade but is soon lured by his promises of a life on Easy Street . In Meehan 's 1980 novelisation , Miss Hannigan shows no qualms whatsoever about Annie being killed . In both of these media , Miss Hannigan ends up being duly arrested along with Rooster and Lily at the Warbucks mansion . The film also featured five new songs , `` Dumb Dog '' , `` Sandy '' , `` Let 's Go to the Movies '' , `` Sign '' , and `` We Got Annie '' , and cut `` We 'd like to Thank You , Herbert Hoover '' , `` N.Y.C '' , `` You Wo n't Be an Orphan for Long '' , `` Something Was Missing '' , `` Annie '' , and `` New Deal for Christmas '' . In addition , the song `` Maybe '' has two reprises whereas `` Little Girls '' and `` Easy Street '' do not . Martin Charnin , the lyricist of Annie , was not impressed with the cinematic interpretation . In a 1996 article , he dismissed the adaptation and its production . `` The movie distorted what this musical was '' , Charnin reported . `` And we were culpable for the reason that we did not exercise any kind of creative control because we sold the rights for a considerable amount of money . '' Charnin even said that John Huston , who never directed a musical before , and producer Ray Stark made major changes in the film that destroyed the essence of Annie . Warbucks , played by Finney , `` was an Englishman who screamed '' . Hannigan , played by Burnett , was `` a man - crazy drunk '' . And Annie was `` cute - ed up '' . Worse , the emotional relationship between Annie and Warbucks was distorted . They even downplayed the hit song Tomorrow because `` Stark thought it was corny '' . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography took place over the course of six weeks at Monmouth University in New Jersey , which has two mansions that were used in the film , one of which is the Shadow Lawn Mansion ( now known as Woodrow Wilson Hall ) . The NX Bridge , an abandoned railroad bridge over the Passaic River in Newark , was used for location shooting of one of the climactic scenes . May of the street sets were filmed at Warner Brothers Burbank . Production designer , Dale Hennesy , overhauled the old `` Tenement Street '' back lot set at Warner Brothers Burbank studios outfitting many of the New York styled apartment and store front facades with actual New York fire escapes and other treatments specifically brought in for this production . Hennesy passed away during filming and the back lot set was renamed `` Hennesy Street '' for the late production designer . Originally , the intimate song `` Easy Street '' was going to be the biggest number in the film . For this purpose , a specially - created outdoor street set was built costing more than $1 million . It took one week to shoot the scene . However , on reviewing the dailies , the scene was considered to be `` overstuffed '' and `` sour . '' Therefore , a re-shoot was undertaken nearly two months after principal filming had been completed . The scene was replaced with a more intimate number and was shot indoors in a style that mimicked the ambience portrayed in the original 1977 stage musical . Soundtrack ( edit ) Annie Soundtrack album from Annie by Various Artists Released June 18 , 1982 Genre Soundtrack Label Columbia Various Artists chronology Annie ( 1982 ) Annie ( 1999 ) Annie is a soundtrack album for the 1982 film of the same name . All lyrics written by Martin Charnin ; all music composed by Charles Strouse . No . Title Performed by Length 1 . `` Tomorrow '' Aileen Quinn & the Orphans 1 : 37 2 . `` Maybe '' Aileen Quinn 2 : 00 3 . `` It 's the Hard Knock Life '' Aileen Quinn , Toni Ann Gisondi & Chorus 3 : 42 4 . `` Dumb Dog '' Aileen Quinn 0 : 54 5 . `` Sandy '' Aileen Quinn & the Orphans 2 : 02 6 . `` I Think I 'm Gonna Like It Here '' Aileen Quinn & Ann Reinking 3 : 34 7 . `` Little Girls '' Carol Burnett 3 : 36 8 . `` Let 's Go to the Movies '' Aileen Quinn , Ann Reinking , Albert Finney & Chorus 4 : 41 9 . `` We Got Annie '' Ann Reinking , Lu Leonard , Geoffrey Holder & Roger Minami 2 : 22 10 . `` Sign '' Carol Burnett & Albert Finney 2 : 51 11 . `` You 're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile '' Peter Marshall , Chorus and Orphans 3 : 01 12 . `` Tomorrow '' ( White House version ) Aileen Quinn , Albert Finney , Lois deBanzie & Edward Herrmann 2 : 24 13 . `` Easy Street '' Carol Burnett , Tim Curry & Bernadette Peters 3 : 18 14 . `` Maybe ( Reprise ) '' Aileen Quinn & Albert Finney 1 : 37 15 . `` Finale / I Do n't Need Anything But You / We Got Annie / Tomorrow '' Aileen Quinn , Albert Finney , Chorus and the Orphans 4 : 37 Total length : 41 : 32 Reception ( edit ) Annie received mixed reviews from critics ; it currently holds a 52 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 25 reviews and an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` John Huston proves an odd choice to direct , miring Annie in a sluggish , stagebound mess of an adaptation , but the kids are cute and the songs are memorable . '' The film also has a score of 39 / 100 on Metacritic . Annie grossed $57 million in the United States , making it the 10th highest - grossing film of 1982 . Awards and honors ( edit ) Annie received Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction - Set Decoration and Best Music , Original Song Score and Its Adaptation or Best Adaptation Score . Additionally , Carol Burnett and Aileen Quinn each received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Comedy / Musical and New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture -- Female ( Quinn ) . Quinn won the Young Artist Award , Best Young Motion Picture Actress . The movie was nominated for a Stinkers Bad Movie Awards for Worst Picture . Young Artist Award 1981 -- 1982 Best Young Motion Picture Actress -- Aileen Quinn Razzie Award Worst Supporting Actress -- Aileen Quinn Nominated Academy Awards Best Art Direction - Set Decoration -- Dale Hennesy and Marvin March Best Music , Original Song Score and Its Adaptation or Best Adaptation Score -- Ralph Burns Young Artist Award 1981 -- 1982 Best Young Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture -- Toni Ann Gisondi Hollywood Foreign Press Association Best Actress , Musical / Comedy -- Carol Burnett Best Actress , Musical / Comedy -- Aileen Quinn Best New Star of the Year -- Female -- Aileen Quinn Golden Raspberry Award Worst Picture -- Ray Stark Worst Director -- John Huston Worst Screenplay -- Carol Sobieski Worst New Star -- Aileen Quinn Home media ( edit ) The film was released on VHS , Betamax and CED Videodisc on November 5 , 1982 by RCA / Columbia Pictures Home Video . It was re-issued in 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1994 , and 1997 ( in a `` Broadway Tribute Edition '' to coincide with the original play 's Broadway 20th anniversary revival that year ) . There were two widescreen LaserDiscs released , one in 1989 and another in 1994 . The film was released in a widescreen DVD edition on December 12 , 2000 . A `` Special Anniversary Edition '' DVD was released on January 13 , 2004 ( four days before producer Stark 's death ) . Despite the fact that the first DVD was widescreen , the DVD was in pan and scan ( but with DTS sound ) . Reviewing the disc for DVD Talk , Glenn Erickson , while praising the film overall , called the pan and scan transfer an `` abomination that 's grainy and lacking in color . '' He also noted that the short retrospective featurette with Ms. Quinn contained clips from the film in the correct aspect ratio . Erickson also called the music video of `` It 's the Hard - Knock Life '' by Play `` pretty dreary '' and attacked the other , child - oriented extras by saying `` Musicals and kids ' films are n't just for tots ... and this disc is little more than a headache . '' However , several countries in Region 2 received widescreen versions of this edition including the United Kingdom . The film was released as a `` sing - along edition '' on Blu - ray on October 2 , 2012 in celebration of the 30th anniversary of the film and the 35th anniversary of the Broadway version set a revival in November 2012 . Adaptations ( edit ) Comic book adaptation Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Tom DeFalco and artists Win Mortimer and Vince Colletta in Marvel Super Special # 23 ( Summer 1982 ) . The adaptation was also available as an Annie Treasury Edition and as a limited series . Bollywood The 1993 Hindi film , King Uncle , starring Jackie Shroff , Shahrukh Khan , Anu Agarwal , and Naghma , is loosely based on this film . Annie : A Royal Adventure ! ( 1995 ) Main article : Annie : A Royal Adventure ! A sequel , Annie : A Royal Adventure ! was made for television and aired on ABC on November 18 , 1995 . It starred Ashley Johnson , Joan Collins , George Hearn , and Ian McDiarmid . Aside from a reprise of `` Tomorrow , '' there are no songs in it . No cast members from the 1982 film appeared in this sequel . Rooster , Lily and Grace Farrell were cut out of the sequel . In the film , Warbucks ( Hearn ) , Annie ( Johnson ) , an eccentric scientist ( McDiarmid ) , and one of the orphans travel to England , where Warbucks is to be knighted by the King . However , the kids get mixed up in the scheme of an evil noblewoman ( Collins ) to blow up Buckingham Palace while all the heirs to the throne are present for Warbucks ' knighting , thus making her queen . Annie ( 1999 ) Main article : Annie ( 1999 film ) A made - for - TV movie version was broadcast on ABC on November 7 , 1999 , starring Kathy Bates as Miss Hannigan , Victor Garber as Daddy Warbucks , Alan Cumming as Rooster , Audra McDonald as Grace , Kristin Chenoweth as Lily , and newcomer Alicia Morton as Annie . Produced by The Walt Disney Company in association with Columbia TriStar Television , it received generally positive reviews and high ratings . It also earned two Emmy Awards and a 1999 George Foster Peabody Award . Although truer to the original stage musical than the 1982 version , it condensed much of the full story in an attempt to make it more viewable for children . The film also featured a special appearance by Andrea McArdle , star of the original Broadway production . The film has aired on cable on Hallmark Channel , ABC Family , and Starz after its premiere on ABC . The 1999 version is more comical than the 1982 version 's slightly darker tone . Annie ( 2014 film ) Main article : Annie ( 2014 film ) On January 20 , 2011 it was announced that Will Smith was planning to produce Annie , a remake of The 1982 film . On May 25 , 2012 it was announced that Jay - Z was writing new songs for the film . In January 2013 , Sony Pictures selected Will Gluck to direct the film . Oscar nominee , Quvenzhané Wallis was cast as the title character . The film was released on December 19 , 2014 . Parodies ( edit ) The 1982 movie musical Annie was parodied by MAD magazine as `` Awful Annie '' and concluded with a parody song sung to the tune of `` Tomorrow '' ( but described it as sung to the tune of `` you - know - what '' ) . A scene in John Waters 's 1994 black comedy Serial Mom portrays the murderous protagonist , Beverly Sutphin ( Kathleen Turner ) , as she kills an obnoxious neighbor while the latter watches Annie , displeased at the woman 's refusal to rewind videotapes before returning them to the video store . The November 22 , 2014 episode of Saturday Night Live features a vignette referencing the 2014 film . Miss Hannigan ( Cameron Diaz , the episode 's host ) receives a visit from Daddy Warbucks / Jamie Foxx ( Jay Pharoah ) , who asks to see Annie . A recognizable Annie ( Vanessa Bayer ) approaches , but she asks to see `` the new , black Annie '' . A 43 - year - old African - American woman ( Leslie Jones ) then approaches , displaying a tough attitude . One of the earlier seasons of Robot Chicken made Annie a teenager . She is celebrating her 16th birthday where the theme is red . In this parody , Annie is the total opposite of her original good hearted and kind personality . She is mean to orphans , calls Daddy an old man and talks about her breast job . This parody does not shadow the original Annie at all , as do all of the Robot Chicken parodies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Annie '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annie '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ANNIE ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 6 , 1982 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Information for Annie '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annie '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oneill , Therese ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` 16 Things You May Not Have Known About ' Annie ' '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Turan , Kenneth . `` Annie '' , The New York Times , p . SM 40 , May 2 , 1982 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Frank ( September 29 , 1996 ) . `` Another Tomorrow For ' Annie , ' Goodspeed 's Guardian Angel '' . Hartford Courant . Jump up ^ `` Jon Merrill 's `` Annie '' movie trivia `` . Hingepepper.com . December 31 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Vianna , Joao ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` City of Newark announces 2010 Passaic Riverfront boat Tours '' . News.jornal.us . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Annie ( 1982 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/annie Retrieved January 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Box Office Information for Annie '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Yesterday , Today and ' Tomorrow ' : All About Broadway 's Favorite Little Orphan '' . broadway.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 5th Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinkers Awards '' . Stinkers Bad Movie Awards . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 4th Annual Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Young Artist Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Toni Ann Gisondi , Annie ^ Jump up to : `` 1982 RAZZIE Nominees & `` Winners '' `` . Golden Raspberry Award Foundation and John Wilson . April 11 , 1983 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Annie ( 1981 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annie ( 1982 ) : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video '' . Dvdtalk.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Marvel Super Special # 23 at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Annie Treasury Edition at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Annie at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Jay - Z To Take On Annie Soundtrack , Screen Rant , May 25 , 2012 Jump up ^ Will Gluck Helming ' Annie ' Remake For Sony , Will Smith And Jay Z Retrieved January 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Will Gluck to Helm ANNIE Remake ; Willow Smith No Longer Attached Retrieved January 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Quvenzhane Wallis to Star in Will Gluck 's ANNIE '' . Upcoming-Movies.com . February 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . http://www.thestudiotour.com/wp/studios/warner-bros-studios/warner-bros-backlot/ External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1980s portal Comedy portal Annie on IMDb Annie at the TCM Movie Database Annie at Box Office Mojo Annie at Rotten Tomatoes Annie at Metacritic hide Little Orphan Annie Films Little Orphan Annie ( 1932 ) Little Orphan Annie ( 1938 ) Annie ( 1982 ) Annie : A Royal Adventure ! ( 1995 ) Annie ( 1999 ) Annie ( 2014 ) Film soundtracks Annie ( 1999 ) Annie ( 2014 ) Musicals Annie ( 1977 ) Annie Warbucks ( 1993 ) Songs `` It 's the Hard Knock Life '' `` Tomorrow '' `` You 're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile '' Related Daddy Warbucks Harold Gray `` Little Orphant Annie '' Life After Tomorrow hide Films directed by John Huston Films The Maltese Falcon ( 1941 ) In This Our Life ( 1942 ) Across the Pacific ( 1942 ) Report from the Aleutians ( 1943 ) The Battle of San Pietro ( 1945 ) Let There Be Light ( 1946 ) The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) Key Largo ( 1948 ) We Were Strangers ( 1949 ) The Asphalt Jungle ( 1950 ) The Red Badge of Courage ( 1951 ) The African Queen ( 1951 ) Moulin Rouge ( 1952 ) Beat the Devil ( 1953 ) Moby Dick ( 1956 ) Heaven Knows , Mr. Allison ( 1957 ) The Barbarian and the Geisha ( 1958 ) The Roots of Heaven ( 1958 ) The Unforgiven ( 1960 ) The Misfits ( 1961 ) Freud : The Secret Passion ( 1962 ) The List of Adrian Messenger ( 1963 ) The Night of the Iguana ( 1964 ) The Bible : In the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) Casino Royale ( 1967 ) Reflections in a Golden Eye ( 1967 ) Sinful Davey ( 1969 ) A Walk with Love and Death ( 1969 ) The Kremlin Letter ( 1970 ) Fat City ( 1972 ) The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean ( 1972 ) The Mackintosh Man ( 1973 ) The Man Who Would Be King ( 1975 ) Independence ( 1976 ) Wise Blood ( 1979 ) Phobia ( 1980 ) Victory ( 1981 ) Annie ( 1982 ) Under the Volcano ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) The Dead ( 1987 ) Related Five Came Back ( 2017 documentary ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie_(1982_film)&oldid=845283879 '' Categories : 1982 films English - language films 1980s comedy - drama films 1980s musical comedy films American films American children 's comedy films American comedy - drama films American children 's drama films American musical comedy films Columbia Pictures films Cultural depictions of Franklin D. Roosevelt Films about orphans Films based on comic strips Films based on musicals Films directed by John Huston Films set in 1933 Films set in New York City Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in New Jersey Great Depression films Live - action films based on comics Films based on adaptations Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 19 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who played the king in robin hood prince of thieves

Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves

robin hood : prince of thieves

Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves Theatrical release poster Directed by Kevin Reynolds Produced by Pen Densham Richard Barton Lewis John Watson Screenplay by Pen Densham John Watson Story by Pen Densham Starring Kevin Costner Morgan Freeman Christian Slater Alan Rickman Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio Music by Michael Kamen Cinematography Douglas Milsome Edited by Peter Boyle Production company Morgan Creek Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date June 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 143 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $48 million Box office $390.5 million Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves is a 1991 American romantic action adventure film , based on the English folk tale of Robin Hood which originated in the 15th century . The film was directed by Kevin Reynolds . The film 's principal cast includes Kevin Costner as Robin Hood , Morgan Freeman as Azeem , Christian Slater as Will Scarlett , Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marian , and Alan Rickman as the Sheriff of Nottingham . The film grossed over $390 million worldwide , ranking as the second - highest - grossing film of 1991 . For his role as George , Sheriff of Nottingham , Rickman received the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role . The film 's theme song , `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' , by Bryan Adams , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song and won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Reception 5.2 Box office 6 Adaptations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Robin of Locksley -- an English nobleman who joined Richard the Lionheart , King of England in the Third Crusade -- is imprisoned in Jerusalem along with his comrade , Peter Dubois . Facing the amputation of Peter 's hand by the Ayyubid prison guards , Robin escapes with Peter , saving the life of a Moor named Azeem in the process . Robin , Peter , and Azeem escape through a sewer and into an alley , but Peter is shot and mortally wounded by an archer . Before making his last stand against the approaching guards , Peter has Robin swear to protect his sister , Marian . Robin returns to England with Azeem , who has vowed to accompany him until Azeem 's life - debt to Robin is repaid . In England , with King Richard away in France , the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham rules over the land , aided by his cousin Guy of Gisbourne , the witch Mortianna , and the corrupt Bishop of Hereford . At Locksley Castle , Robin 's father , who is loyal to King Richard , is killed by the Sheriff 's men after refusing to join them . Robin returns to England to find his father dead , his home in ruins , and the Sheriff and his men oppressing the people . After telling Marian of Peter 's demise , and while fleeing the Sheriff 's forces afterwards , Robin and Azeem encounter a band of outlaws hiding in Sherwood Forest , led by Little John . Among the band is Will Scarlett , who holds a belligerent grudge against Robin . Robin assumes command of the group , training them to defend themselves and fight against Nottingham . They rob soldiers and convoys that pass through the forest , then distribute the stolen wealth among the poor . One of their early targets is Friar Tuck , who subsequently joins these Merry Men . Marian begins to sympathize with the band and renders Robin any aid she can muster , as the two grow closer to one another and gradually begin to fall in love . Robin 's successes infuriate the Sheriff , who increases the mistreatment of the people , resulting in greater local support for Robin Hood . The Sheriff kills Gisbourne for his failure to prevent the looting of several convoys , and hires Celtic warriors from Scotland to assist his forces in assaulting the hideout . The Sheriff manages to locate the outlaws ' hideout and launches an attack , destroying the refuge and capturing most of the outlaws . With the Bishop 's help , the Sherrif has Marian confined when she tries to summon help from France . To consolidate his claim to the throne , the Sheriff proposes to Marian ( who is Richard 's cousin ) , claiming that if she accepts , he will spare the lives of the captured outlaws . Nevertheless , several of the rebels are due to be executed by hanging as part of the wedding celebration . Among the captured is Will Scarlett , who makes a deal with the Sheriff to find and kill Robin in exchange for his freedom . Will meets up with Robin and a handful of his aides who survived the Celts ' assault . Will informs Robin of the Sheriff 's plans to marry Marian and execute Robin 's men . Will continues to display anger against Robin , which motivates Robin to question why Will hates him so much . Will then reveals himself to be Robin 's younger illegitimate half - brother ; Will 's mother was a peasant woman with whom Robin 's father took comfort after Robin 's mother died . Robin 's anger toward his father caused him to separate from her and leave Will fatherless . Despite his anger , Robin is overjoyed to learn that he has a brother , and reconciles with Will . On the day of the wedding and hangings , Robin and his men infiltrate Nottingham Castle , freeing the prisoners . Although Robin 's band originally planned to free their friends and retreat , Azeem reveals himself and his willingness to fight the Sheriff , inciting the peasants to revolt . After a fierce fight , Robin kills the Sheriff , but is attacked by Mortianna with a spear . Azeem slays Mortianna , fulfilling his life - debt to Robin . Tuck kills the Bishop by burdening him with treasure and throwing him out a window . Robin and Marian profess their love for each other and are married in the forest . Their wedding is briefly interrupted by King Richard , who blesses the marriage and thanks Robin for his deeds . Cast ( edit ) Kevin Costner as Robin of Locksley Morgan Freeman as Azeem Christian Slater as Will Scarlett Alan Rickman as Sheriff of Nottingham Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marian Geraldine McEwan as Mortianna Micheal McShane ( sic ) as Friar Tuck Brian Blessed as Lord Locksley Michael Wincott as Guy of Gisborne Nick Brimble as Little John Harold Innocent as the Bishop of Hereford Walter Sparrow as Duncan Daniel Newman as Wulf Sean Connery ( uncredited ) as King Richard Jack Wild as Much Daniel Peacock as Bull Production ( edit ) Sycamore Gap at Hadrian 's Wall , today known as the `` Robin Hood Tree '' Rickman turned down the role of the sheriff twice before he was told he could have carte blanche with his interpretation of the character . Filming ( edit ) Principal exteriors were shot on location in the United Kingdom . A second unit filmed the medieval walls and towers of the Cité de Carcassonne in the town of Carcassonne in Aude , France , for the portrayal of Nottingham and its castle . Locksley Castle was Wardour Castle in Wiltshire -- restored in an early shot using a matte painting . Marian 's manor was filmed at Hulne Priory in Northumberland . Scenes set in Sherwood Forest were filmed throughout England : Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire was used for the outlaws ' encampment , Aysgarth Falls in Yorkshire for the fight scene between Robin and Little John , and Hardraw Force in North Yorkshire was the location where Marian sees Robin bathing . Sycamore Gap on Hadrian 's Wall was used for the scene when Robin first confronts the sheriff 's men . Chalk cliffs at Seven Sisters , Sussex were used as the locale for Robin 's return to England from the Crusades . Interior scenes were completed at Shepperton Studios in Surrey . Soundtrack ( edit ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( Original Soundtrack ) Film score by Michael Kamen Released July 2 , 1991 Length 60 : 22 Label Morgan Creek Productions The original music score was composed , orchestrated and conducted by Michael Kamen . An excerpt from the main title music was subsequently used as the logo music for Morgan Creek , and has been used by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment in intros for trailers on DVD / Blu - ray . No . Title Length 1 . `` Overture '' / `` A Prisoner of the Crusades '' 8 : 27 2 . `` Sir Guy of Gisborne '' / `` The Escape to Sherwood '' 7 : 27 3 . `` Little John '' / `` The Band in the Forest '' 4 : 52 4 . `` The Sheriff and His Witch '' 6 : 03 5 . `` Maid Marian '' 2 : 57 6 . `` Training '' / `` Robin Hood , Prince of Thieves '' 5 : 15 7 . `` Marian at the Waterfall '' 5 : 34 8 . `` The Abduction '' / `` The Final Battle at the Gallows '' 9 : 53 9 . `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( sung by Bryan Adams ) 6 : 33 10 . `` Wild Times '' ( sung by Jeff Lynne ) 3 : 12 Release ( edit ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves was submitted for classification from the British Board of Film Classification and required 14 seconds to be cut from the film to obtain a PG rating . Reception ( edit ) Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert praised Freeman 's performance as well as Rickman 's , but ultimately decried the film as a whole , giving it two stars and stating , `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves is a murky , unfocused , violent , and depressing version of the classic story ... The most depressing thing about the movie is that children will attend it expecting to have a good time . '' The New York Times gave the film a negative review , with Vincent Canby writing that the movie is `` a mess , a big , long , joyless reconstruction of the Robin Hood legend that comes out firmly for civil rights , feminism , religious freedom , and economic opportunity for all . '' The Los Angeles Times found the movie unsatisfactory , as well . Costner was criticised for not attempting an English accent . Lanre Bakare , writing in The Guardian , calls Rickman 's Sheriff , for which he won a BAFTA , a `` genuinely great performance '' . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 52 critics to give the film a score of 50 % . Prince of Thieves was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards : Kevin Costner won the Worst Actor award for his performance as Robin Hood , while Christian Slater received a nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performances in this film and Mobsters , but lost to Dan Aykroyd for Nothing but Trouble . In 2005 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores . Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed $25 million in its opening weekend and $18.3 million in its second . The film eventually made $390,493,908 at the global box office , making it the second - highest grossing film of 1991 , immediately behind Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . It enjoyed the second - best opening for a nonsequel , at the time . Adaptations ( edit ) A tie - in video game of the same name was released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy . Developed by Sculptured Software Inc. and Bits Studios , respectively , and published by Virgin Games , Inc. , it was featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of Nintendo Power magazine . A toy line was released by Kenner , consisting of action figures and playsets . Notably , all but one of the figures were slightly modified from Kenner 's well known Super Powers line , while Friar Tuck , as well as the vehicles and playset , were modified from Star Wars : Return of the Jedi toys . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Princess of Thieves -- 2001 television movie Robin Hood -- English folk tale Robin Hood : Men in Tights -- 1993 parody film Robin Hood -- 1991 British film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Easton , Nina J. ( July 24 , 1990 ) . `` Costner May Put Morgan Creek Ahead of Robin Hood Pack '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ROBIN HOOD - PRINCE OF THIEVES ( PG ) ( CUT ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 4 , 1991 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( March 18 , 1991 ) . `` Robin Hood Freshens Up A Film Legend '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . October 17 , 1991 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Grammy Awards '' . metrolyrics.com . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen ( June 9 , 1991 ) . `` FILM ; Hollywood 's Superhunk Heads for Nottingham '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( June 9 , 1991 ) . `` Robin Hood ' and the uncertain science of hype '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sycamore Gap , a section of the wall between two crests just east of Milecastle 39 , is locally known as the `` Robin Hood Tree '' for its use in the 1991 film Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) . ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Garth ; Green , Simon ( 1991 ) . Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves . Bdd Promotional Book Co. pp. 22 -- 34 . ISBN 9780792456339 . Jump up ^ Else , David & Sandra Bardwell , Belinda Dixon , Peter Dragicevich ( 2007 ) . Lonely Planet : Walking in Britain . Lonely Planet . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 7410 - 4202 - 3 . Jump up ^ Pirani , Adam ( May 1991 ) . `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves '' . Starlog . p. 40 . Jump up ^ David Victor ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` Studio Logo Music '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film Score Monthly '' . July 10 , 2009 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( June 14 , 1991 ) . `` A Polite Robin Hood In a Legend Recast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( June 14 , 1991 ) . `` ' Robin ' : Medieval Dash , New Age Muddle '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Easton , Nina J. ( June 23 , 1991 ) . `` A look inside Hollywood and the movies '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bakare , Lanre . `` My guilty pleasure -- Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves '' , The Guardian , March 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , John ( 2005 ) . The Official Razzie Movie Guide : Enjoying the Best of Hollywood 's Worst . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 0 - 446 - 69334 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Hood prince of summer flicks with $18.3 million weekend '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( June 25 , 1991 ) . `` Robin Hood Still Riding Ahead of Box Office Pack '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( June 18 , 1991 ) . `` ' Robin ' Hits Impressive Box Office Bull 's - Eye '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Can ' Robin Hood ' Keep Up Its Box - office Momentum ? '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tilden , Gail , ed . ( July 1991 ) . Nintendo Power . Vol 26 . ISSN 1041 - 9551 . Jump up ^ Salvatore , Ron . `` The recycling of the Force - Starwars '' . The Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at Wikiquote Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves on IMDb Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at the TCM Movie Database Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at Box Office Mojo Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves at Rotten Tomatoes `` The Battle of Sherwood Forest '' , a 1991 Entertainment Weekly cover story about the film 's tumultuous production . Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves Transcript Robin Hood Characters Robin Hood Maid Marian Merry Men Much the Miller 's Son Little John Friar Tuck Alan - a-Dale Will Scarlet Will Stutely Gilbert Whitehand Arthur a Bland David of Doncaster The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield Sheriff of Nottingham Guy of Gisbourne Prince John Bishop of Hereford Richard at the Lee King Richard Settings Sherwood Forest Nottingham Loxley St Mary 's Abbey , York Barnsdale Wentbridge Screen Film Robin Hood ( 1912 ) Robin Hood ( 1922 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) The Bandit of Sherwood Forest ( 1946 ) The Prince of Thieves ( 1948 ) Rogues of Sherwood Forest ( 1950 ) The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men ( 1952 ) The Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1954 ) Sword of Sherwood Forest ( 1960 ) A Challenge for Robin Hood ( 1967 ) The Scalawag Bunch ( 1971 ) Wolfshead : The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Arrows of Robin Hood ( 1975 ) Robin and Marian ( 1976 ) Aaj Ka Robin Hood ( 1988 ) O Mistério de Robin Hood ( 1990 ) Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) Robin Hood ( 2018 ) TV Robin Hood ( 1953 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1955 ) The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1968 ) The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1975 ) Robin of Sherwood ( 1984 ) The New Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1997 ) Robin Hood ( 2006 ) Animated Robin Hood Makes Good ( 1939 ) Rabbit Hood ( 1949 ) Robin Hood Daffy ( 1958 ) Robin Hoodwinked ( 1958 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) Robin Hood ( 1990 ) Young Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Parody When Things Were Rotten ( 1975 ) The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1984 ) Maid Marian and Her Merry Men ( 1989 ) Robin Hood : Men in Tights ( 1993 ) Alternate settings Mexicali Rose ( 1939 film ) Robin and the 7 Hoods ( 1964 film ) Naan Sigappu Manithan ( 1985 Tamil film ) Nyayam Meere Cheppali ( 1985 Telugu film ) Catch Me Now ( 2008 Chinese TV series ) Alyas Robin Hood ( 2016 Philippines TV series ) Popular culture Robin Hood ( Disney character ) Robin Hood ( Once Upon a Time character ) Robin Hood ( DC Comics character ) Child ballads 8 : Erlinton 102 : Willie and Earl Richard 's Daughter 103 : Rose the Red and White Lily 115 : Robyn and Gandeleyn 117 : A Gest of Robyn Hode 118 : Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne 119 : Robin Hood and the Monk 120 : Robin Hood 's Death 121 : Robin Hood and the Potter 123 : Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar 124 : The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield 126 : Robin Hood and the Tanner 127 : Robin Hood and the Tinker 128 : Robin Hood Newly Revived 129 : Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon 130 : Robin Hood and the Scotchman 131 : Robin Hood and the Ranger 132 : The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood 136 : Robin Hood 's Delight 138 : Robin Hood and Allan - a-Dale 139 : Robin Hood 's Progress to Nottingham 140 : Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires 141 : Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly 142 : Little John a Begging 143 : Robin Hood and the Bishop 144 : Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford 145 : Robin Hood and Queen Katherine 146 : Robin Hood 's Chase 147 : Robin Hood 's Golden Prize 148 : The Noble Fisherman 149 : The Noble Fisherman 151 : The King 's Disguise , and Friendship with Robin Hood 152 : Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow 153 : Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight 154 : A True Tale of Robin Hood Stage / theatre The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington ( 1598 and 1601 plays ) The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1871 operetta ) Robin Hood ( 1890 opera ) The Foresters ( 1892 play ) Twang ! ! ( 1965 musical parody ) Robin Hood ( 1934 opera ) Robin Hood ( 1998 ballet ) Robin des Bois ( 2013 musical ) Video games Robin of the Wood ( 1985 ) The Curse of Sherwood ( 1987 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Conquests of the Longbow : The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : The Legend of Sherwood ( 2002 ) Robin Hood : Defender of the Crown ( 2003 ) Volume ( 2015 ) Literature Ivanhoe ( 1819 ) Maid Marian ( 1822 ) The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1883 ) Bows against the Barons ( 1934 ) The Once and Future King ( 1958 ) The Outlaws of Sherwood ( 1988 ) Through a Dark Mist ( 1991 ) Lady of the Forest ( 1992 ) In the Shadow of Midnight ( 1994 ) The Last Arrow ( 1997 ) Lady of Sherwood ( 1999 ) Ronin Hood of the 47 Samurai ( 2005 ) King Raven Trilogy ( 2006 ) Music Legend ( 1984 soundtrack ) Robin Hood ( 2006 soundtrack ) Robin Hood -- czwarta strzała ( 1997 ) `` Love '' ( song ) `` Not in Nottingham '' ( song ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( song ) The Tale of Gamelyn Alan Dale Outlaw ( 2009 ) Holy Warrior ( 2010 ) King 's Man ( 2011 ) Warlord ( 2012 ) Grail Knight ( 2013 ) The Iron Castle ( 2014 ) The King 's Assassin ( 2015 ) The Death of Robin Hood ( 2016 ) Related Miss Robin Hood Son of the Guardsman The Son of Robin Hood The Bandit of Sherwood Forest Princess of Thieves Robin Hood Morality Test `` Robot of Sherwood '' `` Robin Good and His Not - So - Merry Men '' Once Upon a Time Films directed by Kevin Reynolds Fandango ( 1985 ) The Beast ( 1988 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) Rapa - Nui ( 1994 ) Waterworld ( 1995 ) One Eight Seven ( 1997 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) Hatfields & McCoys ( 2012 ) Risen ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Hood:_Prince_of_Thieves&oldid=855271318 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s action films 1990s adventure films 1990s romantic drama films 1991 soundtracks American action adventure films American action films American adventure films American romantic drama films American films Crusades films Films scored by Michael Kamen Films directed by Kevin Reynolds Films set in Jerusalem Films set in Kent Films set in Cumbria Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in East Sussex Films shot in France Films shot in Hampshire Films shot in North Yorkshire Films shot in Northumberland Films shot in Wiltshire Michael Kamen albums Morgan Creek Productions films Robin Hood films Films shot at Shepperton Studios Warner Bros. films WarnerMedia franchises Films adapted into video games Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 03 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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when was the immaculate conception made a dogma

Although the belief that Mary was sinless , or conceived without original sin , has been widely held since Late Antiquity , the doctrine was not dogmatically defined until 1854 , by Pope Pius IX in his papal bull Ineffabilis Deus . The Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8 ; in many Catholic countries , it is a holy day of obligation or patronal feast , and in some a national public holiday .

1854

Immaculate Conception

immaculate conception

The Immaculate Conception , according to the teaching of the Catholic Church , is the conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary free from original sin by virtue of the merits of her son Jesus Christ . The Catholic Church teaches that God acted upon Mary in the first moment of her conception keeping her `` immaculate '' .

The Immaculate Conception is commonly confused with the Virgin Birth of Jesus . Jesus ' birth is covered by the Doctrine of Incarnation , while the Immaculate Conception deals with the conception of Mary , not that of her son . Although the belief that Mary was sinless , or conceived without original sin , has been widely held since Late Antiquity , the doctrine was not dogmatically defined until 1854 , by Pope Pius IX in his papal bull Ineffabilis Deus . The Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8 ; in many Catholic countries , it is a holy day of obligation or patronal feast , and in some a national public holiday . Contents ( hide ) 1 Distinctions 1.1 Original sin and actual ( personal ) sin 1.2 Virginal conception 1.3 Redemption 2 History 2.1 Church Fathers 2.2 Medieval dispute about the doctrine 2.3 Definition of the dogma 2.4 Later developments 3 Patronages 4 Feast day 5 Other churches 5.1 Eastern Orthodox 5.2 Oriental Orthodox 5.3 Old Catholic 5.4 Protestantism 5.5 Anglicanism 6 Islam 7 Prayers and hymns 8 Artistic representations 9 See also 10 Bibliography 11 References 12 External links Distinctions ( edit ) Original sin and actual ( personal ) sin ( edit ) The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only , saying that Mary was preserved from any stain ( in Latin , macula or labes , the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition ) . The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states , `` that the most Blessed Virgin Mary , in the first instance of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God , in view of the merits of Jesus Christ , the Saviour of the human race , was preserved free from all stain of original sin . '' Therefore , being always free from original sin , the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth . The definition makes no declaration about the Church 's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin . However , the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally , `` free from all sin , original or personal '' . The Council of Trent decreed : `` If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more , nor lose grace , and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified ; or , on the contrary , that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins , except by a special privilege of God , as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin : let him be anathema . '' A series of articles on Mother of Jesus Chronology Presentation of Mary Annunciation Visitation Marriage Joseph Virgin birth Nativity Holy Family Presentation of Jesus at the Temple Flight into Egypt Finding in the Temple Cana Crucifixion Resurrection Pentecost Marian perspectives Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Anglican Lutheran Ecumenical Latter Day Saint Islamic Catholic Mariology Mariology History of Mariology Papal teachings Saints Marian dogmas Immaculate Conception Theotokos ( Mother of God ) Assumption Perpetual virginity Mary in culture Art Feast days Hymns Music Shrines Titles Virginal Conception ( edit ) The doctrine of the immaculate conception ( Mary being conceived free from original sin ) is not to be confused with the virginal conception of her son Jesus . This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media . Catholics believe that Mary was conceived of both parents traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne . In 1677 , the Holy See condemned the error of Imperiali who taught that St. Anne in the conception and birth of Mary remained virgin which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century . The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception ( when Mary was conceived free from original sin ) on 8 December , exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary . The feast of the Annunciation ( which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus ) is celebrated on 25 March , nine months before Christmas Day . Redemption ( edit ) Another misunderstanding is that , by her immaculate conception , Mary did not need a saviour . When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus , Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime . He stated that Mary , rather than being cleansed after sin , was completely prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ , the Savior of the human race . In Luke 1 : 47 , Mary proclaims : `` My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour . '' This is referred to as Mary 's pre-redemption by Christ . Since the Second Council of Orange against semi-pelagianism , the Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless , he would still require God 's grace to remain sinless . History ( edit ) A feast of the Conception of the Most Holy and All Pure Mother of God was celebrated in Syria on 8 December perhaps as early as the 5th century . Note that the title of achrantos ( spotless , immaculate , all - pure ) refers to the holiness of Mary , not specifically to the holiness of her conception . An 11th - century Eastern Orthodox icon of the Theotokos Panachranta , i.e. the `` all immaculate '' Mary Mary 's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium . Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen , his explanation of the `` purification '' of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision ( Luke 2 : 22 ) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of `` purification '' in Christology ( and by extension in Mariology ) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace ( e.g. , Jesus at his Baptism ) . St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as `` prokathartheisa ( prepurified ) . '' Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory . Gregory 's doctrines surrounding Mary 's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas . Nazianzen 's title of Mary at the Annunciation as `` prepurified '' was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception . This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene , who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers . About the time of Damascene , the public celebration of the `` Conception of St. Ann ( i.e. , of the Theotokos in her womb ) '' was becoming popular . After this period , the `` purification '' of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts , but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary 's very conception ( along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler ) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium ( e.g. , St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius ) . Church Fathers ( edit ) It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century . It is also agreed that `` no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture '' . But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers . Their expressions on the subject of the sinlessness of Mary are , it is pointed out , so ample and so absolute that they must be taken to include original sin as well as actual . Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as `` in every respect holy '' , `` in all things unstained '' , `` super-innocent '' , and `` singularly holy '' are applied to her ; she is compared to Eve before the fall , as ancestress of a redeemed people ; she is `` the earth before it was accursed '' . The well - known words of St. Augustine ( d . 430 ) may be cited : `` As regards the mother of God , '' he says , `` I will not allow any question whatever of sin . '' It is true that he is here speaking directly of actual or personal sin . But his argument is that all men are sinners ; that they are so through original depravity ; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God , and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin `` of every sort '' ( omni ex parte ) . Although the doctrine of Mary 's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin ( and particularly Frankish ) theologians , it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen 's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East . Although hymnographers and scholars , like the Emperor Justinian I , were accustomed to call Mary `` prepurified '' in their poetic and credal statements , the first point of departure for more fully commenting on Nazianzen 's meaning occurs in Sophronius of Jerusalem . In other places Sophronius explains that the Theotokos was already immaculate , when she was `` purified '' at the Annunciation and goes so far as to note that John the Baptist is literally `` holier than all ' Men ' born of woman '' since Mary 's surpassing holiness signifies that she was holier than even John after his sanctification in utero . Sophronius ' teaching is augmented and incorporated by St. John Damascene ( d . 749 / 750 ) . John , besides many passages wherein he extolls the Theotokos for her purification at the Annunciation , grants her the unique honor of `` purifying the waters of baptism by touching them . '' This honor was most famously and firstly attributed to Christ , especially in the legacy of Nazianzen . As such , Nazianzen 's assertion of parallel holiness between the prepurified Mary and purified Jesus of the New Testament is made even more explicit in Damascene in his discourse on Mary 's holiness to also imitate Christ 's baptism at the Jordan . The Damascene 's hymnongraphy and De fide Orthodoxa explicitly use Mary 's `` pre purification '' as a key to understanding her absolute holiness and unsullied human nature . In fact , Damascene ( along with Nazianzen ) serves as the source for nearly all subsequent promotion of Mary 's complete holiness from her Conception by the `` all pure seed '' of Joachim and the womb `` wider than heaven '' of St. Ann . Medieval dispute about the doctrine ( edit ) Part of a series on the Mariology of the Catholic Church The Immaculate Conception , by Murillo Overview ( show ) Prayers Antiphons Hymns to Mary Devotional practices Prayers ( show ) Angelus Fátima Prayers Flos Carmeli Hail Mary Hail Mary of Gold Immaculata prayer Magnificat Mary , Mother of Grace Mary Our Queen Memorare Sub tuum praesidium Antiphons ( show ) Alma Redemptoris Mater Ave Maris Stella Ave Regina Caelorum Salve Regina Hymns to Mary ( show ) Hail Queen of Heaven , the Ocean Star Immaculate Mary Lo , How a Rose E'er Blooming O Sanctissima Regina Coeli Stabat Mater Devotional practices ( show ) Acts of Reparation Consecration to Mary First Saturdays Rosary Seven Joys of the Virgin Seven Sorrows of Mary Three Hail Marys Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary Catholicism portal Bernard of Clairvaux in the 12th century raised the question of the Immaculate Conception . A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West . St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See . In doing so , he takes occasion to repudiate altogether the view that the conception of Mary was sinless . It is doubtful , however , whether he was using the term `` conception '' in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of Pope Pius IX . Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother 's cooperation , for in his argument he says : `` How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence ( libido ) ? '' and stronger expressions follow , showing that he is speaking of the mother and not of the child . Saint Thomas Aquinas refused to concede the Immaculate Conception , on the ground that , unless the Blessed Virgin had at one time or other been one of the sinful , she could not justly be said to have been redeemed by Christ . Saint Bonaventure ( d . 1274 ) , second only to Saint Thomas in his influence on the Christian schools of his age , hesitated to accept it for a similar reason . He believed that Mary was completely free from sin , but that she was not given this grace at the instant of her conception . The celebrated John Duns Scotus ( d . 1308 ) , a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure , argued , on the contrary , that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin , as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered . Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ , he argued that Mary 's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history . The arguments of Scotus , combined with a better acquaintance with the language of the early Fathers , gradually prevailed in the schools of the Western Church . In 1387 the university of Paris strongly condemned the opposite view . Scotus 's arguments remained controversial , however , particularly among the Dominicans , who were willing enough to celebrate Mary 's sanctificatio ( being made free from sin ) but , following the Dominican Thomas Aquinas ' arguments , continued to insist that her sanctification could not have occurred until after her conception . Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary 's conception . In 1439 , the Council of Basel , which is not reckoned an ecumenical council , stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith . By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties , but such was the influence of the Dominicans , and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas ( who had been canonised in 1323 and declared `` Doctor Angelicus '' of the Church in 1567 ) that the Council of Trent ( 1545 -- 63 ) -- which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine -- instead declined to take a position . The papal bull defining the dogma , Ineffabilis Deus ( 1854 ) , mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3 : 15 as referring to a woman , Mary , who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him . It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary 's `` wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence '' `` in that ark of Noah , which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world ; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven , by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended , and on whose top the Lord himself leaned ; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides , which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully ; in that impregnable tower before the enemy , from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong ; in that garden enclosed on all sides , which can not be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots ; in that resplendent city of God , which has its foundations on the holy mountains ; in that most august temple of God , which , radiant with divine splendours , is full of the glory of God ; and in very many other biblical types of this kind . '' The bull recounts that the Fathers interpreted the angel 's address to Mary , `` highly favoured one '' or `` full of grace '' , as indicating that `` she was never subject to the curse and was , together with her Son , the only partaker of perpetual benediction '' ; they `` frequently compare her to Eve while yet a virgin , while yet innocence , while yet incorrupt , while not yet deceived by the deadly snares of the most treacherous serpent '' . Definition of the dogma ( edit ) Altar of the Immaculata by Joseph Lusenberg , 1876 . Saint Antony 's Church , Urtijëi , Italy . The theological underpinnings of Immaculate Conception had been the subject of debate during the Middle Ages with opposition provided by figures such as Saint Thomas Aquinas , a Dominican . However , supportive arguments by Franciscans William of Ware and Duns Scotus , and general belief among Catholics made the doctrine more acceptable , so that the Council of Basel supported it in the 15th century , but the Council of Trent sidestepped the question . Pope Sixtus IV , a Franciscan , had tried to pacify the situation by forbidding either side from criticizing each other , and placed the feast of the Immaculate Conception on the Roman Calendar in 1477 , but Pope Pius V , a Dominican , changed it to the feast of the Conception of Mary . Clement XI made the feast universal in 1708 , but still did not call it the feast of the Immaculate Conception . Popular and theological support for the concept continued to grow and by the 18th century it was widely depicted in art . During the reign of Pope Gregory XVI the bishops in various countries began to press for a definition as dogma of the teaching of Mary 's immaculate conception . In 1839 Mariano Spada ( 1796 - 1872 ) , professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas , published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell ' Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale , relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria ( A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas , the Angelic Doctor , regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary ) , in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary 's womb . Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas ' teaching . Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867 . Pius IX , at the beginning of his pontificate , and again after 1851 , appointed commissions to investigate the whole subject , and he was advised that the doctrine was one which could be defined and that the time for a definition was opportune . It was not until 1854 that Pope Pius IX , with the support of the overwhelming majority of Roman Catholic bishops , whom he had consulted between 1851 -- 1853 , promulgated the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus ( Latin for `` Ineffable God '' ) , which defined ex cathedra the dogma of the Immaculate Conception : We declare , pronounce and define that the doctrine which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary , at the first instant of her conception , by a singular privilege and grace of the Omnipotent God , in virtue of the merits of Jesus Christ , the Saviour of mankind , was preserved immaculate from all stain of original sin , has been revealed by God , and therefore should firmly and constantly be believed by all the faithful . -- Pope Pius IX , Ineffabilis Deus , December 8 , 1854 The dogma was defined in accordance with the conditions of papal infallibility , which would be defined in 1870 by the First Vatican Council . The papal definition of the dogma declares with absolute certainty and authority that Mary possessed sanctifying grace from the first instant of her existence and was free from the lack of grace caused by the original sin at the beginning of human history . Mary 's salvation was won by her son Jesus Christ through his passion , death , and resurrection and was not due to her own merits . This theological step is directly related to the political situation of the time - i.e. the rise of Italian nationalism and the move towards Unification of Italy - which posed a direct threat to end the millennium - old Temporal Power of the Papacy in the city of Rome ( as would indeed come about in 1871 ) . The Papal doctrinal announcement was clearly designed to bolster and strengthen the position of the Church in face of this dire crisis. . Later developments ( edit ) For the Roman Catholic Church the dogma of the Immaculate Conception gained additional significance from the reputed apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes in 1858 . At Lourdes a 14 - year - old girl , Bernadette Soubirous , claimed that a beautiful woman appeared to her and said , `` I am the Immaculate Conception '' . Many believe the woman to have been the Blessed Virgin Mary and pray to her as such . Pope Pius IX defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception `` not so much because of proofs in Scripture or ancient tradition , but due to a profound sensus fidelium and the Magisterium '' . Speaking of the witness of the Church Fathers in claiming for Mary titles such as `` Free from all contagion of sin '' , Pope Pius XII wrote : If the popular praises of the Blessed Virgin Mary be given the careful consideration they deserve , who will dare to doubt that she , who was purer than the angels and at all times pure , was at any moment , even for the briefest instant , not free from every stain of sin ? The Roman Catholic tradition has a well - established philosophy for the study of the Immaculate Conception and the veneration of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the field of Mariology , with Pontifical schools such as the Marianum specifically devoted to this . According to Bernard Ullathorne , a 19th - century English Roman Catholic prelate , `` the expressions - The Immaculate Conception - The Immaculate Preservation - The Immunity - and Exception from original sin , are all phrases which bear the same signification , and are used equally to express one and the same mystery . '' Patronages ( edit ) Main article : Patronages of the Immaculate Conception A number of countries are considered to be under the patronage of the Immaculate Conception by pontifical decree . These include Argentina , Brazil , Korea , Nicaragua , Paraguay , Philippines , Spain ( old kingdoms and the present state ) , the United States and Uruguay . By royal decree under the House of Braganza , it is the principal Patroness of Portugal . Feast Day ( edit ) By 750 , the feast of her conception ( December 8th ) was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East , under the name of the Conception ( active ) of Saint Anne . In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception ( passive ) of Mary , and was associated particularly with the Normans , whether these introduced it directly from the East or took it from English usage . The spread of the feast , by now with the adjective `` Immaculate '' attached to its title , met opposition on the part of some , on the grounds that sanctification was possible only after conception . Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux , Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas . Other theologians defended the expression `` Immaculate Conception '' , pointing out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ , a view held especially by Franciscans . William of Ware and Blessed John Duns Scotus pointed out that Mary 's Immaculate Conception enhances Jesus ' redemptive work . One of the chief proponents of the doctrine was the Hungarian Franciscan Pelbartus Ladislaus of Temesvár . On 28 February 1476 , Pope Sixtus IV , authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so , and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477 , with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast . With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477 , in which he referred to the feast as that of the Conception of Mary , without using the word `` Immaculate '' , he granted indulgences to those who would participate in the specially composed Mass or Office on the feast itself or during its octave , and he used the word `` immaculate '' of Mary , but applied instead the adjective `` miraculous '' to her conception . On 4 September 1483 , referring to the feast as that of `` the Conception of Immaculate Mary ever Virgin '' , he condemned both those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that the `` glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin '' and those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that `` the glorious Virgin Mary was conceived with original sin '' , since , he said , `` up to this time there has been no decision made by the Roman Church and the Apostolic See . '' This decree was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent . Pope Pius V , while including the feast in the Tridentine Calendar , removed the adjective `` Immaculate '' and suppressed the existing special Mass for the feast , directing that the Mass for the Nativity of Mary ( with the word `` Nativity '' replaced by `` Conception '' ) be used instead . Part of that earlier Mass was revived in the Mass that Pope Pius IX ordered to be used on the feast and that is still in use . On 6 December 1708 , Pope Clement XI made the feast of the Conception of Mary , at that time still with the Nativity of Mary formula for the Mass , a Holy Day of Obligation . Until Pope Pius X reduced in 1911 the number of Holy Days of Obligation to 8 , there were in the course of the year 36 such days , apart from Sundays . Writers such as Sarah Jane Boss interpret the existence of the feast as a strong indication of the Church 's traditional belief in the Immaculate Conception . the procession of the Quadrittu of the Immaculate Conception taken on 7 December in Saponara , Sicily Other churches ( edit ) For differing reasons , belief in Mary 's immaculate conception in the Catholic doctrinal form is not part of the official doctrines of the Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Anglican and Protestant churches . Eastern Orthodox ( edit ) The Immaculate Conception is also portrayed by artists in the Eastern Orthodox Church , for example Holy Mary in Perlez , Vojvodina , Serbia . Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an `` over-elaboration '' of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin . All the same , the historical and authentic tradition of Mariology in Byzantium took its historical point of departure from Sophronios , Damascene , and their imitators . The most famous Eastern Orthodox theologian to imply Mary 's Immaculate Conception was St. Gregory Palamas . Though many passages from his works were long known to extol and attribute to Mary a Christlike holiness in her human nature , traditional objections to Palamas ' disposition toward the Immaculate Conception typically rely on a poor understanding of his doctrine of `` the purification of Mary '' at the Annunciation . Not only did he explicitly cite St. Gregory Nazianzen for his understanding of Jesus ' purification at His baptism and Mary 's at the Annunciation , but Theophanes of Nicaea , Joseph Bryennius , and Gennadios Scholarios all explicitly placed Mary 's Conception as the first moment of her all - immaculate participation in the divine energies to such a degree that she was always completely without spot and graced . In addition to Emperor Manuel II and Gennadius Scholarius , St. Mark of Ephesus also fervently defended Mary 's title as `` prepurified '' against the Dominican , Manuel Calecas , who was perhaps promoting thomistic Mariology that denied Mary 's all - holiness from the first moment of her existence . Oriental Orthodox ( edit ) In the tradition of Ethiopian Orthodoxy , the Kebra Nagast says : He cleansed EVE 'S body and sanctified it and made for it a dwelling in her for ADAM 'S salvation . She ( i.e. , MARY ) was born without blemish , for He made her pure , without pollution , and she redeemed his debt without carnal union and embrace ... Through the transgression of EVE we died and were buried , and by the purity of MARY we receive honour , and are exalted to the heights . -- Kebra Nagast ( emphasis added ) Old Catholic ( edit ) While Old Catholics do not reject the Immaculate Conception of Mary , and some of their parishes venerate Mary as immaculately conceived and celebrate the feast of her Immaculate Conception , they do not accept its definition as a dogma , since they reject papal infallibility and with it the Pope 's authority to define dogma . Protestantism ( edit ) Martin Luther , who initiated the Protestant Reformation , said : `` Mother Mary , like us , was born in sin of sinful parents , but the Holy Spirit covered her , sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood , but not with sinful flesh and blood . The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true , natural human being of flesh and blood , just as we . However , he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child , not poisoned by sin as we are . For in that moment when she conceived , she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit , at once God and truly man , in one person . '' Some Lutherans , such as the members of the Anglo - Lutheran Catholic Church , support the doctrine . Most Protestants reject the doctrine because they do not consider the development of dogmatic theology to be authoritative apart from biblical exegesis , and because the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception is not taught in the Bible . The formal pronouncement of Mary 's Immaculate Conception by the Catholic Church in 1854 further alienated some Protestant churches largely due to its implication that not all have sinned . Anglicanism ( edit ) Belief in Mary 's immaculate conception is not a doctrine within Anglicanism , although it is shared by many Anglo - Catholics . In the Church of England 's Common Worship prayer book , 8 December is designated a Lesser Festival of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( without the adjective `` immaculate '' ) . The report `` Mary : Faith and Hope in Christ '' , by the Anglican - Roman Catholic International Commission , concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions . But the report expressed concerns that the Roman Catholic dogmatic definitions of these concepts implies them to be `` revealed by God '' , stating : `` The question arises for Anglicans , however , as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held by believers as a matter of faith . '' Other than Anglo - Catholics , most Anglicans reject the doctrine that Mary was sinless and conceived without original sin , often citing that it is not within the Holy Scripture and is against the redemptive role and purpose of Jesus Christ merited for all human beings . Islam ( edit ) Main article : Mary in Islam Manuscript of Chapter 19 ( Sūratu Maryam ) from a 9th - century Qur'an , Turkey . Official Islamic teachings highly regard the Virgin Mary ( Maryam ) as a sublime model of both purity and piety . An entire Sura chapter of the Qur'an is dedicated to her nobility , holiness , and obedience to God . Among Islamic circles and discussions , she is often given a prominent status being the supreme feminine model of sanctity and maternal virtue . Some Western writers have claimed that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam . Thus , commenting in 1734 on the passage in the Qur'an , `` I have called her Mary ; and I commend her to thy protection , and also her issue , against Satan driven away with stones '' , George Sale stated : `` It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the virgin Mary is intimated in this passage . For according to a tradition of Mohammed , every person that comes into the world , is touched at his birth by the devil , and therefore cries out , Mary and her son only excepted ; between whom , and the evil spirit God placed a veil , so that his touch did not reach them . And for this reason they say , neither of them were guilty of any sin , like the rest of the children of Adam . '' Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam . The Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate ; her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian doctrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam . Moreover , Hannah 's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan ( Shayṭān ) was said after it had already been born , not before and expresses a natural concern any righteous parent would have . The Muslim tradition or hadith , which states that the only children born without the `` touch of Satan '' were Mary and Jesus , should therefore not be taken in isolation from the Quran , and is to be interpreted within the specific context of exonerating Mary and her child from the charges that were made against them and not as a general statement . The specific mention of Mary and Jesus in this hadith may also be taken to represent a class of people , in keeping with the Arabic language and the Quranic verse ( O Satan , ) surely thou shalt have no power over My servants , except such of the erring ones as choose to follow thee ( 15 : 42 ) . Further claims have been made that the Roman Catholic Church derives its doctrine from the Islamic teaching . In volume 5 of his Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , published in 1788 , Edward Gibbon wrote : `` The Latin Church has not disdained to borrow from the Koran the immaculate conception of his virgin mother . '' That he was speaking of her immaculate conception by her mother , not of her own virginal conception of Jesus , is shown by his footnote : `` In the xiith century the immaculate conception was condemned by St. Bernard as a presumptuous novelty . '' In the aftermath of the definition of the dogma in 1854 , this charge was repeated in an article published in 1865 : `` Strange as it may appear , that the doctrine which the church of Rome has promulgated , with so much pomp and ceremony , ' for the destruction of all heresies , and the confirmation of the faith of her adherents ' , should have its origin in the Mohametan Bible ; yet the testimony of such authorities as Gibbon , and Sale , and Forster , and Gagnier , and Maracci , leave no doubt as to the marvellous fact . '' Without making Islamic belief the origin of the doctrine defined in 1854 , a similarity between the two has been noted also by Roman Catholic writers such as Thomas Patrick Hughes , William Bernard Ullathorne , Giancarlo Finazzo . Prayers and hymns ( edit ) The Roman Missal and the Roman Rite Liturgy of the Hours naturally includes references to Mary 's immaculate conception in the feast of the Immaculate Conception . An example is the antiphon that begins : `` Tota pulchra es , Maria , et macula originalis non est in te '' ( `` You are all beautiful , Mary , and the original stain ( of sin ) is not in you . '' It continues : `` Your clothing is white as snow , and your face is like the sun . You are all beautiful , Mary , and the original stain ( of sin ) is not in you . You are the glory of Jerusalem , you are the joy of Israel , you give honour to our people . You are all beautiful , Mary . '' ) On the basis of the original Gregorian chant music , polyphonic settings have been composed by Anton Bruckner , Pablo Casals , Maurice Duruflé , Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki , no : Ola Gjeilo , José Maurício Nunes Garcia , and Nikolaus Schapfl , Other prayers honouring Mary 's immaculate conception are in use outside the formal liturgy . The hymn Immaculate Mary , addressed to Mary as the Immaculately Conceived One , is closely associated with Lourdes . The Immaculata prayer , composed by Saint Maximillian Kolbe , is a prayer of entrustment to Mary as the Immaculata . A novena of prayers , with a specific prayer for each of the nine days has been composed under the title of the Immaculate Conception Novena . Artistic representations ( edit ) Main article : Roman Catholic Marian art Swiss emblem 16th century The 1476 extension of the feast of the Immaculate Conception to the entire Latin Church reduced the likelihood of controversy for the artist or patron in depicting an image , so that emblems depicting The Immaculate Conception began to appear . Many artists in the 15th century faced the problem of how to depict an abstract idea such as the Immaculate Conception , and the problem was not fully solved for 150 years . The Italian Renaissance artist Piero di Cosimo was among those artists who tried new solutions , but none of these became generally adopted so that the subject matter would be immediately recognisable to the faithful . The definitive iconography for the Immaculate Conception , drawing on the emblem tradition , seems to have been finally established by the master and then father - in - law of Diego Velázquez , the painter and theorist Francisco Pacheco . Pacheco 's iconography influenced other Spanish artists or artists active in Spain such as El Greco , Bartolomé Murillo , Diego Velázquez , and Francisco Zurbarán , who each produced a number of artistic masterpieces based on the use of these same symbols . The popularity of this particular representation of The Immaculate Conception spread across the rest of Europe , and has since remained the best known artistic depiction of the concept : in a heavenly realm , moments after her creation , the spirit of Mary ( in the form of a young woman ) looks up in awe at ( or bows her head to ) God . The moon is under her feet and a halo of twelve stars surround her head , possibly a reference to `` a woman clothed with the sun '' from Revelation 12 : 1 -- 2 . Additional imagery may include clouds , a golden light , and putti . In some paintings the putti are holding lilies and roses , flowers often associated with Mary . di Cosimo , Immaculate Conception , 1505 Rubens , Immaculate Conception , 1628 -- 1629 Zurbarán , Immaculate Conception , 1630 Murillo , Immaculate Conception , 1650 Murillo , Immaculate Conception , 1660 Murillo , Immaculate Conception , 1678 Carlo Maratta , 1689 Juan Antonio Escalante , 17th century Santa Maria degli Angeli , Rome Baroque altar in Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church , Portugal Caxias do Sul museum , Brazil Statue , Porto Alegre , Brazil , 19th century Palmi , Immaculate Conception , 1925 Nicaragua , Immaculate Conception , 1950 Our Lady of Aparecida , Brasilia The Immaculate Conception , Church of the Immaculate Conception in Santa Cruz de Tenerife ( Spain ) . See also ( edit ) Play media Immaculate Conception celebration in Guatemala . Catholicism portal Act for the Immaculate Conception of Mary Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception ( disambiguation ) Congregation of the Immaculate Conception Feast of the Immaculate Conception Immaculate Mary Immaculata prayer Miraculous medal Marian doctrines of the Catholic Church Mother of God ( Roman Catholic ) Original sin Patronages of the Immaculate Conception Perpetual virginity of Mary Roman Catholic Marian art Virgin birth of Jesus Bibliography ( edit ) `` virgin mary - What is the basis for saying that Aquinas accepted the Immaculate Conception ? - Christianity Stack Exchange '' ( answer ) . Christianity StackExchange. 2018 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Le Franc , Martin . The Conception of Mary -- A Rhyming Translation of Book V of Le Champion des Dames by Martin Le Franc ( 1410 - 1461 ) . Ed. and trans . Steven Millen Taylor . Lewiston , NY : The Edwin Mellen Press , 2010 . Lumbreras , Pedro , O.P. ( 1923 ) . `` Saint Thomas and the immaculate conception '' ( PDF ) . Homiletic and Pastoral Review . 24 ( 3 ) : 253 -- 263 . Response : Storff , Hugolinus , O.F.M. ( 1925 ) . The Immaculate Conception : The Teaching of St. Thomas , St. Bonaventure and Bl. J. Duns Scotus on the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary . San Francisco , Calif. : St. Francis Press . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 10 . Prado , Norbert del , O.P. ( 1919 ) . Divus Thomas et bulla dogmatica `` Ineffabilis Deus '' . Friburgi Helvetiorum : Ex typis Consociationis sancti Pauli . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Denzinger , 1100 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church - `` Conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit and born of the Virgin Mary '' `` . www.vatican.va . Jump up ^ `` Christianity : Immaculate Conception '' . BBC . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` the doctrine which holds that the most Blessed Virgin Mary , in the first instance of her conception , by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God , in view of the merits of Jesus Christ , the Saviour of the human race , was preserved free from all stain of original sin '' ( Encyclical Ineffabilis Deus of Pope Pius IX ) ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Encyclical Mystici Corporis , 110 Archived March 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Catechetics Online '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ As the Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) somewhat coyly puts it , `` Her body was formed in the womb of the mother , and the father had the usual share in its formation . The question does not concern the immaculateness of the generative activity of her parents '' , `` Immaculate Conception '' , Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : St. Anne '' . Jump up ^ The Catholicism Answer Book by John Trigilio , Kenneth Brighenti 2007 ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0806 - 5 page 59 - 62 Jump up ^ What Every Catholic Should Know about Mary by Terrence J. McNally ISBN 1 - 4415 - 1051 - 6 pages 104 - 108 Jump up ^ Council of Orange II , Canon 19 Archived 2009 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . `` That no one is saved except by God 's mercy . Even if human nature remained in that integrity in which it was formed , it would in no way save itself without the help of its Creator ; therefore , since without the grace of God it can not guard the health which it received , how without the grace of God will it be able to recover what it has lost ? '' Jump up ^ Theology for Beginners by Francis Joseph Sheed 1958 ISBN 0 - 7220 - 7425 - 5 pages 134 - 138 Jump up ^ `` The celebration of the Mother of God as immaculate ( achrantos ) , is a clear and universal recognition of her exceptional and iconic sanctity . Orthodoxy did not follow the path of Roman Catholicism in moving towards a recognition of her Immaculate Conception '' ( John Anthony McGuckin , The Orthodox Church : An Introduction to Its History , Doctrine , and Spiritual Culture ( Blackwell 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3731 - 0 ) , p. 218 . ) Jump up ^ Raymond Burke , 2008 , Mariology : A Guide for Priests , Deacons , seminarians , and Consecrated Persons Queenship Publishing ISBN 1 - 57918 - 355 - 7 page 251 Jump up ^ Patrologia Graeca 36 : 326B 41 - 42 ; idem , 36 : 633C 7 - 8 Jump up ^ Brian Daley , Gregory of Nazianzus ( The Early Christian Church Fathers ) , New York 2006 , 115 - 118 . Jump up ^ Nicolas Cabasilas ( † 1371 ? ) . Homélies sur la Nativité , L'Annonciation et la Dormition de la Sainte Vierge , ed . M. Jugie ( Patrologia Orientalis 19 ) , Turnhout 1990 , pp. 456 - 512 ( ch. 10 , lines 1 - 8 ) : `` If there are some of the holy doctors who say that the Virgin is ' prepurified ( προκεκαθάρθαι ) ' by the Spirit , then it is yet necessary to think that ' purification ( κάθαρσιν ) ' ( i.e. an addition of graces ) is intended by these authors , and these ( doctors ) say that this is the way the angels are ' purified , ' with respect to whom there is nothing knavish . '' Jump up ^ Joseph Bryennius , Ιὠσῆφ Μαναχοῦ τοῦ Βρυεννίου τὰ εὐρεθέντα , vol. 3 , ed . E. Bulgaris ( Thessaloniki : 1990 ) , 31 : `` He says : ' Yet , on one hand , how did another Mother of God not come about ? ' But , on the other hand : ' Had she some sort of virtue / excellence , because of which she was honored above all women ? ' First , another woman was not chosen over her , because while God foreknew all women , he sanctified ( ἡγίασεν ) the future woman from her mother 's womb , purer ( καθαρωτέραν ) than other women , who were going to come to exist ; but he eschewed all unworthy persons with respect to her , as is reasonable . But she procured for herself the excellence superior to all men and ( procured for her ) to be prepared as a containing receptacle of the divinity , which ( same receptacle ) was prepurified ( τὸ προκαθαρθῆναι ) by the Holy Spirit ; O what a marvel , indeed ! '' ^ Jump up to : Frederick Holweck , `` Immaculate Conception '' in The Catholic Encyclopedia 1910 Jump up ^ Brian Reynolds , Gateway to Heaven : Marian Doctrine and Devotion Image and Typology in the Patristic and Medieval Periods , vol. 1 ( NY : New City Press , 2012 ) , 348 - 353 . Jump up ^ Sophronios of Jerusalem , In Sanctissimae Deiparae Annuntiationem ( Patrologia Graeca 87.3 : 3248A 24 ) : `` Οὐδεὶς κατά σε μεμακάρισται , οὐδεὶς κατά σε καθαγίασται οὐδεὶς κατά σε μεμεγάλυνται , οὐδεὶς κατά σε προκεκάθαρται οὐδεὶς κατά σε περιηύγασται , οὐδεὶς κατά σε ἐκπεφώτισται . '' N.B. , oudeis kata se prokekathartai was rendered in Latin as nemo , sicut tu , purificante gratia praeoccupatus est . '' Jump up ^ Sophronios of Jerusalem , In Sanctissimae Deiparae Annuntiationem ( Patrologia Graeca , 87.3 : 3273D 43 ) : `` Πνεῦμα ἅγιον ἐπὶ σὲ , τὴν ἀμόλυντον , κάτεισι , καθαρωτέραν σε ποιησόμενον , καὶ καρπογόνον σοι παρεξόμενον δύναμιν . '' ; idem , Encomium in S. Iohannem Baptistam , PG 87 : 3332C Jump up ^ `` The air , the fiery ether , the sky would have been made holy by the ascent of her spirit , as earth was sanctified by the deposition of her body . Even water had its share in the blessing : for she was washed in pure water , which did not so much cleanse her as it was itself consecrated . '' See John Damascene , On the Holy and Glorious Dormition and Transformation of Our Lady Mary , Mother of God and Ever - Virgin by Our Holy Father John , Monk of Damascus and Son of Mansour . Homily 2 , in On the Dormition of Mary : Early Patristic Homilies , tr . B. Daley ( Crestwood , NY : 1998 ) , 215 . Jump up ^ Christiaan Kappes , The Immaculate Conception : Why Thomas Aquinas Denied , While John Duns Scotus , Gregory Palamas , and Mark Eugenicus Professed the Absolute Immaculate Existence of Mary ( Bedford , MA : Academy of the Immaculate , 2014 ) , 39 - 61 Jump up ^ `` Summa Theologica , Volume 4 ( Part III , First Section ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Mary 's Immaculate Conception '' . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of theology : a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 006 - 6 pages 896 - 898 Jump up ^ `` '' collegiate encyclopedia '' `` immaculate conception '' - Google Search `` . ^ Jump up to : Jenny Schroedel , The Everything Mary Book ( Adams 2006 ISBN 1 - 59337 - 713 - 4 ) pp. 180 - 181 '' Jump up ^ Genesis 28 : 12 Jump up ^ Exodus 3 : 2 Jump up ^ Song 4 : 4 Jump up ^ Song 4 : 12 Jump up ^ Psalm 87 : 1 Jump up ^ Isaiah 6 : 1 - 4 Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 28 Jump up ^ Edward Bouverie Pusey , First letter to the Very Rev. J.H. Newman ( J. Parker & Co. 1869 ) , p. 379 Jump up ^ Mary in the Christian tradition by Kathleen Coyle 1996 ISBN 0 - 85244 - 380 - 3 page 38 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages , Volume 2 by André Vauchez , Richard Barrie Dobson 2001 ISBN 1 - 57958 - 282 - 6 page 348 Jump up ^ Burke , Raymond L. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Mariology : A Guide for Priests , Deacons , Seminarians , and Consecrated Persons ISBN 978 - 1 - 57918 - 355 - 4 pages 642 - 644 Jump up ^ The Catholic Reformation by Michael A. Mullett 1999 ISBN 0 - 415 - 18914 - 4 page 5 Jump up ^ `` These petitions were renewed in these our own times ; they were especially brought to the attention of Gregory XVI '' ( Ineffabilis Deus ) . Jump up ^ Pareri dell'episcopato cattolico , di capitoli ... etc. , sulla definizione ... - Pius IX ( pope . ) - Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ 3 - 11 - 2013 ; Il mistero di Maria : teologia , storia , devozione by Giuseppe Damigella , p. 175 : `` Pio IX si senti ' sollevato dal peso teologico di dover sostenere una dottrina non fondata nel pensiero di san Tommaso , il cui insegnamento era allora , come oggi , ritenuto `` sicuro '' . '' Cf . A. Andaloro , `` P. Mariano Spada , o.p. interprete di San Tommaso sull'Immucolata Concezione , '' Catania , 1958 Jump up ^ The Creeds of Christendom by Philip Schaff 2009 ISBN 1 - 115 - 46834 - 0 page 211 Jump up ^ `` Papal Definition of the Immaculate Conception '' . Ewtn.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Miravalle , 1993 , Introduction to Mary , Queenship Publishing ISBN 978 - 1 - 882972 - 06 - 7 page 64 - 70 Jump up ^ `` Prayer on the Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( December 8 , 2002 ) - John Paul II '' . www.vatican.va . Jump up ^ `` Agenzia Fides - Congregazione per l'Evangelizzazione dei Popoli '' . Fides.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pope Pius XII , Encyclical Fulgens corona , 10 Archived 2008 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Centers of Marian Study `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2007 . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Publisher 's Notice in the Second Italian Edition ( 1986 ) , reprinted in English Edition , Gabriel Roschini , O.S.M. ( 1989 ) . The Virgin Mary in the Writings of Maria Valtorta ( English Edition ) . Kolbe 's Publication Inc . ISBN 2 - 920285 - 08 - 4 Jump up ^ Ullathorne , William Bernard , The immaculate conception of the Mother of God , an exposition , 1855 . Jump up ^ Francis X . Weiser , The Holyday Book ( Harcourt , Brace and Co. 1956 ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Kunzler , The Church 's Liturgy ( Continuum International 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 1353 - 6 ) , pp. 434 - 435 Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson , OSV 's Encyclopedia of Catholic History ( Our Sunday Visitor 2004 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59276 - 026 - 8 ) , p. 455 Jump up ^ Foley OFM , Leonard . `` Solemnity of the Immaculate Conception '' , Saint of the Day , ( revised by Pat McCloskey OFM ) , AmericanCatholic.org Jump up ^ Z.J. Kosztolnyik , Some Hungarian Theologians in the Late Renaissance , Church History . Volume : 57 . Issue : 1 , 1988 . Z.J. Kosztolnyik , Pelbartus of Temesvar : a Francican Preacher and Writer of the Late Middle Ages in Hungary , Vivarium , 5 / 1967 . Kenan B. Osborne , O.F.M. , The History of Franciscan Theology , The Franciscan Institute St. Bonaventure , New York , 1994 . Franklin H. Littell ( ed . ) , Reformation Studies , John Knox Press , Richmond , Virginia , 1962 . Jump up ^ John D. Bryant , The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary , Mother of God '' ( Boston 1855 ) , p. 166 ^ Jump up to : `` Catechetics Online '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pilgrimages Committee . `` St. Conleth 's Catholic Heritage Association : Immaculate Conception '' . Jump up ^ `` cavendish '' . Jump up ^ Decree of Our Most Holy Father Pope Paul V in Favor of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary , Mother of God . Lima , Peru : 1618 . World Digital Library . Jump up ^ `` LAND OF MARY IMMACULATE '' . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Supremi Disciplinae '' . Jump up ^ Mary by Sarah Jane Boss , Neil Warmsley 2004 ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5788 - 6 page 139 Jump up ^ John Meyendorff , The Orthodox Church : Its Past and Its Role in the World Today ( St Vladimir 's Seminary Press 1996 ISBN 978 - 0 - 913836 - 81 - 1 ) , p. 181 Jump up ^ See https://www.academia.edu/4375213/The_Immaculate_Conception_Why_Thomas_Aquinas_Denied_While_John_Duns_Scotus_Gregory_Palamas_and_Mark_Eugenicus_Professed_the_Absolute_Immaculate_Existence_of_Mary , pp. 69 - 81 Jump up ^ Christiaan Kappes , The Immaculate Conception : Why Thomas Aquinas Denied , While John Duns Scotus , Gregory Palamas , and Mark Eugenicus Professed the Absolute Immaculate Existence of Mary ( Bedford , MA : Academy of the Immaculate , 2014 ) , 69 - 92 ; 157 - 169 Jump up ^ Mark of Ephesus , On the Distinction between Essence and Energy : First Antirrhetic against Manuel Kalekas . Editio princeps , ed . M. Pilavakis ( Unpublished doctoral dissertation ) , London 1987 : `` But He did so with her , after he prepurified ( προκαθαρθείσῃ ) her through a most profuse grace by means of the protecting Holy Spirit and divine power ... '' Jump up ^ `` The Kebra Nagast : 96 . Concerning the Prophecy about CHRIST '' . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About The North American Old Roman Catholic Church '' . North American Old Roman Catholic Church . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Brecht , Martin ( 1985 ) . His Road to Reformation , 1483 -- 1521 . Martin Luther. 1 . Translated by James Schaaf . Philadelphia : Fortress Press . p. 291 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2813 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Protestant faith by George Wolfgang Forell 1962 ISBN 0 - 8006 - 1095 - 4 page 23 Jump up ^ Jesus in history , thought , and culture : an encyclopedia , Volume 1 by James Leslie Houlden 2003 ISBN 1 - 57607 - 856 - 6 page Jump up ^ Our Lady Saint Mary by J.G.H. Barry , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 554 - 24332 - 6 , pages 25 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Common Worship '' . Jump up ^ Ecumenical Affairs - Dialogues - Anglican Roman Catholic Paragraph 78 - Accessed 8 December 2008 Jump up ^ Ecumenical Affairs - Dialogues - Anglican Roman Catholic Paragraph 60 - Accessed 8 December 2008 Jump up ^ George Sale , Koran , commonly called the Alcoran of Mohammed , chapter 3 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Quran 30 : 30 Jump up ^ http://sunnah.com/urn/44530 Sahih Bukhari Kitabul Tafseer ^ Jump up to : English 5 Volume Commentary https://www.alislam.org/quran/tafseer/?page=386&region=E1 Jump up ^ Cleo McNelly Kearns , The Virgin Mary , Monotheism and Sacrifice ( Cambridge University Press 2008 ISBN 978 - 0 - 52187156 - 3 ) , p. 254 Jump up ^ Bukhari , Anbiya , 44 ; Muslim , Fada'il , trad. 146 , 147 Jump up ^ Edward Gibbon , The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , vol . V , chapter 50 Jump up ^ `` The Evangelical Repository and United Presbyterian Review '' . 1865 . Jump up ^ Thomas Patrick Hughes , A Dictionary of Islam . First published London 1885 ; reprinted by Asian Educational Services 2001 . ISBN 8120606728 , ISBN 9788120606722 . Entry `` IMMACULATE CONCEPTION '' . ( Google Books ) Quote : `` This doctrine was asserted by Muhammad ( Mishkāt , book i. , ch . iii. , pt. 1 ) . '' Jump up ^ William Bernard Ullathorne . The Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God : An Exposition . First published 1855 ; ISBN 1 - 110 - 89977 - 7 . Chapter XIV , `` Mahomet and Martin Luther '' . ( Google Books ) Jump up ^ Giancarlo Finazzo . `` The Virgin Mary in the Koran '' . L'Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English , 13 April 1978 , page 4 . Quote : `` The dogma of the Immaculate Conception ... is univocally recognized by the Islamic religion . '' Jump up ^ The text ( in Latin ) is given at Tota Pulchra Es - GMEA Honor Chorus . Jump up ^ Tota pulchra es Maria , Canto gregoriano nella devozione mariana , studio di Giovanni Vianini , Milano. 6 November 2008 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Anton Bruckner - Tota pulchra es. 3 October 2008 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Maurice Duruflé : Tota pulchra es Maria . 23 May 2010 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Tota pulchra es - Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki. 17 June 2011 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ TOTA PULCHRA ES GREX VOCALIS. 21 May 2009 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Tota pulchra es , Maria Canto gregoriano nella devozione mariana. 21 September 2008 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Tota Pulchra - Composed by Nikolaus Schapfl ( * 1963 ) . 4 January 2010 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Immaculate Conception Prayers '' . Jump up ^ `` Prayers of Consecration '' . Jump up ^ `` Nine Days Of Prayer - Immaculate Conception '' . Jump up ^ `` The Immaculate Conception in Images '' . Jump up ^ Ésotérisme , gnoses & imaginaire symbolique : mélanges offerts à Antoine Faivre by Richard Caron , Antoine Faivre 2001 ISBN 90 - 429 - 0955 - 2 page 676 Jump up ^ Divine Mirrors : The Virgin Mary in the Visual Arts by Melissa R. Katz and Robert A. Orsi 2001 ISBN 0 - 19 - 514557 - 7 page 98 Jump up ^ Our Lady in Art by Katherine Lee Rawlings Jenner 2009 ISBN 1 - 103 - 32689 - 9 pages 3 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Immaculate Conception . The Immaculate Conception in Art ( Painting ) Ineffabilis Deus ( Apostolic Constitution of Pope Pius IX defining the dogma of the Immaculate Conception ) Godzinki : The Little Hours of the Immaculate Conception St. Alphonsus Liguori 's writing on the Immaculate Conception in his book The Glories of Mary Catholic Encyclopedia entry on the Immaculate Conception Catholic Encyclopedia entry on Original Sin The Immaculate Conception . A study by a Melkite archimandrite The Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God based on Juniper Carol 's Mariology and William Bernard Ullathornee 's book `` St. Augustine and Original Sin '' -- a short article on the different understandings of Original Sin in Eastern and Western Christianity , without distinguishing Protestant theology from Roman Catholic . The latter holds that `` original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants '' ( Catechism of the Catholic Church , 405 ) . Original Sin According To St. Paul by John S. 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who plays older zeke in the get down

Daveed Diggs as adult Ezekiel `` Mr. Books '' Figuero : He rap - narrates the series . His rapping voice is dubbed by hip - hop artist Nas .

Daveed Diggs

The Get Down

the get down

The Get Down Genre Period drama Musical Created by Baz Luhrmann Stephen Adly Guirgis Starring Justice Smith Shameik Moore Herizen F. Guardiola Skylan Brooks Tremaine Brown Jr . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II Jimmy Smits Narrated by Nas Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 11 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Baz Luhrmann Shawn Ryan Catherine Martin Nasir Jones Stephen Adly Guirgis Marney Hochman Thomas Kelly Paul Watters Production location ( s ) New York City Running time 53 -- 93 minutes Production company ( s ) Bazmark Films Sony Pictures Television Budget 120 million Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) -- April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) The Get Down is an American musical drama television series created by Baz Luhrmann and Stephen Adly Guirgis . It originally aired on Netflix on August 12 , 2016 , and ran for one season . Produced by Sony Pictures Television , the series is set in the South Bronx region of New York City in the late 1970s ; its title refers to parts of disco and R&B records that could be repeated using multiple turntables and were enjoyed most by dancers . A five - episode second part concluding the series was released on April 7 , 2017 . On May 24 , 2017 , Netflix announced that the series is concluded after part 2 and that there would be no more parts . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Reception 6 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The series is set in the 1970s in the Bronx , New York City , and follows the rise of hip - hop and disco music through the eyes of a group of teenagers . Each episode begins with MC Books , a famous artist that raps his story to a large crowd during a concert in 1996 . The short rap serves both as a recap of previous episodes and as a setup of the events of the next . Each episode is also intercut with real footage and newscasts from the 1970s . Part 1 begins in 1977 with Zeke ( young MC Books ) , a young poet who lives with his aunt Wanda following the death of his parents , meeting Shaolin Fantastic , a graffiti artist and aspiring DJ . The two band together with Zeke 's friends to become `` The Get Down Brothers '' with a dream to become successful music artists and take over the city . Mylene , Zeke 's long - time love , dreams of becoming a disco singer and leaving the Bronx , but faces obstacles such as her religious father . Alongside this , the show depicts various gangs and gangsters of the area , especially Fat Annie and her son Cadillac , and observes the poverty and violence faced by those living in the Bronx . Part 2 is set in 1978 , which sees the group members facing adulthood and their futures in the music industry . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Justice Smith as Ezekiel ( `` Zeke '' ) `` Books '' Figuero : A smart , resourceful teen , brimming with untapped talent and unrequited love , and determined to make his mark in the world . He is in love with Mylene , but her desire to leave the Bronx hinders their relationship . Shameik Moore as Curtis `` Shaolin Fantastic '' : A child of the streets ; thrill - seeking , unpredictable , and eccentric , but above all , enigmatic . He is distrustful of Mylene and sees her as a distraction to Ezekiel . Herizen F. Guardiola as Mylene Cruz : A tenacious girl with an incredible voice who dreams of becoming a disco star , a dream that is far outside the realm of her fiercely religious background . She loves Ezekiel , but fears that he wo n't ever leave the Bronx . Skylan Brooks as Ronald `` Ra - Ra '' Kipling : A loyal , respected , and protective friend and brother with his head screwed on tight ; he 's the voice of reason beyond his years . Tremaine Brown Jr. as Miles `` Boo - Boo '' Kipling : A mechanically minded kid who is an irrepressible 40 - year - old in a 14 - year - old 's body . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as Clarence `` Cadillac '' Caldwell : A `` fly gangster '' , prince of the disco world , and son of the owner of the most notorious after - hours night spot in the Bronx . Jimmy Smits as Francisco `` Papa Fuerte '' Cruz : A South Bronx political boss who delivers services to his constituents that the city has failed to provide , such as jobs , housing , and healthcare . Jaden Smith as Marcus `` Dizzee '' Kipling : The most artistically minded of the Kipling brothers , Dizzee is a graffiti artist who tags as Rumi 411 . Recurring ( edit ) Daveed Diggs as adult Ezekiel `` Mr. Books '' Figuero : He rap - narrates the series . His rapping voice is dubbed by hip - hop artist Nas . Giancarlo Esposito as Pastor Ramon Cruz : Papa Fuerte 's brother and Mylene 's father . He is the charismatic head of the local Pentecostal church who attracts a flock of followers with his fiery sermons and firm , steady leadership . Stefanée Martin as Yolanda Kipling : Sister of Boo - Boo , Dizzee , and Ra - Ra . One of Mylene 's best friends and a member of the Soul Madonnas . Shyrley Rodriguez as Regina : Another of Mylene 's best friends and a member of the Soul Madonnas . Outrageous and rebellious , she is in an abusive relationship with Little Wolf . Mamoudou Athie as Grandmaster Flash : Hip - hop recording artist and DJ . In real life , he is considered to be one of the pioneers of hip - hop DJing , cutting , and mixing . In this TV series , he serves as a mentor for Shaolin Fantastic as well as the rest of the Get Down Brothers . Karen Aldridge as Adele Kipling : Mother of Yolanda , Boo - Boo , Dizzee and Ra - Ra . Kevin Corrigan as Jackie Moreno : A record producer . In the past Moreno produced many hit records , but years of hard drug abuse and alienating others in the record industry have stalled his career . Brandon J. Dirden as Leon : Wanda 's boyfriend . Michel Gill as Herbert Gunns : New York City Council member , businessman , and supporter of then - Congressman Edward Koch . Zabryna Guevara as Lydia Cruz : The wife of pastor Ramon Cruz and the mother of Mylene . Ron Cephas Jones as Winston Kipling : Father of Yolanda , Boo - Boo , Dizzee , and Ra - Ra . Judy Marte as Wanda : Ezekiel 's aunt . Evan Parke as Wolf Sal Rendino as Stanley Kelly . Yolonda Ross as Ms. Green : The caring - but - tough English teacher who nurtures the potential in her students and advocates for them to pursue their talents . Tory Devon Smith as Little Wolf : Regina 's abusive boyfriend and one of the neighborhood 's drug dealers . Lillias White as Fat Annie : Owner of the notorious Les Inferno club , mother of Cadillac , and boss of the local crime family . She has a thing for younger men , and is known to be sexually abusive . Frank Wood as Ed Koch : real life U.S. Congressman from New York 's 18th district and Democratic candidate for mayor of New York in 1977 . Koch has a tough stance against crime ( particularly graffiti ) and wants to restore public safety back to New York City , so he reluctantly allies himself with Papa Fuerte to help in his campaign in the Bronx . Lee Tergesen as Inspector Moach . Eric Bogosian as Roy Asheton : Record executive and president of Marrakech Star , a disco label , responsible for the success of Donna Summer and Misty Holloway . Eric D. Hill Jr. as DJ Kool Herc : Real life DJ who is credited with originating hip - hop music in the early 1970s in the Bronx . He serves as a mentor for the Notorious Three ( The Herculoids ) . Noah Le Gros as Thor : A graffiti artist who lives a free lifestyle , and Dizzee 's love interest . Qaasim Middleton as DJ Big Planet : Member of the Notorious Three ( the Herculoids ) , the mortal enemies of the Get Down Brothers . RayJonaldy Rodriguez as Silent Carlito : Another member of the Notorious Three . Khalil Middleton as MC Luke Skywalker Cage : Another member of the Notorious Three . Julia Garner as Claudia Gunns : Daughter of Herbert Gunns . Barrington Walters Jr. as Doo - Wop : Street - hardened roughneck drug dealer . Jeremie Harris as Shane Vincent : Mylene Cruz 's manager . Okieriete Onaodowan as Afrika Bambaataa . Real life hip - hop DJ and recording artist , and founder of the Universal Zulu Nation . Jamie Jackson as Robert Stigwood . Real - life Australian - born British - resident music entrepreneur , film producer and impresario , best known for managing Cream and the Bee Gees , theatrical productions like Hair and Jesus Christ Superstar , and film productions including the extremely successful Grease and Saturday Night Fever . Guest ( edit ) Billy Porter as DJ Malibu : A DJ at Les Inferno . Annika Boras . Alexis Krause as Leslie Lesgold . Highly influential creator of a weekly `` record pool '' that selects the hottest disco records to be played by New York club DJs . Renée Elise Goldsberry as Misty Holloway , a popular disco singer who is idolized by Mylene . Bryce Pinkham as Julien . Imani Lewis as Tanya . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 1 ( 1977 ) `` Where There Is Ruin , There Is Hope for a Treasure '' Baz Luhrmann Story by : Baz Luhrmann & Stephen Adly Guirgis Teleplay by : Baz Luhrmann & Stephen Adly Guirgis & Seth Zvi Rosenfeld August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the Bronx in 1977 , Zeke is a teenage high school student in love with his friend Mylene . Mylene wishes to escape the Bronx and become a singer , so she and her friends attempt to impress a DJ that night at the Les Inferno club . Hoping to make his own impression on Mylene , Zeke obtains a rare record of her favorite song . However , a popular graffiti artist by the name of Shaolin Fantastic is instructed to acquire the same record by Grandmaster Flash , another DJ who has promised to mentor him if he can procure the record . After a chase Zeke ends up with the record , but then struggles to gain access to the club ; Mylene , already inside , attracts the attention of Cadillac , a gangster and son of the club 's owner , who asks Mylene to dance with him during the dance - off . When Shao sees Zeke outside the club , the two discuss why they both need the record . Impressed by Zeke 's wordsmithing , Shao agrees to get Zeke into the club with the condition that Shao gets the record by the end of the night . As Zeke and Mylene dance and kiss , a gang shootout breaks out inside the club , killing the DJ and several others ; Zeke , Mylene , and her friends barely escape . Zeke confesses his love for Mylene as he brings her home , but despite her feelings for him , she believes his reluctance to fulfill his life will stop her from leaving the Bronx if they were to fall in love . Zeke then hands over the record to Shao , who explains that he needs it for a DJing technique called `` the get down '' . Shao takes the record with Zeke and his friends to a local club and gives it to Grandmaster Flash , who uses it to create a consistent , never - ending beat with a second record that 's never been done before . Shao and Zeke then impress the entire club with Shao 's dancing and Zeke 's freestyle rapping abilities . Meanwhile , Mylene has run away after being beaten by her father ; she goes to stay with her uncle , Papa Fuerte , a political figure hoping to improve the neighborhoods . At Shao 's home , Zeke and Shao discuss their future , the two hoping to team up and use their music to take the city by storm . `` Seek Those Who Fan Your Flames '' Ed Bianchi Sam Bromell & Sinead Daly & Jacqui Rivera August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) Grandmaster Flash begins his training of Shaolin Fantastic . He begins by giving Shao a crayon that he refers to as the `` key '' , and twenty - four hours to figure out its use . While the other boys give up and leave , Shao and Zeke stay overnight and realize the crayon is used to mark the `` get down '' point on the records . After further explanations , Grandmaster instructs Shao to perfect one record using his techniques . After working for a while , the boys take a break and return to discover that Shao 's home has been set on fire , destroying his records and turntables . Meanwhile , Mylene 's uncle Papa Fuerte arranges for a music producer to listen to her sing in church . Just before the service begins , however , Mylene 's father tells her she will no longer sing solos due to her recent actions and foray into disco music . As the choir sings , the producer starts to leave , so Mylene defies her father 's wishes and sings to stop him from leaving . The episode ends with Cadillac investigating who ordered the shootout at Les Inferno , during which he shoots a young boy from a rival gang . `` Darkness Is Your Candle '' Andrew Bernstein T Cooper & Allison Glock - Cooper & Stephen Adly Guirgis August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This episode is set in July during a citywide blackout . Mylene 's father kicks her out after her performance at the church , and she stays with the Kipling family . Her uncle continues to help her reach her dreams but he is visited by her mother , Lydia , who explains how her family is breaking apart . Moreno , the producer who saw Mylene in church , talks Papa Fuerte into independently recording a demo before taking it to a big record company . Moreno and Mylene struggle to agree on a song for her to sing , but after opening up to each other , he agrees to write a new song for her . Shao , having lost all of his possessions in the fire , returns to Fat Annie in order to make money . She invites him into her family , which does n't sit well with her son Cadillac ; he instructs Shao to dispose of his car . Zeke and the other boys look for jobs in order to help Shao raise money for new turntables . When the Kipling parents leave for a family funeral , the kids throw a party ( and charge for entry ) , playing a mix - tape of Grandmaster 's work that they purchase from a local store . Playing his music breaks the `` no biting '' rule , which prompts the arrival of gangsters to break up the party and trash the salon . Afterward , Shao , Zeke , and the boys discover the body of the boy Cadillac shot in the trunk of his car . After dumping the body in a lake , the boys commit to taking care of each other as `` the Get Down '' brothers and vow to stop Cadillac and his violent ways . The episode ends with Zeke and Mylene meeting to discuss recent events , which results in the two sleeping together . `` Forget Safety , Be Notorious '' Ed Bianchi Aaron Rahsaan Thomas August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Following the vandalism and looting that occurred during the blackout , Mayor Beame informs Papa Fuerte he can no longer provide him the $10 million needed for his restoration and housing plans . In response , Fuerte takes back his promise to ensure Beame enough votes to win during the upcoming mayoral election . Fuerte is then approached by Ed Koch , another mayoral hopeful , who offers the same deal as Beame on condition that Fuerte publicly denounces graffiti . Ms. Green , Zeke 's English teacher , meets with Zeke 's aunt to support his academic and creative abilities ; the two women decide that Zeke should take up an internship . Zeke agrees to take one with Fuerte , which also pleases Mylene . Shao and Mylene continue to disagree about the other 's influence on Zeke , forcing him to choose between helping Mylene track down Moreno and fixing Shao 's relationship with Grandmaster , who has banned Shao from mixing following the bootlegged mix - tape incident . Zeke decides to help Shao , which leads them into Herculoid territory and an ambush . After falling unconscious due to an overdose , Moreno is revived by Mylene and her friends ; they take him to Fuerte , who is n't happy that he has wasted his money , meant for Mylene 's demo , on drugs . Dizzee bonds with Thor , a fellow graffiti artist , and it is revealed that Regina is in an abusive relationship with a dealer named Little Wolf . 5 `` You Have Wings , Learn to Fly '' Michael Dinner Seth Zvi Rosenfeld August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) Whilst hunting down the person responsible for the bootlegged tapes , the Get Down Brothers run into DJ Kool Herc but manage to prove it was one of his own men . He challenges the boys to a DJ battle against the Notorious Three . Grandmaster lifts Shao 's ban so he can compete . Meanwhile Pastor Cruz confronts Papa Fuerte and is shocked to see Mylene there . Fuerte reminds Cruz of his past sins before Moreno , trying to defuse the situations , explains he wants Mylene to record a hymn with a disco twist in his church . Cruz agrees and makes peace with his daughter when he hears the final song . Zeke is late to his interview but after some hard truths from Ms. Green goes back and fights for his internship with Gunn . At the same time he works with Shao and the Kipling brothers to prepare for the upcoming battle discovering they each have different musical skills . When Mylene comes to play her record to Zeke , Shao realizes a beat in her record is the missing link for their performance and forcibly takes a copy causing an argument between Glendale and Shao . The episode ends with the Get Down brothers finding the brother of the boy killed by Cadillac on their roof . 6 `` Raise Your Words , Not Your Voice '' Ed Bianchi Seth Zvi Rosenfeld & Sam Bromell August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) Part 2 ( 1978 ) 7 `` Unfold Your Own Myth '' Lawrence Trilling Stephen Adly Guirgis April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 8 `` The Beat Says , This Is the Way '' Ed Bianchi Aaron Rahsaan Thomas April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 9 `` One by One , Into the Dark '' Clark Johnson Nelson George April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 10 `` Gamble Everything '' Ed Bianchi Seth Zvi Rosenfeld April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 11 `` Only from Exile Can We Come Home '' Ed Bianchi Sam Bromell & Jacqui Rivera April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) Production ( edit ) The series was announced in February 2015 , after Luhrmann had spent over ten years developing the concept . The series is described as `` a mythic saga of how New York at the brink of bankruptcy gave birth to hip - hop , punk and disco '' . The Sony Pictures Television show takes place in Bronx tenements , the SoHo art scene , CBGB , Studio 54 and the just - built World Trade Center . On April 9 , 2015 , it was announced that Justice Smith , Shameik Moore , Skylan Brooks , Jaden Smith , and newcomer Tremaine ( TJ ) Brown Jr. would play the show 's lead male roles . On April 16 , 2015 it was announced that newcomer Herizen F. Guardiola would play the show 's female lead . Rap legends Grandmaster Flash , Kurtis Blow and Nas hosted a Hip - Hop boot camp to educate the young actors . The production crew used the Eisner Award - winning comic series Hip Hop Family Tree by Ed Piskor as a reference point . The trailer for part two was released in February 2017 , with episodes being made available on Netflix on April 7 , 2017 . The series picked up a year later in 1978 . The accompanying soundtrack was released on April 21 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) The first season ( or `` Part 1 '' ) has been positively reviewed with a 75 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes with the critic consensus reading , `` The Get Down 's vibrant music and energetic young cast help to elevate its meandering narrative . '' The season has a score of 69 out of 100 based on 31 reviews on Metacritic which is classified as `` generally favorable reviews '' . Part 2 received an 85 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 13 critics , with an average score of 7.68 / 10 . The uptempo musical numbers and soundtrack were generally praised as well as the performances from the main cast and cinematography of the show . However , the overly dramatic love story and sometimes `` cartoonish '' violence have been criticized , saying it detracts from the darker , authentic feel of the show and its setting . Reviews improved with later episodes as critics felt that the series had toned down its more outlandish and over the top elements in favor of a more cohesive and balanced episode structure . Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture gave high praises to the series ' second season , stating that , `` A promising show has become a terrific one . '' Seitz later named The Get Down as the 4th best TV series of 2017 , writing that it is `` one of a handful of series that can be said to have devised its own language . '' Accolades ( edit ) Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Stephanie Diaz - Matos Nominated 2017 MPSE Golden Reel Awards Best Music Editor -- Television Short Form Jamieson Shaw Won Best Music Editor -- Television Long Form Nominated 2017 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Original Song -- TV Show / Limited Series `` Power '' for Elliott Wheeler , Baz Luhrmann , Homer Steinweiss , and Donna Missal Won See also ( edit ) Music of The Get Down References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Baz Luhrmann 's The Get Down is the big let down ... or not '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . 13 August 2016 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Get Down '' . Real or Fake 4K . Russell Kercheval . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline Hollywood . 17 January 2016 . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First trailer for Baz Luhrmann 's Netflix series set in ' 70s New York '' . Digital Spy. 5 February 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why The Get Down Is Only Premiering Half of Its First Season on Friday '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ringen , Jonathan ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Birth of a ( Hip - Hop ) Nation '' . Billboard. 128 ( 21 ) . pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` ' The Get Down Part II ' : Netflix Announces Return Date With New Video Clip '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` ' The Get Down ' Canceled By Netflix After One Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baz Luhrmann 's ' The Get Down ' Adds `` Disco Prince '' to Cast ( Exclusive ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries , LLC. 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Jimmy Smits To Star In Baz Luhrmann 's Netflix Music Drama ' The Get Down ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Giancarlo Esposito Joins Baz Luhrmann 's Hip - Hop Drama ' The Get Down ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries , LLC. 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Lands Grandmaster Flash for ' The Get Down , ' Casts Young Actor as Hip - Hop Legend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries , LLC. 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Liebman , Lisa ( 12 August 2016 ) . `` Separating Fact and Fiction in Netflix 's The Get Down '' . Vulture . New York Media LLC . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( 29 September 2015 ) . `` Zabryna Guevara ' The Get Down ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries , LLC . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Yolanda Ross Joins ' The Get Down ' ; Chris Petrovski In ' Madam Secretary ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Jamilah ( 15 August 2016 ) . `` ' The Get Down ' is the Queer Hip - Hop History We 've Been Waiting For '' . Mic . Mic Network Inc . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` Netflix orders Baz Luhrmann musical drama ' The Get Down ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Jump up ^ `` Watch The First Trailer For Baz Luhrmann 's Netflix Show '' . Huffington Post . 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Sets Cast for Baz Luhrmann Hip - Hop Drama ' The Get Down ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . 9 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Daley , Megan ( 16 April 2015 ) . `` Baz Luhrmann 's ' The Get Down ' has its female lead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Jump up ^ Greg , Grouchy ( 4 August 2016 ) . `` Grandmaster Flash and Nas Made `` The Get Down '' Cast Go Through Hip - Hop Boot Camp `` . AllHipHop . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Ed Piskor '' . Instagram. 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram video by Justice Smith '' . Instagram. 18 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Get Down Part II trailer : Baz Luhrmann is headed back to Netflix '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Get Down : Part II '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Get Down '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Get Down : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Get Down : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sam Wollaston ( 15 August 2016 ) . `` The Get Down review -- an insanely extravagant love letter to 70s New York '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Tim Goodman ( 3 August 2016 ) . `` The Get Down TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( 4 August 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' The Get Down ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` The Second Half of The Get Down Is a Major Improvement Over the First '' . Vulture . New York Media LLC . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( 4 December 2017 ) . `` The 10 Best TV Shows of 2017 '' . Vulture . New York Media LLC . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Music In Visual Media Nominees '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries , LLC. 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Get Down on Netflix The Get Down on IMDb Baz Luhrmann Film Strictly Ballroom ( 1992 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Moulin Rouge ! 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( 2018 ) The Joel McHale Show with Joel McHale ( 2018 ) First Team : Juventus ( 2018 ) Seven Seconds ( 2018 ) Safe ( 2018 ) Evil Genius ( 2018 ) The Break with Michelle Wolf ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Get_Down&oldid=854091756 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings American drama television series American musical television series English - language television programs Hip hop television Netflix original programming Serial drama television series Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series set in the 1970s Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 22 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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will there be a new king kong movie

The MonsterVerse is an American media franchise and shared fictional universe that is centered on a series of monster films featuring Godzilla and King Kong , produced by Legendary Entertainment and co-produced and distributed by Warner Bros . The first installment was Godzilla ( 2014 ) , a reboot of the Godzilla franchise , which was followed by Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) , a reboot of the King Kong franchise . The next film to be released will be Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) , followed by Godzilla vs. Kong ( 2020 ) . The series has grossed over $1 billion worldwide so far .

MonsterVerse

monsterverse

The MonsterVerse is an American media franchise and shared fictional universe that is centered on a series of monster films featuring Godzilla and King Kong , produced by Legendary Entertainment and co-produced and distributed by Warner Bros . The first installment was Godzilla ( 2014 ) , a reboot of the Godzilla franchise , which was followed by Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) , a reboot of the King Kong franchise . The next film to be released will be Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) , followed by Godzilla vs. Kong ( 2020 ) . The series has grossed over $1 billion worldwide so far .

Contents 1 Development 2 Films 2.1 Godzilla ( 2014 ) 2.2 Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) 2.3 Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) 2.4 Godzilla vs. Kong ( 2020 ) 3 Cast and characters 4 Reception 4.1 Box office performance 4.2 Critical and public response 5 Tie - in material 5.1 Books 5.2 Comics 5.3 Video games 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Development ( edit ) Legendary Entertainment confirmed at the July 2014 San Diego Comic - Con International that it had acquired the rights to Mothra , Rodan , and King Ghidorah from Toho and revealed concept footage with the closing title cards reading `` Conflict : inevitable . Let them fight '' . In September 2015 , Legendary announced that the film Kong : Skull Island would not be developed with Universal Studios . Instead , it would be developed with Warner Bros. , which sparked media speculation that Godzilla and King Kong would appear in a film together . In October 2015 , Legendary announced plans to unite Godzilla and King Kong in a film titled Godzilla vs. Kong , set for a 2020 release date . Legendary plans to create a shared cinematic franchise `` centered around Monarch '' ( the secret government agency which debuted in 2014 's Godzilla ) and that `` brings together Godzilla and Legendary 's King Kong in an ecosystem of other giant super-species , both classic and new '' . Later in October , it was announced that Kong : Skull Island would have references to Monarch . In May 2016 , Warner Bros. announced that Godzilla vs. Kong would be released on May 29 , 2020 , and that Godzilla : King of the Monsters would be pushed back from its original June 2018 release date to March 22 , 2019 , however , the film was later pushed back again to May 31 , 2019 . In October 2016 , Legendary announced that Godzilla : King of the Monsters would be filmed at its parent company Wanda 's Oriental Movie Metropolis facility in Qingdao , China , along with Pacific Rim Uprising . That same month , it was revealed that Legendary was planning a writers room to create their Godzilla -- Kong cinematic universe , with Alex Garcia overseeing the project for Legendary . In early January 2017 , Thomas Tull , founder of Legendary , resigned from the company but will remain as producer for the Godzilla -- Kong series , which was revealed as the `` MonsterVerse '' . In March 2017 , Legendary assembled a writers room to develop the story for Godzilla vs. Kong . Films ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Story by Screenplay by Producer ( s ) Status Godzilla May 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 16 ) Gareth Edwards David Callaham Max Borenstein Thomas Tull , Jon Jashni , Mary Parent and Brian Rogers Released Kong : Skull Island March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Jordan Vogt - Roberts John Gatins Dan Gilroy , Max Borenstein and Derek Connolly Thomas Tull , Jon Jashni , Mary Parent , and Alex Garcia Godzilla : King of the Monsters May 31 , 2019 Michael Dougherty Max Borenstein , Michael Dougherty and Zach Shields Thomas Tull , Jon Jashni , Mary Parent , Alex Garcia , and Brian Rogers Post-Production Godzilla vs. Kong May 22 , 2020 Adam Wingard Terry Rossio , Patrick McKay , J.D. Payne , Lindsey Beer , Cat Vasko , T.S. Nowlin , Jack Paglen , J. Michael Straczynski Terry Rossio Filming Godzilla ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Theatrical poster for Godzilla . Main article : Godzilla ( 2014 film ) The film reimagines Godzilla 's origins in contemporary times and is set 15 years after a nuclear meltdown in Japan which subsequently awakens two giant parasitic creatures , known as `` MUTOs '' . As the MUTOs ravage the countryside in order to reproduce , they awaken a larger ancient alpha predator , known as `` Godzilla '' , whose existence has been kept secret by the U.S. government since 1954 . The film introduces Godzilla , the MUTOs , and the Monarch organization to the MonsterVerse . In 2004 , director Yoshimitsu Banno acquired permission from Toho to produce a short IMAX Godzilla film which was in development for several years until the project was eventually turned over to Legendary Pictures . In March 2010 , Legendary announced to have acquired the rights to Godzilla for a feature film reboot . In January 2011 , Gareth Edwards was announced as the director for the film . The film was co-produced with Warner Bros. Pictures with filming completed in 2013 in Canada and the United States for release in 2014 . Godzilla was released on May 16 , 2014 to positive reviews from critics and was a box office success , grossing $200 million domestically and $529 million worldwide against its $160 million budget . Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Theatrical poster for Kong : Skull Island . Main article : Kong : Skull Island The film is set in 1973 and follows a team of scientists and Vietnam War soldiers who travel to an uncharted island in the Pacific and encounter terrifying creatures and the mighty Kong . The film introduces King Kong , Mother Longlegs , Sker Buffalos , Mire Squid , Leafwing , Psychovulture , Spore Mantis , Ramarak , and the Skullcrawlers to the MonsterVerse and a post-credits scene introduces Rodan , Mothra , and King Ghidorah to the MonsterVerse . In July 2014 at the San Diego Comic - Con , Legendary announced a King Kong origin story , initially titled Skull Island , with a release date of November 4 , 2016 , and Universal Pictures distributing . In September 2014 , Jordan Vogt - Roberts was announced as the film 's director . In September 2015 , Legendary moved development of the film from Universal Pictures to Warner Bros. to create an expanded cinematic universe . Principal photography began on October 19 , 2015 , in Hawaii and Vietnam . Kong : Skull Island was released on March 10 , 2017 to positive reviews from critics and was a box office success , grossing $168 million domestically and $566 million worldwide against its $185 million budget . The film received a nomination for Best Visual Effects at the 90th Academy Awards . Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) ( edit ) SDCC poster for Godzilla : King of the Monsters . Main article : Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 film ) The Monarch agency struggles to ensure humanity 's survival in an age of god - sized monsters . Three new monsters named Rodan , Mothra , and King Ghidorah rise to challenge Godzilla for supremacy . The film retcons the monsters ' designation from `` MUTOs '' to `` Titans '' . Prior to announcing a shared cinematic universe between Godzilla and King Kong , Legendary originally intended to produce a Godzilla trilogy , with Gareth Edwards attached to direct all films . However , Edwards left the sequel in May 2016 to work on smaller scale projects . In January 2017 , Michael Dougherty was announced as the director and co-writer for the film . Principal photography began on June 19 , 2017 , in Atlanta , Georgia and wrapped on September 27 , 2017 . The film is scheduled to be released on May 31 , 2019 , in 2D , 3D , and select IMAX by Warner Bros. Pictures , except in Japan where the film will be distributed by Toho . Godzilla vs. Kong ( 2020 ) ( edit ) Main article : Godzilla vs. Kong The project was announced in October 2015 when Legendary announced plans for a shared cinematic universe between Godzilla and King Kong . Adam Wingard was announced as the director in May 2017 . Principal photography began in October 2018 in Atlanta , Hawaii and Australia and is expected to conclude in February 2019 . Godzilla vs. Kong is scheduled to be released on May 22 , 2020 by Warner Bros. Pictures . Cast and characters ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . An indicates the character appears through use of motion capture . A indicates an appearance by an actor portraying a younger version of a character . Character Released films Upcoming films Godzilla Kong : Skull Island Godzilla : King of the Monsters Godzilla vs. Kong 2014 2017 2019 2020 Monsters Godzilla T.J. Storm Silent cameo TBA King Kong Terry Notary TBA Toby Kebbell King Ghidorah Silent cameo Jason Liles Alan Maxson Richard Dorton Mothra TBA Rodan Humans Ford Brody Aaron Taylor - Johnson CJ Adams Elle Brody Elizabeth Olsen Ishiro Serizawa Ken Watanabe Ken Watanabe Joe Brody Bryan Cranston Sandra Brody Juliette Binoche Vivienne Graham Sally Hawkins Sally Hawkins William Stentz David Strathairn James Conrad Tom Hiddleston Hank Marlow John C. Reilly Will Brittain Victor Nieves John Ortiz Preston Packard Samuel L. Jackson Bill Randa John Goodman San Lin Jing Tian Mason Weaver Brie Larson Mark Russell Kyle Chandler Emma Russell Vera Farmiga Madison Russell Millie Bobby Brown Stanton Bradley Whitford Sam Coleman Thomas Middleditch Barnes O'Shea Jackson Jr . Dr. Chen Zhang Ziyi Reception ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide Godzilla May 16 , 2014 $200,676,069 $328,400,000 $529,076,069 183 165 $160 million Kong : Skull Island March 10 , 2017 $168,052,812 $398,600,000 $566,652,812 268 144 $185 million Total $ 7008368728881000000 ♠ 368,728,881 $ 7008727000000000000 ♠ 727,000,000 $ 7009109572888100000 ♠ 1,095,728,881 $345 million Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Godzilla 74 % ( 301 reviews ) 62 ( 48 critics ) B+ Kong : Skull Island 75 % ( 335 reviews ) 62 ( 49 critics ) B+ Tie - in material ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Title Release date Writer ( s ) Note Godzilla -- The Official Movie Novelization May 20 , 2014 Greg Cox Novelization of Godzilla Kong : Skull Island -- The Official Movie Novelization March 14 , 2017 Tim Lebbon Novelization of Kong : Skull Island Comics ( edit ) Title Release date Writer ( s ) Illustrator ( s ) Cover Artist ( s ) Note Godzilla : Awakening May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) Max Borenstein and Greg Borenstein Eric Battle , Yvel Guichet , Alan Quah , and Lee Loughridge Arthur Adams Tie - in prequel comic to Godzilla Skull Island : The Birth of Kong April 12 , 2017 Arvid Nelson Zid Zid , Drew Johnson ( issue # 4 ) Tie - in prequel / sequel comic to Kong : Skull Island Godzilla : Aftershock Spring 2019 Arvid Nelson Drew Edward Johnson Tie - in prequel comic to Godzilla : King of the Monsters Video games ( edit ) Legendary 's Godzilla was featured as a playable character in Bandai Namco 's 2014 video game Godzilla as `` Hollywood Godzilla '' . Title Release date Developer Publisher Note Godzilla : Crisis Defense May 7 , 2014 Legendary Legendary Tie - in web game to Godzilla Godzilla : Strike Zone May 15 , 2014 Warner Bros. Entertainment Warner Bros. International Enterprises Tie - in mobile game to Godzilla Godzilla : Smash 3 May 16 , 2014 Rogue Play Pipeworks Tie - in mobile game to Godzilla See also ( edit ) Godzilla ( franchise ) King Kong ( franchise ) Pacific Rim Kaiju Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MonsterVerse Trademark Application of Legendary Pictures , LLC '' . Justia Trademarks . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lambie , Ryan ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` Producer Brian Rogers discusses US Godzilla reboot '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kong : Skull Island is Step 1 in Warner Bros. reboot of 1933 classic as monster franchise '' . Market Watch . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Godzilla and Kong Universe '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Kase ( July 26 , 2014 ) . `` Holy Mothra : Gareth Edwards Reveals ' Godzilla 2 ' Monsters At Comic - Con '' . MTV . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` King Kong On Move To Warner Bros , Presaging Godzilla Monster Matchup '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood Gorilla Warfare : It 's Universal vs. Legendary Over ' Kong : Skull Island ' ( and Who Says `` Thank You '' ) `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary and Warner Bros. Pictures Announce Cinematic Franchise Uniting Godzilla , King Kong and Other Iconic Giant Monsters '' ( Press release ) . Legendary Pictures . October 14 , 2015 . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood Gorilla Warfare : It 's Universal vs. Legendary Over ' Kong : Skull Island ' ( and Who Says `` Thank You '' ) `` . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Moves Dates For ' Godzilla 2 , ' ' Godzilla vs Kong ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Sandy ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Godzilla 2 & The Shining Sequel Get New Release Dates '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Wanda Unveils Plans for $8 Billion ' Movie Metropolis , ' Reveals Details About Film Incentives '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Dougherty and Zach Shields to Write ' Godzilla 2 ' for Legendary ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Masters , Kim ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Thomas Tull to Exit Legendary Entertainment ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Godzilla vs. Kong ' Film Sets Writers Room ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gingold , Michael ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Adam Wingard Talks Godzilla vs. Kong And Directorial Freedom '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Corneth , Roth ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' Godzilla ' Will Return To His Roots In Legendary Pictures Reboot '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' Godzilla ' stomps back to screen '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Monsters ' Director Stomps to ' Godzilla ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Frosty ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` CCI : GODZILLA Invades Theaters May 16 , 2014 ; Studio Expects 3D Release '' . Collider . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silman , Anna ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Review Roundup : One of the Scariest Things in Godzilla Is Bryan Cranston 's Wig '' . Vulture . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw - Williams , H. ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Godzilla ' : First Audience Reactions Promise a Slow Reveal '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Godzilla ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Spry , Jeff ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the crazy creatures of Kong : Skull Island with 6 monster bio cards '' . Syfy Wire . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ramarak The Skullcrawler Trademark Application of Legendary Pictures , LLC '' . Justia Trademarks . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' Post-Credits Scene Explained '' . Collider . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` Legendary Announces King Kong Prequel ' Skull Island ' Movie For 2016 ( Comic Con 2014 ) '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Legendary 's ' Skull Island ' ; Tom Hiddleston Stars , Jordan Vogt - Roberts Helms King Kong Origin Tale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' to Move to Warner Bros. for Planned Monster Movie Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' : What Did You Think ? '' . Collider . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kong : Skull Island ' : Four Lessons For ' Justice League ' And The DC Films Franchise '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warner Bros. Pictures ' and Legendary Pictures ' MonsterVerse Kicks Into Gear as the Next Godzilla Feature Gets Underway '' ( Press release ) . June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orquiola , John ( July 21 , 2018 ) . `` Godzilla 2 Has Renamed The MonsterVerse Creatures '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Hires ' Godzilla ' Director Gareth Edwards ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Director Gareth Edwards Exits ' Godzilla 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Godzilla 2 ' Finds Director in Michael Dougherty '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/godzilla-2-filming-done/ ) Jump up ^ `` Godzilla ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla ( 2014 ) Reviews '' . Metacritic . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kong : Skull Island Reviews '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Godzilla The Game - PS4 Gameplay Trailer '' . Bandai Namco Entertainment America . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Godzilla Developer Was So Passionate About Their Favorite Monster They Snuck It In The Game '' . Siliconera . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Godzilla ( 2014 ) Licensed Products Guide '' . SciFi Japan . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . MonsterVerse Films Godzilla ( 2014 ) Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) Godzilla vs. Kong ( 2020 ) Related Godzilla King Kong King Ghidorah Mothra MUTO Rodan Miscellaneous Godzilla ( franchise ) Godzilla Toho films Shōwa series Godzilla ( 1954 ) Godzilla Raids Again ( 1955 ) King Kong vs. Godzilla ( 1962 ) Mothra vs. Godzilla ( 1964 ) Ghidorah , the Three - Headed Monster ( 1964 ) Invasion of Astro - Monster ( 1965 ) Ebirah , Horror of the Deep ( 1966 ) Son of Godzilla ( 1967 ) Destroy All Monsters ( 1968 ) All Monsters Attack ( 1969 ) Godzilla vs. Hedorah ( 1971 ) Godzilla vs. Gigan ( 1972 ) Godzilla vs. Megalon ( 1973 ) Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla ( 1974 ) Terror of Mechagodzilla ( 1975 ) Heisei series The Return of Godzilla ( 1984 ) Godzilla vs. Biollante ( 1989 ) Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah ( 1991 ) Godzilla vs. Mothra ( 1992 ) Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II ( 1993 ) Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla ( 1994 ) Godzilla vs. Destoroyah ( 1995 ) Millennium series Godzilla 2000 ( 1999 ) Godzilla vs. Megaguirus ( 2000 ) Godzilla , Mothra and King Ghidorah : Giant Monsters All - Out Attack ( 2001 ) Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla ( 2002 ) Godzilla : Tokyo S.O.S. ( 2003 ) Godzilla : Final Wars ( 2004 ) Current series Shin Godzilla ( 2016 ) Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( 2017 ) Godzilla : City on the Edge of Battle ( 2018 ) Godzilla : The Planet Eater ( 2018 ) American films Adaptations Godzilla , King of the Monsters ! ( 1956 ) King Kong vs. Godzilla ( 1963 ) Godzilla 1985 ( 1985 ) TriStar Pictures Godzilla ( 1998 ) Legendary Pictures Godzilla ( 2014 ) Godzilla : King of the Monsters ( 2019 ) Godzilla vs. Kong ( 2020 ) Toho Television Ike ! Godman ( 1972 - 1973 ) Ike ! Greenman ( 1973 - 1974 ) Zone Fighter ( 1973 ) Godzilla Island ( 1997 -- 1998 ) American Television Godzilla ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Godzilla : The Series ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Video games List of Godzilla games ( 1983 -- present ) Miscellaneous Godzilla in popular culture Comics Locations The Movie Monster Game Battle Soccer : Champions of the Field Godzilla Game Aliens Godzilla ( Scott Ciencin series ) Godzilla ( Marc Cerasini series ) Bambi Meets Godzilla Godzilla vs. Charles Barkley Gotengo Miki Saegusa Monsterland and Monster Island Monster Planet of Godzilla Super X Toho Oxygen Destroyer King Kong Godzilla ( song ) Main Theme Godzilla : The Album Godzilla March SciFi Japan TV MonsterVerse Kaiju Godzilla Anguirus Rodan Moguera Varan Mothra King Kong Manda Dogora King Ghidorah Baragon Frankenstein Gaira Sanda Ebirah Mechani - Kong Gorosaurus Kamacuras Kumonga Minilla Gezora Kamoebas Hedorah Gigan Megalon Jet Jaguar King Caesar Mechagodzilla Titanosaurus Biollante Mecha - King Ghidorah Battra Godzilla Junior Bagan SpaceGodzilla Destoroyah Dagahra Orga Megaguirus Kiryu Zilla Monster X Krystalak Obsidius MUTO Trilopod Magita Related films Rodan ( 1956 ) The Mysterians ( 1957 ) Varan the Unbelievable ( 1958 ) Battle in Outer Space ( 1959 ) Mothra ( 1961 ) Gorath ( 1962 ) Atragon ( 1963 ) Dogora ( 1964 ) Frankenstein Conquers the World ( 1965 ) The War of the Gargantuas ( 1966 ) King Kong Escapes ( 1967 ) Latitude Zero ( 1969 ) Space Amoeba ( 1970 ) The War in Space ( 1977 ) Gunhed ( 1989 ) Yamato Takeru ( 1994 ) Rebirth of Mothra ( 1996 ) Rebirth of Mothra II ( 1997 ) Rebirth of Mothra III ( 1998 ) Chousei Kantai Sazer - X the Movie : Fight ! Star Warriors ( 2005 ) Always : Sunset on Third Street 2 ( 2007 ) Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) See also Gamera Ultraman Ultra Series The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms Godzilla : King of the Monsters in 3D Gojirasaurus Gorgo The Giant Behemoth Jana of the Jungle Reptilicus Yongary : Monster from the Deep Book Category King Kong Films King Kong ( 1933 ) Son of Kong ( 1933 ) King Kong vs. Godzilla ( 1962 ) King Kong Escapes ( 1967 ) King Kong ( 1976 ) King Kong Lives ( 1986 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) Kong : Skull Island ( 2017 ) Godzilla vs. Kong ( 2020 ) Related films Creation ( unfinished ) Wasei Kingu Kongu ( 1933 ) King Kong Appears in Edo ( 1938 ) Mighty Joe Young ( 1949 ) Queen Kong ( 1976 ) Bye Bye Monkey ( 1978 ) Mighty Joe Young ( 1998 ) Rampage ( 2018 ) Stage King Kong ( 2013 ) Animation The King Kong Show ( 1966 -- 1969 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Kong : The Animated Series ( 2000 - 2001 ) Kong : King of the Apes ( 2016 ) Video games King Kong 2 : Ikari no Megaton Punch ( 1986 ) King Kong 2 : Yomigaeru Densetsu ( 1986 ) Peter Jackson 's King Kong ( 2005 ) Characters King Kong Carl Denham Jack Driscoll Mechani - Kong Gorosaurus Godzilla Attractions King Kong Encounter ( 1986 ) Kongfrontation ( 1990 ) King Kong : 360 3 - D ( 2010 ) Skull Island : Reign of Kong ( 2016 ) Miscellaneous Comics Popular culture Skull Island Universal City Studios , Inc. v. Nintendo Co. , Ltd . King Kong vs. Tarzan Tarzan and Jane ( 2017 series ) Kaiju Godzilla MonsterVerse Monsterland and Monster Island Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MonsterVerse&oldid=866409416 '' Categories : American disaster films American films English - language films Fictional universes Film series Godzilla Kaiju Kaiju films King Kong films Media franchises introduced in 2014 MonsterVerse Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული მარგალური 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 04 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when did the great fire of london happen

The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London from Sunday , 2 September to Wednesday , 5 September 1666 . The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall . It threatened but did not reach the aristocratic district of Westminster , Charles II 's Palace of Whitehall , and most of the suburban slums . It consumed 13,200 houses , 87 parish churches , St Paul 's Cathedral , and most of the buildings of the City authorities . It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City 's 80,000 inhabitants .

Sunday , 2 September|Wednesday , 5 September 1666

Great fire of London

great fire of london

The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London from Sunday , 2 September to Wednesday , 5 September 1666 . The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall . It threatened but did not reach the aristocratic district of Westminster , Charles II 's Palace of Whitehall , and most of the suburban slums . It consumed 13,200 houses , 87 parish churches , St Paul 's Cathedral , and most of the buildings of the City authorities . It is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the City 's 80,000 inhabitants .

The death toll is unknown but traditionally thought to have been small , as only six verified deaths were recorded . This reasoning has recently been challenged on the grounds that the deaths of poor and middle - class people were not recorded , while the heat of the fire may have cremated many victims , leaving no recognisable remains . A melted piece of pottery on display at the Museum of London found by archaeologists in Pudding Lane , where the fire started , shows that the temperature reached 1250 ° C . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and consequences of the fire 2 London in the 1660s 2.1 Fire hazards in the city 2.2 17th century firefighting 3 Failures in fighting the fire 4 Development of the fire 4.1 Sunday morning 4.2 Sunday afternoon 4.3 Monday 4.3. 1 Suspicion and fear 4.4 Tuesday 4.5 Wednesday 5 Deaths and destruction 6 Aftermath 7 In culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Origin and consequences of the fire ( edit ) The Great Fire started at the bakery ( or baker 's house ) of Thomas Farriner ( or Farynor ) on Pudding Lane shortly after midnight on Sunday , 2 September and spread rapidly west across the City of London . The major firefighting technique of the time was to create firebreaks by means of demolition ; this , however , was critically delayed owing to the indecisiveness of Lord Mayor of London Sir Thomas Bloodworth . By the time that large - scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night , the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm that defeated such measures . The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City . Order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires . The fears of the homeless focused on the French and Dutch , England 's enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo - Dutch War ; these substantial immigrant groups became victims of lynchings and street violence . On Tuesday , the fire spread over most of the City , destroying St Paul 's Cathedral and leaping the River Fleet to threaten Charles II 's court at Whitehall , while coordinated firefighting efforts were simultaneously mobilising . The battle to quench the fire is considered to have been won by two factors : the strong east winds died down , and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks to halt further spread eastward . The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming . Evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II , who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees . Despite numerous radical proposals , London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire . London in the 1660s ( edit ) Central London in 1666 , with the burnt area shown in pink . By the 1660s , London was by far the largest city in Britain , estimated at half a million inhabitants . John Evelyn , comparing London to the Baroque magnificence of Paris , called it a `` wooden , northern , and inartificial congestion of Houses '' , and expressed alarm about the fire hazards posed by the wood and the congestion . By `` inartificial '' , Evelyn meant unplanned and makeshift , the result of organic growth and unregulated urban sprawl . London had been a Roman settlement for four centuries and had become progressively more crowded inside its defensive city wall . It had also pushed outwards beyond the wall into squalid extramural slums such as Shoreditch , Holborn , and Southwark , and had reached far enough to include the independent City of Westminster . By the late 17th century , the City proper -- the area bounded by the City wall and the River Thames -- was only a part of London , covering some 700 acres ( 2.8 km ; 1.1 sq mi ) , and home to about 80,000 people , or one sixth of London 's inhabitants . The City was surrounded by a ring of inner suburbs where most Londoners lived . The City was then , as now , the commercial heart of the capital , and was the largest market and busiest port in England , dominated by the trading and manufacturing classes . The aristocracy shunned the City and lived either in the countryside beyond the slum suburbs , or in the exclusive Westminster district ( the modern West End ) , the site of Charles II 's court at Whitehall . Wealthy people preferred to live at a convenient distance from the traffic - clogged , polluted , unhealthy City , especially after it was hit by a devastating outbreak of bubonic plague in the Plague Year of 1665 . The relationship was often tense between the City and the Crown . The City of London had been a stronghold of republicanism during the Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) , and the wealthy and economically dynamic capital still had the potential to be a threat to Charles II , as had been demonstrated by several republican uprisings in London in the early 1660s . The City magistrates were of the generation that had fought in the Civil War , and could remember how Charles I 's grab for absolute power had led to that national trauma . They were determined to thwart any similar tendencies in his son , and when the Great Fire threatened the City , they refused the offers that Charles made of soldiers and other resources . Even in such an emergency , the idea of having the unpopular Royal troops ordered into the City was political dynamite . By the time that Charles took over command from the ineffectual Lord Mayor , the fire was already out of control . A Panorama of the City of London in 1616 by Claes Visscher . The tenement housing on London Bridge ( far right ) was a notorious death - trap in case of fire , although much would be destroyed in an earlier fire in 1632 . Fire hazards in the City ( edit ) Charles II . The City was essentially medieval in its street plan , an overcrowded warren of narrow , winding , cobbled alleys . It had experienced several major fires before 1666 , the most recent in 1632 . Building with wood and roofing with thatch had been prohibited for centuries , but these cheap materials continued to be used . The only major stone - built area was the wealthy centre of the City , where the mansions of the merchants and brokers stood on spacious lots , surrounded by an inner ring of overcrowded poorer parishes whose every inch of building space was used to accommodate the rapidly growing population . These parishes contained workplaces , many of which were fire hazards -- foundries , smithies , glaziers -- which were theoretically illegal in the City but tolerated in practice . The human habitations were crowded to bursting point , intermingled with these sources of heat , sparks , and pollution , and their construction increased the fire risk . The typical six - or seven - storey timbered London tenement houses had `` jetties '' ( projecting upper floors ) . They had a narrow footprint at ground level , but maximised their use of land by `` encroaching '' on the street , as a contemporary observer put it , with the gradually increasing size of their upper storeys . The fire hazard was well perceived when the top jetties all but met across the narrow alleys ; `` as it does facilitate a conflagration , so does it also hinder the remedy '' , wrote one observer -- but `` the covetousness of the citizens and connivancy ( corruption ) of Magistrates '' worked in favour of jetties . In 1661 , Charles II issued a proclamation forbidding overhanging windows and jetties , but this was largely ignored by the local government . Charles 's next , sharper message in 1665 warned of the risk of fire from the narrowness of the streets and authorised both imprisonment of recalcitrant builders and demolition of dangerous buildings . It , too , had little impact . The river front was important in the development of the Great Fire . The Thames offered water for firefighting and the chance of escape by boat , but the poorer districts along the riverfront had stores and cellars of combustibles which increased the fire risk . All along the wharves , the rickety wooden tenements and tar paper shacks of the poor were shoehorned amongst `` old paper buildings and the most combustible matter of tarr , pitch , hemp , rosen , and flax which was all layd up thereabouts . '' London was also full of black powder , especially along the river front . Much of it was left in the homes of private citizens from the days of the English Civil War , as the former members of Oliver Cromwell 's New Model Army still retained their muskets and the powder with which to load them . Five to six hundred tons of powder was stored in the Tower of London . The ship chandlers along the wharves also held large stocks , stored in wooden barrels . 17th century firefighting ( edit ) `` Firehooks '' used to fight a fire at Tiverton in Devon , England , 1612 . Fires were common in the crowded wood - built city with its open fireplaces , candles , ovens , and stores of combustibles . There was no police or fire brigade to call , but London 's local militia , known as the Trained Bands , was available for general emergencies , at least in principle , and watching for fire was one of the jobs of the watch , a thousand watchmen or `` bellmen '' who patrolled the streets at night . Self - reliant community procedures were in place for dealing with fires , and they were usually effective . Public - spirited citizens would be alerted to a dangerous house fire by muffled peals on the church bells , and would congregate hastily to fight the fire . The methods available for this relied on demolition and water . By law , the tower of every parish church had to hold equipment for these efforts : long ladders , leather buckets , axes , and `` firehooks '' for pulling down buildings ( see illustration right , see also pike pole ) . Sometimes taller buildings were levelled to the ground quickly and effectively by means of controlled gunpowder explosions . This drastic method of creating firebreaks was increasingly used towards the end of the Great Fire , and modern historians believe that it was what finally won the struggle . Failures in fighting the fire ( edit ) An advertisement for a comparatively small and manoeuvrable seventeenth - century fire engine on wheels : `` These Engins , ( which are the best ) to quinch great Fires ; are made by John Keeling in Black Fryers ( after many years ' Experience ) . '' London Bridge was the only physical connection between the City and the south side of the river Thames and was itself covered with houses . It had been noted as a deathtrap in the fire of 1632 and , by dawn on Sunday , these houses were burning . Samuel Pepys observed the conflagration from the Tower of London and recorded great concern for friends living on the bridge . There were fears that the flames would cross London Bridge to threaten the borough of Southwark on the south bank , but this danger was averted by an open space between buildings on the bridge which acted as a firebreak . The 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) high Roman wall enclosing the City put the fleeing homeless at risk of being shut into the inferno . Once the riverfront was on fire and the escape route cut off by boat , the only exits were the eight gates in the wall . During the first couple of days , few people had any notion of fleeing the burning City altogether . They would remove what they could carry of their belongings to the nearest `` safe house '' , in many cases the parish church or the precincts of St Paul 's Cathedral , only to have to move again hours later . Some moved their belongings and themselves `` four and five times '' in a single day . The perception of a need to get beyond the walls only took root late on the Monday , and then there were near - panic scenes at the narrow gates as distraught refugees tried to get out with their bundles , carts , horses , and wagons . The crucial factor which frustrated firefighting efforts was the narrowness of the streets . Even under normal circumstances , the mix of carts , wagons , and pedestrians in the undersized alleys was subject to frequent traffic jams and gridlock . During the fire , the passages were additionally blocked by refugees camping in them amongst their rescued belongings , or escaping outwards , away from the centre of destruction , as demolition teams and fire engine crews struggled in vain to move in towards it . Demolishing the houses downwind of a dangerous fire was often an effective way of containing the destruction by means of firehooks or explosives . This time , however , demolition was fatally delayed for hours by the Lord Mayor 's lack of leadership and failure to give the necessary orders . By the time that orders came directly from the King to `` spare no houses '' , the fire had devoured many more houses , and the demolition workers could no longer get through the crowded streets . The use of water to extinguish the fire was also frustrated . In principle , water was available from a system of elm pipes which supplied 30,000 houses via a high water tower at Cornhill , filled from the river at high tide , and also via a reservoir of Hertfordshire spring water in Islington . It was often possible to open a pipe near a burning building and connect it to a hose to play on a fire or fill buckets . Further , Pudding Lane was close to the river . Theoretically , all the lanes from the river up to the bakery and adjoining buildings should have been manned with double rows of firefighters passing full buckets up to the fire and empty buckets back down to the river . This did not happen , or at least was no longer happening by the time that Pepys viewed the fire from the river at mid-morning on the Sunday . Pepys comments in his diary that nobody was trying to put it out , but instead they fled from it in fear , hurrying `` to remove their goods , and leave all to the fire . '' The flames crept towards the river front with little interference from the overwhelmed community and soon torched the flammable warehouses along the wharves . The resulting conflagration cut off the firefighters from the immediate water supply from the river and set alight the water wheels under London Bridge which pumped water to the Cornhill water tower ; the direct access to the river and the supply of piped water failed together . London possessed advanced fire - fighting technology in the form of fire engines , which had been used in earlier large - scale fires . However , unlike the useful firehooks , these large pumps had rarely proved flexible or functional enough to make much difference . Only some of them had wheels ; others were mounted on wheelless sleds . They had to be brought a long way , tended to arrive too late , and had limited reach , with spouts but no delivery hoses . On this occasion , an unknown number of fire engines were either wheeled or dragged through the streets , some from across the City . The piped water had already failed which they were designed to use , but parts of the river bank could still be reached . Gangs of men tried desperately to manoeuvre the engines right up to the river to fill their reservoirs , and several of the engines toppled into the Thames . The heat from the flames by then was too great for the remaining engines to get within a useful distance ; they could not even get into Pudding Lane . Development of the fire ( edit ) The personal experiences of many Londoners during the fire are glimpsed in letters and memoirs . The two best - known diarists of the Restoration are Samuel Pepys ( 1633 -- 1703 ) and John Evelyn ( 1620 -- 1706 ) , and both recorded the events and their own reactions day by day , and made great efforts to keep themselves informed of what was happening all over the City and beyond . For example , they both travelled out to the Moorfields park area north of the City on the Wednesday -- the fourth day -- to view the mighty encampment of distressed refugees there , which shocked them . Their diaries are the most important sources for all modern retellings of the disaster . Books on the fire by Tinniswood ( 2003 ) and Hanson ( 2001 ) also rely on the brief memoirs of William Taswell ( 1651 -- 82 ) , who was a fourteen year - old schoolboy at Westminster School in 1666 . Sunday morning ( edit ) Approximate damage by the evening of Sunday , 2 September `` It made me weep to see it . '' Samuel Pepys ( 1633 -- 1703 ) painted by John Hayls in 1666 , the year of the Great Fire . After two rainy summers in 1664 and 1665 , London had lain under an exceptional drought since November 1665 , and the wooden buildings were tinder - dry after the long hot summer of 1666 . A fire broke out at Thomas Farriner 's bakery in Pudding Lane a little after midnight on Sunday 2 September . The family was trapped upstairs but managed to climb from an upstairs window to the house next door , except for a maidservant who was too frightened to try , who became the first victim . The neighbours tried to help douse the fire ; after an hour , the parish constables arrived and judged that the adjoining houses had better be demolished to prevent further spread . The householders protested , and Lord Mayor Sir Thomas Bloodworth was summoned , who alone had the authority to override their wishes . When Bloodworth arrived , the flames were consuming the adjoining houses and creeping towards the paper warehouses and flammable stores on the river front . The more experienced firemen were clamouring for demolition , but Bloodworth refused on the grounds that most premises were rented and the owners could not be found . Bloodworth is generally thought to have been appointed to the office of Lord Mayor as a yes man , rather than by possessing requisite capabilities for the job . He panicked when faced with a sudden emergency and , when pressed , made the oft - quoted remark , `` Pish ! A woman could piss it out '' , and left . After the City had been destroyed , Samuel Pepys looked back on the events and wrote in his diary on 7 September 1666 : `` People do all the world over cry out of the simplicity ( the stupidity ) of my Lord Mayor in general ; and more particularly in this business of the fire , laying it all upon him . '' Pepys was a senior official in the Navy Office by then , and he ascended the Tower of London on Sunday morning to view the fire from a turret . He recorded in his diary that the eastern gale had turned it into a conflagration . It had burned down several churches and , he estimated , 300 houses and reached the river front . The houses on London Bridge were burning . He took a boat to inspect the destruction around Pudding Lane at close range and describes a `` lamentable '' fire , `` everybody endeavouring to remove their goods , and flinging into the river or bringing them into lighters that lay off ; poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them , and then running into boats , or clambering from one pair of stairs by the water - side to another . '' Pepys continued westward on the river to the court at Whitehall , `` where people come about me , and did give them an account dismayed them all , and word was carried in to the King . So I was called for , and did tell the King and Duke of Yorke what I saw , and that unless His Majesty did command houses to be pulled down nothing could stop the fire . They seemed much troubled , and the King commanded me to go to my Lord Mayor from him , and command him to spare no houses , but to pull down before the fire every way . '' Charles ' brother James , Duke of York offered the use of the Royal Life Guards to help fight the fire . Young schoolboy William Taswell had bolted from the early morning service in Westminster Abbey . He saw some refugees arrive in hired lighter boats near Westminster Stairs , a mile west of Pudding Lane , unclothed and covered only with blankets . The services of the lightermen had suddenly become extremely expensive , and only the luckiest refugees secured a place in a boat . Sunday afternoon ( edit ) The fire spread quickly in the high wind and , by mid-morning on Sunday , people abandoned attempts at extinguishing it and fled . The moving human mass and their bundles and carts made the lanes impassable for firemen and carriages . Pepys took a coach back into the city from Whitehall , but only reached St Paul 's Cathedral before he had to get out and walk . Pedestrians with handcarts and goods were still on the move away from the fire , heavily weighed down . The parish churches not directly threatened were filling up with furniture and valuables , which soon had to be moved further afield . Pepys found Bloodworth trying to co-ordinate the fire - fighting efforts and near to collapse , `` like a fainting woman '' , crying out plaintively in response to the King 's message that he was pulling down houses . `` But the fire overtakes us faster then ( sic ) we can do it . '' Holding on to his civic dignity , he refused James 's offer of soldiers and then went home to bed . King Charles II sailed down from Whitehall in the Royal barge to inspect the scene . He found that houses were still not being pulled down , in spite of Bloodworth 's assurances to Pepys , and daringly overrode the authority of Bloodworth to order wholesale demolitions west of the fire zone . The delay rendered these measures largely futile , as the fire was already out of control . By Sunday afternoon , 18 hours after the alarm was raised in Pudding Lane , the fire had become a raging firestorm that created its own weather . A tremendous uprush of hot air above the flames was driven by the chimney effect wherever constrictions narrowed the air current , such as the constricted space between jettied buildings , and this left a vacuum at ground level . The resulting strong inward winds did not tend to put the fire out , as might be thought ; instead , they supplied fresh oxygen to the flames , and the turbulence created by the uprush made the wind veer erratically both north and south of the main easterly direction of the gale which was still blowing . Pepys went again on the river in the early evening with his wife and some friends , `` and to the fire up and down , it still encreasing '' . They ordered the boatman to go `` so near the fire as we could for smoke ; and all over the Thames , with one 's face in the wind , you were almost burned with a shower of firedrops '' . When the `` firedrops '' became unbearable , the party went on to an alehouse on the South Bank and stayed there till darkness came and they could see the fire on London Bridge and across the river , `` as only one entire arch of fire from this to the other side of the bridge , and in a bow up the hill for an arch of above a mile long : it made me weep to see it '' . Pepys described this arch of fire as `` a bow with God 's arrow in it with a shining point '' . Monday ( edit ) The London Gazette for 3 -- 10 September , facsimile front page with an account of the Great Fire . Click on the image to enlarge and read . The fire was principally expanding north and west by dawn on Monday , 3 September , the turbulence of the fire storm pushing the flames both farther south and farther north than the day before . The spread to the south was mostly halted by the river , but it had torched the houses on London Bridge and was threatening to cross the bridge and endanger the borough of Southwark on the south bank of the river . Southwark was preserved by a pre-existent firebreak on the bridge , a long gap between the buildings which had saved the south side of the Thames in the fire of 1632 and now did so again . Flying embers started a fire in Southwark but it was quickly stopped . The fire 's spread to the north reached the financial heart of the City . The houses of the bankers in Lombard Street began to burn on Monday afternoon , prompting a rush to get their stacks of gold coins to safety before they melted away , so crucial to the wealth of the city and the nation . Several observers emphasise the despair and helplessness which seemed to seize Londoners on this second day , and the lack of efforts to save the wealthy , fashionable districts which were now menaced by the flames , such as the Royal Exchange -- combined bourse and shopping centre -- and the opulent consumer goods shops in Cheapside . The Royal Exchange caught fire in the late afternoon , and was a smoking shell within a few hours . John Evelyn , courtier and diarist , wrote : `` The conflagration was so universal , and the people so astonished , that from the beginning , I know not by what despondency or fate , they hardly stirred to quench it , so that there was nothing heard or seen but crying out and lamentation , running about like distracted creatures without at all attempting to save even their goods , such a strange consternation there was upon them . '' Evelyn lived in Deptford , four miles ( 6 km ) outside the City , and so he did not see the early stages of the disaster . He went by coach to Southwark on Monday , joining many other upper - class people , to see the view which Pepys had seen the day before of the burning City across the river . The conflagration was much larger now : `` the whole City in dreadful flames near the water - side ; all the houses from the Bridge , all Thames - street , and upwards towards Cheapside , down to the Three Cranes , were now consumed '' . In the evening , Evelyn reported that the river was covered with barges and boats making their escape piled with goods . He observed a great exodus of carts and pedestrians through the bottleneck City gates , making for the open fields to the north and east , `` which for many miles were strewed with moveables of all sorts , and tents erecting to shelter both people and what goods they could get away . Oh , the miserable and calamitous spectacle ! '' Approximate damage by the evening of Monday , 3 September John Evelyn ( 1620 -- 1706 ) in 1651 . Suspicion and fear ( edit ) Suspicion soon arose in the threatened city that the fire was no accident . The swirling winds carried sparks and burning flakes long distances to lodge on thatched roofs and in wooden gutters , causing seemingly unrelated house fires to break out far from their source and giving rise to rumours that fresh fires were being set on purpose . Foreigners were immediately suspects because of the current Second Anglo - Dutch War . Fear and suspicion hardened into certainty on Monday , as reports circulated of imminent invasion and of foreign undercover agents seen casting `` fireballs '' into houses , or caught with hand grenades or matches . There was a wave of street violence . William Taswell saw a mob loot the shop of a French painter and level it to the ground , and watched in horror as a blacksmith walked up to a Frenchman in the street and hit him over the head with an iron bar . The fears of terrorism received an extra boost from the disruption of communications and news as facilities were devoured by the fire . The General Letter Office in Threadneedle Street burned down early on Monday morning , through which post passed for the entire country . The London Gazette just managed to put out its Monday issue before the printer 's premises went up in flames . The whole nation depended on these communications , and the void which they left filled up with rumours . There were also religious alarms of renewed Gunpowder Plots . Suspicions rose to panic and collective paranoia on Monday , and both the Trained Bands and the Coldstream Guards focused less on fire fighting and more on rounding up foreigners , Catholics , and any odd - looking people , arresting them or rescuing them from mobs , or both together . The inhabitants were growing desperate to remove their belongings from the City , especially the upper class . This provided a source of income for the able - bodied poor , who hired out as porters ( sometimes simply making off with the goods ) , and it was especially profitable for the owners of carts and boats . Hiring a cart had cost a couple of shillings on the Saturday before the fire ; on Monday , it rose to as much as £ 40 , a fortune equivalent to more than £ 4,000 in 2005 . Seemingly every cart and boat owner within reach of London made their way towards the City to share in these opportunities , the carts jostling at the narrow gates with the panicked inhabitants trying to get out . The chaos at the gates was such that the magistrates ordered the gates shut on Monday afternoon , in the hope of turning the inhabitants ' attention from safeguarding their own possessions to fighting the fire : `` that , no hopes of saving any things left , they might have more desperately endeavoured the quenching of the fire . '' This headlong and unsuccessful measure was rescinded the next day . Monday marked the beginning of organised action , even as order broke down in the streets , especially at the gates , and the fire raged unchecked . Bloodworth was responsible as Lord Mayor for co-ordinating the fire - fighting , but he had apparently left the City ; his name is not mentioned in any contemporaneous accounts of the Monday 's events . In this state of emergency , Charles again overrode the City authorities and put his brother James , Duke of York in charge of operations . James set up command posts round the perimeter of the fire , press - ganging into teams of well - paid and well - fed firemen any men of the lower classes found in the streets . Three courtiers were put in charge of each post , with authority from Charles himself to order demolitions . This visible gesture of solidarity from the Crown was intended to cut through the citizens ' misgivings about being held financially responsible for pulling down houses . James and his life guards rode up and down the streets all Monday , rescuing foreigners from the mob and attempting to keep order . `` The Duke of York hath won the hearts of the people with his continual and indefatigable pains day and night in helping to quench the Fire , '' wrote a witness in a letter on 8 September . On Monday evening , hopes were dashed that the massive stone walls of Baynard 's Castle , Blackfriars would stay the course of the flames , the western counterpart of the Tower of London . This historic royal palace was completely consumed , burning all night . A contemporary account said that King Charles in person worked manually , that day or later , to help throw water on flames and to help demolish buildings to make a firebreak . Tuesday ( edit ) Tuesday , 4 September was the day of greatest destruction . The Duke of York 's command post at Temple Bar , where Strand meets Fleet Street , was supposed to stop the fire 's westward advance towards the Palace of Whitehall . He hoped that the River Fleet would form a natural firebreak , making a stand with his firemen from the Fleet Bridge and down to the Thames . However , early on Tuesday morning , the flames jumped over the Fleet and outflanked them , driven by the unabated easterly gale , forcing them to run for it . There was consternation at the palace as the fire continued implacably westward ; `` Oh , the confusion there was then at that court ! '' wrote Evelyn . Ludgate in flames , with St Paul 's Cathedral in the distance ( square tower without the spire ) now catching flames . Oil painting by anonymous artist , ca . 1670 . Working to a plan at last , James 's firefighters had also created a large firebreak to the north of the conflagration . It contained the fire until late afternoon , when the flames leapt across and began to destroy the wide , affluent luxury shopping street of Cheapside . Everybody had thought St. Paul 's Cathedral a safe refuge , with its thick stone walls and natural firebreak in the form of a wide , empty surrounding plaza . It had been crammed full of rescued goods and its crypt filled with the tightly packed stocks of the printers and booksellers in adjoining Paternoster Row . However , an enormous stroke of bad luck meant that the building was covered in wooden scaffolding , undergoing piecemeal restoration by a relatively unknown Christopher Wren . The scaffolding caught fire on Tuesday night . Leaving school , young William Taswell stood on Westminster Stairs a mile away and watched as the flames crept round the cathedral and the burning scaffolding ignited the timbered roof beams . Within half an hour , the lead roof was melting , and the books and papers in the crypt caught with a roar . `` The stones of Paul 's flew like grenados , '' reported Evelyn in his diary , `` the melting lead running down the streets in a stream , and the very pavements glowing with fiery redness , so as no horse , nor man , was able to tread on them . '' The cathedral was quickly a ruin . During the day , the flames began to move eastward from the neighbourhood of Pudding Lane , straight against the prevailing east wind and towards Pepys 's home on Seething Lane and the Tower of London with its gunpowder stores . The garrison at the Tower took matters into their own hands after waiting all day for requested help from James 's official firemen who were busy in the west . They created firebreaks by blowing up houses on a large scale in the vicinity , halting the advance of the fire . In a letter to William Coventry , Pepys wrote that he `` saw how horribly the sky looks , all on a fire in the night , was ( sic ) enough to put us out of our wits ; and , indeed , it was extremely dreadful , for it looks just as if it was at us , and the whole heaven on fire . '' Wednesday ( edit ) Approximate damage by the evening of Tuesday , 4 September . The fire did not spread significantly on Wednesday , 5 September . James , Duke of York , later James II . The wind dropped on Tuesday evening , and the firebreaks created by the garrison finally began to take effect on Wednesday 5 September . Stopping the fire caused much fire and demolition damage in the lawyers ' area called the Temple . Pepys walked all over the smouldering city , getting his feet hot , and climbed the steeple of Barking Church , from which he viewed the destroyed City , `` the saddest sight of desolation that I ever saw . '' There were many separate fires still burning themselves out , but the Great Fire was over . Pepys visited Moorfields , a large public park immediately north of the City , and saw a great encampment of homeless refugees , `` poor wretches carrying their good there , and every body keeping his goods together by themselves '' . He noted that the price of bread had doubled in the environs of the park . Evelyn also went out to Moorfields , which was turning into the main point of assembly for the homeless , and was horrified at the numbers of distressed people filling it , some under tents , others in makeshift shacks : `` Many ( were ) without a rag or any necessary utensils , bed or board ... reduced to extremest misery and poverty . '' Evelyn was impressed by the pride of these distressed Londoners , `` tho ' ready to perish for hunger and destitution , yet not asking one pennie for relief . '' Fears were as high as ever among the traumatised fire victims , fear of foreign arsonists and of a French and Dutch invasion . There was an outbreak of general panic on Wednesday night in the encampments at Parliament Hill , Moorfields , and Islington . A light in the sky over Fleet Street started a story that 50,000 French and Dutch immigrants had risen , widely rumoured to have started the fire , and were marching towards Moorfields to finish what the fire had begun : to cut the men 's throats , rape the women , and steal their few possessions . Surging into the streets , the frightened mob fell on any foreigners whom they happened to encounter , and were only appeased , according to Evelyn , `` with infinite pains and great difficulty '' and pushed back into the fields by the Trained Bands , troops of Life Guards , and members of the court . The mood was now so volatile that Charles feared a full - scale London rebellion against the monarchy . Food production and distribution had been disrupted to the point of non-existence ; Charles announced that supplies of bread would be brought into the City every day , and safe markets set up round the perimeter . These markets were for buying and selling ; there was no question of distributing emergency aid . Deaths and destruction ( edit ) James Shirley The LONDONERS Lamentation , a broadside ballad published in 1666 giving an account of the fire , and of the limits of its destruction . Click on the image to enlarge and read . Only a few deaths from the fire are officially recorded , and deaths are traditionally believed to have been few . Porter gives the figure as eight and Tinniswood as `` in single figures '' , although he adds that some deaths must have gone unrecorded and that , besides direct deaths from burning and smoke inhalation , refugees also perished in the impromptu camps . Hanson takes issue with the idea that there were only a few deaths , enumerating known deaths from hunger and exposure among survivors of the fire , `` huddled in shacks or living among the ruins that had once been their homes '' in the cold winter that followed , including , for instance , dramatist James Shirley and his wife . Hanson also maintains that `` it stretches credulity to believe that the only papists or foreigners being beaten to death or lynched were the ones rescued by the Duke of York '' , that official figures say very little about the fate of the undocumented poor , and that the heat at the heart of the firestorms was far greater than an ordinary house fire , and was enough to consume bodies fully or leave only a few skeletal fragments . The fire was fed not merely by wood , fabrics , and thatch , Hanson points out , but also by the oil , pitch , coal , tallow , fats , sugar , alcohol , turpentine , and gunpowder stored in the riverside district . It melted the imported steel lying along the wharves ( melting point between 1,250 and 1,480 ° C ( 2,300 and 2,700 ° F ) ) and the great iron chains and locks on the City gates ( melting point between 1,100 and 1,650 ° C ( 2,000 and 3000 ° F ) ) . Nor would anonymous bone fragments have been of much interest to the hungry people sifting through the tens of thousands of tons of rubble and debris after the fire , looking for valuables , or to the workmen clearing away the rubble later during the rebuilding . Hanson appeals to common sense and `` the experience of every other major urban fire down the centuries '' , emphasising that the fire attacked the rotting tenements of the poor with furious speed , surely trapping at the very least `` the old , the very young , the halt and the lame '' and burying the dust and ashes of their bones under the rubble of cellars , producing a death toll not of four or eight , but of `` several hundred and quite possibly several thousand . '' The material destruction has been computed at 13,500 houses , 87 parish churches , 44 Company Halls , the Royal Exchange , the Custom House , St Paul 's Cathedral , the Bridewell Palace and other City prisons , the General Letter Office , and the three western city gates -- Ludgate , Newgate , and Aldersgate . The monetary value of the loss , first estimated at £ 100,000,000 in the currency of the time , was later reduced to an uncertain £ 10,000,000 ( over £ 1 billion in 2005 pounds ) . Evelyn believed that he saw as many as `` 200,000 people of all ranks and stations dispersed , and lying along their heaps of what they could save '' in the fields towards Islington and Highgate . Aftermath ( edit ) John Evelyn 's plan , never carried out , for rebuilding a radically different City of London . An example of the urge to identify scapegoats for the fire is the acceptance of the confession of a simple - minded French watchmaker named Robert Hubert , who claimed that he was an agent of the Pope and had started the Great Fire in Westminster . He later changed his story to say that he had started the fire at the bakery in Pudding Lane . Hubert was convicted , despite some misgivings about his fitness to plead , and hanged at Tyburn on 28 September 1666 . After his death , it became apparent that he had been on board a ship in the North Sea , and had not arrived in London until two days after the fire started . These allegations that Catholics had started the fire were exploited as powerful political propaganda by opponents of pro-Catholic Charles II 's court , mostly during the Popish Plot and the exclusion crisis later in his reign . Abroad in the Netherlands , the Great Fire of London was seen as a divine retribution for Holmes 's Bonfire , the burning by the English of a Dutch town during the Second Anglo - Dutch War . On 5 October , Marc Antonio Giustinian , Venetian Ambassador in France , reported to the Doge of Venice and the Senate , that Louis XIV announced that he would not `` have any rejoicings about it , being such a deplorable accident involving injury to so many unhappy people '' . Louis had made an offer to his aunt , the British Queen Henrietta Maria , to send food and whatever goods might be of aid in alleviating the plight of Londoners , yet he made no secret that he regarded `` the fire of London as a stroke of good fortune for him '' as it reduced the risk of French ships crossing the Channel and the North Sea being taken or sunk by the English fleet . Louis tried to take advantage but an attempt by a Franco - Dutch fleet to combine with a larger Dutch fleet ended in failure on 17 September when they encountered a larger English fleet led by Thomas Allin off Dungeness . Christopher Wren 's rejected plan for the rebuilding of London . In the chaos and unrest after the fire , Charles II feared another London rebellion . He encouraged the homeless to move away from London and settle elsewhere , immediately issuing a proclamation that `` all Cities and Towns whatsoever shall without any contradiction receive the said distressed persons and permit them the free exercise of their manual trades . '' A special Fire Court was set up to deal with disputes between tenants and landlords and decide who should rebuild , based on ability to pay . The Court was in session from February 1667 to September 1672 . Cases were heard and a verdict usually given within a day ; without the Fire Court , lengthy legal wrangles would have seriously delayed the rebuilding which was so necessary if London was to recover . Radical rebuilding schemes poured in for the gutted City and were encouraged by Charles . If it had been rebuilt under some of these plans , London would have rivalled Paris in Baroque magnificence ( see Evelyn 's plan on the right ) . The Crown and the City authorities attempted to establish `` to whom all the houses and ground did in truth belong '' to negotiate with their owners about compensation for the large - scale remodelling that these plans entailed , but that unrealistic idea had to be abandoned . Exhortations to bring workmen and measure the plots on which the houses had stood were mostly ignored by people worried about day - to - day survival , as well as by those who had left the capital ; for one thing , with the shortage of labour following the fire , it was impossible to secure workmen for the purpose . Apart from Wren and Evelyn , it is known that Robert Hooke , Valentine Knight , and Richard Newcourt proposed rebuilding plans . With the complexities of ownership unresolved , none of the grand Baroque schemes could be realised for a City of piazzas and avenues ; there was nobody to negotiate with , and no means of calculating how much compensation should be paid . Instead , much of the old street plan was recreated in the new City , with improvements in hygiene and fire safety : wider streets , open and accessible wharves along the length of the Thames , with no houses obstructing access to the river , and , most importantly , buildings constructed of brick and stone , not wood . New public buildings were created on their predecessors ' sites ; perhaps the most famous is St Paul 's Cathedral and its smaller cousins , Christopher Wren 's 50 new churches . Sir Christopher Wren The Monument to the Great Fire of London designed by Sir Christopher Wren On Charles ' initiative , a Monument to the Great Fire of London was erected near Pudding Lane , designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke , standing 61 metres ( 200 ft ) tall and known simply as `` The Monument '' . It is a familiar London landmark which has since given its name to a tube station . In 1668 , accusations against the Catholics were added to the inscription on the Monument which read , in part : `` Here by permission of heaven , hell broke loose upon this Protestant city ... the most dreadful Burning of this City ; begun and carried on by the treachery and malice of the Popish faction ... Popish frenzy which wrought such horrors , is not yet quenched ... '' The inscription remained in place until 1830 after the passage of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 , aside from the four years of James II 's rule from 1685 to 1689 . Another monument marks the spot where the fire stopped : the Golden Boy of Pye Corner in Smithfield . According to the inscription , it was evidence of God 's wrath on the City of London for the sin of gluttony that the fire started at Pudding Lane and stopped at Pye Corner . The Great Plague epidemic of 1665 is believed to have killed a sixth of London 's inhabitants , or 80,000 people , and it is sometimes suggested that the fire saved lives in the long run by burning down so much unsanitary housing with their rats and their fleas which transmitted the plague , as plague epidemics did not recur in London after the fire . Historians disagree as to whether the fire played a part in preventing subsequent major outbreaks . The Museum of London website claims that there was a connection , while historian Roy Porter points out that the fire left the most insalubrious parts of London , the slum suburbs , untouched . Following the Fire , the thoroughfares of Queen Street and King Street were newly laid out , cutting across more ancient thoroughfares in the City , creating a new route up from the Thames to the Guildhall ; they were the only notable new streets following the fire 's destruction of much of the City . In culture ( edit ) `` London 's Burning '' Play ( help info ) William Harrison Ainsworth 's novel Old St Paul 's is set during the events of the fire . The Great Fire was released on ITV television in 2014 . It was shown in four episodes . It constructs a fictional scenario involving the Pudding Lane baker 's family in an alleged popish plot . The round `` London 's Burning '' is said to be about the Great Fire . However , the first notation of a song in this theme dates from 1580 as `` Scotland 's Burning '' . See also ( edit ) List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London Notes ( edit ) See Category : Former buildings and structures in the City of London . Jump up ^ All dates are given according to the Julian calendar . Note that , when recording British history , it is usual to use the dates recorded at the time of the event . Any dates between 1 January and 25 March have their year adjusted to start on 1 January according to the New Style . Jump up ^ Porter , 69 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 4 , 101 . Jump up ^ `` Pottery '' . Museum of London . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Reddaway , 27 . Jump up ^ John Evelyn in 1659 , quoted in Tinniswood , 3 . The section `` London in the 1660s '' is based on Tinniswood , 1 -- 11 , unless otherwise indicated . ^ Jump up to : Porter , 80 . Jump up ^ 330 acres is the size of the area within the Roman wall , according to standard reference works ( see , for instance , Sheppard , 37 ) , although Tinniswood gives that area as a square mile ( 667 acres ) . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 80 . Jump up ^ See Hanson ( 2001 ) , 85 -- 88 , for the Republican temper of London . Jump up ^ Neil Wallington ( 2005 ) . In Case of Fire . Jeremy Mills Publishing . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9546484 - 6 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 77 -- 80 . The section `` Fire hazards in the City '' is based on Hanson ( 2001 ) , 77 -- 101 unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Rege Sincera ( pseudonym ) , Observations both Historical and Moral upon the Burning of London , September 1666 , quoted by Hanson ( 2001 ) , 80 . Jump up ^ Letter from an unknown correspondent to Lord Conway , September 1666 , quoted by Tinniswood , 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Neil Hanson ( 2011 ) . The Dreadful Judgement . Transworld . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4464 - 2193 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 82 . The section `` 17th century firefighting '' is based on Tinniswood , 46 -- 52 , and Hanson ( 2001 ) , 75 -- 78 unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ A firehook was a heavy pole perhaps 30 feet ( 9 m ) long with a strong hook and ring at one end , which would be attached to the roof trees of a threatened house and operated by means of ropes and pulleys to pull down the building . ( Tinniswood , 49 ) . Jump up ^ Reddaway , 25 . Jump up ^ All quotes from and details involving Samuel Pepys come from his diary entry for the day referred to . Jump up ^ Robinson , Bruce , `` London 's Burning : The Great Fire '' Jump up ^ Gough MSS London14 , the Bodleian Library , quoted by Hanson ( 2001 ) , 123 . Jump up ^ `` Bludworth 's failure of nerve was crucial '' ( Tinniswood , 52 ) . Jump up ^ See Robinson , London : Brighter Lights , Bigger City '' and Tinniswood , 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Compare Hanson ( 2001 ) , who claims that they had wheels ( 76 ) , and Tinniswood , who states that they did not ( 50 ) . Jump up ^ A patent had been granted in 1625 for the fire engines ; they were single - acting force pumps worked by long handles at the front and back ( Tinniswood , 50 ) . Jump up ^ The information in the day - by - day maps comes from Tinniswood , 58 , 77 , 97 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 44 : `` He did n't have the experience , the leadership skills or the natural authority to take charge of the situation . '' Jump up ^ Pepys ' diary , 2 September 1666 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 93 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 53 . Jump up ^ London Gazette , 3 September 1666 . Jump up ^ See firestorm and Hanson ( 2001 ) , 102 -- 105 . Jump up ^ The section `` Monday '' is based on Tinniswood , 58 -- 74 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Robinson , `` London 's Burning : The Great Fire '' . Jump up ^ All quotes from and details involving John Evelyn come from his Diary . ^ Jump up to : Evelyn , 10 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 139 . Jump up ^ Reddaway , 22 , 25 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Quoted by Hanson ( 2001 ) , 158 . Jump up ^ Tinnisworth , 71 . Jump up ^ Spelling modernised for clarity ; quoted by Tinniswood , 80 . Jump up ^ Walter George Bell ( 1929 ) The Story of London 's Great Fire : 109 - 11 . John Lane : London . Jump up ^ The section `` Tuesday '' is based on Tinniswood , 77 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1996 ) . The Great Fire of London . London : Phoenix Paperback . p. 15 . ISBN 9781857995213 Jump up ^ The section `` Wednesday '' is based on Tinniswood , 101 -- 10 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Quoted Tinniswood , 104 . Jump up ^ Evelyn ( 1854 ) , 15 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2002 ) , 166 . Jump up ^ Porter , 87 . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 131 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson ( 2001 ) , 326 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Porter , 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Reddaway , 26 . Jump up ^ Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to 2005 Jump up ^ The section `` Aftermath '' is based on Reddaway , 27 ff. and Tinniswood , 213 -- 37 , unless otherwise indicated . Jump up ^ Tinniswood , 163 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Porter , Stephen ( October 2006 ) . `` The great fire of London '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` England and the Netherlands : the ties between two nations '' . Memory of the Netherlands . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . Retrieved 8 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Hinds , Allen B , ed. ( 1935 ) . `` Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice Volume 35 , 1666 - 1668 '' . British History Online . pp. 80 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Jones , J.R ( 2013 ) . The Anglo - Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century Modern Wars In Perspective . Routledge . p. 173 . ISBN 9781317899488 . Jump up ^ Wilde , Robert . `` The Great Fire of London -- 1666 '' . About.com . Retrieved 28 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Porter , 84 . Jump up ^ Hanson ( 2001 ) , 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Ask the experts , Museum of London . Retrieved 27 October 2006 . Archived 27 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The plague - ravaged parts -- extramural settlements like Holborn , Shoreditch , Finsbury , Whitechapel and Southwark that housed the most squalid slums -- were , sadly , little touched by the Fire ( burning down was what they needed ) '' ( Porter , 80 ) . Jump up ^ London : The Biography , Peter Ackroyd , 2000 , p 115 ^ Jump up to : Margaret Read MacDonald & Winifred Jaeger ( 2006 ) . The Round Book : Rounds Kids Love to Sing , p. 73 . August House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87483 - 786 - 5 . Jump up ^ Colligan , Mimi ( 2002 ) . `` Pompeii in Australia '' . Canvas Documentaries : Panoramic Entertainments in Nineteenth - century Australia and New Zealand . Melbourne University Press . p. 151 . Retrieved 13 December 2014 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rahim , Sameer ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` The Great Fire review , ITV : ' historical hokum ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Lindahl , Greg . `` Scotland , It Burneth '' , Ravenscroft Songbook . Cites Vlasto , Jill . `` An Elizabethan Anthology of Rounds '' , Musical Quarterly XL ( 1954 ) 222 -- 234 . Accessed August 25 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Evelyn , John ( 1854 ) . Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn , F.R.S. London : Hurst and Blackett . Retrieved 5 November 2006 . Hanson , Neil ( 2001 ) . The Dreadful Judgement : The True Story of the Great Fire of London . New York : Doubleday . For a review of Hanson 's work , see Lauzanne , Alain . `` Revue pluridisciplinaire du monde anglophone '' . Cercles . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Hanson , Neil ( 2002 ) . The Great Fire of London : In That Apocalyptic Year , 1666 . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons . A `` substantially different '' version of Hanson 's The Dreadful Judgement ( front matter ) . Leasor , James ( 2011 ) ( 1961 ) . The Plague and the Fire . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908291 - 22 - 6 . `` London : the city as a phoenix -- The Great Fire of London '' . Richmond upon Thames Library Services . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Morgan , Kenneth O. ( 2000 ) . Oxford Illustrated History of Britain . Oxford : Oxford . Pepys , Samuel ( 1995 ) . Robert Latham and William Matthews ( eds . ) , ed . The Diary of Samuel Pepys , Vol. 7 . London : Harper Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 499027 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) First published between 1970 and 1983 , by Bell & Hyman , London . Quotations from and details involving Pepys are taken from this standard , and copyright , edition . All web versions of the diaries are based on public domain 19th century editions and unfortunately contain many errors , as the shorthand in which Pepys ' diaries were originally written was not accurately transcribed until the pioneering work of Latham and Matthews . Porter , Roy ( 1994 ) . London : A Social History . Cambridge : Harvard . Reddaway , T.F. ( 1940 ) . The Rebuilding of London after the Great Fire . London : Jonathan Cape . Robinson , Bruce . London : Brighter Lights , Bigger City . BBC . Retrieved 12 August 2006 . Sheppard , Francis ( 1998 ) . London : A History . Oxford : Oxford . Tinniswood , Adrian ( 2003 ) . By Permission of Heaven : The Story of the Great Fire of London . London : Jonathan Cape . Old St Paul 's , A Tale of the Plague and the Fire , novel by Harrison Ainsworth External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Fire of London . Great Fire of London on In Our Time at the BBC . BBC history site Museum of London answers questions Channel 4 animation of the spread of the fire Fire of London website produced by the Museum of London , The National Archives , the National Portrait Gallery , London Fire Brigade Museum and London Metropolitan Archives for Key Stage 1 pupils ( ages 5 -- 7 ) and teachers History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 57 '' N 0 ° 05 ′ 32 '' W  /  51.5157 ° N 0.0921 ° W  / 51.5157 ; - 0.0921 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Fire_of_London&oldid=803912774 '' Categories : Great Fire of London Fires in London 1666 fires 1666 in England 17th century in London History of the City of London Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from July 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2015 Featured articles Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 13 : 34 . 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who was the man of iron and how did he get that name

Giles Corey

giles corey

Giles Corey ( c . September 11 , 1611 -- September 19 , 1692 ) was accused of witchcraft along with his wife Martha Corey during the Salem witch trials . After being arrested , Corey refused to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty . He was subjected to execution by pressing in an effort to force him to plead -- the only example of such a sanction in American history -- but instead died after three days of torture .

Corey is believed to have died in the field adjacent to the prison that had held him , in what later became the Howard Street Cemetery in Salem , which opened in 1801 . His exact grave location in the cemetery is unmarked and unknown . There is a memorial plaque to him in the nearby Charter Street Cemetery . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-trial history 2 Arrest , examination , and refusal to plead 3 Execution by pressing 4 Legacy 4.1 In popular culture 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Pre-trial history ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Giles Corey was born in Northampton , England , sometime before 16 August 1611 , the date on which he was baptized in the church of the Holy Sepulchre . Giles was the son of Giles and Elizabeth Corey . His birth is recorded in the parish records . His name is quite often spelled `` Corey '' , but the baptismal record is `` Cory . '' It is not certain when exactly he arrived in the Americas , but there is evidence he was living in Salem in 1640 . He originally lived in Salem Town , but later moved to nearby Salem Village to work as a farmer . There are quite a few entries in the court documents as to his behavior , which was not completely good , but in those times , any accusation was an offense against the state . Giles Corey was a prosperous land - owning farmer in Salem and married three times . He is believed to have married his first wife , Margaret , in England . Margaret was the mother of his daughter , Deliverance . His second wife was Mary Bright ; they were married on April 11 , 1664 , when Corey was 43 years old . In 1676 , at the age of 65 , Corey was brought to trial in Essex County , Massachusetts for allegedly beating to death one of his indentured farm workers , Jacob Goodale , son of Robert Goodale and Catherine Kilham Goodale from Dennington , Suffolk , England . According to witnesses , Corey had severely beaten Goodale with a stick after he was allegedly caught stealing apples from Corey 's brother - in - law , and though Corey eventually sent him to receive medical attention 10 days later , Goodale died shortly thereafter . `` Jacob was employed by Giles Corey , and in a quarrel with the latter was so badly beaten that he died , according to a coroner 's jury , of blood clots about the heart caused by the blows . Corey was fined for the offense . Longfellow , in New England Tragedies , takes advantage of poetic license to substitute Robert ' in his account '' ( Bowen : `` Goodell Memorial Tablets '' ) . Since corporal punishment was permitted against indentured servants , Corey was exempt from the charge of murder , and instead charged with using `` unreasonable '' force . Numerous witnesses and eyewitnesses testified against Corey , as well as the local coroner , and he was found guilty and fined . Mary Bright died at age 63 on August 27 , 1684 , according to her gravestone in Salem . Corey later married his third wife , a woman referred to as `` Lady Martha Perkins '' . Martha was admitted to the church at Salem Village ( now Danvers ) , where Giles had lived . At the time of the witch trials , Corey was 80 years old and living with Martha in the southwest corner of Salem Village , in what is now Peabody . Martha had a son from a previous marriage named Thomas ; he showed up as a petitioner for loss and damages resulting from his mother being hanged illegally during the witch trials . He was awarded £ 50 on June 29 , 1723 . Arrest , examination , and refusal to plead ( edit ) Giles Corey was arrested on April 18 , 1692 , along with Mary Warren , Abigail Hobbs and Bridget Bishop . The following day , they were examined by the authorities , during which Abigail Hobbs confessed to Giles being a warlock . Corey refused to plead ( guilty or not guilty ) , was sentenced to prison , and subsequently arraigned at the September sitting of the court . The records of the Court of Oyer and Terminer , September 9 , 1692 , contain a deposition by one of the girls who accused Giles of witchcraft ... Mercy Lewis v. Giles Corey : The Deposition of Mercy Lewis aged about 19 years who testified and said that on the 14th of April 1692 `` I saw the Apparition of Giles Corey come and afflict me urging me to write in his book and so he continued most dreadfully to hurt me by times beating me & almost breaking my back tell the day of his examination being the 19th of April and then also during the time of his examination he did affect and tortor me most greviously : and also several times sense urging me vehemently to write in his book and I veryly believe in my heart that Giles Corey is a dreadful wizard for sense he had been in prison he or his appearance has come and most greviously tormented me . '' Mercy Lewis affirmed to the jury of Inquest . that the above written evidence : is the truth upon the oath : she has formerly taken in court of Oyer & Terminer : Septr 9 : 1692 ( property of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court , Division of Archives and Records Preservation , on deposit at the Essex Institute ) Again , in this court , Corey refused to plead . Execution by pressing ( edit ) According to the law at the time , a person who refused to plead could not be tried . To avoid persons cheating justice , the legal remedy for refusing to plead was `` peine forte et dure '' . In this process the prisoner is stripped naked , with a heavy board laid on his body . Then rocks or boulders are laid on the plank of wood . This was the process of being pressed : ... remanded to the prison from whence he came and put into a low dark chamber , and there be laid on his back on the bare floor , naked , unless when decency forbids ; that there be placed upon his body as great a weight as he could bear , and more , that he hath no sustenance , save only on the first day , three morsels of the worst bread , and the second day three draughts of standing water , that should be alternately his daily diet till he died , or , till he answered . As a result of his refusal to plead , on September 17 , Sheriff George Corwin led Corey to a pit in the open field beside the jail and in accordance with the above process , before the Court and witnesses , stripped Giles of his clothing , laid him on the ground in the pit , and placed boards on his chest . Six men then lifted heavy stones , placing them one by one , on his stomach and chest . Giles Corey did not cry out , let alone make a plea . After two days , Giles was asked three times to plead innocent or guilty to witchcraft . Each time he replied , `` More weight . '' More and more rocks were piled on him , and the Sheriff from time to time would stand on the boulders staring down at Corey 's bulging eyes . Robert Calef , who was a witness along with other townsfolk , later said , `` In the pressing , Giles Corey 's tongue was pressed out of his mouth ; the Sheriff , with his cane , forced it in again . '' Three mouthfuls of bread and water were fed to the old man during his many hours of pain . Finally , Giles Corey cried out `` More weight ! '' and died . Supposedly , just before his death , he cursed Sheriff Corwin and the entire town of Salem . He was 81 . Memorial marker in Salem , Massachusetts Samuel Sewall 's diary states , under date of Monday , September 19 , 1692 : About noon at Salem , Giles Cory ( sic ) was pressed to death for standing mute ; much pains was used with him two days , one after another , by the court and Captain Gardner of Nantucket who had been of his acquaintance , but all in vain . It is unusual for people to refuse to plead , and extremely rare to find reports of persons who have been able to endure this painful form of death in silence . Since Corey refused to plead , he died in full possession of his estate , which would otherwise have been forfeited to the government . It passed on to his two sons - in - law , in accordance to his will . The pressing of Giles Corey is unique in New England . It is similar to the case , in England , of Margaret Clitherow , who was arrested on March 10 , 1586 for the crime of harboring priests , hearing Mass , and secretly being of the Catholic faith . Legacy ( edit ) `` Father Father '' , illustration accompanying Giles Cory , Yeoman , a play by Mary E. Wilkins Freeman , Harper 's New Monthly Magazine , Volume LXXXVI , 1893 . According to a local legend , the apparition of Giles Corey appears and walks his graveyard each time a disaster is about to strike the city . Notably , he was said to have appeared the night before the Great Salem Fire of 1914 . The position of Sheriff of Essex County was also said to have suffered from the `` curse of Giles Corey '' , as the holders of that office since George Corwin had either died or resigned as a result of heart or blood ailments ( Corwin himself died of a heart attack in 1696 ) . The curse was said to have been broken when the Sheriff 's office was moved from Salem to Middleton in 1991 . In popular culture ( edit ) Giles Corey is the subject of a Henry Wadsworth Longfellow play entitled Giles Corey of the Salem Farms and an 1893 play Giles Corey , Yeoman by Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman . Corey is a character in Arthur Miller 's play The Crucible ( 1953 ) , in which he is portrayed as a hot - tempered but honorable man , giving evidence critical to the witch trials . His wife Martha ( executed on September 22 , 1692 ) was one of the 19 people hanged during the hysteria on Proctor 's Ledge . In The Crucible , Giles feels guilty about the accusation of his wife because he had told a minister that Martha had been reading strange books , which was discouraged in that society . Corey also appears in Robert Ward 's operatic treatment of the play , in which his role is assigned to a tenor . A movie of the same name was released in 1996 , featuring Corey 's character . British alternative and post-rock band I Like Trains wrote a song entitled `` More Weight '' about the execution of Corey . American recording artist Dan Barrett has released solo material using the stage name Giles Corey . American metalcore band Unearth wrote a song titled `` Giles '' , which is about Corey 's execution . Swedish progressive metal band Evergrey also wrote a song about Giles Corey and the aforementioned curse that followed , titled `` The Corey Curse '' and released it on their 1999 's album Solitude , Dominance , Tragedy . Actor Kevin Tighe portrayed Giles Corey in the pilot episode of the WGN television series Salem , in which he is executed in a more - or-less historically accurate manner . In chapter 3 of Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , Corey is portrayed as an actual warlock who became a martyr and hero to his people when he died . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` First Generation '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Family Genealogy '' . freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Salem Witchcraft in American Drama '' . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Giles Corey , Salem Witch '' . geni.com . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marriage of Giles and Margaret Corey '' . geni.com . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Pope , Charles Henry . The pioneers of Massachusetts : a descriptive list , drawn from records of the colonies , towns , and churches , and other contemporaneous documents . Baltimore : Genealogical Pub. Co. , 1991 . p. 118 . ISBN 9780806307749 . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the Essex Quarterly Courts '' . pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Giles Corey '' . Jump up ^ `` Latest manuals , ebooks , answers in pdf format - DocsTubo.net '' . Jump up ^ Salem Witch Trials of 1692 Archived 2010 - 02 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Salem Witch Craft Trials Archived 2010 - 02 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Cold Spots - The Curse of Giles Corey - Dread Central '' . Dread Central . Jump up ^ Goss , K. David ( 2008 ) . The Salem Witch Trials : A Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Hill , Frances A Delusion of Satan - the full story of the Salem Witch Trials Hamish Hamilton Ltd. 1995 pp. 184 -- 5 Jump up ^ Hill pp. 184 -- 5 Jump up ^ `` Giles Corey and the Salem Witchcraft Trials '' . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Massachusetts '' . historyofmassachusetts.org . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Upham , Charles ( 1980 ) . Salem Witchcraft . New York : Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. , 2 vv , v. 1 pp. 181 -- 91 , 205 , v. 2 pp. 38 , 44 , 52 , 114 , 121 , 128 , 334 -- 43 , 480 , 483 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Giles Corey at Wikimedia Commons Giles Corey of the Salem Farms ( hide ) Salem witch trials ( 1692 -- 93 ) Timeline People Cultural depictions Magistrates and court officials Jonathan Corwin Bartholomew Gedney John Hathorne Joseph Herrick George Herrick John Richards Nathaniel Saltonstall ( aka Nathanial Saltonstall ; resigned from the court in protest over nature of proceedings ) Samuel Sewall William Stoughton Waitstill Winthrop Town physician William Griggs Clergy Thomas Barnard George Burroughs ( convicted of withcraft and hanged ) Francis Dane John Hale John Higginson Deodat Lawson Cotton Mather Increase Mather William Milbourne Nicholas Noyes Samuel Parris Samuel Phillips Samuel Willard Politicians and public figures Thomas Danforth William Phips Thomas Brattle Robert Calef Thomas Maule Accusers Benjamin Abbot Ebenezer Babson William Barker Sr . Thomas Barnard Elizabeth Booth John Bly Sr. and Rebecca Bly Thomas Boreman Thomas Chandler Nathaniel Coit John DeRich Joseph Draper Joseph Fowler Mary Fuller Mary Herrick John Howe Elizabeth Hubbard Joseph Hutchinson John Indian Nathaniel Ingersoll Thomas and Mary Jacobs Margaret Wilkins Knight Mercy Lewis Abigail Martin Jr . Jeremiah Neale Sarah Nurse Betty Parris Edward Payson Samuel and Ruth Perley ( or Pearly ) John and Lydia Porter Thomas Preston Ann Putnam Jr . Ann Putnam Sr . Edward Putnam Hannah Putnam John Putnam Jr . John Putnam Sr . Jonathan ( or Johnathan ) Putnam Nathaniel Putnam Thomas Putnam Nicholas Rist Margaret Rule Susannah Sheldon Mercy Short Martha Sprague Timothy Swan Christian Trask Peter Tufts Moses Tyler Jonathan Walcott Mary Walcott Richard Walker Mary Warren Joseph Whipple Bray Wilkins John Wilkins Samuel Wilkins Abigail Williams Accused but survived Arthur Abbot Nehemiah Abbot Jr . Abigail Barker Katerina Biss Edward Bishop Edward Bishop III Mary Black Anne Bradstreet Dudley Bradstreet John Bradstreet Mary Bridges Sr . Sarah Bridges Sarah Buckley John Busse ( or Buss ) Andrew Carrier Richard Carrier Sarah Carrier Thomas Carrier Jr . Bethiah Carter Jr . Bethiah Carter Sr . Rachel Clinton Sarah Cloyce Elizabeth Colson Mary Colson Francis Dane Phoebe Day Elizabeth Dicer Rebecca Dike Ann Dolliver Mehitable Downing Mary Dyer Daniel and Lydia Eames Rebecca Blake Eames Esther Elwell Martha Emerson Joseph Emons Thomas Farrar Sr . Abigail Faulkner Jr . Abigail Faulkner Sr . Dorothy Faulkner Elizabeth Fosdick Eunice Frye Dorothy Good Mary Green Sarah Noyes Hale ( wife of John Hale ) Elizabeth Hutchinson Hart Margaret Hawkes Sarah Hawkes Jr . Dorcas Hoar Deliverance Hobbs William Hobbs Elizabeth Johnson Sr . Stephen Johnson Rebecca Jacobs Jane Lilly ( or Lillie ) Mary Marston Sarah Morey Sarah Murrell Robert and Sarah Pease Joan Penney ( or Penny ) Sarah Phelps Mary Post Susannah Post Margaret Prince Elizabeth Bassett Proctor Sarah Proctor William Proctor Sarah Davis Rice Sarah Rist Sarah Root Susanna Rootes Abigail Rowe Mary Rowe Elizabeth Scargen Ann Sears Abigail Somes Sarah Clapp Swift Mary Harrington Taylor Margaret Thacher Job Tookey Margaret Toothaker Mary Toothaker Hannah Tyler Joanna Tyler Mary Lovett Tyler Hezekiah Usher II Rachel Vinson Mercy Wardwell Sarah Wardwell Mary Whittredge ( or Witheridge ) Sarah Wilson Jr . Sarah Wilson Sr . Edward Wooland Confessed and accused others Mary Barker William Barker Jr . William Barker Sr . Sarah Bibber Mary Bridges Jr . Sarah Churchwell Deliverance Dane Rebecca Blake Eames Abigail Hobbs Margaret Jacobs Mary Lacey Jr . Mary Lacey Sr . Martha Tyler Mary Warren Candy Tituba Executed by hanging Bridget Bishop George Burroughs Martha Carrier Martha Corey Mary Eastey Sarah Good Elizabeth Howe George Jacobs Sr . Susannah Martin Rebecca Nurse Alice Parker Mary Ayer Parker John Proctor Ann Pudeator Wilmot Redd Margaret Scott Samuel Wardwell Sarah Wildes John Willard Pressed to death Giles Corey Born in prison Mercy , infant child of Sarah Good John Proctor III Died in prison John Durrant Lydia Dustin Ann Foster Mercy , infant child of Sarah Good Sarah Osborne Infant child of Elizabeth Scargen Roger Toothaker Escaped or otherwise fled John Alden Daniel Andrew Mary Bradbury Elizabeth Cary Phillip and Mary English Edward Farrington Mary Green George Jacobs Jr . Ephraim Stevens Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giles_Corey&oldid=801347939 '' Categories : People of the Salem witch trials People executed for witchcraft 1692 deaths People executed by the Province of Massachusetts Bay 1610s births Executed English people 17th - century executions of American people People executed by torture Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies People from Northampton Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 04 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when did the movie soul plane come out

Soul Plane is a 2004 American comedy film directed by Jessy Terrero , written by Bo Zenga and starring Tom Arnold , Kevin Hart , Method Man and Snoop Dogg . Supporting actors include Mo'Nique , Loni Love , K.D. Aubert , D.L. Hughley , Godfrey and Sofia Vergara .

2004

Soul plane

soul plane

Soul Plane Theatrical release poster Directed by Jessy Terrero Produced by David Scott Rubin Jessy Terrero Written by Chuck Wilson Bo Zenga Starring Tom Arnold Kevin Hart Method Man Snoop Dogg Music by RZA Christopher Lennertz ( Uncredited ) Cinematography Jonathan Sela Edited by Michael R. Miller Production company Boz Productions Turbo Productions Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by MGM Distribution Co . Release date May 28 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 28 ) Running time 86 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $16 million Box office $14.8 million Soul Plane is a 2004 American comedy film directed by Jessy Terrero , written by Bo Zenga and starring Tom Arnold , Kevin Hart , Method Man and Snoop Dogg . Supporting actors include Mo'Nique , Loni Love , K.D. Aubert , D.L. Hughley , Godfrey and Sofia Vergara . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Nashawn Wade ( Kevin Hart ) has a horrible experience with a typical airline : his dog Dre was classified as a checked baggage instead of a carry - on , he eats a horrible airline meal , his buttocks gets stuck in the toilet during turbulence , and Nashawn 's dog is sucked through a jet engine ( after a stewardess accidentally opens the cargo door ) . In response , he sues the airline and is awarded $100,000,000 by the jury . He decides to use the money to start his own airline , called N.W.A. ( Nashawn Wade Airlines ) , whose acronym and logo are a pop culture reference to rap group N.W.A . The airline specifically caters to African Americans and hip hop culture . The terminal at the airport is called the Malcolm X terminal , the plane is a heavily modified Boeing 747SP , customized with low - rider hydraulics , spinners , blended winglets to compensate for the drag from the decorations , and a dance club . The safety video is also a spoof of the Destiny 's Child song `` Survivor '' . After taking off from Los Angeles International Airport , Nashawn must deal with a multitude of problems , starting with his acrophobic captain , Captain Mack ( Snoop Dogg ) . At a cruising altitude of Flight Level 330 , it is revealed that he has never left the ground because he learned to fly on computer simulators in prison . Meanwhile , his cousin Muggsey ( Method Man ) , sets up a miniature casino and strip joint in one of the areas of the plane ( as seen in the workprint and unrated versions of the film ) , and Nashawn 's ex-girlfriend is on board and less than happy to see him . Meanwhile , the Hunkee family , the only caucasian passengers on board , must also deal with their own problems ; Elvis Hunkee 's ( Tom Arnold ) daughter is turning eighteen and plans to use her newfound freedom by drinking and having sex , his son has transformed from an exact duplicate of him to a stereotypical wigger , and his wife has found a new interest in black men after viewing pictures in a pornographic magazine . The pilot seemingly dies after eating mushrooms that the co-pilot , First Officer Gaemon ( Godfrey ) , uses to soothe his genital crabs . Nashawn attempts to contact Gaemon , who is incapacitated after slipping near a hot tub , forcing Nashawn to attempt to land the plane himself . Nashawn lands the plane safely , using the airplane stewardess ' ( Sofía Vergara ) flight knowledge which she learned while having sex in the cockpit with the pilot on another plane . The plane lands in the middle of Central Park instead of John F. Kennedy International Airport , and the spinners are stolen from the plane . Nashawn reconciles with his ex-girlfriend after earlier revealing to her that he only broke up with her so she would not give up her college opportunities for him . The movie ends with Nashawn telling the audience the fate of his crew . He claims that he and his ex-girlfriend are back together taking their relationship slow this time around , his cousin Muggsey has started a strip club and gambling casino located in another airplane similar to the club in Nashawn 's plane , Elvis Hunkee has begun a sexual relationship with one of the abrasive airline security guards ( Mo'Nique ) , and Elvis Hunkee 's son has become a major music video director but has disappeared shortly after filming a Michael Jackson video . The pilot later wakes up with both his chain and clothing stolen . Cast ( edit ) Kevin Hart as Nashawn Wade Snoop Dogg as Captain Antoine Mack Tom Arnold as Elvis Hunkee Method Man as Muggsy K.D. Aubert as Giselle Godfrey as Leslie Gaemon Brian Hooks as D.J. Arielle Kebbel as Heather Hunkee Loni Love as Shaniece Mo'Nique as Jamiqua Sofía Vergara as Blanca Missi Pyle as Barbara Hunkee Sommore as Cherry Ryan Pinkston as Billy Hunkee Gary Anthony Williams as Flame John Witherspoon as Blind Man Cynthia Pinot as Hardrock girl Angell Conwell as Tamika Roberto Roman as Passenger Terry Crews as Bouncer Richard T. Jones as False Denzel Lil Jon as himself Ying Yang Twins as themselves Karl Malone as himself Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Soul Plane opened on May 28 , 2004 in 1,566 theaters . In its opening weekend , the film made $5,648,486 in the domestic box office , ranking number five behind Shrek 2 , The Day After Tomorrow , Troy , and Raising Helen . At the end of its run , the film grossed $14,190,750 domestically and $631,596 overseas for a worldwide total of $14,822,346 . In an interview on the podcast WTF with Marc Maron , Hart said that part of the reason for the poor box office turnout was due to bootlegging , which had apparently begun three months before the film was released in theaters . He explained , `` on the street , ( Soul Plane ) made 40 million dollars '' . Hart told Marc Maron that during a premiere , fans were coming up to him asking him to sign copies of the bootleg . Hart does , however , credit Soul Plane for making him popular enough to start touring around the country . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received negative reviews from critics . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave it an 18 % approval rating and a weighted average from a total of 101 reviews , with a consensus calling it a `` raunchy sendup of Airplane ! that never really takes off . '' On Metacritic , the film has a 33 / 100 rating based on 26 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Stephen Holden of The New York Times says in his review : `` This hectic farce , which pushes every envelope , is so broad and relentlessly raunchy that it makes a spoof like Airplane seem as demure as a vintage drawing - room comedy . '' In late 2014 , the film appeared on Empire magazine 's users - voted list of `` The 50 Worst Movies Ever '' , ranking number 47 . Its given reason for being listed states : `` This was billed as an `` urban '' take on Airplane ! That 's a bad idea to begin with : like Scary Movie , parodies of a parody are on to a loser from the start . But with the addition of crude racial stereotyping ( of all races ) and a fatal lack of funny , this goes from bad to worst . If more voters had seen it , this would be in the top ten . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SOUL PLANE ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 22 , 2004 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soul Plane ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . August 6 , 2004 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for May 28 - 30 , 2004 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . May 29 , 2004 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WTF with Marc Maron Podcast : Episode 272 - Kevin Hart '' . Wtfpod.libsyn.com. April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soul Plane '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved September 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Soul Plane '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review - Soul Plane '' . The New York Times . May 28 , 2004 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Worst Movies Ever - 47 . Soul Plane '' . Empire . Bauer . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Soul Plane Soul Plane on IMDb Soul Plane at Box Office Mojo Soul Plane at Rotten Tomatoes Soul Plane at Metacritic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul_Plane&oldid=860758404 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s comedy films American films American comedy films African - American films Aviation films Directorial debut films Films set on airplanes Hip hop films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Films scored by Christopher Lennertz Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2018 , at 21 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what do the colors of germany flag mean

The colours of the modern flag are associated with the republican democracy first proposed in 1848 , formed after World War I , and represent German unity and freedom . During the Weimar Republic , the black - red - gold colours were the colours of the democratic , centrist , and republican political parties , as seen in the name of Reichsbanner Schwarz - Rot - Gold , formed by members of the Social Democratic , the Centre , and the Democratic parties to defend the republic against extremists on the right and left .

the black - red - gold colours were the colours of the democratic , centrist , and republican political parties

Flag of Germany

flag of germany

The flag of Germany or German Flag is a tricolour consisting of three equal horizontal bands displaying the national colours of Germany : black , red , and gold ( German : Schwarz - Rot - Gold ) . The flag was first adopted as the national flag of modern Germany in 1919 , during the short - lived Weimar Republic to 1933 .

Germany has two competing traditions of national colours , black - red - gold and black - white - red , which have played an important role in the modern history of Germany . The black - red - gold tricolour 's first appearance anywhere in a German - ethnicity sovereign state within what today comprises Germany occurred in 1778 , and achieved prominence during the 1848 Revolutions . The short - lived Frankfurt Parliament of 1848 -- 1850 proposed the tricolour as a flag for a united and democratic German state under a constitutional monarchy . With the formation of the short - lived Weimar Republic after World War I , the tricolour was adopted as the national flag of Germany . Sixteen years later following World War II , the tricolour was again designated as the flag of both West and East Germany divided states in 1949 . The two flags were identical until 1959 , when the East German flag was augmented with the coat of arms of East Germany . Since reunification on 3 October 1990 , the black - red - gold tricolour has become the flag of a reunified Federal Republic of Germany . After the Austro - Prussian War in 1866 , the Prussian - dominated North German Confederation adopted a tricolour of black - white - red as its flag . This flag later became the flag of the German Empire , formed following the unification of Germany under the Prussian king who became emperor in 1871 , and was used until 1918 with the end of the First World War . Black , white , and red were reintroduced as the German national colours with the establishment of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler in 1933 , replacing German republican colours with imperial colours until the end of World War II . The colours of the modern flag are associated with the republican democracy first proposed in 1848 , formed after World War I , and represent German unity and freedom . During the Weimar Republic , the black - red - gold colours were the colours of the democratic , centrist , and republican political parties , as seen in the name of Reichsbanner Schwarz - Rot - Gold , formed by members of the Social Democratic , the Centre , and the Democratic parties to defend the republic against extremists on the right and left . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Flag variants 2.1 Civil flag 2.2 Government flag 2.3 Vertical flags 2.4 Military flags 3 Design 3.1 Color 4 Flag days 5 History 5.1 Medieval period 5.2 Napoleonic Wars 5.3 German Confederation 5.4 Revolution and the Frankfurt Parliament 5.5 North German Confederation and the German Empire ( 1866 -- 1918 ) 5.6 Weimar Republic ( 1918 -- 33 ) 5.7 Nazi Germany and World War II ( 1933 -- 45 ) 5.8 After World War II ( 1945 -- 49 ) 5.9 Divided Germany ( 1949 -- 89 ) 5.10 1989 -- present 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Origins ( edit ) The German association with the colours black , red , and gold surfaced in the radical 1840s , when the black - red - gold flag was used to symbolize the movement against the Conservative European Order that was established after Napoleon 's defeat . The Frankfurt Parliament had declared the black - red - gold as the official colours of the German Confederation , with the red in the tricolour most likely referencing the Hanseatic League , and the gold and black symbolizing Austria as its empire , considered to be `` German '' , had an influence over ( what would become ) southern Germany . There are many theories in circulation regarding the origins of the colour scheme used in the 1848 flag . It has been proposed that the colours were those of the Jena Students ' League ( Jenaer Burschenschaft ) , one of the radically minded Burschenschaften banned by Metternich in the Carlsbad Decrees ; the colours are mentioned in their canonical order in the seventh verse of Daniel August von Binzer 's student song Zur Auflösung der Jenaer Burschenschaft ( `` On the Dissolution of the Jena Students ' League '' ) quoted by Johannes Brahms in his Academic Festival Overture . Another claim goes back to the uniforms ( mainly black with red facings and gold buttons ) of the Lützow Free Corps , comprising mostly university students and formed during the struggle against the occupying forces of Napoleon . Whatever the true explanation , these colours soon came to be regarded as the national colours of Germany during this brief period , and especially after their reintroduction during the Weimar period , they have become synonymous with liberalism in general . Flag variants ( edit ) See also : Flags of Germany Civil flag ( edit ) The German Unity Flag is a national memorial to German reunification that was raised on 3 October 1990 . It flies in front of the Reichstag building in Berlin ( seat of the German parliament ) . The German national flag or Bundesflagge ( federal flag ) , containing only the black - red - gold tricolour , was introduced as part of the ( West ) German constitution in 1949 . Following the creation of separate government and military flags in later years , the plain tricolour is now used as the German civil flag and civil ensign . This flag is also used by non-federal authorities to show their connection to the federal government , e.g. the authorities of the German states use the German national flag together with their own flag . Government flag ( edit ) Bundesdienstflagge at the German Embassy , Canberra , Australia The government flag of Germany is officially known as the Dienstflagge der Bundesbehörden ( state flag of the federal authorities ) or Bundesdienstflagge for short . Introduced in 1950 , the government flag is the civil flag defaced with the Bundesschild ( `` Federal Shield '' ) , which overlaps with up to one fifth of the black and gold bands . The Bundesschild is a variant of the coat of arms of Germany , whose main differences are the illustration of the eagle and the shape of the shield : the Bundesschild is rounded at the base , whereas the standard coat of arms is pointed . The government flag may only be used by federal government authorities and its use by others is an offence , punishable with a fine . However , public use of flags similar to the Bundesdienstflagge ( e.g. using the actual coat of arms instead of the Bundesschild ) is tolerated , and such flags are sometimes seen at international sporting events . Vertical flags ( edit ) Civil flag ( hanging ) Government flag ( hanging ) In addition to the normal horizontal format , many public buildings in Germany use vertical flags . Most town halls fly their town flag together with the national flag in this way ; many town flags in Germany exist only in vertical form . The proportions of these vertical flags are not specified . In 1996 , a layout for the vertical version of the government flag was established : the Bundesschild is displayed in the centre of the flag , overlapping with up to one fifth of the black and gold bands . When hung like a banner or draped , the black band should be on the left , as illustrated . When flown from a vertical flagpole , the black band must face the staff . Military flags ( edit ) Since the German armed forces ( Bundeswehr ) are a federal authority , the Bundesdienstflagge is also used as the German war flag on land . In 1956 , the Dienstflagge der Seestreitkräfte der Bundeswehr ( Flag of the German Navy ) was introduced : the government flag ending in swallowtail . This naval flag is also used as a navy jack . Design ( edit ) Specifications for the flag of Germany Article 22 of the German constitution , the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany , states : The federal flag shall be black , red and gold . Following specifications set by the ( West ) German government in 1950 , the flag displays three bars of equal width and has a width -- length ratio of 3 : 5 ; the tricolor used during the Weimar Republic had a ratio of 2 : 3 . The exact colors used for the German flag were not officially defined at the time of the flag 's adoption and have changed since then . The federal cabinet introduced a corporate design for the German government on 2 June 1999 , which currently uses the following colors : Colour scheme Black Red Gold RAL 9005 Jet black 3020 Traffic red 1021 Rapeseed yellow HKS 0 , 0 , 0 5.0 PB 3.0 / 12 6.0 R 4.5 / 14 CMYK 0.0. 0.100 0.100. 100.0 0.12. 100.5 Pantone Black 485 7405 * Web color # 000000 # FF0000 # FFCC00 Decimal RGB 0 , 0 , 0 255 , 0 , 0 255,204 , 0 * The value given here is an alternative to the following more - complicated combination : Yellow ( 765 g ) , Red 032 ( 26 g ) , Black ( 11 g ) , Transp . White ( 198 g ) A version of the German flag where the golden band is of a metallic golden colour . This version was sometimes used in official publications before the introduction of the federal government 's corporate design in 1999 . Also note the slightly brighter red . Color ( edit ) Vexillology rarely distinguishes between gold and yellow ; in heraldry , they are both Or . For the German flag , such a distinction is made : the color used in the flag is gold , not yellow . When the black -- red -- gold tricolor was adopted by the Weimar Republic as its flag , it was attacked by conservatives , monarchists , and the far right , who referred to the colors with spiteful nicknames such as Schwarz -- Rot -- Gelb ( black -- red -- yellow ) , Schwarz -- Rot -- Senf ( black -- red -- mustard ) , or even Schwarz -- Rot -- Scheiße ( black -- red -- shit ) . When the Nazis came to power in 1933 , the black -- white -- red colors of pre-1918 Imperial Germany were swiftly reintroduced , and their propaganda machine continued to discredit the Schwarz -- Rot -- Gold , using the same derogatory terms as previously used by the monarchists . On 16 November 1959 , the Federal Court of Justice ( Bundesgerichtshof ) stated that the usage of `` black -- red -- yellow '' and the like had `` through years of Nazi agitation , attained the significance of a malicious slander against the democratic symbols of the state '' and was now an offence . As summarised by heraldist Arnold Rabbow in 1968 , `` the German colors are black -- red -- yellow but they are called black -- red -- gold . '' Flag days ( edit ) Following federal decree on 22 March 2005 , the flag must be flown from public buildings on the following dates . Not all of these days are public holidays . The Stadtweinhaus in Münster with banners displayed in mourning ( note the black ribbons atop each staff ) after the death of former German president Johannes Rau in 2006 . Date Name Reason 27 January Commemoration Day for the Victims of National Socialism Tag des Gedenkens an die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus Anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz concentration camp ( 1945 ) , observed by the United Nations as International Holocaust Remembrance Day ( half - staff ) 1 May International Workers ' Day Tag der Arbeit Established for German labour unions to demonstrate for the promotion of workers ' welfare . 9 May Europe Day Europatag Anniversary of the Schuman Declaration , leading to the European Union ( 1950 ) 23 May Basic Law Day Grundgesetztag Anniversary of the German Basic Law ( 1949 ) 17 June Jahrestag des 17 . Juni 1953 Anniversary of the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany 20 July Jahrestag des 20 . Juli 1944 Anniversary of the July 20 plot , the failed assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler by Claus von Stauffenberg ( 1944 ) 3 October German Unity Day Tag der Deutschen Einheit Anniversary of German reunification ( 1990 ) The 2nd Sunday before Advent National day of mourning Volkstrauertag In memory of all killed during wartime ( half - staff ) Source : Federal Government of Germany Election days for the Bundestag and the European Parliament are also flag days in some states , in addition to other state - specific flag days . The public display of flags to mark other events , such as the election of the president or the death of a prominent politician ( whereupon flags would be at half - staff ) , can be declared at the discretion of the Federal Ministry of the Interior . When flags are required to be flown at half - staff , vertical flags are not lowered . A black mourning ribbon is instead attached , either atop the staff ( if hung from a pole ) or to each end of the flag 's supporting cross-beams ( if flown like a banner ) . History ( edit ) Medieval period ( edit ) See also : Flags of the Holy Roman Empire Banners of the Holy Roman Emperor 14th century 15th -- 19th century War flag of the Holy Roman Empire ( 13th -- 14th century ) The Holy Roman Empire ( 800 / 962 -- 1806 , known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512 ) did not have a national flag , but black and gold were used as colors of the Holy Roman Emperor and featured in the imperial banner : a black eagle on a golden background . After the late 13th or early 14th century , the claws and beak of the eagle were colored red . From the early 15th century , a double - headed eagle was used . In 1804 , Napoleon Bonaparte declared the First French Empire . In response to this , Holy Roman Emperor Francis II of the Habsburg dynasty declared his personal domain to be the Austrian Empire and became Francis I of Austria . Taking the colours of the banner of the Holy Roman Emperor , the flag of the Austrian Empire was black and gold . Francis II was the last Holy Roman Emperor , with Napoleon forcing the empire 's dissolution in 1806 . After this point , these colours continued to be used as the flag of Austria until 1918 . Early Hanseatic flags Lübeck Hamburg The colours red and white were also significant during this period . When the Holy Roman Empire took part in the Crusades , a war flag was flown alongside the black - gold imperial banner . This flag , known as the `` Saint George Flag '' , was a white cross on a red background : the reverse of the St George 's Cross used as the flag of England , and similar to the flag of Denmark . Red and white were also colors of the Hanseatic League ( 13th -- 17th century ) . Hanseatic trading ships were identifiable by their red - white pennants , and most Hanseatic cities adopted red and white as their city colours ( see Hanseatic flags ) . Red and white still feature as the colours of many former Hanseatic cities such as Hamburg or Bremen . In northern Italy , during the Guelph and Ghibelline conflict of the 12th -- 14th century , the armies of the Ghibelline ( pro-imperial ) communes adopted the war banner of the Holy Roman Emperor ( white cross on red ) as their own , while the Guelf ( anti-imperial ) communes reversed the colours ( red cross on white ) . These two schemes are prevalent in the modern civic heraldry of northern Italian towns and remains a revealing indicator of their past factional leanings . Traditionally Ghibelline towns like Pavia , Novara , Como , and Asti continue to sport the Ghibelline cross . The Guelf cross can be found on the civic arms of traditionally Guelf towns like Genoa , Milan , Vercelli , Alessandria , Reggio , and Bologna . Napoleonic Wars ( edit ) With the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 , many of its dukes and princes joined the Confederation of the Rhine , a confederation of Napoleonic client states . These states preferred to use their own flags . The confederation had no flag of its own ; instead it used the blue - white - red flag of France and the Imperial Standard of its protector , Napoleon . During the Napoleonic Wars , the German struggle against the occupying French forces was significantly symbolised by the colours of black , red , and gold , which became popular after their use in the uniforms of the Lützow Free Corps , a volunteer unit of the Prussian Army . This unit had uniforms in black with red facings and gold buttons . The colour choice had pragmatic origins , even though black - red - gold were the former colours used by the Holy Roman Empire . Members of the corps were required to supply their own clothing : in order to present a uniform appearance it was easiest to dye all clothes black . Gold - coloured buttons were widely available , and pennons used by the lancers in the unit were red and black . At the time , the colours represented : Out of the blackness ( black ) of servitude through bloody ( red ) battles to the golden ( gold ) light of freedom . As the members of this unit came from all over Germany and were mostly university students and academics , the Lützow Free Corps and their colours gained considerable exposure among the German people . German Confederation ( edit ) The 1815 -- 16 Congress of Vienna led to the creation of the German Confederation , a loose union of all remaining German states after the Napoleonic Wars . The Confederation was created as a replacement for the now - extinct Holy Roman Empire , with Francis I of Austria -- the last Holy Roman Emperor -- as its president . The confederation did not have a flag of its own , although the black - red - gold tricolour is sometimes mistakenly attributed to it . The flag adopted by the Jena Urburschenschaft Upon returning from the war , veterans of the Lützow Free Corps founded the Urburschenschaft fraternity in Jena in June 1815 . The Jena Urburschenschaft eventually adopted a flag with three equal horizontal bands of red , black , and red , with gold trim and a golden oak branch across the black band , following the colours of the uniforms of the Free Corps . Since the students who served in the Lützow Free Corps came from various German states , the idea of a unified German state began to gain momentum within the Urburschenschaft and similar Burschenschaften that were subsequently formed throughout the Confederation . On 18 October 1817 , the fourth anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig , hundreds of fraternity members and academics from across the Confederation states met in Wartburg in Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach ( in modern Thuringia ) , calling for a free and unified German nation . The gold - red - black flag of the Jena Urburschenschaft featured prominently at this Wartburg festival . Therefore , the colours black , red , and gold eventually became symbolic of this desire for a unified German state . Austria , in its determination to maintain the status quo , enacted the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 that banned all student organisations , officially putting an end to the Burschenschaften . Hambach Festival ( May 1832 ) , contemporary lithograph In May 1832 , around 30,000 people demonstrated at the Hambach Festival for freedom , unity , and civil rights . The colours black , red , and gold had become a well established symbol for the liberal , democratic and republican movement within the German states since the Wartburg Festival , and flags in these colours were flown en masse at the Hambach Festival . While contemporary illustrations showed prominent use of a gold - red - black tricolour ( an upside - down version of the modern German flag ) , surviving flags from the event were in black - red - gold . Such an example is the Ur - Fahne , the flag flown from Hambach Castle during the festival : a black - red - gold tricolour where the red band contains the inscription Deutschlands Wiedergeburt ( Germany 's rebirth ) . This flag is now on permanent display at the castle . Revolution and the Frankfurt Parliament ( edit ) Revolutionaries in Berlin ( March 1848 ) War ensign of the Reichsflotte ( 1848 -- 1852 ) In the Springtime of the Peoples during the Revolutions of 1848 , revolutionaries took to the streets , many flying the tricolour . Liberals took power and , after prolonged deliberation , a national assembly was formulated . This Frankfurt Parliament declared the black - red - gold as the official colours of Germany and passed a law stating its civil ensign was the black - red - yellow tricolour . Also , a naval war ensign used these colours . In 1850 , the Frankfurt Parliament collapsed , and the German Confederation was restored under Austrian presidency , who suppressed the actions of the failed Frankfurt Parliament , including the tricolour . Afterwards , the most pressing issue was whether or not to include Austria in any future German nation , as Austria 's status as a multi-ethnic empire complicated the dream of a united Greater Germany -- the grossdeutsch solution . Alternatively , there was the kleindeutsch ( Lesser German ) solution for a Germany that encompassed only German lands and excluded Austria . The Prussian -- Austrian duality within the Confederation eventually led to the Austro - Prussian War in 1866 . During the war , the southern states allied with Austria adopted the black - red - gold tricolour as their flag , and the 8th German Army Corps also wore black - red - gold armbands . The Kingdom of Prussia and its predominately north German allies defeated Austria and made way for the realisation of the Lesser German solution a few years later . North German Confederation and the German Empire ( 1866 -- 1918 ) ( edit ) Following the dissolution of the German Confederation , Prussia formed its unofficial successor , the North German Confederation , in 1866 with the signing of the Confederation Treaty in August 1866 and then the ratification of the Constitution of 1867 . This coalition consisted of Prussia , the largest member state , and 21 other north German states . 2 : 3 Flag of the North German Confederation ( 1866 -- 71 ) and the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1918 ) . In use at the beginning of the Weimar Republic ( 1918 -- 1919 ) , by the foreign services ( 1922 -- 33 ) , and by the Nazi regime from March 1933 until August 1935 . The question regarding what flag should be adopted by the new confederation was first raised by the shipping sector and its desire to have an internationally recognisable identity . Virtually all international shipping that belonged to the confederation originated from either Prussia or the three former Hanseatic city - states of Bremen , Hamburg , and Lübeck . Based on this , Adolf Soetbeer , secretary of the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce , suggested in the Bremer Handelsblatt on 22 September 1866 that any planned flag should combine the colours of Prussia ( black and white ) with the Hanseatic colours ( red and white ) . In the following year , the constitution of the North German Confederation was enacted , where a horizontal black - white - red tricolour was declared to be both the civil and war ensign . King Wilhelm I of Prussia was satisfied with the colour choice : the red and white were also taken to represent the Margraviate of Brandenburg , the Imperial elector state that was a predecessor of the Kingdom of Prussia . The absence of gold from the flag also made it clear that this German state did not include the `` black and gold '' monarchy of Austria . Following the Franco - Prussian War , the remaining southern German states allied with the North German Confederation , leading to the unification of Germany and the elevation of the Prussian monarch to Emperor of this new state in 1871 . In its constitution , the German Empire retained black , white , and red as its national colours , with the tricolour previously used by the North German Confederation officially adopted as its flag in 1892 . The black - white - red tricolour remained the flag of Germany until the end of the German Empire in 1918 , in the final days of World War I . Weimar Republic ( 1918 -- 33 ) ( edit ) 2 : 3 Flag of Weimar Germany ( 1919 -- 33 ) Following the declaration of the German republic in 1918 and the ensuing revolutionary period , the so - called Weimar Republic was founded in August 1919 . To form a continuity between the anti-autocratic movement of the 19th century and the new democratic republic , the old black - red - gold tricolour was designated as the national German flag in the Weimar Constitution in 1919 . Only the tiny German principalities of Reuss - Greiz , Reuss - Gera , and Waldeck - Pyrmont and its republican successor had upheld the tradition and had always continued to use the German colours of black , red , and or ( gold ) in their flag . As a civil ensign , the black - white - red tricolour was retained , albeit with the new tricolour in the top left corner . `` Let the old flags fly '' , election poster for the monarchist and nationalist DNVP , 1932 . This change was not welcomed by many people in Germany , who saw this new flag as a symbol of humiliation following Germany 's defeat in the First World War . In the Reichswehr , the old colours continued to be used in various forms . Many conservatives wanted the old colours to return , while monarchists and the far right were far more vocal with their objections , referring to the new flag with various derogatory names ( see Colour above ) . As a compromise , the old black - white - red flag was reintroduced in 1922 to represent German diplomatic missions abroad . The symbols of Imperial Germany became symbols of monarchist and nationalist protest and were often used by monarchist and nationalist organisations ( e.g. Stahlhelm , Bund der Frontsoldaten ) . This included the Reichskriegsflagge ( war flag of the Reich ) , which has been revived in the present for similar use . Many nationalist political parties during the Weimar period -- such as the German National People 's Party ( see poster ) and the National Socialist German Workers Party ( Nazi Party ) -- used the imperial colours , a practice that has continued today with the National Democratic Party of Germany . On 24 February 1924 , the organisation Reichsbanner Schwarz - Rot - Gold was founded in Magdeburg by the member parties of the Weimar Coalition ( Centre , DDP , SPD ) and the trade unions . This organisation was formed to protect the fragile democracy of the Weimar Republic , which was under constant pressure by both the far right and far left . Through this organisation , the black - red - gold flag became not only a symbol of German democracy , but also of resistance to political extremism . This was summarised by the organisation 's first chairman , Otto Hörsing , who described their task as a `` struggle against the swastika and the Soviet star '' . In the face of the increasingly violent conflicts between the communists and Nazis , the growing polarisation of the German population and a multitude of other factors , mainly the drastic economic sinking , extreme hyperinflation and corruption of the republic , the Weimar Republic collapsed in 1933 with the Nazi seizure of power ( Machtergreifung ) and the appointment of Adolf Hitler as German chancellor . Nazi Germany and World War II ( 1933 -- 45 ) ( edit ) See also : Reichskriegsflagge and List of German flags § Nazi Germany 3 : 5 National flag of Germany ( 1933 -- 35 ) , jointly with the swastika flag . 3 : 5 National flag of Germany and marine jack of Germany ( 1935 -- 45 ) After the Nazi Party seized power on 30 January 1933 , the black - red - gold flag was swiftly scrapped ; a ruling on 12 March established two legal national flags : the reintroduced black - white - red imperial tricolour and the flag of the Nazi Party . On 15 September 1935 , one year after the death of Reich President Paul von Hindenburg and Hitler 's elevation to the position of Führer , the dual flag arrangement was ended , with the exclusive use of the Nazi flag as the national flag of Germany . One reason may have been the `` Bremen incident '' of 26 July 1935 , in which a group of demonstrators in New York City boarded the ocean liner SS Bremen , tore the Nazi Party flag from the jackstaff , and tossed it into the Hudson River . When the German ambassador protested , US officials responded that the German national flag had not been harmed , only a political party symbol . The new flag law was announced at the annual party rally in Nuremberg , where Hermann Göring claimed the old black - white - red flag , while honoured , was the symbol of a bygone era and under threat of being used by `` reactionaries '' . The design of the Nazi flag was introduced by Hitler as the party flag in mid-1920 : a flag with a red background , a white disk and a black swastika ( Hakenkreuz ) in the middle . In Mein Kampf , Hitler explained the process by which the Nazi flag design was created : It was necessary to use the same colours as Imperial Germany , because in Hitler 's opinion they were `` revered colours expressive of our homage to the glorious past and which once brought so much honour to the German nation . '' The most important requirement was that `` the new flag ... should prove effective as a large poster '' because `` in hundreds of thousands of cases a really striking emblem may be the first cause of awakening interest in a movement . '' Nazi propaganda clarified the symbolism of the flag : the red colour stood for the social , white for the movement 's national thinking and the swastika for the victory of the Aryan peoples over the Jewry . Several designs by a number of different authors were considered , but the one adopted in the end was Hitler 's personal design . Albert Speer stated in his memoirs that `` in only two other designs did he ( Adolf Hitler ) execute the same care as he did his Obersalzberg house : that of the Reich War Flag and his own standard of Chief of State '' . An off - centred disk version of the swastika flag was used as the civil ensign on German - registered civilian ships and was used as the jack on Kriegsmarine ( the name of the German Navy , 1933 -- 45 ) warships . The flags for use on sea had a through and through image , so the `` left - facing '' and `` right - facing '' version were each present on one side while the national flag was right - facing on both sides . From 1933 to at least 1938 , the Nazis sometimes `` sanctified '' swastika flags by touching them with the Blutfahne ( blood flag ) , the swastika flag used by Nazi paramilitaries during the failed Beer Hall Putsch in 1923 . This ceremony took place at every Nuremberg Rally . It is unknown whether this tradition was continued after the last Nuremberg rally in 1938 . At the end of World War II , the first law enacted by the Allied Control Council abolished all Nazi symbols and repealed all relevant laws . The possession of swastika flags is forbidden in several countries since then , with the importation or display of them forbidden particularly in Germany . After World War II ( 1945 -- 49 ) ( edit ) 2 : 3 The C - Pennant ( 1946 -- 49 ) After the defeat of Germany in World War II , the country was placed under Allied administration . Although there was neither a national German government nor a German flag , German ships were required by international law to have a national ensign of some kind . As a provisional civil ensign of Germany , the Council designated the international signal pennant Charlie representing the letter C ending in a swallowtail , known as the C - Pennant ( C - Doppelstander ) . The Council ruled that `` no ceremony shall be accorded this flag which shall not be dipped in salute to warships or merchant ships of any nationality '' . Similarly , the Japanese civil ensign used immediately following World War II was the signal pennant for the letter E ending in a swallowtail , and the Ryūkyūan civil ensign was a swallowtailed letter D signal pennant . West of the Oder -- Neisse line , the German states were reorganised along the lines of the zones of occupation , and new state governments were established . Within the American zone , the northern halves of the former states of Württemberg and Baden were merged to form Württemberg - Baden in 1946 . As its flag , Württemberg - Baden adopted the black - red - gold tricolour . The choice of these colours was not based on the historical use of the tricolour , but the simple addition of gold to Württemberg 's colours of red and black . Coincidentally , Baden 's colours were red and yellow , so the colour choice could be mistaken for a combination of the two flags . In 1952 , Württemberg - Baden became part of the modern German state of Baden - Württemberg , whose flag is black and gold . Two other states that were created after the war , Rhineland - Palatinate ( French zone ) and Lower Saxony ( British zone ) , chose to use the black - red - gold tricolour as their flag , defaced with the state 's coat of arms . These two states were formed from parts of other states , and no colour combinations from these previous states were accepted as a new state flag . This led to the use of the black - red - gold for two reasons : the colours did not relate particularly to any one of the previous states , and using the old flag from the Weimar Republic was intended to be a symbol of the new democracy . Divided Germany ( 1949 -- 89 ) ( edit ) See also : Flag of East Germany Two variants of Josef Wirmer 's 1944 `` Resistance '' design , created by his brother , Ernst . The bottom flag was proposed by conservative parties as a flag for West Germany ( 1948 ) . 3 : 5 Flag of the Federal Republic of Germany ( 1949 -- present ) Flag of the German Democratic Republic ( 1949 -- 59 ) 3 : 5 Flag of the German Democratic Republic ( 1959 -- 90 ) Flag of the Unified Team of Germany , as used from the 1960 to 1968 Olympics GDR flag at a 1955 boxing international With relations deteriorating between the Soviet Union and the United States , the three western Allies met in March 1948 to merge their zones of occupation and allow the formation of what became the Federal Republic of Germany , commonly known as West Germany . Meanwhile , the eastern Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic , commonly known as East Germany . During the preparation of the new constitution for West Germany , discussions regarding its national symbols took place in August 1948 during a meeting at Herrenchiemsee . Although there were objections to the creation of a national flag before reunification with the east , it was decided to proceed . This decision was primarily motivated by the proposed constitution by the eastern SED in November 1946 , where black - red - gold were suggested as the colours for a future German republic . While there were other suggestions for the new flag for West Germany , the final choice was between two designs , both using black - red - gold . The Social Democrats proposed the re-introduction of the old Weimar flag , while the conservative parties such as the CDU / CSU and the German Party proposed a suggestion by Ernst Wirmer , a member of the Parlamentarischer Rat ( parliamentary council ) and future advisor of chancellor Konrad Adenauer . Wirmer suggested a variant of the 1944 `` Resistance '' flag ( using the black - red - gold scheme in a Nordic Cross pattern ) designed by his brother and 20 July co-conspirator Josef . The tricolour was ultimately selected , largely to illustrate the continuity between the Weimar Republic and this new German state . With the enactment of the ( West ) German constitution on 23 May 1949 , the black - red - gold tricolour was adopted as the flag for the Federal Republic of Germany . In 1955 , the inhabitants of the French - administered Saar Protectorate voted to join West Germany . Since its establishment as a separate French protectorate in 1947 , the Saar had a white Nordic cross on a blue and red background as its flag . To demonstrate the commitment of the Saar to be a part of West Germany , a new flag was selected on 9 July 1956 : the black - red - gold tricolour defaced with the new coat of arms , also proposed on this day . This flag came into force on 1 January 1957 , upon the establishment of the Saarland as a state of West Germany . While the use of black - red - gold had been suggested in the Soviet zone in 1946 , the Second People 's Congress in 1948 decided to adopt the old black - white - red tricolour as a national flag for East Germany . This choice was based on the use of these colours by the National Committee for a Free Germany , a German anti-Nazi organisation that operated in the Soviet Union in the last two years of the war . In 1949 , following a suggestion from Friedrich Ebert , Jr. , the black - red - gold tricolour was instead selected as the flag of the German Democratic Republic upon the formation of this state on 7 October 1949 . From 1949 to 1959 , the flags of both West and East Germany were identical . On 1 October 1959 , the East German government changed its flag with the addition of its coat of arms . In West Germany , these changes were seen as a deliberate attempt to divide the two Germanys . Displaying this flag in West Germany and West Berlin -- where it became known as the Spalterflagge ( divider - flag ) -- was seen as a breach of the constitution and subsequently banned until the late 1960s . From 1956 to 1964 , West and East Germany attended the Winter and Summer Olympic Games as a single team , known as the Unified Team of Germany . After the East German national flag was changed in 1959 , neither country accepted the flag of the other . As a compromise , a new flag was used by the Unified Team of Germany from 1960 to 1964 , featuring the black - red - gold tricolour defaced with white Olympic rings in the red stripe . In 1968 the teams from the two German states entered separately , but both used the same German Olympic flag . From 1972 to 1988 , the separate West and East German teams used their respective national flags . 1989 -- present ( edit ) German football fans during the 2006 FIFA World Cup . Some flags seen here contain the federal coat of arms and must not be confused with the state flag , which displays the Bundesschild . Flag of unified Germany ( 1990 -- present ) After the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 , many East Germans cut the coat of arms out of their flags , as Hungarians had done in 1956 and as Romanians would soon do during the fall of Ceaușescu . The widespread act of removing the coat of arms from the East German flag implied the plain black - red - gold tricolour as symbol for a united and democratic Germany . Finally , on 3 October 1990 , as the area of the German Democratic Republic was absorbed into the Federal Republic of Germany , the black - red - gold tricolour became the flag of a reunified Germany . In 1998 , the Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship was formed . The duty of this organisation , directly responsible to the federal government , is to examine the consequences of the former East German regime . As its logo , the foundation used an East German flag with the Communist coat of arms cut out . The old black - white - red tricolour of the German Empire is still used by monarchists and those members of German royalty who long for the peaceful reintroduction of a German democratic monarchy . This use of the old flag is almost completely overshadowed by its prevalent use by the far right ; since the swastika is illegal in Germany , the far right have been forced to forego any Nazi flags and instead use the old tricolour , which the Nazis themselves banned in 1935 . In Germany , the use of the flag and other national symbols has been relatively low for most of the time since the Second World War -- a reaction against the widespread use of flags by the Nazi Party and against the nationalistic furore of the Nazis in general . During the 2006 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Germany , public use of the national flag increased dramatically . Although this explosion in the flag 's popularity was initially greeted by many Germans with a mixture of surprise and apprehension , the decades - old fear that German flag - waving and national pride was inextricably associated with its Nazi past was dismissed by the end of the tournament by Germans and non-Germans alike . See also ( edit ) Germany portal List of German flags Flags of German states Coat of arms of Germany National colours of Germany Hanseatic flags Flag of Prussia Reichskriegsflagge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Federal Government of Germany ( 17 December 2007 ) . `` Primärfarben '' . Corporate Design Documentation ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Anordnung über die deutschen Flaggen , dated 13.11. 1996 '' ( Order concerning the German flags , dated 13 November 1996 ) ( pdf ) ( in German ) . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Die Bundesflagge besteht aus drei gleich breiten Querstreifen , oben schwarz , in der Mitte rot , unten goldfarben ( The national flag consists of three horizontal stripes of equal breadth , black at the top , red in the middle , and gold at the bottom ) Jump up ^ Federal Parliament of Germany ( 15 December 2004 ) . `` Schwarz Rot Gold . Symbol der Einheit '' ( Black Red Gold . Symbol of unity ) ( in German ) . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ingeb.org/Lieder/wirhatte.html Jump up ^ The Flag of Germany Archived 29 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany ( 23 May 1949 ) . German version and English version ( December 2000 ) ( PDF ) . See Article 22 . Retrieved on 24 February 2008 . Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Federal Government of Germany ( 7 July 1950 ) . `` Anordnung über die deutschen Flaggen '' ( Arrangement of the German Flag ) . documentArchiv.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Federal Government of Germany ( 24 May 1968 ) . `` § 124 OWiG : Benutzen von Wappen oder Dienstflaggen '' ( Administrative Offences Act § 124 : Use of crest or official flags ) ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Federal Government of Germany ( 13 November 1996 ) . `` Anordnung über die deutschen Flaggen '' ( Arrangement of the German Flag ) . Gesetze im Internet ( in German ) . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Flag hoisting formats and terminology ( Germany , Austria , and adjacent countries ) '' . Flags of the World . 26 October 2001 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2008 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Federal Government of Germany ( 25 May 1956 ) . `` Anordnung des Bundespräsidenten über die Dienstflagge der Seestreitkräfte der Bundeswehr '' . Gesetze im Internet ( in German ) . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Government of the German Reich ( 11 April 1921 ) . `` Verordnung über die deutschen Flaggen '' ( Regulation on the German Flags ) . documentArchiv.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Colors of the Flag ( Germany ) '' . Flags of the World . 5 August 1998 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Contains a letter from the German Ministry of the Interior ( 30 July 1998 ) Jump up ^ Dreyhaupt , Rüdiger F. ( 2000 ) . `` Flags of the Weimar Republic '' . Der Flaggenkurier ( in German ) . 11 : 3 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : ( in German ) Federal Court of Justice of Germany ( 16 November 1959 ) . 3 StR 45 / 59 . Jump up ^ Rabbow , Arnold ( 1968 ) . `` Schwarz -- Rot -- Gold oder Schwarz -- Rot -- Gelb ? '' . Neue Heraldische Mitteilungen / Kleeblatt - Jahrbuch ( in German ) . Hanover . 6 + 7 : 30 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Government of Germany ( 22 March 2005 ) . `` Beflaggungserlass der Bundesregierung '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 16 December 2007 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Protocol ( Germany ) '' . Flags of the World . 6 February 2002 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Holy Roman Empire '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Unidentified ' Rhine Republic ' Flag 1806 ( Germany ) '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rabbow , Arnold ( 2007 ) . `` Schwarz - Rot - Gold : Einheit in Freiheit '' ( Black - Red - Gold . Unity in Freedom ) . Der Flaggenkurier ( The Flag Courier ) ( in German ) . 25 : 41 -- 45 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Scheidler , Karl Hermann ( 5 August 1865 ) Illustrierte Zeitung , Leipzig , 98 ^ Jump up to : `` German Confederation '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Austria : The Age of Metternich '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2008 . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Hambach Festival '' . Official website of Hambach Castle. 2007 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2004 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Frankfurt Parliament ( 12 November 1848 ) . `` Gesetz betreffend die Einführung einer deutschen Kriegs - und Handelsflagge '' ( Act concerning the introduction of a German navy and merchant flag ) . documentArchiv.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the North German Confederation '' . documentArchiv.de ( in German ) . 27 June 1867 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . See Article 55 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the German Empire '' . documentArchiv.de ( in German ) . 16 April 1871 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . See Article 55 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Weimar Republic '' . documentArchiv.de ( in German ) . 11 August 1919 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . See Article 3 . Jump up ^ State government of Rhineland - Palatinate ( 2007 ) . `` Symbol für Freiheit , Einheit und Demokratie '' ( Symbol for Freedom , Unity and Democracy ) ( in German ) . Retrieved 10 January 2008 . Jump up ^ von Hindenburg , Paul ( 12 March 1933 ) . `` Erlaß des Reichspräsidenten über die vorläufige Regelung der Flaggenhissung '' ( Decree of the President for the provisional regulation of raising flags ) . documentArchiv.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Fornax . `` The German Swastika Flag 1933 -- 1945 '' . Historical flags of our ancestors . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Brian Leigh Davis : Flags & standards of the Third Reich , Macdonald & Jane 's , London 1975 , ISBN 0 - 356 - 04879 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Government of the German Reich ( 15 September 1935 ) . `` Reichsflaggengesetz '' ( Reich Flag Act ) . documentArchiv.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ GERMANY : Little Man , Big Doings , TIME Magazine , 23 September 1935 Jump up ^ Statement by Hermann Göring , quoted in the Völkischer Beobachter ( 17 September 1935 ) ( in German ) Jump up ^ Nazi propaganda pamphlet `` The Life of the Führer '' Jump up ^ Hitler , Adolf ( 1926 ) . Mein Kampf , volume 2 , chapter VII . Jump up ^ Speer , Albert ( 1970 ) . Inside the Third Reich . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 684 - 82949 - 5 . Jump up ^ Government of the German Reich ( 20 December 1933 ) . `` Verordnung über die vorläufige Regelung der Flaggenführung auf Kauffahrteischiffen '' . documentArchiv.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ The German swastika flag 1933 -- 1945 Jump up ^ Allied Control Council ( 30 August 1945 ) . `` Law N ° 1 from the Control Council for Germany : Repealing of Nazi Laws '' . European Navigator . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Allied Control Council ( 30 November 1946 ) . `` Law No. 39 of the Allied Control Commission '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . See Article 1 # 3 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Württemberg - Baden '' . Verfassungen der Welt. 30 November 1946 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . See Article 45 ( in German ) Jump up ^ `` Württemberg - Baden 1947 -- 1952 ( Germany ) '' . Flags of the World . Archived from the original on 12 March 2008 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Contains quotation from discussion of the constitution committee . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Rhineland - Palatinate '' . Verfassungen der Welt ( in German ) . 18 May 1947 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary constitution of Lower Saxony '' . Verfassungen der Welt ( in German ) . 13 April 1951 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . See Article 1 # 2 Jump up ^ `` Rhineland - Palatinate ( Germany ) '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Saxony ( Germany ) '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Friedel , Alois ( 1968 ) . Deutsche Staatssymbole ( German state symbols ) ( in German ) . Athenäum - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7610 - 5115 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` SED - proposed constitution of the German Democratic Republic '' . documentArchiv.de. 14 November 1946 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . ( in German ) ^ Jump up to : `` Proposals 1944 -- 1949 ( Germany ) '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Rabbow , Arnold ( May -- August 1983 ) . `` A Flag Against Hitler . The 1944 National Flag Proposal of the German Resistance Movement '' . Flag Bulletin . 100 . Jump up ^ `` The Saar referendum '' . European Navigator. 23 October 1955 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Saarland '' . documentArchiv.de. 15 December 1947 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . See Article 61 . ( in German ) Jump up ^ ( in German ) Government of the Saarland ( 9 July 1956 ) Gesetz Nr. 508 über die Flagge des Saarlandes and Gesetz Nr. 509 über das Wappen des Saarlandes Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the German Democratic Republic '' . documentArchiv.de ( in German ) . 7 October 1949 . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . See Article 2 . Jump up ^ Government of the German Democratic Republic ( 1 October 1959 ) . `` Gesetz zur Änderung des Gesetzes über das Staatswappen und die Staatsflagge der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik '' . documentArchiv.de ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Guibernau , Montserrat ( 26 July 2013 ) . Belonging : Solidarity and Division in Modern Societies . Polity Press . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0745655079 . Jump up ^ Information pamphlet Archived 27 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . by the Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship . Retrieved on 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Home page of monarchist organisation Tradition und Leben . See German section for more detailed text . Retrieved on 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Sontheimer , Michael ( 29 June 2006 ) . `` Dr. Strangelove : How Germans Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Flag '' . Spiegel Online . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Young , Marc ( 14 June 2006 ) . `` Germany flies the flag '' . Spiegel Online . Retrieved 24 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Richard ( 14 June 2006 ) . `` In World Cup Surprise , Flags Fly With German Pride '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Crossland , David ( 10 July 2006 ) . `` Germany 's World Cup Recovery : From Humorless to Carefree in 30 Days '' . Spiegel Online . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . 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when was the us bill of rights ratified

United States Bill of Rights United States Bill of Rights Created September 25 , 1789 Ratified December 15 , 1791 Location National Archives Author ( s ) James Madison

United States Bill of Rights

united states bill of rights

The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution . Proposed following the oftentimes bitter 1787 -- 88 battle over ratification of the U.S. Constitution , and crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists , the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights , clear limitations on the government 's power in judicial and other proceedings , and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people . The concepts codified in these amendments are built upon those found in several earlier documents , including the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the English Bill of Rights 1689 , along with earlier documents such as Magna Carta ( 1215 ) . In practice , the amendments had little impact on judgements by the courts for the first 150 years after ratification .

On June 8 , 1789 , Representative James Madison introduced nine amendments to the constitution in the House of Representatives . Among his recommendations Madison proposed opening up the Constitution and inserting specific rights limiting the power of Congress in Article One , Section 9 . Seven of these limitations would become part of the ten ratified Bill of Rights amendments . Ultimately , on September 25 , 1789 , Congress approved twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution , each consisting of one one - sentence paragraph , and submitted them to the states for ratification . Contrary to Madison 's original proposal that the articles be incorporated into the main body of the Constitution , they were proposed as supplemental additions ( codicils ) to it . Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15 , 1791 , and became Amendments One through Ten of the Constitution . Article Two became part of the Constitution on May 5 , 1992 , as the Twenty - seventh Amendment . Article One is technically still pending before the states . Although Madison 's proposed amendments included a provision to extend the protection of some of the Bill of Rights to the states , the amendments that were finally submitted for ratification applied only to the federal government . The door for their application upon state governments was opened in the 1860s , following ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment . Since the early 20th century both federal and state courts have used the Fourteenth Amendment to apply portions of the Bill of Rights to state and local governments . The process is known as incorporation . There are several original engrossed copies of the Bill of Rights still in existence . One of these is on permanent public display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 The Philadelphia Convention 1.2 The Anti-Federalists 1.3 The Federalists 1.4 Massachusetts compromise 2 Proposal and ratification 2.1 Anticipating amendments 2.2 Crafting amendments 2.3 Ratification process 3 Application and text 3.1 First Amendment 3.2 Second Amendment 3.3 Third Amendment 3.4 Fourth Amendment 3.5 Fifth Amendment 3.6 Sixth Amendment 3.7 Seventh Amendment 3.8 Eighth Amendment 3.9 Ninth Amendment 3.10 Tenth Amendment 4 Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background The Philadelphia convention Main article : Constitutional Convention ( United States ) Prior to the ratification and implementation of the United States Constitution , the thirteen sovereign states followed the Articles of Confederation , created by the Second Continental Congress and ratified in 1781 . However , the national government that operated under the Articles of Confederation was too weak to adequately regulate the various conflicts that arose between the states . The Philadelphia Convention set out to correct weaknesses of the Articles that had been apparent even before the American Revolutionary War had been successfully concluded . The convention took place from May 14 to September 17 , 1787 , in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was purportedly intended only to revise the Articles , the intention of many of its proponents , chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one . The convention convened in the Pennsylvania State House , and George Washington of Virginia was unanimously elected as president of the convention . The 55 delegates who drafted the Constitution are among the men known as the Founding Fathers of the new nation . Thomas Jefferson , who was Minister to France during the convention , characterized the delegates as an assembly of `` demi - gods . '' Rhode Island refused to send delegates to the convention . On September 12 , George Mason of Virginia suggested the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution modeled on previous state declarations , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts made it a formal motion . However , the motion was defeated by a unanimous vote of the state delegations after only a brief discussion . Madison , then an opponent of a Bill of Rights , later explained the vote by calling the state bills of rights `` parchment barriers '' that offered only an illusion of protection against tyranny . Another delegate , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , later argued that the act of enumerating the rights of the people would have been dangerous , because it would imply that rights not explicitly mentioned did not exist ; Hamilton echoed this point in Federalist No. 84 . Because Mason and Gerry had emerged as opponents of the proposed new Constitution , their motion -- introduced five days before the end of the convention -- may also have been seen by other delegates as a delaying tactic . The quick rejection of this motion , however , later endangered the entire ratification process . Author David O. Stewart characterizes the omission of a Bill of Rights in the original Constitution as `` a political blunder of the first magnitude '' while historian Jack N. Rakove calls it `` the one serious miscalculation the framers made as they looked ahead to the struggle over ratification '' . Thirty - nine delegates signed the finalized Constitution . Thirteen delegates left before it was completed , and three who remained at the convention until the end refused to sign it : Mason , Gerry , and Edmund Randolph of Virginia . Afterward , the Constitution was presented to the Articles of Confederation Congress with the request that it afterwards be submitted to a convention of delegates , chosen in each State by the people , for their assent and ratification . The Anti-Federalists On June 5 , 1788 , Patrick Henry spoke before Virginia 's ratification convention in opposition to the Constitution . Following the Philadelphia Convention , some leading revolutionary figures such as Patrick Henry , Samuel Adams , and Richard Henry Lee publicly opposed the new frame of government , a position known as `` Anti-Federalism '' . Elbridge Gerry wrote the most popular Anti-Federalist tract , `` Hon . Mr. Gerry 's Objections '' , which went through 46 printings ; the essay particularly focused on the lack of a bill of rights in the proposed constitution . Many were concerned that a strong national government was a threat to individual rights and that the president would become a king . Jefferson wrote to Madison advocating a Bill of Rights : `` Half a loaf is better than no bread . If we can not secure all our rights , let us secure what we can . '' The pseudonymous Anti-Federalist `` Brutus '' wrote , We find they have , in the ninth section of the first article declared , that the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended , unless in cases of rebellion -- that no bill of attainder , or ex post facto law , shall be passed -- that no title of nobility shall be granted by the United States , etc . If every thing which is not given is reserved , what propriety is there in these exceptions ? Does this Constitution any where grant the power of suspending the habeas corpus , to make ex post facto laws , pass bills of attainder , or grant titles of nobility ? It certainly does not in express terms . The only answer that can be given is , that these are implied in the general powers granted . With equal truth it may be said , that all the powers which the bills of rights guard against the abuse of , are contained or implied in the general ones granted by this Constitution . He continued with this observation : Ought not a government , vested with such extensive and indefinite authority , to have been restricted by a declaration of rights ? It certainly ought . So clear a point is this , that I can not help suspecting that persons who attempt to persuade people that such reservations were less necessary under this Constitution than under those of the States , are wilfully endeavoring to deceive , and to lead you into an absolute state of vassalage . The Federalists Supporters of the Constitution , known as Federalists , opposed a bill of rights for much of the ratification period , in part due to the procedural uncertainties it would create . Madison argued against such an inclusion , suggesting that state governments were sufficient guarantors of personal liberty , in No. 46 of The Federalist Papers , a series of essays promoting the Federalist position . Hamilton opposed a bill of rights in The Federalist No. 84 , stating that `` the constitution is itself in every rational sense , and to every useful purpose , a bill of rights . He stated that ratification did not mean the American people were surrendering their rights , making protections unnecessary : `` Here , in strictness , the people surrender nothing , and as they retain everything , they have no need of particular reservations . '' Patrick Henry criticized the federalist point of view , writing that the legislature must be firmly informed `` of the extent of the rights retained by the people ... being in a state of uncertainty , they will assume rather than give up powers by implication . '' Other anti-federalists pointed out that earlier political documents , in particular the Magna Carta had protected specific rights . In response , Hamilton argued that the Constitution was inherently different : Bills of rights are in their origin , stipulations between kings and their subjects , abridgments of prerogative in favor of privilege , reservations of rights not surrendered to the prince . Such was the Magna Charta , obtained by the Barons , swords in hand , from King John . Massachusetts compromise Main article : Massachusetts Compromise George Washington 's 1788 letter to the Marquis de Lafayette observed , `` the Convention of Massachusetts adopted the Constitution in toto ; but recommended a number of specific alterations and quieting explanations . '' Source : Library of Congress In December 1787 and January 1788 , five states -- Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia , and Connecticut -- ratified the Constitution with relative ease , though the bitter minority report of the Pennsylvania opposition was widely circulated . In contrast to its predecessors , the Massachusetts convention was angry and contentious , at one point erupting into a fistfight between Federalist delegate Francis Dana and Anti-Federalist Elbridge Gerry when the latter was not allowed to speak . The impasse was resolved only when revolutionary heroes and leading Anti-Federalists Samuel Adams and John Hancock agreed to ratification on the condition that the convention also propose amendments . The convention 's proposed amendments included a requirement for grand jury indictment in capital cases , which would form part of the Fifth Amendment , and an amendment reserving powers to the states not expressly given to the federal government , which would later form the basis for the Tenth Amendment . Following Massachusetts ' lead , the Federalist minorities in both Virginia and New York were able to obtain ratification in convention by linking ratification to recommended amendments . A committee of the Virginia convention headed by law professor George Wythe forwarded forty recommended amendments to Congress , twenty of which enumerated individual rights and another twenty of which enumerated states ' rights . The latter amendments included limitations on federal powers to levy taxes and regulate trade . A minority of the Constitution 's critics , such as Maryland 's Luther Martin , continued to oppose ratification . However , Martin 's allies , such as New York 's John Lansing , Jr. , dropped moves to obstruct the Convention 's process . They began to take exception to the Constitution `` as it was , '' seeking amendments . Several conventions saw supporters for `` amendments before '' shift to a position of `` amendments after '' for the sake of staying in the Union . The New York Anti-Federalist `` circular letter '' was sent to each state legislature proposing a second constitutional convention for `` amendments before '' , but it failed in the state legislatures . Ultimately , only North Carolina and Rhode Island waited for amendments from Congress before ratifying . Article Seven of the proposed Constitution set the terms by which the new frame of government would be established . The new Constitution would become operational when ratified by at least nine states . Only then would it replace the existing government under the Articles of Confederation and would apply only to those states that ratified it . Following contentious battles in several states , the proposed Constitution reached that nine state ratification plateau in June 1788 . On September 13 , 1788 , the Articles of Confederation Congress certified that the new Constitution had been ratified by more than enough states for the new system to be implemented and directed the new government to meet in New York City on the first Wednesday in March the following year . On March 4 , 1789 , the new frame of government came into force with eleven of the thirteen states participating . Proposal and ratification Anticipating amendments James Madison , primary author and chief advocate for the Bill of Rights in the First Congress . The 1st United States Congress , which met in New York City 's Federal Hall , was a triumph for the Federalists . The Senate of eleven states contained 20 Federalists with only two Anti-Federalists , both from Virginia . The House included 48 Federalists to 11 Anti-Federalists , the latter of whom were from only four states : Massachusetts , New York , Virginia and South Carolina . Among the Virginia delegation to the House was James Madison , Patrick Henry 's chief opponent in the Virginia ratification battle . In retaliation for Madison 's victory in that battle at Virginia 's ratification convention , Henry and other Anti-Federalists , who controlled the Virginia House of Delegates had gerrymandered a hostile district for Madison 's planned congressional run and recruited Madison 's future presidential successor , James Monroe , to oppose him . Madison defeated Monroe after offering a campaign pledge that he would introduce constitutional amendments comprising a Bill of Rights at the First Congress . Originally opposed to the inclusion of a bill of rights in the Constitution , he had gradually come to understand the importance of doing so during the often contentious ratification debates . By taking the initiative to propose amendments himself through the Congress , he hoped to preempt a second constitutional convention that might , it was feared , undo the difficult compromises of 1787 , and open the entire Constitution to reconsideration , thus risking the dissolution of the new federal government . Writing to Jefferson , he stated , `` The friends of the Constitution , some from an approbation of particular amendments , others from a spirit of conciliation , are generally agreed that the System should be revised . But they wish the revisal to be carried no farther than to supply additional guards for liberty . '' He also felt that amendments guaranteeing personal liberties would `` give to the Government its due popularity and stability '' . Finally , he hoped that the amendments `` would acquire by degrees the character of fundamental maxims of free government , and as they become incorporated with the national sentiment , counteract the impulses of interest and passion '' . Historians continue to debate the degree to which Madison considered the amendments of the Bill of Rights necessary , and to what degree he considered them politically expedient ; in the outline of his address , he wrote , `` Bill of Rights -- useful -- not essential -- '' . On the occasion of his April 30 , 1789 inauguration as the nation 's first president , George Washington addressed the subject of amending the Constitution . He urged the legislators , whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government , or which ought to await the future lessons of experience ; a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen , and a regard for public harmony , will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question , how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted . Crafting amendments James Madison introduced a series of Constitutional amendments in the House of Representatives for consideration . Among his proposals was one that would have added introductory language stressing natural rights to the preamble . Another would apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government . Several sought to protect individual personal rights by limiting various Constitutional powers of Congress . Like Washington , Madison urged Congress to keep the revision to the Constitution `` a moderate one '' , limited to protecting individual rights . Madison was deeply read in the history of government and used a range of sources in composing the amendments . The English Magna Carta of 1215 inspired the right to petition and to trial by jury , for example , while the English Bill of Rights of 1689 provided an early precedent for the right to keep and bear arms ( although this applied only to Protestants ) and prohibited cruel and unusual punishment . The greatest influence on Madison 's text , however , was existing state constitutions . Many of his amendments , including his proposed new preamble , were based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights drafted by Anti-Federalist George Mason in 1776 . To reduce future opposition to ratification , Madison also looked for recommendations shared by many states . He did provide one , however , that no state had requested : `` No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases . '' He did not include an amendment that every state had asked for , one that would have made tax assessments voluntary instead of contributions . James Madison 's proposed amendments to the Constitution : First . That there be prefixed to the constitution a declaration that all power is originally vested in , and consequently derived from the people . That government is instituted , and ought to be exercised for the benefit of the people ; which consists in the enjoyment of life and liberty , with the right of acquiring and using property , and generally of pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety . That the people have an indubitable , unalienable , and indefeasible right to reform or change their government , whenever it be found adverse or inadequate to the purposes of its institution . Secondly . That in article 1st , section 2 , clause 3 , these words be struck out , to wit : `` The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand , but each State shall have at least one Representative , and until such enumeration shall be made ; '' and in place thereof be inserted these words , to wit : `` After the first actual enumeration , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number amounts to -- , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that the number shall never be less than -- , nor more than -- , but each State shall , after the first enumeration , have at least two Representatives ; and prior thereto . '' Thirdly . That in article 2nd , section 6 , clause 1 , there be added to the end of the first sentence , these words , to wit , `` But no law varying the compensation last ascertained shall operate before the next ensuing election of representatives . '' Fourthly . That in article 2nd , section 9 , between clauses 3 and 4 , be inserted these clauses , to wit , The civil rights of none shall be abridged on account of religious belief or worship , nor shall any national religion be established , nor shall the full and equal rights of conscience by in any manner , or on any pretext infringed . The people shall not be deprived or abridged of their right to speak , to write , or to publish their sentiments ; and the freedom of the press , as one of the great bulwarks of liberty , shall be inviolable . The people shall not be restrained from peaceably assembling and consulting for their common good , nor from applying to the legislature by petitions , or remonstrances for redress of their grievances . The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed , and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country : but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms , shall be compelled to render military service in person . No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor at any time , but in a manner warranted by law . No person shall be subject , except in cases of impeachment , to more than one punishment , or one trial for the same office ; nor shall be compelled to be a witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property without due process of law ; nor be obliged to relinquish his property , where it may be necessary for public use , without a just compensation . Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The rights of the people to be secured in their persons , their houses , their papers , and their other property from all unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated by warrants issued without probable cause , supported by oath or affirmation , or not particularly describing the places to be searched , or the persons or things to be seized . In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the cause and nature of the accusation , to be confronted with his accusers , and the witnesses against him ; to have a compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense . The exceptions here or elsewhere in the constitution , made in favor of particular rights , shall not be so construed as to diminish the just importance of other rights retained by the people ; or as to enlarge the powers delegated by the constitution ; but either as actual limitations of such powers , or as inserted merely for greater caution . Fifthly . That in article 2nd , section 10 , between clauses 1 and 2 , be inserted this clause , to wit : No state shall violate the equal rights of conscience , or the freedom of the press , or the trial by jury in criminal cases Sixthly . That article 3rd , section 2 , be annexed to the end of clause 2nd , these words to wit : but no appeal to such court shall be allowed where the value in controversy shall not amount to -- dollars : nor shall any fact triable by jury , according to the course of common law , be otherwise re-examinable than may consist with the principles of common law . Seventhly . That in article 3rd , section 2 , the third clause be struck out , and in its place be inserted the classes following , to wit : The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachments , and cases arising in the land or naval forces , or the militia when on actual service in time of war or public danger ) shall be by an impartial jury of freeholders of the vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , of the right of challenge , and other accustomed requisites ; and in all crimes punishable with loss of life or member , presentment or indictment by a grand jury shall be an essential preliminary , provided that in cases of crimes committed within any county which may be in possession of an enemy , or in which a general insurrection may prevail , the trial may by law be authorized in some other county of the same State , as near as may be to the seat of the offence . In cases of crimes committed not within any county , the trial may by law be in such county as the laws shall have prescribed . In suits at common law , between man and man , the trial by jury , as one of the best securities to the rights of the people , ought to remain inviolate . Eighthly . That immediately after article 6th , be inserted , as article 7th , the clauses following , to wit : The powers delegated by this constitution , are appropriated to the departments to which they are respectively distributed : so that the legislative department shall never exercise the powers vested in the executive or judicial ; nor the executive exercise the powers vested in the legislative or judicial ; nor the judicial exercise the powers vested in the legislative or executive departments . The powers not delegated by this constitution , nor prohibited by it to the states , are reserved to the States respectively . Ninthly . That article 7th , be numbered as article 8th . Federalist representatives were quick to attack Madison 's proposal , fearing that any move to amend the new Constitution so soon after its implementation would create an appearance of instability in the government . The House , unlike the Senate , was open to the public , and members such as Fisher Ames warned that a prolonged `` dissection of the constitution '' before the galleries could shake public confidence . A procedural battle followed , and after initially forwarding the amendments to a select committee for revision , the House agreed to take Madison 's proposal up as a full body beginning on July 21 , 1789 . The eleven - member committee made some significant changes to Madison 's nine proposed amendments , including eliminating most of his preamble and adding the phrase `` freedom of speech , and of the press '' . The House debated the amendments for eleven days . Roger Sherman of Connecticut persuaded the House to place the amendments at the Constitution 's end so that the document would `` remain inviolate '' , rather than adding them throughout , as Madison had proposed . The amendments , revised and condensed from twenty to seventeen , were approved and forwarded to the Senate on August 24 , 1789 . The Senate edited these amendments still further , making 26 changes of its own . Madison 's proposal to apply parts of the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal government was eliminated , and the seventeen amendments were condensed to twelve , which were approved on September 9 , 1789 . The Senate also eliminated the last of Madison 's proposed changes to the preamble . On September 21 , 1789 , a House -- Senate Conference Committee convened to resolve the numerous differences between the two Bill of Rights proposals . On September 24 , 1789 , the committee issued this report , which finalized 12 Constitutional Amendments for House and Senate to consider . This final version was approved by joint resolution of Congress on September 25 , 1789 , to be forwarded to the states on September 28 . By the time the debates and legislative maneuvering that went into crafting the Bill of Rights amendments was done , many personal opinions had shifted . A number of Federalists came out in support , thus silencing the Anti-Federalists ' most effective critique . Many Anti-Federalists , in contrast , were now opposed , realizing that Congressional approval of these amendments would greatly lessen the chances of a second constitutional convention . Anti-Federalists such as Richard Henry Lee also argued that the Bill left the most objectionable portions of the Constitution , such as the federal judiciary and direct taxation , intact . Madison remained active in the progress of the amendments throughout the legislative process . Historian Gordon S. Wood writes that `` there is no question that it was Madison 's personal prestige and his dogged persistence that saw the amendments through the Congress . There might have been a federal Constitution without Madison but certainly no Bill of Rights . '' ( hide ) Approval of the Bill of Rights in Congress and the States Seventeen Articles Approved by the House August 24 , 1789 Twelve Articles Approved by the Senate September 9 , 1789 Twelve Articles Approved by Congress September 25 , 1789 Ratification Status First Article : After the first enumeration , required by the first Article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons , until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . First Article : After the first enumeration , required by the first article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred ; to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of forty thousand , until the Representatives shall amount to two hundred , to which number one Representative shall be added for every subsequent increase of sixty thousand persons . First Article : After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution , there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand , until the number shall amount to one hundred , after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives , nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons , until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred ; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress , that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives , nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons . Pending : Congressional Apportionment Amendment Second Article : No law varying the compensation to the members of Congress , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Second Article : No law , varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives , shall take effect , until an election of Representatives shall have intervened . Ratified : May 5 , 1992 Twenty - seventh Amendment Third Article : Congress shall make no law establishing religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , nor shall the rights of Conscience be infringed . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Third Article : Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 First Amendment Fourth Article : The Freedom of Speech , and of the Press , and the right of the People peaceably to assemble , and consult for their common good , and to apply to the Government for a redress of grievances , shall not be infringed . ( see Third Article above ) Fifth Article : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the People , being the best security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms , shall be compelled to render military service in person . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Fourth Article : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Second Amendment Sixth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Fifth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Fifth Article : No soldier shall , in time of peace , be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Third Amendment Seventh Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Sixth Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Sixth Article : The right of the People to be secure in their persons , houses , papers and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fourth Amendment Eighth Article : No person shall be subject , except in case of impeachment , to more than one trial , or one punishment for the same offense , nor shall be compelled in any criminal case , to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia , when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case , to be a witnesses against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation . Seventh Article : No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Fifth Amendment Ninth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation , to be confronted with the witnesses against him , to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour , and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence . Eighth Article : In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Sixth Amendment Tenth Article : The trial of all crimes ( except in cases of impeachment , and in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the militia when in actual service in time of War or public danger ) shall be by an Impartial Jury of the Vicinage , with the requisite of unanimity for conviction , the right of challenge , and other accostomed ( sic ) requisites ; and no person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherways ( sic ) infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment by a Grand Jury ; but if a crime be committed in a place in the possession of an enemy , or in which an insurrection may prevail , the indictment and trial may by law be authorised in some other place within the same State . ( see Seventh Article above ) Eleventh Article : No appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States , shall be allowed , where the value in controversy shall not amount to one thousand dollars , nor shall any fact , triable by a Jury according to the course of the common law , be otherwise re-examinable , than according to the rules of common law . Ninth Article : In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved , and no fact , tried by a Jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . Ninth Article : In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved , and no fact , tried by a Jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Seventh Amendment Twelfth Article : In suits at common law , the right of trial by Jury shall be preserved . ( see Ninth Article above ) Thirteenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Tenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Tenth Article : Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Eighth Amendment Fourteenth Article : No State shall infringe the right of trial by Jury in criminal cases , nor the rights of conscience , nor the freedom of speech , or of the press . Fifteenth Article : The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Eleventh Article : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Eleventh Article : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Ninth Amendment Sixteenth Article : The powers delegated by the Constitution to the government of the United States , shall be exercised as therein appropriated , so that the Legislative shall never exercise the powers vested in the Executive or Judicial ; nor the Executive the powers vested in the Legislative or Judicial ; nor the Judicial the powers vested in the Legislative or Executive . Seventeenth Article : The powers not delegated by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it , to the States , are reserved to the States respectively . Twelfth Article : The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . Twelfth Article : The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . Ratified : December 15 , 1791 Tenth Amendment Ratification process The twelve articles of amendment approved by congress were officially submitted to the Legislatures of the several States for consideration on September 28 , 1789 . The following states ratified some or all of the amendments : New Jersey : Articles One and Three through Twelve on November 20 , 1789 , and Article Two on May 7 , 1992 Maryland : Articles One through Twelve on December 19 , 1789 North Carolina : Articles One through Twelve on December 22 , 1789 South Carolina : Articles One through Twelve on January 19 , 1790 New Hampshire : Articles One and Three through Twelve on January 25 , 1790 , and Article Two on March 7 , 1985 Delaware : Articles Two through Twelve on January 28 , 1790 New York : Articles One and Three through Twelve on February 24 , 1790 Pennsylvania : Articles Three through Twelve on March 10 , 1790 , and Article One on September 21 , 1791 Rhode Island : Articles One and Three through Twelve on June 7 , 1790 , and Article Two on June 10 , 1993 Vermont : Articles One through Twelve on November 3 , 1791 Virginia : Article One on November 3 , 1791 , and Articles Two through Twelve on December 15 , 1791 ( After failing to ratify the 12 amendments during the 1789 legislative session . ) Having been approved by the requisite three - fourths of the several states , there being 14 States in the Union at the time ( as Vermont had been admitted into the Union on March 4 , 1791 ) , the ratification of Articles Three through Twelve was completed and they became Amendments 1 through 10 of the Constitution . President Washington informed Congress of this on December 30 , 1791 . As they had not yet been approved by 11 of the 14 states , the ratification of Article One ( ratified by 10 ) and Article Two ( ratified by 6 ) remained incomplete . The ratification plateau they needed to reach soon rose to 12 of 15 states when Kentucky joined the Union ( June 1 , 1792 ) . On June 27 , 1792 , the Kentucky General Assembly ratified all 12 amendments , however this action did not come to light until 1996 . Article One came within one state of the number needed to become adopted into the Constitution on two occasions between 1789 and 1803 . Despite coming close to ratification early on , it has never received the approval of enough states to become part of the Constitution . As Congress did not attach a ratification time limit to the article , it is still technically pending before the states . Since no state has approved it since 1792 , ratification by an additional 27 states would now be necessary for the article to be adopted . Article Two , initially ratified by seven states through 1792 ( including Kentucky ) , was not ratified by another state for eighty years . The Ohio General Assembly ratified it on May 6 , 1873 in protest of an unpopular Congressional pay raise . A century later , on March 6 , 1978 , the Wyoming Legislature also ratified the article . Gregory Watson , a University of Texas at Austin undergraduate student , started a new push for the article 's ratification with a letter - writing campaign to state legislatures . As a result , by May 1992 , enough states had approved Article Two ( 38 of the 50 states in the Union ) for it to become the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution . The amendment 's adoption was certified by Archivist of the United States Don W. Wilson and subsequently affirmed by a vote of Congress on May 20 , 1992 . Three states did not complete action on the twelve articles of amendment when they were initially put before the states . Georgia found a Bill of Rights unnecessary and so refused to ratify . Both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court ratified a number of the amendments ( the Senate adopted 10 of 12 and the House 9 of 12 ) , but failed to reconcile their two lists or to send official notice to the Secretary of State of the ones they did agree upon . Both houses of the Connecticut General Assembly voted to ratify Articles Three through Twelve but failed to reconcile their bills after disagreeing over whether to ratify Articles One and Two . All three later ratified the Constitutional amendments originally known as Articles Three through Twelve as part of the 1939 commemoration of the Bill of Rights ' sesquicentennial : Massachusetts on March 2 , Georgia on March 18 , and Connecticut on April 19 . Connecticut and Georgia would also later ratify Article Two , on May 13 , 1987 and February 2 , 1988 respectively . Application and text The Bill of Rights had little judicial impact for the first 150 years of its existence ; in the words of Gordon S. Wood , `` After ratification , most Americans promptly forgot about the first ten amendments to the Constitution . '' The Court made no important decisions protecting free speech rights , for example , until 1931 . Historian Richard Labunski attributes the Bill 's long legal dormancy to three factors : first , it took time for a `` culture of tolerance '' to develop that would support the Bill 's provisions with judicial and popular will ; second , the Supreme Court spent much of the 19th century focused on issues relating to intergovernmental balances of power ; and third , the Bill initially only applied to the federal government , a restriction affirmed by Barron v. Baltimore ( 1833 ) . In the twentieth century , however , most of the Bill 's provisions were applied to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment -- a process known as incorporation -- beginning with the freedom of speech clause , in Gitlow v. New York ( 1925 ) . In Talton v. Mayes ( 1896 ) , the Court ruled that Constitutional protections , including the provisions of the Bill of Rights , do not apply to the actions of American Indian tribal governments . Through the incorporation process the United States Supreme Court succeeded in extending to the States almost all of the protections in the Bill of Rights , as well as other , unenumerated rights . The Bill of Rights thus imposes legal limits on the powers of governments and acts as an anti-majoritarian / minoritarian safeguard by providing deeply entrenched legal protection for various civil liberties and fundamental rights . The Supreme Court for example concluded in the West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ( 1943 ) case that the founders intended the Bill of Rights to put some rights out of reach from majorities , ensuring that some liberties would endure beyond political majorities . As the Court noted the idea of the Bill of Rights `` was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . '' This is why `` fundamental rights may not be submitted to a vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections . '' First Amendment Main article : First Amendment to the United States Constitution Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . The First Amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion , impeding the free exercise of religion , abridging the freedom of speech , infringing on the freedom of the press , interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances . Initially , the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by Congress , and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today . In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , the Court drew on Thomas Jefferson 's correspondence to call for `` a wall of separation between church and State '' , though the precise boundary of this separation remains in dispute . Speech rights were expanded significantly in a series of 20th - and 21st - century court decisions that protected various forms of political speech , anonymous speech , campaign financing , pornography , and school speech ; these rulings also defined a series of exceptions to First Amendment protections . The Supreme Court overturned English common law precedent to increase the burden of proof for libel suits , most notably in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan ( 1964 ) . Commercial speech is less protected by the First Amendment than political speech , and is therefore subject to greater regulation . The Free Press Clause protects publication of information and opinions , and applies to a wide variety of media . In Near v. Minnesota ( 1931 ) and New York Times v. United States ( 1971 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment protected against prior restraint -- pre-publication censorship -- in almost all cases . The Petition Clause protects the right to petition all branches and agencies of government for action . In addition to the right of assembly guaranteed by this clause , the Court has also ruled that the amendment implicitly protects freedom of association . Second Amendment Main article : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . The Second Amendment protects the individual right to keep and bear arms . The concept of such a right existed within English common law long before the enactment of the Bill of Rights . First codified in the English Bill of Rights of 1689 ( but there only applying to Protestants ) , this right was enshrined in fundamental laws of several American states during the Revolutionary era , including the 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 . Long a controversial issue in American political , legal , and social discourse , the Second Amendment has been at the heart of several Supreme Court decisions . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , the Court ruled that `` ( t ) he right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second Amendment means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress , and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government . '' In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment `` ( protects arms that had a ) reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Court ruled that the Second Amendment `` codified a pre-existing right '' and that it `` protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home '' but also stated that `` the right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose '' . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . Third Amendment Main article : Third Amendment to the United States Constitution No Soldier shall , in time of peace be quartered in any house , without the consent of the Owner , nor in time of war , but in a manner to be prescribed by law . The Third Amendment restricts the quartering of soldiers in private homes , in response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the Revolutionary War . The amendment is one of the least controversial of the Constitution , and , as of 2016 , has never been the primary basis of a Supreme Court decision . Fourth Amendment Main article : Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The right of the people to be secure in their persons , houses , papers , and effects , against unreasonable searches and seizures , shall not be violated , and no Warrants shall issue , but upon probable cause , supported by Oath or affirmation , and particularly describing the place to be searched , and the persons or things to be seized . The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures , along with requiring any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause . It was adopted as a response to the abuse of the writ of assistance , which is a type of general search warrant , in the American Revolution . Search and seizure ( including arrest ) must be limited in scope according to specific information supplied to the issuing court , usually by a law enforcement officer who has sworn by it . The amendment is the basis for the exclusionary rule , which mandates that evidence obtained illegally can not be introduced into a criminal trial . The amendment 's interpretation has varied over time ; its protections expanded under left - leaning courts such as that headed by Earl Warren and contracted under right - leaning courts such as that of William Rehnquist . Fifth Amendment Main article : Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use , without just compensation . The Fifth Amendment protects against double jeopardy and self - incrimination and guarantees the rights to due process , grand jury screening of criminal indictments , and compensation for the seizure of private property under eminent domain . The amendment was the basis for the court 's decision in Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 ) , which established that defendants must be informed of their rights to an attorney and against self - incrimination prior to interrogation by police . Sixth Amendment Main article : Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial , by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed , which district shall have been previously ascertained by law , and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor , and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . The Sixth Amendment establishes a number of rights of the defendant in a criminal trial : to a speedy and public trial to trial by an impartial jury to be informed of criminal charges to confront witnesses to compel witnesses to appear in court to assistance of counsel In Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment guaranteed the right to legal representation in all felony prosecutions in both state and federal courts . Seventh Amendment Main article : Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution In suits at common law , where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars , the right of trial by jury shall be preserved , and no fact tried by a jury , shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States , than according to the rules of the common law . The Seventh Amendment guarantees jury trials in federal civil cases that deal with claims of more than twenty dollars . It also prohibits judges from overruling findings of fact by juries in federal civil trials . In Colgrove v. Battin ( 1973 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment 's requirements could be fulfilled by a jury with a minimum of six members . The Seventh is one of the few parts of the Bill of Rights not to be incorporated ( applied to the states ) . Eighth Amendment Main article : Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution Excessive bail shall not be required , nor excessive fines imposed , nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted . The Eighth Amendment forbids the imposition of excessive bails or fines , though it leaves the term `` excessive '' open to interpretation . The most frequently litigated clause of the amendment is the last , which forbids cruel and unusual punishment . This clause was only occasionally applied by the Supreme Court prior to the 1970s , generally in cases dealing with means of execution . In Furman v. Georgia ( 1972 ) , some members of the Court found capital punishment itself in violation of the amendment , arguing that the clause could reflect `` evolving standards of decency '' as public opinion changed ; others found certain practices in capital trials to be unacceptably arbitrary , resulting in a majority decision that effectively halted executions in the United States for several years . Executions resumed following Gregg v. Georgia ( 1976 ) , which found capital punishment to be constitutional if the jury was directed by concrete sentencing guidelines . The Court has also found that some poor prison conditions constitute cruel and unusual punishment , as in Estelle v. Gamble ( 1976 ) and Brown v. Plata ( 2011 ) . Ninth Amendment Main article : Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . The Ninth Amendment declares that there are additional fundamental rights that exist outside the Constitution . The rights enumerated in the Constitution are not an explicit and exhaustive list of individual rights . It was rarely mentioned in Supreme Court decisions before the second half of the 20th century , when it was cited by several of the justices in Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) . The Court in that case voided a statute prohibiting use of contraceptives as an infringement of the right of marital privacy . This right was , in turn , the foundation upon which the Supreme Court built decisions in several landmark cases , including , Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which overturned a Texas law making it a crime to assist a woman to get an abortion , and Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) , which invalidated a Pennsylvania law that required spousal awareness prior to obtaining an abortion . Tenth Amendment Main article : Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . The Tenth Amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution , nor prohibited to the states , are reserved to the states or the people . The amendment provides no new powers or rights to the states , but rather preserves their authority in all matters not specifically granted to the federal government . Congress has sometimes gotten around the Tenth Amendment by invoking the Commerce Clause in Article One or by threatening to withhold funding for a federal program from noncooperative States , as in South Dakota v. Dole ( 1987 ) . Display and honoring of the Bill of Rights George Washington had fourteen handwritten copies of the Bill of Rights made , one for Congress and one for each of the original thirteen states . The copies for Georgia , Maryland , New York , and Pennsylvania went missing . The New York copy is thought to have been destroyed in a fire . Two unidentified copies of the missing four ( thought to be the Georgia and Maryland copies ) survive ; one is in the National Archives , and the other is in the New York Public Library . North Carolina 's copy was stolen from the State Capitol by a Union soldier following the Civil War . In an FBI sting operation , it was recovered in 2003 . The copy retained by the First Congress has been on display ( along with the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence ) in the Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom room at the National Archives Building in Washington , D.C. since December 13 , 1952 . After fifty years on display , signs of deterioration in the casing were noted , while the documents themselves appeared to be well preserved . Accordingly , the casing was updated and the Rotunda rededicated on September 17 , 2003 . In his dedicatory remarks , President George W. Bush stated , `` The true ( American ) revolution was not to defy one earthly power , but to declare principles that stand above every earthly power -- the equality of each person before God , and the responsibility of government to secure the rights of all . '' In 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared December 15 to be Bill of Rights Day , commemorating the 150th anniversary of the ratification of the Bill of Rights . In 1991 , the Virginia copy of the Bill of Rights toured the country in honor of its bicentennial , visiting the capitals of all fifty states . See also United States portal Law portal Human rights portal Anti-Federalism Constitutionalism in the United States Four Freedoms Institute of Bill of Rights Law Patients ' ( bill of ) rights Second Bill of Rights Substantive due process Taxpayer Bill of Rights Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom We Hold These Truths References Notes Jump up ^ Probably Robert Yates Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Charters of Freedom : The Bill of Rights '' . Washington D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Madison 's Proposed Amendments to the Constitution . Annals of Congress . June 8 , 1789 . https://www.archives.gov/legislative/resources/education/bill-of-rights/images/handout-2.pdf ^ Jump up to : The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law . Britannica Educational Publishing . 2012 . pp. 105 -- 08 . ISBN 9781615307555 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights -- Facts & Summary '' . History.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Gordon . `` Introduction to the Constitutional Convention '' . Teaching American History . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stewart , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Beeman , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Beeman , p. 341 . ^ Jump up to : Beeman , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Rakove , p. 327 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Rakove , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Beeman , p. 363 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Convention , Resolution and Letter to the Continental Congress '' . The Founders ' Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . p. 195 , Volume 1 , Chapter 6 , Document 11 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's letter to Madison , March 15 , 1789 '' . The Founders ' Constitution . Retrieved March 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hamilton et al. , p. 436 Jump up ^ Brutus , p. 376 Jump up ^ Brutus , p. 377 Jump up ^ Rakove , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Rakove , p. 323 . Jump up ^ `` On opposition to a Bill of Rights '' . The Founders ' Constitution . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved February 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Labunski , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Beeman , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Beeman , pp. 389 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Beeman , p. 390 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Labunksi , pp. 113 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Brookhiser , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Maier , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Maier , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Maier , p. 433 . Jump up ^ Brookhiser , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Labunski , pp. 159 , 174 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Brookhiser , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Gordon Lloyd . `` Anticipating the Bill of Rights in the First Congress '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Ashland , Ohio : The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Labunski , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Madison introduced `` amendments culled mainly from state constitutions and state ratifying convention proposals , especially Virginia 's . '' Levy , p. 35 Jump up ^ Virginia Declaration of Rights . Library of Congress . Accessed July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Gordon Lloyd . `` Madison 's Speech Proposing Amendments to the Constitution , June 8 , 1789 '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Ashland , Ohio : The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Labunski , pp. 203 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Brookhiser , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Labunski , pp. 218 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Adamson , Barry ( 2008 ) . Freedom of Religion , the First Amendment , and the Supreme Court : How the Court Flunked History . Pelican Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 9781455604586 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Graham , John Remington ( 2009 ) . Free , Sovereign , and Independent States : The Intended Meaning of the American Constitution . Foreword by Laura Tesh . Footnote 54 , pp. 193 -- 94 . ISBN 9781455604579 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Wood , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Leonard W. ( 1986 ) . `` Bill of Rights ( United States ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Ellis , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Gordon Lloyd . `` The Four Stages of Approval of the Bill of Rights in Congress and the States '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Ashland , Ohio : The Ashbrook Center at Ashland University . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . p. 25 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James J. Kilpatrick , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Wonning , Paul R. ( 2012 ) . A Short History of the United States Constitution : The Story of the Constitution the Bill of Rights and the Amendments . Mossy Feet Books . pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 9781310451584 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Ratifications of the Amendments to the Constitution of the United States Teaching American History '' . teachingamericanhistory.org . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berkin , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Kyvig , pp. 464 -- 467 . ^ Jump up to : Dean , John W. ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` The Telling Tale of the Twenty - Seventh Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Richard B. ( 1992 ) . `` The Sleeper Wakes : The History and Legacy of the Twenty - Seventh Amendment '' . Fordham Law Review . 61 ( 3 ) : 537 . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Richard B. ( 2000 ) . `` Twenty - Seventh Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaminski , John P. ; Saladino , Gaspare J. ; Leffler , Richard ; Schoenleber , Charles H. ; Hogan , Margaret A . `` The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution , Digital Edition '' ( PDF ) . Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press . Jump up ^ Kyvig , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Wood , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill Of Rights : A Brief History '' . ACLU . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Labunski , pp. 258 -- 259 . Jump up ^ `` Barron v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore -- 32 U.S. 243 ( 1833 ) '' . Justia.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levy , Leonard W. ( January 1 , 2000 ) . `` BARRON v. CITY OF BALTIMORE 7 Peters 243 ( 1833 ) '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Labunski , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Deloria , Vine Jr. ( 2000 ) . `` American Indians and the Constitution '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents in American History '' , Library of Congress ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey Jowell and Jonathan Cooper ( 2002 ) . Understanding Human Rights Principles . Oxford and Portland , Oregon : Hart Publishing . p. 180 . ISBN 9781847313157 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Loveland , Ian ( 2002 ) . `` Chapter 18 -- Human Rights I : Traditional Perspectives '' . Constitutional Law , Administrative Law , and Human Rights : A Critical Introduction ( Seventh ed . ) . London : Oxford University Press . p. 559 . ISBN 9780198709039 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jayawickrama , Nihal ( 2002 ) . The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law : National , Regional and International Jurisprudence . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 98 . ISBN 9780521780421 . Retrieved 16 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , 319 U.S. 624 , Majority Opinion , item 3 ( US 1943 ) ( `` '' The very purpose of a Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials and to establish them as legal principles to be applied by the courts . One 's right to life , liberty , and property , to free speech , a free press , freedom of worship and assembly , and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote ; they depend on the outcome of no elections. `` '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Obergefell v. Hodges , No. 14 - 556 , slip op . at 24 ( U.S. June 26 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill of Rights Transcript '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Archibald ( 1986 ) . `` First Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. Sullivan , 376 U.S. 254 ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Near v. Minnesota , 283 U.S. 697 ( 1931 ) Jump up ^ New York Times Co. v. United States , 403 U.S. 713 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ McAffee , Thomas B. ; Michael J. Quinlan ( March 1997 ) . `` Bringing Forward The Right To Keep And Bear Arms : Do Text , History , Or Precedent Stand In The Way ? '' . North Carolina Law Review : 781 . Jump up ^ 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) Jump up ^ 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) Jump up ^ 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ 561 U.S. 3025 ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Third Amendment '' . Revolutionary War and Beyond . September 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Dennis J. ( 1986 ) . `` Third Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Third Amendment '' . U * X * L Encyclopedia of U.S. History . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusionary rule '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Amendment '' . Gale Encyclopedia of Everyday Law . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sixth Amendment '' . Constitutional Amendments : From Freedom of Speech to Flag Burning . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . January 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Dennis J. ( 1986 ) . `` Seventh Amendment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bessler , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Krantz , Sheldon ( 1986 ) . `` Cruel and Unusual Punishment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U * X * L Encyclopedia of U.S. History '' . UXL Encyclopedia of American History . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Weisberg , Robert ( 1986 ) . `` Capital Punishment '' . Encyclopedia of the American Constitution . -- via HighBeam Research ( subscription required ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Alalysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 1738 -- 39 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tenth Amendment '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Richard A. ( 2014 ) . The Classical Liberal Constitution . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 72489 - 1 . Jump up ^ Frieden , Terry ( March 19 , 2003 ) . `` FBI recovers original copy of Bill of Rights '' . CNN . Retrieved April 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights FAQs '' ( PDF ) . constitutioncenter.org . National Constitution Center . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Background on the Bill of Rights and the New York Ratification of the Bill of Rights '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . 2007 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents in American History : The Bill of Rights '' . The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` History of the Bill of Rights '' History of the Bill of Rights : Where are they today ? Jump up ^ `` Treasures of Carolina : Stories from the State Archives Opens Oct. 24 '' . ncdcr.gov . North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Marshals Service Takes Possession of North Carolina 's Copy of the Bill of Rights '' . U.S. Marshals Service . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Parkinson , Hilary ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` A homecoming for six pages of parchment '' . The National Archives . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mary Lynn Ritzenthaler and Catherine Nicholson , `` A New Era Begins for the Charters of Freedom '' . March 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Prologue , Fall 2003 . Jump up ^ For Know - It - Alls ( 2008 ) . The United States Bill of Rights for Know - It - Alls . Filiquarian Publishing , LLC . p. 27 . ISBN 1599862255 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Grier , Peter ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` Bill of Rights Day : what Obama says about it '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights Tour Opens in Kansas City '' . The Nevada Daily Mail . September 18 , 1991 . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 -- via Google Books . Bibliography Amar , Akhil Reed ( 1998 ) . The Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . Random House . Berkin , Carol ( 2015 ) . The Bill of Rights : The Fight to Secure America 's Liberties . Simon & Schuster . Bessler , John D. ( 2012 ) . Cruel and Unusual : The American Death Penalty and the Founders ' Eighth Amendment . University Press of New England . Brookhiser , Richard ( 2011 ) . James Madison . Basic Books . Brutus ( 1787 ) `` To the Citizens of the State of New York '' . In The Complete Anti-Federalist , Volume 1 ( 2008 ) . Ed . Herbert J. Storing . University of Chicago Press . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2015 ) . The Quartet : Orchestrating the Second American Revolution . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 9780385353410 -- via Google Books . Hamilton , Alexander , Madison , James , and Jay , John ( 2003 ) The Federalist : With Letters of Brutus . Ed . Terence Ball . Cambridge University Press . Kyvig , David E. ( 1996 ) . Explicit and Authentic Acts : Amending the U.S. Constitution , 1776 -- 1995 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0931 - 8 -- via Google Books . Labunski , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . James Madison and the struggle for the Bill of Rights . Oxford University Press . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1999 ) . Origins of the Bill of Rights . Yale University Press . Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon & Schuster . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1996 ) . Original Meanings . Alfred A. Knopf . Stewart , David O. ( 2007 ) . The Summer of 1787 . Simon & Schuster . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2009 ) . Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 . Oxford University Press . Further reading Barnett , Randy ( 2008 ) . `` The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 32 -- 33 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 -- via Google Books . Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 2008 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21991 - 6 -- via Google Books . Bordewich , Fergus M. The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government ( 2016 ) on 1789 -- 1791 . Cogan , Neil H. ( 2015 ) . The Complete Bill of Rights : The Drafts , Debates , Sources , and Origins . Second edition . New York : Oxford University Press . Schwartz , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The great rights of mankind : a history of the American Bill of Rights . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 28 - 5 -- via Google Books . Smith , Rich ( 2007 ) . The Bill of Rights : Defining Our Freedoms . ABDO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59928 - 913 - 7 -- via Google Books . Stair , Nancy L. ( 2003 ) . The Bill of Rights : a primary source investigation into the first ten amendments of the Constitution . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8239 - 3800 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Bill of Rights . 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where was sherlock holmes game of shadows filmed

Sherlock Holmes : a Game of Shadows

sherlock holmes : a game of shadows

Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows is a 2011 period action mystery film directed by Guy Ritchie and produced by Joel Silver , Lionel Wigram , Susan Downey and Dan Lin . It is the sequel to the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes , and likewise features the Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson characters created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . The film 's screenplay was written by Michele Mulroney and Kieran Mulroney . Robert Downey Jr. and Jude Law reprise their roles as Holmes and Watson , and were joined by Noomi Rapace as Simza , Stephen Fry as Mycroft Holmes and Jared Harris as Professor Moriarty . The film follows an original premise incorporating elements of Conan Doyle 's short stories `` The Final Problem '' and `` The Empty House '' . In the film , Holmes and Watson travel across Europe with a Gypsy adventuress to foil an intricate plot by their cunning nemesis , Professor Moriarty , to instigate a war .

Upon its release , the film received mixed reviews from critics and was commercially successful , with a worldwide gross of over $545 million . A sequel is set for release in December 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Music 4 Distribution 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1891 , Irene Adler delivers a package to Dr. Hoffmanstahl , payment for a letter he was to deliver . Hoffmanstahl opens the package , triggering a hidden bomb that is prevented from detonating by the intervention of Sherlock Holmes . Holmes takes the letter while Adler and Hoffmanstahl escape . Holmes finds Hoffmanstahl assassinated moments later . Adler meets with Professor Moriarty to explain the events , but Moriarty , deeming her position compromised by her love for Holmes , poisons and kills her . Later , Dr. Watson arrives at 221B Baker Street , where Holmes discloses that he is investigating a series of seemingly unrelated murders , terrorist attacks and business acquisitions around the globe that he has connected to Moriarty . After meeting up with his brother Mycroft at Watson 's bachelor party , Holmes meets with Gypsy fortune - teller Simza , the intended recipient of the letter he took from Adler , sent by her brother Rene . Holmes defeats an assassin sent to kill Simza , but she flees before Holmes can interrogate her . After the wedding of Watson and Mary Morstan , Holmes meets Moriarty for the first time . Voicing his respect for Holmes ' perseverance , Moriarty informs Holmes that he murdered Adler . Holmes vengefully vows to defeat him and subtly requests Watson and Mary be left alone now that Watson is no longer working with him , but Moriarty indicates he will kill them if Holmes continues to interfere . Moriarty 's men attack Watson and Mary on a train to their honeymoon . Holmes , having followed the pair to protect them , throws Mary from the train into a river below where she is rescued by Mycroft . After defeating Moriarty 's men , Holmes and Watson travel to Paris to locate Simza . When she is found , Holmes tells Simza that she has been targeted because Rene is working for Moriarty and may have told her about his plans . Simza takes the pair to the headquarters of an anarchist group to which she and Rene had formerly belonged . They learn that the anarchists have been forced to plant bombs for Moriarty . The trio follows Holmes ' deduction that the bomb is in the Paris Opera . However , Holmes realizes too late that he has been tricked and that the bomb is in a nearby hotel ; the bomb kills a number of assembled businessmen . Holmes discovers that the bomb was a cover for the specific assassination of Alfred Meinhard , one of the attendees , by Moriarty 's henchman , Sebastian Moran . Meinhard 's death grants Moriarty ownership of Meinhard 's arms factory in Germany . Holmes , not wishing to repeat his mistake from the previous evening , spies on Moriarty , learning he is travelling to Germany . Holmes deduces it is to visit his newly acquired factory and so the trio follow him there . At the factory , Moriarty captures , interrogates , and tortures Holmes while Watson fights Moran . Holmes spells out Moriarty 's plot , revealing that the Professor secretly acquired shares in multiple war profiteering companies using various pseudonyms to conceal his identity and intends to instigate a world war to make himself a fortune . Meanwhile , Watson uses the cannon he had been hiding behind to destroy the watchtower in which Moran is concealed . The structure collapses into the warehouse where Moriarty is holding Holmes captive . Watson , Simza , and an injured Holmes reunite and escape aboard a moving train . Holmes deduces that Moriarty 's final target will be a peace summit in Switzerland , creating an international incident . At the summit , Holmes deduces that Rene is the assassin and that he is disguised as one of the ambassadors , having been given radical reconstructive surgery by Hoffmanstahl . Holmes and Moriarty , who is also in attendance , retreat upon a balcony to discuss their competing plans over a game of chess . Watson and Simza find Rene and stop his assassination attempt , but Rene is discreetly killed by Moran . Despite his war being averted , Moriarty remains confident in his victory , warning Holmes that the nations of Europe will inevitably go to war with one another regardless of Moriarty 's manipulations . Holmes then reveals that , while being tortured by Moriarty , he replaced the professor 's personal diary that contained all his plans and financing with a duplicate . The original was sent to Mary in London , who decrypted the code using a book that Holmes had noticed in Moriarty 's office during their first meeting , before passing the information to Inspector Lestrade , who seizes Moriarty 's assets and donates his fortune to anti-war charities . Holmes and Moriarty anticipate an impending physical altercation , and both realise that Moriarty would win due to Holmes ' injured shoulder . Out of options and with the vindictive Moriarty promising to torture and kill Watson and Mary afterward , Holmes grabs Moriarty and throws them both over the balcony and into the Reichenbach Falls below , and are presumed dead . Following Holmes ' funeral , Watson and Mary prepare to have their belated honeymoon when Watson receives a package containing a breathing device of Mycroft 's that Holmes had noticed and expressed a liking for before the summit . Realizing that Holmes may still be alive , Watson leaves his office to find the delivery man . Holmes , having concealed himself in Watson 's office by using one of his urban camuflage suits , reads Watson 's memoirs on the typewriter and adds a question mark after the words `` The End '' . Cast ( edit ) Robert Downey Jr. as Sherlock Holmes Jude Law as Dr. John Watson Jared Harris as Professor James Moriarty Noomi Rapace as Madame Simza Heron Stephen Fry as Mycroft Holmes Kelly Reilly as Mary Morstan Rachel McAdams as Irene Adler Eddie Marsan as Inspector Lestrade Paul Anderson as Sebastian Moran Geraldine James as Mrs. Hudson Thierry Neuvic as Claude Ravache Fatima Adoum as a Manouche Wolf Kahler as Dr. Hoffmanstahl Affif Ben Badra as Tamas Morato Production ( edit ) After the success of the 2009 film Sherlock Holmes , a sequel was fast - tracked by Warner Bros. with director Guy Ritchie dropping out of an adaptation of Lobo and Robert Downey Jr. leaving Cowboys & Aliens . It was unclear if Rachel McAdams would appear in the film . McAdams said , `` If I do , it wo n't be a very big thing . It 's not a lead part '' . Warner Bros. later confirmed to Entertainment Weekly that McAdams would play a part in the sequel but that it would be a cameo . The female lead role was played by Noomi Rapace . Joel Silver , the film 's producer , has said that `` we always intended to have a different kind of girl for each movie '' in the vein of Bond girls . He found it `` complicated '' to persuade McAdams to return in a smaller role : `` She loved being with us , but she hoped to have a bigger role . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal felt `` she vanishes all too soon in this overproduced , self - enchanted sequel , and so does the spirit of bright invention that made the previous film such a pleasant surprise . '' Scott Mendelson of The Huffington Post remarked that she `` exhibits far more personality and roguish charm in her few moments here than she did in all of the previous film . Freed from the constraints of being the de-facto love interest , McAdams relishes the chance to go full - villain . '' The film , then under the running title of Sherlock Holmes 2 , was reported to be influenced by Conan Doyle 's `` The Final Problem '' . While the film took place a year after the events of the first film , Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows was intended to be a stand - alone film that did not require knowledge of the previous movie . In October 2010 , Downey Jr. and Jude Law were seen rehearsing a fight scene as shooting took place in Richmond Park , in southwest London . In October 2010 , the steamship PS Waverley was chartered on the English Channel for filming , and a large green screen was erected at Didcot Railway Centre with a large action scene filmed there in mid-November . In late November , a scene was filmed at Victoria Bridge , which is part of the Severn Valley Railway . In January 2011 , scenes were also filmed at Hampton Court Palace and areas in Oxford University , Oxford , England . Filming also took place in September 2011 in Greenwich at the Royal Naval College . In early February 2011 , principal photography moved for two days to Strasbourg , France . Shooting took place on , around , and inside Strasbourg Cathedral . The scene was said to be the opening scene of the film , as it covered an assassination / bombing in a German - speaking town . The production also filmed at several locations in Kent including Fort Amherst , Knole in Sevenoaks , and The Historic Dockyard Chatham . The White Cliffs of Dover can also be seen in the background of the scene where Watson and Sherlock travel by boat to France . The slow - motion work in the film was done by Gavin Free , an English filmmaker who works for Rooster Teeth Productions and is known for his web series The Slow Mo Guys . Music ( edit ) Main article : Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( soundtrack ) The score was composed by Hans Zimmer . Zimmer and director Guy Ritchie traveled to Slovakia , Italy , and France to research the authentic Roma music . Zimmer and his core musicians all with National Democratic Institute members , visited seven Roma villages to learn about the Roma people and `` listen to as many musicians as we could . '' Deeply impressed , Zimmer arranged for 13 of the Roma musicians with their violins and accordions to join him in Vienna at a studio for a recording session . Zimmer wove this Roma music into the score for Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows . Besides discovering the wonderful cultural music , Zimmer also said he had never seen such poverty in Central Europe . A portion of proceeds from the soundtrack will help the Roma pay for necessities like water , heating and bus fare to get their children to school . The soundtrack also contains works of Johann Strauss II , Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , Ennio Morricone and Franz Schubert . Distribution ( edit ) The film was released on 16 December 2011 in Canada , Russia , the United States , the United Kingdom , and Mexico ; on 25 December 2011 in most other countries ; and on 5 January 2012 in Australia , Poland and Spain . Home media ( edit ) Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows was released on DVD and Blu - ray on 12 June 2012 for Region 1 and 14 May 2012 for Region 2 and Region 4 . Reception ( edit ) Jude Law in January 2012 at the film 's French premiere in Paris . Box office ( edit ) Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows earned $186.8 million in North America as well as $357 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $543.4 million . It is the 12th highest - grossing film of 2011 worldwide . In North America , it topped the box office on its opening day with $14.6 million , down from the opening - day gross of the previous film ( $24.6 million ) . During the weekend , it grossed $39.6 million , leading the box office but earning much less than the opening weekend of its predecessor ( $62.3 million ) . By the end of its theatrical run , it became the 9th highest - grossing film of 2011 in the US . Outside North America , the film earned $14.6 million on its opening weekend , finishing in third place . It topped the overseas box office during three consecutive weekends in January 2012 . It eventually surpassed its predecessor 's foreign total ( $315.0 million ) . In the UK , Ireland and Malta , its highest - grossing market after North America , the film achieved a first - place opening of £ 3.83 million ( $5.95 million ) , over a three - day period , compared to the £ 3.08 million earned in two days by the original film . It earned $42.2 million in total . Following in largest totals were Russia and the CIS ( $28.4 million ) and Italy ( $24.5 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 59 % based on 205 reviews , with a rating average of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows is a good yarn thanks to its well - matched leading men but overall stumbles duplicating the well - oiled thrills of the original . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , gives the film a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert , who gave the first film three stars , was even more positive in his review for A Game of Shadows , awarding it three - and - a-half stars and calling it `` high - caliber entertainment '' that `` add ( s ) a degree of refinement and invention '' to the formula , and that the `` writers ... wisely devote some of their best scenes to one - on - ones between Holmes and Moriarty . '' James Berardinelli gave the film three stars out of four , writing : `` A Game of Shadows is a stronger , better realized movie that builds upon the strengths of the original and jettisons some of the weaknesses . '' Conversely , Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club felt that the film `` aims lower than its predecessor 's modest ambition , and still misses the mark . '' On November 24 , 2015 , film critic Scout Tafoya of RogerEbert.com included A Game of Shadows in his video series `` The Unloved '' , where he highlights films which received mixed to negative reviews yet he believes to have artistic value . He praised the film 's deconstruction of action scenes through stylistic editing , one inspired by Soviet montage which was exemplified in Sergei Eisenstein 's 1925 film Battleship Potemkin , as well as the friendship and constant banter between Holmes and Watson at the center of the film , which `` highlight ( s ) the difficulty in achieving lyrical deftness of dialogue in films of this budget '' , with their friendship reminding Tafoya of how `` we can invite danger and fun into our lives in equal measure all the time , but once in a blue moon , they make life worth living . '' Tafoya considers A Game of Shadows to be his eighth favorite film of the 21st century . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Award Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2012 Saturn Awards Best Action / Adventure Film Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows Nominated Best Costume Jenny Beavan Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Action Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Action Robert Downey Jr . Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Action Noomi Rapace Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture Laya Armian , Chas Jarrett , Seth Maury , Sirio Quintavalle Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Warner Bros. Pictures announced in October 2011 that the first draft for Sherlock Holmes 3 was being produced with screenwriter Drew Pearce writing the script ; he was replaced by Justin Haythe . Jude Law commented on the project in late 2013 , `` We had a meeting earlier this year , the three of us , and I think it 's being written now . Warner Bros. have still got to agree to pay for it ... I think they want to ! '' He also said of the delay in getting into production , `` I think Warner Bros. wants it , and there 's a lot of want from us as a team . We want it to be better than the other two . We want to make sure it 's smarter and cleverer , but in the same realm . It 's a slow process . We 're all busy . So getting us together to try to nail that has taken a little bit longer than we had hoped ... I hate celebrating anything I 've done , but I 'm so proud of those films . I think it was Joel Silver who said , ' Take it out of that dusty room and put it on the street ' . '' In October 2014 , Susan Downey stated that a third film was in development : `` There 's an idea , there 's an outline , there is not a script yet . Trust me , the studio would love there to be a script . But our feeling is , we got ta get it right . '' When asked whether the film would realistically be out within the `` next few years '' , she expressed confidence that it would be , saying , `` Yeah . At a certain point it 's going to be too long -- we 've waited too long . We 're working as fast and responsibly as we can to get a great script . '' In May 2015 , when asked of the progress of the third film in an interview , Law stated : `` There is apparently still a will ( to do it ) , there is a script being written , but I 'm not sure . '' On August 5 , 2015 , while promoting Ritchie 's film The Man from U.N.C.L.E. , producer Lionel Wigram said that a script for a third film was still being written . Wigram also claimed that both Downey Jr. and Law would reprise their roles from the first two films . In April 2016 , Downey confirmed that the film would begin shooting later in the year . That same month , it was announced that James Coyne was hired to rewrite the script . Silver , who will produce the sequel , stated that he hoped it would begin filming in the fall , and that there may be more sequels . On October 27 , 2016 , Variety reported that Warner Bros. , Village Roadshow and Team Downey had put together a writers ' room with several top names , including Nicole Perlman , Justin Malen , Gary Whitta , Geneva Robertson - Dworet and Kieran Fitzgerald . In May 2017 , Wigram claimed that shooting may start in late 2018 , saying , `` It 's closer to happening than it 's been for a while . With any luck we 'll be making it at the end of next year . I hope , we 'll see . Fingers crossed . '' In May 2018 , Warner Bros. confirmed a third film is scheduled for release on December 25 , 2020 , with Downey and Law reprising their roles and Chris Brancato writing the script . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ; Fritz , Ben ( 15 December 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Sherlock , ' ' Alvin ' sequels kick off holiday season '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : Tilly , Chris ( 22 February 2011 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows Preview '' . IGN . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( 27 May 2010 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes 2 Gets December 2011 Release Date , Rachel McAdams Will Return '' . / Film . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ffrench , Andrew ( 4 November 2010 ) . `` Sherlock movie stars steam into Didcot '' . The Oxford Times . Newsquest . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Harris discusses ' fun ' Sherlock Holmes 2 '' . Total Film . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( 23 November 2010 ) . `` Noomi Rapace to play Sim the Gypsy in ' Sherlock Holmes 2 ′ '' . Spin Off Online . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry talks Sherlock Holmes 2 '' . Total Film . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi ( 4 February 2011 ) . `` Rachel McAdams cameo confirmed for ' Sherlock Holmes ' sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Marsan reprising Sherlock Holmes role '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows Movie Review '' . ComingSoon.net . Jump up ^ Thompson , Jody ( 19 October 2010 ) . `` Take that , you bounder : Jude Law takes swing at a gypsy in new Sherlock Holmes film ( after quick practice on Guy Ritchie ) '' . Daily Mail . UK : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Guy Ritchie Leaving Lobo , Aiming for Sherlock Holmes 2 '' . / Film . 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( 9 November 2010 ) . `` Rachel McAdams Unsure About Doing ' Sherlock Holmes 2 ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAR EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : Producers Joel Silver and Susan Downey talk ' Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ' '' . iamROGUE.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern , Joe ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol Carnage Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows Stylish Spectacle Makes This ' Mission ' Possible Film Reviews by Joe Morgenstern -- WSJ.com '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Mendelson : Review : Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows '' . Huffingtonpost.com . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Jody ( 19 December 2009 ) . `` Jude Law takes swing at a gypsy in new Sherlock Holmes film ( after quick practice on Guy Ritchie ) '' . Daily Mail . UK : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Teed , Paul ( 24 January 2011 ) . `` Film crews at Hampton Court Palace ' shooting Sherlock Holmes movie ' '' . Elmbridge Guardian . Newsquest . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Explosions au coeur de Strasbourg ... ( Explosions in the heart of Strasbourg ... ) '' . Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace ( in French ) . 4 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/2011/12/sherlock-holmes-game-of-shadows-2011/ Kent Film Office Sherlock Holmes : Game of Shadows Film Focus Jump up ^ `` How ' Sherlock Holmes ' Turned Hans Zimmer on to the Roma Cause '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2011 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows Blu - Ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows DVD UK '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows Blu - Ray UK '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows DVD Australia '' . dstore.com . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . Jump up ^ 2011 `` Worldwide Grosses '' , Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes sequel leads US box office '' . BBC . 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes fires an opening salvo from the shadows at the UK box office '' . The Guardian . UK . 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Report : ' Sherlock , ' ' Alvin ' Stumble , ' M : I ' Dominant in IMAX '' . Boxofficemojo.com. 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Disappointing Debuts From ' Sherlock , ' ' Alvin ' Sequels '' . Boxofficemojo.com. 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ 2011 DOMESTIC GROSSES , Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' M : I - 4 ' Lights Fuse Overseas '' . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Sherlock ' Finds Foreign Lead '' . Boxofficemojo.com. 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Sherlock ' Cracks Code Again '' . Boxofficemojo.com. 15 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Sherlock ' Outwits Competition for Third - Straight Weekend '' . Boxofficemojo.com. 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Published Tuesday , 20 Dec 2011 , 10 : 55 GMT ( 20 December 2011 ) . `` ' Sherlock Holmes 2 ' beats ' Chipmunks ' at UK box office : Top 10 in full '' . Digital Spy . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom Box Office December 16 -- 18 , 2011 '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ Published Wednesday , 30 Dec 2009 , 10 : 09 GMT ( 30 December 2009 ) . `` ' Chipmunks ' beats ' Avatar ' at UK BO '' . Digital Spy . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows Reviews '' . CinemaScore . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . rogerebert.com . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows -- Reelviews Movie Reviews '' . Reelviews.net . Jump up ^ Phipps , Keith ( 15 December 2011 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes : A Game Of Shadows Film Movie Review '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ Tafoya , Scout ( 24 November 2015 ) . `` The Unloved - Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows '' . Vimeo . Vimeo , Inc . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Scout Tafoya ( @ honors_zombie ) ( 23 August 2016 ) . `` Did this + all the Davies and KNIGHT OF CUPS , Robert Greene , VANISHING WAVES , Mungiu , ASSASSIN , all FF and S Coppola '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 20 October 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 38th Annual Saturn Awards '' . Saturn Award . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films. 29 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First Wave of `` Teen Choice 2012 '' Nominees Announced '' ( PDF ) . Teen Choice Awards . 18 May 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` Warner Bros Ready For ' Sherlock Holmes 3 ′ '' . Deadline . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Baker Street Babes : NEW news about the third `` Sherlock Holmes '' movie ! ... '' tumblr.com . Jump up ^ `` Jude Law offers an update on Guy Ritchie 's ' Sherlock Holmes 3 ' '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Jude Law Says ' Sherlock Holmes 3 ′ Is Slowly Moving Forward '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ `` Susan Downey Talks The Judge , Sherlock Holmes 3 , Pinocchio , Yucatan and More '' . Collider . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock 3 may or may not be happening '' . 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Chris Tilly ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Producer Says He 's Working On Sherlock Holmes 3 Script '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Downey Jr. confirms Sherlock Holmes 3 shooting this year '' . Shortlist. 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Coyne On The Case To Pen ' Sherlock Holmes 3 ' ( by Patrick Hipes ) '' . deadline.com. 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Adam Chitwood ( 19 May 2016 ) . `` ' Sherlock Holmes 3 ' : Producer Joel Silver Confirms Filming May Start This Fall ; Teases More Sequels '' . Collider . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. and Team Downey Set Writers ' Room for ' Sherlock Holmes 3 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes 3 producer gives VERY exciting update for fans ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Daily Express . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Warner Bros. Dates ' Sherlock Holmes 3 ' For Christmas 2020 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows . Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows on IMDb Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows at AllMovie Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows at Box Office Mojo Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows at Rotten Tomatoes Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows at Metacritic Films directed by Guy Ritchie The Hard Case ( 1995 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) Snatch ( 2000 ) Swept Away ( 2002 ) Revolver ( 2005 ) RocknRolla ( 2008 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( 2015 ) King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Screen adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Silent films Sherlock Holmes Baffled ( 1900 ) Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ; or , Held for Ransom ( 1905 ) Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery ( 1908 ) Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes ( 1910 ) Der Hund von Baskerville ( 1914 ) Detektiv Braun ( 1914 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 British film ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 US film ) The Valley of Fear ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1922 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1929 ) Stoll series The Dying Detective ( 1921 ) The Devil 's Foot ( 1921 ) The Man with the Twisted Lip ( 1921 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1921 ) The Sign of Four ( 1923 ) Wontner series The Sleeping Cardinal ( 1931 ) The Missing Rembrandt ( 1932 , lost ) The Sign of Four ( 1932 ) The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes ( 1935 ) Silver Blaze ( 1937 ) Rathbone -- Bruce series The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1939 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 ) Voice of Terror ( 1942 ) Secret Weapon ( 1942 ) Sherlock Holmes in Washington ( 1943 ) Sherlock Holmes Faces Death ( 1943 ) The Spider Woman ( 1944 ) The Scarlet Claw ( 1944 ) The Pearl of Death ( 1944 ) The House of Fear ( 1945 ) The Woman in Green ( 1945 ) Pursuit to Algiers ( 1945 ) Terror by Night ( 1946 ) Dressed to Kill ( 1946 ) By actor Clive Brook The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1929 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1932 ) Peter Cushing The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1959 ) The Masks of Death ( 1984 ) ( TV ) Christopher Plummer Silver Blaze ( 1977 ) ( TV ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Christopher Lee The Deadly Necklace ( 1962 ) The Leading Lady ( 1991 ) ( TV ) Incident at Victoria Falls ( 1991 ) ( TV ) Robert Downey Jr . Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) Other films The Speckled Band ( 1931 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1932 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1933 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1937 ) A Study in Terror ( 1965 ) The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ( 1976 ) The Case of Marcel Duchamp ( 1984 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days ( 2012 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Television films Ian Richardson The Sign of Four ( 1983 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1983 ) Maslennikov series Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1979 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1980 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1981 ) The Treasures of Agra ( 1983 ) The Twentieth Century Approaches ( 1986 ) Matt Frewer The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2000 ) The Sign of Four ( 2001 ) The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire ( 2002 ) The Royal Scandal ( 2003 ) Ian Hart ( as Watson ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2002 ) The Case of the Silk Stocking ( 2004 ) Other films The Three Garridebs ( 1937 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1972 ) The Longing of Sherlock Holmes ( 1972 ) Sherlock Holmes in New York ( 1976 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1982 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse ( 1983 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1987 ) Hands of a Murderer ( 1990 ) The Crucifer of Blood ( 1991 ) 1994 Baker Street : Sherlock Holmes Returns ( 1993 ) The Hound of London ( 1993 ) Sherlock : Case of Evil ( 2002 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars ( 2007 ) Comedies , pastiches , and parodies The Mystery of the Leaping Fish ( 1916 ) The Limejuice Mystery or Who Spat in Grandfather 's Porridge ? ( 1930 ) Lelíček ve službách Sherlocka Holmese ( 1932 ) The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes ( 1937 ) Deduce , You Say ! ( 1956 ) They Might Be Giants ( 1971 ) The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes ' Smarter Brother ( 1975 ) The Return of the World 's Greatest Detective ( 1976 ) Sherlock Pink ( 1976 ) The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It ( 1977 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1978 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Without a Clue ( 1988 ) The Adventures of Shirley Holmes ( 1997 ) Zero Effect ( 1998 ) A Samba for Sherlock ( 2001 ) Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler ( 2006 ) Aria the Scarlet Ammo ( 2008 ) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes ( 2009 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Holmes and Watson ( 2018 ) Television series Sherlock Holmes ( 1951 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1954 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1965 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1967 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1968 ) Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson ( 1979 -- 80 ) Young Sherlock : The Mystery of the Manor House ( 1982 ) The Baker Street Boys ( 1983 ) Sherlock Hound ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 -- 94 ) episodes Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Sherlock ( 2010 -- present ) Elementary ( 2012 -- present ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2013 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2014 -- 15 ) other articles List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes List of actors who have played Dr. Watson List of actors who have played Inspector Lestrade List of actors who have played Mycroft Holmes List of actors who have played Professor Moriarty Minor Sherlock Holmes characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlock_Holmes:_A_Game_of_Shadows&oldid=842492095 '' Categories : English - language films Sherlock Holmes films 2011 films 2010s action thriller films 2010s mystery films American films American action thriller films American mystery films American sequel films British films British action films British sequel films D - Box motion - enhanced films Films shot at Elstree Studios Films directed by Guy Ritchie Films produced by Joel Silver Films produced by Dan Lin Films set in 1891 Films set in England Films set in London Films set in France Films set in Paris Films set in Germany Films set in Switzerland Films shot in France Films shot in London Films shot in Switzerland Silver Pictures films Steampunk films Village Roadshow Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use British English from May 2012 Use dmy dates from May 2012 Film articles using image size parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Кыргызча Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 20 : 20 . 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what are the new 8 wonders of the world

Number Wonder Location Potala Palace Lhasa , Tibet , China Old City of Jerusalem Jerusalem Polar ice caps Polar regions Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Hawaii , United States 5 Internet Earth 6 Mayan ruins Yucatán Peninsula , México 7 Great Migration of Serengeti and Masai Mara Tanzania and Kenya 8 Grand Canyon ( viewer - chosen eighth wonder ) Arizona , United States

Wonders of the World

wonders of the world

Various lists of the Wonders of the World have been compiled from antiquity to the present day , to catalogue the world 's most spectacular natural wonders and manmade structures .

The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the first known list of the most remarkable creations of classical antiquity ; it was based on guidebooks popular among Hellenic sightseers and only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim and in Mesopotamia . The number seven was chosen because the Greeks believed it represented perfection and plenty , and because it was the number of the five planets known anciently , plus the sun and moon . Many similar lists have been made . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 2 Lists from other eras 3 Recent lists 3.1 American Society of Civil Engineers 3.2 USA Today 's New Seven Wonders 3.3 Seven Natural Wonders of the World 3.4 New7Wonders of the World 3.5 New7Wonders of Nature 3.6 New7Wonders Cities 3.7 Seven Wonders of the Underwater World 3.8 Seven Wonders of the Industrial World 3.9 Seven Wonders of the World film 3.10 Seven Wonders of the Solar System 3.11 Other lists of wonders of the world 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Seven Wonders of the ancient World Main article : Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Great Pyramid of Giza , the only wonder of the ancient world still in existence The Colosseum in Rome The Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Stonehenge Machu Picchu Taj Mahal Empire State Building Golden Gate Bridge The Victoria Falls contain the largest sheet of falling water in the world in terms of area The Great Barrier Reef CN Tower Chichen Itza Old City of Jerusalem The Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights Grand Canyon The London sewerage system 's original Abbey Mills pumping station The Sydney Opera House The historian Herodotus ( 484 -- ca . 425 BC ) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene ( ca . 305 -- 240 BC ) , at the Museum of Alexandria , made early lists of seven wonders . Their writings have not survived , except as references . The classic seven wonders were : Colossus of Rhodes Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Lighthouse of Alexandria Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis at Ephesus The only ancient world wonder that still exists is the Great Pyramid of Giza . Lists from other eras In the 19th and early 20th centuries , some writers wrote their own lists with names such as Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Medieval Mind , and Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages . However , it is unlikely that these lists originated in the Middle Ages , because the word `` medieval '' was not invented until the Enlightenment - era , and the concept of a Middle Age did not become popular until the 16th century . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable refers to them as `` later list ( s ) '' , suggesting the lists were created after the Middle Ages . Many of the structures on these lists were built much earlier than the Medieval Ages but were well known . Typically representative are : Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa Colosseum Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Leaning Tower of Pisa Porcelain Tower of Nanjing Stonehenge Other sites sometimes included on such lists : Cairo Citadel Cluny Abbey Ely Cathedral Taj Mahal Recent lists Following in the tradition of the classical list , modern people and organisations have made their own lists of wonderful things ancient and modern . Some of the most notable lists are presented below . American Society of Civil Engineers In 1994 , the American Society of Civil Engineers compiled a list of Seven Wonders of the Modern World , paying tribute to the `` greatest civil engineering achievements of the 20th century '' . Wonder Date started Date finished Location Significance Channel Tunnel December 1 , 1987 May 6 , 1994 Strait of Dover , between the United Kingdom and France The longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world . CN Tower February 6 , 1973 June 26 , 1976 Toronto , Ontario , Canada Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1976 -- 2007 . Empire State Building January 22 , 1930 May 1 , 1931 New York City , New York , U.S. Tallest structure in the world 1931 -- 1967 . First building with 100 + stories . Golden Gate Bridge January 5 , 1933 May 27 , 1937 Golden Gate Strait , north of San Francisco , California , U.S. The longest suspension bridge main span in the world from 1937 to 1964 . Itaipu Dam January 1970 May 5 , 1984 Paraná River , between Brazil and Paraguay The largest operating hydroelectric facility in the world in terms of annual energy generation . Delta and Zuiderzee Works 1920 May 10 , 1997 Zeeland , South Holland , North Holland , Friesland and Flevoland , Netherlands The largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the twentieth century . Panama Canal January 1 , 1880 January 7 , 1914 Isthmus of Panama One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken . USA Today 's New Seven Wonders In November 2006 the American national newspaper USA Today and the American television show Good Morning America revealed a new list of New Seven Wonders as chosen by six judges . An eighth wonder was chosen on November 24 , 2006 from viewer feedback . Number Wonder Location Potala Palace Lhasa , Tibet , China Old City of Jerusalem Jerusalem Polar ice caps Polar regions Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Hawaii , United States 5 Internet Earth 6 Mayan ruins Yucatán Peninsula , México 7 Great Migration of Serengeti and Masai Mara Tanzania and Kenya 8 Grand Canyon ( viewer - chosen eighth wonder ) Arizona , United States Seven natural Wonders of the World Similar to the other lists of wonders , there is no consensus on a list of seven natural wonders of the world , and there has been debate over how large the list should be . One of the many existing lists was compiled by CNN : Aurora Grand Canyon Great Barrier Reef Harbor of Rio de Janeiro Mount Everest Parícutin volcano Victoria Falls New7Wonders of the World In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New7Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments . Twenty - one finalists were announced January 1 , 2006 . Egyptians were not happy that the only surviving original wonder , the Great Pyramid of Giza , would have to compete with the likes of the Statue of Liberty , the Sydney Opera House , and other landmarks , calling the project absurd . In response , Giza was named an honorary Candidate . The results were announced on July 7 , 2007 , in Lisbon , Portugal : Wonder Date of construction Location Great Wall of China Since 7th century BC China Petra c. 100 BC Jordan Christ the Redeemer Opened October 12 , 1931 Brazil Machu Picchu c . AD 1450 Peru Chichen Itza c . AD 600 Mexico Colosseum Completed AD 80 Italy Taj Mahal Completed c . AD 1648 India Great Pyramid of Giza ( honorary candidate ) Completed c. 2560 BC Egypt New7Wonders of Nature New7Wonders of Nature ( 2007 -- 11 ) , a contemporary effort to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen through a global poll , was organized by the same group as the New7Wonders of the World campaign . Iguazu Falls Hạ Long Bay Jeju Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain Komodo Amazon rainforest New7Wonders Cities New7Wonders Cities is the third global vote organized by New7Wonders . Durban , South Africa Vigan , The Philippines Havana , Cuba Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Beirut , Lebanon Doha , Qatar La Paz , Bolivia Seven Wonders of the Underwater World The Seven Underwater Wonders of the World was a list drawn up by CEDAM International , an American - based non-profit group for divers , dedicated to ocean preservation and research . In 1989 CEDAM brought together a panel of marine scientists , including Dr. Eugenie Clark , to pick underwater areas which they considered to be worthy of protection . The results were announced at The National Aquarium in Washington DC by actor Lloyd Bridges , star of TV 's Sea Hunt : Palau Belize Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef Deep - Sea Vents Galápagos Islands Lake Baikal Northern Red Sea Seven Wonders of the Industrial World British author Deborah Cadbury wrote Seven Wonders of the Industrial World , a book telling the stories of seven great feats of engineering of the 19th and early 20th centuries . In 2003 , the BBC aired a seven - part docudrama exploring the same feats , with Cadbury as a producer . Each episode dramatised the construction of one of the following industrial wonders : SS Great Eastern Bell Rock Lighthouse Brooklyn Bridge London sewerage system First Transcontinental Railroad Panama Canal Hoover Dam Seven Wonders of the World film Seven Wonders of the World is a 1956 film in which Lowell Thomas searches the world for natural and man made wonders and invites the audience to try to update the ancient Greek Wonders of the World list . Seven Wonders of the Solar System In a 1999 article , Astronomy magazine listed the `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System '' . This article was later made into a video . Enceladus , a moon of Saturn The Great red spot of Jupiter The Asteroid belt The surface of the Sun The Oceans of Earth The Rings of Saturn Olympus Mons on Mars Other lists of Wonders of the World Numerous other authors and organisations have composed lists of the wonders of the world . For example : British biographer , science writer , and novelist Ronald W. Clark published a book of man - made and natural wonders titled Wonders of the World , which lists 52 wonders , one for each week of the year . Travel writer Howard Hillman published two books on the subject , one with 10 man - made wonders , and one with 10 natural wonders . See also Eighth Wonder of the World National Seven Wonders Seven Wonders of Canada Seven Wonders of Colombia Seven Wonders of Poland Seven Wonders of Portugal Seven Natural Wonders of Romania Seven Wonders of Russia Seven Wonders of Serbia Seven Wonders of Ukraine Seven Wonders of Wales 12 Treasures of Spain Seven Wonders of Fore ( Fore Abbey , Ireland ) World Heritage List -- a list of over 900 sites deemed by UNESCO to be of `` outstanding universal value '' Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ Both the USA Today article and the Good Morning America broadcast described this wonder as `` Jerusalem 's Old City , Israel . '' The Old City is located in East Jerusalem , which is claimed by both the State of Israel and the State of Palestine . The UN and most countries do not recognize Israel 's claim to East Jerusalem , taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority . See Positions on Jerusalem for more information . References Jump up ^ Anon. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . ^ Jump up to : Evans , IH ( reviser ( 1975 ) . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ( Centenary edition Fourth impression ( corrected ) ed . ) . London : Cassell . p. 1163 . ^ Jump up to : Hereward Carrington ( 1880 -- 1958 ) . The Seven Wonders of the World : ancient , medieval and modern `` , reprinted in the Carington Collection ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 4378 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Carrington Collection . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Latham , Edward ( 1904 ) . A Dictionary of Names , Nicknames and Surnames , of Persons , Places and Things . p. 280 . OCLC 01038938 . Jump up ^ Miller , Francis Trevelyan ; Woodrow , Wilson ; Taft , William Howard ; Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1915 ) . America , the Land We Love . p. 201 . OCLC 00334597 . Jump up ^ The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Crusades. 2001 . p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Cluny Abbey '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 16 . 1913 . p. 74 . OCLC 06974688 . Jump up ^ The Rough Guide To England . 1994 . p. 596 . Jump up ^ Palpa , as You Like it . p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . ASCE.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ American Society of Civil Engineers . `` Seven Wonders of the Modern World '' . ASCE.org . Jump up ^ `` New Seven Wonders panel '' . USA Today . October 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jayne ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` The world 's 8th wonder : Readers pick the Grand Canyon '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Wonders '' . CNN . November 11 , 1997 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The multimedia campaign to choose the New 7 Wonders of the World is in its final stage '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New 7 Wonders of the World Campaign announced 21 finalist candidates '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt Angered at New Wonders Idea '' . Home.bellsouth.net . January 1 , 1985 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reuters via ABC News Australia `` Opera House snubbed as new Wonders unveiled '' 7 July 2007 `` . Australia : ABC . July 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Underwater Wonders of the World '' . Wonderclub . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Manjit ( 7 November 2003 ) . `` Review : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World by Deborah Cadbury '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Cadbury , Deborah ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` British History in Depth : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World '' . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System Video : '' . Aaa.org. 1999 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ronald W. ( 1980 ) . Wonders of the World . Artus Publishing Company Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 668 - 04932 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . World 's Top 10 Man - made Travel Wonders . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . World 's Top 10 Natural Travel Wonders . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Further reading Ash , Russell ( 2000 ) . Great Wonders of the World . Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7513 - 2886 - 8 . Cox , Reg & Morris , Neil & Field , James ( October 2000 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Medieval World ( Library ed . ) . Chelsea House Publications . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6047 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Cox , Reg & Morris , Neil ( October 2000 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Modern World ( Library ed . ) . Chelsea House Publications . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6048 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) D'Epiro , Peter & Pinkowish , Mary Desmond ( December 1 , 1998 ) . What Are the Seven Wonders of the World ? and 100 Other Great Cultural Lists . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49062 - 3 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Morris , Neil ( December 30 , 2002 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Natural World . Chrysalis Books . ISBN 1 - 84138 - 495 - X . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Wonders of the World . 77 Wonders of the World in 360 ° A list of world wonders linking the ancient 7 Wonders of the World and the World Heritage List by UNESCO ( hide ) Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonders_of_the_World&oldid=841165814 '' Categories : Ancient history Cultural lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2012 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Limburgs Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 12 : 06 . 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world's first steamship driven by a screw propeller

SS Archimedes was a steamship built in Britain in 1839 . She is notable for being the world 's first steamship to be driven by a screw propeller .

SS Archimedes

SS Archimedes

ss archimedes

SS Archimedes was a steamship built in Britain in 1839 . She is notable for being the world 's first steamship to be driven by a screw propeller .

Archimedes had considerable influence on ship development , encouraging the adoption of screw propulsion by the Royal Navy , in addition to her influence on commercial vessels . She also had a direct influence on the design of another innovative vessel , Isambard Kingdom Brunel 's SS Great Britain , then the world 's largest ship and the first screw - propelled steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Ericsson and Smith 2 Design and construction 2.1 Machinery 3 Service history 3.1 Breakdowns and propeller redesign 3.2 Dover trials 3.3 Circumnavigation of Britain and other voyages 3.4 Loan to Brunel 3.5 Later career 4 Legacy 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The principle of moving water with a screw has been known since the invention of the Archimedes ' screw , named after Archimedes of Syracuse who lived in the 3rd Century BC . It was not until the 18th century however , and the invention of the steam engine , that a practical means of delivering effective power to a marine screw propulsion system became available , but initial attempts to build such a vessel met with failure . In 1807 , the world 's first commercially successful steam - powered vessel , Robert Fulton 's North River Steamboat , made its debut . As this vessel was powered by paddlewheels rather than a propeller , the paddlewheel thereby became the de facto early standard for steamship propulsion . Experimentation with screw propulsion continued in some quarters , however , and between 1750 and the 1830s numerous patents for marine propellers were taken out by various inventors , though few of these inventions were pursued to the testing stage , and those that were proved unsatisfactory for one reason or another . Ericsson and Smith ( edit ) In 1835 , two inventors in Britain , John Ericsson and Francis Pettit Smith , began working separately on the problem . Smith , a farmer by trade who had entertained a lifelong fascination with screw propulsion , was first to take out a screw propeller patent on 31 May , while Ericsson , a gifted Swedish engineer then working in Britain , filed his patent six weeks later . Smith quickly built a small model boat to test his invention , which was demonstrated first on a pond at his Hendon farm , and later at the Royal Adelaide Gallery of Practical Science in London , where it was seen by the Secretary of the Navy , Sir William Barrow . Having secured the patronage of a London banker named Wright , Smith then built a 30 - foot , 6 - horsepower canal boat of six tons burthen called the Francis Smith , which was fitted with a wooden propeller of his own design and demonstrated on the Paddington Canal from November 1836 to September 1837 . By a fortuitous accident , the wooden propeller of two turns was damaged during a voyage in February 1837 , and to Smith 's surprise the broken propeller , which now consisted of only a single turn , doubled the boat 's previous speed , from about four miles an hour to eight . Smith would subsequently file a revised patent in keeping with this accidental discovery . In the meantime , Ericsson was conducting his own experiments . In 1837 , he built a 45 - foot screw propelled steamboat , Francis B. Ogden , named after his patron , the American consul to Liverpool . In the summer of 1837 , Ericsson demonstrated his boat on the River Thames to senior members of the British Admiralty , including Surveyor of the Navy Sir William Symonds . In spite of the boat achieving a speed of 10 miles an hour , comparable with that of existing paddle steamers , Symonds and his entourage were unimpressed . The Admiralty maintained the view that screw propulsion would be ineffective in ocean - going service , while Symonds himself believed that screw propelled ships could not be steered efficiently . Following this rejection , Ericsson built a second , larger screw - propelled boat , the Robert F. Stockton , and had her sailed in 1839 to the United States , where he was soon to gain fame as the designer of the U.S. Navy 's first screw - propelled warship , USS Princeton . Smith 's original 1836 patent for a screw propeller of two full turns . He would later revise the patent , reducing the length to one turn . Apparently aware of the Navy 's view that screw propellers would prove unsuitable for seagoing service , Smith determined to prove this assumption wrong . In September 1837 , he took his small vessel ( now fitted with an iron propeller of a single turn ) to sea , steaming from Blackwall , London to Hythe , Kent , with stops at Ramsgate , Dover and Folkestone . On the way back to London on the 25th , Smith 's craft was observed making headway in stormy seas by officers of the Royal Navy . The Admiralty 's interest in the technology was revived , and Smith was encouraged to build a full size ship to more conclusively demonstrate the technology 's effectiveness . He was able to attract a number of investors to provide the necessary capital , including the banker Wright and the engineering firm of J. and G. Rennie , who together formed a new company called the Ship Propeller Company . The company 's proposed vessel was initially tentatively named Propeller , but the name eventually adopted for the ship was Archimedes , after the 3rd century Greek inventor . Design and Construction ( edit ) Archimedes was built 1838 , by Henry Wimshurst in London . According to F.P. Smith himself , the ship was constructed of English oak , but a later entry in Lloyd 's Register indicates that parts of the keel at least were of Baltic fir . The ship was 125 feet long , 221⁄2 feet wide , and 237 tons burthen . Built to a schooner pattern , with classic hull lines and a slender , raking funnel and masts , she was considered by contemporaries to be a beautiful vessel . Machinery ( edit ) Smith initially had some difficulty sourcing suitable engines for the ship , as screw propulsion presented some unfamiliar technical challenges . Eventually the leading engineering firm of J. and G. Rennie agreed to design and supply the engines , and the Rennies themselves were persuaded to take a financial interest in the ship and its technology . The twin engines supplied by the Rennies each had two 37 - inch cylinders with a three - foot stroke , delivering a combined nominal horsepower of about 80 , and an actual horsepower of about 60 . The engines ran at 26 rpm , which through gearing drove the propeller shaft at about 140 rpm . The boilers operated at a pressure of 6 psi . The engines were installed in early 1839 , following the ship 's launch in October 1838 . Smith 's revised 1836 patent . This is the propeller design originally fitted to Archimedes . Screw propeller of SS Archimedes The gearing provided some additional technical problems . Smith geared the engines to the propeller via spur - wheels and pinions , the largest of which was toothed with hornbeam ( a white timber traditionally used for gearing in windmills ) . The gearing arrangement proved to be very noisy , and the ship 's stern was subject to considerable vibration in operation . Smith planned to reduce the noise by the use of spiral gears , but it is unclear whether this modification was ever carried out . The propeller itself was of sheet iron , 5 feet 9 inches in diameter and about 5 feet long , and consisted of a full 360 ° screw , single threaded and of a single turn in keeping with Smith 's revised 1836 patent . Following the ship 's entry into service , the propeller would subsequently undergo a number of modifications , the most important of which were an alteration to a double threaded / half turn format , and a division of the original 360 ° screw into two separate blades . The propeller had the unusual feature of being fully retractable in order to reduce drag when the ship was under sail -- a task that took about 15 minutes . Service History ( edit ) Archimedes under steam at sea Archimedes made her maiden voyage , from London to Sheerness near the mouth of the Thames , commencing 2 May 1839 . On the 15th , she commenced her first sea voyage , from Gravesend to Portsmouth , which was completed at the unexpectedly high speed of 10 knots . At Portsmouth , Archimedes was successfully trialed against one of the swiftest vessels then in Admiralty service , HMRC Vulcan , in the presence of some senior Navy officials , who were impressed by Archimedes ' performance . Breakdowns and propeller redesign ( edit ) After this initial trial Archimedes embarked on a return voyage to London , but while in transit the ship 's boiler -- which lacked either a gauge or a safety valve -- exploded , killing the second engineer and scalding several others . The vessel was then laid up for five months for repairs at Wimshurst 's shipyard . On resuming service , Smith received an invitation from the Dutch government to bring the vessel to the Netherlands for a demonstration , which he accepted . On the voyage to the Texel however , Archimedes broke her crankshaft and was forced to return to England for further repairs , which on this occasion were effected by the firm of Miller , Ravenhill & Co . It was during this refit that the original full helix , single turn , single threaded propeller was replaced by a double - threaded , half turn propeller with two distinct blades . The new propeller had the advantage of considerably reducing the ship 's vibration at the stern . Dover trials ( edit ) Following these repairs , the British Admiralty arranged with Smith to undertake a new series of trials for Archimedes at Dover . Captain Edward Chappell , RN , was appointed by the Admiralty to oversee the trials and write a report . From April to May 1840 , Archimedes was tested against the Navy 's fastest Dover - Calais mail packets , the paddlewheelers Ariel , Beaver , Swallow and Widgeon . The most telling of these trials were against Widgeon , which was not only the fastest of the mail packets , but also the closest ship in size and horsepower to Archimedes . Widgeon proved to be slightly faster than Archimedes in smooth seas , but Chappell concluded that as the latter had a lower horsepower - to - weight ratio , the screw propeller as a means of propulsion had proven `` equal , if not superior , to that of the ordinary paddle - wheel . '' This finding was more decisive than it may appear , because from a naval perspective , screw propulsion had only to prove itself approximately equal in efficiency to paddlewheel propulsion , as paddlewheels had well recognized shortcomings in military use . These included the exposure of the paddlewheel and its engines to enemy fire , as well as the reduction of space available for the placement of cannon which impinged upon a warship 's broadside firepower . Chappell 's report would later lead to the adoption of screw propulsion by the Navy ( see Legacy section below ) . Circumnavigation of Britain and other voyages ( edit ) With the conclusion of the Dover trials , Archimedes was placed at the disposal of Captain Chappell for a circumnavigation of Britain , which took place in July 1840 . This voyage presented an opportunity to not only conduct further tests , but also to allow inspection of the technology by shipowners , engineers and scientists in ports throughout the country . Archimedes completed the 2006 - mile voyage at an average speed in excess of 7 mph , and a maximum speed under ideal conditions of 10.9 mph . With the completion of this voyage , Archimedes made a passage from Plymouth to Oporto , Portugal in the record time of 681⁄2 hours . The ship subsequently made further voyages to Antwerp , to Amsterdam via the North Holland Canal , and to various other ports on the continent , exciting interest in the new propulsion method everywhere . Loan to Brunel ( edit ) SS Great Britain in dock at Bristol . The ship was fitted with a screw propeller based on trials with Archimedes . Upon the return of Archimedes to England , Smith agreed to loan Archimedes for several months to the Great Western Steamship Company , which was in the process of constructing the world 's largest steamship , the SS Great Britain . Great Western 's principal engineer , Isambard Kingdom Brunel , took advantage of the loan to test Archimedes with a variety of different propellers in an attempt to find the most efficient design , which was eventually determined to be a new four - bladed model submitted by Smith . Brunel 's experiments led him to recommend to his employers the adoption of screw propulsion for the Great Britain . The advantages of screw propulsion listed by Brunel can be summarized as follows : Screw propulsion machinery was lighter in weight , thus improving fuel economy ; Screw propulsion machinery could be kept lower in the hull , reducing the ship 's centre of gravity and making it more stable in heavy seas ; By taking up less room , propeller engines would allow more cargo to be carried ; Elimination of bulky paddle - boxes would lessen resistance through the water , and also allow the ship to manoeuvre more easily in confined waterways ; The depth of a paddlewheel is constantly changing , depending on the ship 's cargo and the movement of waves , while a propeller stays fully submerged and at full efficiency at all times ; Screw propulsion machinery was cheaper . By these arguments , Brunel in December 1840 was able to persuade the Great Western Steamship Company to adopt screw propulsion for the Great Britain , thus making her the world 's first screw - propelled transatlantic steamer . Unfortunately , instead of using Smith 's proven design , Brunel later decided to install a six - bladed `` windmill '' propeller designed by himself . Brunel 's design was to prove a costly failure for the company . Later career ( edit ) Smith and his fellow investors had originally hoped to sell Archimedes to the Royal Navy , but when this did not occur , the Ship Propeller Company sold the vessel into commercial service . The company , which is estimated to have lost a total of about £ 50,000 on the Archimedes venture , was subsequently wound up . The later career of Archimedes is sketchy . The ship ran aground at Beachy Head in 1840 . In 1845 , she disappeared from Lloyd 's Register , but appeared again in 1847 following an overhaul . Her engines and machinery were removed on an unspecified date at Sunderland , after which she continued in service as a sailing ship . In 1852 , her sails and rigging were renewed , but she disappeared from the Register again a year or two later . Archimedes reportedly grounded on a sandbar and sank in the mouth of the Meuse River , the Netherlands , while attempting to return to port in a storm on 1 March 1864 . All her crew were rescued by local lifeguards . Legacy ( edit ) Although the adoption of the screw propeller was an historical inevitability given the work of John Ericsson and others , Archimedes considerably hastened acceptance of the technology . The Dover trials , carried out in April -- May 1840 , persuaded the Royal Navy to build a 900 - ton steam sloop - of - war , HMS Rattler , which was trialled from 1843 - 45 against HMS Alecto , a sister ship fitted with paddle propulsion . As a result of these trials , the Navy adopted the screw propeller as its preferred propulsion method . By 1855 , 174 ships of the Royal Navy had been fitted with screw propulsion , including 52 ships - of - the - line , 23 frigates , 17 corvettes , 55 sloops , and various other vessels . Some merchants were also quick to adopt screw propulsion . In 1840 , Wimshurst built a second propeller - driven vessel , the 300 - ton Novelty , the first screw - propelled cargo ship and the first to make a commercial voyage . In 1841 , a small passenger steamer fitted with Smith 's patented propeller , Princess Royal , was built in the north of England , and in 1842 , several more screw - propelled vessels were built or launched in Britain , including Bedlington , built at South Shields , Bee , launched at Chatham , and the largest ship built to that date in Ireland , Great Northern , launched at Derry . From this point , screw - propelled merchant ships grew rapidly in number . By the time the Cunard Line built the paddle steamer Persia for transatlantic service in 1856 , the paddlewheel was already becoming an anachronism . Though Smith 's Archimedes had played an important role in the introduction of screw propulsion , Smith himself only lost money on the venture , and was forced to return to farming . He would later be recognized for his contribution however . In 1855 , he was amongst five inventors awarded £ 4,000 each by the House of Commons for invention of the marine propeller . In 1858 , a group of patrons arranged a testimonial dinner at which he was presented with a silver salver , claret - jug and subscription , with an aggregate value of £ 2,678 . In 1860 , Smith was appointed Curator of the Patent Office Museum in South Kensington , and in 1871 he received a knighthood . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The emphasis here is on ship . There were a number of successful propeller - driven vessels prior to Archimedes , including Smith 's own Francis Smith and Ericsson 's Francis B. Ogden and Robert F. Stockton . However , these vessels were boats -- designed for service on inland waterways -- as opposed to ships , built for seagoing service . Jump up ^ `` The type of screw propeller that now propels the vast majority of boats and ships was patented in 1836 , first by the British engineer Francis Pettit Smith , then by the Swedish engineer John Ericsson. Smith used the design in the first successful screw - driven steamship , the Archimedes , which was launched in 1839 . '' -- Marshall Cavendish , p. 1335 . Jump up ^ `` The propeller was invented in 1836 by Francis Pettit Smith in Britain and John Ericsson in the United States . It first powered a seagoing ship , appropriately called the Archimedes , in 1839 . '' -- Macauley and Ardley , p. 378 . Jump up ^ `` In 1839 , the Messrs. Rennie constructed the engines , machinery and propeller , for the celebrated Archimedes , from which may be said to date the introduction of the screw system of propulsion ... '' -- Mechanics Magazine , p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` It was not until 1839 that the principle of propelling steamships by a screw blade was fairly brought before the world , and for this we are indebted , as almost every adult will remember , to Mr. F.P. Smith of London . He was the man who first made the screw propeller practically useful . Aided by spirited capitalists , he built a large steamer named the `` Archimedes '' , and the results obtained from her at once arrested public attention. `` -- MacFarlane , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Fincham , pp. 339 - 341 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 66 - 67 . Jump up ^ Fincham , pp. 339 - 344 . ^ Jump up to : Bourne , p. 84 . Jump up ^ In the case of the Francis B. Ogden , Symonds was correct . Ericsson had made the mistake of placing the rudder forward of the propellers , which made the rudder ineffective . Symonds believed that Ericsson tried to disguise the problem by towing a barge during the test . Jump up ^ Bourne , pp. 87 - 89 . ^ Jump up to : Bourne , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Herapath , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Some sources state that the ship was 106 feet long ; they appear to have mistaken the overall length with the length between perpendiculars . Jump up ^ Schaefer and Hedge , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Fincham , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Preble , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Burgh , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Fincham , pp. 346 - 348 . ^ Jump up to : Bourne , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 71 - 72 . Jump up ^ SS Archimedes , wrecksite.eu . Jump up ^ Timbs , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Fincham , p. 349 . Jump up ^ Kludas , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Fox , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Timbs , pp. 269 - 270 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Plaque for Pioneer of the Screw Propeller '' , English Heritage website . References ( edit ) Books Burgh , N.P. ( 1869 ) : A Practical Treatise on Modern Screw Propulsion , p. 11 , E. and F.N. Spon , London . Bourne , John ( 1852 ) : A Treatise on the Screw Propeller With Various Suggestions For Improvement , Longman , Brown , Green & Longmans , London . Fincham , John ( 1851 ) : A History of Naval Architecture : To Which Is Prefixed , an Introductory Dissertation on the Application of Mathematical Science to the Art of Naval Construction , Whittaker & Co. , London . Fox , Stephen ( 2003 ) : Transatlantic : Samuel Cunard , Isambard Brunel , and the Great Atlantic Steamships , HarperCollins , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019595 - 3 . Herapath , John Esqu. ( 1839 ) : The Railway Magazine and Steam Navigation Journal , Volume VI , James Wylde , London . Kludas , Arnold ( 2000 ) : Record Breakers of the North Atlantic : Blue Riband Liners 1838 - 1852 , Brassey 's Inc. , ISBN 1 - 57488 - 328 - 3 . Macaulay , David and Ardley , Neil ( 1998 ) : The New Way Things Work , page 378 , Houghton Mifflin Books for Children , ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 93847 - 8 . MacFarlane , Robert ( 1851 ) : History of Propellers and Steam Navigation , George P. Putnam , New York . Marshall Cavendish Corporation ( 2002 ) : How It Works : Science and Technology , Volume 10 , page 1335 , Marshall Cavendish Corporation , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7314 - 5 . Preble , George Henry ( 1883 ) : A Chronological History of the Origin and Development of Steam Navigation , L.R. Hamersly & Co. , Philadelphia . Schaeffer , George C. and Hedge , Egbert ( 1840 ) : American Railroad Journal and Mechanics ' Magazine , Volume XI , Schaeffer and Hedge , New York . Smith , Edgar C. ( 1905 ) : A Short history of Naval and Marine Engineering , printed for Babcock & Wilcox Ltd. by University Press , Cambridge . Timbs , John ( 1868 ) : Wonderful Inventions : From the Mariner 's Compass to the Electric Telegraph Cable , George Routledge & Sons , London and New York . Journals The Mechanics ' Magazine , and Journal of Engineering , Agricultural Machinery , Manufactures , and Shipbuilding , Volume VI , July -- December 1861 , Robertson Brooman and Co. , London . External links ( edit ) Media related to SS Archimedes at Wikimedia Commons Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1864 Shipwrecks 3 Jan : Grafton 10 Jan : USS Iron Age 1 Feb : USS Smith - Briggs 2 Feb : USS Underwriter 17 Feb : USS Housatonic , H.L. Hunley 22 Feb : USS Linden 27 Feb : Westward Ho ! 1 Mar : Archimedes 6 Mar : USS Peterhoff 21 Mar : Clifton 28 Mar : USS Kingfisher 1 Apr : Maple Leaf 15 Apr : USS Eastport 19 Apr : USS Southfield 22 Apr : USS Petrel 26 Apr : Homer 30 Apr : Grecian 5 May : USS Covington , USS Signal 6 May : USS Commodore Jones 7 May : CSS Raleigh , USS Shawsheen 11 May : Invercauld 16 May : John Williams 22 May : USS Columbine 12 Jun : USS Lavender 14 Jun : USS Courier 19 Jun : CSS Alabama , Alvin Clark 24 Jun : USS Queen City 27 Jun : Mary Robinson 25 Jul : USS Undine 5 Aug : CSS Gaines , USS Philippi , USS Tecumseh 7 Aug : CSS Phoenix 8 Aug : USS Violet 31 Aug : Mary Bowers August ( unknown date ) : Houqua 3 Sep : USS Brandywine 23 Sep : USS Antelope 27 Sep : CSS North Carolina 7 Oct : USS Aster 27 Oct : CSS Albemarle 4 Nov : USS Elfin , USS Key West , USS Tawah , USS Undine 11 Nov : USS Tulip 28 Nov : CSS Florida 7 Dec : USS Narcissus 9 Dec : USS Bazely , USS Otsego 19 Dec : CSS Water Witch 21 Dec : CSS Georgia , CSS Isondiga , CSS Savannah 24 Dec : USS Louisiana 30 Dec : USS Annie , USS Rattler December ( unknown date ) : J.M. Chapman , USS Monarch Unknown date : Carolina Other incidents 17 Feb : USS St. Clair 7 Oct : CSS Florida ( Bahia incident ) Unknown date : Kingfisher 1863 1865 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Archimedes&oldid=803941180 '' Categories : 1838 ships Thames - built ships Experimental ships Victorian - era merchant ships of the United Kingdom Shipwrecks of the Netherlands Maritime incidents in 1864 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2016 Use British English from December 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Italiano Русский Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 17 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is the fluid substance of cell known as

The idea that protoplasm of eukaryotes is simply divisible into a ground substance called `` cytoplasm '' and a structural body called the cell nucleus reflects the more primitive knowledge of cell structure that preceded the development of electron microscopy , when it seemed that cytoplasm was a homogeneous fluid and the existence of most sub-cellular compartments , or how cells maintain their shape , was unknown . Today , it is known that the cell contents are structurally very complex and contain multiple organelles .

cytoplasm

Protoplasm

protoplasm

Protoplasm is the living content of a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane .

In some definitions , it is a general term for the cytoplasm ( e.g. , Mohl , 1846 ) , but for others , it also includes the nucleoplasm ( e.g. , Strasburger , 1882 ) . For Sharp ( 1921 ) , `` According to the older usage the extra-nuclear portion of the protoplast ( the entire cell , excluding the cell wall ) was called `` protoplasm , '' but the nucleus also is composed of protoplasm , or living substance in its broader sense . The current consensus is to avoid this ambiguity by employing Strasburger 's ( ( 1882 ) ) terms cytoplasm ( coined by Kölliker ( 1863 ) , originally as synonym for protoplasm ) and nucleoplasm ( ( term coined by van Beneden ( 1875 ) , or ) karyoplasm , ( used by ) Flemming ( ( 1878 ) ) ) `` . The cytoplasm definition of Strasburger excluded the plastids ( Chromatoplasm ) . As for the nucleus , the inclusion or not of the vacuole in the protoplasm concept is also controversial . Contents 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Description 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Terminology ( edit ) Besides `` protoplasm '' , many other related terms and distinctions were used for the cell contents over time : Urschleim ( Oken , 1802 , 1809 ) , Protoplasma ( Purkinje , 1840 , von Mohl , 1846 ) , Primordialschlauch ( primordial utricle , von Mohl , 1846 ) , sarcode ( Dujardin , 1835 , 1841 ) , Cytoplasma ( Kölliker , 1863 ) , Hautschicht / Körnerschicht ( ectoplasm / endoplasm , Pringsheim , 1854 ; Hofmeister , 1867 ) , Grundsubstanz ( ground substance , Cienkowski , 1863 ) , metaplasm / protoplasm ( Hanstein , 1868 ) , deutoplasm / protoplasm ( van Beneden , 1870 ) , bioplasm ( Beale , 1872 ) , paraplasm / protoplasm ( Kupffer , 1875 ) , inter-filar substance theory ( Velten , 1876 ) Hyaloplasma ( Pfeffer , 1877 ) , Protoplast ( Hanstein , 1880 ) , Enchylema / Hyaloplasma ( Hanstein , 1880 ) , Kleinkörperchen or Mikrosomen ( small bodies or microsomes , Hanstein , 1882 ) , paramitome ( Flemming , 1882 ) , Idioplasma ( Nageli , 1884 ) , Zwischensubstanz ( inter-alveolar substance , Bütschli , 1892 ) , Grundplasma ( ground plasma , Schütt , 1895 ) , ergastoplasme ( Garnier , 1897 ) , phaneroplasm / cryptoplasm ( Seifriz , 1931 ) , cytoplasmic matrix ( Munson , 1899 ; zytoplasmatische Matrix , Bergmann , 1956 ) , Protoplasma - oder Zelleinschlüsse ( protoplasmic or cellular inclusions , Szymonowicz , 1901 ) , kinoplasm / trophoplasm ( Strasburger et at. , 1912 ) , cytosol ( Lardy , 1965 ) . History ( edit ) The word `` protoplasm '' comes from the Greek protos for first , and plasma for thing formed , and was originally used in religious contexts . It was used in 1839 by J.E. Purkinje for the material of the animal embryo . Later , in 1846 Hugo von Mohl redefined the term ( also named as Primordialschlauch , `` primordial utricle '' ) to refer to the `` tough , slimy , granular , semi-fluid '' substance within plant cells , to distinguish this from the cell wall and the cell sap ( Zellsaft ) within the vacuole . Thomas Huxley ( 1869 ) later referred to it as the `` physical basis of life '' and considered that the property of life resulted from the distribution of molecules within this substance . The protoplasm became an `` epistemic thing '' . Its composition , however , was mysterious and there was much controversy over what sort of substance it was . In 1872 , Beale created the vitalist term `` bioplasm '' , to contrast with the materialism of Huxley . In 1880 , term protoplast was proposed by Hanstein ( 1880 ) for the entire cell , excluding the cell wall , and some authors like Julius von Sachs ( 1882 ) preferred that name instead of cell . In 1965 , lardy introduced the term `` cytosol '' , later redefined to refer to the liquid inside cell . By the time Huxley wrote , a long - standing debate was largely settled over the fundamental unit of life : was it the cell or was it protoplasm ? By the late 1860s , the debate was largely settled in favor of protoplasm . The cell was a container for protoplasm , the fundamental and universal material substance of life . Huxley 's principal contribution was to establish protoplasm as incompatible with a vitalistic theory of life . Attempts to investigate the origin of life through the creation of synthetic `` protoplasm '' in the laboratory were not successful . The idea that protoplasm of eukaryotes is simply divisible into a ground substance called `` cytoplasm '' and a structural body called the cell nucleus reflects the more primitive knowledge of cell structure that preceded the development of electron microscopy , when it seemed that cytoplasm was a homogeneous fluid and the existence of most sub-cellular compartments , or how cells maintain their shape , was unknown . Today , it is known that the cell contents are structurally very complex and contain multiple organelles . Description ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Protoplasm is composed of a mixture of small molecules such as ions , amino acids , monosaccharides and water , and macromolecules such as nucleic acids , proteins , lipids and polysaccharides . In eukaryotes the protoplasm surrounding the cell nucleus is known as the cytoplasm and that inside the nucleus as the nucleoplasm . In prokaryotes the material inside the plasma membrane is the bacterial cytoplasm , while in Gram - negative bacteria the region outside the plasma membrane but inside the outer membrane is the periplasm . Protoplasm was said to exist in two forms : a liquid - like sol state or a jelly - like gel state . See also ( edit ) Chemical evolution Membrane Symplast References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cammack , Richard ; Teresa Atwood ; Attwood , Teresa K. ; Campbell , Peter Scott ; Parish , Howard I. ; Smith , Tony ; Vella , Frank ; Stirling , John ( 2006 ) , Oxford dictionary of biochemistry and molecular biology , Oxford ( Oxfordshire ) : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 852917 - 1 Jump up ^ Sharp , L.W. ( 1921 ) . Introduction To Cytology . New York : McGraw Hill , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Strasburger , E. ( 1882 ) . Ueber den Theilungsvorgang der Zellkerne und das Verhältnis der Kernteilung zur Zellteilung . Arch Mikr Anat , 21 : 476 - 590 , BHL . Jump up ^ Beneden , E. van ( 1875 ) . La maturation de l'oeuf , la fécondation et les premières de développement embryonnaire des Mammiferes d'après les recherches faites chez le lapin . Bull. Acad. Bel . Cl . Sci. 40 , 2 sèr. : 686 - 736 , BHL . Jump up ^ Flemming , W. ( 1878 ) . Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Zelle und ihrer Lebenserscheinungen . Arch . f. mikr . Anat. , 16 : 302 - 436 , p. 360 , BHL . Jump up ^ Battaglia , E. ( 2009 ) . Caryoneme alternative to chromosome and a new caryological nomenclature . Caryologia , 62 ( 4 ) , 1 . Jump up ^ Parker , J. 1972 . Protoplasmic resistance to water deficits , p. 125 - 176 . In : Kozlowski , T.T. ( ed . ) , Water deficits and plant growth . Vol . III . Plant responses and control of water balance . Academic Press , New York , p. 144 , ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Sharp ( 1921 ) , p. 11 , 32 - 34 . ^ Jump up to : Battaglia , E. ( 1985 ) . Meiosis and mitosis : a terminological criticism . Annali di Botanica ( Rome ) 43 : 101 -- 140 . ( Table 3 , `` - plasma derivatives '' , p. 118 ) . Jump up ^ Grundriss der Naturphilosophie . Jump up ^ Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie . ^ Jump up to : Purkinje J.E. 1840 . Über die Analogien in den Strukturelementen des thierischen und pflanzichen Organismus . In : Übersicht der Arbeiten und Veränderungen der schlesischen Gesellschaft für vaterländische Kultur , Jahre 1839 : 81 . ^ Jump up to : von Mohl , H. 1846 . Ueber die Saftbewegung im Inneren der Zellen . Bot . Ztg. 4 : 73 - 78 , 89 - 94 . Jump up ^ Dujardin , F. 1835 . Recherches sur les organisms inférieurs . Annales des Sciences Naturelles 4 : 343 -- 377 , ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Dujardin , F. ( 1841 ) . Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes Infusoires . Paris : Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Kölliker , R.A. v. ( 1863 ) . Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen. 4 . Auflage . Leipzig : Wilhelm Engelmann . Jump up ^ Wayne ( 2009 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Vines , S.H. ( 1877 ) . An account of Prof. Strasburger 's observation on protoplasm . Quart. J. Micr . Sc. , Lond. , 1877 , n.s. , 17 , pp. 124 - 132 . link . Jump up ^ Cienkowski , L. 1863 . Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Myxomyceten . Jahrb . Wiss . Bot. 3 : 325 - 337 , ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Wayne ( 2009 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Van Beneden , E. Recherches sur la composition et la signification de l'œuf . F. Hayez , Bruxelles , 1870 ( Extrait du tome XXXIV des Mém . cour . des savants étrangers , publiés par l'Académie royale des sciences , des lettres et des beaux - arts de Belgique ) . link . ^ Jump up to : Beale , L.S. ( 1872 ) . Bioplasm . London : J. & A. Churchill . Jump up ^ Kupffer , K.W. 1875 . Ueber Differenzierung des Protoplasmas an den Zellen tierischer Gewebe . Schriften des Naturwissenschaft , Vereins für Schleswig - Holstein , 1 ( 3 ) , 229 - 242 , link . Jump up ^ Velten , W. 1876 . Die physikalische Beschaffenhoit des pflanzlichon Protoplasmas . Sitzber . Akad . Wiss . Wien , Math. - Nat . Kl. , 73 : I 131 - 151 , ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Pfeffer , W. Osmotische Untersuchungen . W. Engelmann , Leipzig . link . Jump up ^ Hanstein ( 1880 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Hanstein ( 1880 ) , pp. 24 , 39 . Jump up ^ Wayne ( 2009 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Flemming , W. ( 1882 ) . Zellsubstanz , Kern , und Zelltheilung . Vogel , Leipzig , ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Bütschli , O. 1892 . Untersuchungen über mikroskopische Schäume und das Protoplasma . Leipzig , ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Schütt , F. ( 1895 ) . Die Peridineen der Plankton Expedition . Ergebnisse der Plankton - Expedition des Humbold - Stiftung , Bd IV , p. 1 -- 27 , Lipsius & Tischer , Kiel . link . Jump up ^ Seifriz , W. ( 1931 ) . The structure of protoplasm . Science 73 , 648 - 649 . link . Jump up ^ Munson , J.P. , 1899 The Ovarian Egg of Limulus . Athenaeum Press , Boston , Massachusetts Jump up ^ Bargmann , W. ( 1956 ) . Über einige Probleme und Ergebnisse des elektronen - mikroskopischen Studiums der Zelle . Dtsch . med . Wschr. 81 ( 28 ) : 1109 - 1125 . Jump up ^ Szymonowicz , L. ( 1901 ) . Lehrbuch der Histologie und der mikroskopischen Anatomie . Stuber , Würzburg . link . Jump up ^ Szymonowicz , L. ( 1902 ) . Textbook of histology and microscopic anatomy of the human body , including microscopic technique . Philadelphia , Lea Bros. link . Jump up ^ Wayne ( 2009 ) , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Lardy , H.A. 1965 . On the direction of pyridine nucleotide oxidation - reduction reactions in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis . In : Control of energy metabolism , edited by B. Chance , R. Estabrook , and J.R. Williamson . New York : Academic , 1965 , p. 245 , ( 7 ) . Jump up ^ Wayne , R. 2009 . Plant Cell Biology : From Astronomy to Zoology . Amsterdam : Elsevier / Academic Press , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Bynum , W.F. , Browne , E.J. & Porter , R. ( 1981 ) . Dictionary of the history of science . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Larson , P.R. ( 1994 ) . The Vascular Cambium : Development and Structure . Springer - Verlag : New York and Berlin , p. 30 - 31 , ( 8 ) . Jump up ^ Evert , R.F. 2006 . Esau 's Plant Anatomy : Meristems , Cells , and Tissues of the Plant Body : Their Structure , Function , and Development . 3rd. ed . John Wiley & Sons , Inc : Hoboken , New. Jersey , p. 16 , ( 9 ) . Jump up ^ Huxley , T.H. 1869 . The Physical Basis of Life . New Haven , Conn. , The College Courant . Jump up ^ Brain , R.M. `` Protoplasmania : Huxley , Haeckel , and the Vibratory Organism in Fin de Siècle Visual Cultures '' , in The Art of Evolution : Darwin , Darwinisms , and Visual Cultures , F. Brauer and Larson , B. University Presses of New England , 2009 , pp. 92 - 123 , ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Harvey , E.N. ( 1938 ) , `` Some Physical Properties of Protoplasm '' , Journal of Applied Physics , 9 ( 2 ) : 68 , doi : 10.1063 / 1.1710397 , archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 12 Jump up ^ Bynum et al. ( 1981 ) , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Hanstein , J. ( 1880 ) . Das Protoplasma . Heidelberg . Jump up ^ Sharp ( 1921 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Wayne ( 2009 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Geison , Gerald ( 1969 ) , `` The Protoplasmic Theory of Life and the Vitalist - Mechanist Debate '' , Isis , 60 : 272 -- 292 , doi : 10.1086 / 350498 Jump up ^ Lazcano , A. ; Capone , S. ; Walde , P. ; Seebach , D. ; Ishikawa , T. ; Caputo , R. ( 2008 ) , `` What Is Life ? A Brief Historical Overview '' , Chemistry & Biodiversity , 5 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 , doi : 10.1002 / cbdv. 200890001 , PMID 18205130 Jump up ^ Satir , P. ( 2005 ) , `` Tour of organelles through the electron microscope : A reprinting of Keith R. Porter 's classic Harvey Lecture with a new introduction '' , The Anatomical Record Part A : Discoveries in Molecular , Cellular , and Evolutionary Biology , 287A ( 2 ) : 1184 -- 1204 , doi : 10.1002 / ar. a. 20222 , PMID 16265625 Jump up ^ Arthur C. Guyton ; John E. Hall , Textbook of Medical Physiology , Eleventh Edition , Saunders , Protoplasm is composed mainly of five basic substances : water , electrolytes , proteins , lipids and carbohydrates . External links ( edit ) `` Protoplasm '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . NDL : 00562358 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protoplasm&oldid=855260486 '' Categories : Cell biology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 01 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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where is the charity based of world food programme

World Food Programme World Food Programme WFP Headquarters in Rome Abbreviation WFP , PAM Formation 1961 Type UN Humanitarian Programme Legal status Active Headquarters Rome , Italy Head David Beasley Website www.wfp.org

Rome

World Food Programme

world food programme

The World Food Programme ( WFP ) is the food - assistance branch of the United Nations and the world 's largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and promoting food security . According to the WFP , it provides food assistance to an average of 80 million people in 76 countries each year . From its headquarters in Rome and from more than 80 country offices around the world , the WFP works to help people who can not produce or obtain enough food for themselves and their families . It is a member of the United Nations Development Group and part of its Executive Committee .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Organization 1.2 Goals and strategies 2 Activities 3 Funding 4 FITTEST 4.1 The team 4.2 History 5 Official partners 6 Logistics Cluster 7 World Hunger Relief Week 8 Grassroots efforts 9 World Food Program USA 10 Criticism 11 List of executive directors 12 See also 13 Notes 13.1 Footnotes 13.2 References 14 External links Overview ( edit ) A 2009 Russian stamp featuring the WFP logo . WFP was first established in 1961 after the 1960 Food and Agricultural Organization ( FAO ) Conference , when George McGovern , director of the US Food for Peace Programmes , proposed establishing a multilateral food aid programme . The WFP was formally established in 1963 by the FAO and the United Nations General Assembly on a three - year experimental basis . In 1965 , the programme was extended to a continuing basis . Organization ( edit ) The WFP is governed by an Executive Board which consists of representatives from 36 member states . David Beasley is the current Executive Director , appointed jointly by the UN Secretary General and the Director - General of the FAO for a five - year term . He heads the Secretariat of the WFP . The European Union is a permanent observer in the WFP and , as a major donor , participates in the work of its Executive Board . Its vision is a `` world in which every man , woman and child has access at all times to the food needed for an active and healthy life . '' The WFP has a staff of about 15,000 people , the majority of whom work in remote areas . Goals and strategies ( edit ) United Nations C - 130 Hercules transports deliver food for the Rumbek region of southern Sudan ( 2004 ) . The WFP unloads humanitarian aid at the Freeport of Monrovia during Joint Task Force Liberia . A WFP armoured vehicle . The WFP strives to eradicate hunger and malnutrition , with the ultimate goal in mind of eliminating the need for food aid itself . The objectives that the WFP hopes to achieve are to : `` Save lives and protect livelihoods in emergencies '' `` Support food security and nutrition and ( re ) build livelihoods in fragile settings and following emergencies '' `` Reduce risk and enable people , communities and countries to meet their own food and nutrition needs '' `` Reduce undernutrition and break the intergenerational cycle of hunger '' WFP food aid is also directed to fight micronutrient deficiencies , reduce child mortality , improve maternal health , and combat disease , including HIV and AIDS . Food - for - work programmes help promote environmental and economic stability and agricultural production . Activities ( edit ) In 2013 , the WFP reached 80.9 million people in 75 countries and provided 3.1 million tonnes of food , including nutritionally enriched Ready - to - use therapeutic foods . 7.8 million malnourished children received special nutritional support in 2013 , and 18.6 million children received school meals or take - home rations . In 2015 , the WFP reached 76.7 million people in 81 countries . In emergencies , more than 50 million people were reached in order to improve their nutrition and food security . School meals were provided to 17.4 million children helping retain children in schools , supporting uninterrupted access to education . The WFP has scaled up its use of cash and vouchers as food assistance tools . 7.9 million people received assistance through cash or voucher programmes in 2013 . In the same year , the WFP purchased food in 91 countries ; 86 % of that food came from developing countries . Among its other activities , the WFP has coordinated the five - year Purchase for Progress ( P4P ) pilot project . Launched in September 2008 , P4P assists smallholder farmers by offering them opportunities to access agricultural markets and to become competitive players in the marketplace . The project spanned across 20 countries in Africa , Asia and Latin America and trained 800,000 farmers in improved agricultural production , post-harvest handling , quality assurance , group marketing , agricultural finance and contracting with the WFP . The project resulted in 366,000 metric tons of food produced and generated more than $148 million in income for its smallholder farmers . The WFP focuses its food assistance on those who are most vulnerable to hunger , which most frequently means women , children , the sick and the elderly . In fact , part of the response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake consisted of distributing food aid only to women as experience built up over almost 5 decades of working in emergency situations has demonstrated that giving food only to women helps to ensure that it is spread evenly among all household members . School - feeding and / or take - home ration programmes in 71 countries help students focus on their studies and encourage parents to send their children , especially girls , to school . Funding ( edit ) The WFP operations are funded by voluntary donations from world governments , corporations and private donors . The organization 's administrative costs are only seven percent -- one of the lowest and best among aid agencies . From 2008 - 2012 , private donors donated around $500 million . In 2016 , WFP received from donors in total US $ 5,933,529,247 . The USA were the major donor of WFP with 2 billion US $ , followed by the European Commission ( 894 million US $ ) and Germany ( 884 million US $ ) . FITTEST ( edit ) A member of FITTEST in Port au Prince during the emergency response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake . The Fast Information Technology and Telecommunications Emergency and Support Team ( FITTEST ) is a small , elite , technical team of emergency responders within the IT division of the World Food Programme ( WFP ) . Covering both emergency preparedness and response , FITTEST provides a range of IT , telecommunications and power generation infrastructures and solutions to support humanitarian aid operations during emergencies and in steady - state situations . Humanitarian emergencies demand rapid interventions that are efficient , coordinated and effective . FITTEST is trained to work in demanding , hazardous and hostile environments and ensures staff are on the ground and ready to operate within 48 hours . To date , FITTEST has completed more than 1,000 missions in over 130 countries , including West Africa , the Philippines , Haiti , Central African Republic , South Sudan , Iraq , Syria and , more recently , Nepal and Yemen . From natural disasters such as earthquakes and tropical cyclones , public health emergencies , such as the Ebola outbreak , to conflict and civil unrest , FITTEST provides lifesaving IT , telecommunications and power services to governments and the humanitarian community . With a team comprising just 15 to 25 responders at any given time , FITTEST team members hail from more than 10 nationalities from all six continents . The team ( edit ) FITTEST Warehouse in Dubai FITTEST 's key areas of expertise include telecommunications ( radio , wireless & microwave , satellite ) , IT ( hardware / infrastructure , software , Internet , email ) and electricity ( power generation , wiring , and renewable and hybrid energy systems , such as solar power and wind turbines ) . The team also offers training and consultancy services . In preparation for future emergencies , the team holds virtual stock of equipment allowing pre-determined items to be available at a moment 's notice . FITTEST offices and warehouses are located in Dubai 's International Humanitarian City in the United Arab Emirates . From here the team develops technological solutions and delivers its services across the world . History ( edit ) FITTEST developed from the African Great Lakes humanitarian emergency in 1995 . In 1998 , it became an official tool for WFP to respond to emergencies . With the establishment of the United Nations Cluster system by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee , and especially the Emergency Telecommunications Cluster , FITTEST became a critical tool for WFP to fulfil its mandate of providing IT services to the entire humanitarian community . FITTEST is a unique cell within the United Nations system as it operates on a cost - recovery basis . Receiving no direct contribution from Governments or other humanitarian donors , FITTEST ensures its sustainability by using best practices of the private sector . The team operates on a limited margin ( 7 % ) used to cover running costs . Such a method ensures the delivery of high service quality , as FITTEST only survives if its ' clients ' are satisfied and continue to use its services . Official partners ( edit ) The WFP coordinates and cooperates with a number of official partners in emergencies and development projects . These partners include national government agencies such as DFID , ECHO , EuropeAid , USAID ; UN agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development ( IFAD ) ; non-governmental organizations such as Save the Children , Catholic Relief Services and Norwegian Refugee Council ; as well as corporate partners such as Boston Consulting Group , Yum ! Brands , DSM N.V. , and Cargill . WFP is also a partner in Compact2025 , a partnership that develops and disseminates evidence - based advice to politicians and other decision - makers aimed at ending hunger and undernutrition in the coming 10 years . WFP is represented on the Leadership Council of Compact2025 by its Executive Director Ertharin Cousin . Actress Drew Barrymore is Ambassador to the World Food Programme and donated $1 million in 2008 . Grassroots level partners include hungrykids.org . Logistics Cluster ( edit ) The Logistics Cluster is an Inter-Agency Standing Committee ( IASC ) humanitarian coordination mechanism . Following the recommendations of an independent Humanitarian Response Review in 2005 , the cluster approach was adopted in 2005 as a way of addressing gaps and strengthening the effectiveness of humanitarian response through building partnerships . The Logistics Cluster is one of the eleven sectoral coordination bodies . The basis of this current international humanitarian coordination system was set by UN General Assembly resolution 46 / 182 in December 1991 and extended in the Humanitarian Reform of 2005 , with these new elements adopted to improve capacity , predictability , accountability , leadership and partnership . The Logistics Cluster provides coordination and information management services to support operational decision - making and improve the predictability , timeliness and efficiency of humanitarian emergency responses . Where necessary , the Logistics Cluster also facilitates access to common logistics services . Due to its expertise in the field of humanitarian logistics , the World Food Programme ( WFP ) was chosen by the IASC as the lead agency for the Logistics Cluster . WFP hosts the Global Logistics Cluster support team in its headquarters in Rome . WFP also acts as a ' provider of last resort ' offering common logistics services , when critical gaps hamper the humanitarian response . The Logistics Cluster 's primary role lies in supporting emergency responses . For an overview of current Logistics Cluster Operations , please consult the ( 1 ) Logistics Cluster Website . World hunger Relief Week ( edit ) In 2007 , the WFP joined with Yum ! Brands , the world 's largest restaurant company , to launch the first annual World Hunger Relief Week , a global campaign to increase awareness about hunger , engage volunteers , and raise critically needed funds to help the WFP serve the world 's areas of greatest need . World Hunger Relief Week 2007 leveraged the power of nearly 35,000 restaurants around the world , sparking a global movement to end hunger and generating an overwhelming outpouring of support from millions of customers , employees , franchisees and their families . Nearly one million Yum ! , KFC , Pizza Hut , Taco Bell , Long John Silver 's and A&W All American Food employees , franchisees and their families volunteered close to 4 million hours to aid hunger relief efforts in communities worldwide , while helping to raise $16 million throughout the World Hunger Relief Week initiative for the World Food Programme and other hunger relief agencies around the world . The initiative has been repeated every year since . Grassroots efforts ( edit ) In 2004 , the WFP tasked Auburn University in Auburn , Alabama with heading the first student - led War on Hunger effort , after a 2002 Northwestern University pilot . Auburn founded the Committee of 19 , which has not only led campus and community hunger awareness events but also developed a War on Hunger model for use on campuses across the country . The WFP has launched a global advocacy and fundraising event called Walk the World . On one single day each year , hundreds of thousands of people in every time zone all over the world walk to call for the end of child hunger . In 2005 , more than 200,000 people walked in 296 locations . In 2006 , there were 760,000 participants in 118 countries all over the world . This event is part of the campaign to achieve the Millennium Development Goals , specifically to halve the number of people who suffer from hunger and poverty by 2015 . A growing number of grassroots global events and celebrations such as International Day of Peace , World Party Day participants , and Peace One Day recommend the WFP on radio broadcasts as an immediate reach out action , putting help within reach of anyone with the information that a quarter feeds a child for a day . Fill the Cup campaign takes just 25 US cents to fill one of the `` red cups '' that the World Food Programme uses to give hungry children a regular school meal of porridge , rice or beans . Christina Aguilera , Drew Barrymore and Sean Penn are among notable celebrities who endorse the WFP . The British singer Sami Yusuf joined with the WFP to support the drought - stricken in Horn of Africa through his personal campaign , LiveFeedAfrica and music video , Forgotten Promises . World Food Program USA ( edit ) World Food Program USA , before 2010 known as Friends of the World Food Program , works to solve global hunger , building a world where everyone has the food and nutrition needed to lead healthy , productive lives . WFP USA raises support for these efforts in the United States by engaging individuals , organizations and businesses , shaping public policy and generating resources for WFP . Criticism ( edit ) Kenyan economist James Shikwati says in an interview with Der Spiegel : `` aid to Africa does more harm than good '' . According to him , the food aid increases corruption as local politicians have the opportunity to steal some of the aid to bribe voters or to sell the aid in the black markets killing the local agriculture . He claims that the WFP people as an organization `` are in the absurd situation of , on the one hand , being dedicated to the fight against hunger while , on the other hand , being faced with unemployment were hunger actually eliminated '' . He suggests that WFP answers too easily to the calls of the corrupted governments , and supplies too much of food aid leading to reduction of the production of local farmers as `` no one can compete with the UN 's World Food Programme '' . The World Food Programme was also criticized by Jose Ciro Martinez and Brent Eng in their essay `` The Unintended Consequences of Emergency Food Aid : Neutrality , Sovereignty and Politics in the Syrian Civil War , 2012 - 15 . '' due to an interview conducted with an employee of the organization who stated : `` ' Most aid is still subject to strict control measures by the government , who also requests that it be distributed through state approved bodies such as SARC . I believe the government closely oversees if not completely controls these organizations . '' '' This statement was expanded upon by the authors as they noted that food aid given in Syria would go to the military and its men first . List of Executive Directors ( edit ) The following is a chronological list of those who have held the Executive Director of the World Food Programme position : Addeke Hendrik Boerma ( May 1962 -- December 1967 ) Sushil K. Dev ( acting ) ( January 1968 -- August 1968 ) Franciso Aquino ( July 1968 -- May 1976 ) Thomas C.M. Robinson ( May 1976 -- June 1977 acting ; July 1977 -- September 1977 ) Garson N. Vogel ( October 1977 -- April 1981 ) Bernardo de Azevedo Brito ( acting ) ( May 1981 -- February 1982 ) Juan Felipe Yriart ( acting ) ( February 1982 -- April 1982 ) James Ingram ( April 1982 -- April 1992 ) Catherine Bertini ( April 1992 -- April 2002 ) James T. Morris ( April 2002 -- April 2007 ) Josette Sheeran ( April 2007 -- April 2012 ) Ertharin Cousin ( April 2012 -- April 2017 ) David Beasley ( April 2017 -- present ) See also ( edit ) Food portal Asia Emergency Response Facility Fight Hunger : Walk the World Food Force , an educational game Food security Walk the World World Food Council World Party Day Logistics Cluster Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ French : Programme alimentaire mondial ; Italian : Programma alimentare mondiale ; Spanish : Programa Mundial de Alimentos ; Arabic : برنامج الأغذية العالمي , barnamaj al'aghdhiat alealami ; Russian : Всемирная продовольственная программа , Vsemirnaya prodovol'stvennaya programma ; Chinese : 联合国 世界 粮食 计划 署 , Liánhéguó shìjiè liángshí jìhuà shǔ References ( edit ) Jump up ^ WFP . `` Mission Statement '' . WFP . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ About WFP . WFP.org . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 Jump up ^ Executive Committee . Undg.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 15 Jump up ^ `` About '' . World Food Program . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` European Union '' . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ WFP . `` Our Work '' . WFP . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ The World Food Programme 's Achievements in 2013 . WFP.org . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Special Nutritional Products . World Food Programme . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://publications.wfp.org/en/annual-report/2015/?_ga=2.249509895.1874197627.1495936135-1834641711.1495319110 Jump up ^ All about the World Food Programme . WFP.org . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Purchase for Progress : Reflections on the pilot , February 2015 . WFP.org . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/3f66543adf5c482a95810d57a2b1518b/download/?_ga=2.212632660.1762357695.1495937773-1834641711.1495319110 Jump up ^ http://www.wfp.org/funding/year/2016 Jump up ^ `` WFP 's Partners '' . World Food Programme . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Leadership Council '' . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Barrymore , actress '' . World Food Programme . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Logistics Cluster '' . logcluster.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Fill the cup : turning hunger into hope for millions of children . Wfp.org . Retrieved on 2015 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ How To Help . Wfp.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Grassroots International . Grassrootsonline.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Drew Barrymore on CNN about WFP , YouTube video Jump up ^ Christina Aguilera -- A Voice for the Hungry WFP United Nations World Food Programme -- Fighting Hunger Worldwide . WFP . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Singer Sami Yusuf And WFP Join In Support For Drought - Stricken Horn Of Africa '' . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LIVE FEED : Help the Horn of Africa with Sami Yusuf and WFP '' . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sami Yusuf - Forgotten Promises. 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ UN World Food Programme ( 16 July 2010 ) . `` WFP 's USA Partner Organisation : New Name , New Site , New Online Tools '' . Jump up ^ World Food Program USA . `` Our Mission -- A world without hunger '' . World Food Program USA . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE ; Hamburg ; Germany ( 3 July 2005 ) . `` SPIEGEL Interview with African Economics Expert : `` For God 's Sake , Please Stop the Aid ! '' `` . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Removed : news agency feed article '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Martinez , Eng , Jose , Brent ( 2015 ) . `` '' The Unintended Consequences of Emergency Food Aid : Neutrality , Sovereignty and Politics in the Syrian Civil War , 2012 - 15. `` '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Previous WFP Executive Directors '' . World Food Programme . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Food Programme . Official website World Food Programme ( hide ) United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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when does the nrl season start in 2018

National Rugby League

national rugby league

The National Rugby League ( NRL ) is the top league of professional rugby league men 's clubs in Australasia . Run by the Australian Rugby League Commission , the NRL 's main competition is known as the Telstra Premiership due to sponsorship from Telstra Corporation and is contested by sixteen teams , fifteen of which are based in Australia with one based in New Zealand . It is the most viewed and attended rugby league club competition in the world .

The National Rugby League is Australia 's top - level domestic rugby - league club competition . It contains clubs from the original Sydney club Rugby League competition , which had been running continuously since 1908 . The NRL formed in the aftermath of the 1990s ' Super League war as a joint partnership between the Australian governing body , the Australian Rugby League ( ARL ) and media giant News Corporation - controlled Super League , after both organisations ran premierships parallel to each other in 1997 . This partnership was dissolved in February 2012 , with control of the NRL going to the independently formed Australian Rugby League Commission . NRL matches are played in Australia and New Zealand from March to October . The season culminates in the premiership - deciding game , the NRL Grand Final , traditionally one of Australia 's most popular sporting events and one of the world 's largest attended sporting championship games . In addition , the NRL premiers also play in the World Club Challenge , a pre-season match against the champions of the European Super League competition . The reigning premiers are the Melbourne Storm winning their third official premiership . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin and establishment 1.2 1998 -- 2002 : Rationalisation 1.3 2003 -- 2010 : Record popularity , expansion and centenary 1.4 2010 -- present : Establishment of the ARLC 2 Teams 2.1 Current clubs 2.2 Foundation clubs 2.3 Famous NRL rivalries 2.4 NRL venues -- traditional and non-traditional 3 Season structure 3.1 Pre-season 3.2 Premiership season 3.3 Representative season 3.4 Finals series 4 Premiership winners 5 List of most successuful NRL teams 6 Players 6.1 Demographics 6.2 Salary cap 7 Awards 7.1 Minor Premiership Winners 7.2 Provan - Summons trophy 7.3 J.J. Giltinan Shield 7.4 Clive Churchill medal 7.5 Dally M awards 7.6 The Immortals 8 Audience 9 Television 9.1 NRL - related television programs 9.2 Theme songs 9.3 Video games 9.4 Cheerleading 9.4. 1 Cheer Squads 10 Records 10.1 Team 10.2 Individual 11 Match officials 12 Sponsorship 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the National Rugby League See also : Rugby league in Australia and List of NRL records Origin and establishment ( edit ) The New South Wales Rugby League ( NSWRL ) ran the major rugby league competition of New South Wales from its inception in 1908 until 1994 . Following the introduction of a new format for interstate rugby league , the State of Origin series in 1980 , the decade of the 1980s brought about expansion of the NSWRL premiership , with the introduction of commercial sponsorship , the Winfield Cup , and the addition of non-Sydney - based teams , Canberra and Illawarra in 1982 . Although this move brought more interest in the competition statewide in New South Wales , it would spell the beginning of the demise of some of the traditional Sydney - based clubs as well as having a negative effect on the Brisbane Rugby League premiership . Following the 1983 season , Sydney foundation club Newtown Jets were ultimately forced to withdraw from the competition because of financial difficulties . Further expansion of the league followed in 1988 , with another three teams based outside Sydney introduced to the competition ; the Newcastle Knights and the first two Queensland teams , the Brisbane Broncos and Gold Coast - Tweed Giants . The Brisbane and Newcastle sides proved to be successful and popular and paved the way towards a push for a truly national competition . This was attempted in 1995 with control of the premiership passing from the NSWRFL to the Australian Rugby League ( ARL ) , who invited four more teams from outside NSW to participate in 1995 . Ultimately this competition failed , but in its demise the National Rugby League was born , incorporating the traditional Sydney clubs , successfully coercing the Sydney market to follow the newly created national competition . See also : Super League war The logo used by the NRL from inception in 1998 until the end of 2012 . The prospect of a truly national rugby league competition in addition to the introduction of pay television in Australia attracted the attention of global media organisation , News Corporation , and it followed that professional rugby league was shaken to its very foundations in the mid-1990s with the advent of the Super League war . Initially a conflict over broadcasting rights , it became a dispute as to who controlled the sport and which traditional clubs would survive into the new national era , as News Limited formed their own Super League and admitted some former ARL clubs , poaching players from the original ARL league with high salaries . With twenty - two teams of highly varying quality playing in two competitions that year , crowd attendances and corporate sponsorships were spread very thinly , and many teams found themselves in financial difficulty . The ARL undertook moves to invite the traditional clubs that had moved to the Super League competition back into a re-unified competition . Following a period of negotiation with News Corporation , on 23 September 1997 the ARL announced that it was forming a new company to conduct the competition in 1998 . On 7 October News ' Manaaki Ranginui announced that he was confident that there would be a single competition in 1998 . On 19 December , representatives of clubs affiliated with the Australian Rugby League gathered at the Sydney Football Stadium to decide whether to accept News Limited 's offer of a settlement -- eventually voting in favour by 36 votes to 4 . As a result , in the following months the National Rugby League , jointly owned by the ARL and News Limited , was formed . It was announced that the inaugural National Rugby League ( NRL ) season of 1998 would have 20 teams competing , 19 remaining Super League and ARL teams plus the Melbourne Storm , who were created by Super League for their 1998 season . Clubs on both sides of the war were shut down . Super League decided to close the Hunter Mariners and the financially ruined Perth Reds , who were $10 million in debt at the end of 1997 , while the ARL decided to close down the South Queensland Crushers , who were also in severe financial trouble . Additionally , at the end of 1998 the NRL decided to close down former Super League club , the Adelaide Rams and former ARL club , the Gold Coast Chargers , despite the Gold Coast franchise being one of the few clubs to make a profit during the Super League war . 1998 -- 2002 : rationalisation ( edit ) One condition of the peace agreement between the ARL and News Limited was that there would be a 14 team competition in 2000 . The 20 clubs that played in 1998 would be assessed on various items such as sponsorship , crowds , on - field success and the like . It was also announced that clubs that merged would receive a large sum of money , as well as a guaranteed position in the 2000 NRL Competition . The St. George Dragons and the Illawarra Steelers were the first clubs to take up the offer , forming the joint - venture St. George Illawarra Dragons at the end of the 1998 season . The 1999 NRL Grand Final brought about a new official world record attendance for a game of rugby league . 107,999 spectators saw the Melbourne Storm defeat the newly created St. George Illawarra Dragons in the decider at Stadium Australia . Balmain and Western Suburbs formed the joint - venture club , the Wests Tigers at the end of 1999 , while North Sydney and Manly - Warringah created the ill - fated Northern Eagles . As part of another image makeover , a number of teams also released new club logos . The most notable of these was the Sydney Roosters , dropping the City section of their name for the 2000 season and beyond . Souths were controversially axed from the competition at the end of 1999 for failing to meet the criteria . This move was highly controversial and on 12 November 2000 about 80,000 marched in protest at their continued exclusion . South Sydney challenged the decision in the Federal Court claiming that the NRL agreement was exclusionary , intended to unfairly exclude South Sydney , and breached the Trade Practices Act . Justice Paul Finn ruled that the agreement did not specifically exclude any club and dismissed the Rabbitohs ' claims for re-instatement into the national competition . Souths appealed this decision and were re-admitted into the competition in 2002 . The Auckland Warriors experienced much financial hardship in the early part of the decade , ultimately collapsing before being resurrected as the New Zealand Warriors for the 2001 season . They made the Grand Final in 2002 . In 2001 , Australia 's largest telecommunications provider Telstra became naming rights sponsor of the NRL , with the competition 's name becoming the NRL Telstra Premiership , while in 2002 David Gallop took over the CEO role from David Moffett , and the competition has become more and more popular each season . In 2001 the NRL Grand Final started to be played on Sunday nights , a shift from the traditional Sunday afternoon slot used for over a decade prior . 2003 -- 2010 : record popularity , expansion and Centenary ( edit ) The 2003 season was widely regarded as the most successful since the beginning of the National Rugby League in 1998 . The Penrith Panthers rose from the bottom of the table to win the Premiership , while the Broncos returned to Suncorp Stadium mid-year . Season 2004 proved even more successful than 2003 , with the North Queensland Cowboys going from 11th position in 2003 to 3rd in 2004 , narrowly missing out on a maiden Grand Final berth . Crowd average records were broken in 2003 , 2004 and 2005 . In 2005 , the NRL reached record levels of popularity for its competition . Total crowds for the competition season almost reached the figures for the last year of the competition conducted by the ARL competition of 1995 , prior to the Super League war . The average attendance record remained until 2010 . From 2004 to 2005 , there was a 39 % increase in sponsorship , a 41 % increase in merchandise royalties , and a 12 % increase in playing participation . In 2005 , Business Review Weekly ranked the NRL 497 in revenue of Australian private companies , with revenue of A $66.1 m ( + 7 % ) with 35 employees . In 2004 , Canterbury - Bankstown put a year of turmoil and disgrace at the aftermath of the alleged rape scandal to hold aloft the NRL trophy and give the Bulldogs their first premiership since 1995 . In 2005 , a record national audience of 4.1 million tuned in to watch the grand final between the Wests Tigers and the North Queensland Cowboys . The 2006 NRL Grand Final was won by the Brisbane Broncos over the Melbourne Storm , 15 -- 8 . The matchup was a significant milestone in the history of the NRL , as two interstate teams ( teams not from New South Wales , the `` heartland '' of the NRL ) contested the grand final for the first time . In the city of Melbourne , whose team was playing in their second grand final , the game 's television ratings were higher than in Sydney where the game was played . Crowds were down on 2005 , however were better than any other year prior to that . In its tenth season the NRL returned to having a club based on the Gold Coast , Queensland with the inclusion of the Gold Coast Titans . The Titans were the first professional sporting team to occupy the Gold Coast since 1998 , when the Gold Coast Chargers were one of the teams removed during the NRL 's rationalisation process between the end of the Super League war and the 2000 season . The 2007 season saw the return of Monday Night Football and the inclusion of two Friday night games . Both of which turned out to be ratings successes . Another change from the previous seasons was a reduction in the number of byes per team in the season . With an odd number of teams contesting between 2002 and 2006 , the draw meant that at least one team would have to have a bye each weekend . With the inclusion of the 16th team for the 2007 season , the National Rugby League had the option of reverting to back to the system used between 2000 and 2001 where every team played each round . That system was not used however , with teams were given just a single bye during the year , grouped in periods that will assist clubs around representative fixtures . The opening round saw two matches at Brisbane 's Suncorp Stadium , the first featuring reigning champions Brisbane against fellow Queensland side North Queensland , while the second match featured the new club , the Gold Coast playing St George Illawarra . The weather during the middle of the season was less than ideal , with cyclonic conditions severely affecting many NRL games played in Sydney and Newcastle . The 2007 finals series saw the South Sydney Rabbitohs return to finals football for the first time in decades . The season culminated on 30 September 2007 , with the Grand Final contested between Manly and Melbourne . Melbourne won the title 34 -- 8 and the Grand Final achieved the honour of being the most watched television show in Australia in 2007 . Throughout 2008 , the NRL celebrated 100 years since rugby league was introduced into Australia , with several initiatives to recognise the important milestone , including an extensive marketing campaign called the ' Centenary of Rugby League ' . The competition began in March , with a special Heritage round held in mid-April , coinciding with the first round of competition played in 1908 . At a Gala event on 17 April 2008 the Team of the Century was announced , being : Full - back : Clive Churchill Wingers : Ken Irvine , Brian Bevan Centres : Reg Gasnier , Mal Meninga Five - eighth : Wally Lewis Half - back : Andrew Johns Lock : John Raper Second Row : Norm Provan , Ron Coote Props : Arthur Beetson , Duncan Hall Hooker : Noel Kelly Reserves : Graeme Langlands , Dally Messenger , Bob Fulton , Frank Burge Coach : Jack Gibson . For the second year in a row , the Grand Final was played between the Melbourne Storm and the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles , in the NRL 's first ever twilight decider . The Sea Eagles took out the premiership game 40 -- 0 , setting the record for the highest winning margin in a Grand Final match ( although the club formerly known as St George Dragons were beaten 38 -- 0 in 1975 and using the modern point scale of 4 - point tries , this would amount to 44 -- 0 . ) Furthermore , it was the first time a team had been kept scoreless in a Grand Final since 1978 . The 2009 season marked the beginning of the second century of rugby league in Australia . The Grand Final that year was played between the Parramatta Eels and once again Melbourne Storm . Melbourne defeated Parramatta 23 -- 16 to win the premiership to make it two premierships out of the last four grand finals for the Storm . In 2010 the Inaugural All Stars Match was held on 13 February , in conjunction with the Sorry Day reconciliation anniversary to promote rugby league 's long association and involvement with the Aboriginal community . The first match saw the Indigenous All Stars beat the NRL All Stars 16 -- 12 . The success of this event has seen it become a recurring fixture on the rugby league calendar with Queensland awarded the hosting rights for the next three years . The 29th State of Origin series was also played featuring the world 's first live free - to - air 3D TV broadcast . Queensland later made further history by winning an unprecedented fifth series in a row , and winning the 2010 series by a scoreline of 3 -- 0 , their first Origin whitewash since 1995 . In 2010 the NRL set a record total season average attendance of 17,367 per game and a record total season aggregate attendance of 3,490,778 . During the 2010 finals series , the second qualifying match between the Wests Tigers and Sydney Roosters became the first McIntyre System final to go into extra time , with the One Hundred Minute Epic described in media circles as one of the greatest of the modern era . The 2010 Grand Final was played between the St George Illawarra Dragons and the Sydney Roosters . The Dragons won 32 -- 8 . This was the first premiership won by the club in its eleven - year existence . 2010 -- present : establishment of the ARLC ( edit ) After several years of preparation and build up , on 14 December 2010 the Australian Rugby League and News Corporation agreed upon a constitutional framework paving the way for the establishment of a new and independent commission to govern the sport in Australia . The negotiations of such a framework became drawn out over establishing details , primarily of sponsorship , media rights , funding of state bodies , funding of the Melbourne Storm , debate over News Ltd private ownership of clubs , and also of individual appointments to the new body . The 2011 Grand Final was contested between the Manly Sea Eagles and the New Zealand Warriors . This was the second grand final involving the New Zealand Warriors . Manly recorded a 24 - 10 win claiming their second premiership under head coach Des Hasler . On 10 February 2012 , the independent commission , known as the Australian Rugby League Commission assumed control of all levels of the game , replacing former state based boards and assuming full control of the NRL from the NRL partnership ( comprising the previous ARL board and News Limited ) . The 2012 Grand Final involved the Canterbury Bankstown Bulldogs and the Melbourne Storm , this was the first time since 2008 that the first and second placed teams contested the Grand Final . The Melbourne Storm recorded a 14 - 4 victory thus achieving their second premiership and claiming some vengeance for the stripped premierships . The 2013 season saw the resurgence of foundation clubs the Sydney Roosters and the South Sydney Rabbitohs with both clubs finishing first and second place respectively . The NRL was also left with a black eye after the Cronulla Sharks were caught using performance - enhancing substances by ASADA dating back to 2011 . The 2013 Grand Final was played between the Sydney Roosters and the Manly Sea Eagles with the Roosters recording a 26 - 18 victory , the match is most remembered for a spectacular try by Roosters centre Michael Jennings which sealed the win for the Bondi club . The 2014 season started with the introduction of the Auckland Nines and was marred by the handing down of a million dollar fine to the Cronulla Sharks for their role in the ASADA scandal while head coach Shane Flanagan was suspended for the entirety of the 2014 season . The 2014 Grand Final was contested by the South Sydney Rabbitohs and the Canterbury Bankstown Bulldogs . This was the Rabbitohs first grand final appearance since 1971 . The Rabbitohs would break their 43 - year premiership drought with a 30 - 6 victory . The 2015 season saw the return of the Queensland juggernauts , The North Queensland Cowboys and the Brisbane Broncos who would finish inside the top four and contest the 2015 Grand Final . The 2015 Grand Final is considered by many to be the greatest grand final of all time as a high intensity match ended in dramatic circumstances when the Cowboys scored as the full - time siren sounded . Johnathan Thurston would miss the conversion from the sideline as the ball hit the post thus sending the match into golden point , the first golden point grand final . Ben Hunt would drop the ball on the kick - off and hand the Cowboys the chance to win which was converted as Johnathan Thurston successfully kicked a field goal to win the match 17 - 16 . The 2016 season saw the Melbourne Storm return to the minor premiership position while the Canberra Raiders returned to the top four for the first time since the 2003 . The Cronulla Sharks and reigning premiers North Queensland would fill out the top four . The season continued a trend of the minor premiership not being decided to the final round , the fourth consecutive year . The 2016 Grand Final was contested between the Melbourne Storm and the Cronulla Sharks , it was the Cronulla Sharks fourth grand final appearance while it was the seventh for the Storm . The match was a tight affair and was not settled until after the siren had sounded . The Cronulla Sharks claimed their first premiership ending a famous 49 - year drought by a score of 14 - 12 . Teams ( edit ) See also : List of teams in the NSWRL / ARL / SL / NRL , Expansion of the National Rugby League , and List of current NRL team squads The NRL consists of sixteen clubs : eight clubs based within Greater Sydney , two in regional New South Wales , three in Queensland and one each in Victoria , the Australian Capital Territory and New Zealand . The league operates on a single group system , with no divisions or conferences and no relegation and promotion from other leagues . St. George Illawarra Dragons and Wests Tigers have two locations indicated due to more than one ground being occupied by both teams . A total of twenty - three clubs have played in the National Rugby League since its first season in 1998 . For a list of all clubs past and present see List of teams in the NSWRL / ARL / SL / NRL . For a complete list of all teams no longer competing in the NRL see here Eleven clubs have been members of the National Rugby League for every season since its inception in 1998 . This group includes Brisbane , Canberra , Canterbury - Bankstown , Cronulla - Sutherland , Melbourne , New Zealand , Newcastle , North Queensland , Parramatta , Penrith and Sydney Roosters . Current clubs ( edit ) Club Established City Stadium Seated Capacity * * Premierships Most recent and years since Brisbane Broncos 1988 Brisbane , Queensland Suncorp Stadium 52,500 6 2006 ; 11 years ago ( 2006 ) Canberra Raiders 1981 Canberra , Australian Capital Territory Canberra Stadium 25,011 1994 ; 23 years ago ( 1994 ) Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs 1934 Sydney , New South Wales Belmore Sports Ground ANZ Stadium 20,000 83,500 8 2004 ; 13 years ago ( 2004 ) Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks 1967 Sydney , New South Wales Southern Cross Group Stadium 22,000 2016 ; 1 year ago ( 2016 ) Gold Coast Titans 2007 Gold Coast , Queensland Cbus Super Stadium 27,400 0 Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles 1947 Sydney , New South Wales Lottoland 23,000 8 2011 ; 6 years ago ( 2011 ) Melbourne Storm 1997 Melbourne , Victoria AAMI Park 30,050 2017 ; 0 years ago ( 2017 ) Newcastle Knights 1988 Newcastle , New South Wales McDonald Jones Stadium 33,000 2001 ; 16 years ago ( 2001 ) New Zealand Warriors 1995 Auckland , New Zealand Mount Smart Stadium 30,000 0 North Queensland Cowboys 1995 Townsville , Queensland 1300SMILES Stadium 26,500 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 ) Parramatta Eels 1947 Sydney , New South Wales ANZ Stadium 83,500 1986 ; 31 years ago ( 1986 ) Penrith Panthers 1967 Penrith , New South Wales Pepper Stadium 22,500 2003 ; 14 years ago ( 2003 ) South Sydney Rabbitohs 1908 Sydney , New South Wales ANZ Stadium 83,500 21 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 ) St. George Illawarra Dragons 1998 * Wollongong , New South Wales Sydney , New South Wales WIN Stadium Jubilee Oval 23,000 20,505 83,500 1 ^ 2010 ; 7 years ago ( 2010 ) Sydney Roosters 1908 Sydney , New South Wales Allianz Stadium 44,000 13 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 ) Wests Tigers 1999 * Sydney , New South Wales Campbelltown Stadium Leichhardt Oval ANZ Stadium 20,000 20,000 83,500 1 ^ 2005 ; 12 years ago ( 2005 ) * * Figures reflect Seated Capacity for rugby league games only . Seated Capacity other sports , concerts and special events may differ , and varies dependant on the type of event and the infrastructure involved in stage set up . * denotes that the club was formed as a joint - venture of former existing clubs . ^ denotes that previous clubs making up the joint venture had won premierships prior to merging , which are not included in this tally . Foundation clubs ( edit ) Two of the teams currently in the NRL were founded in 1908 , the first year of rugby league competition in Australia : the Sydney Roosters ( founded as ' Eastern Suburbs ' ) and South Sydney Rabbitohs . Foundation club Western Suburbs Magpies and Balmain Tigers have been competing as a merged entity , the Wests Tigers since the 2000 NRL season . Famous NRL rivalries ( edit ) See also : Rivalries in the National Rugby League and History of the National Rugby League NRL venues -- traditional and non-traditional ( edit ) See also : List of National Rugby League stadiums Since 1998 NRL clubs have played both trial matches and premiership season games in areas that do not have representation in the NRL in both Australia and New Zealand . Non-traditional venues that have been used include Bluetongue Stadium , Westpac Stadium , Barlow Park , TIO Stadium , nib Stadium , Stadium Mackay and Eden Park in Auckland . Future venues include Marley Brown Oval and to be used for the 2018 season . Season structure ( edit ) Pre-season ( edit ) The NRL pre season typically begins in February and ends in early March . Clubs generally use this time to organise trial matches to test playing combinations however some clubs play for trophies . Easts and Wests play for the Foundation Cup while South Sydney and St George Illawarra play for the Charity Shield . The trials are typically played in cities and towns that normally do n't host NRL matches . In the past a World Seven 's rugby league football tournament has been hosted , however this was scrapped due to injury concerns . All Stars match Main article : All Stars Match Beginning in 2010 the All Stars match has become a major fixture in the NRL preseason . The teams are chosen via public voting and the two sides play for the Arthur Beetson Trophy . In 2018 the game was temporarily removed from the calendar due to the World Cup being played the previous year citing an excessive player workload . Auckland Nines Main article : NRL Auckland Nines In 2014 , the inaugural rugby league Nine 's tournament took place , featuring all sixteen NRL clubs . It is staged at Eden Park , Auckland , New Zealand . This two - day tournament has now become a regular fixture , taking place at the end of January each year . Women 's nines games are also fixtured alongside the main tournament between the Australian and New Zealand women 's teams . In 2018 the tournament was removed from the calendar due to the World Cup being played the previous year citing an excessive player workload . World Club Series Main article : World Club Series The World Club Series is an annual tournament played between the champion clubs of the National Rugby League and the European Super League competitions and four invited teams . Until season 2014 , it was known as the World Club challenge , being only a single match between the champions however in 2015 it was expanded to include four invited teams who played two exhibition games before the final . The first match of its kind was played in 1976 and it was then played sporadically throughout the late 80s , and 90s including a one off Super League tournament in 1997 , before becoming a regular annual pre-season fixture since 2000 . To date only English and Australian sides have competed in the World Club Challenge . Premiership season ( edit ) As rugby league is a winter sport in Australasia , the NRL premiership season usually begins in early March following a brief series of trial matches . During each pre-season trial match series , the Charity Shield is played for between the Rabbitohs and Dragons . A round of regular season premiership games is then played every weekend for twenty - six weeks , usually until the end of September . In most rounds , one match is played on Thursday night , two on Friday night , three on Saturday and two on Sunday . Special themed weeks include Heritage Round , Women in League Round and Rivalry Round . Separate trophies between rival teams are also presented throughout the season , such as the Ron Coote Cup between the Roosters and Rabbitohs , Jack Gibson Cup between Parramatta and the Roosters , the 1989 League Legends Cup between the Tigers and Raiders , the Bandage Bear Cup between the Bulldogs and Eels and the Mal Reilly Cup between Newcastle and Manly - Warringah . Teams receive two competition points for a win , and one point for a draw . The bye also receives two points ; a loss , no points . Teams on the ladder are ranked by competition points , then match points differential ( for and against ) and points percentage are used to separate teams with equal competition points . At the end of the regular season , the club which is ranked highest on the ladder is declared minor premiers . Representative season ( edit ) As well as playing for their club in the premiership , NRL players are regularly selected to play in a number of representative competitions that are conducted throughout each season . The representative season is generally considered to be a period of rugby league that runs from about the middle of April until the middle of July each year . The fixtures take into account the following games : The annual Anzac Test between Australia and New Zealand ( Early to mid April ) The New South Wales City vs Country Origin match ( Early to Mid April , same weekend as the Anzac Test ) The Pacific Tests , played on the same weekend as the Anzac Test and City vs Country Origin , these games feature matches placed between Fiji , Samoa , Papua New Guinea and Tonga The three match State of Origin series ( June -- July ) Other representative matches that can occur later in the year are : The Prime Minister 's XIII match in Papua New Guinea The Four Nations tournament -- Australia , New Zealand and England plus another qualifier The quadrennial World Cup tournament Additional test Matches between Australia and New Zealand . Finals series ( edit ) The eight highest placed teams at the end of the regular season compete in the finals series . The system consists of a number of games between the top eight teams over four weeks in September , until only two teams remain . These two teams then contest the Grand Final , which is usually played on the first Sunday of October . From 1998 to 2011 , the NRL used the McIntyre Final Eight System but with the introduction of the ARLC , it was decided to change to the current format which was perceived as fairer for teams finishing in the Top 4 . Grand Final Main article : NRL Grand Final Darren Lockyer and Wayne Bennett parade the premiership after the Brisbane Broncos ' Grand Final victory in 2006 . The NRL Grand Final , which determines the season 's premiers , is one of Australia 's major sporting events and is one of the largest attended club championship events in the world . Since 1999 it has been contested at Sydney 's Stadium Australia , which was the primary athletics venue for the 2000 Olympic Games . The first year it was held at Stadium Australia , the NRL Grand Final broke the record for attendance at an Australian rugby league game , with 107,999 people attending . The Grand Final had traditionally been played on Sunday afternoons , shifting to 8 pm in 2001 , then to 7 pm thereafter . However , from 2008 , a compromise was reached between official broadcaster Nine Network 's preferred starting time and the afternoon starting time of 3 pm , with the Grand Final beginning at 5 pm AEST . Each year the NRL Grand Final Breakfast , a function that is attended by both teams , hundreds of guests and screened live on Australian television is held during the week before the game . The game itself is usually preceded by an opening ceremony featuring entertainment and the singing of the national anthem by well - known Australasian and international musical acts . After the pre-game entertainment it is traditional for the NRL trophy to be delivered to the field by an Australian Army helicopter shortly before kick off . At the conclusion of the Grand Final there is a presentation ceremony where the winning team are awarded premiership rings . The player judged to be the man - of - the - match by the Australian national team selectors is awarded the prestigious Clive Churchill Medal and the Prime Minister of Australia is typically on - hand to hand the trophy to the winning captain . In 2010 the Government of New South Wales secured the grand final for Stadium Australia until 2022 for $45 million . Stadium Location Country Highest attendance Average attendance Stadium Australia Sydney Australia 107,999 80,000 Premiership winners ( edit ) See also : Australian rugby league premiers Note -- Melbourne Storm were stripped of their 2007 , 2009 premiership titles and their 2006 , 2007 , 2008 minor premiership titles due to their breach of the salary cap . The titles were withheld by the NRL rather than awarding them to the runners up . Season Grand Finals Minor Premiers Finished first on premiership season ladder Premiers Score Runners - up 1998 Brisbane Broncos ( 4th title ) 38 -- 12 Canterbury Bulldogs Brisbane Broncos ( 37 pts ) 1999 Melbourne Storm ( 1st ) 20 -- 18 St George Illawarra Dragons Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks ( 40 pts ) 2000 Brisbane Broncos ( 5th ) 14 -- 6 Sydney Roosters Brisbane Broncos ( 38 pts ) 2001 Newcastle Knights ( 2nd ) 30 -- 24 Parramatta Eels Parramatta Eels ( 42 pts ) 2002 Sydney Roosters ( 12th ) 30 -- 8 New Zealand Warriors New Zealand Warriors ( 38 pts ) 2003 Penrith Panthers ( 2nd ) 18 -- 6 Sydney Roosters Penrith Panthers ( 40 pts ) Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs ( 8th ) 16 -- 13 Sydney Roosters Sydney Roosters ( 42 pts ) 2005 Wests Tigers ( 1st ) 30 -- 16 North Queensland Cowboys Parramatta Eels ( 36 pts ) 2006 Brisbane Broncos ( 6th ) 15 -- 8 Melbourne Storm Melbourne Storm ( 44 pts ) * stripped 2007 Melbourne Storm * stripped 34 -- 8 Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles Melbourne Storm ( 44 pts ) * stripped 2008 Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles ( 7th ) 40 -- 0 Melbourne Storm Melbourne Storm ( 38 pts ) * stripped 2009 Melbourne Storm * stripped 23 -- 16 Parramatta Eels St George Illawarra Dragons ( 38 pts ) St George Illawarra Dragons ( 1st ) 32 -- 8 Sydney Roosters St George Illawarra Dragons ( 38 pts ) 2011 Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles ( 8th ) 24 -- 10 New Zealand Warriors Melbourne Storm ( 42 pts ) 2012 Melbourne Storm ( 2nd ) 14 -- 4 Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs ( 40 pts ) 2013 Sydney Roosters ( 13th ) 26 -- 18 Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles Sydney Roosters ( 40 pts ) 2014 South Sydney Rabbitohs ( 21st ) 30 -- 6 Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs Sydney Roosters ( 36 pts ) 2015 North Queensland Cowboys ( 1st ) 17 -- 16 Brisbane Broncos Sydney Roosters ( 40 pts ) 2016 Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks ( 1st ) 14 -- 12 Melbourne Storm Melbourne Storm ( 42 pts ) 2017 Melbourne Storm ( 3rd ) 34 -- 6 North Queensland Cowboys Melbourne Storm ( 44 pts ) List of most successuful NRL teams ( edit ) NOTE : These stats NRL era only ( 1998 to present ) Ranking : Teams are ranked in order of premierships won , grand final runners up then minor premierships won . Rank Team Premiership years Runner - up years Minor Premiers years Melbourne Storm 3 ( 1999 , 2012 , 2017 ) 3 ( 2006 , 2008 , 2016 ) 3 ( 2011 , 2016 , 2017 ) Brisbane Broncos 3 ( 1998 , 2000 , 2006 ) 1 ( 2015 ) 2 ( 1998 , 2000 ) Sydney Roosters 2 ( 2002 , 2013 ) 4 ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2010 ) 4 ( 2004 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ) Manly Sea Eagles 2 ( 2008 , 2011 ) 2 ( 2007 , 2013 ) 0 5 Canterbury Bulldogs 1 ( 2004 ) 3 ( 1998 , 2012 , 2014 ) 1 ( 2012 ) 6 North Queensland Cowboys 1 ( 2015 ) 2 ( 2005 , 2017 ) 0 7 St George Illawarra Dragons 1 ( 2010 ) 1 ( 1999 ) 2 ( 2009 , 2010 ) 8 Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks 1 ( 2016 ) 0 1 ( 1999 ) 9 Penrith Panthers 1 ( 2003 ) 0 1 ( 2003 ) 10 Newcastle Knights 1 ( 2001 ) 0 0 Wests Tigers 1 ( 2005 ) 0 0 South Sydney Rabbitohs 1 ( 2014 ) 0 0 13 Parramatta Eels 0 2 ( 2001 , 2009 ) 2 ( 2001 , 2005 ) 14 New Zealand Warriors 0 2 ( 2002 , 2011 ) 1 ( 2002 ) 15 Canberra Raiders 0 0 0 Gold Coast Titans 0 0 0 Players ( edit ) National Rugby League footballers are among Australasia 's most famous athletes , commanding multimillion - dollar playing contracts and sponsorship deals . Each club in the NRL has a `` top squad '' of twenty - five players , who are signed under a salary cap . For the most part , the players who play in NRL matches are sourced from these top squads . During a season the need may arise for a club to use players outside these 25 , in which case players are usually sourced from the club 's corresponding NRL Under 20 's side or a feeder club in the New South Wales Cup or Queensland Cup . Demographics ( edit ) In the recent years , the influence of Polynesian players on the NRL has grown , with figures from the 2011 season showing that 35 % of NRL players and over 45 % of NRL Under 20 's players are of Polynesian background . This increase in Polynesian players has been blamed for the decline of Indigenous players , dropping from 21 % in the 1990s to 11 % for the 2009 season . Ben Barba at the Dally M awards The first Indigenous Australian to play in the NSWRL / NRL was New South Wales Rugby League premiership player George Green , who debuted in 1909 . Since that time , many high - profile indigenous athletes have played in the competition , including Arthur Beetson ( the first Aborigine to captain an Australian national team in any sport ) and current Test match representatives Johnathan Thurston and Greg Inglis . At the elite level of the game , Indigenous Australians represented 35 % of the roster for the Kangaroos , 21 % of players at the 2012 State of Origin series , 12 % of NRL players and a further 8 % of the NRL Under 20s players . By way of comparison , 2.3 % of the Australian population identified themselves as Indigenous in the 2006 Australian census . To celebrate the strong Indigenous ties to the game , the NRL holds a preseason All Stars game , featuring a team made up of Indigenous Australians playing a publicly voted team consisting of the non-Indigenous players , and an Indigenous Leadership Group has formed , consisting of the game 's elite Indigenous players . The Leadership Group hosts regular multi-day camps where all Indigenous NRL players are invited to learn more about Indigenous culture . Both the All Stars match and the Leadership Group were ideas pioneered by former player Preston Campbell , with the All Stars man of the match receiving the Preston Campbell medal . Salary cap ( edit ) A salary cap was introduced to the NSWRL in 1990 to even the playing field of teams in the Winfield Cup . As of 2013 the club grant is $7.1 million which covers the salary cap of $5.85 million and a minimum wage for $80,000 for the top twenty - five players at each club . The salary cap will increase to $6.3 million in 2014 , $6.55 million in 2015 , $6.8 million by 2016 and $7 million in 2017 . The cap is actively policed and penalties for clubs found to have breached the NRL salary cap regulations include fines of lesser of half the amount involved or $500,000 and / or deduction of premiership points . For example , six clubs were fined for minor infractions in 2003 . These infractions are usually technical in nature , and can sometimes be affected by third - party factors such as loss of sponsorship revenue affecting an allowance . During the 2007 season the NRL implemented ways of creating a fair and more beneficial cap for players and clubs . In 2010 , following the Melbourne Storm salary cap scandal , the NRL introduced requirements for players and their agents to sign statutory declarations pledging their contracts comply with salary cap regulations , where previously only club chairmen and chief executives did so for biannual salary cap audits . Major breaches of the cap See also : Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs salary cap breach , Melbourne Storm salary cap breach , and Parramatta Eels salary cap breach In 2002 , the Bulldogs were fined the maximum of $500,000 and deducted all 37 premiership points received during the season after it was found that they had committed serious and systematic breaches of the salary cap totalling $2.13 million over the past three years , including $750,000 in 2001 and $920,000 in 2002 ; these were described by NRL chief executive David Gallop as `` exceptional in both its size and its deliberate and ongoing nature '' . The points penalty meant that the club won the 2002 wooden spoon ( Souths would have finished last if not for the breaches ) , and as the club had been leading the competition table prior to the imposition of the penalties , this was a shattering outcome for the club and its fans . Two senior club officials were jailed for fraud as a result of these breaches . In 2005 , the New Zealand Warriors were fined $430,000 and were ordered to start the 2006 season with a four premiership point deficit and cut their payroll by $450,000 after club officials revealed that their former management had exceeded the salary cap by $1.1 million over the last two years . The points penalty meant that the Warriors missed a finals berth in 2006 . On 22 April 2010 , following revellations by an internal whistle blower and and investigation by the NRL , Storm officials revealed that the club had committed serious and systematic breaches of the salary cap regulations between 2006 and 2010 by running a well - organized dual contract and bookkeeping system that concealed a total of $3.78 million in payments made to players outside of the salary cap from the NRL . This included : $303,000 in 2006 , $459,000 in 2007 , $957,000 in 2008 , $1.021 million in 2009 and $1.04 million in 2010 . As a result , the club was stripped of the 2007 and 2009 premierships , 2006 -- 2008 minor premierships and the following year , the 2010 World Club Challenge trophy . They were also fined a then Australian sporting record of $1.689 million ( $1.1 million in NRL prize money which was equally distributed between the remaining 15 clubs , $89,000 in prize money from the World Club Challenge which was distributed to the Leeds Rhinos , and a maximum of $500,000 for breaching the salary cap regulations ) . In addition they were ordered to cut their payroll by $1.0125 million , deducted all eight premiership points received during the 2010 season and barred from receiving premiership points for the remainder of the 2010 season . The points penalty meant that the club won the 2010 wooden spoon . The former directors attempted unsucessful legal action against the penalties which collapsed , and the club also had to pay the NRLs legal costs . The matter was also referred to ASIC , the Australian Tax Office , the Victorian State Revenue Office , and the Victoria Police to investigate possible fraud however by May 2011 these investagations were closed . The players themselves were found to have not done anything wrong during this time so individual awards are recognised in addition , the players were still eligible for Test / State of Origin selection . Prior to the start of the 2016 NRL season , the Parramatta Eels faced the prospect with starting the season on - 4 points due to salary cap indiscretions in 2015 , however the NRL was satisfied with governance changes at the Eels and no points were deducted . However , it was revealed in March that third - party payments had been made by several companies to several players , which is strictly prohibited in the NRL . On 3 May 2016 , NRL CEO Todd Greenberg announced that the club would be docked the twelve competition points they have accrued so far this season , as well as fined $1 million and stripped of the 2016 NRL Auckland Nines title it won in February . In addition , the NRL also announced that the Eels would not be able to accrue any further competition points until they fall under the salary cap , which they were reported to be $500,000 over as of 3 May 2016 . Five officials , including chairman Steve Sharp , deputy chairman Tom Issa , director Peter Serrao , chief executive John Boulous and football manager Daniel Anderson , were also sacked . On 9 July , after over 2 months of club officials contesting the preliminary penalites , Parramatta were handed their punishment with the addition of their for / against points tally accumulated from rounds 1 - 9 being deducted . Judiciary and Integrity Unit The NRL judiciary is made up of former players who convene in three - man panels to rule on on - field incidents . The judiciary is currently chaired by Wollongong district court judge Paul Conlon and made up of former players Mal Cochrane , Michael Buettner , Bradley Clyde , Sean Garlick , Don McKinnon and Bob Lindner . An integrity Unit was formed on 7 February 2013 and is headed by former Federal Court judge Tony Whitlam . Awards ( edit ) Minor premiership winners ( edit ) Main article : NRL Minor Premiership winners The Minor Premiership is a trophy awarded to the team finishing the season top of NRL in the sport of rugby league football . Provan - Summons trophy ( edit ) The Provan - Summons Trophy is awarded to the winner of the Grand Final The Provan - Summons trophy is the NRL 's main prize , awarded to the team that wins the premiership . Its sculptured design is similar to the Winfield Cup trophy , which was introduced for the 1982 NSWRFL season . It is a three - dimensional cast of a famous photo called The Gladiators , which depicts a mud - soaked Norm Provan of St. George and Arthur Summons of Western Suburbs embracing after the 1963 NSWRFL season 's Grand Final . It was not officially named the Provan - Summons Trophy until 2013 , the 50th anniversary of the 1963 Grand Final . The trophy is awarded following each grand final to the captain of the winning club . Each player from the premiership winning side are also awarded Premiership Rings . J.J. Giltinan Shield ( edit ) Created in 1951 , the J.J. Giltinan Shield is awarded to the club ranked highest on the NRL ladder after the premiership season concludes . Typically this team is known as the minor premiers . Clive Churchill Medal ( edit ) The Clive Churchill Medal is awarded to the most outstanding player in a grand final . It is named after former Australian fullback Clive Churchill . Dally M awards ( edit ) The Dally M Medal is the highlight of the Dally M Awards and was named after Henry Herbert ' Dally ' Messenger , who was instrumental in the establishment of rugby league football in Australia . The awards were introduced in 1980 by News Limited . The Dally M has been the official player - of - the - year award , and the highest individual honour in Australian rugby league , since the unification of the game in 1998 . Before 1998 the highest award was the Rothmans Medal . The medal is awarded , usually by the Australian Prime Minister , at the annual Dally M Awards night . As well as honouring the best and fairest player of the year , the Dally M awards recognise the premier player in each position , the best coach and the most outstanding rookie of the season . The Immortals ( edit ) The Immortals are eight players named by the sport 's major Australian magazine Rugby League Week as the nation 's greatest ever . Established in 1981 , the group consists of eight former Test captains : Arthur Beetson , Clive Churchill , Bob Fulton , Reg Gasnier , Graeme Langlands , Wally Lewis , Johnny Raper and Andrew Johns . Audience ( edit ) A 2004 match between Brisbane and Canterbury The NRL provides six of the top seven and 78 of the top 100 programs on Australian subscription television . In 2010 it was the sport with highest total cumulative audience on Australian television , with an aggregate audience of 120.6 million viewers . Television ( edit ) Television ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Within Australia all matches are broadcast on the Nine Network and on Fox Sports . In New Zealand all matches , including representative fixtures such as the All Stars Match and the State of Origin series , are shown live on Sky Sport . The NRL is available to the rest of the world via either local television networks or online through the official Livestream NRL channel . In particular it is broadcast on Premier Sports in the United Kingdom , Fox Sports 2 and Fox Soccer Plus in the United States , Sportsnet in Canada and BeIN Sport in France . Detailed Australian coverage Thursday Night Football starts at 7 : 50 pm and match shown on the Nine Network free - to - air television amd Fox League . Friday Night Football starts at 6 : 00 pm with the first match shown on Fox League . A second match , 7 : 55 pm is broadcast by both the Nine Network free - to - air television and Fox League . Super Saturday includes one Intrust Super Premiership NSW , one Holden Cup afternoon game at 3 : 15 pm , followed by three NRL Telstra Premiership matches , the first at 3 : 00 pm followed by 5 : 30 pm and then 7 : 30 pm , all Super Saturday is televised ' live and add break free ' on Fox League NRL Sunday Ticket is a 2 : 00 pm match broadcast live on Fox League followed by a 4 : 00 pm match telecasted live on both Nine Network and Fox League Note : Broadcast schedules and the number of games broadcast can also vary . This is dependent on the scheduling of matches for the New Zealand Warriors played in Auckland , New Zealand , byes during the middle of the season ( where 2 or more teams do n't play that weekend ) and daylight saving time early in the season . Normally , there is no Thursday football during bye - weeks . Fox League telecasts all matches ' live and add break free ' ( excluding the Grand Final ) whilst The Nine Network only shows the Thursday night game , and the second Friday and Sunday games . The State of Origin series is shown live in every state on the Nine Network . The NRL Grand Final is shown live in every state on the Nine Network , with New South Wales and Queensland receiving up to 10 hours of continuous pre-game and post-game coverage . The game is also shown live in New Zealand , with ratings improving since the introduction of a 7 pm ( NZST ) kick - off -- plus in various other countries around the world via local broadcasters . NRL - related television programs ( edit ) In Australia there are television shows dedicated to discussing the NRL . The programs are listed in order of the day and time viewed in their primary broadcast market : Monday Night with Matty Johns ( following Monday Night Football on Fox League 502 ) . Hosted by Matthew Johns . NRL 360 ( Mondays - Wednesdays 6 : 30 pm on Fox League 502 ) . Hosted by Ben Ikin and Paul Kent . On the Couch with Sterlo ( Tuesdays 7 : 30 pm on Fox League 502 ) . Hosted by Peter Sterling . League Life ( Wednesdays 7 : 30pm on Fox League 502 ) . Hosted by Yvonne Sampson . Queenslanders Only ( Wednesdays 8 : 00pm on Fox League 502 ) . Hosted by Robert ' Crash ' Craddock . ( Airs at 7 : 00pm Queensland time during the month of March due to NSW Daylight Saving Time ) 13 to 1 ( Thursdays 6 : 30pm on Fox League 502 ) . Hosted by Tara Rushton & Braith Anasta . The Footy Show ( Thursday 10 : 00 pm on Channel Nine ) . A variety show hosted by Paul Vautin , Darryl Brohman , Beau Ryan and Erin Molan . The Late Show with Matty Johns ( Thursdays 10 : 00 pm on Fox League 502 ) . Hosted by Matthew Johns . Barefoot Sports ( Thursday 8 : 30 pm on NITV ) Hosted by Brad Cooke and formerly known as The Barefoot Rugby League Show . The Professor 's Second Year Syndrome ( Fridays 10 : 00pm on Fox League 502 ) . Hosted by James ' The Professor ' Rochford . The Sunday Footy Show ( Sunday 11.00 am on Channel Nine ) : a recap of Friday and Saturday 's games , and preview of Sunday 's games . League Legends ( Sundays 6 : 30pm on Fox League 502 ) . Hosted by Tim Sheridan . Former shows : One Week at a Time ( Mondays , at 9.30 pm , on One ) , recapping the weekend games The Game Plan ( Thursday 8 : 30 pm , on Channel Ten ) Hosted by Steve Roach , Joel Caine and Andrew Moore . The Matty Johns Show ( Thursdays , 7.30 pm on Channel Seven ) A more sketch - and - regular - segment - oriented version of The Footy Show and The Game Plan , not related to Monday Night with Matty Johns . The Sunday Roast ( Sunday Midday on Channel Nine ) Now incorporated into the Sunday Footy Show . NRL Full - time , a weekly half - hour highlights show for the UK audience . Internet and new media Replays of all matches , as well as highlights , are available in Australia from the official NRL LIVE app for iOS , Android and Windows Phone mobile operating systems . Outside of Australia , all matches are available in high definition via the official Livestream NRL channel . Radio coverage The NRL has several exclusive rights partners to broadcast matches live via radio nationwide . FM coverage is provided by Triple M while AM coverage is contracted to ABC Local Radio and 2GB . All radio coverage is available to be streamed live from the NRL website . 2GB 873AM Radio has the commercial rights to one Friday night match , the 5 : 30 pm Saturday game , and the 2 pm Sunday match , covering the game through the Continuous Call Team program . 2GB also air representative games , as well as all matches throughout the finals series , and all three matches on Grand Final day . The coverage is networked to stations across the country , typically those owned by Southern Cross Media Group , Grant Broadcasters and other station groups on the Macquarie Radio Network . ABC Local Radio has the rights to all NRL matches in the ACT , Queensland and New South Wales except Monday night games . Exceptions to this include Monday night games of regional teams including the Newcastle Knights and Canberra Raiders , those games still air on their respective local ABC stations . Triple M has exclusive access to Thursday night , Sunday 3 pm , Sunday night and Monday night matches and is broadcast on commercial stations across the country . Triple M will also broadcast the State of Origin series , the finals series and the Grand Final . Print In print media , there are two major magazines : Rugby League Week is produced by ACP Magazines and is generally released on Mondays between rounds ; Big League is the competition 's official publication , released Thursday and produced by News Magazines . Other News Magazines publications , ALPHA Magazine , regularly publishes league - related stories and interviews , as well as Rugby League Review , a newspaper that reviews the last month . Theme songs ( edit ) 1985 -- 1988 : The Boys Are Back in Town -- Thin Lizzy 1989 : What You Get Is What You See -- Tina Turner 1990 -- 1995 : Simply The Best -- Tina Turner 1997 ( SL ) : Two Tribes -- Frankie Goes to Hollywood 1997 ( ARL ) : It 's My Game -- NSWRL 1998 : Tubthumping -- Chumbawamba 1999 : Blow That Whistle -- Thomas Keneally 2000 : What A Game -- Tom Jones 2001 : Racing Car Noises over Action Highlights 2003 -- 2007 : That 's My Team -- Hoodoo Gurus 2008 : Centenary of Rugby League Campaign 2009 : Feels Like Woah -- Wes Carr 2010 : Social Currency -- Children Collide 2011 -- 2012 : This Is Our House -- Bon Jovi 2013 : Something 's Got a Hold on Me -- Jessica Mauboy 2014 : My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark -- Fall Out Boy 2015 : Let Me Entertain You -- Robbie Williams 2016 : History Happens 2017 : Lets Make History Video games ( edit ) Main article : Rugby League ( video game series ) There have been many top selling video games made for the Australian rugby league market . The games below are sorted by year released . E.T. 's Rugby League , named for Andrew Ettingshausen , was released on Amiga in 1992 . Australian Rugby League ( 1995 ) for Sega Mega Drive ARL ' 96 was a PC game published by EA Sports for the 1996 season . Rugby League ( 2003 ) for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox Rugby League 2 ( 2005 ) for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 2 , and Xbox Rugby League 2 : World Cup Edition ( 2008 ) for PlayStation 2 NRL Mascot Mania ( 2009 ) for Nintendo DS Rugby League Challenge ( 2009 ) for PlayStation Portable Rugby League 3 ( 2010 ) for Wii Rugby League Live ( 2010 ) for PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 ; ( 2011 ) for Microsoft Windows Rugby League Live 2 ( 2012 ) for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 Rugby League Legends ( 2012 ) iOS Rugby League Live 2 : World Cup Edition ( 2013 ) for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 Rugby League Live 3 ( 2015 ) for Steam , Play Station 3 , Xbox 360 , Play Station 4 and Xbox One Rugby League Live 4 ( 2017 ) for Steam , Play Station 3 , Xbox 360 , Play Station 4 and Xbox One Cheerleading ( edit ) The National Rugby League ( NRL ) is a professional rugby league competition with teams in the Australia and New Zealand . Most teams has a squad of dancers for cheerleading that are usually involved in dancing , charity work , fundraisers , and modelling . Some Notable NRL cheerleaders are Jennifer Hawkins for the Newcastle Knights , Chloe Butler for the Emeralds and Tabrett Bethell for the Cronulla Sharks Mermaids . Cheer Squads ( edit ) Name NRL Club Hog 's Breath Cafe Broncos Cheer Squad Brisbane Broncos The Emeralds Canberra Raiders The Sapphires Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs Cronulla Sharks Mermaids Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks Gold Coast Hogs Breath Cafe Sirens Gold Coast Titans Manly Seabirds Manly - Warringah Sea Eagles Melbourne Storm Cheerleaders Melbourne Storm Newcastle Knights Cheerleaders Newcastle Knights North Queensland Cowgirls Spirit North Queensland Cowboys Parramatta Eels Cheerleaders Parramatta Eels Penrith Pantherettes Penrith Panthers St George - Illawarra Flames St. George Illawarra Dragons The Roosters Girls Sydney Roosters Records ( edit ) See also : List of NRL records Official NRL statistics encompass all first grade competitions , namely the New South Wales Rugby League , Australian Rugby League , Super League , and the present day NRL . Team ( edit ) Most premierships -- 21 South Sydney Rabbitohs Most minor premierships -- 19 Sydney Roosters Most wooden spoons -- 17 Western Suburbs Magpies Largest winning margin in a game -- 85 , St. George against Canterbury ( 1935 ) Highest score in a game -- 91 , St. George against Canterbury ( 1935 ) Longest winning streak -- 19 matches , Eastern Suburbs Roosters ( 1975 ) Longest undefeated streak -- 35 matches , Eastern Suburbs Tricolours ( 1935 -- 1938 ) Longest losing streak - 42 matches , University ( 1934 -- 1936 ) Individual ( edit ) Most games played -- Cameron Smith 358 games Leading pointscorer -- Hazem El Masri 2,418 points ( 159 tries , 891 goals ) ( 1996 -- 2009 ) Leading tryscorer -- Ken Irvine , 212 tries Most points in a season 342 , Hazem El Masri ( 16 tries , 139 goals ) ( 2004 ) Most tries in a season 38 , Dave Brown ( 1935 ) Most points in a game 45 , Dave Brown ( 1935 ) . Most tries in a game 8 , Frank Burge ( 1920 ) Match officials ( edit ) Former Parramatta , St. Helens and New Zealand Warriors coach Daniel Anderson was appointed to the position of referee 's high performance manager , taking over from former referee Bill Harrigan . Coaching staff Daniel Anderson Russell Smith Tony Archer Bernie Sutton Referees Grant Atkins Gavin Badger Chris Butler Matt Cecchin Ben Cummins Adam Devcich Adam Gee Tim Roby Peter Gough Chris James Ashley Klein Dave Munro Matt Noyen Henry Perenara Gavin Reynolds Jason Robinson Alan Shortall Jon Stone Chris Sutton Gerard Sutton Brett Suttor ' The Bunker ' Video Referees Jared Maxwell Luke Patten Bernard Sutton Sponsorship ( edit ) The NRL and its clubs receive significant revenue from sponsorships , with sponsors ' logos appearing on most parts of players ' and referees ' uniforms , the playing surface and even the ball itself . Since 2001 , the National Rugby League premiership has been sponsored by Telstra and known as the ' NRL Telstra Premiership ' ; in earlier seasons , it was simply known as the ' National Rugby League ' . The Telstra Premiership has had four competition logos since 2001 . The first , lasting only through the 2001 regular season , was the Telstra logo with an elongated circle enclosing the word Premiership . From the Finals series of 2001 through to the end of 2006 the logo was based around the shape of a football , with the words Telstra Premiership on respective lines along the bottom , culminating with a small football similar to the one in the official NRL logo at the peak . The main colours were dark blue and orange , the corporate colours of Telstra . The company worked with the NRL to create the third logo ( pictured ) for the 2007 season onward as part of a new sponsorship deal . This logo was quite similar to the original National Rugby League emblem . From the 2011 Finals Series , a newer logo was commissioned in concert with a corporate re-brand undertaken by Telstra . The 2007 logo remained on club jerseys until 2012 due to the lateness of the change and was phased out in time for the 2013 NRL Season . From 2013 , under a dramatic image rebranding of the competition , the Telstra Premiership logo was changed in conjunction with a new sponsorship deal to incorporate the key elements of rugby league in Australia to include the shield and chevrons , the green and gold , a red `` Telstra '' logo perched above the top of the shield and for the first time the iconic Provan - Summons trophy awarded to the premiers at the end of the season centred in the middle of the badge . Other notable sponsorships include Steeden Official ball supplier Holden for the Under 20s National Youth Competition ( also known as the Holden Cup ) ; The Holden State of Origin series and the Australian Test matches ( Holden Kangaroos ) , Holden ( official car of the NRL ) , Coca - Cola Amatil ( match ball ) , AAMI ( referees ) , Harvey Norman ( video referees ) , Victoria Bitter ( official beer of the NRL ) , Bundaberg Rum ( Friday Night Football ) , Keno ( Saturday Football ) , Webjet ( Travel Partner ) and Home Timber and Hardware ( Sunday Football ) . See also ( edit ) Rugby league portal History of rugby league New South Wales Rugby League premiership List of sports attendance figures -- the NRL 's attendance in a worldwide context Australian Women 's Rugby League References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official National Rugby League statistics encompass all Sydney first grade competitions , namely the New South Wales Rugby League premiership , Australian Rugby League , Super League , and the present day NRL . Jump up ^ Australian Rugby League and National Rugby League . `` Rugby league '' ( PDF ) . Australian Human Rights Commission Report . hreoc.gov.au . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Toby Miller ; Geoffrey A. Lawrence ; Jim McKay ( 2001 ) . Globalization and sport : playing the world . SAGE . p. 82 . ISBN 9780761959694 . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , David ( 2 September 2009 ) . `` Spike TV To Telecast National Rugby League Playoffs and Championship Game '' . Thomson Reuters . Reuters . Retrieved 19 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RFL cool on bigger Challenge '' . Sky Sports . 2 March 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Canberra Raiders RL1908.com Retrieved on 14 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Illawarra Steelers RL1908.com Retrieved on 14 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Club History Newtown Jets -- Established 1908 Retrieved on 14 January 2006 . Archived by the Wayback Machine beta . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) RL1908.com Retrieved on 14 January 2006 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) Archived 8 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Football Stadium Magic Moments '' . sydneycricketground.com.au . Sydney Cricket & Sports Ground Trust . Archived from the original on 16 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Clive Palmer Says Goodby to Tony Abbott '' . Thecouriermail.com.au . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Magnay , Jacquelin ; Walter , Brad ; Shtargot , Sasha ( 25 September 2006 ) . `` Storm the sentimental favourite in Sydney '' . The Age . Melbourne . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Andrew ( 3 October 2006 ) . `` Rugby league -- the game they play in Melbourne '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Australia : Fairfax Digital . Retrieved 16 December 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 27 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Team of the Century Announced '' . National Rugby League . 17 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2010 . Retrieved 13 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Stars Match '' . National Rugby League . Archived from the original on 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 3d broadcast '' . National Rugby League . Jump up ^ `` Team of the Century Announced '' . National Rugby League . 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Attendance Record '' . National Rugby League . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 8 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Adrian Proszenko . `` Never - say - die Roosters pull off great escape '' . Smh.com.au . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News Article '' . Nrl.com. 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Majority of NRL Clubs Vote in Favour of Proposed Pre Season Nines Tournament in New Zealand '' . Dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived 7 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Aussie Stadium '' . Australian Stadiums . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stats : Things you did n't know about NRL grand finals over 104 years of rugby league history Rugby League , NRL Scores , NRL Ladder '' . Fox Sports . 27 September 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NRL to host a twilight Grand Final '' . ABC News . 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 12 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fellowship of the rings '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 8 March 2005 . Jump up ^ `` NSW to retain NRL grand final '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 8 June 2010 . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NRL star Greg Inglis extends contract with Melbourne Storm '' . 10 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wing 's yen for Japanese rugby opens the door for unsettled Hunt to move south '' . Smh.com.au . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Karmichael Hunt rejected All Blacks , Wallabies '' . 30 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Mason All Set for Japan Rugby Move '' . Dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crunch time for juniors ' weighty issue '' . Smh.com.au . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` League 's Polynesian powerplay muscles in on indigenous numbers -- LHQNews '' . Smh.com.au. 24 April 2009 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby league tackling equality '' . News.com.au. 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First NRL Indigenous Players Camp -- Rugby League One Community '' . Rloc.com.au. 21 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 7 August 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics ( 25 October 2007 ) . `` Australia '' . 2006 Census QuickStats . Retrieved 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Walshaw , Nick ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Kangaroos and South Sydney superstar Greg Inglis organisers NRL - first Indigenous leadership drive NRL , Rugby League , NRL Scores , NRL Ladder '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First NRL Indigenous Players Camp '' . NRL.com. 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Middleton , David ( 2008 ) . League of Legends : 100 Years of Rugby League in Australia ( PDF ) . National Museum of Australia . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876944 - 64 - 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NRL Season Has Billions Reasons to Boast '' . Couriermail.com.au . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NRL clubs in line for windfall '' . Smh.com.au. 24 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Solomon , David ( 2007 ) . Pillars of power : Australia 's institutions . Federation Press . p. 204 . ISBN 9781862876453 . Jump up ^ `` Players accountable for salary cap '' . tvnz.co.nz . New Zealand : Television New Zealand Limited . 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News Ltd to Hand Salary Cap Report to Police '' . Couriermail.com.au . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parramatta Eels avoid four - point NRL penalty over governance issues '' . theage.com.au. 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parramatta Eels salary cap investigation findings to be handed down by the NRL '' . ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) . 3 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Gabor , Martin ( 3 May 2016 ) . `` Eels breaches must stop today : Greenberg '' . NRL.com . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Brunsdon , Simon ( 3 May 2016 ) . `` Parramatta Eels players will not be forced out amid cap drama , promises RLPA '' . Fox Sports Australia . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parramatta Eels docked 12 competition points by the NRL for salary cap breaches '' . ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) . 3 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parramatta final determination '' . NRL.com. 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Dean Ritchie & Christian Nicolussi ( 4 June 2010 ) . `` Johnathan Thurston let - off backfires on NRL '' . The Daily Telegraph . Australia : Herald and Weekly Times . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Brent Read & Stuart Honeysett ( 10 June 2010 ) . `` The rule shift that saved Jarryd Hayne '' . The Australian . Australia : News Limited . Retrieved 9 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NRL creates integrity unit in response to Crime Commission probe into Australian sport '' . Smh.com.au. 24 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Gladiators '' . St George Leagues Club . Archived from the original on 22 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NRL Trophy named after Provan and Summons '' . nrl.com . National Rugby League . 21 August 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canning , Simon ( 21 March 2011 ) . `` NRL disputes AFL audience claim '' . The Australian . Jump up ^ `` League scores $1 billion TV deal -- ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) '' . Abc.net.au. 21 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NRL signs NZ broadcast deal '' . NRL.com. 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` League to screen as Sky TV , NRL reach last - minute deal -- Sport -- NZ Herald News '' . nzherald.co.nz. 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NRL Live 2013 FAQ Sheet '' . NRL.com. 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International Broadcast Information '' . NRL.com. 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samuel 's Blog '' NRL radio rights for 2013 `` . Samuelgordonstewart.com. 4 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NRL Radio Rights awarded '' . Radiotoday.com.au. 4 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi Song Named NRL Theme '' . Dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby League iPhone Game -- Rugby League Legends '' . Rllegends.com . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Broncos . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Emeralds '' . Raiders . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Emeralds '' . Facebook . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sapphires '' . Bulldogs . Archived from the original on 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mermaids '' . Sharks . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cronulla Sharks Mermaids '' . facebook.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hog 's Breath Cafe Sirens '' . Titans . Archived from the original on 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hogs Breath Cafe Sirens '' . Facebook . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Manly Seabirds '' . facebook.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Sea Eagles . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Becoming a Storm Cheerleader -- Part 1 -- Storm '' . Melbournestorm.com.au . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Knights 2016 cheerleader auditions -- Knights '' . Newcastleknights.com.au . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit cheerleaders '' . Cowboys . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parramatta Eels Cheerleaders -- Eels '' . Parraeels.com.au . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Panthers '' . Penrithpanthers.com.au . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Penrith Panthers Cheersquad '' . facebook.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flames Cheerleaders '' . Dragons . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` St George - Illawarra Flames '' . Facebookm . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girls '' . Roosters . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Roosters Girls '' . facebook.com . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Sterling Gives NRL Referees High Performance Manager Daniel Anderson a Tick of Approval '' . Dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NRL Referees '' . NRL.com. 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NRL Telstra Premiership '' . The World of Rugby League . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NRL Sponsors '' . National Rugby League . Archived from the original on 21 November 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2010 . External links ( edit ) www.NRL.com Official Livestream channel NRL seasons NSWRL era 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 ARL / SL war 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 ( ARL / SL ) ... NRL era 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 National Rugby League ( 2018 ) Brisbane Broncos Gold Coast Titans New Zealand Warriors South Sydney Rabbitohs Canberra Raiders Manly Warringah Sea Eagles North Queensland Cowboys St. George Illawarra Dragons Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs Melbourne Storm Parramatta Eels Sydney Roosters Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks Newcastle Knights Penrith Panthers Wests Tigers Former clubs Balmain Tigers ( 1908 -- 99 ) Western Suburbs Magpies ( 1908 -- 99 ) North Sydney Bears ( 1908 -- 99 ) Newtown Bluebags / Jets ( 1908 -- 83 ) Glebe Dirty Reds ( 1908 -- 29 ) Newcastle Rebels ( 1908 -- 09 ) Cumberland ( 1908 ) Annandale Dales ( 1910 -- 20 ) University ( 1920 -- 37 ) St. George Dragons ( 1921 -- 98 ) Illawarra Steelers ( 1982 -- 98 ) Gold Coast - Tweed Giants / Gold Coast Seagulls / Gold Coast Chargers ( 1988 -- 98 ) Western Reds / Perth Reds ( 1995 -- 97 ) South Queensland Crushers ( 1995 -- 97 ) Hunter Mariners ( 1997 ) Adelaide Rams ( 1997 -- 98 ) Northern Eagles ( 2000 -- 02 ) Australian Rugby League Commission History NSWRL premiership Winfield Cup NSWRL ARL Super League Super League war All time club list Premiers Grand Final Finals system Current team squads Wooden spooners Records Golden point games Rivalries Salary cap Expansion Stadiums Reserves affiliations Rugby League Professionals Association Men of League Foundation Women in League NRL SuperCoach SuperCoach Finals Annual events World Club Series ( World Club Challenge ) National Youth Competition State Championship NRL Grand Final Breakfast Foundation Cup ANZAC Day Cup Queen 's Birthday Clive Churchill Medal 1989 League Legends Cup Charity Shield Auckland Nines All Stars J.J. 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Pacific Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Major competitions Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Tonga Solomon Islands National teams American Samoa Australia Cook Islands East Timor Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tahiti Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Women 's national teams Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Niue Samoa Tokelau Tonga Pacific Cup 1977 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1997 2006 2009 International competitions Anzac Test Pacific Rugby League International Four Nations Peter Leitch QSM Challenge Trophy National competitions National Rugby League New South Wales Rugby League premiership State of Origin series Sports leagues of Australia Football codes Australian rules Futsal Gridiron Rugby league Rugby union ( national , transnational ) Soccer Touch Football Other Baseball Basketball Cricket ( Twenty20 ) Cricket ( Limited Overs ) Cricket ( First Class ) Dodgeball Handball Hockey Ice Hockey Lawn bowls Soccer Surfing Touring cars Water Polo Women 's Australian rules Baseball Basketball Cricket ( Twenty20 ) Cricket ( Limited Overs ) Gridiron Hockey Ice Hockey Netball Rugby league Rugby union Soccer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Rugby_League&oldid=808961241 '' Categories : National Rugby League Rugby league competitions in Australia Nine 's Wide World of Sport Fox Sports ( Australia ) 1997 establishments in Australia Sports leagues established in 1997 Professional sports leagues in Australia Professional sports leagues in New Zealand Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Use Australian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 08 : 30 . 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when did the first maze runner movie come out

The Maze Runner was released on September 19 , 2014 in the United States by 20th Century Fox . Critics considered it to be better than most young adult book - to - film adaptations . The film topped the box - office during its opening weekend with a $32.5 million debut , making it the seventh - highest grossing debut in September . The film earned over $348 million worldwide at the box - office , against its budget of $34 million .

September 19 , 2014

The Maze Runner ( film )

the maze runner ( film )

The Maze Runner Theatrical release poster Directed by Wes Ball Produced by Ellen Goldsmith - Vein Wyck Godfrey Marty Bowen Lee Stollman Screenplay by Noah Oppenheim Grant Pierce Myers T.S. Nowlin Based on The Maze Runner by James Dashner Starring Dylan O'Brien Kaya Scodelario Thomas Brodie - Sangster Will Poulter Patricia Clarkson Music by John Paesano Cinematography Enrique Chediak Edited by Dan Zimmerman Production company Gotham Group Temple Hill Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date September 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $34 million Box office $348.3 million The Maze Runner is a 2014 American dystopian science fiction action thriller film directed by Wes Ball , in his directorial debut , based on James Dashner 's 2009 novel of the same name . The film is the first installment in The Maze Runner film series and was produced by Ellen Goldsmith - Vein , Wyck Godfrey , Marty Bowen , and Lee Stollman with a screenplay by Noah Oppenheim , Grant Pierce Myers , and T.S. Nowlin . The film stars Dylan O'Brien , Kaya Scodelario , Aml Ameen , Thomas Brodie - Sangster , Ki Hong Lee , Will Poulter , and Patricia Clarkson . The story follows sixteen - year - old Thomas , portrayed by O'Brien , who awakens in a rusty elevator with no memory of who he is , only to learn he 's been delivered to the middle of an intricate maze , along with a large number of other boys , who have been trying to find their way out of the ever - changing labyrinth -- all while establishing a functioning society in what they call the Glade . Development of The Maze Runner began in January 2011 when Fox purchased the film rights to Dashner 's novel with film studios Temple Hill Entertainment and TSG Entertainment . Principal photography began in Baton Rouge , Louisiana on May 13 , 2013 and officially concluded on July 12 , 2013 . The Maze Runner was released on September 19 , 2014 in the United States by 20th Century Fox . Critics considered it to be better than most young adult book - to - film adaptations . The film topped the box - office during its opening weekend with a $32.5 million debut , making it the seventh - highest grossing debut in September . The film earned over $348 million worldwide at the box - office , against its budget of $34 million . A sequel , Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials , was released on September 18 , 2015 in the United States . A third and final film , Maze Runner : The Death Cure , was released on January 26 , 2018 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 3.6 Soundtrack 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequels 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A teenager wakes up inside an underground elevator with no memory of his identity . A group of male youths greet him in a large grassy area called the `` Glade '' enclosed by tall stone walls . The boys ( `` Gladers '' ) have formed a rudimentary society , with each assuming specialized tasks . Their leader , Alby , says that every boy eventually recalls his name but not his past . The boy learns that a vast Maze surrounding them may be the only way out . During the day , designated Runners search the Maze for an escape route , returning before nightfall when the entrance closes . No one has ever survived a night in the Maze . While in a competition with another boy named Gally , the boy suddenly remembers his name : Thomas . The next day , he is attacked by Ben , a Runner who has been stung and left delirious by a Griever -- deadly techno - organic creatures that roam the Maze at night . Ben is forced into the Maze and left to die , as there is no cure for his condition . Alby and Minho , the lead Runner , later retrace Ben 's steps inside the Maze . Minho reappears at dusk dragging Alby , who is stung , but they are unable to reach the closing entrance in time . Thomas runs into the Maze to help , leaving all three trapped . Thomas lures a Griever into a closing passageway , causing it to be crushed . The trio manages to survive the night , returning the next morning . The first - ever girl arrives in the elevator , with a note saying that she is the last one to enter the Glade . She recognizes Thomas , though he can not remember her . Thomas , Minho , Frypan , Winston , and Zart enter the Maze , locate the Griever corpse , and remove a beeping mechanical device from inside it . Gally claims Thomas has jeopardized the fragile peace between the youths and the Grievers and wants him punished , but Newt , the group 's second - in - command , instead designates Thomas as a Runner . Minho shows Thomas a hand - constructed model of the Maze based on previous exploration . The Maze 's numbered sections open and close in a regular sequence . Thomas realizes that the device corresponds to a section within the Maze . The girl , Teresa , has two syringes filled with an unknown substance . One is used on Alby , and he recovers from the Griever sting . Minho and Thomas venture back into the Maze with the device and discover a possible exit . A laser then scans the two , and the exit closes . Thomas and Minho start to run away as traps activated by lasers nearly kill them . That night , the Maze entrance does not close while others open , letting Grievers pour in . A massacre ensues as the Gladers struggle to fight back or hide . Alby , Zart , Clint , and several others are killed . Afterwards , Gally punches Thomas and blames him for everything that happened . Thomas , who has been having disconnected memory flashes since arriving , stabs himself with a severed Griever stinger in an attempt to revive his memory . The others inject him with the last anti-venom . Unconscious , he recalls that he and Teresa worked for the organization that created the Maze , W.C.K.D. ; the boys unknowingly have been test subjects for an experiment . Thomas awakens and shares this information with Newt , Minho , Chuck , and Teresa . Thomas then reveals himself and Teresa , confessing that they worked with W.C.K.D. and studied the boys for years . Meanwhile , Gally has taken command and intends to sacrifice Thomas and Teresa to the Grievers to restore peace . However , several Gladers form a group and free them . They then approach the Maze in an attempt to find an escape , while Gally and a few others refuse to leave . Fighting Grievers as they go , Jeff and several other Gladers are killed . The Gladers eventually enter a laboratory strewn with corpses . In a video recording , a woman named Ava Paige explains that the planet has been devastated by a massive solar flare , followed by a pandemic of a deadly virus called the Flare . The teens learn that they were part of an experiment studying for a cure . Paige is seen shooting herself on the screen as the lab is attacked by armed men . Gally suddenly appears with a gun . Having been stung by a Griever , he insists they must stay in the Maze and aims at Thomas , but is pierced through the chest by Minho 's spear , but not before Chuck is fatally shot . Masked armed men then rush in and take the rest of the group to a helicopter . It flies over a vast desert wasteland and approaches a ruined city . The scene ends with the supposedly - dead scientists meeting in a room . Paige notes that the experiment is successful ; the survivors are now entering Phase Two . Cast ( edit ) Dylan O'Brien as Thomas , the last male to enter the Glade Kaya Scodelario as Teresa , the first and only female Glader Aml Ameen as Alby , the first male to enter the Glade and the leader of the Gladers Thomas Brodie - Sangster as Newt , second - in - command of the Gladers Ki Hong Lee as Minho , the head runner Will Poulter as Gally Patricia Clarkson as Ava Paige , the Head of W.C.K.D. Blake Cooper as Chuck , a very young Glader Dexter Darden as Frypan , a cook Jacob Latimore as Jeff Chris Sheffield as Ben , a runner Joe Adler as Zart Randall D. Cunningham as Clint Alexander Flores as Winston Don McManus as Masked Man , an armed soldier who rescued the Gladers to the Helicopter . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In an interview with Collider , director Wes Ball stated he had made a 3D computer - animated science fiction post-apocalyptic short film , titled Ruin , which he intended to use in order to gain access to Hollywood . He presented the short in 3D to 20th Century Fox . The studio initially considered a film adaptation of the short film , as it had the same tone of The Maze Runner novel they already planned to bring to the screen . Ball was then offered the chance to direct the novel adaptation . Pre-production ( edit ) Creature designer Ken Barthelmey designed the monsters called Grievers for the film . Casting ( edit ) For the role of Teresa , Kaya Scodelario was Ball 's first choice as she was `` fantastic '' and because he loved her in the TV show Skins . Dylan O'Brien , the lead role , was initially rejected by Ball . Ball recounts , `` Dylan was actually ... I saw him early on , very early on and I overlooked him . It was a big learning experience there , because I overlooked him because of his hair . He had Teen Wolf hair and I could n't see past that and so we were looking for our Thomas and it 's a tough role to make , because he comes in as a boy and he leaves as a man , so it ca n't be like this badass action star that comes into this movie . It 's about vulnerability up front and then he comes out of it and comes into his own and then the next movies are about the leader that emerges from the group . So finally Fox says ' We just did this movie , The Internship . There 's this kid that 's in this thing . He 's like 20 years old . We think he 's kind of got something . ' So I watched his tape and was like ' Wait a minute , I 've seen this kid before . ' I looked him up online and there was one picture of him with a totally shaved head and it 's this sweet vulnerable looking kid and I was like ' Whoa , interesting . ' I said , ' Wait a minute , he 's just so familiar ' and I looked back at my old audition tapes , which we had thousands of , and there 's Dylan . That guy I said ' No , definitely not him . ' So we brought him back in and we started to talk with him and I 'm like ' he 's the coolest dude ever . ' '' Blake Cooper entered the film via Twitter . Ball revealed a lot on Twitter , and many kids wanted to be Chuck . Cooper constantly bugged Ball , until Ball told him to give his tape to his casting director , and Ball was impressed by Cooper 's tape and cast him . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography started in Baton Rouge , Louisiana on May 13 , 2013 , and officially ended on July 12 , 2013 . Post-production ( edit ) The film was completed in June 2014 . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Maze Runner Soundtrack album by John Paesano Released September 16 , 2014 Recorded 2014 Length 1 : 03 : 08 Label Sony Classical Producer John Paesano Composed by John Paesano , the soundtrack consists of 21 tracks and was released on September 16 , 2014 . Release ( edit ) The film was originally set to be released on February 14 , 2014 . On October 5 , 2013 , the film was pushed back . IMAX theaters released the film on September 19 , 2014 . Marketing ( edit ) Kaya Scodelario and Dylan O'Brien at a panel for the film at San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2014 Eleven character cards for the film were released in July 2013 . Starting in January 2014 , director Wes Ball released one image from the film once a week , leading up to the film 's first trailer release on March 17 , 2014 . A viral marketing campaign launched by 20th Century Fox began on April 16 , 2014 . The campaign is a website featuring the main characters while focusing on W.C.K.D , an organization in Dashner 's novel series of the same name . The website has the domain wckdisgood.com . On June 26 , 2014 , Dylan O'Brien tweeted that the original The Maze Runner book would be re-released with a new book cover based on the film 's poster . On July 29 , 2014 , the second trailer for the film was released exclusively on Yahoo ! Movies . The popularity of the film has resulted in many fan projects , the most prominent being Maze Runner Chat , a podcast featuring news discussions and occasional cast interviews . The podcast is produced by MazeRunnerFans.com , a popular fan website for the series . Home media ( edit ) The Maze Runner was released on Region 1 DVD and Blu - ray combo pack December 16 , 2014 . The combo pack includes two hours of bonus features and extras as well as an exclusive comic book . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed $102,427,862 in North America and more than $245.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $348.3 million Prior to its release in the U.S. and Canada , box office analysts predicted the film would be a box office success , citing effective marketing , good word - of - mouth publicity and a solid release date . Preliminary reports predicted the film would open with takings of over $30 -- 32 million in North America . According to movie ticket sale website Fandango , The Maze Runner was the biggest seller accounting for more than 50 % of early tickets sales . The film was released on September 19 , 2014 in the United States and Canada across 3,604 locations and over 350 IMAX theaters . It earned $1.1 million from Thursday night shows , and $11.25 million on its opening day . It topped the box office on its opening weekend with $32.5 million of which 9 % of the gross came from IMAX theaters . Its opening weekend gross is the seventh - highest for a film released in September , and the 18th highest for a young - adult book adaptation . The film earned a total of $102,272,088 at the North American box office becoming the twenty sixth highest - grossing film of 2014 in the U.S. and Canada . Outside North America , the film debuted in five countries a week prior to its North American release and earned a total of $8.3 million . The film had a similar success overseas during its wide opening second weekend earning $38 million from 7,547 screens in 51 markets . It opened in South Korea with $5.5 million which is higher than the openings of The Hunger Games and Divergent , the UK , Ireland and Malta with $3.4 million behind Gone Girl , and China with $14.58 million behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . Other high openings were witnessed in Russia and the CIS ( $5.75 million ) , France ( $5.2 million ) , Australia ( $3.4 million ) , Mexico ( $2.6 million ) , Taiwan ( $2.2 million ) and Brazil ( $2 million ) . It became the third highest - grossing film of all time in Malaysia for Fox ( behind Avatar and X-Men : Days of Future Past ) . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes assigns the film a score of 65 % based on 160 reviews , with an average rating of 5.9 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` With strong acting , a solid premise , and a refreshingly dark approach to its dystopian setting , The Maze Runner stands out from the crowded field of YA sci - fi adventures '' . Metacritic gives the film a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 34 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . According to Tim Ryan of The Wall Street Journal , critics considered the film better than most young adult book - to - film adaptations due to its `` strong performances and a creepy , mysterious atmosphere '' . Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film a three out of four and described it as `` solid , well crafted and entertaining '' . Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com said she found the film intriguing , writing that `` it tells us a story we think we 've heard countless times before but with a refreshingly different tone and degree of detail '' . The Seattle Times 's Soren Anderson said the film was `` vastly superior to the book that inspired it '' and gave it a score of 3 / 4 . Tony Hicks of the San Jose Mercury News was `` hooked by the combination of fine acting , intriguing premise and riveting scenery '' . Matthew Toomey of ABC Radio Brisbane gave the film a grade of A − , giving praise to its intriguing premise saying that `` it held ( his ) attention for its full two hour running time '' . Justin Lowe of The Hollywood Reporter said it was `` consistently engaging '' , and Ella Taylor of Variety wrote `` as world - creation YA pictures go , The Maze Runner feels refreshingly low - tech and properly story - driven '' . Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post said `` The Maze Runner unravels a few mysteries , but it spins even more '' , giving it a 3 / 4 . Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger wrote `` it does leave you wanting to see the next installment . And that 's one special effect that very few YA movies ever pull off '' . Isaac Feldberg of We Got This Covered awarded the film 8 / 10 stars , calling it `` dark , dangerous and uncommonly thrilling '' , while extolling it as `` one of the most engaging YA adaptations to hit theaters in quite some time . '' Rick Bentley of the Fresno Bee praised Wes Ball 's direction , saying that he `` created balance between a thin but solid script and first - rate action -- and he does n't waste a frame doing it '' . Bill Zwecker of the Chicago Sun - Times called it `` a well - acted and intelligent thriller / futuristic sci - fi romp '' . Bilge Ebiri of New York magazine said he `` was quite riveted '' . Michael Sragow of the Orange County Register gave it a grade of `` B '' and said , `` Ball is deft , though , at evoking claustrophobia of every kind , whether in the open - air prison of the Glade or the actual tight spaces of the Maze . And he elicits a hair - trigger performance from O'Brien '' . Claudia Puig of USA Today said `` a sci - fi thriller set in a vaguely post-apocalyptic future must create a fully drawn universe to thoroughly captivate the viewer . But Maze Runner feels only partially formed '' , giving it a score of 2 / 4 . Time magazine 's Richard Corliss said `` like Jean - Paul Sartre 's No Exit - tentialism , but more crowded and with the musk of bottled - up testosterone '' . Wesley Morris of the website Grantland said `` I think I have a touch of apocalepsy -- excessive sleepiness caused by prolonged exposure to three and four - part series in which adolescents rebel against oppressive governments represented by esteemed actors '' . Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film a 2.5 out of 4 rating and said `` it 's bleak business , and as it hurries toward its explosive , expository conclusion , the film becomes nonsensical , too '' . Film critic Ethan Gilsdorf of The Boston Globe said `` teens should eat up this fantasy 's scenery - chewing angst and doom , and the hopeful tale of survival and empowerment ( to be continued in the inevitable sequel or sequels ) '' . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Award Recipients Result 2014 IFMCA Awards Best Original Score for an Action / Adventure / Thriller Film John Paesano Nominated 2015 MTV Movie Awards Best Scared - As - S * * t Performance Dylan O'Brien Nominated Best Breakthrough Performance Won Best Hero Won Best Fight Dylan O'Brien and Will Poulter Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor : Action / Adventure Dylan O'Brien Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Action / Adventure Kaya Scodelario Nominated Choice Movie : Action / Adventure Nominated Choice Movie : Breakout Star Thomas Brodie - Sangster Nominated Choice Movie : Chemistry Dylan O'Brien and Thomas Brodie - Sangster Nominated 2016 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Book James Dashner Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials and Maze Runner : The Death Cure On October 11 , 2013 , it was reported that Twentieth Century Fox had acquired the rights to the second book , The Scorch Trials . A screenplay was written by T.S. Nowlin , with director Wes Ball supervising the scriptwriting . The sequel was released on September 18 , 2015 . On July 25 , 2014 , Ball announced at San Diego Comic - Con International that filming for the sequel would commence sometime between March and May 2015 , should The Maze Runner become a success when it hits the theaters . However , two weeks prior to the film 's release 20th Century Fox decided to move ahead with the sequel and pre-production began in early September 2014 in New Mexico . Cast members Dylan O'Brien , Kaya Scodelario , Thomas Brodie - Sangster , Ki - Hong Lee and Patricia Clarkson reprised their roles for the sequel , as did director Wes Ball . It was announced that Aidan Gillen would be joining the film to play Janson ( `` Rat - Man '' ) , as had Rosa Salazar who portrayed Brenda , Jacob Lofland who starred as Aris Jones , and Giancarlo Esposito who played Jorge Gallaraga . A second sequel , Maze Runner : The Death Cure was released on January 26 , 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Box office preview : ' Maze Runner ' teens prepare to battle Liam Neeson '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Young - adult sensation ' The Maze Runner ' gets ready to run the movie gantlet ( Updated ) '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Director Wes Ball Talks How He Landed the Job , Finding His Cast , Mixing LORD OF THE FLIES with LOST , and More on the Set of THE MAZE RUNNER '' . collider.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner '' . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Movie Set '' . jamesdashner.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . 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Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rea , Steven ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner ' : Mixed - up , confused kids with no directions home '' . philly.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner ' comes to the screen '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFMC Awards 2014 '' . IFMCA : the International Film Music Critics Association . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards Winners 2015 : Complete List '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Teen Choice Award Winners -- Full List '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2015 : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Hires Writer to Start Work on MAZE RUNNER Sequel THE SCORCH TRIALS '' . Collider . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kristobak , Ryan ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' Sequel ' The Scorch Trials ' Scheduled For 2015 Premiere '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' Sequel to Hit Theaters in Summer 2015 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` The Maze Runner Sequel The Scorch Trials Concept Art Revealed ( Comic Con 2014 ) '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` A `` Maze Runner '' Sequel Is Already In Pre-Production `` . Buzzfeed . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Actor to Play Villain in ' Maze Runner ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Rosa Salazar Nabs Key Female Role in ' Maze Runner ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mud ' Actor Joins ' Maze Runner ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' Breaking Bad ' Actor Joins ' Maze Runner ' Sequel ' Scorch Trials ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Maze Runner ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Maze Runner ( film ) . Official website The Maze Runner on IMDb The Maze Runner at Box Office Mojo The Maze Runner at Rotten Tomatoes The Maze Runner at Metacritic The Maze Runner series by James Dashner Main trilogy The Maze Runner The Scorch Trials The Death Cure Prequels The Kill Order The Fever Code Film series The Maze Runner Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials Maze Runner : The Death Cure Films directed by Wes Ball The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Maze_Runner_(film)&oldid=854354268 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2010s mystery films 2010s science fiction films 2010s teen films American films 2010s action films American action thriller films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films The Maze Runner Directorial debut films IMAX films Films based on American novels Films based on science fiction novels Post-apocalyptic films Science fiction adventure films TSG Entertainment films Films directed by Wes Ball Running films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 18 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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do indian nationals need a visa for qatar

Visa policy of Qatar

visa policy of qatar

Travellers to Qatar require a visa unless :

they are citizens of one of the GCC countries . they are citizens of one of the eligible countries for visa waiver . Qatari visas can be obtained online for visitors requiring a visa , either from its official site , or Qatar Airways ' website when travelling with the airline . All visitors , except GCC citizens , must hold passports valid for at least six months from the date of arrival . GCC citizens are permitted use National ID Cards to enter Qatar , however the governments of Bahrain , Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have prohibited their citizens from traveling to Qatar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visa policy map 2 Freedom of movement 3 Visa exemption 4 Visa on arrival 5 Electronic Travel Authorisation 6 Online visa 7 Transit 8 Diplomatic and service category passports 9 Visitor statistics 10 See also 11 External links 12 References Visa policy map ( edit ) Visa policy of Qatar Freedom of movement ( edit ) Citizens of the following Gulf Cooperation Council countries enjoy freedom of movement in Qatar and do not require a visa to enter Qatar under any circumstances : Bahrain Kuwait Oman Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Visa exemption ( edit ) On 9 August 2017 , the Qatari Government announced it would grant visa - free entry to citizens of 80 countries , with immediate effect for those travelling as tourists . Citizens of these countries no longer need to apply or pay for a visa ; instead , a multi-entry visa waiver will be issued free - of - charge at the port of entry , upon presentation of a valid passport with a minimum validity of six months and a confirmed onward or return ticket . Visa waiver is only available at Hamad International Airport . Nationals of the 36 countries listed can obtain a visa waiver upon arrival valid for 180 days from the date of issuance and entitle its holder to spend up to 90 days in Qatar , during either a single trip or on multiple trips . All European Union citizens ( excluding Ireland and United Kingdom ) Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Dominican Republic Iceland Liechtenstein Malaysia Norway Seychelles Switzerland Turkey Nationals of the 46 countries listed below can obtain a visa waiver upon arrival valid for 30 days from the date of issuance and entitle its holder to spend up to 30 days in Qatar , during either a single trip or on multiple trips . This waiver may be extended for a further 30 days . Andorra Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Belarus Bolivia Brazil Brunei Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Ecuador Georgia Guyana Hong Kong India Indonesia Ireland Japan Kazakhstan Lebanon Macedonia Maldives Mexico Moldova Monaco New Zealand Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Russia San Marino Singapore South Africa South Korea Suriname Thailand Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vatican City Venezuela Visa on arrival ( edit ) Nationals of Iran travelling on business can obtain a visa on arrival at a cost of QAR100 for a maximum stay of 6 days , provided holding QAR 5000 or a major credit card , return ticket , upper class hotel reservation and an invitation by a company that is certified by the Government . Electronic Travel Authorisation ( edit ) From 27 September 2017 citizens of all nationalities who hold valid residence permits or visas from either Australia , Canada , New Zealand , the Schengen countries , the United Kingdom , the United States of America or the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council can obtain an Electronic Travel Authorisation for up to 30 days . The visa may be extended online for 30 additional days . Online visa ( edit ) Qatar introduced an e-Visa system on 23 June 2017 . All other countries except Egypt and Israel that do not qualify for visa on arrival may apply for a tourist visa online through the eVisa system . Visas are issued within four working days if all documents are submitted and are valid for a stay period up to 30 days in Qatar . Transit ( edit ) Regardless of nationality , travelers who are in transit through Hamad International Airport do not require a visa if they depart within 24 hours . On 26 September 2016 , the Ministry of the Interior announced the issuance of free transit visas for passengers of any nationality transiting through Hamad International Airport . Only travellers travelling on Qatar Airways , with layovers between 5 and 96 hours are eligible . Diplomatic and service category passports ( edit ) Holders of diplomatic or service category passports of the following countries do not require a visa : Algeria Azerbaijan Belarus Brazil Bulgaria Colombia Cyprus Ecuador El Salvador France Georgia Germany India Indonesia Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Morocco Portugal Romania Russia Switzerland Tunisia Ukraine United Kingdom ( including Queen 's Messengers ) Venezuela Visa waiver agreement for diplomatic , private and service passports was signed with Ethiopia in November 2017 but is yet to be ratified . Visitor statistics ( edit ) Most visitors arriving to Qatar were from the following countries of nationality : ( show ) Country 2016 2015 Saudi Arabia 949,145 855,555 India 340,104 375,910 Bahrain 135,202 132,913 United Arab Emirates 134,578 117,575 United Kingdom 132,301 135,645 United States 102,774 93,174 Oman 98,617 102,332 Kuwait 93,115 91,843 Egypt 81,283 92,036 Pakistan 49,012 86,670 Total 2,938,096 2,929,630 See also ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Qatar . Visa requirements for Qatari citizens External links ( edit ) Visa policy of Qatar , Ministry of Interior References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Qatar Visa Online Jump up ^ http://alwatannews.net/article/718398/ Jump up ^ https://arabic.rt.com/middle_east/884560 - / ^ Jump up to : Visas for Visitors Jump up ^ Qatar offers visa - free entry to citizens of 80 countries Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Qatar visas Jump up ^ ( 4 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Country information ( visa section ) '' . Timatic . International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) through Olympic Air . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ New Transit Rules Make Visiting Qatar Easier Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ Annual Tourism Performance Report 2015 Jump up ^ 2016 Annual Tourism Performance Report Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_policy_of_Qatar&oldid=842824961 '' Categories : Visa policy by country Foreign relations of Qatar Talk Contents About Wikipedia Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 22 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa%20policy%20of%20Qatar

who sings theme song beauty and the beast

No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture '' ( Score ) Alan Menken 3 : 05 2 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 1 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 0 : 42 3 . `` Aria '' Audra McDonald 1 : 02 4 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 2 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 2 : 21 5 . `` Belle '' Emma Watson , Luke Evans , Ensemble 5 : 33 6 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Music Box ) '' Kevin Kline 1 : 03 7 . `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 15 8 . `` Gaston '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble 4 : 25 9 . `` Be Our Guest '' Ewan McGregor , Emma Thompson , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Ian McKellen 4 : 48 10 . `` Days in the Sun '' Adam Mitchell , Stanley Tucci , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Emma Thompson , Audra McDonald , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Clive Rowe 2 : 40 11 . `` Something There '' Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Emma Thompson , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw 2 : 54 12 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Montmartre ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 55 13 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Emma Thompson 3 : 19 14 . `` Evermore '' Dan Stevens 3 : 14 15 . `` The Mob Song '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Stanley Tucci , Nathan Mack , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor , Gerard Horan , Haydn Gwynne 2 : 28 16 . `` Beauty and the Beast ( Finale ) '' Audra McDonald , Emma Thompson , Ensemble 2 : 14 17 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Celine Dion 3 : 37 18 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Ariana Grande & John Legend 3 : 47 19 . `` Evermore '' Josh Groban 3 : 09 Total length : 53 : 31

Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 Soundtrack )

beauty and the beast ( 2017 soundtrack )

Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film Beauty and the Beast . In the film , Belle is taken prisoner by a fearsome Beast in his enchanted castle and learns to look beyond his appearance while evading a narcissistic hunter who seeks to take Belle for himself .

The album , largely based on material from Disney 's 1991 animated version , features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice . The songs feature vocal performances by the film 's ensemble cast including Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Commercial performance 3 Charts 4 Certifications 5 See also 6 References Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Alan Menken . Songs originally written for the 1991 version by Menken and Howard Ashman . Lyrics for original songs are written by Tim Rice . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture '' ( Score ) Alan Menken 3 : 05 2 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 1 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 0 : 42 3 . `` Aria '' Audra McDonald 1 : 02 4 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 2 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 2 : 21 5 . `` Belle '' Emma Watson , Luke Evans , Ensemble 5 : 33 6 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Music Box ) '' Kevin Kline 1 : 03 7 . `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 15 8 . `` Gaston '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble 4 : 25 9 . `` Be Our Guest '' Ewan McGregor , Emma Thompson , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Ian McKellen 4 : 48 10 . `` Days in the Sun '' Adam Mitchell , Stanley Tucci , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Emma Thompson , Audra McDonald , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Clive Rowe 2 : 40 11 . `` Something There '' Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Emma Thompson , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw 2 : 54 12 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Montmartre ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 55 13 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Emma Thompson 3 : 19 14 . `` Evermore '' Dan Stevens 3 : 14 15 . `` The Mob Song '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Stanley Tucci , Nathan Mack , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor , Gerard Horan , Haydn Gwynne 2 : 28 16 . `` Beauty and the Beast ( Finale ) '' Audra McDonald , Emma Thompson , Ensemble 2 : 14 17 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Celine Dion 3 : 37 18 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Ariana Grande & John Legend 3 : 47 19 . `` Evermore '' Josh Groban 3 : 09 Total length : 53 : 31 ( show ) Deluxe edition -- Disc one ( Bonus Tracks ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 20 . `` Aria '' ( Demo ) Menken 0 : 36 21 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' ( Demo ) Menken 0 : 59 22 . `` Days in the Sun '' ( Demo ) Menken 3 : 30 23 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' ( Demo ) Menken 1 : 21 24 . `` Evermore '' ( Demo ) Menken 2 : 55 Total length : 62 : 52 ( show ) Deluxe edition -- Disc two No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Main Title : Prologue '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 01 2 . `` Belle Meets Gaston '' ( Score ) Menken 0 : 54 3 . `` Your Mother '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 13 4 . `` The Laverie '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 22 5 . `` Wolf Chase '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 14 6 . `` Entering the Castle '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 18 7 . `` A White Rose '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 57 8 . `` The Beast '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 03 9 . `` Meet the Staff '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 00 10 . `` Home '' ( extended mix ) ( Score ) Menken 2 : 04 11 . `` Madame de Garderobe '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 28 12 . `` There 's a Beast '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 02 13 . `` A Petal Drops '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 02 14 . `` A Bracing Cup of Tea '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 06 15 . `` The West Wing '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 58 16 . `` Wolves Attack Belle '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 17 17 . `` The Library '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 05 18 . `` Colonnade Chat '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 54 19 . `` The Plague '' ( Score ) Menken 0 : 51 20 . `` Maurice Accuses Gaston '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 01 21 . `` Beast Takes a Bath '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 21 22 . `` The Dress '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 01 23 . `` You Must Go to Him '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 50 24 . `` Belle Stops the Wagon '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 42 25 . `` Castle Under Attack '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 20 26 . `` Turret Pursuit '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 12 27 . `` You Came Back '' ( Score ) Menken 5 : 13 28 . `` Transformations '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 06 Total length : 68 : 34 The Spotify version of the album instead opens with Celine Dion 's `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' , followed by Ariana Grande and John Legend 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' , and Josh Groban 's `` Evermore '' , with the rest of the songs in the same order . Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units , 48,000 of which are traditional album sales . It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 10 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 5 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 26 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 7 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 32 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 44 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 23 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 8 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) ( Spanish version ) 11 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 7 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 12 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 46 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 6 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 34 South Korean Albums International ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 60 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Albums ( OCC ) 8 UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Celine Dion to perform new song for live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Evermore from beauty and the beast single '' . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar 's ' DAMN . ' & Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Lead Nielsen Music 's Mid-Year 2017 Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Die Schöne und das Biest % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts ... This Week '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.NU -- Album Top - 40 Uge 12 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elokuvamusiikkia : Beauty And The Beast ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 21 April 2017 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Album - Semanal ( del 24 de Marzo al 30 de Marzo ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 40 Album uke 13 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 10 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 12 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 11 : del 10.03. 2017 al 16.03. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Albums : The Week of April 1 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Motion Picture Cast Recording -- Beauty and the Beast '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Beauty and the Beast in the search field and then press Enter . Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_soundtrack)&oldid=804544640 '' Categories : 2017 soundtracks Disney film soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 18 : 14 . 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qsc is mcdonald’s three-letter corporate credo. qsc stands for

QSC&V ( Quality , Service , Cleanliness & Value ) , a quality benchmark used by McDonald 's Corporation

QSC

qsc

QSC may refer to :

Contents 1 Corporations 2 Colleges 3 Other uses Corporations ( edit ) QSC AG , a German telecommunications and DSL provider QSC Audio Products , a global amplifier and loudspeaker manufacturer based in California Queens Surface Corporation , a former bus company in New York City Colleges ( edit ) Queen 's School of Computing , a department of Queen 's University in Kingston , Ontario , Canada Quirino State College , former name of Quirino State University in Quirino , Philippines Other uses ( edit ) QSC , the IATA airport code for São Carlos Airport in Brazil QSC , a radiotelegraphic Q code meaning `` are you a cargo vessel '' when posed as a question qSc , a portion of the equation defining the pitching moment coefficient of an airfoil Quebec Superior Court , the trial - level superior court of the province of Quebec , Canada Queens Sports Club , a stadium in Bulawayo , Zimbabwe QSC&V ( Quality , Service , Cleanliness & Value ) , a quality benchmark used by McDonald 's Corporation QSC supercomputer ( 2004 -- 2007 ) , a supercomputer at Los Alamos National Laboratory which replaced Blue Mountain ( supercomputer ) Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title QSC . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QSC&oldid=776151890 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2017 , at 08 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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what is the covenant god made with the israelites

Covenant ( biblical )

covenant ( biblical )

Outline of Bible - related topics

Bible book Bible portal A biblical covenant is a religious covenant that is described in the Bible . All Abrahamic religions consider biblical covenants important . Of the covenants found in the Pentateuch or Torah or the first five books of Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers and Deuteronomy , the Noahic Covenant is unique in applying to all humanity , while the other covenants are principally agreements made between God and the biblical Israelites . In the Book of Jeremiah , verses 31 : 30 -- 33 predict `` a new covenant '' that God will establish with `` the house of Israel '' . Most Christians believe this New Covenant is the `` replacement '' or `` final fulfilment '' of the Old Covenant described in the Old Testament and as applying to the People of God , while some believe both covenants are still applicable in a dual covenant theology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient Near Eastern treaties 1.1 Terminology of covenants 1.2 Dissolving covenant form 2 Number of Biblical covenants 3 Noahic covenant 4 Abrahamic covenant 5 Mosaic covenant 6 Priestly covenant 7 Davidic covenant 8 Christian view 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Ancient Near Eastern treaties ( edit ) There are two major types of covenants in the Hebrew Bible , including the obligatory type and the promissory type . The obligatory covenant is more common with the Hittite peoples , and deals with the relationship between two parties of equal standing . In contrast , the promissory type of covenant is seen in the Abrahamic and Davidic covenants . Promissory covenants focus on the relationship between the suzerain and the vassal and are similar to the `` royal grant '' type of legal document , which include historical introduction , border delineations , stipulations , witnesses , blessings , and curses . In royal grants , the master could reward a servant for being loyal . God rewarded Abraham , Noah , and David in his covenants with them . As part of his covenant with Abraham , God has the obligation to keep Abraham 's descendants as God 's chosen people and be their God . When taking this oath we see that God is accompanied by a smoking oven and a torch . These were objects used in the procedure of taking an oath much like oaths that involved sacrificing animals while taking the oath . God acts as the suzerain power and is the party of the covenant accompanied by the required action that comes with the oath whether it be fire or animals in the sacrificial oaths . In doing this , God is the party taking upon the curse if he does not uphold his obligation . Through history there were also many instances where the vassal was the one who performed the different acts and took the curse upon them . Terminology of covenants ( edit ) Weinfeld believes that similar terminology and wording can connect the Abrahamic and Davidic covenants with ancient Near Eastern grants , as opposed to being largely similar to the Mosaic covenant , which , according to Weinfeld , is an example of a suzerainty treaty . He goes on to argue that phrases about having a `` whole heart '' or having `` walked after me ( God ) with all his heart '' strongly parallels with Neo-Assyrian grant language , such as `` walked with royalty '' . He further argues that in Jeremiah , God uses prophetic metaphor to say that David will be adopted as a son . Expressing legal and political relationships through familial phraseology was common among Near Eastern cultures . Babylonian contracts often expressed fathership and sonship in their grants to actually mean a king to vassal relationship . Further underlying the idea that these covenants were grant - like in nature is the similar language used in both . In the grant of Ashurbanipal , an Assyrian , to his servant Bulta , he describes Bulta 's loyalty with the phrase `` kept the charge of my kinship '' . Abraham similarly kept God 's charge in Genesis 26 : 4 -- 5 : `` I will give to your descendants all these lands ... inasmuch as Abraham obeyed me and kept my charge , my commandments , my rules and my teachings . '' Furthermore , in Jeremiah , God says , through prophetic metaphor , that David will be adopted as a son . Expressing legal and political relationships through familial phraseology was common among Near Eastern cultures . Babylonian contracts often expressed fathership and sonship , in their grants to actually mean a king to vassal relationship . Dissolving covenant form ( edit ) According to Mendhenhall , pressures from outside invaders led the loosely bound Israelite tribes to converge into monarchical unity for stability and solidarity . He also argues that during this consolidation , the new state also had to unify the religious traditions that belonged to the different groups to prevent dissent from those who might believe that the formation of a state would replace direct governance from God . Therefore , Mendenhall continues , these loosely bound tribes merged under the Mosaic covenant to legitimize their unity . They believed that to obey the law was to obey God . They also believed that the king was put into power as a result of God 's benefaction , and that this accession was the fulfillment of God 's promise of dynasty to David . Mendenhall also notes that a conflict arose between those who believed in the Davidic covenant , and those who believed that God would not support all actions of the state . As a result , both sides became relatively aloof , and the Davidic covenant and the Mosaic covenant were almost entirely forgotten . Number of biblical covenants ( edit ) Students of the Bible hold wildly differing opinions as to how many major covenants exist ( or did exist ) between God and humanity , with numbers ranging from one to at least twelve . ( See covenant theology and dispensationalism for further information on two of the major viewpoints . ) Noahic covenant ( edit ) Noah 's Thanksoffering ( c. 1803 ) by Joseph Anton Koch . Noah builds an altar to the Lord after being delivered from the Flood ; God sends the rainbow as a sign of his covenant . See also : Genesis flood narrative § Rainbow covenant , and Seven Laws of Noah The Noahic covenant applies to all of humanity and to all other living creatures . In this covenant , God promises never again to destroy all life on Earth by flood and creates the rainbow as the sign of this `` everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth '' . Abrahamic covenant ( edit ) Main article : Covenant of the pieces The covenant found in Genesis 12 -- 17 is known as the Brit bein HaBetarim , the `` Covenant Between the Parts '' in Hebrew , and is the basis for brit milah ( covenant of circumcision ) in Judaism . The covenant was for Abraham and his seed , or offspring , both of natural birth and adoption . In Genesis chapters 12 -- 17 three covenants can be distinguished based on the differing Jahwist , Elohist and Priestly sources . In Genesis 12 and 15 , God grants Abraham land and a multitude of descendants but does not place any stipulations ( unconditional ) on Abraham for the covenant 's fulfillment . By contrast , Genesis 17 contains the covenant of circumcision ( conditional ) . 1 . To make of Abraham a great nation and bless Abraham and make his name great so that he will be a blessing , to bless those who bless him and curse him who curses him and all peoples on earth would be blessed through Abraham . 2 . To give Abraham 's descendants all the land from the river of Egypt to the Euphrates . Later , this land came to be referred to as the Promised Land ( see map ) or the Land of Israel . 3 . To make Abraham the father of many nations and of many descendants and give `` the whole land of Canaan '' to his descendants . Circumcision is to be the permanent sign of this everlasting covenant with Abraham and his male descendants and is known as the brit milah . Covenants in biblical times were often sealed by severing an animal , with the implication that the party who breaks the covenant will suffer a similar fate . In Hebrew , the verb meaning to seal a covenant translates literally as `` to cut '' . It is presumed by Jewish scholars that the removal of the foreskin symbolically represents such a sealing of the covenant . According to Weinfeld , the Abraham covenant represents a covenant of grant , which binds the suzerain . It is the obligation of the master to his servant and involves gifts given to individuals who were loyal serving their masters . In the covenant with Abraham in Genesis 15 , it is God who is the suzerain who commits himself and swears to keep the promise . In the covenant there are procedures of taking the oath , which involve a smoking oven and a blazing torch . There are many similarities between Genesis 15 and the Abba - El deed . Genesis 15 and similarly in the Abba - El deed it is the superior party who places himself under oath . Also the oaths in both involve a situation where the inferior party is delivering the animals while the superior swears the oath . The Abraham covenant is part of a tradition of covenantal sacrifices , which dates back to the third millennium BC . The animals that are slaughtered in the covenant in Genesis 15 are considered a sacrificial offering . The covenant in Genesis 15 preserve the sacrificial element alongside the symbolic act . Mosaic covenant ( edit ) The Ten Commandments on a monument on the grounds of the Texas State Capitol Main article : Mosaic covenant See also : Ten Commandments , 613 commandments , and Law of Moses The Mosaic covenant , found in Exodus 19 -- 24 and the book of Deuteronomy , contains the foundations of the written Torah and the Oral Torah . In this covenant , God promises to make the Israelites his treasured possession among all people and `` a kingdom of priests and a holy nation '' , if they follow God 's commandments . As part of the terms of this covenant , God gives Moses the Ten Commandments . These will later be elaborated on in the rest of the Torah . The form of the covenant resembles the suzerainty treaty in the ancient Near East . Like the treaties , the Ten Commandments begins with Yahweh 's identification and what he had done for Israel ( `` who brought you out of the land of Egypt '' ; Ex 20 : 2 ) as well as the stipulations commanding absolute loyalty ( `` You shall not have other gods apart from me '' ) . Unlike the suzerainty treaty , the Decalogue does not have any witness nor explicit blessings and curses . The fullest account of the Mosaic covenant is given in the book of Deuteronomy . God gave the children of Israel the Shabbat as the permanent sign of this covenant . Priestly covenant ( edit ) Main article : Priestly covenant The priestly covenant ( Hebrew : ברית הכהונה ‎ ‎ brith ha - kehuna ) is the covenant that God made with Aaron and his descendants , the Aaronic priesthood , as found in the Hebrew Bible and Oral Torah . The Hebrew Bible also mentions another perpetual priestly promise with Phinehas and his descendants . Davidic covenant ( edit ) See also : David § Jerusalem and the Davidic covenant The Davidic covenant establishes David and his descendants as the kings of the united monarchy of Israel ( which included Judah ) . The Davidic covenant is an important element in Jewish messianism and Christian theology . In Jewish eschatology , the messiah is believed to be a future Jewish king from the Davidic line , who will be anointed with holy anointing oil , gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel , usher in an era of peace , build the Third Temple , have a male heir , re-institute the Sanhedrin and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age . Christian view ( edit ) Christian theologian John F. Walvoord maintains that the Davidic covenant deserves an important place in determining the purposes of God and that its exegesis confirms the doctrine of a future reign of Christ on earth . While Jewish theologians have always held that Jesus did not fulfill the expectations of a Jewish messiah , the position of conservative Christian theologians is almost unanimous that Jesus fulfills the Davidic covenant , the provisions of which Walvoord lists as : David is to have a child , yet to be born , who shall succeed him and establish his kingdom . A son ( Solomon ) shall build the temple instead of David . The throne of his kingdom shall be established forever . The throne will not be taken away from him ( Solomon ) even though his sins justify chastisement . David 's house , throne , and kingdom shall be established forever ( 2 Samuel 7 : 16 ) . The New Covenant is a biblical interpretation originally derived from a phrase in the Book of Jeremiah , in the Hebrew Scriptures . It is often thought of as an eschatological Messianic Age or world to come and is related to the biblical concept of the Kingdom of God . Generally , Christians believe that the New Covenant was instituted at the Last Supper as part of the Eucharist , which in the Gospel of John includes the New Commandment . A connection between the Blood of Christ and the New Covenant is seen in most modern English translations of the New Testament with the saying : `` this cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood '' . Christians see Jesus as the mediator of this New Covenant , and that his blood , shed at his crucifixion is the required blood of the covenant : as with all covenants between God and man described in the Bible , the New Covenant is considered `` a bond in blood sovereignly administered by God '' . It has been theorized that the New Covenant is the Law of Christ as spoken during his Sermon on the Mount . See also ( edit ) Covenant theology Covenantal theology ( Roman Catholic ) Covenantal nomism Covenant ( Latter Day Saints ) Christian views on the Old Covenant New Covenant Oaths in Jewish tradition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weinfeld , M. ( 2005 ) . Normative and Sectarian Judaism in the Second Temple Period . United States : T & T Clark International . ^ Jump up to : Weinfeld , M. ( 1970 ) . `` The Covenant of Grant in the Old Testament and in the Ancient near East '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 90 ( 2 ) : 196 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Weinfeld , M. ( n.d. ) . `` The Covenant Grant in the Old Testament and Ancient Near East '' . American Oriental Society . Jump up ^ Weinfeld , M. ( April -- June 1970 ) . `` The Covenant of Grant in the Old Testament and in the Ancient near East '' . American Oriental Society . 90 ( 2 ) : 186 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Weinfield , M. ( April -- June 1970 ) . The Covenant of Grant in the Old Testament and in the Ancient near East ( PDF ) ( Vol 90 ed . ) . Jerusalem : American Oriental Society . pp. 184 -- 203 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendenhall , George E. ( September 1954 ) . `` Covenant Forms in Israelite Tradition '' . The Biblical Archaeologist . New Haven , Conn. : The American Schools of Oriental Research . 17 ( 3 ) : 70 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 3209151 . JSTOR 3209151 . Jump up ^ http://theologyonline.com/showthread.php?1653-ARCHIVE-The-Twelve-Dispensations-By-Bob-Hill Jump up ^ Jenkins , Everett ( 2003 ) . The creation : secular , Jewish , Catholic , Protestant , and Muslim perspectives analyzed . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p. 283 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1042 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Letter Bible : Dictionary and Word Search for zera ` ( Strong 's 2233 ) '' . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Genesis 17 : 11 -- 13 And ye shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin ; and it shall be a token of the covenant betwixt me and you . And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you , every man child in your generations , he that is born in the house , or bought with money of any stranger , which is not of thy seed . He that is born in thy house , and he that is bought with thy money , must needs be circumcised : and my covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant . Jump up ^ Michael D. Coogan , A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament , ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2009 ) , 62 -- 68 Jump up ^ `` Circumcision . '' Mark Popovsky . Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion . Ed . David A. Leeming , Kathryn Madden and Stanton Marlan . New York : Springer , 2010 . pp. 153 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Kline , Meredith . `` Deuteronomy '' . The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Michael D. Coogan , `` A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament '' page 103 , Oxford University Press , 2009 Jump up ^ Qumran and Jerusalem : studies in the Dead Sea scrolls p. 248 Lawrence H. Schiffman -- 2010 This priestly covenant is also echoed in the poem in 1QM 17 : 2 -- 3 that refers to the eternal priestly covenant ... Num 18 : 19 ). 57 That the priestly `` covenant of salt , '' a biblical expression denoting a permanent covenant , 58 is to be ... Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia : Phinehas : `` ... for this act he was approved by God and was rewarded with the divine promise that the priesthood should remain in his family forever ( Num . xxv. 7 -- 15 ) . '' Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia : Covenant : `` The term `` berit '' ... refers chiefly to God 's covenant made with Israel , and with Abraham , Isaac , Jacob , Moses , Aaron , Phineas , and David ( Derek Ereẓ Zuṭa , i. , end ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Walvoord , John F. `` Eschatological Problems VII : The Fulfillment of the Davidic Covenant . '' Web : 19 Mar 2010 . Eschatological Problems VII : The Fulfillment of the Davidic Covenant Jump up ^ but not in the KJV for example Jump up ^ Luke 22 : 20 Jump up ^ This definition of covenant is from O. Palmer Robertson 's book The Christ of the Covenants . It has become an accepted definition among modern scholars . See this critical review of his book by Dr. C. Matthew McMahon . Jump up ^ George R. Law , `` The Form of the New Covenant in Matthew , '' American Theological Inquiry 5 : 2 ( 2012 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Paul Fiddes ( 1985 ) . ' Covenant -- Old and New ' , in P. Fiddes , R. Hayden , R. Kidd , K. Clements , and B. Haymes , Bound to love : the covenant basis of Baptist life and mission , pp. 9 -- 23 . London : Baptist Union . Truman G. Madsen and Seth Ward ( 2001 ) . Covenant and Chosenness in Judaism and Mormonism . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3927 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Chart of Biblical Covenants Jewish Encyclopedia : Covenant Nave 's Topical Bible on covenants `` What is a Covenant '' from Kingdom Prologue by Meredith G. Kline ( Reformed perspective ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Covenant_(biblical)&oldid=810242204 '' Categories : Biblical phrases Christian terminology Christian theology of the Bible Hebrew Bible topics Jewish theology Law in the Bible Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Latina Português Română Русский Tagalog தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 03 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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when did the united nations designate henderson island a world heritage site

In 1902 Henderson was annexed to the Pitcairn Islands colony , now a South Pacific British Overseas Territory . It was designated a World Heritage Site by the United Nations in 1988 .

1988

Henderson island ( Pitcairn Islands )

henderson island ( pitcairn islands )

Henderson Island UNESCO World Heritage site Map of Henderson Island Location Pacific Ocean Criteria Natural : vii , x Reference 487 Inscription 1988 ( 12th Session ) Website http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/487 Coordinates 24 ° 21 ′ S 128 ° 19 ′ W  /  24.35 ° S 128.32 ° W  / - 24.35 ; - 128.32 Coordinates : 24 ° 21 ′ S 128 ° 19 ′ W  /  24.35 ° S 128.32 ° W  / - 24.35 ; - 128.32 Location of Henderson Island in the Pacific Ocean Henderson Island ( formerly also San Juan Bautista and Elizabeth Island ) is an uninhabited island in the south Pacific Ocean . It is one of the world 's last two raised coral atolls whose ecosystems remain relatively unaffected by human contact . Ten of its 51 flowering plants , all four of its land birds and about a third of the identified insects and gastropods are endemic -- a remarkable diversity given the island 's size . Measuring 9.6 kilometres ( 6.0 mi ) by 5.1 kilometres ( 3.2 mi ) , it has an area of 37.3 square kilometres ( 14.4 sq mi ) and is located 193 kilometres ( 120 mi ) northeast of Pitcairn Island . It has poor soil and little fresh water , and is unsuitable for agriculture . There are three beaches on the northern end and the remaining coast comprises steep ( mostly undercut ) cliffs up to 15 metres ( 49 ft ) in height . In 1902 Henderson was annexed to the Pitcairn Islands colony , now a South Pacific British Overseas Territory . It was designated a World Heritage Site by the United Nations in 1988 . Contents 1 History 2 Natural resources 3 Geography 4 Flora 5 Fauna 5.1 Birds 5.2 Other animals 5.3 Biological risk 6 Plastic debris 7 Gallery 7.1 Beach 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Archaeological evidence suggests that a small permanent Polynesian settlement existed on Henderson at some time between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries . The reasons for the group 's disappearance remain unknown , but may relate to the similar disappearance of the Polynesians on Pitcairn Island , on whom the Hendersonians would have depended for many of the basics of life , especially stone for making tools . The Pitcairn Polynesians may in turn have disappeared because of the decline of nearby Mangareva ; thus , Henderson was at the end of a chain of small , dependent colonies of Mangareva . Portuguese sailor Pedro Fernandes de Queirós , leading a Spanish expedition , was the first European to discover the island on 29 January 1606 and named it San Juan Bautista ; Captain Henderson of the British East India Company ship Hercules rediscovered the island on 17 January 1819 and named it Henderson Island ; and on 2 March 1819 Captain Henry King in the Elizabeth landed on the island to find the king 's colours already flying . His crew scratched the name of their ship into a tree . A sperm whale rammed and sank the Nantucket whaleship Essex on 20 November 1820 ( a report of which inspired Herman Melville to write Moby - Dick ) , and the crew arrived at Henderson on 20 December in three small whaleboats . They found the island 's only known drinkable water - source -- a brackish spring on the north shore , exposed at half tide -- and ate fish , birds , eggs , crabs and peppergrass ; but they had largely exhausted the ready food within a week and on 27 December the three boats set sail for South America , leaving behind Thomas Chappel , Seth Weeks , and William Wright who chose to stay , and who survived until their rescue on 9 April 1821 . In his account of the ordeal , Chappel reported having seen human skeletons in a cave . In August 1851 visitors from Pitcairn Island also found skeletons in a cave and wreckage on the adjacent beach . After a party of Pitcairn Islanders collecting miro wood rediscovered the skeletons in March 1958 , a medical examination determined that the bones were of Caucasian origin , and they were then buried in a shallow grave inside the cave . An American survey team examined the bones in 1966 and buried them in five coffins in the left - hand corner of the cave , tightly jamming a large cross between the ceiling and the rock floor at the entrance . They concluded the remains were of five or six people , one of whom was between three and five years of age . It was presumed they were the survivors of a shipwreck who died of dehydration . A final examination in the context of a scientific expedition in 1991 concluded that the human remains on Henderson Island were prehistoric Polynesians . Henderson , along with Oeno and Ducie , was formally annexed to the British Empire in 1902 by Captain G.F. Jones , who visited the islands in a cutter with a crew of Pitcairn Islanders ; and in August 1937 , HMS Leander on a journey from Europe to New Zealand carried out an aerial survey of Henderson , Oeno and Ducie , and on each island a British flag was planted and an inscription was nailed up proclaiming `` This island belongs to H.B.M. King George VI . '' In 1957 a 27 year - old American , Robert Tomarchin lived the life of a castaway on the island for approximately 2 months , accompanied by a pet chimpanzee , apparently as a publicity stunt , until people from Pitcairn rescued him in two longboats . In the early 1980s , American businessman Arthur `` Smiley '' Ratliff expressed interest in establishing a home for himself with an airstrip on the island . The Pitcairn Island Council approved his plans in April 1981 but the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office overrode the decision and vetoed the proposed development after environmentalist groups had lobbied to protect the natural ecology and environment of the island . Henderson Island was listed as a World Heritage site in 1988 . Natural resources ( edit ) Since the introduction of aluminium - hulled long - boats in the 20th century , Pitcairners have made regular trips to Henderson to harvest the wood of miro and tou trees . Usually they venture to Henderson once per year , but they may make up to three trips if the weather is favourable . Pitcairners carve the wood into curios for tourists , from which they derive much of their income . Geography ( edit ) A view along the northern beach Henderson Island is a raised coral atoll that , with Pitcairn , Ducie and Oeno Islands , forms the Pitcairn Island Group . The nearest major landmass is more than 5,000 kilometres ( 3,100 mi ) away . This coral limestone island sits atop a conical ( presumed volcanic ) mound , rising from a depth of roughly 3,500 metres ( 11,500 ft ) . Its surface is mostly reef - rubble and dissected limestone -- an extremely rugged mixture of steep , jagged pinnacles and shallow sink holes -- and , except for the north end , the island is encircled by steep limestone cliffs up to 15 metres ( 49 ft ) high . There are three main beaches , on the northwest , north , and northeast sides , and the north and northwest sides are fringed by reefs . The depression at the island 's centre is thought to be a raised lagoon . There is only one known potable ( drinkable ) water source , a brackish spring on the north shore exposed at half tide , rising from a crevice in flat rock , large surfaces of which compose the face of the beach . The surrounding ocean tidal range is about one metre at spring tide . Flora ( edit ) Thespesia populnea Apart from five species bordering the beaches , including coconut palms , the vegetation is undisturbed . Henderson Island is covered by 5 -- 10 m tall tangled scrub forest , more thinly covered in the central depression . It has 51 native species of flowering plants , ten of which are unique to the island ( endemic ) . Dominant tree species include coconut palms , Pandanus tectorius , Thespesia populnea ( miro ) , Tournefortia argentea , Cordia subcordata ( tou ) , Guettarda speciosa , Pisonia grandis , Geniostoma hendersonense , Nesoluma st. - johnianum , Hernandia stokesii , Myrsine hosakae , and Celtis sp . Fauna ( edit ) The Henderson lorikeet ( Vini stepheni ) , also known as the Stephen 's lorikeet , is a species of parrot in the family Psittacidae , endemic to Henderson Island . Birds ( edit ) The island is presently home to four endemic land bird species -- the Henderson fruit dove , Henderson lorikeet , Henderson reed warbler and the flightless Henderson crake . Three species of the family Columbidae -- the Henderson ground dove , the Henderson imperial pigeon and the Henderson archaic pigeon -- were formerly endemic to the island , but became extinct when the Polynesians arrived around 1000 CE . Of the fifteen non-endemic seabird species found , nine or more are believed to breed on the island . Breeding colonies of the globally endangered Henderson petrel formerly existed on Ducie , but were wiped out by invasive rats by 1922 . It is believed to now nest uniquely on Henderson island . Bones associated with prehistoric Polynesian settlement sites dating to somewhere between 500 and 800 years ago include those of the Polynesian storm petrel , Marquesan imperial pigeon , and Polynesian or Pacific imperial pigeon which are no longer found on the island , and two others -- Christmas shearwater and red - footed booby -- that still visit but no longer nest . It is hypothesized that the Polynesian settlers may have driven these bird species , along with six terrestrial snail species , to local extinction , and this loss of a ready and regular food supply may have contributed to the Polynesians ' subsequent disappearance . The island has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area for its endemic landbirds and breeding seabirds . Other animals ( edit ) Coconut crab . The invertebrate species are largely unknown but a third of the island 's known non-marine gastropods and insects are endemic . There are no native mammals but the Pacific rat , introduced by Polynesians 800 years ago , abounds . A skink ( Emoia cyanura ) , and the green sea turtle have been identified , and an unidentified gecko has been reported . There are also crabs . Biological risk ( edit ) Land bird populations appear to be relatively stable but there is high risk of introduction to the island of predators , disease vectors and diseases by unauthorised landings of yachts . Introduction of the Eurasian black rat or the domestic cat would be likely to cause almost immediate extinction of the ground - dwelling Henderson crake and possibly other species . The endemic birds may have no immunity to the fatal avian pox which is transmitted by biting flies such as hippoboscidae . Between July and November 2011 a partnership of the Pitcairn Islands Government and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds implemented a poison baiting programme aimed at eradicating the Pacific rat . Mortality was massive but of the 50,000 to 100,000 population , 60 to 80 individuals survived and the population has now fully recovered . Plastic debris ( edit ) Research published in April 2017 looked at debris on several beaches , and reported `` the highest density of plastic rubbish anywhere in the world '' as a result of the South Pacific Gyre . The beaches contain an estimated 37.7 million items of debris together weighing 17.6 tonnes . In a study transect on North Beach , each day 17 to 268 new items washed up on a 10 - metre section . The study noted that purple hermit crabs ( Coenobita spinosus ) make their homes in plastic containers washed up on beaches . Gallery ( edit ) Beach ( edit ) Northwest Beach View along the beach Northwest Beach . North beach North beach East beach References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Remote island has ' world 's worst ' plastic rubbish density '' . BBC News . 2017 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNESCO World Heritage listing '' . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Stefan , Vincent H. ( 2002 ) . `` Henderson Island crania and their implication for Southeastern Polynesian prehistory '' . Journal of the Polynesian Society . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared ( 2005 ) . Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed . Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03337 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weisler , Marshall I. ( 1995 ) . `` Henderson Island prehistory : colonization and extinction on a remote Polynesian island '' . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 56 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 377 -- 404 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1995. tb01099. x . Jump up ^ Brand , Donald D. ( 1967 ) . The Pacific Basin : A History of its Geographical Explorations . New York : The American Geographical Society . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Heffernan , Thomas Farel ( 1 September 1990 ) . Stove by a Whale : Owen Chase and the Essex . Wesleyan University Press . pp. 62 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6244 - 9 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Part 15 '' . History of Government and Laws . Pitcairn Islands Study Center . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Henderson Island skeletons '' . www.winthrop.dk . Jump up ^ Rehder HA ; Randall JE ( 15 January 1975 ) . `` Ducie Atoll : Its history , physiography and biota '' ( PDF ) . Atoll Research Bulletin . 183 : 1 -- 55 . doi : 10.5479 / si. 00775630.183. 1 . Jump up ^ Winthrop , Mark . `` The Henderson Island monkey story '' . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Serpell J. `` Desert island risk '' . New Scientist ( 5 May 1983 ) : 320 . Jump up ^ Brooke , M. de L. ; I. Hepburn ; R.J. Trevelyan ( 2004 ) . `` Henderson Island World Heritage Site Management Plan 2004 -- 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Foreign and Commonwealth Office , London : 19 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 July 2007 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Graves GR . The endemic land birds of Henderson Island , Southeastern Polynesia : Notes on natural history and conservation . The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 1992 ; 104 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` Potential for rat predation to cause decline of the globally threatened Henderson petrel Pterodroma atrata : evidence from the field , stable isotopes and population modelling '' ( PDF ) . 10 March 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Steadman DW , Olson SL . Bird remains from an archaeological site on Henderson Island , South Pacific : Man - caused extinctions on an `` uninhabited '' island . PNAS. 1 September 1985 ; 82 ( 18 ) : 6191 -- 6195 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 82.18. 6191 . Jump up ^ Weisler , Marshall I. ( Spring 1994 ) . `` The Settlement of Marginal Polynesia : New Evidence from Henderson Island '' . Journal of Field Archaeology. 21 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 102 . doi : 10.1179 / jfa. 1994.21. 1.83 . JSTOR 530246 . Jump up ^ BirdLife International . ( 2012 ) . Important Bird Areas factsheet : Henderson Island . Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ RSPB ( 20 December 2011 ) . `` Aircraft carrier and helicopters come to unique island 's rescue '' . BirdLife . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Royal Society for the Protection of Birds . `` Henderson Island Restoration Project '' . Retrieved 28 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Amos , W. ; Nichols , H.J. ; Chuchyard , T. ; Brooke , M. de L. ( 20 April 2016 ) . `` Rat eradication comes within a whisker ! A case study of a failed project from the South Pacific '' . Royal Society Open Science . 3 : 160110 . doi : 10.1098 / rsos. 160110 . Jump up ^ Lavers , Jennifer L. ; Bond , Alexander L. `` Exceptional and rapid accumulation of anthropogenic debris on one of the world 's most remote and pristine islands '' . PNAS : 201619818 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1619818114 . Jump up ^ Remote South Pacific island has highest levels of plastic rubbish in the world , Dani Cooper , ABC News Online , 16 May 2017 Jump up ^ Hunt , Elle ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` 38 million pieces of plastic waste found on uninhabited South Pacific island '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No one lives on this remote Pacific island -- but it 's covered in 38 million pieces of our trash '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Jared Diamond , Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed ( 2005 ) , ch. 3 . Nathaniel Philbrick , In the Heart of the Sea : The Tragedy of the Whaleship Essex , Penguin Books 2001 . Chase , Owen ( 1821 ) . Narrative of the Most Extraordinary and Distressing Shipwreck of the Whale - Ship Essex . W.B. Gilley . No ISBN . New York . Nickerson , Thomas ( 1984 ) . The Loss of the Ship `` Essex '' Sunk by a Whale and the Ordeal of the Crew in Open Boats . Nantucket Historical Society . Kelly , Celsus ( 1966 ) , La Austrialia del Espíritu Santo : the journal of Fray Martin de Munilla , O.F.M. , and other documents relating to the voyage of Pedro Fernández de Quirós to the South Sea ( 1605 - 1606 ) and the Franciscan Missionary Plan ( 1617 - 1627 ) , Cambridge , published by the Hakluyt Society at Cambridge University Press , ( Works issued by the Hakluyt Society , 2nd ser. , no . 126 - 127 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henderson Island ( Pitcairn Islands ) . The Henderson Island Website Henderson Island -- UNESCO Isla Henderson ( Spanish ) Google Street View of the north and north - east beaches , May 2013 Pitcairn Islands articles Islands Ducie Henderson Oeno Pitcairn Settlement Adamstown Politics Council Governors Law enforcement Rulers Culture Symbols Anthem Bounty Bible Dollar ( commemorative currency ) Flag and coat of arms Postage stamps Other topics Birds Demographics Geography History Internet domain Languages Pitkern Pitcairn Islanders Outline Bibliography Outlying territories of European countries Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe ( see inclusion criteria for further information ) . Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Île Amsterdam Île Saint - Paul Kerguelen Islands Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Lampedusa Lampione Linosa Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Portugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Chafarinas Islands Alhucemas Islands Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)&oldid=852342431 '' Categories : Islands of the Pitcairn Islands World Heritage Sites in the Pitcairn Islands Uninhabited islands of the Pitcairn Islands Important Bird Areas of the Pitcairn Islands Atolls of the Pitcairn Islands Former populated places in Oceania 2nd - millennium establishments in the Pitcairn Islands 1902 establishments in the British Empire Hidden categories : Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from May 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 08 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson%20Island%20%28Pitcairn%20Islands%29

who has been called father of tomb building

Louis Sullivan

louis sullivan

Louis Henry Sullivan ( c. 1895 ) September 3 , 1856 Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. April 14 , 1924 ( 1924 - 04 - 14 ) ( aged 67 ) Chicago , Illinois , U.S. Occupation Architect Louis Henry Sullivan ( September 3 , 1856 -- April 14 , 1924 ) was an American architect , and has been called the `` father of skyscrapers '' and `` father of modernism '' . He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper , was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School , was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright , and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School . Along with Wright and Henry Hobson Richardson , Sullivan is one of `` the recognized trinity of American architecture '' . `` Form follows function '' is attributed to him although he credited the origin of the concept to an ancient Roman architect . In 1944 , he was the second architect to posthumously receive the AIA Gold Medal . Contents 1 Early life and career 2 Sullivan and the steel high - rise 3 Later career and decline 4 Preservation 5 Sullivan in Ayn Rand 's The Fountainhead 6 Selected projects 6.1 Banks 6.2 Lost buildings 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Louis Henry Sullivan was born to a Swiss - born mother , née Andrienne List ( who had emigrated to Boston from Geneva with her parents and two siblings , Jenny , b . 1836 , and Jules , b . 1841 ) and an Irish - born father , Patrick Sullivan , both of whom had immigrated to the United States in the late 1840s . He learned that he could both graduate from high school a year early and bypass the first two years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by passing a series of examinations . Entering MIT at the age of sixteen , he studied architecture there briefly . After one year of study , he moved to Philadelphia and took a job with architect Frank Furness . The Depression of 1873 dried up much of Furness 's work , and he was forced to let Sullivan go . Sullivan moved to Chicago in 1873 to take part in the building boom following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 . He worked for William LeBaron Jenney , the architect often credited with erecting the first steel frame building . After less than a year with Jenney , Sullivan moved to Paris and studied at the École des Beaux - Arts for a year . He returned to Chicago and began work for the firm of Joseph S. Johnston & John Edelman as a draftsman . Johnston & Edleman were commissioned for the design of the Moody Tabernacle , with the interior decorative `` fresco secco '' stencils ( stencil technique applied on dry plaster ) designed by Sullivan . In 1879 Dankmar Adler hired Sullivan . A year later , Sullivan became a partner in the firm . This marked the beginning of Sullivan 's most productive years . Adler and Sullivan initially achieved fame as theater architects . While most of their theaters were in Chicago , their fame won commissions as far west as Pueblo , Colorado , and Seattle , Washington ( unbuilt ) . The culminating project of this phase of the firm 's history was the 1889 Auditorium Building ( 1886 -- 90 , opened in stages ) in Chicago , an extraordinary mixed - use building that included not only a 4,200 - seat theater , but also a hotel and an office building with a 17 - story tower with commercial storefronts at the ground level of the building , fronting Congress and Wabash Avenues . After 1889 the firm became known for their office buildings , particularly the 1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis and the Schiller ( later Garrick ) Building and theater ( 1890 ) in Chicago . Other buildings often noted include the Chicago Stock Exchange Building ( 1894 ) , the Guaranty Building ( also known as the Prudential Building ) of 1895 -- 96 in Buffalo , New York , and the 1899 -- 1904 Carson Pirie Scott Department Store by Sullivan on State Street in Chicago . Sullivan and the steel high - rise ( edit ) Prudential Building , also known as the Guaranty Building , Buffalo , New York , 1894 Prior to the late - nineteenth century , the weight of a multistory building had to be supported principally by the strength of its walls . The taller the building , the more strain this placed on the lower sections of the building ; since there were clear engineering limits to the weight such `` load - bearing '' walls could sustain , large designs meant massively thick walls on the ground floors , and definite limits on the building 's height . The development of cheap , versatile steel in the second half of the nineteenth century changed those rules . America was in the midst of rapid social and economic growth that made for great opportunities in architectural design . A much more urbanized society was forming and the society called out for new , larger buildings . The mass production of steel was the main driving force behind the ability to build skyscrapers during the mid-1880s . By assembling a framework of steel girders , architects and builders suddenly could create tall , slender buildings with a strong and relatively lightweight steel skeleton . The rest of the building elements -- walls , floors , ceilings , and windows -- were suspended from the skeleton , which carried the weight . This new way of constructing buildings , so - called `` column - frame '' construction , pushed them up rather than out . The steel weight - bearing frame allowed not just taller buildings , but permitted much larger windows , which meant more daylight reaching interior spaces . Interior walls became thinner , which created more usable floor space . Chicago 's Monadnock Building ( not designed by Sullivan ) straddles this remarkable moment of transition : the northern half of the building , finished in 1891 , is of load - bearing construction , while the southern half , finished only two years later , is of column - frame construction . While experiments in this new technology were taking place in many cities , Chicago was the crucial laboratory . Industrial capital and civic pride drove a surge of new construction throughout the city 's downtown in the wake of the 1871 fire . The technical limits of weight - bearing masonry had imposed formal as well as structural constraints ; suddenly , those constraints were gone . None of the historical precedents needed to be applied and this new freedom created a technical and stylistic crisis of sorts . Sullivan addressed it by embracing the changes that came with the steel frame , creating a grammar of form for the high rise ( base , shaft , and cornice ) , simplifying the appearance of the building by breaking away from historical styles , using his own intricate floral designs , in vertical bands , to draw the eye upward and to emphasize the vertical form of the building , and relating the shape of the building to its specific purpose . All this was revolutionary , appealingly honest , and commercially successful . In 1896 , Louis Sullivan wrote : It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic , of all things physical and metaphysical , of all things human , and all things super-human , of all true manifestations of the head , of the heart , of the soul , that the life is recognizable in its expression , that form ever follows function . This is the law . ( italics in original ) Sullivan in 1919 , painting by Frank A. Werner `` Form follows function '' would become one of the prevailing tenets of modern architects . Sullivan , however , attributed the concept to Marcus Vitruvius Pollio , the Roman architect , engineer , and author , who first asserted in his book , De architectura , that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas , utilitas , venustas -- that is , it must be solid , useful , beautiful . This credo , which placed the demands of practical use above aesthetics , later would be taken by influential designers to imply that decorative elements , which architects call `` ornament '' , were superfluous in modern buildings , but Sullivan neither thought nor designed along such dogmatic lines during the peak of his career . Indeed , while his buildings could be spare and crisp in their principal masses , he often punctuated their plain surfaces with eruptions of lush Art Nouveau and something such as Celtic Revival decorations , usually cast in iron or terra cotta , and ranging from organic forms , such as vines and ivy , to more geometric designs and interlace , inspired by his Irish design heritage . Terra cotta is lighter and easier to work with than stone masonry . Sullivan used it in his architecture because it had a malleability that was appropriate for his ornament . Probably the most famous example of ornament used by Sullivan is the writhing green ironwork that covers the entrance canopies of the Carson Pirie Scott store on south State Street . Such ornaments , often executed by the talented younger draftsmen in Sullivan 's employ , eventually would become Sullivan 's trademark ; to students of architecture , they are instantly - recognizable as his signature . Another signature element of Sullivan 's work is the massive , semi-circular arch . Sullivan employed such arches throughout his career -- in shaping entrances , in framing windows , or as interior design . All of these elements are found in Sullivan 's widely admired Guaranty Building , which he designed while partnered with Adler . Completed in 1895 , this office building in Buffalo , New York is in the Palazzo style , visibly divided into three `` zones '' of design : a plain , wide - windowed base for the ground - level shops ; the main office block , with vertical ribbons of masonry rising unimpeded across nine upper floors to emphasize the building 's height ; and an ornamented cornice perforated by round windows at the roof level , where the building 's mechanical units ( such as the elevator motors ) were housed . The cornice is covered by Sullivan 's trademark Art Nouveau vines and each ground - floor entrance is topped by a semi-circular arch . Because Sullivan 's remarkable accomplishments in design and construction occurred at such a critical time in architectural history , he often has been described as the `` father '' of the American skyscraper . In truth , however , many architects had been building skyscrapers before or contemporarily with Sullivan . Chicago was replete with extraordinary designers and builders in the late years of the nineteenth century , including Sullivan 's partner , Dankmar Adler , as well as Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root . Root was one of the builders of the Monadnock Building ( see above ) . That and another Root design , the Masonic Temple Tower ( both in Chicago ) , are cited by many as the originators of skyscraper aesthetics of bearing wall and column - frame construction respectively . Later career and decline ( edit ) Ornamentation in the Transportation Building , Chicago , 1893 -- 94 In 1890 Sullivan was one of the ten U.S. architects , five from the east and five from the west , chosen to build a major structure for the `` White City '' , the World 's Columbian Exposition , held in Chicago in 1893 . Sullivan 's massive Transportation Building and huge arched `` Golden Door '' stood out as the only building not of the current style , Beaux - Arts , and the only multicolored facade in the entire White City . Sullivan and fair director Daniel Burnham were vocal about their displeasure with each other . Sullivan later claimed ( 1922 ) that the fair set the course of American architecture back `` for half a century from its date , if not longer . '' His was the only building to receive extensive recognition outside America , receiving three medals from the Union Centrale des Arts Decoratifs the following year . Like all American architects , Adler and Sullivan saw a precipitous decline in their practice with the onset of the Panic of 1893 . According to Charles Bebb , who was working in the office at that time , Adler borrowed money to try to keep employees on the payroll . By 1894 , however , in the face of continuing financial distress with no relief in sight , Adler and Sullivan dissolved their partnership . The Guaranty Building was considered the last major project of the firm . By both temperament and connections , Adler had been the one who brought in new business to the partnership , and following the rupture Sullivan received few large commissions after the Carson Pirie Scott Department Store . He went into a twenty - year - long financial and emotional decline , beset by a shortage of commissions , chronic financial problems , and alcoholism . He obtained a few commissions for small - town Midwestern banks ( see below ) , wrote books , and in 1922 appeared as a critic of Raymond Hood 's winning entry for the Tribune Tower competition . He died in a Chicago hotel room on April 14 , 1924 . He left a wife , Mary Azona Hattabaugh , from whom he was separated . A modest headstone marks his final resting spot in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago 's Uptown and Lake View neighborhood . Later , a monument was erected in Sullivan 's honor , a few feet from his headstone . Monument for Sullivan in Graceland Cemetery , Chicago , Illinois - note the alternative spelling of his middle name on the memorial Sullivan 's legacy is contradictory . Some consider him the first modernist . His forward - looking designs clearly anticipate some issues and solutions of Modernism , however , his embracement of ornament makes his contribution distinct from the Modern Movement that coalesced in the 1920s and became known as the `` International Style '' . To experience Sullivan 's built work is to experience the irresistible appeal of his incredible designs : the vertical bands on the Wainwright Building , the burst of welcoming Art Nouveau ironwork on the corner entrance of the Carson Pirie Scott store , the ( lost ) terra cotta griffins and porthole windows on the Union Trust building , and the white angels of the Bayard Building . Except for some designs by his longtime draftsman George Grant Elmslie , and the occasional tribute to Sullivan such as Schmidt , Garden & Martin 's First National Bank in Pueblo , Colorado ( built across the street from Adler and Sullivan 's Pueblo Opera House ) , his style is unique . A visit to the preserved Chicago Stock Exchange trading floor , now at The Art Institute of Chicago , is proof of the immediate and visceral power of the ornament that he used so selectively . Original drawings and other archival materials from Sullivan are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries in the Art Institute of Chicago and by the drawings and archives department in the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University . Fragments of Sullivan buildings also are held in many fine art and design museums around the world . Preservation ( edit ) During the postwar era of urban renewal , Sullivan 's works fell into disfavor , and many were demolished . In the 1970s growing public concern for these buildings finally resulted in many being saved . The most vocal voice was Richard Nickel , who organized protests against the demolition of architecturally - significant buildings . Nickel and others sometimes rescued decorative elements from condemned buildings , sneaking in during demolition . This practice led to Nickel 's death inside Sullivan 's Stock Exchange building , when a floor above him collapsed . Nickel had compiled extensive research on Adler and Sullivan and their many architectural commissions , which he intended to publish in book form . Nickel 's death led to the creation in 1972 of the Richard Nickel Committee , which arranged the completion of Nickel 's book and its publication in 2010 . The book features all 256 commissions of Adler and Sullivan . The extensive archive of photographs and research that underpinned the book was donated to the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries at The Art Institute of Chicago . More than 1,300 photographs may be viewed on their website and more than 15,000 photographs are part of the collection at The Art Institute of Chicago . As finally published , the book , The Complete Architecture of Adler & Sullivan , was authored by Richard Nickel , Aaron Siskind , John Vinci , and Ward Miller . Detail of the ornamentation of the Van Allen Building Another champion of Sullivan 's legacy was the architect Crombie Taylor ( 1907 -- 1991 ) , of Crombie Taylor Associates , who , with single - minded determination , led the effort to save the Van Allen Building in Clinton , Iowa from demolition . Taylor , acting as an aesthetic consultant , had worked on the renovation of the Auditorium Building ( now Roosevelt University ) in Chicago . When he read an article about the planned demolition , he uprooted his family from their home in southern California ( long after he had left Chicago , after heading the famous `` Institute of Design '' , later known as the Illinois Institute of Technology ( IIT ) , in the 1950s and early 1960s ) and moved them to Clinton . With the vision of a destination neighborhood comparable to Oak Park , Illinois , he set about creating a nonprofit to save the building , and was successful in doing so . Another advocate both of Sullivan buildings and of Wright structures was Jack Randall , who led an effort to save the Wainwright Building in St. Louis , Missouri at a very critical time and then relocated his family to Buffalo , New York to save Sullivan 's Guaranty Building and Frank Lloyd Wright 's Darwin Martin House from possible demolition . His efforts were successful in both St. Louis and Buffalo . A collection of architectural ornaments designed by Sullivan is on permanent display at Lovejoy Library at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville . The Guaranty Building Interpretive Center , on the first floor of the building now owned and occupied by the law firm Hodgson Russ , LLP , opened in 2017 . The exhibit space was financed by Hodgson Russ , LLP , and co-designed by Flynn Battaglia Architects and Hadley Exhibits . It features a scale model of the building by David J. Carli , Professor of Engineering at the State University of New York at Alfred . The Center 's exhibits were donated to Preservation Buffalo Niagara . The Center , the only museum dedicated to Sullivan , is open to the public . Sullivan in Ayn Rand 's the Fountainhead ( edit ) That the fictional character of Henry Cameron in Ayn Rand 's 1943 novel The Fountainhead was similar to the real - life Sullivan was noted , if only in passing , by at least one journalist contemporary to the book . More recent study of Rand 's posthumously published journal notes as well as a close comparison of the respective careers of the real and fictional architects by Heynick has explored this connection in some detail . Although Rand 's journal notes contain in toto only some 50 lines directly referring to Sullivan , it is clear from her mention of Sullivan 's Autobiography of an Idea ( 1924 ) in her 25th anniversary introduction to her earlier novel We the Living ( first published in 1936 , and unrelated to architecture ) that she was intimately familiar with his life and career . Indeed , the term `` the Fountainhead , '' which appears nowhere in Rand 's novel proper , is found twice ( as `` the fountainhead '' and later as `` the fountain head '' ) in Sullivan 's autobiography , both times used metaphorically . The fictional Cameron is , like Sullivan -- whose physical description he matches -- a great innovative skyscraper pioneer late in the nineteenth century who dies impoverished and embittered in the mid-1920s . Cameron 's rapid decline is explicitly attributed to the wave of classical Greco - Roman revivalism in architecture in the wake of the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition , just as Sullivan in his autobiography attributed his own downfall to the same event . The major difference between novel and real life was in the chronology of Cameron 's relation with his protégé Howard Roark , the novel 's hero , who eventually goes on to redeem his vision . That Roark 's uncompromising individualism and his innovative organic style in architecture were drawn from the life and work of Frank Lloyd Wright is clear from Rand 's journal notes , her correspondence and various contemporary accounts . In the novel , however , the 23 - year - old Roark , a generation younger than the real - life Wright , becomes Cameron 's protégé in the early 1920s , when Sullivan was long in decline . The young Wright , by contrast , was Sullivan 's protégé for seven years , beginning in 1887 , when Sullivan was at the height of his fame and power . The two architects would sever their ties in 1894 due to Sullivan 's angry reaction to Wright 's moonlighting in breach of his contract with Sullivan , but Wright continued to call Sullivan his `` liebe Meister '' ( `` beloved Master '' ) for the rest of his life . After decades of estrangement , Wright would again become close to the now - destitute Sullivan in the early 1920s , the time when Roark first comes under the likewise impoverished Cameron 's tutelage in the novel . Wright , however , was now in his fifties . Nevertheless , both the young Roark and middle - aged Wright had in common at that time that they both faced a decade of struggle ahead . After the triumphs earlier in his career , Wright came increasingly to be viewed as a has - been , until he experienced a renaissance in the latter half of the 1930s with such projects as Fallingwater and the Johnson Wax Headquarters . Selected projects ( edit ) See also : Category : Louis Sullivan buildings . Buildings 1887 -- 1895 by Adler & Sullivan : Martin Ryerson Tomb , Graceland Cemetery , Chicago ( 1887 ) Auditorium Building , Chicago ( 1889 ) Carrie Eliza Getty Tomb , Graceland Cemetery , Chicago ( 1890 ) Wainwright Building , St. Louis ( 1890 ) Wainwright Tomb , St. Louis Charlotte Dickson Wainwright Tomb , Bellefontaine Cemetery , St. Louis ( 1892 ) , listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( shown at right ) , is considered a major American architectural triumph , a model for ecclesiastical architecture , a `` masterpiece '' , and has been called `` the Taj Mahal of St. Louis . '' The family name appears nowhere on the tomb . Union Trust Building ( now 705 Olive ) , St. Louis ( 1893 ; street - level ornament heavily altered in 1924 ) Guaranty Building ( formerly Prudential Building ) , Buffalo ( 1894 ) Buildings 1887 -- 1922 by Louis Sullivan : ( 256 total commissions and projects ) Springer Block ( later Bay State Building and Burnham Building ) and Kranz Buildings , Chicago ( 1885 -- 1887 ) Selz , Schwab & Company Factory , Chicago ( 1886 -- 1887 ) Hebrew Manual Training School , Chicago ( 1889 -- 1890 ) James H. Walker Warehouse & Company Store , Chicago ( 1886 -- 1889 ) Warehouse for E.W. Blatchford , Chicago ( 1889 ) James Charnley House ( also known as the Charnley -- Persky House Museum Foundation and the National Headquarters of the Society of Architectural Historians ) , Chicago ( 1891 -- 1892 ) Albert Sullivan Residence , Chicago ( 1891 -- 1892 ) McVicker 's Theater , second remodeling , Chicago ( 1890 -- 1891 ) Bayard Building , ( now Bayard - Condict Building ) , 65 -- 69 Bleecker Street , New York City ( 1898 ) . Sullivan 's only building in New York , with a glazed terra cotta curtain wall expressing the steel structure behind it . Commercial Loft of Gage Brothers & Company , Chicago ( 1898 -- 1900 ) Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral and Rectory , Chicago ( 1900 -- 1903 ) Carson Pirie Scott store , ( originally known as the Schlesinger & Mayer Store , now known as `` Sullivan Center '' ) Chicago ( 1899 -- 1904 ) Virginia Hall of Tusculum College , Greeneville , Tennessee ( 1901 ) Van Allen Building , Clinton , Iowa ( 1914 ) St. Paul United Methodist Church , Cedar Rapids , Iowa ( 1910 ) Krause Music Store , Chicago ( final commission 1922 ; front façade only ) Banks ( edit ) A portion of the western elevation of National Farmer 's Bank , Owatonna , Minnesota ( 1908 ) By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century , Sullivan 's star was well on the descent and , for the remainder of his life , his output consisted primarily of a series of small bank and commercial buildings in the Midwest . Yet a look at these buildings clearly reveals that Sullivan 's muse had not abandoned him . When the director of a bank that was considering hiring him asked Sullivan why they should engage him at a cost higher than the bids received for a conventional Neo-Classic styled building from other architects , Sullivan is reported to have replied , `` A thousand architects could design those buildings . Only I can design this one . '' He got the job . Today these commissions are collectively referred to as Sullivan 's `` Jewel Boxes '' . All still stand . National Farmer 's Bank , Owatonna , Minnesota ( 1908 ) Peoples Savings Bank , Cedar Rapids , Iowa ( 1912 ) Henry Adams Building , Algona , Iowa ( 1913 ) Merchants ' National Bank , Grinnell , Iowa ( 1914 ) Home Building Association Company , Newark , Ohio ( 1914 ) Purdue State Bank , West Lafayette , Indiana ( 1914 ) People 's Federal Savings and Loan Association , Sidney , Ohio ( 1918 ) Farmers and Merchants Bank , Columbus , Wisconsin ( 1919 ) First National Bank , Manistique , Michigan ( 1919 -- 1920 ) , a remodeling of an existing bank building Lost buildings ( edit ) Grand Opera House , Chicago , 1880 , demolished 1927 Washington Elementary School , Marengo , Illinois , Adler & Sullivan , ( year ? ) , demolished 1993 ( needs citation ) Pueblo Opera House , Pueblo , Colorado , 1890 , destroyed by fire 1922 New Orleans Union Station , 1892 , demolished 1954 Dooly Block , Salt Lake City , Utah , 1891 , demolished 1965 Entrance from the 1893 Chicago Stock Exchange building , reinstalled at The Art Institute of Chicago Chicago Stock Exchange Building , Adler & Sullivan , 1893 , demolished 1972 The trading room from the Stock Exchange was removed intact prior to the building being demolished and subsequently , was restored in the Art Institute of Chicago in 1977 ; the entryway arch ( seen at right ) stands outside on the northeast corner of the AIC site Zion Temple , Chicago , 1884 , demolished 1954 Troescher Building , Chicago , 1884 , demolished 1978 Transportation Building , World 's Columbian Exposition , Chicago , Adler & Sullivan , 1893 -- 94 , an exposition building built to last a year Louis Sullivan and Charnley Cottages , Ocean Springs , Mississippi , destroyed in Hurricane Katrina ; Frank Lloyd Wright also claimed credit for the design Schiller Building ( later Garrick Theater ) , Chicago , Adler & Sullivan , 1891 , demolished 1961 Third McVickers Theater , Chicago , Adler & Sullivan , 1883 ? demolished 1922 Thirty - Ninth Street Passenger Station , Chicago , Adler & Sullivan , 1886 , demolished 1934 Standard Club , Chicago , Adler & Sullivan , 1887 -- 88 , demolished 1931 Pilgrim Baptist Church , Chicago , Adler & Sullivan , 1891 , destroyed by fire January 6 , 2006 Wirt Dexter Building , Chicago , Adler & Sullivan , 1887 , destroyed by fire October 24 , 2006 George Harvey House , Chicago , Adler & Sullivan , 1888 destroyed by fire November 4 , 2006 Gallery ( edit ) Union Trust Building Wainwright Building Wainwright Building cornice Auditorium Building Chicago Stock Exchange Building Getty Tomb Bayard - Condict Building Carson Pirie Scott store The Van Allen Building Gage Building ( on right ) Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral , exterior Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral , interior People 's Federal Savings and Loan Association Peoples Savings Bank National Farmer 's Bank of Owatonna Harold C. Bradley House , Wisconsin Merchants ' National Bank , Grinnell , Iowa Krause Music Store See also ( edit ) Biography portal American Prize for Architecture Richard Bock Tall : The American Skyscraper and Louis Sullivan References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The spelling of Sullivan 's middle name ( whether Henry or Henri ) has caused confusion . According to Robert Twombly , Louis Sullivan -- His Life and Work ( Elizabeth Sifton Books , New York City , 1986 ) , his birth certificate read Henry Louis Sullivan , although he was called Louis Henry . Sullivan helped propagate confusion over his middle name as well by announcing , in his book Autobiography of an Idea , which he wrote at the end of his life , at a time when professional failure and alcohol may have clouded his judgment , that he had been named Louis Henri after his grandfather Henri List ( see footnote below ) . The latter spelling was in turn enshrined by the designers of his funerary monument ( see picture in text ) . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Mervyn D. ( 1969 ) . Father of Skyscrapers : A Biography of Louis Sullivan . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . Jump up ^ Chambers Biographical Dictionary . London : Chambers Harrap , 2007 . s.v. `` Sullivan , Louis Henry , '' http://www.credoreference.com/entry/chambbd/sullivan_louis_henry ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ O'Gorman , James F. ( 1991 ) . Three American Architects : Richardson , Sullivan , and Wright , 1865 - 1915 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 62071 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Medal Award Recipients '' . The American Institute of Architects . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/List - Jump up ^ Sullivan , Louis H. Autobiography of an Idea . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications , 2009 ( reprint of 1924 edition ) , p. 31 . This reference illustrates Sullivan 's adoption of the `` Henri '' spelling of his middle name towards the end of his life . Jump up ^ Louis Sullivan at www.prairiestyles.com Jump up ^ Sullivan , Louis . `` The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered '' Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine ( March 1896 ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , Louis ( 1924 ) . Autobiography of an Idea . New York City : Press of the American institute of Architects , Inc. p. 108 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Louis ( 1924 ) . Autobiography of an Idea . New York City : Press of the American institute of Architects , Inc. p. 325 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Karl Ochsner and Dennis Alan Andersen , Distant Corner : Seattle Architects and the Legacy of H.H. Richardson ( Seattle and London : University of Washington Press , 2003 ) , 287 - 288 . Jump up ^ Abbott , J. ( 2000 ) . `` Louis Sullivan , Architectural Modernism , and the Creation of Democratic Space '' . The American Sociologist. 31 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Cahan , Richard ( 1994 ) . They All Fall Down - Richard Nickel 's Struggle to Save American 's Architecture . Hoboken : John Wiley & Sons . p. 90 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 14426 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nickel , Richard ; Aaron Siskind ; John Vinci ; Ward Miller ( 2010 ) . The Complete Architecture of Adler and Sullivan . Chicago : Richard Nickel Committee . p. 428 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9660273 - 2 - 7 . Jump up ^ Siry , Joseph M. ( 2002 ) . The Chicago Auditorium Building - Adler and Sullivan 's Architecture and the City . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press . pp. 318 , 398 , 411 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76133 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Sullivan Collection in Lovejoy Library '' . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Visitors now welcome at landmark Guaranty Building '' . The Buffalo News . 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Life magazine ; September 2 , 1946 ; reply by editor to reader 's letter , p. 22 Jump up ^ Heynick , Frank ( May 2008 ) . `` Al 65 jaar lang vloeit ' De Eeuwige Bron ' '' ( The Fountainhead still gushing after 65 years ) . Product : Tijdschrift voor Productontwikkelaars ( in Dutch ) . 16 ( 3 ) : 13 -- 15 . ; see also Heynick , Frank . `` Henry Cameron 's last hour '' . Jump up ^ `` My view of what a good autobiography should be is contained in the title that Louis H. Sullivan gave to the story of his life : The Autobiography of an Idea . '' Rand , Ayn ( 2009 ) ( 1958 ) . `` Forward '' . We the Living . New American Library . pp. xiii . This is the total mention by Rand ; she does not bother to tell the reader that Sullivan was an architect or anything else about him . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Louis H. ( 2009 ) ( 1924 ) . Autobiography of an Idea . Dover Publications . pp. 20 , 213 . Jump up ^ Rand , Ayn ( 1943 ) . The Fountainhead . Bobbs - Merrill . pp. 34 -- 35 . ; Sullivan , Louis H. ( 1924 ) . The Autobiography of an Idea . pp. 324 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Rand , Ayn . The Journals of Ayn Rand Plume , 1999 . Section 5 Jump up ^ Rand , Ayn The Letters of Ayn Rand New York : Dutton , 1995 . Section 3 Jump up ^ Wright , Frank Lloyd ( 1949 ) . Genius and Mobocracy . Duell Sloan & Pearce . pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Wright , Frank Lloyd ( 1949 ) . Genius and Mobocracy . Duell Sloan & Pearce . pp. 71 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Toker , Franklin . Fallingwater Rising . Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickinson Wainwright Memorial , Tomb , including photograph at Find a Grave . Jump up ^ Architectural Plans for Wainwright tomb , The Steedman Exhibit . Archived July 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Wainwright Tomb - St. Louis , Missouri - American Guide Series on Waymarking.com '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Historic Americal Buildings Survey , MO - 1637A , Wainwright Tomb . Jump up ^ Apple , R.W. Jr . `` On the Road : St. Louis : The River Runs by It , History Through It The New York Times ( April 16 , 1999 ) Jump up ^ Abeln , Mark Scott . `` Two by Sullivan '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chase , Theodore . ( ed . ) Markers V Journal of the Association for Gravestone Studies Lapham Maryland : University Press of America , 1988 , at Internet Archive Jump up ^ St. Louis ' Historic Cemeteries Offer Final Rest for the Rich and Famous . Jump up ^ Tusculum College Archived December 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Twombly . Robert , Louis Sullivan : His life and work , Elisabeth Sifton Books , New York , 1986 p. 458 Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Bibliography Columbian Gallery -- A Portfolio of Photographs of the World 's Fair , The Werner Company , Chicago , IL , 1894 . Condit , Carl W. , The Chicago School of Architecture , University of Chicago Press , Chicago , IL , 1964 . Connely , Willard , Louis Sullivan as He Lived , Horizon Press , Inc. , NY , 1960 . Engelbrecht , Lloyd C. , `` Adler and Sullivan 's Pueblo Opera House : City Status for a New Town in the Rockies '' , The Art Bulletin , College Art Association of America , June 1985 . Gebhard , David ( May 1960 ) . `` Louis Sullivan and George Grant Elmslie '' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 19 ( 2 ) : 62 -- 68 . JSTOR 988008 . Hoffmann , Donald ( January 13 , 1998 ) . Frank Lloyd Wright , Louis Sullivan , and the skyscraper . Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 40209 - 3 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Morrison , Hugh , Louis Sullivan -- Prophet of Modern Architecture , W.W. Norton & Co. , Inc . New York City , 1963 . Nickel , Richard ; Siskind , Aaron ; Vinci , John ; and Miller , Ward . The Complete Architecture of Adler & Sullivan , Richard Nickel Committee , Chicago , Illinois , 2010 . Sullivan , Louis , The Autobiography of an Idea , Press of the American institute of Architects , Inc. , New York City , 1924 . Sullivan , Louis , Kindergarten Chats and Other Writings , Dover Publications , Inc. , New York City , 1979 . Sullivan , Louis , Louis Sullivan : The Public Papers Ed . Robert Twombly , Chicago University Press , Chicago & London , 1988 Thomas , George E. ; Cohen , Jeffrey A. ; and Lewis , Michael J. ; Frank Furness -- The Complete Works , Princeton Architectural Press , New York City , 1991 . Twombly , Robert , Louis Sullivan -- His Life and Work , Elizabeth Sifton Books , New York City , 1986 . Vinci , John , The Art Institute of Chicago : The Stock Exchange Trading Room , The Art Institute of Chicago , 1977 . Weingarden , Lauren S. Louis H. Sullivan : A System of Architectural Ornament ( 1924 ) . Art Institute of Chicago and Ernst Wasmuth Verlag ( Germany ) ; distributed by Rizzoli International ( U.S. ) , Wasmuth ( Germany ) , Mardaga ( France ) , 1990 . Weingarden , Lauren S. Louis H. Sullivan : The Banks . Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press , 1987 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis Sullivan . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Louis Sullivan This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Book : `` The Complete Architecture of Adler & Sullivan '' by Richard Nickel , Aaron Siskind , John Vinci and Ward Miller Lieber - Meister -- The Louis Sullivan Page at the Wayback Machine ( archived October 28 , 2009 ) Atlantic.com slideshow , `` The Architecture of Louis Sullivan , '' with photographs by Richard Nickel and others Article on fragments of Adler and Sullivan Buildings in Chicago Louis Sullivan at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Louis Sullivan at www.prairiestyles.com `` Sullivan 's Banks '' documentary by Heinz Emigholz Louis Sullivan at Find a Grave Louis H. Sullivan Ornaments -- digital photographs of ornaments with historic photographs of the original buildings Louis Sullivan `` The tall office building artistically considered '' -- Transcribed from Lippincott 's Magazine ( March 1896 ) Works by Louis Sullivan at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Louis Sullivan Adler & Sullivan works Martin Ryerson Tomb ( 1897 ) Auditorium Building , Chicago ( 1889 ) Auditorium Theatre Carrie Eliza Getty Tomb ( 1890 ) Wainwright Building ( 1890 ) Wainwright Tomb ( 1892 ) Bellefontaine Cemetery ( 1892 ) Prudential ( Guaranty ) Building ( 1894 ) Chicago Stock Exchange Building ( 1894 ) Bayard -- Condict Building ( 1899 ) Carson , Pirie , Scott and Company Building ( 1899 ) Sullivan works Bradley House ( 1909 ) Charnley House ( 1892 ) Pilgrim Baptist Church ( 1890 ) Farmers and Merchants Union Bank ( 1919 ) Gage Group Buildings ( 1898 ) Halsted House ( 1883 ) Adams Building ( 1913 ) Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral ( 1903 ) Home Building Association Bank ( 1914 ) Jewelers Building ( 1882 ) Krause Music Store ( 1922 ) McVicker 's Theater ( 1891 ) Merchants ' National Bank ( 1914 ) National Farmer 's Bank of Owatonna ( 1908 ) People 's Federal Savings and Loan Association ( 1917 ) Peoples Savings Bank ( 1911 ) Purdue State Bank ( 1914 ) St. Paul United Methodist Church ( 1914 ) Van Allen Building ( 1913 ) Lost buildings New Orleans Union Station ( 1892 -- 1954 ) Dooly Block ( 1891 -- 1965 ) Louis Sullivan Bungalow ( 1890s -- 2005 ) Garrick Theater ( 1891 -- 1961 , A&S ) Pilgrim Baptist Church ( 1891 -- 2006 , A&S ) Dexter Building ( 1887 -- 2006 , A&S ) Affiliations Adler & Sullivan Dankmar Adler Other Prairie School Tall : The American Skyscraper and Louis Sullivan `` Form follows function '' Commons Wikiquote Frank Furness Furness & Hewitt ( 1871 -- 1875 ) St. Peter 's Episcopal Church of Germantown ( 1873 ) Trinity Church , Oxford ( 1875 ) Thomas Hockley House ( 1875 ) Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts ( 1876 ) Frank Furness , Architect ( 1875 -- 1881 ) Centennial National Bank ( 1876 ) Emlen Physick Estate ( 1879 ) Fairview ( 1880 ) Wallingford station ( 1880 ) Knowlton ( 1881 ) Furness & Evans ( 1881 -- 1886 ) Dolobran ( 1881 ) Gravers Lane station ( 1882 ) Mount Airy station ( 1882 ) Undine Barge Club ( 1883 ) St. Michael 's Episcopal Church , Birdsboro ( 1885 ) Hockley Row ( 1886 ) First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia ( 1886 ) Furness , Evans & Company ( 1886 -- c. 1931 ) Lotta Crabtree Cottage ( 1886 ) Solomon House ( 1887 ) Water Street Station ( 1887 ) Brooke Mansion , Birdsboro ( 1888 ) Ormonde ( 1888 ) Idlewild ( 1890 ) Williamson Free School ( 1890 ) University of Pennsylvania Library ( 1891 ) Baldwin School ( 1891 ) Princeton Club , Philadelphia ( 1891 ) Lahaska station ( 1891 ) New Hope station ( 1891 ) Wycombe station ( 1891 ) Horace Jayne House ( 1895 ) Merion Cricket Club ( 1897 ) St. Luke 's Church , Kensington ( 1904 ) Girard Trust Company Building ( 1907 ) Wilmington Station ( 1908 ) Zurbrugg Mansion ( 1910 ) Demolished buildings Lindenshade ( 1873 ) Provident Life & Trust Company ( 1879 ) Sedgwick station ( 1882 ) Pencoyd ( 1884 ) B&O Station , Pittsburgh ( 1887 ) B&O Station , Philadelphia ( 1888 ) Buckingham Valley station ( 1891 ) Jersey City Ferry Terminal ( 1892 ) Broad Street Station ( 1893 ) Associated people Allen Evans John Fraser G.W. & W.D. Hewitt Daniel Pabst Will Price Louis Sullivan Wilson Brothers & Company Commons BIBSYS : 90075258 BNE : XX1204343 BNF : cb121356572 ( data ) GND : 118757792 ISNI : 0000 0001 2121 5172 LCCN : n50010438 LNB : 000226668 NDL : 00458058 NKC : jx20090615015 NLA : 35892414 RKD : 286819 SNAC : w6sj1pbm SUDOC : 028890507 ULAN : 500013453 VIAF : 14805742 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Sullivan&oldid=855392624 '' Categories : Louis Sullivan buildings 1856 births 1924 deaths American alumni of the École des Beaux - Arts American people of Irish descent American people of Swiss descent Art Nouveau architects Architects from Chicago Burials at Graceland Cemetery ( Chicago ) Chicago school ( architecture ) Fellows of the American Institute of Architects Modernist architects Organic architecture Architects from Boston Western Association of Architects Skyscraper architects English High School of Boston alumni Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Use American English from October 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2016 Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from October 2016 Articles with Curlie links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers AC with 15 elements NRHP architects Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 23 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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how long is the halftime at the super bowl

While it exists mainly to allow competitors to rest briefly and recover from the play of the first half , half - time also serves a number of other purposes . It also serves as an intermission for spectators , and it often features entertainment , such as cheerleading performances , tifos , performances by school marching bands ( particularly in high school and collegiate sports in North America ) , or concerts featuring popular music acts ( particularly in major events , such as the Super Bowl ) . On games that are broadcast on television and radio , it also provides broadcasters with an opportunity to give a recap of the first half of the game , air highlights of other games in progress , air commercials and other advertisements , provide analysis on the game , or air game - related festivities ( such as an aforementioned half - time performance ) . In the NFL ( National Football League ) , halftime is usually around 12 minutes . Although major events like the Super Bowl have around 30 minutes of halftime featuring a musical performance .

around 30 minutes

Half - time

half - time

In several team sports , matches are played in two halves . Half - time ( also written halftime or half time ) is the name given to the interval between the two halves of the match . Typically , after half - time teams swap ends of the field of play , in order to reduce any advantage that may be gained from wind or a slope to the playing surface , for example .

While it exists mainly to allow competitors to rest briefly and recover from the play of the first half , half - time also serves a number of other purposes . It also serves as an intermission for spectators , and it often features entertainment , such as cheerleading performances , tifos , performances by school marching bands ( particularly in high school and collegiate sports in North America ) , or concerts featuring popular music acts ( particularly in major events , such as the Super Bowl ) . On games that are broadcast on television and radio , it also provides broadcasters with an opportunity to give a recap of the first half of the game , air highlights of other games in progress , air commercials and other advertisements , provide analysis on the game , or air game - related festivities ( such as an aforementioned half - time performance ) . In the NFL ( National Football League ) , halftime is usually around 12 minutes . Although major events like the Super Bowl have around 30 minutes of halftime featuring a musical performance . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Overview 3 List of team sports 3.1 With half - time 3.2 With intervals other than half - time 3.3 No half - time or equivalent 4 References History ( edit ) The origin of changing ends at half - time lies in the early English public school football games . One early use of a fixed half - time , and it is suggested the origin of the practice , was to allow for two football teams each used to a different set of rules to play half of the game by familiar rules , and half by the opposition rules . This was practised notably between followers of Eton - rules football ( closer to modern association football ) and Rugby - rules football ( closer to modern rugby Rugby union ) . This use of half - time was unnecessary after the standardisation of football rules in 1863 ( see Laws of the Game ) but is still used for the now - rare contests between teams playing different codes of football . Changing ends at half - time ( if no goals had been scored ) was part of the following schools ' codes : Brighton , Eton , Rossall , Sheffield , and Winchester . Other schools changed every time that side scored ( Cheltenham , FA , Harrow , Marlborough , Rugby , Shrewsbury , Uppingham schools ) The 1863 Cambridge Rules state : `` In a match when half the time agreed upon has elapsed , the side shall change goals when the ball is next out of play '' . Overview ( edit ) One benefit of half - time in a field game is to allow teams to swap their positions on the field in order that the effects of the natural conditions such as sunlight and wind direction are experienced fairly by both teams . In some sports this is achieved without the need for half - time : for example , in cricket fielding positions of players are rotated after a set passage of play . In other sports no such provision is necessary , for example in baseball , where playing positions do not change and both teams occupy the same locations on the field of play , though there is frequent rotation of players in the ordinary course of play . Half - time for spectators offers the opportunity to visit the toilet , get some food or drink , or just exercise cramped limbs , without the fear of missing any of the action . A half - time show may be put on for the spectators to keep their attention , most famously in the case of the American football Super Bowl . As many spectators at the ground may be otherwise occupied using stadium facilities it might be inferred that the scale and spectacle of half - time entertainment is more directly related to the size of the potential television audience . In many sports that are televised , half - time offers the opportunity to advertise , a valuable source of revenue for television companies . In addition , it allows analysis of the game so far by pundits ; controversial incidents or exceptional play may be highlighted at this time . It also allows viewers to catch up with any action that they may have missed . Half - time has spawned one of the most enduring clichés to describe football : that `` it 's a game of two halves . '' List of team sports ( edit ) With half - time ( edit ) Sport Length of half - time Length of a half American football 12 ( professional ) or 20 ( college ) minutes Two 15 minute quarters . Each half is 30 minutes . In IFAF , two 12 - minute quarters , with each half at 24 minutes . Association football 15 minutes 45 minutes plus injury time Australian rules football 20 minutes Two periods ( quarters ) of 20 minutes plus stoppage time Bandy ≤ 20 minutes 45 minutes plus injury time , replacement time etc . Basketball 15 minutes Two periods ( quarters ) of 10 ( FIBA , WNBA , WNBL , NBL ) or 12 minutes each ( NBA ) or one period ( halves ) of 20 minutes ( U.S. college basketball ) . Canoe Polo 1 -- 3 minutes 7 -- 10 minutes Field hockey 10 minutes 35 minutes Gaelic football 12 minutes 30 or 35 minutes Handball 10 minutes 30 minutes Hurling 12 minutes 30 or 35 minutes Lacrosse 12 minutes in NLL only Two periods ( quarters ) of 15 minutes each in NLL Netball 5 minutes Two periods ( quarters ) of 15 minutes each Rugby league 10 minutes 40 minutes Rugby union 10 - 15 minutes 40 minutes Rugby sevens ( union ) 1 minute ( 2 minutes in competition finals ) 7 minutes ( 10 minutes in competition finals ) With intervals other than half - time ( edit ) Ice hockey Water polo Cricket Box lacrosse Volleyball matches typically take 3 minutes between sets 1 and 2 and any sets after the 3rd ( if played ) . The interval between sets 2 and 3 is sometimes longer , and sometimes the same . No half - time or equivalent ( edit ) ( other than to allow movement of players in the natural course of play and / or TV commercials ) Baseball ( although there is a seventh - inning stretch ) Softball References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Football , The First Hundred Years : The Untold Story . Adrian Harvey . Routledge , Abingdon , 2005 p. 184 Jump up ^ It 's a Game of Two Halves Independent , 16 December 2007 , accessed 19 September 2009 Jump up ^ College football gets uniform instant replay system USA Today , 5 May 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` Bandy Playing Rules : Rule 4 . Playing time '' ( PDF ) . Federation of International Bandy. 1 September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-time&oldid=820261730 '' Categories : Ball games Terminology used in multiple sports Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español 한국어 日本 語 Русский Simple English Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 23 : 15 . About Wikipedia

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what countries borders were the most negatively effected by world war 1

Consequences of Nazism

consequences of nazism

Nazism and the acts of the Nazi German state profoundly affected many countries , communities , and people before , during and after World War II . While the attempt of the regime to exterminate several nations viewed as subhuman by Nazi ideology was eventually stopped by the Allies , Nazi aggression nevertheless led to the deaths of many tens of millions of people , including several million Jewish people , and the ruin of several states .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Jewish people 2 Poland 2.1 See also 3 Central Europe 4 Soviet Union 4.1 Belarus 4.2 Ukraine 4.3 See also 5 Yugoslavia 6 Western Europe 7 Greece 8 Germany 8.1 See also 9 World politics 10 International law 11 Racism 12 Military 13 References 14 Footnotes Jewish people ( edit ) Of the world 's 15 million Jews in 1939 , more than a third were killed in the Holocaust . Of the three million Jews in Poland , the heartland of European Jewish culture , fewer than 350,000 survived . Most of the remaining Jews in Eastern and Central Europe were destitute refugees , unable or unwilling to return to countries that became Soviet puppet states or countries they felt had betrayed them to the Nazis . Poland ( edit ) During World War II 85 % of buildings in Warsaw were destroyed by German troops . The Nazis intended to destroy the Polish nation completely . In 1941 , the Nazi leadership decided that Poland was to be fully cleared of ethnic Poles within 10 to 20 years and settled by German colonists . From the beginning of the occupation , Germany 's policy was to plunder and exploit Polish territory , turning it into a giant concentration camp for Poles who were to be eventually exterminated as `` Untermenschen '' . The policy of plunder and exploitation inflicted material losses to Polish industry , agriculture , infrastructure and cultural landmarks , with the cost of the destruction by Germans alone estimated at approximately € 525 billion or $640 billion . The remaining industry was largely destroyed or transported to Russia by Soviet occupation forces following the war . The official Polish government report of war losses prepared in 1947 reported 6,028,000 war victims out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews alone . For political reasons , the report excluded the losses to the Soviet Union and the losses among Polish citizens of Ukrainian and Belarusian origin . Poland 's eastern border was significantly moved westwards to the Curzon Line . The resulting territorial loss of 188,000 km2 ( formerly populated by 5.3 million ethnic Poles ) was to be compensated by the addition of 111,000 km2 of former German territory east of the Oder -- Neisse line ( formerly populated by 11.4 million ethnic Germans ) . Kidnapping of Polish children by Germany also took place , in which children who were believed to hold German blood were taken away ; 20,000 -- 200,000 Polish children were taken away from their parents . Out of the abducted only 10 -- 15 % returned home . Polish elites were decimated and over half of the Polish intelligentsia were murdered . Some professions lost 20 -- 50 % of their members , for example 58 % of Polish lawyers , 38 % of medical doctors and 28 % of university workers were exterminated by the Nazis . The Polish capital Warsaw was razed by German forces and most of its old and newly acquired cities lay in ruins ( e.g. Wrocław ) or lost to the Soviet Union ( e.g. Lwów ) . In addition Poland became a Soviet satellite state , remaining under a Soviet - controlled communist government until 1989 . Russian troops did not withdraw from Poland until 1993 . See also ( edit ) Nazi crimes against the Polish nation Expulsion of Poles by Germany Generalplan Ost German AB - Aktion in Poland Holocaust in Poland Operation Tannenberg Chronicles of Terror Central Europe ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As a consequence of the war and especially Soviet occupation , Central European countries found themselves under the `` Soviet sphere of influence '' ( as agreed upon at the Yalta Conference ) . Immediately following the war , Soviet style totalitarian regimes were established in all of these countries and any forms of liberal democracy that existed before the war were erased . For the countries of Central Europe installation of Stalinist dictatorships meant the decline of their economies and more significantly , a loss of national sovereignty and unique global identity until the collapse of the Warsaw Pact in 1989 ( see also `` the Velvet Revolution '' ) . Soviet Union ( edit ) More than 26 million Soviet citizens had been killed as a result of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union , including 10,651,000 soldiers who died in battle against Hitler 's armies or died in POW camps . Millions of civilians also died from starvation , exposure , atrocities , and massacres , and a huge area of the Soviet Union from the suburbs of Moscow and the Volga River to the western border had been destroyed , depopulated , and reduced to rubble . The mass death and destruction there badly damaged the Soviet economy , society , and national psyche . The death toll included c.a. 1.5 million Soviet Jews killed by the German invaders . The mass destruction and mass murder was one of the reasons why the Soviet Union installed satellite states in Central Europe ; as the government hoped to use the countries as a buffer zone against any new invasions from the West . This helped break down the wartime alliance between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies , setting the stage for the Cold War , which lasted until 1989 , two years before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . Soviet culture in the 1950s was defined by results of the Great Patriotic War . Close to 60 % of the European war dead were from the Soviet Union . Russian historian Vadim Erlikman has detailed Soviet losses totaling 26.5 million war related deaths . Military losses of 10.6 million include 7.6 million killed or missing in action and 2.6 million POW dead , plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses . Civilian deaths totaled 15.9 million which included 1.5 million from military actions . 7.1 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals ; 1.8 million deported to Germany for forced labor ; and 5.5 million famine and disease deaths . Additional famine deaths which totaled 1 million during 1946 -- 47 are not included here . These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR including territories annexed in 1939 -- 40 . To the north , the Germans reached Leningrad ( Saint Petersburg ) in August 1941 . The city was surrounded on 8 September , beginning a 900 - day siege during which about 1.2 million citizens perished . Of the 5.7 million Soviet prisoners of war captured by the Germans , more than 3.5 million had died while in German captivity by the end of the war . On 11 February 1945 , at the conclusion of the Yalta Conference , the United States and United Kingdom signed a Repatriation Agreement with the USSR . The interpretation of this Agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviets regardless of their wishes . Millions of Soviet POWs and forced laborers transported to Germany are believed to have been treated as traitors , cowards and deserters on their return to the USSR ( see Order No. 270 ) . Statistical data from Soviet archives , that became available after Perestroika , attest that the overall increase of the Gulag population was minimal during 1945 -- 46 and only 272,867 of repatriated Soviet POWs and civilians ( out of 4,199,488 ) were imprisoned . Belarus ( edit ) Belarus lost a quarter of its pre-war population , including practically all its intellectual elite and 90 % of the country 's Jewish population . Following bloody encirclement battles , all of the present - day Belarus territory was occupied by the Germans by the end of August 1941 . The Nazis imposed a brutal regime , deporting some 380,000 young people for slave labour , and killing hundreds of thousands of other civilians . At least 5,295 Belarusian settlements were destroyed by the Nazis and some or all their inhabitants killed ( out of 9,200 settlements that were burned or otherwise destroyed in Belarus during World War II ) . More than 600 villages like Khatyn were burned with their entire population . More than 209 cities and towns ( out of 270 total ) were destroyed . Himmler had pronounced a plan according to which 3 / 4 of Belarusian population was designated for `` eradication '' and 1 / 4 of racially cleaner population ( blue eyes , light hair ) would be allowed to serve Germans as slaves ( Ostarbeiter ) . Some recent estimates raise the number of Belarusians who perished in War to `` 3 million 650 thousand people , unlike the former 2.2 million . That is to say not every fourth inhabitant but about 40 % of the pre-war Belarusian population perished ( considering the present - day borders of Belarus ) . '' This compares to 15 % of Poland 's post war borders and 19 % of Ukrainian population in post war border and comparing to 2 % of Czechoslovakian population that perished in post war borders . Ukraine ( edit ) Estimates on population losses in Ukraine range from 7 million to 11 million . More than 700 cities and towns and 28,000 villages were destroyed . See also ( edit ) Forced settlements in the Soviet Union Generalplan Ost Hunger Plan Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany Operation Keelhaul World War II casualties Yugoslavia ( edit ) Due to their strong opposition to Nazism , Serbs were considered enemies of Nazi Germany . Alongside Jews , Serbs were killed and expelled in wartime Yugoslavia . It is estimated that 1,700,000 people were killed during World War II in Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 . Very high losses were among Serbs who lived in Bosnia and Croatia , as well as Jewish and Romani minorities , with losses also high among all other non-collaborating populations . In the summer of 1941 , the Serbian uprising came at the time of the German invasion of the USSR . The Nazi response was the execution of 100 Serbian civilians for every killed soldier and 50 Serbian civilians for every wounded soldier . The Yugoslav Partisans fought both a guerrilla campaign against the Axis occupiers and a civil war against the Chetniks . The Independent State of Croatia was established as a Nazi puppet - state , ruled by the fascist militia known as the Ustaše . During this time the Independent State of Croatia created extermination camps for anti-fascists , communists , Serbs , Muslims , Gypsies and Jews , one of the most infamous being the Jasenovac concentration camp . A large number of men , women and children , mostly Serbs , were murdered in these camps . In 1945 , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia was created as a totalitarian one party state . Western Europe ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Britain and France , two of the victors , were exhausted and bankrupted by the war , and Britain never recovered its status as a superpower . With Germany and Japan in ruins as well , the world was left with two dominant powers , the United States and the Soviet Union . Economic and political reality in Western Europe would soon force the dismantling of the European colonial empires , especially in Africa and Asia . One of the most important political consequences of the Nazi experience in Western Europe was the establishment of new , political alliances which eventually became the European Union and an international military alliance of European countries known as NATO to counterbalance the Soviets ' Warsaw Pact and until communist rule in Eastern Europe ended in the late 1980s . The Communists emerged from the war sharing the vast prestige of the victorious Soviet armed forces , and for a while it looked as though they might take power in France , Italy and Greece . The West quickly acted to prevent this from happening , hence the Cold War . Greece ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Greece the German occupation ( April 1941 -- October 1944 ) destroyed the economy through war reparations , plundering of the country 's resources and hyper - inflation . In addition , the Germans left most of the country 's infrastructure in ruins as they withdrew in 1944 . As a result of an Allied blockade and German indifference to local needs , the first winter of the occupation was marked by widespread famine in the main urban centres , with as many as 300,000 civilians dead from starvation . Although these levels of starvation were not repeated in the following years , malnourishment was common throughout the occupation . In addition , thousands more were executed by German forces as reprisals for partisan activities . As part of the Holocaust , Greece 's Jewish community was almost wiped out , especially the large Sephardi community of Thessaloniki , which had earned the city the sobriquet `` Mother of Israel '' and had first settled there in the early 16th century at the invitation of the then - ruling Ottoman Empire . In total , at least 81 % ( ca. 60,000 ) of Greece 's total pre-war Jewish population perished . The bitterest and longest - lasting legacy of the German occupation was the social upheaval it wrought . The old political elites were sidelined , and the Resistance against the Axis brought to the fore the leftist National Liberation Front ( EAM ) , arguably the country 's first true mass - movement , where the Communists played a central role . In an effort to oppose its growing influence , the Germans encouraged the pre-war conservative establishment to confront it , and allowed the creation of armed units . As elsewhere in Eastern Europe , in the last year of the occupation , conditions in Greece often approximated a civil war between EAM and everyone else . The rift would become permanent in December 1944 , when EAM and the British - backed government clashed in Athens , and again in a fully fledged civil war from 1946 -- 1949 . Germany ( edit ) Lost territories and postwar occupation zones in Germany More than 7 million Germans , including almost 2 million civilians , died during World War II ( see World War II casualties ) . After the end of the war in Europe additional casualties were incurred during the Allied occupation and also during the population expulsions that followed . After the war , the German people were often viewed with contempt because they were blamed by other Europeans for Nazi crimes . Germans visiting abroad , particularly in the 1950s and 1960s , attracted insults from locals , and from foreigners who may have lost their families or friends in the atrocities . Today in Europe and worldwide ( particularly in countries that fought against the Axis ) , Germans may be scorned by elderly people who were alive to experience the atrocities committed by Nazi Germans during World War II . This resulted in a feeling of controversy for many Germans , causing numerous discussions and rows among scholars and politicians in Post-War West Germany ( for example , the `` Historikerstreit '' ( historians ' argument ) in the 1980s ) and after Reunification . Here , the discussion was mainly about the role that the unified Germany should play in the world and in Europe . Bernard Schlink 's novel The Reader concerns how post-war Germans dealt with the issue . Following World War II , the Allies embarked on a program of denazification , but as the Cold War intensified these efforts were curtailed in the west . Germany itself and the German economy were devastated , with great parts of most major cities destroyed by the bombings of the Allied forces , sovereignty taken away by the Allies and the territory filled with millions of refugees from the former eastern provinces which the Allies had decided were to be annexed by the Soviet Union and Poland , moving the eastern German border westwards to the Oder - Neisse line and effectively reducing Germany in size by roughly 25 % ( see also Potsdam Conference ) . The remaining parts of Germany were divided among the Allies and occupied by British ( the north - west ) , French ( the south - west ) , American ( the south ) and Soviet ( the east ) troops . The expulsions of Germans from the lost areas in the east ( see also Former eastern territories of Germany ) , the Sudetenland , and elsewhere in eastern Europe went on for several years . The number of Germans expelees totaled roughly 15,000,000 . Estimates of number of deaths in connection with expulsion range from under 500,000 to 3 million . After a short time the Allies broke over ideological problems ( Communism versus Capitalism ) , and thus both sides established their own spheres of influence , creating a previously non-existent division in Germany between East and West ( although the division largely followed the borders of states which had existed in Germany before Bismarck 's unification less than 100 years before ) . A constitution for East Germany was drafted on 30 May 1949 . Wilhelm Pieck , a leader of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( SED ) party ( which was created by a forced merger of the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) and Communist Party of Germany ( KPD ) in the Soviet sector ) , was elected first President of the German Democratic Republic . West Germany , ( officially : Federal Republic of Germany , FRG -- this is still the official name of the unified Germany today ) received ( de facto ) semi-sovereignty in 1949 , as well as a constitution , called the Grundgesetz ( Basic Law ) . The document was not called a Constitution officially , as at this point , it was still hoped that the two German states would be reunited in the near future . The first free elections in West Germany were held in 1949 , which were won by the Christian Democratic Party of Germany ( CDU ) ( conservatives ) by a slight margin . Konrad Adenauer , a member of the CDU , was the first Bundeskanzler ( Chancellor ) of West Germany . Both German states introduced , in 1948 , their own money , colloquially called West - Mark and Ost - Mark ( Western Mark and Eastern Mark ) . Foreign troops still remain in Germany today , for example Ramstein Air Base , but the majority of troops left following the end of the Cold War ( By 1994 for Soviet troops , mandated under the terms of the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany and in the mid-1990s for Western forces ) . The Bush Administration in the United States in 2004 stated intentions to withdraw most of the remaining American troops out of Germany in the coming years . During the years 1950 -- 2000 more than 10,000,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed in Germany . The West German economy was by the mid 1950s rebuilt thanks to the abandonment in mid-1947 of some of the last vestiges of the Morgenthau Plan and to fewer war reparations imposed on West Germany ( see also Wirtschaftswunder ) . After lobbying by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and Generals Clay and Marshall , the Truman administration realized that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base on which it previously had been dependent . In July 1947 , President Harry S. Truman rescinded on `` national security grounds '' the punitive JCS 1067 , which had directed the U.S. forces of occupation in Germany to `` take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany . '' It was replaced by JCS 1779 , which instead stressed that `` ( a ) n orderly , prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany . '' The dismantling of factories in the western zones , for further transport to the Soviet Union as reparations , was in time halted as frictions grew between East and West . Limits were placed on permitted levels of German production in order to prevent resurgence of German militarism , part of which included severely restricting German steel production and affected the rest of the German economy very negatively ( see `` The industrial plans for Germany '' ) . Dismantling of factories by France and Great Britain as reparations and for the purpose of lowering German war and economic potential under the `` level of industry plans '' took place ( halted in 1951 ) , but to nowhere near the scale of the dismantling and transport to the Soviet Union of factories in the eastern zone of occupation . The Eastern Block did not accept the Marshall Plan , denouncing it as American economic imperialism , and thus it ( East Germany included ) recovered much more slowly than their Western counterparts . German political and economic control of its main remaining centers of industry was reduced , the Ruhr area was under international control . The Ruhr Agreement was imposed on the Germans as a condition for permitting them to establish the Federal Republic of Germany . ( see also the International Authority for the Ruhr ( IAR ) ) . In the end , the beginning of the Cold War led to increased German control of the area , although permanently limited by the pooling of German coal and steel into a multinational community in 1951 ( see European Coal and Steel Community ) . The neighboring Saar area , containing much of Germany 's remaining coal deposits , handed over by the U.S. to French economic administration as a protectorate in 1947 and did not politically return to Germany until January 1957 , with economic reintegration occurring a few years later . ( see also the Monnet Plan ) . Upper Silesia , Germany 's second largest center of mining and industry , had been handed over to Poland at the Potsdam Conference , and its population expelled . The Allies confiscated intellectual property of great value , all German patents , both in Germany and abroad , and used them to strengthen their own industrial competitiveness by licensing them to Allied companies . Beginning immediately after the German surrender and continuing for the next two years the U.S. pursued a vigorous program to harvest all technological and scientific know - how as well as all patents in Germany . John Gimbel comes to the conclusion , in his book `` Science Technology and Reparations : Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany '' , that the `` intellectual reparations '' taken by the U.S. and the UK amounted to close to $10 billion . During the more than two years that this policy was in place , no industrial research in Germany could take place , as any results would have been automatically available to overseas competitors who were encouraged by the occupation authorities to access all records and facilities . Meanwhile , thousands of the best German researchers were being put to work in the Soviet Union and in the U.S. ( see also Operation Paperclip ) For several years following the surrender German nutritional levels were very low , resulting in very high mortality rates . Throughout all of 1945 the U.S. forces of occupation ensured that no international aid reached ethnic Germans . It was directed that all relief went to non-German displaced persons , liberated Allied POWs , and concentration camp inmates . During 1945 it was estimated that the average German civilian in the US and UK occupation zones received 1200 calories a day . Meanwhile , non-German displaced persons were receiving 2300 calories through emergency food imports and Red Cross help . In early October 1945 the UK government privately acknowledged in a cabinet meeting that German civilian adult death rates had risen to 4 times the pre-war levels and death rates amongst the German children had risen by 10 times the pre-war levels . The German Red Cross was dissolved , and the International Red Cross and the few other allowed international relief agencies were kept from helping Germans through strict controls on supplies and travel . The few agencies permitted to help Germans , such as the indigenous Caritasverband , were not allowed to use imported supplies . When the Vatican attempted to transmit food supplies from Chile to German infants the US State Department forbade it . The German food situation reached its worst during the very cold winter of 1946 -- 1947 when German calorie intake ranged from 1,000 -- 1,500 calories per day , a situation made worse by severe lack of fuel for heating . Meanwhile , the Allies were well fed , average adult calorie intake was ; U.S. 3200 -- 3300 ; UK 2900 ; U.S. Army 4000 . German infant mortality rate was twice that of other nations in Western Europe until the close of 1948 . As agreed by the Allies at the Yalta conference Germans were used as forced labor as part of the reparations to be extracted to the countries ruined by Nazi aggression . By 1947 it is estimated that 4,000,000 Germans ( both civilians and POWs ) were being used as forced labor by the U.S. , France , the UK and the Soviet Union . German prisoners were for example forced to clear minefields in France and the low countries . By December 1945 it was estimated by French authorities that 2,000 German prisoners were being killed or maimed each month in accidents . In Norway the last available casualty record , from 29 August 1945 , shows that by that time a total of 275 German soldiers died while clearing mines , while 392 had been maimed . Death rates for the German civilians doing forced labor in the Soviet Union ranged between 19 % and 39 % , depending on category . ( see also Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union ) . Norman Naimark writes in `` The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 . '' that although the exact number of women and girls who were raped by members of the Red Army in the months preceding and years following the capitulation will never be known , their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands , quite possibly as high as the 2,000,000 victims estimate made by Barbara Johr , in `` Befreier und Befreite '' . Many of these victims were raped repeatedly . Naimark states that not only had each victim to carry the trauma with her for the rest of her days , it inflicted a massive collective trauma on the East German nation ( the German Democratic Republic ) . Naimark concludes `` The social psychology of women and men in the soviet zone of occupation was marked by the crime of rape from the first days of occupation , through the founding of the GDR in the fall of 1949 , until - one could argue - the present . '' The post-war hostility shown to the German people is exemplified in the fate of the War children , sired by German soldiers with women from the local population in nations such as Norway where the children and their mothers after the war had to endure many years of abuse . In the case of Denmark the hostility felt towards all things German also showed itself in the treatment of German refugees during the years 1945 to 1949 . During 1945 alone 7000 German children under the age of 5 died as a result of being denied sufficient food and denied medical attention by Danish doctors who were afraid that rendering aid to the children of the former enemy would be seen as an unpatriotic act . Many children died of easily treatable ailments . As a consequence `` more German refugees died in Danish camps , `` than Danes did during the entire war . '' '' During the Cold War , it was difficult for West Germans to visit East German relatives and friends and impossible vice versa . For East Germans , especially after the building of the Berlin Wall on 13 August 1961 and until Hungary opened up its border to the West in the late 1980s , thus allowing hundreds of thousands of vacationing East Germans to flee into Western Europe , it was only possible to get to West Germany by illegally fleeing across heavily fortified and guarded border areas . 44 years after the end of World War II , the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November 1989 . The East and West parts of Germany were reunited on 3 October 1990 . Economic and social divisions between East and West Germany continue to play a major role in politics and society in Germany at present . It is likely the contrast between the generally well - off and economically diverse West and the weaker , heavy - industry reliant East will continue at least into the foreseeable future . See also ( edit ) Berlin Wall Cold War German reunification Germany East Germany West Germany History of Germany since 1945 Marshall Plan Ostpolitik World politics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The war led to the discrediting and dissolution of the League of Nations and to the founding of the United Nations ( UN ) on 24 October 1945 . Like its predecessor , the UN was established to help prevent world wars and contain or stop smaller conflicts . The principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations are a testament to the world 's attitudes at the fall of the Third Reich . International law ( edit ) Nuremberg Trials . Defendants in the dock . The main target of the prosecution was Hermann Göring ( at the left edge on the first row of benches ) , considered to be the most important surviving official in the Third Reich after Hitler 's death . The effect the Nazis had on present - day international law should not be underestimated . The United Nations Genocide Convention , a series of laws that made genocide a crime , was approved in December 1948 , three years after the Nazi defeat . That same month , the Universal Declaration of Human Rights also became a part of international law . The Nuremberg trials , followed by other Nazi war crimes trials , also created an unwritten rule stating that government officials who `` follow orders '' from leaders in committing crimes against humanity can not use such a motive to excuse their crimes . It also had an effect through the Fourth Geneva Convention ( Art 33 ) in making collective punishments a war crime . Racism ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the world viewed the Nazi death camps , many Western peoples began to outwardly oppose ideas of racial superiority . Liberal anti-racism became a staple of many Western governments . Whereas racism is still present , openly racist publications were looked down upon . The move towards tolerance of different cultures in Western societies has continued to the present day . Since the collapse of Nazi Germany , Western populations have been wary of racial political parties and have actively discouraged white ethnocentrism , fearing the return of a catastrophe similar to the purges carried out by Nazis in Germany . On the other hand , it can be argued that the conception of multiculturalism as one of the pillars of contemporary Western society has gained importance because of the same reaction . The actions of the Nazis caused an increase in Anti-German sentiment . Military ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) German military doctrine under the Nazi regime , characterized with some controversy as Blitzkrieg , called for air strikes that softened an intended victim for attack by motorized , mechanized , and airborne forces on the schwerpunkt ( focal point ) , followed by encirclement by motorized forces , and exploitation of the gap by conventional infantry forces . Radio communication allowed for the close coordination necessary for such attacks , and allowed for coordination of the air force . The Nazis as much broke the rules of engagement which previously governed nations at war ( such violations often deemed after the war as crimes against peace ) as they innovated techniques of war . Axis reverses beginning with Allied routs of overextended German forces in El Alamein and Stalingrad resulted from British and Soviet forces adopting Nazi field strategies , and as the United States became a participant in the war it adopted much the same techniques of aerial attack upon Nazi Germany , if with greater force than the Luftwaffe could ever inflict . As Nazi Germany faced severe defeat after the Battle of Kursk and especially the cross-channel invasion it introduced cross-channel use of the V - 1 flying bomb and V - 2 rocket , although too late and too ineffectively to turn the war to its advantage . The German military machine was developing jet aircraft as fighters and bombers and long - range missiles , but far too late ( they were only in the design and test stages ) to change the outcome of the war . The victorious Allies would incorporate the early innovations of jet technology and long - distance rocket - based missiles into their armed forces , but only after the end of World War II after getting them beyond the developmental stages of design and testing . References ( edit ) Steven Bela Vardy and T. Hunt Tooley , eds . Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth - Century Europe ISBN 0 - 88033 - 995 - 0 . subsection by Richard Dominic Wiggers , The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of the Holocaust -- An Introduction '' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 19 April 1943 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Luke Harding in Moscow ( 5 June 2007 ) . `` Pipeline workers find mass grave of Jews killed by Nazis '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Volker R. Berghahn `` Germans and Poles 1871 -- 1945 '' in `` Germany and Eastern Europe : Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences '' , Rodopi 1999 Jump up ^ Poles Vote to Seek War Reparations , Deutsche Welle , 11 September 2004 Jump up ^ Concise statistical year - book of Poland , Polish Ministry of Information . London June 1941 P. 9 & 10 Jump up ^ The Expulsion of Germans from Poland , Revisited , H - Net Review Jump up ^ A. Dirk Moses , Genocide and Settler Society : Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children in Australian History , Google Print , p. 260 Jump up ^ Tadeusz Piotrowski , Poland 's Holocaust : Ethnic Strife , Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic , 1918 -- 1947 , Google Print , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead '' . BBC News . 9 May 2005 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Zvi Gitelman , History , Memory and Politics : The Holocaust in the Soviet Union Jump up ^ Soviet deaths in the Great Patriotic War : a note -- World War II Jump up ^ `` Soviet Prisoners of War : Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II '' . Historynet.com . Archived from the original on 30 March 2008 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ The United States and Forced Repatriation of Soviet Citizens , 1944 -- 47 by Mark Elliott Political Science Quarterly , Vol. 88 , No. 2 ( Jun. , 1973 ) , pp. 253 -- 275 Jump up ^ `` Forced Repatriation to the Soviet Union : The Secret Betrayal '' . Hillsdale.edu . Archived from the original on 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The warlords : Joseph Stalin '' . Channel4.com . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Remembrance ( Zeithain Memorial Grove ) Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Getty , Rittersporn , Zemskov . `` Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-war Years '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Репатриация перемещённых советских граждан / / Виктор Земсков '' . Scepsis.ru . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Khatyn WWII Memorial in Belarus '' . Belarusguide.com. 22 March 1943 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Partisan Resistance in Belarus during World War II '' . Belarusguide.com . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine : : World War II and its aftermath '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephen A. Hart . `` Partisans : War in the Balkans 1941 - 1945 '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Kane , PhD. , Global U.S. Troop Deployment , 1950 -- 2003 Archived 28 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Heritage Foundation 27 October 2004 ^ Jump up to : Ray Salvatore Jennings `` The Road Ahead : Lessons in Nation Building from Japan , Germany , and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq Archived 14 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . May 2003 , Peaceworks No. 49 pg. 15 Jump up ^ Pas de Pagaille ! Time Magazine 28 July 1947 . Jump up ^ Amos Yoder , `` The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem '' , The Review of Politics , Vol. 17 , No. 3 ( Jul. , 1955 ) , pp. 345 -- 358 Jump up ^ C. Lester Walker `` Secrets By The Thousands '' , Harper 's Magazine . October 1946 Jump up ^ Norman M. Naimark The Russians in Germany pg. 206 . ( Naimark refers to Gimbels book ) Jump up ^ The $10 billion compares to the U.S. annual GDP of $258 billion in 1948 . Jump up ^ The $10 billion compares to the total Marshall plan expenditure ( 1948 -- 1952 ) of $13 billion , of which Germany received $1.4 billion ( partly as loans ) . ^ Jump up to : Steven Bela Vardy and T. Hunt Tooley , eds . Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth - Century Europe ISBN 0 - 88033 - 995 - 0 . subsection by Richard Dominic Wiggers , `` The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II '' Jump up ^ S.P. MacKenzie `` The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II '' The Journal of Modern History , Vol. 66 , No. 3 . ( Sep. , 1994 ) , pp. 487 -- 520 . Jump up ^ Jonas Tjersland , Tyske soldater brukt som mineryddere , VG Nett , 8 April 2006 Jump up ^ Norman M. Naimark . The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 . Harvard University Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 78405 - 7 pp. 132,133 Jump up ^ Children were starved in war aftermath , Copenhagen Post , 15 April 2005 Jump up ^ Manfred Ertel , Denmark 's Myths Shattered : A Legacy of Dead German Children , Spiegel Online , 16 May 2005 Jump up ^ Andrew Osborn , Documentary forces Danes to confront past , The Observer , 9 February 2003 Jump up ^ Danish Study Says German Children Abused , Deutsche Welle , 10 April 2005 Jump up ^ `` Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide , New York , 9 December 1948 '' . Archived from the original on 16 November 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` International Humanitarian Law - Fourth 1949 Geneva Convention '' . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . 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how many episodes of game of thrones have aired in season 7

The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016 , which premiered on July 16 , 2017 and consisted of seven episodes . The series will conclude with its eighth season , which will consist of six episodes . As of August 27 , 2017 , 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired , concluding the seventh season . The show 's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series .

seven

List of Game of Thrones episodes

list of game of thrones episodes

Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The series is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by author George R.R. Martin . The series takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms . The series starts when House Stark , led by Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( Sean Bean ) is drawn into schemes against King Robert Baratheon ( Mark Addy ) when the Hand of the King Jon Arryn ( Robert 's chief advisor ) dies mysteriously .

The series premiered on April 17 , 2011 , on HBO . David Benioff and D.B. Weiss both serve as executive producers along with Carolyn Strauss , Frank Doelger , Bernadette Caulfield and George R.R. Martin . Filming for the series has taken place in a number of locations , including Croatia , Northern Ireland , Iceland and Spain . Episodes are broadcast on Sunday at 9 : 00 pm Eastern Time , and the episodes are between 50 and 81 minutes in length . The first six seasons are available on DVD and Blu - ray . The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016 , which premiered on July 16 , 2017 and consisted of seven episodes . The series will conclude with its eighth season , which will consist of six episodes . As of August 27 , 2017 , 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired , concluding the seventh season . The show 's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2015 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2016 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 2017 ) 3 Home media releases 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 10 April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 2.52 10 April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 3.80 10 March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 4.97 10 April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 6.84 5 10 April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 6.88 6 10 April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 7.69 7 7 July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 10.26 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Winter Is Coming '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 17 ) 2.22 `` The Kingsroad '' Tim Van Patten David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) 2.20 `` Lord Snow '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 01 ) 2.44 `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' Brian Kirk Bryan Cogman May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) 2.45 5 5 `` The Wolf and the Lion '' Brian Kirk David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) 2.58 6 6 `` A Golden Crown '' Daniel Minahan Story by : David Benioff & D.B. Weiss Teleplay by : Jane Espenson and David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) 2.44 7 7 `` You Win or You Die '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 29 ) 2.40 8 8 `` The Pointy End '' Daniel Minahan George R.R. Martin June 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 05 ) 2.72 9 9 `` Baelor '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 12 ) 2.66 10 10 `` Fire and Blood '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) 3.04 Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` The North Remembers '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) 3.86 12 `` The Night Lands '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) 3.76 13 `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) 3.77 14 `` Garden of Bones '' David Petrarca Vanessa Taylor April 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) 3.65 15 5 `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' David Petrarca David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) 3.90 16 6 `` The Old Gods and the New '' David Nutter Vanessa Taylor May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) 3.88 17 7 `` A Man Without Honor '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) 3.69 18 8 `` The Prince of Winterfell '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 3.86 19 9 `` Blackwater '' Neil Marshall George R.R. Martin May 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 27 ) 3.38 20 10 `` Valar Morghulis '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 03 ) 4.20 Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Valar Dohaeris '' Daniel Minahan David Benioff & D.B. Weiss March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 4.37 22 `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' Daniel Minahan Vanessa Taylor April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 4.27 23 `` Walk of Punishment '' David Benioff David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) 4.72 24 `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) 4.87 25 5 `` Kissed by Fire '' Alex Graves Bryan Cogman April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 5.35 26 6 `` The Climb '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) 5.50 27 7 `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' Michelle MacLaren George R.R. Martin May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 4.84 28 8 `` Second Sons '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) 5.13 29 9 `` The Rains of Castamere '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) 5.22 30 10 `` Mhysa '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) 5.39 Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Two Swords '' D.B. Weiss David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 6.64 32 `` The Lion and the Rose '' Alex Graves George R.R. Martin April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 6.31 33 `` Breaker of Chains '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) 6.59 34 `` Oathkeeper '' Michelle MacLaren Bryan Cogman April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 6.95 35 5 `` First of His Name '' Michelle MacLaren David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 7.16 36 6 `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' Alik Sakharov Bryan Cogman May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 6.40 37 7 `` Mockingbird '' Alik Sakharov David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 7.20 38 8 `` The Mountain and the Viper '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 7.17 39 9 `` The Watchers on the Wall '' Neil Marshall David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 6.95 40 10 `` The Children '' Alex Graves David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 7.09 Season 5 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 41 `` The Wars to Come '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 8.00 42 `` The House of Black and White '' Michael Slovis David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 6.81 43 `` High Sparrow '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 6.71 44 `` Sons of the Harpy '' Mark Mylod Dave Hill May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 6.82 45 5 `` Kill the Boy '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 6.56 46 6 `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' Jeremy Podeswa Bryan Cogman May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 6.24 47 7 `` The Gift '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 5.40 48 8 `` Hardhome '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 7.01 49 9 `` The Dance of Dragons '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 7.14 50 10 `` Mother 's Mercy '' David Nutter David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 8.11 Season 6 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Season 7 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 Home media releases ( edit ) Season Episodes DVD and Blu - ray release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 10 March 6 , 2012 March 5 , 2012 August 10 , 2012 10 February 19 , 2013 March 4 , 2013 March 6 , 2013 10 February 18 , 2014 February 17 , 2014 February 19 , 2014 10 February 17 , 2015 February 16 , 2015 February 18 , 2015 5 10 March 15 , 2016 March 14 , 2016 March 16 , 2016 6 10 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 7 7 December 12 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 Ratings ( edit ) Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones : `` Winter is Coming '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Josh ( April 1 , 2012 ) . `` Where HBO 's hit ' Game of Thrones ' was filmed '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' casts a bear and shoots in Los Angeles for major Season 3 scene '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burgen , Stephen ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones fifth series : more than 10,000 Spaniards apply to be extras '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , June ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` How Much Gold Is Game of Thrones Worth '' . Slate . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dwilson , Stephanie Dube ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Episode 9 : What Time & Channel Does It Air Tonight ? '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . HBO . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Picked Up For Season 7 , ' Veep ' & ' Silicon Valley ' Also Renewed By HBO '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO confirms season 8 will be last '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : 10 Behind - the - Scenes Secrets We Learned From the SXSW Panel '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 finale smashes more records for HBO '' . TV Series Finale . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Storage Wars , ' ' Ax Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' + ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Sam Axe , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing , ' ' Breakout Kings , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : More ' Death of Bin Laden ' Ratings ; ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Bulls / Hawks Tops + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Slam Dunks + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Heat / Bulls Scores Big + ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Housewives , ' ' Game of Thrones ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' My Big Fat Gypsy Wedding , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' The Killing ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' MTV Movie Awards ' Leads Night , ' Game of Thrones ' Series High , ' Real Housewives , ' ' ABDC ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Real Housewives , ' ' Kardashians , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Falling Skies , ' ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Killing , ' ' In Plain Sight , ' ' Law & Order : CI , ' ' The Glades ' and Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Returns To Series High ; + ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Killing ' , ' Mad Men , ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Leads + Atlanta ' Housewives , ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' The Client List ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Rises , Ties NBA Playoffs + ' Real Housewives , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Army Wives , ' ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Army Wives , ' ' Khloe & Lamar ' , ' Mad Men ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game Of Thrones ' Tops , ' Real Housewives NJ , ' ' The Client List , ' ' Khloe & Lamar , ' ' Army Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs , + ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Sister Wives ' , + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Girls ' , ' Pawn Stars ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs + ' Game of Thrones ' Finale , MTV Movie Awards , ' Sister Wives ' , ' The Glades ' , ' Longmire ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Bible ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Shameless ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Kourtney & Kim Take Miami ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' NBA Playoffs ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Vikings ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Ax Men ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' River Monsters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' North America ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' , ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Bar Rescue ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' River Monsters ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NHL Conference Finals , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta : Kandi 's Wedding ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & Moreh '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Royals ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta , ' ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Royals ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Conference Finals Win Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , NASCAR , ' Botched ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- HBO 's Official Press Release with Full Details of The Complete 1st Season on DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 1 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- Winter is Coming , with The Complete 2nd Season : Date , Extras , Boxes ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 2 ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 2 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- 2014 Release Date , Package Art for The Complete 3rd Season , on DVD , Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 3 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones -- ' The Complete 4th Season ' Press Release : Date , Art , Cost , Extras '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 4 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 5 ( Blu - ray + Digital HD ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 5 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 ( Blu - ray + Amazon Exclusive Bonus Disc ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ External links ( edit ) Official website Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 1 `` Winter Is Coming '' `` The Kingsroad '' `` Lord Snow '' `` Cripples , Bastards , and Broken Things '' `` The Wolf and the Lion '' `` A Golden Crown '' `` You Win or You Die '' `` The Pointy End '' `` Baelor '' `` Fire and Blood '' Season 2 `` The North Remembers '' `` The Night Lands '' `` What Is Dead May Never Die '' `` Garden of Bones '' `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' `` The Old Gods and the New '' `` A Man Without Honor '' `` The Prince of Winterfell '' `` Blackwater '' `` Valar Morghulis '' Season 3 `` Valar Dohaeris '' `` Dark Wings , Dark Words '' `` Walk of Punishment '' `` And Now His Watch Is Ended '' `` Kissed by Fire '' `` The Climb '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Second Sons '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` Mhysa '' Season 4 `` Two Swords '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' `` Breaker of Chains '' `` Oathkeeper '' `` First of His Name '' `` The Laws of Gods and Men '' `` Mockingbird '' `` The Mountain and the Viper '' `` The Watchers on the Wall '' `` The Children '' Season 5 `` The Wars to Come '' `` The House of Black and White '' `` High Sparrow '' `` Sons of the Harpy '' `` Kill the Boy '' `` Unbowed , Unbent , Unbroken '' `` The Gift '' `` Hardhome '' `` The Dance of Dragons '' `` Mother 's Mercy '' Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_episodes&oldid=809401106 '' Categories : Game of Thrones episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 21 : 41 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Game%20of%20Thrones%20episodes

look what i can do mad tv actor

Michael James McDonald ( born December 31 , 1964 ) is an American actor , director , writer , and comedian . He is best known for starring in the sketch comedy show MADtv . McDonald joined the show during the fourth season ( 1998 ) and remained in the cast until the end of the thirteenth and penultimate season , having become the longest - tenured cast member . While on the show , he developed many memorable characters . He was a contributing writer and director on MADtv .

Michael James McDonald

Michael McDonald ( comedian )

michael mcdonald ( comedian )

Michael James McDonald ( born December 31 , 1964 ) is an American actor , director , writer , and comedian . He is best known for starring in the sketch comedy show MADtv . McDonald joined the show during the fourth season ( 1998 ) and remained in the cast until the end of the thirteenth and penultimate season , having become the longest - tenured cast member . While on the show , he developed many memorable characters . He was a contributing writer and director on MADtv .

McDonald also directed several episodes of the comedy - drama series Scrubs , on which he guest - starred 6 times . McDonald currently divides his time between writing , directing , and acting on various film and television projects , as well as performing live on stage across the country . Currently , McDonald is working on Nickelodeon 's The Loud House as one of Clyde 's fathers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Stand - up comedy 2.2 Cougar Town 2.3 MADtv 3 Filmography 3.1 Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) McDonald was born in Fullerton , California . He graduated from St. Juliana Catholic Elementary School in Fullerton , and later went to Servite High School in Anaheim , California , and graduated from the University of Southern California with a business degree . While at USC , he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity . He worked as a loan officer at a bank in Los Angeles . After college , a friend took McDonald to see an improv comedy show at Groundling Theater . McDonald quit his job at the bank and enrolled in Groundling 's improv program . He was a member of the troupe from 1992 to 1997 . During that time , he was also involved in writing and directing films for Roger Corman . Later on , McDonald would guest star in such shows as Seinfeld ( in two episodes playing two different parts ) , Just Shoot Me ! , Family Matters , Scrubs and NewsRadio . He also made brief cameos in all three Austin Powers films . McDonald had a starring role with Will Forte and Nicole Sullivan on the short - lived MTV show Clone High as the voice of Gandhi . Career ( edit ) Stand - up comedy ( edit ) Michael is currently touring at stand up comedy clubs across the country . His stand - up comedy special Michael McDonald : Model Citizen premiered on Showtime on October 9 , 2010 . Filmed in Orange County at the OC Pavilion , it has been described as `` Part stand - up comedy , part one man show , this special is for anyone who -- like Michael -- finds humor in the strange world all around us . '' Cougar Town ( edit ) McDonald was also a writer , director , and producer of the ABC TV series Cougar Town . He directed a number of episodes of the show , including `` Letting You Go '' , `` Everything Man '' , `` When a Kid Goes Bad '' , `` Stop Dragging My Heart Around '' , and `` Do n't Come Around Here No More '' . McDonald also wrote the episode `` Wake Up Time '' . MADtv ( edit ) McDonald joined the cast of MADtv in 1998 , eventually becoming the longest - standing cast member in the show 's history ( 10 seasons ) . He performed several recurring characters , including Stuart , Rusty Miller , Marvin Tikvah , Sean Gidcomb , Bible Dude , the Depressed Persian Tow Truck Man , Fightin ' Ron , and F. Michael McKrofsky of `` Real M * * * * * * * * * ing Talk '' ( replacing Andrew Daly 's token white commentator on that sketch ) . Much like Darrell Hammond , Phil Hartman , Dan Aykroyd , and Bill Hader on Saturday Night Live , McDonald was the go - to cast member for a litany of impressions , ranging from past and present movie and TV stars to world leaders and American political figures . Some memorable impressions he 's done include Bob Barker , John Kerry , Dr. Phil , Bill O'Reilly , Maury Povich , Chris Martin from the band Coldplay , Steve Jobs , Mel Gibson , Chris Hansen , Terry O'Quinn ( as John Locke ) , Ozzy Osbourne , Jean - Benet Ramsey 's father John , J.K. Simmons ( as Mac McGuff , Juno 's father and from his role in Oz ) , Hugh Laurie ( as Gregory House ) , Hugh Beaumont ( as Ward Cleaver ) , Sarah Jessica Parker ( as Carrie Bradshaw ) , Dr. Drew , Howie Mandel , Simon Cowell , JC Chasez , Caitlyn Jenner ( then Bruce ) , Michael Richards , Chris Burke , Charlie Sheen ( as Charlie Harper ) , David Schwimmer ( as Ross Geller ) , Jeff Probst , Tim Gunn ( Project Runway ) , Howard K. Stern , Tommy Lee , Criss Angel , Jeff Foxworthy , Saddam Hussein , Larry David , Barry Gibb , Eddie Vedder , and Brad Garrett . After 10 years on MADtv , McDonald left the cast , but was a contributing writer and director for the show 's final season . McDonald was the last member of the cast to be hired in the 1990s , and the last cast member to have been born in the 1960s , and is the only cast member to have a `` best of '' clip show special dedicated to him . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Remarks Stand Up America Himself 1991 Dance with Death Henry Uncaged Clean Cut John Final Judgement Rainy In the Heat of Passion Nick Body Waves Squirrely Revenge of the Nerds III : The Next Generation Disc Jockey Full Contact Uncredited Role The John Larroquette Show Phil Family Matters Season 4 Episode 24 `` Buds ' n ' Buns '' Manager of the Mighty Weenie In the Heat of Passion II : Unfaithful Bartender Revenge of the Nerds IV : Nerds in Love Party Guest Revenge of the Red Baron Psychiatrist No Dessert , Dad , Till You Mow the Lawn Evil Hypnotist The Unborn II Welfare Worker # 1 Leprechaun 2 Bar owner who was comically killed by Leprechaun with an overheated espresso machine . 1995 The Crazysitter Mr. Smith Criminal Hearts Tierney A Bucket of Blood Dancer Virtual Seduction Disoriented Man Baby Face Nelson Reporter Bloodfist VI : Ground Zero Corey Carnosaur 2 Evac . Team Pilot Hideaway Young Cop Sawbones Prostitute Twisted Love Stoned Kid Bloodfist VII : Manhunt Running Officer Seinfeld Player # 2 Carnosaur 3 : Primal Species Police Officer Wilson Seinfeld Jesse Ellen The Guy NewsRadio Lee Casper : A Spirited Beginning Sarcastic Protester Austin Powers : International Man of Mystery Security guard crushed by a steam roller 1998 The Drew Carey Show Parking attendant Casper Meets Wendy The Human Stretch Richie Rich 's Christmas Wish Montgomery 1999 Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me NATO Soldier Banned in America : The World 's Sexiest Commercials Host Futurama Various 2000 Chump Change Dack Passions The face in the pool Scrubs Season 1 Episode 9 `` My Day Off '' Mike Davis Invader Zim Voice of Robo - Dad and additional characters Voiced two 2001 episodes and two 2006 episodes 2002 Slackers Economics professor Greg the Bunny Leo Austin Powers in Goldmember Royal Guard Scrubs Season 1 Episode 12 `` My Blind Date '' & Season 2 Episode 3 `` My Case Study '' Mike Davis 2003 Clone High Voice of Gandhi Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star Maitre d ' Outing Riley Andy 2005 Fat Actress Sam Rascal Played agent of titular character Desperate Housewives Steven ' Silly People ' episode All Grown Up ! Jason Matheny 2006 Talkshow with Spike Feresten Himself Guest - starred 7th Heaven Edward Jameson Guest - starred : ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List Himself Guest starred for two episodes in Iraq 2007 Scrubs Season 6 Episode 20 `` My Conventional Wisdom '' Voice of Dr. Toilet Also directed this episode . Moonpie Mitch Henderson Main role 2008 MADtv ( 1998 -- 2008 ) Various Has appeared in 239 episodes ( Season 4 - 13 ) Scrubs Season 7 Episode 8 `` My Manhood '' Patient 's Husband Also directed this episode . Hannah Montana Chef Duncan Keats guest MADtv Director Has directed 4 episodes 2009 Kath & Kim Judge from Parade of Homes guest MADtv Himself First cast member to have his own `` Best of '' Special . Scrubs Season 8 Episode 18 `` My Finale '' Mr. Cropper Reaper Season 2 Episode 11 `` To Sprong , With Love '' Mr. Elliott Sprong Pushing Daisies Season 2 Episode 13 `` Kerplunk '' Galveston Gus Rita Rocks Rob Boone 4 episodes Michael McDonald : Model. Citizen Himself One hour stand up comedy special on Showtime Web Therapy Season 3 Episode 2 `` Staff Infection '' Ben Tomlund Web Therapy Season 3 Episode 13 `` I Love You , Man '' Ben Tomlund Web Therapy Season 3 Episode 15 `` Can You Get Up ? '' Ben Tomlund 2011 Cougar Town Season 2 Episode 16 `` Baby 's a Rock ' N ' Roller '' Wayne Gibbons Cougar Town Season 2 Episode 17 `` You 're Gonna Get It '' Wayne Gibbons 2012 Web Therapy Season 2 Episode 3 `` Campaign Reform '' Ben Tomlund Web Therapy Season 2 , Episode 7 `` Infanticipation '' Ben Tomlund 2013 House of Lies Season 2 , Episode 5 `` Sincerity Is an Easy Disguise in This Business '' Carl Criswell House of Lies Season 2 , Episode 7 `` The Runner Stumbles '' Carl Criswell The Heat Julian 2014 Community Season 5 Episode 12 `` Basic Story '' Ronald Mohammed 2015 Spy Patrick 2016 The Loud House Voice of Howard McBride Supporting role MADtv Himself Appeared on the 20th Anniversary Reunion Special The Boss Bryce Crean Ghostbusters Jonathan The Theater Manager 2017 Nobodies Himself Directed season 1 , episodes 2 - 12 . Kathy Griffin : My Life on the D - List ( edit ) Episode Number Episode Title Airdate Notes 01 ( Season 1 ) Hot to Tot August 10 , 2005 02 ( Season 2 ) Red State , Blue State June 13 , 2006 03 ( Season 2 ) Iraq June 20 , 2006 04 ( Season 2 ) Rocket Attack June 27 , 2006 05 ( Season 4 ) No Time for Siestas July 17 , 2008 06 ( Season 4 ) What 's Woz 's Love Got to Do with It August 7 , 2008 09 ( Season 4 ) Red , White and Do n't Be Blue August 14 , 2008 07 ( Season 5 ) Grammy Shmammy June 22 , 2009 08 ( Season 5 ) Paris Is My New BFF June 29 , 2009 09 ( Season 5 ) Maggie 's Bucket List July 6 , 2009 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jenner changed her name due to gender transition in 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buzz Bissinger ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` Introducing Caitlyn Jenner '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' Loud House ' to Feature Married Gay Couple '' . Variety . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michael McDonald . Official website Michael McDonald on IMDb VIAF : 86925458 IATH : w6vx3nnd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_McDonald_(comedian)&oldid=800983451 '' Categories : 1964 births Male actors from Fullerton , California American male film actors American impressionists ( entertainers ) American male television actors American television directors American television writers Male television writers American male voice actors Living people Marshall School of Business alumni 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American sketch comedians Comedians from California Servite High School alumni Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from July 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg فارسی Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 23 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what are the words to i heard the bells on christmas day

I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day

i heard the bells on christmas day

`` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day '' is a Christmas carol based on the 1863 poem `` Christmas Bells '' by American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow . The song tells of the narrator 's despair , upon hearing Christmas bells , that `` hate is strong and mocks the song of peace on earth , good will to men '' . The carol concludes with the bells carrying renewed hope for peace among men .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Lyrics 3 Musical versions 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origin ( edit ) In 1861 , two years before writing this poem , Longfellow 's personal peace was shaken when his second wife of 18 years , to whom he was very devoted , was tragically burned in a fire . Then in 1863 , during the American Civil War , Longfellow 's oldest son , Charles Appleton Longfellow , joined the Union cause as a soldier without his father 's blessing . Longfellow was informed by a letter dated March 14 , 1863 , after Charles had left . `` I have tried hard to resist the temptation of going without your leave but I can not any longer '' , he wrote . `` I feel it to be my first duty to do what I can for my country and I would willingly lay down my life for it if it would be of any good '' . Charles soon got an appointment as a lieutenant but , in November , he was severely wounded in the Battle of New Hope Church ( in Virginia ) , during the Mine Run Campaign . Charles eventually recovered , but his time as a soldier was finished . Longfellow first wrote the poem on Christmas Day in 1863 . `` Christmas Bells '' was first published in February 1865 , in Our Young Folks , a juvenile magazine published by Ticknor and Fields . References to the Civil War are prevalent in some of the verses that are not commonly sung . Lyrics ( edit ) The following are the original words of Longfellow 's poem : I heard the bells on Christmas Day Their old , familiar carols play , and wild and sweet The words repeat Of peace on earth , good - will to men ! And thought how , as the day had come , The belfries of all Christendom Had rolled along The unbroken song Of peace on earth , good - will to men ! Till ringing , singing on its way , The world revolved from night to day , A voice , a chime , A chant sublime Of peace on earth , good - will to men ! Then from each black , accursed mouth The cannon thundered in the South , And with the sound The carols drowned Of peace on earth , good - will to men ! It was as if an earthquake rent The hearth - stones of a continent , And made forlorn The households born Of peace on earth , good - will to men ! And in despair I bowed my head ; `` There is no peace on earth , '' I said ; `` For hate is strong , And mocks the song Of peace on earth , good - will to men ! '' Then pealed the bells more loud and deep : `` God is not dead , nor doth He sleep ; The Wrong shall fail , The Right prevail , With peace on earth , good - will to men . '' Musical versions ( edit ) It was not until 1872 that the poem is known to have been set to music . The English organist , John Baptiste Calkin , used the poem in a processional accompanied with a melody he previously used as early as 1848 . The Calkin version of the carol was long the standard . Steven Curtis Chapman , Johnny Cash , the Mormon Tabernacle Choir , and Jimmie Rodgers have recorded this version . Less commonly , the poem has also been set to Joseph Mainzer 's composition `` Mainzer '' ( 1845 ) . Since at least the middle of the 20th century , the poem has been set to other musical arrangements : Johnny Marks , known for his song `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' , set Longfellow 's poem to music in 1956 . Marks ' version has been recorded by Bing Crosby , Ed Ames , Harry Belafonte , The Carpenters , Fred Waring and the Pennsylvanians , Burl Ives , Sarah McLachlan , Frank Sinatra , Kate Smith and other artists listed below . Marks ' composition is now commonly used for modern recordings of the carol , though Calkin 's version is still heard as well . In 1956 , Bing Crosby 's version ( recorded on October 3 , 1956 and released as a single ) reached No. 55 in the Music Vendor survey . The record was praised by both Billboard and Variety . `` Bing Crosby 's workover of `` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day '' looks like a big one for the ' 56 Yule and a hit potential of enduring value . '' `` At deadline time , not many of this year 's Christmas issues had shown much action . This new Crosby record , however , was off to a promising start . As fast as it is catching on early in the month , it is easy to project the impressive volume it will rack up the last half of December . '' On June 16 , 1964 , Frank Sinatra recorded the song for inclusion in the album `` 12 Songs of Christmas '' . In 1990 , John Gorka recorded his arrangement , titled `` Christmas Bells '' , which uses stanzas 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 of the poem on the album , A Winter 's Solstice III ( Windham Hill Records ) 1990 . Bryan Duncan recorded `` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day '' on his album Christmas is Jesus ( Myrrh Records ) In 1999 , MU330 recorded a ska - punk version for their Christmas album , Winter Wonderland ( Asian Man Records ) . In 2000 , the vocal group Rockapella began their album Christmas with an arrangement of the classic carol edition In 2002 , choral composer Greg Gilpin set the words to the tune `` Waly , Waly '' , an 18th - century English folk song , in a sheet - music arrangement that is interesting because of its use of hand bells to illustrate the words ; it omitted the last verse In 2004 , Pedro the Lion recorded a version for the Maybe this Christmas compilation In 2005 , MercyMe included a version of the song on their Christmas album The Christmas Sessions In 2006 , Bette Midler recorded the song for her album Cool Yule In 2006 , Hawk Nelson released an arrangement called `` I Heard the Bells '' on their Gloria EP , which also uses stanzas 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 of the poem In 2007 , Contemporary Christian music artists , Jars of Clay , included a version of the song on Christmas Songs In 2008 , Mark Hall , lead vocalist of Casting Crowns , recorded his own arrangement , which was released on Peace on Earth In 2011 , Richard Marx recorded his version of the song for his The Christmas EP and later released it on Christmas Spirit In 2011 , Jack Gibbons , the British pianist and composer , set Longfellow 's poem to music in his role as artist - in - residence at Davis & Elkins College , and the first performance was given by the Davis & Elkins College choir on 4 December 2011 In 2012 , The Civil Wars recorded their version of the song for a collaborative Christmas album entitled Holidays Rule In 2013 , Echosmith recorded their version of the song and made it available to download for free on their website through the month of December In 2017 , Randall Goodgame recorded a new melody with slightly altered text for a version of the song on his Slugs and Bugs Family Christmas album . In popular culture ( edit ) In Chapter Five of his 1962 novel Something Wicked This Way Comes , Ray Bradbury describes this carol as `` immensely moving , overwhelming , no matter what day or what month it was sung . '' The carol provides an ironic contrast to the evil that Mr. Dark 's carnival is about to bring to Green Town , Illinois ( where the story takes place ) . In the 1983 film adaptation of the novel , Mr. Dark ( Jonathan Pryce ) and Charles Halloway ( Jason Robards ) both quote passages from the carol when they meet in the town 's library ( though Dark ominously states that `` it 's a thousand years to Christmas '' ) . See also ( edit ) Christmas in the American Civil War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Christmas Carol Soldier '' from The Sons of Union Veterans Jump up ^ Calhoun , Charles ( 2004 ) . Longfellow : A Rediscovered Life . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 223 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 7039 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Studwell , William ( 1995 ) . The Christmas Carol Reader . Binghamton , New York : The Haworth Press . p. 166 . ISBN 1 - 56024 - 974 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gale , Robert L. ( 2003 ) . A Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Companion . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32350 - X . Jump up ^ Irmscher , Christoph ( 2006 ) . Longfellow Redux . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03063 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day , www.hymntime.com '' . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Variety '' . November 7 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . December 15 , 1956 . Jump up ^ Gilpin , Greg ( 2002 ) . `` Peace on Earth ( SATB ) '' . J.W. Pepper Sheet Music . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` D&E to host holiday performance '' . November 30 , 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Free Holiday Song Download From Echosmith '' . Warner Bros Records . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Family Christmas album - Slugs and Bugs website '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bradbury , Ray ( 1990 ) . Something Wicked This Way Comes . New York & Toronto : Bantam Books . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 28032 - 6 . 1962 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day `` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day '' . AllChristmasLyrics.com . Song lyrics . `` I Heard The Bells on Christmas Day '' . HymnTime.com . Lyrics , full length version . `` I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day '' . lds.org . Sheet music , lyrics and MP3 downloads . ( hide ) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Novels Hyperion ( 1839 ) Kavanagh ( 1849 ) Poetry `` A Psalm of Life '' ( 1838 ) `` Excelsior '' ( 1841 ) `` The Village Blacksmith '' ( 1841 ) `` The Wreck of the Hesperus '' ( 1842 ) Evangeline ( 1847 ) The Song of Hiawatha ( 1855 ) The Courtship of Miles Standish ( 1858 ) `` The Children 's Hour '' ( 1860 ) `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' ( 1860 ) `` The Saga of King Olaf '' ( 1863 ) Tales of a Wayside Inn ( 1863 ) `` Christmas Bells '' ( 1864 ) `` The Sermon of St. Francis '' ( 1875 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Heard_the_Bells_on_Christmas_Day&oldid=821718672 '' Categories : Christmas carols Bing Crosby songs Anti-war songs Poetry by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow American Christmas songs Works originally published in St. Nicholas Magazine Christmas poems Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Italiano Svenska Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 05 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Heard%20the%20Bells%20on%20Christmas%20Day

what happened to the pilot of the u2

Francis Gary Powers

francis gary powers

Francis Gary Powers Powers wearing special pressure suit for stratospheric flying , 1960 Francis Gary Powers ( 1929 - 08 - 17 ) August 17 , 1929 Jenkins , Kentucky , United States August 1 , 1977 ( 1977 - 08 - 01 ) ( aged 47 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Helicopter crash Resting place Arlington National Cemetery Spouse Barbara Gay Moore ( m . 1956 ; div. 1963 ) Claudia Edwards Downey ( m . 1963 ) Relatives Two children Aviation career Known for 1960 U-2 incident Air force United States Air Force Rank Captain Awards Director 's Award Intelligence Star Silver Star Distinguished Flying Cross National Defense Service Medal Prisoner of War Medal Francis Gary Powers ( August 17 , 1929 -- August 1 , 1977 ) -- often referred to as simply Gary Powers -- was an American pilot whose Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission in Soviet Union airspace , causing the 1960 U-2 incident . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Education and service 3 The U-2 incident 3.1 Spy mission 3.2 Shoot - down 3.3 Cover story 3.4 Compromised by newspaper reports 3.5 Political impact 3.6 Conviction 3.7 Prisoner exchange 4 Aftermath 4.1 Divorce and Remarriage 4.2 Praise 4.3 Later career 5 Death 6 Honors 7 Legacy 8 In popular culture 9 References 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Powers was born August 17 , 1929 , in Jenkins , Kentucky , the son of Oliver Winfield Powers ( 1904 -- 1970 ) , a coal miner , and his wife Ida Melinda Powers ( née Ford ; 1905 -- 1991 ) . His family eventually moved to Pound , Virginia , just across the state border . He was the second born and only male of six children . His family lived in a mining town , and because of the hardships associated with the life in such a town , his father wanted Powers to become a doctor . He hoped his son would achieve the higher earnings of such a profession and felt the life of a doctor would involve less hardship than any job in his hometown . Education and service ( edit ) Graduating with a bachelor 's degree from Milligan College in Tennessee in June 1950 , he enlisted in the United States Air Force in October . He was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in December 1952 after completing his advanced training with USAF Pilot Training Class 52 - H at Williams Air Force Base , Arizona . Powers was then assigned to the 468th Strategic Fighter Squadron at Turner Air Force Base , Georgia , as an F - 84 Thunderjet pilot . In January 1956 he was recruited by the CIA . He married Barbara Gay Moore in Newnan , Georgia , on April 2 , 1955 . In May 1956 he began U-2 training at Watertown Strip , Nevada . His training was complete by August 1956 and his unit , the Second Weather Observational Squadron ( Provisional ) or Detachment 10 - 10 , was deployed to Incirlik Air Base , Turkey . By 1960 , Powers was already a veteran of many covert aerial reconnaissance missions . A Soviet photograph of Powers while he was in Soviet custody Wooden U-2 model -- one of two used by Powers when he testified to the Senate Committee . The wings and tail are detached to demonstrate the aircraft 's breakup upon impact . The U-2 Incident ( edit ) Main article : 1960 U-2 incident Powers was discharged from the Air Force in 1956 with the rank of captain . He then joined the CIA 's U-2 program at the civilian grade of GS - 12 . U-2 pilots flew espionage missions at altitudes at 70,000 feet ( 21 km ) , supposedly above the reach of Soviet air defenses . The U-2 was equipped with a state - of - the - art camera designed to take high - resolution photos from the stratosphere over hostile countries , including the Soviet Union . U-2 missions systematically photographed military installations and other important sites . Spy mission ( edit ) The primary mission of the U-2s was overflying the Soviet Union . Soviet intelligence had been aware of encroaching U-2 flights at least since 1958 if not sooner but lacked effective countermeasures until 1960 . On May 1 , 1960 , Powers 's U-2A , 56 - 6693 , departed from a military airbase in Peshawar , Pakistan , with support from the U.S. Air Station at Badaber ( Peshawar Air Station ) . This was to be the first attempt `` to fly all the way across the Soviet Union ... but it was considered worth the gamble . The planned route would take us deeper into Russia than we had ever gone , while traversing important targets never before photographed . '' Shoot - down ( edit ) Powers was shot down by an S - 75 Dvina ( SA - 2 Guideline ) surface - to - air missile over Sverdlovsk . A total of 14 were launched , one of which hit a MiG - 19 jet fighter which was sent to intercept the U-2 but could not reach a high enough altitude . Its pilot , Sergei Safronov , ejected but died of his injuries . Another Soviet aircraft , a newly manufactured Su - 9 on a transit flight , also attempted to intercept Powers 's U-2 . The unarmed Su - 9 was directed to ram the U-2 but missed because of the large differences in speed ( the Su - 9 flew above Mach 1.1 , while the U-2 flew at approximately Mach 0.6 ) . The first of three SA - 2 Guideline ( S - 75 Dvina ) surface - to - air missiles launched at the U-2 near Kosulino in the Ural Region hit the aircraft . `` What was left of the plane began spinning , only upside down , the nose pointing upward toward the sky , the tail down toward the ground . '' Powers was unable to activate the plane 's self - destruct mechanism before he was thrown out of the plane after releasing the canopy and his seat belt . While descending under his parachute , Powers had time to scatter his escape map , and rid himself of part of his suicide device , a silver dollar coin suspended around his neck containing a poison - laced injection pin , though he kept the poison pin . `` Yet I was still hopeful of escape . '' He hit the ground hard , was immediately captured , and taken to Lubyanka Prison in Moscow . Powers did note a second chute after landing on the ground , `` some distance away and very high , a lone red and white parachute '' . Cover story ( edit ) When the U.S. government learned of Powers 's disappearance over the Soviet Union , they issued a cover statement claiming a `` weather plane '' had strayed off course after its pilot had `` difficulties with his oxygen equipment '' . What CIA officials did not realize was that the plane crashed almost fully intact , and the Soviets recovered its equipment . Powers was interrogated extensively by the KGB for months before he made a confession and a public apology for his part in espionage . Compromised by newspaper reports ( edit ) Powers tried to limit the information he shared with the KGB to that which could be determined from the remains of his plane 's wreckage . He was hampered by information appearing in the western press . A KGB major stated `` there 's no reason for you to withhold information . We 'll find it out anyway . Your press will give it to us . '' However , he limited his divulging of CIA contacts to one individual , with a pseudonym of `` Collins '' . At the same time , he repeatedly stated the maximum altitude for the U-2 was 68,000 feet ( 21 km ) , significantly lower than its actual flight ceiling . Political impact ( edit ) The incident set back talks between Khrushchev and Eisenhower . Powers 's interrogations ended on June 30 , and his solitary confinement ended on July 9 . On August 17 , 1960 , his trial began for espionage before the military division of the Supreme Court of the USSR . Lieutenant General Borisoglebsky , Major General Vorobyev , and Major General Zakharov presided . Roman Rudenko acted as prosecutor in his capacity of Procurator General of the Soviet Union . Mikhail I. Grinev served as Powers 's defense counsel . In attendance were his parents and sister , and his wife Barbara and her mother . His father brought along his attorney Carl McAfee , while the CIA provided two additional attorneys . Conviction ( edit ) On August 19 , 1960 , Powers was convicted of espionage , `` a grave crime covered by Article 2 of the Soviet Union 's law ' On Criminality Responsibility for State Crimes ' '' . His sentence consisted of 10 years ' confinement , three of which were to be in a prison , with the remainder in a labor camp . The US Embassy `` News Bulletin '' stated , according to Powers , `` as far as the government was concerned , I had acted in accordance with the instructions given me and would receive my full salary while imprisoned '' . He was held in Vladimir Central Prison , about 150 miles ( 240 km ) east of Moscow , in building number 2 from September 9 , 1960 until February 8 , 1962 . His cellmate was Zigurd Kruminsh ( Zigurds Krūmiņš ) , a Latvian political prisoner . Gary kept a diary and a journal while confined . Additionally he took up carpet weaving from his cellmate to pass the time . He could send and receive a limited number of letters from his family . The prison now contains a small museum with an exhibit on Powers , who allegedly developed a good rapport with Russian prisoners there . Some pieces of the plane and Powers 's uniform are on display at the Monino Airbase museum near Moscow . Prisoner exchange ( edit ) On February 10 , 1962 , Powers was exchanged , along with U.S. student Frederic Pryor , in a well - publicized spy swap at the Glienicke Bridge in Berlin . The exchange was for Soviet KGB Colonel Vilyam Fisher , known as `` Rudolf Abel '' , who had been caught by the FBI and tried and jailed for espionage . Powers credited his father with the swap idea . When released , Powers 's total time in captivity was 1 year , 9 months , and 10 days . In 2010 , CIA documents were released indicating that U.S. officials did not believe Powers 's account of the incident at the time , because it was contradicted by a classified National Security Agency ( NSA ) report which alleged that the U-2 had descended from 65,000 to 34,000 feet ( 20 to 10 km ) before changing course and disappearing from radar . However , newly released declassified CIA documents confirm the accuracy of Powers 's report . The NSA report remains classified . Aftermath ( edit ) Powers initially received a cold reception on his return home . He was criticized for not activating his aircraft 's self - destruct charge to destroy the camera , photographic film , and related classified parts . He was also criticized for not using a CIA - issued `` suicide pill '' to kill himself ( a coin with shellfish toxin embedded in its grooves , revealed during CIA testimony to the Church Committee in 1975 ) . He was debriefed extensively by the CIA , Lockheed Corporation , and the Air Force , after which a statement was issued by CIA director John McCone that `` Mr. Powers lived up to the terms of his employment and instructions in connection with his mission and in his obligations as an American . '' On March 6 , 1962 , he appeared before a Senate Armed Services Select Committee hearing chaired by Senator Richard Russell , Jr. which included Senators Prescott Bush , Leverett Saltonstall , Robert Byrd , Margaret Chase Smith , John Stennis , Strom Thurmond , and Barry Goldwater . During the hearing , Senator Saltonstall stated , `` I commend you as a courageous , fine young American citizen who lived up to your instructions and who did the best you could under very difficult circumstances . '' Senator Bush declared , `` I am satisfied he has conducted himself in exemplary fashion and in accordance with the highest traditions of service to one 's country , and I congratulate him upon his conduct in captivity . '' Senator Goldwater sent him a handwritten note : `` You did a good job for your country . '' Clarence Johnson and Francis Gary Powers in front of a U-2 ( Photo Gary Powers , Jr . / Cold War Museum via AP ) Divorce and remarriage ( edit ) Powers and his wife Barbara separated in 1962 and divorced in January 1963 . Powers stated that the reasons for the divorce included her infidelity and alcoholism , adding that she constantly threw tantrums and overdosed on pills shortly after his return . He started a relationship with Claudia Edwards `` Sue '' Downey , whom he had met while working briefly at CIA Headquarters . Downey had a child , Dee Rogers , from her previous marriage . They were married on October 26 , 1963 . Their son Francis Gary Powers II was born on June 5 , 1965 . The marriage proved to be a very happy one , and Sue worked hard to preserve her husband 's legacy after his death . Praise ( edit ) During a speech in March 1964 , former CIA Director Allen Dulles said of Powers , `` He performed his duty in a very dangerous mission and he performed it well , and I think I know more about that than some of his detractors and critics know , and I am glad to say that to him tonight . '' Later career ( edit ) Powers worked for Lockheed as a test pilot from 1962 to 1970 , though the CIA paid his salary . In 1970 , he wrote the book Operation Overflight with co-author Curt Gentry . Lockheed fired him , because `` the book 's publication had ruffled some feathers at Langley . '' Powers became a helicopter traffic pilot reporter for KNBC News Channel 4 . Death ( edit ) Main article : 1977 Gary Powers helicopter crash Powers was piloting a helicopter for KNBC Channel 4 over West Los Angeles on August 1 , 1977 when the aircraft crashed , killing him and his cameraman George Spears . They had been recording video tape following brush fires in Santa Barbara County in the KNBC helicopter and were heading back from them . His Bell 206 JetRanger helicopter ran out of fuel and crashed at the Sepulveda Dam recreational area in Encino , California , several miles short of its intended landing site at Burbank Airport . The National Transportation Safety Board report attributed the probable cause of the crash to pilot error . According to Powers 's son , an aviation mechanic had repaired a faulty fuel gauge without informing Powers , who subsequently misread it . At the last moment , he noticed children playing in the area and directed the helicopter elsewhere to avoid landing on them . He might have landed safely if not for the last - second deviation , which compromised his autorotative descent . Powers was survived by his wife , children Claudia Dee and Francis Gary Powers Jr. , and five sisters . He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery as an Air Force veteran . Honors ( edit ) Powers received the CIA 's Intelligence Star in 1965 after his return from the Soviet Union . Powers was originally scheduled to receive it in 1963 along with other pilots involved in the CIA 's U-2 program , but the award was postponed for political reasons . In 1970 , Powers published his first -- and only -- book review , on a work about aerial reconnaissance , Unarmed and Unafraid by Glenn Infield , in the monthly magazine Business & Commercial Aviation . `` The subject has great interest to me , '' he said , in submitting his review . In 1998 , newly declassified information revealed that Powers 's mission had been a joint USAF / CIA operation . In 2000 , on the 40th anniversary of the U-2 Incident , his family was presented with his posthumously awarded Prisoner of War Medal , Distinguished Flying Cross , and National Defense Service Medal . In addition , CIA Director George Tenet authorized Powers to posthumously receive the CIA 's coveted Director 's Medal for extreme fidelity and extraordinary courage in the line of duty . On June 15 , 2012 , Powers was posthumously awarded the Silver Star medal for `` demonstrating ' exceptional loyalty ' while enduring harsh interrogation in the Lubyanka Prison in Moscow for almost two years . '' Air Force Chief of Staff General Norton Schwartz presented the decoration to Powers 's grandchildren , Trey Powers , 9 , and Lindsey Berry , 29 , in a Pentagon ceremony . Legacy ( edit ) Biography portal United States Air Force portal Powers 's son , Francis Gary Powers Jr. , founded the Cold War Museum in 1996 . Affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution , it was essentially a traveling exhibit until it found a permanent home in 2011 on a former Army communications base outside Washington , D.C . In popular culture ( edit ) In the 1976 telemovie Francis Gary Powers : The True Story of the U-2 Spy Incident , Powers was played by Lee Majors . In 1999 , the History Channel aired Mystery of the U2 , hosted by Arthur Kent as part of their History Undercover series . The program was produced by Indigo Films . In the 2015 movie Bridge of Spies , dramatizing the negotiations to repatriate Powers , he is portrayed by Austin Stowell , with Tom Hanks starring as negotiator James Donovan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CIA FOIA -- Francis Gary Powers : U-2 Spy Pilot Shot Down by the Soviets '' . Foia.cia.gov . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Francis Gary Powers ( 1929 - 1977 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . findagrave.com . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Francis ( 2004 ) . Operation Overflight : A Memoir of the U-2 Incident . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 3 . ISBN 9781574884227 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Newnan - Coweta Magazine , Sep / Oct , 2011 , p. 78 , https://issuu.com/debwilli/docs/ncom_0910_11_all_lo/78 Jump up ^ `` U-2 Specifications '' . Lockheed Martin . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lockheed Martin U-2 Dragon Lady - Development and Operational History , Performance Specifications and Picture Gallery '' . www.militaryfactory.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harper , John . `` U-2 Dragon Lady '' . Military.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` American U-2 spy plane shot down - May 01 , 1960 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abarinov , Vladimir ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Fifty Years Later , Gary Powers and U-2 Spy Plane Incident Remembered '' . RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` S - 75 '' . Astronautix.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2001 ) . Spyplane : The U-2 History Declassified . Zenith Press . p. 137 ISBN 0760309574 Jump up ^ http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/gary-powers-secret-diary-soviet-capture-180956939/#yilEojcaVQvIj9qc.99 Jump up ^ Rich , Ben ( 1994 ) . Skunk Works . Little , Brown and Company . pp. 162 -- 163 . ISBN 0316743305 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History -- History.com -- What Happened Today in History '' . History.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Museum - Monino , Russia '' . www.moninoaviation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Famous Cases : Rudolph Ivanovich Abel ( Hollow Nickel Case ) Archived January 21 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Federal Bureau of Investigation . Jump up ^ `` CIA documents show US never believed Gary Powers was shot down '' . Timesonline.co.uk . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 1962 Spy Exchange of Powers for Abel '' . Francis Gary Powers , Jr . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the board of inquiry into the case of francis gary powers ( sanitized copy ) '' ( PDF ) . Central Intelligence Agency . February 27 , 1962 . p. 1 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( page 2 ) . New York Daily News . March 7 , 1962 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Musgrove , Eric . `` Remembering the people and events that shaped Suwannee County history : Barbara Moore - part 2 '' . Suwannee Democrat . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ VA Marriage Records 1936 - 2014 , Certificate # 32518 Jump up ^ Writer , From a Times Staff ( 2004 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Claudia ' Sue ' Powers , 68 ; Wife of Spy Plane Pilot Downed During Cold War '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Powers , Francis Gary ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Operation Overflight : The U-2 pilot tells his story for the first time '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Francis Gary Powers Helicopter Crash '' . Check-six.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Powers Helicopter Crash '' . Phs1.org . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Robert Patterson . `` Francis Gary Powers , Captain , United States Air Force '' . Arlingtoncemetery.net . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Letter to G. Haber , Managing Editor , Business & Commercial Aviation Jump up ^ Traitor or Patriot ? Boghardt , Thomas . International Spy Museum . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Press Advisory : Silver Star to be Posthumously Presented to Capt . Francis Gary Powers '' . Defense.gov . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U-2 Pilot Gary Powers Receives Silver Star -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cold War pilot Francis Gary Powers to get Silver Star '' . CNN.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cold War Museum '' . Coldwar.org . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hanks - Steven Spielberg Cold War Thriller Set for Oct. 16 , 2015 '' , Variety , accessed June 5 , 2014 Notes ( edit ) Khrushchev , Sergei N. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower . State College , PA : Penn State Press , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 01927 - 7 . Powers , Francis Gary with Gentry , Curt . Operation Overflight . Hodder & Stoughton Ltd , 1971 ( hard cover ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 14823 - 5 . Potomac Book , 2002 ( paperback ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 422 - 7 . West , Nigel . Seven Spies Who Changed the World . London : Secker & Warburg , 1992 ( hard cover ) . London : Mandarin , 1992 ( paperback ) . The Trial of the U2 : Exclusive Authorized Account of the Court Proceedings of the Case of Francis Gary Powers , Heard before the Military Division of the Supreme Court of the U.S.S.R. , Moscow , 17 August 18 , 19 , 1960 . Translation World Publishers , Chicago : 1960 . Powers , F.G. ; Gentry , C. ( 2004 ) . Operation Overflight : A Memoir of the U-2 Incident . Potomac Books , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 422 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Pickett , William B. ( 2007 ) . `` Eisenhower , Khrushchev , and the U-2 Affair : A Forty - six Year Retrospective '' . In Clifford , J. Garry ; Wilson , Theodore A. Presidents , Diplomats , and Other Mortals : Essays Honoring Robert H. Ferrell . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . pp. 137 -- 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1747 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Francis Gary Powers . Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article : Francis Gary Powers CIA FOIA documents on Gary Powers FBI Records : The Vault - Francis Gary Powers Documents and Photographs regarding the U-2 Spy Plane Incident of 1960 , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Check-Six.com The Francis Gary Powers Helo Crash Transcripts of the Soviet court trial ( in Russian ) ( dead link -- saved at the Internet Archive ) 1962 Russia frees US spy plane pilot View images of the Francis Gary Powers U-2 Pilot Cinderella stamps on the artist 's webSite . IMDB page for the 1976 TV movie . BIBSYS : 90844662 GND : 124954367 ISNI : 0000 0001 2283 3343 LCCN : no2001005179 LNB : 000238842 SNAC : w6cv4qhs SUDOC : 088836355 VIAF : 98129104 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francis_Gary_Powers&oldid=856322818 '' Categories : 1929 births 1977 deaths American people convicted of spying for the United States American people imprisoned abroad American people imprisoned in the Soviet Union American prisoners of war American spies against the Soviet Union Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Films about shot - down aviators Milligan College alumni People from Jenkins , Kentucky People from Pound , Virginia People of the Central Intelligence Agency Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross ( United States ) Recipients of the Intelligence Star Recipients of the Silver Star Shot - down aviators United States Air Force officers Victims of helicopter accidents or incidents in the United States Inmates of Vladimir Central Prison Lockheed Martin people Military personnel from Virginia Military personnel from Kentucky Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Use mdy dates from March 2017 Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2015 Articles with Russian - language external links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LNB identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 12 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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you don't know me armand van helden song

You Do n't Know Me ( Armand Van Helden song )

you don't know me ( armand van helden song )

`` You Do n't Know Me '' ( originally titled `` U Do n't Know Me '' , sometimes shortened as `` YDKM '' ) is a song by American record producer Armand Van Helden , featuring the vocals from German - American singer Duane Harden . It was released on 25 January 1999 as the lead single from his third studio album , 2 Future 4 U .

The song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart , and reached number one in the UK Singles Chart in February 1999 , where it dethroned The Offspring 's `` Pretty Fly ( For a White Guy ) '' off the top spot . It scored Armand Van Helden his first chart - topper in the UK . `` U Do n't Know Me '' peaked at number seven in France and Italy . The recording of this song went about in an unconventional way ; the track was laid down , Van Helden went off and did his own thing , and left Harden to his own devices . This song was soon sampled by DJ duo Doman & Gooding for their hit single , `` Runnin ' '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Charts 3 Certification 4 References Content ( edit ) The strings featured in this song are courtesy of Carrie Lucas 's `` Dance With You '' . The drums are sampled from Jaydee 's `` Plastic Dreams '' The full version of the track features a dialogue from the Dial M for Monkey segment of Cartoon Network 's Dexter 's Laboratory . The episode was `` Simion '' , ( Maurice LaMarche ) provided the spoken intro . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 26 Canada Dance ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 40 Ireland ( IRMA ) 11 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 15 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 18 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 27 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music / Club Play Certification ( edit ) Country Certification Sales / Shipments Australia Gold 35,000 + References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 629 -- 30 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Articles - Interview : Duane Harden '' . UKMIX . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Armand Van Helden feat . Duane Harden -- You Do n't Know Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Armand Van Helden feat . Duane Harden -- You Do n't Know Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Armand Van Helden feat . Duane Harden -- You Do n't Know Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Armand Van Helden feat . Duane Harden -- You Do n't Know Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Armand Van Helden feat . Duane Harden Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : V '' . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Armand Van Helden feat . Duane Harden search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Armand Van Helden feat . Duane Harden -- You Do n't Know Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Armand Van Helden feat . Duane Harden -- You Do n't Know Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Armand Van Helden feat . Duane Harden -- You Do n't Know Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Armand Van Helden feat . Duane Harden -- You Do n't Know Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Armand Van Helden - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 1999 Singles '' . Aria.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . Preceded by `` Pretty Fly ( for a White Guy ) '' by The Offspring UK Singles Chart number - one single 31 January 1999 -- 6 February 1999 Succeeded by `` Maria '' by Blondie ( hide ) Armand Van Helden Discography Studio albums Old School Junkies : The Album Sampleslaya : Enter the Meatmarket 2 Future 4 U Killing Puritans Gandhi Khan Nympho Ghettoblaster Extra Dimensional Compilation albums You Do n't Know Me : The Best of Armand Van Helden Singles Witch Doktor '' `` Cha Cha '' `` The Funk Phenomena '' `` Ultrafunkula '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' ( feat . Duane Harden ) `` Flowerz '' `` Koochy '' `` Full Moon '' `` Why Ca n't U Free Some Time '' `` Hear My Name '' ( feat . Spalding Rockwell ) `` My My My '' `` Into Your Eyes '' `` When the Lights Go Down '' `` Sugar '' `` Touch Your Toes '' ( feat . Fat Joe & BL ) `` NYC Beat '' `` I Want Your Soul '' `` Je t'aime '' `` Bonkers '' Other songs `` Professional Widow ( Armand Van Helden Remix ) '' `` You Ca n't Change Me '' `` Signs ( Armand Van Helden Remix ) '' `` Old Love / New Love ( Armand Van Helden Remix ) '' Related articles Duck Sauce Southern Fried Records This 1990s Dance / House song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1990s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Don%27t_Know_Me_(Armand_Van_Helden_song)&oldid=801435335 '' Categories : 1998 songs 1999 singles Armand Van Helden songs Songs written by Armand Van Helden Songs written by Duane Harden Number - one dance singles in Canada UK Singles Chart number - one singles 1990s dance song stubs 1990s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Audio sample to be checked Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 17 : 19 . About Wikipedia

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who played voldemort in harry potter and the deathly hallows

Lord Voldemort

lord voldemort

Lord Voldemort ( / ˈvoʊldəmɔːr / , / - mɔːrt / in the films ; born Tom Marvolo Riddle ) is a fictional character and the main antagonist in J.K. Rowling 's series of Harry Potter novels . Voldemort first appeared in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , which was released in 1997 . Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its film adaptation in the series , except the third , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , where he is only mentioned .

Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter , who according to a prophecy has `` the power to vanquish the Dark Lord '' . Nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his unmentionable name , and refers to him instead with such expressions as `` You - Know - Who '' , `` He - Who - Must - Not - Be-Named '' or `` the Dark Lord '' . Voldemort 's obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the wizarding world of Muggle ( non-magical ) heritage and to conquer both worlds , Muggle and wizarding , to achieve pure - blood dominance . Through his mother 's family , he is the last descendant of wizard Salazar Slytherin , one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . He is the leader of the Death Eaters , a group of evil wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles and establishing Voldemort as its supreme ruler . According to Rowling , the ' t ' in `` Voldemort '' is silent , as it is in the French word for death , `` mort '' . Jim Dale pronounced it so in the first four US audiobooks , yet the characters in the film version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone pronounced the `` t '' -- after which Dale changed his audiobook pronunciation accordingly . For all the UK audiobooks Stephen Fry pronounced the name including the `` t '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 2 Appearances 2.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 2.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2.8 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 3 Portrayals within films 4 Characterisation 4.1 Outward appearance 4.2 Personality 4.3 Magical abilities and skills 5 Family 5.1 Family tree 5.2 Riddle family 5.3 Gaunt family 6 Reception 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 External links Character development In a 2001 interview , Rowling said Voldemort was invented as a nemesis for Harry Potter ( the protagonist of the novels ) , and she intentionally did not flesh out Voldemort 's backstory at first . `` The basic idea ( was that Harry ) did n't know he was a wizard ... And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was ... When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry -- he tried to curse him ... Harry has to find out , before we find out . And -- so -- but for some mysterious reason the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , who has been in hiding ever since . '' In the second book , Rowling establishes that Voldemort hates non-pure - blood wizards , despite being a half - blood himself . In a 2000 interview with the BBC , Rowling described Voldemort as a self - hating bully : `` Well I think it is often the case that the biggest bullies take what they know to be their own defects , as they see it , and they put them right on someone else and then they try and destroy the other and that 's what Voldemort does . '' In the same year , Rowling became more precise about Voldemort . She began to link him to real - life tyrants , describing him as `` a raging psychopath , devoid of the normal human responses to other people 's suffering '' . In 2004 , though , Rowling said that she did not base Voldemort on any real person . In 2006 , Rowling told an interviewer that Voldemort at his core has a human fear : the fear of death . She said : `` Voldemort 's fear is death , ignominious death . I mean , he regards death itself as ignominious . He thinks that it 's a shameful human weakness , as you know . His worst fear is death . '' Throughout the series , Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the wizarding world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name . Most characters in the novels refer to him as `` You - Know - Who '' or `` He - Who - Must - Not - Be-Named '' rather than say his name aloud . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , a `` taboo '' spell is placed upon the name , such that Voldemort or his followers may trace anyone who utters it . By this means , his followers eventually find and capture Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . In the second book , Rowling reveals that I am Lord Voldemort is an anagram of the character 's birth name , Tom Marvolo Riddle . According to the author , Voldemort 's name is an invented word . Some literary analysts have considered possible meanings in the name : Philip Nel states that Voldemort is derived from the French for `` flight of death '' , and in a 2002 paper , Nilsen and Nilsen suggest that readers get a `` creepy feeling '' from the name Voldemort , because of the French word `` mort '' ( `` death '' ) within it and that word 's association with cognate English words derived from the Latin mors . Appearances Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Voldemort on the back of Professor Quirrell 's head in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Voldemort makes his debut in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . In this story , Rowling introduces him as the Dark Lord who murdered Harry 's parents , James and Lily , but as a result of his mother 's love and willingness to sacrifice herself for him , baby Harry survives when Voldemort tries to murder him with a Killing Curse . Voldemort is disembodied , and Harry carries a mysterious scar on his forehead as a result . In the book , Voldemort unsuccessfully tries to regain his dissolved body by stealing the titular Philosopher 's Stone . To achieve his objective , Voldemort uses Professor Quirrell 's aid by latching onto the back of Quirrell 's head . However , at the climax of the book , Harry manages to prevent Voldemort from stealing the stone . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets In the second instalment , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Rowling introduces Tom Marvolo Riddle , a manifestation of a teenage Voldemort that resides inside a magical diary found by Ginny Weasley . In this book , Ginny is written as a shy girl with a crush on Harry . Feeling anxious and lonely , she begins to write into the diary and shares her deepest fears with the sympathetic Tom . However , at the climax of the story , when Riddle rearranges the letters in his name to write `` I am Lord Voldemort '' , Riddle is revealed as a magical manifestation of the boy who would later grow up to become the Dark Lord . Riddle states he has grown strong on Ginny 's fears and eventually possesses her , using her as a pawn to unlock the Chamber of Secrets , whence a basilisk is set free and petrifies several Hogwarts students . Harry defeats the manifestation of Riddle from the diary and the basilisk . In Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Albus Dumbledore reveals to Harry that the diary was one of Voldemort 's Horcruxes . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Voldemort does not appear in the third book , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , either in person or as a magical manifestation . He is , however , heard when Harry passes out from the harsh effects of a Dementor . Towards the end of the story Sybill Trelawney , the Divination professor , makes a rare genuine prophecy : The Dark Lord lies alone and friendless , abandoned by his followers . His servant has been chained these twelve years . Tonight , before midnight , the servant will break free and set out to rejoin his master . The Dark Lord will rise again with his servant 's aid , greater and more terrible than ever before . Tonight ... before midnight ... the servant ... will set out ... to rejoin ... his master ... Though it is initially implied that the prophecy refers to Sirius Black , the book 's ostensible antagonist , the servant is eventually revealed to be Peter Pettigrew , who , for the 12 years since Voldemort 's fall , has been disguised as Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire In the fourth instalment of the series , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Voldemort appears at the start and the climax of the book . Rowling lets many seemingly unrelated plot elements fall into order . It is revealed that Voldemort 's minion Barty Crouch Jr , disguised as Hogwarts professor Mad - Eye Moody , has manipulated the events of the Triwizard Tournament in Harry 's favour . Voldemort 's goal is to teleport Harry under Dumbledore 's watch as a reluctant participant to the Little Hangleton graveyard , where the Riddle family is buried . Harry is captured and , after Pettigrew uses Harry 's blood to fulfil a gruesome magical ritual , Voldemort regains his body and is restored to his full power . For the first time in the series , Rowling describes his appearance : `` tall and skeletally thin '' , with a face `` whiter than a skull , with wide , livid scarlet eyes and a nose that was as flat as a snake 's with slits for nostrils '' . Rowling writes that his `` hands were like large , pale spiders ; his long white fingers caressed his own chest , his arms , his face ; the red eyes , whose pupils were slits , like a cat 's , gleamed still more brightly through the darkness '' . It was revealed that , while in Albania , Pettigrew had captured the Ministry of Magic official Bertha Jorkins , who was tortured for information about the Ministry . After they learned that Barty Crouch Jr , a faithful Death Eater , had been smuggled out of Azkaban and was privately confined at his father 's house , they killed her . With Pettigrew 's help , Voldemort creates a small , rudimentary body , corporeal enough to travel and perform magic , and formulated a plan to restore his own body by capturing Harry . A portion of the plan had been overheard by Frank Bryce , a gardener , whom Voldemort then killed . Voldemort then completes his plan and returns to life in his full body as a result of the ritual with Harry 's blood . He then summons his Death Eaters to the graveyard to witness the death of Harry as he challenges Harry to a duel . However , when Voldemort duels Harry , their wands become magically locked together due to the twin Phoenix feather cores of the wands . Because of a phenomenon later revealed as Priori Incantatem , ghost - like manifestations of Voldemort 's most recent victims ( including Harry 's parents ) then appear and distract Voldemort , allowing Harry just enough time to escape via Portkey with the body of fellow - student , Cedric Diggory , who was murdered by Pettigrew on Voldemort 's orders . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Voldemort appears at the climax of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , having again plotted against Harry . In this book , Harry goes through extreme emotional stress , and according to Rowling , it was necessary to prove that Harry is emotionally vulnerable and thus human , in contrast to his nemesis Voldemort , who is emotionally invulnerable and thus inhuman : `` ( Harry is ) a very human hero , and this is , obviously , there 's a contrast , between him , as a very human hero , and Voldemort , who has deliberately dehumanised himself . ( ... ) and Harry , therefore , did have to reach a point where he did almost break down . '' In this book , Voldemort makes liberal use of the Ministry of Magic 's refusal to believe that he has returned . Voldemort engineers a plot to free Bellatrix Lestrange and other Death Eaters from Azkaban and then embarks on a scheme to retrieve the full record of a prophecy stored in the Department of Mysteries regarding Harry and himself . He sends a group of Death Eaters to retrieve the prophecy , where the Order of the Phoenix meets them . All but Bellatrix are captured , and Voldemort engages in a ferocious duel with Dumbledore . When Dumbledore gets the upper hand , Voldemort attempts to possess Harry but finds that he can not ; Harry is too full of that which Voldemort finds incomprehensible , and which he detests as weakness : love . Sensing that Dumbledore could win , Voldemort disapparates , but not before the Minister for Magic sees him in person , making his return to life public knowledge in the next book . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Voldemort does not appear in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , although his presence and actions are felt : he once again declares war , and begins to rise to power once more . He murders Amelia Bones of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement , and begins to target members of the Order of the Phoenix , including Emmeline Vance . Rowling uses several chapters as exposition to establish Voldemort 's backstory . In a series of flashbacks , using the pensieve as a plot device , she reveals that Voldemort was the son of the witch Merope Gaunt and a Muggle called Tom Riddle . Riddle abandoned Merope before their child 's birth , soon after which Merope died , just hours after giving birth . After living in an orphanage , young Riddle met Dumbledore , who told him he was a wizard and arranged for him to attend Hogwarts . Riddle was outwardly a model student , but was in reality a psychopath who takes sadistic pleasure in using his powers to harm and control people . He eventually murdered his father and grandparents as revenge for abandoning him . The book also discusses Riddle 's hatred of `` Muggles '' , his obsession with Horcruxes , and his desire to split his soul to achieve immortality . Rowling stated Voldemort 's conception under the influence of a love potion symbolises the prejudicial circumstances under which he was brought into the world . In the main plot of the book , Voldemort 's next step is to engineer an assault on Hogwarts , and to attack Dumbledore . This is accomplished by Draco Malfoy , who arranges transportation of Death Eaters into Hogwarts by a pair of Vanishing Cabinets , which bypass the extensive protective enchantments placed around the school . The cabinets allow Voldemort 's Death Eaters to enter Hogwarts , where battle commences and Dumbledore is cornered . Hogwarts professor ( and re-doubled agent ) Severus Snape uses the Killing Curse against Dumbledore when Draco could not force himself to do so . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Further information : Deathly Hallows ( objects ) In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Voldemort furthers his quest for ultimate power . He disposes of the Minister for Magic and replaces him with Pius Thicknesse , who is under the Imperius Curse . Establishing a totalitarian police state , he has Muggle - borns persecuted and arrested for `` stealing magic '' from the `` pure blood '' wizards . After failing to kill Harry with Draco 's father Lucius Malfoy 's borrowed wand ( to avoid the effect of Priori Incantatem ) , he goes on a murderous search for the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand ever created , seeing it as the weapon he needs to overcome Harry 's wand and make him truly invincible . He goes on a quest that takes him out of the country to Gregorovitch 's wand shop , where he kills the old wandmaker . His journey also takes him to Nurmengard , the prison where Gellert Grindelwald is kept , and he kills Grindelwald as well . He finally locates the Elder Wand and steals it from Dumbledore 's tomb . Later , he finds out that Harry and his friends are hunting and destroying his Horcruxes . After offering the occupants of Hogwarts mercy if they give up Harry , he assembles a large army and launches an invasion of the castle , where Harry is searching for Ravenclaw 's Lost Diadem , one of the Horcruxes . Voldemort orders his pet snake Nagini to execute Snape , believing it would make him the true master of the Elder Wand , since Snape killed Dumbledore . He then calls an hour 's armistice , in exchange for Harry . When Harry willingly walks into Voldemort 's camp in the Forbidden Forest , Voldemort strikes him down with the Elder Wand . However , the use of Harry 's blood to resurrect Voldemort 's body proves to be a major setback : while Harry 's blood runs in Voldemort 's veins , Harry can not be killed as his mother 's protection lives on now in Voldemort too . Instead , Voldemort destroys the part of his own soul that resides in Harry 's body . Voldemort forces Rubeus Hagrid to carry Harry 's apparently lifeless body back to the castle as a trophy , sparking another battle during which Nagini , his last Horcrux , is destroyed by Neville Longbottom . The battle then moves into the Great Hall , where Voldemort fights Minerva McGonagall , Kingsley Shacklebolt , and Horace Slughorn simultaneously . Harry then reveals himself and explains to Voldemort that Draco became the true master of the Elder Wand when he disarmed Dumbledore ; Harry , in turn , won the wand 's allegiance when he took Draco 's wand . Refusing to believe this , Voldemort casts the Killing Curse with the Elder Wand while Harry uses a Disarming Charm with Draco 's , but the Elder Wand refuses to kill its master and the spell rebounds on Voldemort who , with all of his Horcruxes destroyed , finally dies . His body is laid in a different chamber from all the others who died battling him . Rowling stated that after his death , Voldemort is forced to exist in the stunted infant - like form that Harry sees in the King 's Cross-like Limbo after his confrontation with Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest . Rowling also mentioned that , despite his extreme fear of death , he can not become a ghost . Harry Potter and the Cursed child In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , it is revealed that Bellatrix gave birth to Voldemort 's daughter Delphi in Malfoy Manor before the Battle of Hogwarts . Twenty - two years later , Delphi poses as Cedric 's cousin and manipulates Harry and Ginny 's second son Albus Severus Potter , his friend , Draco and Astoria Greengrass 's son Scorpius Malfoy into stealing a prototype Time Turner with which she hopes to resurrect her father . Using the Time Turner , Scorpius accidentally creates an alternative timeline where Voldemort killed Harry at the battle and now rules the wizarding world . In an attempt to achieve this future , Delphi travels to Godric 's Hollow on the night Voldemort killed Harry 's parents , hoping to avert the prophecy that led to her father 's downfall . After receiving a message from his son , Harry , together with Ron , Hermione and Draco ( who by now has become friends with Harry after they join forces to save their respective sons ) transfigures himself into Voldemort so that he can distract Delphi , allowing them to overpower her . The real Voldemort kills Harry 's parents as prophesied , and Delphi is sent to Azkaban . Portrayals within films Young Tom in his fifth year at Hogwarts as played by Christian Coulson in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Voldemort appears in seven Harry Potter films , namely Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Several actors have portrayed him in his varying incarnations and ages . In Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Voldemort 's manifestation is as a face on the back of Quirrell 's head , an effect achieved by computer generated imagery . Ian Hart , the actor who played Quirrell in the same film , provided the voice and the facial source for this character . Voldemort also appears in a scene in the Forbidden Forest where he is seen drinking the blood of a unicorn . As Voldemort 's face was altered enough by CG work , and Hart 's voice was affected enough , there was no confusion by Hart 's playing of the two roles . In that film , he was also shown in a flashback sequence when he arrived at the home of James and Lily Potter to kill them . In this scene Voldemort is played by Richard Bremmer , though his face is never seen . His next appearance would be in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as the 16 - year - old Tom Marvolo Riddle ( portrayed by Christian Coulson ) . Ralph Fiennes portrays Voldemort from Goblet of Fire to Deathly Hallows Part 2 . In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Voldemort is initially only heard , possessing the scratchy , weak voice heard in the first film . By the film 's climax , however , he appears in his physical form for the first time , played by Ralph Fiennes . As in the book , Voldemort is shown clad in dark black robes , being tall and emaciated , with no hair and yellowish teeth ; his wand has a white tone and the handle appears to be made of bone ; his finger nails are long and pale blue while his toe nails appear to be infected . Unlike in the book , his pupils are not cat - like and his eyes are blue , because producer David Heyman felt that his evil would not be able to be seen and would not fill the audience with fear ( his eyes do briefly take on a snake - like appearance when he opens them after turning human , but quickly turn normal ) . As in the book , the film version of Voldemort has snake - like slit nostrils with the flesh of his nose significantly pressed back . Ralph Fiennes ' nose was not covered in makeup on the set , but was digitally removed in post-production . In this first appearance , Voldemort also has a forked tongue , but this element was removed for the subsequent films . Fiennes stated that he had two weeks to shoot the climactic showdown scene where he is gloating over a terrified Harry , played by Daniel Radcliffe . Fiennes said with a chuckle : `` I have no doubt children will be afraid of me now if they were n't before . '' In preparation , he read the novel Goblet of Fire , but jokingly conceded : `` I was only interested in my scene , and I had to go through thousands and thousands of other scenes which I did , dutifully , until I got to my scene and I read it many , many , many , many , many times and that was my research . '' Fiennes reprised his role as Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . Fiennes 's nephew , Hero Fiennes - Tiffin , portrayed Tom Riddle as a child in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . By the time filming arrived Christian Coulson was 29 , and not considered suitable to return as the adolescent Riddle . Thomas James Longley was originally scheduled to take over the role , but last minute renegotiations saw Frank Dillane cast instead . Characterisation Outward appearance After he regains his body in the fourth book , Rowling describes Voldemort as having pale skin , a chalk - white , skull - like face , snake - like slits for nostrils , red eyes and cat - like slits for pupils , a skeletally thin body and long , thin hands with unnaturally long fingers . As mentioned in the first chapter of the seventh book , he also has no hair or lips . Earlier in life , as seen through flashbacks contained in the second and sixth books , Tom Marvolo Riddle was handsome and tall with pale skin , jet black hair , and dark brown eyes . He could charm many people with his looks . The transformation into his monstrous state is believed to have been the result of creating his Horcruxes and becoming less human as he continued to divide his soul . In the films , Voldemort 's eyes are blue with round pupils . Personality Rowling described Voldemort as `` the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years '' . She elaborated that he is a `` raging psychopath , devoid of the normal human responses to other people 's suffering '' , and whose only ambition in life is to become all - powerful and immortal . He is also a sadist who hurts and murders people -- especially Muggles -- just for pleasure . He has no conscience , feels no remorse , and does not recognise the worth and humanity of anybody except himself . He feels no need for human companionship or friendship , and can not comprehend love or affection for another . He believes he is superior to everyone around him , to the point that he frequently refers to himself in the third - person as `` Lord Voldemort '' . Rowling also stated that Voldemort is `` incredibly power hungry . Racist , really '' , and that if Voldemort were to look into the Mirror of Erised , he would see `` Himself , all - powerful and eternal . That 's what he wants . '' Rowling also stated that Voldemort 's conception by influence of Amortentia -- a love potion administered by his mother , a witch named Merope Gaunt , to the Muggle Tom Riddle -- is related to his inability to understand love ; it is `` a symbolic way of showing that he came from a loveless union -- but of course , everything would have changed if Merope had survived and raised him herself and loved him . The enchantment under which Tom Riddle fathered Voldemort is important because it shows coercion , and there ca n't be many more prejudicial ways to enter the world than as the result of such a union '' . Like most archetypical villains , Voldemort 's arrogance leads to his downfall . He also suffers from a pathological fear of death , which he regards as a shameful and ignominious human weakness . However , while he had many traits of a megalomaniac , he did not have all , as one common trait associated with megalomania and narcissists was shifting blame . Voldemort admitted he paid an expensive price in attacking the parents of Harry Potter , and carefully studied what went wrong when reorganizing his Death Eaters , ultimately placing the blame upon himself . According to Rowling , his Boggart would be his own corpse . Rowling also said that the difference between Harry and Voldemort is that Harry accepts mortality , and thus Harry is in the end stronger than his nemesis . Magical abilities and skills Throughout the series , Rowling establishes Voldemort as an extremely powerful , intelligent , and ruthless Dark Wizard . He is known as one of the greatest Legilimens in the world and a highly accomplished Occlumens ; he can read minds and shield his own from penetration . Besides Dumbledore , he is also the only wizard ever known to be able to apparate silently . Voldemort was also said to fear one wizard alone , Dumbledore . In the final book , Voldemort flies unsupported , something that amazes those who see it . Voldemort , like his ancestral family , the Gaunts , is a Parselmouth , meaning he can converse with serpents . This skill was inherited from his ancestor , Salazar Slytherin . The Gaunt family speak Parseltongue among themselves . This highly unusual trait may be preserved through inbreeding , a practice employed by the Gaunt Family to maintain their blood 's purity . When Voldemort attempts to kill Harry his ability to speak Parseltongue is passed to Harry through the small bit of the former 's soul . After that bit of soul is destroyed , Harry loses this ability . In a flashback in the sixth novel , Voldemort boasts to Dumbledore during a job interview that he has `` pushed the boundaries of magic farther than they had ever before '' . Dumbledore states that Voldemort 's knowledge of magic is more extensive than any wizard alive and that even Dumbledore 's most powerful protective spells and charms would likely be insufficient if Voldemort returned to full power . Dumbledore also said that Voldemort was probably the most brilliant student Hogwarts has ever seen . Although Voldemort remains highly accomplished and prodigious in skill , he is enormously lacking and highly inept in the most powerful magic , love . This inability to love and trust others proves to be Voldemort 's greatest weakness in the series . Voldemort initially voices scepticism that his own magic might not be the most powerful , but upon returning to power , he admits to his Death Eaters that he had overlooked the ancient and powerful magic which Lily Potter invoked and that would protect Harry from harm . On her website , Rowling wrote that Voldemort 's wand is made of yew , whose sap is poisonous and which symbolises death . It forms a deliberate contrast to Harry 's wand , which is made of holly , which she chose because holly is alleged to repel evil . Rowling establishes in the books that Voldemort is magically connected to Harry via Harry 's forehead scar . He disembodies himself when his Killing Curse targeting Harry rebounds on him , leaving the scar on Harry 's forehead . In the books , and to a lesser extent in the films , Harry 's scar serves as an indicator of Voldemort 's presence : it burns when the Dark Lord is near or when Voldemort is feeling murderous or exultant . According to Rowling , by attacking Harry when he was a baby Voldemort gave him `` tools ( that ) no other wizard possessed -- the scar and the ability it conferred , a magical window into Voldemort 's mind '' . Family Family tree Note : The names ' Thomas ' and ' Mary ' Riddle are taken from the films , and Delphini appears only in the Cursed Child play . The Potter Family is not shown . ( show ) Voldemort family tree Salazar Slytherin The Peverell Family Thomas Riddle Mary Riddle Marvolo Gaunt Tom Riddle Sr . Merope Gaunt Morfin Gaunt Tom Marvolo Riddle Bellatrix Lestrange Delphini Harry Potter Notes : Riddle family The Riddle family , an old gentry family , consisted of old Thomas and Mary Riddle and their son , Tom Riddle , Esq . They owned over half of the valley that the town of Little Hangleton lay in , and Thomas was the most prominent inhabitant of that town . They lived in a large house with fine gardens , but were unpopular amongst the local residents due to their snobbish attitudes . Tom , apparently the only child of Thomas and Mary , indulged in the typical pursuits of the upper class in the first half of the twentieth century , socialising with attractive women of his class , riding horses , and enjoying his status in the town . Rowling revealed in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince that young Merope Gaunt made efforts to get as close to Tom as she could , peering at him through the windows and bushes at every opportunity . Morfin noticed his sister 's affection for Tom and hexed him as he rode by , covering him in hives . This breach of wizarding law , and the ensuing violent struggle with Ministry of Magic officials , led to Marvolo and Morfin being imprisoned in Azkaban . As surmised by Dumbledore , once Merope was alone and no longer dominated by her father , she could make her move for Tom . Merope offered Tom a drink laced with a love potion as he rode by one day without his attractive companion , Cecilia . He became infatuated with Merope and they eloped . Within three months of the marriage , Merope became pregnant . Merope decided to stop giving Tom the love potion , having come to the belief such enchantment of a man was tantamount to slavery . She also revealed her witch status to Tom , believing either that he had fallen in love with her on his own or he would at least stay for their unborn child . She was wrong , and Tom quickly left his pregnant wife and went home to his parents , claiming to have been `` hoodwinked '' and tricked into marrying Merope . Tom Marvolo Riddle , their son , was born on 31 December 1926 and was left to grow up in an orphanage , as Merope had died soon after giving birth . Readers first learn about the doom of the Riddles in the beginning of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Tom Riddle , Esq. and his parents were murdered by Tom Marvolo Riddle . The Riddles ' gardener Frank Bryce was blamed for the murders in the Muggle world , though he was never charged or tried , while in the wizarding world Morfin Gaunt was framed for them and died in Azkaban prison . In the film adaptation of The Goblet of Fire , Voldemort 's grandparents were given the names Thomas and Mary Riddle . Gaunt family Most of the exposition of the House of Gaunt 's background occurs in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , through the medium of Dumbledore 's Pensieve . The Gaunts were once a powerful and influential family , and are the last known descendants of Salazar Slytherin . However , an infamous streak of instability and violence that was reinforced by cousin marriages intended to preserve the pureblood line had reduced them to poverty and squalour , as shown in the Pensieve 's `` memory '' that Harry and Dumbledore witnessed . Like Salazar Slytherin , the Gaunts spoke Parseltongue . At the time of the story , the Gaunts owned hardly any assets save for a ramshackle shanty in Little Hangleton , which stood in a thicket in a valley opposite the Riddle House . Like the Riddles , the Gaunts were also unpopular with the local residents , but for the opposite reason ; their squalour was looked down upon and the vicious behavior of the Gaunt men earned them a reputation for being vulgar and intimidating . Marvolo Gaunt was the last Gaunt family patriarch . He was sentenced to a short term in Azkaban for his and his son 's assault upon a Ministry of Magic official ; this affected his health and he died soon after returning home . His signet ring passed to his son , Morfin Gaunt , who was convicted of assaulting a Muggle , and later died in Azkaban , convicted this time as a party to the murder of Tom Riddle Sr and Riddle 's parents by his nephew . The real culprit was discovered much later by Dumbledore , who visited Morfin in Azkaban to gather information about Voldemort . After Dumbledore successfully extracted Morfin 's memory of his encounter with his nephew , he tried to use the evidence to have Morfin released , but Morfin died before the decision could be made . Morfin being the last male Gaunt , the House of Gaunt ended with his death . Merope Gaunt / mɛˈroʊpiː / was the daughter of Marvolo , sister of Morfin . Harry 's first impression of her was that she looked `` like the most defeated person he had ever seen '' , probably because she lived in raggedness , squalour , and abuse . She married Tom Riddle Sr and became pregnant within three months of the wedding . It is suggested that she tricked her husband into loving her by using a love potion , but when she became pregnant , she chose to stop administering the potion . It is implied that Merope had grown tired of living the lie and thought that her husband might have grown to love her , or that he might have stayed for the sake of their unborn child ; however , he left her . Desperate , Merope wandered through the streets of London . The only thing she had left was the heavy gold locket that had once belonged to Salazar Slytherin , one of her family 's most treasured items , which she sold for a small amount . When she was due to give birth , she stumbled into a Muggle orphanage , where she gave birth to her only son , Tom Marvolo Riddle . She died within the next hour . Gormlaith Gaunt was a 17th - century descendant of Salazar Slytherin , and like Salazar , a Parselmouth . Her wand was that which once belonged to Salazar himself . Educated at Hogwarts , Gormlaith lived in Ireland in the early 1600s . In about 1608 , Gormlaith killed her estranged unnamed sister , and her sister 's husband , William Sayre ( a descendant of the Irish witch Morrigan ) , and kidnapped their five - year - old daughter , Isolt Sayre , raising her in the neighbouring valley of Coomcallee , or `` Hag 's Glen '' , because she felt that her parents ' association with Muggles would badly influence Islot . Fanatical and cruel , Gormlaith used Dark magic to isolate Islot from others , forbade her a wand , and did not allow her to attend Hogwarts as she herself had , disgusted that it was now filled with Muggle - borns . After twelve years with Gormlaith , Islot stole Gormlaith 's wand and fled to the Colonies and settled in Massachusetts , where she founded the Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . When Gormlaith learned of the school , she pursued her niece in Massachusetts , where she was killed by Isolt 's friend , William the Pukwudgie , with a venom - tipped arrow . The Gaunts , including Voldemort , are distantly related to Harry because they are descendants of the Peverell brothers . Reception Several people have drawn a parallel between Voldemort and some politicians . Rowling has admitted that Voldemort was `` a sort of '' Adolf Hitler , and that there is some parallel with Nazism in her books . Rowling also compared Voldemort with Joseph Stalin , with whom he shares several traits , including that of renouncing his family name in favour of one which would invoke fear and strength . Alfonso Cuarón , director of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban compared Voldemort with George W. Bush and Saddam Hussein , as the two of them `` ... have selfish interests and are very much in love with power . Also , a disregard for the environment . A love for manipulating people . '' Andrew Slack and the Harry Potter Alliance compare media consolidation in the U.S. to Voldemort 's regime in Deathly Hallows and its control over the Daily Prophet and other media saying that `` Once Voldemort took over every form of media in the wizarding world , Dumbledore 's Army and the Order of the Phoenix formed an independent media movement called ' Potterwatch ' . Now the HP Alliance and Wizard Rock have come together to fight for a Potterwatch movement in the real world to fight back against Big VoldeMedia from further pushing out local and foreign news , minority representation , and the right to a Free Press . '' Julia Turner from Slate Magazine also noted similarities between the events of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and the current War on Terror . She said that Voldemort takes up terrorism by destroying bridges , murdering innocents , and forcing children to kill their elders . Voldemort has also been compared with other characters within fiction , for example Sauron from The Lord of the Rings ; they are , during the time when the main plot takes place , seeking to recover their lost power after having been considered dead or at least no longer a threat , and are also so feared that they are sometimes unnamed . IGN listed Voldemort as their seventh favourite Harry Potter character , calling him `` truly frightening '' . In 2014 , Watchmojo.com ranked him # 7 on their `` Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' list , while they ranked him # 1 on their `` Top 10 Most Evil Harry Potter Villains '' and `` Top 10 Most Gut - Wrenching Harry Potter Deaths '' lists two years later . In popular culture Several campaigns have used Voldemort to compare his evilness to the influence of politicians , large media and corporations . `` Lord Voldemort '' is a nickname sometimes used for Peter Mandelson . Voldemort is also a recurring theme among wizard rock bands . Voldemort Ca n't Stop the Rock ! is the second album from Harry and the Potters , and the character is mentioned in songs such as `` The Dark Lord Lament '' and `` Flesh , Blood , and Bone '' . Voldemort has been parodied in various venues . In The Simpsons 13th season 's premiere , `` Treehouse of Horror XII '' , Montgomery Burns appears as Lord Montymort . A parody of Voldemort appears in The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy as Lord Moldybutt , an enemy of Nigel Planter ( a parody of Harry ) . Voldemort also appears in the Potter Puppet Pals sketches by Neil Cicierega . One of the episodes including him was the seventeenth most viewed video of all time as of 2008 and the winner for `` Best Comedy '' of the year 2007 at YouTube . In Time , Lon Tweeten shows with Continuing the Magic possible future book covers laced with pop culture references . One of them , the `` Dark Lord of the Dance '' , shows Voldemort teaming up with Harry on Broadway . In the MAD Magazine parodies of the films , the character is called Lord Druckermort , a backwards reference to the magazine 's longtime caricaturist Mort Drucker . In Alan Moore 's League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : 1969 , a young Tom Marvolo Riddle ( introduced as `` Tom '' , whose middle name is a `` marvel '' and last name is a `` conundrum '' ) appears , and becomes the new avatar of Oliver Haddo at the story 's conclusion . In A Very Potter Musical , Voldemort is played by actor Joe Walker . Voldemort also appeared in the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London as an inflatable representation of children 's literature villains , alongside The Queen of Hearts , Captain Hook , and Cruella de Vil . Outside of the Harry Potter video games , Voldemort is also playable in Lego Dimensions , with archive audio of Ralph Fiennes 's portrayal in the films used for his voiceovers . Voldemort also appears in The Lego Batman Movie voiced by Eddie Izzard as one of the prisoners in the Phantom Zone that the Joker recruits to take over Gotham City . 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( 2007 ) . `` The Seven Potters '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Thief '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Battle of Hogwarts '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Elder Wand '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Forest Again '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` The Flaw in the Plan '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ `` Webchat with J.K. Rowling '' . Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Credit Confusion '' . MuggleNet . Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 . 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Jump up ^ `` '' Anelli , Melissa and Emerson Spartz . `` The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling : Part Two , '' The Leaky Cauldron `` . 16 July 2005 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling web chat transcript '' . 30 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . `` Lord Voldemort 's Request '' . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2003 ) . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747551006 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 2000 ) . `` The Death Eaters '' . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Bloomsbury . ISBN 074754624X . Jump up ^ `` Section : Extra Stuff WANDS '' . Archived from the original on 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` jkrowling.com F.A.Q '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ F.A.Q Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry '' . Pottermore . Jump up ^ `` TIME Person of The Year Runner - up : J.K. Rowling '' . Time . 23 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of `` Deathly Hallows '' `` . The Volkskrant. 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling outs Dumbledore ! '' . Entertainment Weekly - PopWatch Blog . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of `` Deathly Hallows '' -- The Leaky Cauldron Jump up ^ Pierce , Nev . Reel Life , 28 July 2003 BBC Carla Power & Devin Gordon ( 4 August 2003 ) . `` Caution : Wizard at Work '' . Newsweek magazine . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Steel , Sharon ( 20 December 2007 ) . `` Challenging Voldemedia '' . The Boston Phoenix Slack , Andrew ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter Fans and the Fight Against ' VoldeMedia ' '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Turner , Julia When Harry Met Osama ; Terrorism comes to Hogwarts , 20 July 2005 Jump up ^ Monroe , Caroline . `` How Much Was Rowling Inspired by Tolkien ? '' . GreenBooks . TheOneRing.net . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ; Phil Pirrello ; Eric Goldman ; Matt Fowler ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Top 25 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph page 23 , 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse of Horror XII '' episode capsule at The Simpsons Archive Archived 15 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Weird Al Yankovic Biography ( 1959 -- ) '' ... filmreference.com . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PotterPuppetPals Top at YouTube Awards '' . the-leaky-cauldron.org. 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lon Tweeten ( 2007 ) . `` Continuing the Magic '' ( PDF ) . Time . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : 1969 by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill ( July 2011 ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Xan ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` London 2012 Olympics opening ceremony -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Echites , Giulia ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) . `` CINEMA Le origini di Voldemort in un film tutto italiano '' . Repubblica.it ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kat ( 2018 ) . `` Voldemort : Origins of the Heir review : a fun - free Harry Potter fan film lifted by magical effects '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . External links Harry Potter portal Fictional characters portal Book : Harry Potter Tom Riddle on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki Lord Voldemort at Harry Potter Lexicon Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lord Voldemort The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Fred and George Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. 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who won the american got talent last year

Season Duration Winner 's prize Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 $ 1,000,000 Bianca Ryan All That & The Millers Regis Philbin David Hasselhoff Piers Morgan Brandy Norwood N / A June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion Nick Cannon 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity Howie Mandel 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close Howard Stern 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose Mel B Heidi Klum 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos Simon Cowell 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance Tyra Banks

Grace VanderWaal

America 's Got Talent

america's got talent

America 's Got Talent ( sometimes abbreviated as AGT ) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network , and part of the global Got Talent franchise . It is a talent show that features singers , dancers , magicians , comedians , and other performers of all ages competing for the advertised top prize of one million dollars . The show debuted in June 2006 for the summer television season . From season three ( 2008 ) onwards , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Among its significant features is that it gives an opportunity to talented amateurs or unknown performers , with the results decided by an audience vote . The format is a popular one and has often been reworked for television in the United States and the United Kingdom .

This incarnation was created by Simon Cowell , and was originally due to be a 2005 British series called Paul O'Grady 's Got Talent but was postponed due to O'Grady's acrimonious split with broadcaster ITV ( later launching as Britain 's Got Talent in 2007 ) . Therefore , the U.S. version became the first full series of the franchise . The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan . Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two ( 2007 ) , and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five ( 2010 ) . Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven ( 2012 ) . Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight ( 2013 ) , while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge . Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven ( 2016 ) . Regis Philbin was the original host ( season one ) , followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons ( 2009 -- 2016 ) . Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season ( 2017 ) . On August 2 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series for a twelfth season , which premiered on May 30 , 2017 . The season concluded on September 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Guest judges 2 Selection process 2.1 Producers ' auditions 2.2 Judges ' Auditions 2.2. 1 Golden Buzzer 2.3 Judge cuts 2.4 YouTube auditions 2.5 Live shows 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 ( 2006 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2007 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2008 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 3.11 Season 11 ( 2016 ) 3.12 Season 12 ( 2017 ) 4 Post-show 4.1 America 's Got Talent Live 4.2 Holiday Spectacular 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Top - selling albums by former contestants 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows 6 International broadcasts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Duration Winner 's prize Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 $ 1,000,000 Bianca Ryan All That & The Millers Regis Philbin David Hasselhoff Piers Morgan Brandy Norwood N / A June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion Nick Cannon 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity Howie Mandel 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close Howard Stern 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose Mel B Heidi Klum 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos Simon Cowell 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance Tyra Banks Notes ^ A fourth judge was added in season eight . ^ Beginning with season three , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . The length of the headlining stint has varied , with season four 's prize including a 10 - week schedule and season eleven 's lasting three days . A book was released in 2013 titled , Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent . It describes the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show and contains detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons . Current judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks Guest judges ( edit ) Starting with the tenth season , each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition . The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows . The first guest judge , Neil Patrick Harris , appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten , which aired on July 14 , 2015 . Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten , which aired on July 21 , 2015 . Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten , which aired on July 28 , 2015 . Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten , which aired on August 4 , 2015 . Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges . This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets . Season Guest Judge ( in order of appearance ) 10 Neil Patrick Harris Michael Bublé Marlon Wayans Piers Morgan 11 Ne - Yo Reba McEntire George Lopez Louis Tomlinson 12 Chris Hardwick DJ Khaled Laverne Cox Seal Selection process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Producers ' auditions ( edit ) The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers ' auditions held in various cities across the United States , some of which host only the producers ' auditions , and some of which also host judges ' auditions held in theaters . This round is held several months before the judges ' audition . Acts that have made it through the producers ' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience . Judges ' auditions ( edit ) Following the producers ' auditions , acts audition in front of ( as of 2013 ) four celebrity judges . These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised . Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer , which lights up their corresponding X above the stage . Any performer who receives X 's ( 3 from season 1 - 7 , or 4 from season 8 - ) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated . Since season three ( 2008 ) , large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process , as their reaction to an act 's performance may swing or influence a judge 's vote . If an act receives three or more `` yes '' votes , they advance to the next round of competition . However , in the majority of seasons , several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance . Golden buzzer ( edit ) Introduced in season nine , the `` Golden Buzzer '' is located on the center of the judges ' desk and may be used once per season by each judge . In season 9 , a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination , regardless of the number of X 's earned from the other judges . Starting in season 10 and onward , any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show ; and in season 11 , the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer . The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format . - Eliminated at Judgement Week / Judge Cuts - Quarterfinalist - Reached Semifinals - Reached Finals - Fifth Place - Fourth Place - Third Place - Runner - up - Won season Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Howard Stern 9 N / A Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson N / A Dustin 's Dojo 10 Drew Lynch Sharon Irving Arielle Baril Freckled Sky Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 11 Dorothy Williams Grace VanderWaal Laura Bretan Sal Valentinetti Calysta Bevier Season Tyra Banks Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 12 Light Balance Christian Guardino Darci Lynne Farmer Angelina Green Mandy Harvey Judge Cuts ( edit ) From season two ( 2007 ) to season eight ( 2013 ) , Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows . This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip . Names for this round in previous seasons have included `` Las Vegas Callbacks '' and `` Vegas Verdicts '' . The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges ( except for season four in 2009 ) , who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows . An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition , as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as `` wild card '' acts . Prior to the inclusion of this round , the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show . The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week , leaving several acts without the chance to perform . In season nine ( 2014 ) , acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows . YouTube auditions ( edit ) Jackie Evancho , the first YouTube winner ; placed 2nd in season five ( 2010 ) From season five ( 2010 ) to season seven ( 2012 ) , acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the `` live shows '' part of the season , prior to the semi-finals . The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho , who went on to place second in season five . Before the inclusion of this round , the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four ( 2008 -- 2009 ) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . Live shows ( edit ) During the live shows , a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 ( season two ) , to as many as 60 , compete for viewers ' and judges ' votes . In the first season , the judges could not end an act 's performance , but could either `` check '' or `` X '' the performance during their critique . Since season two ( 2007 ) , judges have been able to end an act 's performance early , and the `` check '' was removed . Generally , acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals . In seasons with YouTube auditions , the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then , as part of these quarterfinals . Then there may be additional shows for `` Wild Card '' acts -- acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination . From these shows , the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and / or the judges ( depending on the season ) . Acts then move on to a semifinal round , and even further rounds ( such as a `` Top 8 '' or a `` Top 10 '' , depending on the season ) through a series of weekly shows , which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote . In the majority of seasons , judges have had no vote from the semifinals . All these rounds culminate in a live final , which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons . The act with the most votes is declared the winner , given $1 million , and , since season three ( 2008 ) , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . During seasons one through six ( 2006 -- 11 ) , the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In season seven ( 2012 ) , the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . From seasons eight through ten ( 2013 -- 15 ) , live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York . From season eleven ( 2016 ) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre . For seasons five through eight ( 2010 -- 13 ) , the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show , stopping in 25 cities . For season nine , however ( 2014 ) , there was no tour ; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts . ( See # America 's Got Talent Live , below . ) Season synopses ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 1 ) Bianca Ryan , season one winner In May 2006 , NBC announced the new show . The audition tour took place in June . Auditions were held in the following locations : Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however , this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas , should one become a champion . More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere ( which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002 ) . The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 ( the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers ) , Nielsen Media Research reported . On the season finale , there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically . Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience , shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below . In season one , the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) Terry Fator , season two winner After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights , with no separate results show , the network changed that , pushing the show back to the summer , where the first season had enjoyed great success . This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular . In AGT 's place , another reality - based talent show , Grease : You 're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January . In March , NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show , and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host , with Sharon Osbourne ( formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge . The season finale was shown Tuesday , August 21 , with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner - up was singer Cas Haley . Season 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 3 ) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner Season three premiered on June 17 , 2008 . Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April . A televised MySpace audition also took place . Season three differed from the previous two in many ways . Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation , and a new title card was introduced , featuring the American flag as background . The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table . Like the previous season , the Las Vegas callbacks continued , but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds , instead of twenty . This season also contained several results episodes , but not on a regular basis . The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26 . Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer , was named the winner on October 1 . Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist , was runner - up . Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) Kevin Skinner , season four winner Season four premiered on Tuesday , June 23 , 2009 . It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions . New York and Miami auditions were held during March . Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26 . In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape , season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration . This year 's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments . The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season , but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts ' . This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis . The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo . On September 16 , country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner . The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Michael Grimm , season five winner For season five , the network had considered moving the show to the fall , after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009 . NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show . Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland ( Oregon ) . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time , online auditions were also held via YouTube . David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show . The show premiered Tuesday , June 1 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . Afterward , Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season . On September 15 , singer Michael Grimm was named the winner . He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity , Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 6 ) Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , season six winner Season six premiered on Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 , with a two - hour special . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 , Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26 . Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run , beginning on May 4 . Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9 . On Wednesday , September 14 , Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , a Frank Sinatra - style singer , was named the winner . Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 7 ) Olate Dogs , season seven winners Season seven premiered on May 14 , 2012 . The first round of auditions , which are judged by producers , were held in New York , Washington , D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012 . The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27 . Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven , due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City , the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark , New Jersey . In December 2011 , Simon Cowell , the show 's executive producer , announced that the show would be receiving a `` top - to - bottom makeover '' , confirming that there would be new graphics , lighting , theme music , show intro , logo , and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . On July 2 , at the first live performance show of the season , their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special . A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the `` X '' . On August 6 , Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season , in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . On September 13 , Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season , becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win . Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 8 ) Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday , June 4 , 2013 . The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show . Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season , but later said that she was staying with the show `` for now . '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6 , 2012 . On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members , Mel B ( Melanie Brown ) , would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge . Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added . On March 3 , it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge . An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11 , 2012 . The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland ( Oregon ) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus ( Ohio ) , and Chicago . This season , the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before . America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight . Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4 . The show traveled to New Orleans , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , and San Antonio . On September 18 , 2013 , martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season , the first dance act to win the competition . Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) Mat Franco , season nine winner Season nine premiered on Tuesday , May 27 , 2014 , at 8 pm ET . The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 , in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26 . The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29 . There was also a new twist in the show , where `` Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience , but after three acts performed , the producers scrapped the live audience concept . This season also came with the addition of a `` Golden Buzzer , '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act , typically used when there is a tie . For this season , contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes , Cornell Bhangra , filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals . On September 17 , magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season , the first magic act to win the competition . Singer Emily West was the runner - up . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 10 ) Season ten premiered on May 26 , 2015 . Producer auditions began on November 2 , 2014 , in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond ( Virginia ) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted . Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1 , 2014 , that he might not return , but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season . Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host . On February 9 , 2015 , Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well . It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning . It was announced on December 4 , 2014 , that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout . He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes , and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2 , 2015 , at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special `` extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona , California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges , who were seated at an outdoor stage . During NBC 's summer press tour , it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their `` Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows . An official trailer for the season was released , which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season , with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk . Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven . On June 24 , Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge . Stern said , `` In all seriousness , I 've told you , I 'm just too f * cking busy ... something 's got to give ... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year , whether or not I 'd come back , I kind of have told them I think this is my last season . Not I think , this is my last season '' . On September 16 , Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season , making him the second ventriloquist to win . Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up , and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place . Season 11 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1 , 2015 . The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online . On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . On January 12 , 2016 , it was announced that Mel B , Heidi Klum , and Howie Mandel would all return as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows will also move from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Howard Stern 's departure . The live shows will be held at the Dolby Theatre . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The season premiered on May 31 , 2016 . On September 14 , 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player , Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner making it the second time that a female act has won the show since Season 1 , and the second child act to win the competition . Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants was runner - up , and magician Jon Dorenbos was in Third Place . Season 12 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12 . Later that year , on October 4 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 ( Season 14 ) . On February 13 , 2017 , Nick Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season , citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC . The resignation comes in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his recent Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon , however , was technically under contract to host and could potentially have been sued by NBC for breach of contract , though this was ultimately considered unlikely . NBC executives did not accept his resignation and had expected Cannon to return , but ultimately began the search for a new host . NBC announced supermodel Tyra Banks as the new host on March 12 , 2017 after Cannon 's departure . The season premiered on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . On September 20 , Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season , becoming the third ventriloquist , third child act and the third female act to win the competition ( second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016 ) . Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up , Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place , deaf musician Mandy Harvey finished in fourth place and dog act Sara & Hero finished in fifth place . Post-show ( edit ) America 's Got Talent live ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance . In 2009 , America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner , runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four ( 2009 ) finale . Jerry Springer emceed , commuting weekly between Stamford , Connecticut , tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas . In 2010 , on the first live show of season five , the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists . Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headline show . In 2012 , the tour returned , featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman , Joe Castillo , Lightwire Theater , David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's , Jarrett and Raja , Tom Cotter , and other fan favorites . In 2013 , after the success of the 2012 tour , another tour was scheduled , featuring season eight 's winner , Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key , Jimmy Rose , Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers , and Tone the Chiefrocca . Tone hosted the tour . In 2014 , America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight ( 2013 ) runner - up , and the top finalists for season nine : Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy , Emil and Dariel , Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip . In 2015 , no tour was held . Instead , three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner - up Drew Lynch , and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . In 2016 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top two finalists for season 11 , Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants , as well as finalist Tape Face . In 2017 , four shows are planned at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They will feature winner Darci Lynne , runner - up Angelica Hale , third - placed Light Balance , and finalist Preacher Lawson . Holiday Spectacular ( edit ) NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19 , 2016 , hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others , and featuring the Season 11 judges , including Klum , who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti . The special drew 9.5 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Since the show began , its ratings have been very high , ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers , generally averaging around 11 million viewers . The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic , usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run . Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows . Although the show 's ratings have been high , the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years , where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks . The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four ( 2009 ) . The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five ( 2010 ) , with 16.41 million viewers . The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six ( 2011 ) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49 , both having a 4.6 rating . Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) June 21 , 2006 12.41 Final Performances : August 16 , 2006 2005 -- 06 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 17 , 2006 12.05 Thursday 9 : 00 pm June 5 , 2007 12.93 Final Performances : August 20 , 2007 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 21 , 2007 13.87 June 17 , 2008 12.80 Final Performances : September 30 , 2008 10.23 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( June 17 -- August 5 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 26 ) Season Finale : October 1 , 2008 12.55 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after August 27 ) June 23 , 2009 11.30 Final Performances : September 15 , 2009 13.84 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 16 , 2009 15.53 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 5 June 1 , 2010 12.35 Final Performances : September 14 , 2010 14.60 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 15 , 2010 16.41 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 May 31 , 2011 15.28 Final Performances : September 13 , 2011 13.67 2010 -- 11 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 31 -- July 5 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 12.65 Season Finale : September 14 , 2011 14.37 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after June 22 ) 11.49 7 May 14 , 2012 10.48 Final Performances : September 12 , 2012 11.05 2011 - 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.48 Season Finale : September 13 , 2012 10.59 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.58 8 June 4 , 2013 12.41 Final Performances : September 17 , 2013 11.19 2012 -- 13 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.22 Season Finale : September 18 , 2013 11.49 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 10 ) 10.34 9 May 27 , 2014 12.00 Final Performances : September 16 , 2014 11.46 2013 -- 14 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 27 -- July 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 22 ) 10.31 Season Finale : September 17 , 2014 12.21 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 23 ) 10.37 10 May 26 , 2015 11.09 Final Performances : September 15 , 2015 11.33 2014 -- 15 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 10.70 Season Finale : September 16 , 2015 9.54 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 12 ) 9.07 11 May 31 , 2016 11.67 Final Performances : September 13 , 2016 13.97 2015 -- 16 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.71 Season Finale : September 14 , 2016 14.41 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 10.97 12 May 30 , 2017 12.37 Final Performances : September 19 , 2017 14.70 2016 -- 17 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm TBA TBA Season Finale : September 20 , 2017 15.64 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 9 ) TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result Ref . 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special Nominated 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Nominated Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Won Top - selling Albums by former contestants ( edit ) Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . See also : RIAA certification Rank Former contestant Total US sales Albums Jackie Evancho ( season 5 , runner - up ) 3,000,000 + Prelude to a Dream ( 2009 ) # 121 O Holy Night ( 2010 ) # 2 ( Platinum certification ) Dream with Me ( 2011 ) # 2 ( Gold certification ) Heavenly Christmas ( 2011 ) # 11 Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) # 7 Awakening ( 2014 ) # 17 Someday at Christmas ( 2016 ) # 93 Two Hearts ( 2017 ) # 100 ( Evancho 's 7th consecutive # 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart ) Lindsey Stirling ( season 5 quarterfinalist ) 856,000 + Lindsey Stirling ( 2012 ) # 23 Shatter Me ( 2014 ) # 2 Brave Enough ( 2016 ) # 5 The Texas Tenors ( season 4 , 4th place ) 500,000 + The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound ( 2009 ) did not chart The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound : Remastered Special Edition ( 2011 ) did not chart O Night Divine ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; # 22 Classical Albums chart You Should Dream ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; # 5 Classical Albums chart First 5 Years Live ( 2014 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; # 11 Classical Albums chart Rise ( 2017 ) # 111 ; # 1 Classical Albums Chart , # 5 Country Album Sales Chart , # 22 Top Current Albums Chart Grace VanderWaal ( season 11 winner ) 200,000 + Perfectly Imperfect ( 2016 ) # 4 5 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . ( season 6 winner ) 156,000 + That 's Life ( 2011 ) # 34 Christmas Made for Two ( 2013 ) did not chart 6 Bianca Ryan ( season 1 winner ) 150,000 + Bianca Ryan ( 2006 ) # 57 Christmas Everyday ( 2007 ) did not chart The True Meaning of Christmas ( 2009 ) did not chart 7 Cas Haley ( season 2 runner - up ) 40,000 + Cas Haley ( 2008 ) # 8 Connection ( 2010 ) did not chart La Si Dah ( 2013 ) did not chart 8 Michael Grimm ( season 5 winner ) 22,000 + Michael Grimm Live ( 2007 ) did not chart I Am Michael Grimm ( 2009 ) did not chart Leave Your Hat On ( 2010 ) # 101 Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) # 13 9 Neal E. Boyd ( season 3 winner ) 6,000 + My American Dream ( 2009 ) # 195 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent , but were ultimately eliminated before the final round , have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows , most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . American Idol ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on American Idol ( AI ) : AGT Season Year Contestant AI Season Year Outcome 2006 Jessica Sanchez 11 2012 Runner - up 2008 Holli Harden 9 Appeared 2009 Thia Megia 10 2011 Finished in the Top 11 4 , 9 2009 , 2014 Kelli Glover 2002 Appeared 6 2011 Shevonne Phillidor 15 2016 Appeared 9 2014 Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue 14 2015 Winner 10 2015 Jenna Renae 15 2016 Top 24 11 2016 Sal Valentinetti 14 2015 Appeared America 's Best Dance Crew ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew ( ABDC ) : AGT Season Year Contestant ABDC Season Year Outcome 2007 Jabbawockeez 2008 Champions 2008 Extreme Dance FX 5 Competed as Blended Projekt 3 , 4 2008 , 2009 SQ Entertainment 2008 Runner - up 2009 BreakSk8 2008 Finished in fourth place 2009 FootworKINGz 6 2011 Competed 5 Rated Next Generation ( RNG ) 7 2012 Finished in Top Four 5 Strikers All - Stars 2009 Finished in Top Four 7 2012 787 Crew 6 2011 Competed 9 2014 Flight Crew Jump Rope 5 Finished in fifth place , and competed as Saltare Other shows ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on these other shows : AGT Season Year Contestant Show Season Year Network Outcome 2006 Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight 's Stilt World Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2006 SyFy 5th Place 2007 Tammie Brown RuPaul 's Drag Race 2009 Logo 8th Place 2007 Tika `` Sweetie '' Rainn Flavor of Love 2006 VH1 8th Place 2008 Derrick Barry RuPaul 's Drag Race 8 2016 Logo 5th Place 5 Justin Hopkins The Voice 2012 NBC Advanced to Battle Rounds 5 Murray SawChuck Celebracadabra 2008 VH1 Appeared 5 Alice Tan Ridley 30 Seconds to Fame Pilot 2002 Fox Winner 6 2011 Dani Shay The Glee Project 2012 Oxygen Appeared 7 2012 Trisha Paytas Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2007 SyFy 7th Place 7 2012 Horse American Ninja Warrior 2012 G4 and NBC Competed 7 2012 Bria Kelly The Voice 6 2014 NBC Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher 7 2012 Academy of Villains Fake Off 2015 TruTV Appeared 7 2012 Lightwire Theatre Fake Off 2014 TruTV Winners 7 , 8 2012 , 2013 D'Angelo and Amanda Live to Dance 2011 CBS Winners 7 2015 Ben Blaque Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 8 2015 Alexandr Magala Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV 9th place 8 2013 Kennedy Davenport RuPaul 's Drag Race 7 2015 Logo 4th Place 8 2013 Tummy Talk The Gong Show 2017 ABC Appeared 8 2013 Angela Hoover First Impressions 2016 USA Network Appeared 8 2013 KriStef Brothers Fake Off 2014 TruTV 7th Place 8 2013 Taylor Williamson Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Semifinalist 9 2014 Adrian Romoff Child Genius 2016 Lifetime Winner 10 2015 Leroy Patterson Solitary 2007 Fox Reality 7th Place 10 2015 Myq Kaplan Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Finalist 10 2015 Freelusion Dance Company Fake Off 2014 TruTV Fourth place , appeared as Freelusion USA 10 2015 Piff the Magic Dragon Penn & Teller : Fool Us 2011 2014 ITV ( U.K. ) The CW ( U.S. ) Appeared 10 2015 Stevie Starr Britain 's Got Talent ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 11 2016 Cory Kahaney Last Comic Standing 2003 NBC Finalist 11 2016 Laura Bretan Romania 's Got Talent 6 2016 Pro TV Winner International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10.00 PM WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5.00 PM WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) Got Talent The X Factor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent / About the Show '' . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trade marks -- find by number '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Anna ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . USmagazine.com . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Bill ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Finale Recap : A New Champion is Crowned '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Winner Grace VanderWaal Books Vegas Concerts '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean and Ashley Majeski . Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing ( 2013 ) ISBN 1492203602 Jump up ^ `` Four Guest Judges Are Coming to AGT ! '' . nbc.com . May 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire Joins ' America 's Got Talent ' as Guest Judge '' . Jump up ^ Medley , Erin S. ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled Announced as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . tvinsider.com . NTVB Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . eonline.com . E ! Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Alexia ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on America 's Got Talent as She Calls Him Her ' Fave Singer ' '' . People Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 2 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 3 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 4 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performance FAQ '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael . `` America 's Got Talent Live At Radio City '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Glazowski , Paul . `` MySpace Opens Six - Day Virtual Audition For America 's Got Talent '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent - NBC.com '' . August 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fera , Jessica . `` Jackie Evancho Featured on ' Oprah Winfrey Show ' '' Archived August 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... WPXI.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Grimm says he feels blessed to be a part of ' America 's Got Talent , ' hitting Caesars today - Entertainment / Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent Live Concert Tour '' . Facebook . p . About America 's Got Talent Live . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Note that the `` live '' version of this page is likely to change ; the archived version will provide the supporting information for this reference . Jump up ^ Mousavizadeh , Nader ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reuters '' . Today.reuters.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's mid-season 2006 -- 07 schedule '' . NBCUMV.com . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Live ! at Planet Hollywood '' . Vegasnews.com . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent -- In Summer Only -- NBC Benches Heavy Hitter for Fall '' . NYTimes.com . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel Joins America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Summer Premiere Dates for America 's Got Talent , Last Comic Standing , 100 Questions , Persons Unknown '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2011 -- 2012 '' . Americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Andrei ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Piers Morgan quits America 's Got Talent to focus on CNN Tonight show '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` Howard Stern to judge ' America 's Got Talent ' , which will move to New York '' . fox43.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to film at NJPAC in Newark '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting ' AGT ' after NBC axes Jack '' . The New York Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO HOO ! We 're coming back to your TVs ... -- America 's Got Talent '' . Facebook . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne leaving NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' ? -- The TV Column '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Sharon Osbourne Addresses Departure Rumors '' . E ! Online . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2012 -- 2013 -- Audition Cities '' . americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent '' . on-camera-audiences.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBC announces premiere date for America 's Got Talent Season Nine '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ Drewett , Meg . `` America 's Got Talent announces New York , Los Angeles auditions '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 9 : ' Golden Buzzer ' can save contestants -- Zap2It '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Says He May Quit America 's Got Talent '' . Empty Lighthouse Music & Arts Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Stern Show on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Brown on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- America 's Got Talent -- Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Names Cris Judd as New Dance Scout '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . On - Camera - Audiences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' making golden buzzers more like ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ; other minor changes '' . CarterMatt.com . Jump up ^ Mink , Casey ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Howard Stern Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' -- Judge Confirms In Interview '' . Hollywood Life . PMC . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition In Person : 2015 -- 2016 Audition Cities '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Online '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Cowell is FINALLY returning to US TV as an America 's Got Talent judge with Mel B and Heidi Klum '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Mel B and Heidi Klum show some skin on the red carpet during America 's Got Talent kick off event for 11th season '' . DailyMail.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Find out when Simon Cowell makes his US TV return on America 's Got Talent '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowel Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This To Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stand my ground ' : Nick Cannon resolves to ' stay firm ' after quitting AGT and picks Ryan Seacrest as heir '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC summer 2017 schedule loads up : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' ' World of Dance ' and more '' . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lapowsky , Issie ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Jerry Springer to host ' America 's Got Talent Live ' ; new spinoff of reality show to play in Las Vegas '' . NYDailyNews.com . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Jerry Springer : Orlando group wows ' Talent ' tour '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Live TM Announces Full Tour Line - up Including Season 8 Winner , Kenichi Ebina '' . Business Wire . Berkashire Hathaway . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent winner , Suffern native VanderWaal plays sold - out Vegas show '' Archived October 30 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , News12.com , Westchester County , New York , October 28 , 2016 , accessed December 14 , 2016 ( content preview ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular Archived December 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , TVGrapevine.com , December 18 , 2016 ; and Angermiller , Michele Amabile . `` America 's Got Talent Winner Grace VanderWaal Set to Headline Holiday Special '' Archived November 25 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Billboard , November 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` ESPN , AGT , Michelle Obama : Monday winners '' Archived December 21 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Orlando Sentinel , December 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's America 's Got Talent Returns To Win , ABC 's Superstars Hardly Super '' . June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : The Jay Leno Show premieres big , rises to 18.4 million in the final # s '' . September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : AGT finale , Leno , Glee and The Beautiful Life '' . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals & Everybody Else , Glee Leads Scripted 18 - 49 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Survivor ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' Top Final Week of Broadcast ' Summer ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals & Reality Top Summer 's First Full Week -- Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parenthood ' Adjusts Down '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Finale Adjusted Up '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2012 Ratings ( 2nd Night ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' The Bachelorette ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' ' The X Factor ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' Guys With Kids ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Glee ' Adjusted Down , No 18 - 49 Adjustment for ' The X-Factor ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2012 Ratings ( First Night ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' So You Think You Can Dance ' Adjusted Up ; ' Brooklyn DA ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dads ' , ' Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up ; ' Capture ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Million Second Quiz ' Adjusted Down - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2013 Ratings ( Tues ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Summer 2013 Ratings ( Weds ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' The Night Shift ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Extant ' & ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' iZombie ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' 500 Questions ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' A Wicked Off ' Adjusted Down ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 10 Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 10 Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' 500 Questions ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother adjust up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 11 Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 11 Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Imaginary Mary ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Will & Grace ' special adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent , ' ' Big Brother , ' ' Masterchef ' ajdust up , ' The Good Place ' and ' Salvation ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who will get slimed ? '' . SheKnows . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Television Academy . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations Announced '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New 2012 Teen Choice Awards Nominations Led By Breaking Dawn & Snow White '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , Justin Bieber Lead 2012 Teen Choice Award Nominations '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominees ! '' . Gossip Cop . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2014 Nominees : ' Catching Fire , ' One Direction , Katy Perry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2015 Nominations -- Ariana Grande , Taylor Swift & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards : Fan Favorites in Movies , Music & TV - PeoplesChoice.com '' . www.peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2016 Nominations -- Jennifer Lawrence & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` NET . on Twitter : `` Mulai malam ini , setiap Sabtu & Minggu America 's ... '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung , Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Got Talent on IMDb America 's Got Talent at TV.com America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Got Talent franchises National franchises Albania Australia Argentina Azerbaijan Belgium VIER vtm RTL - TVI Bulgaria Cambodia Canada China Croatia Czech Republic & Slovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Moldova Mongolia Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Philippines Poland Portugal RTP SIC Romania Russia Serbia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam Regional franchises Arab World Asia NBC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 ) America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 ) Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 ) The Blacklist ( since 2013 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) The Brave ( since 2017 ) Chicago Fire ( since 2012 ) Chicago Med ( since 2015 ) Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 ) Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) First Dates ( since 2017 ) The Good Place ( since 2016 ) Great News ( since 2017 ) Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 ) Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 ) Little Big Shots ( since 2016 ) Marlon ( since 2017 ) Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 ) The Night Shift ( since 2014 ) Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 ) Shades of Blue ( since 2016 ) Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 ) Superstore ( since 2015 ) Taken ( since 2017 ) This Is Us ( since 2016 ) Timeless ( since 2016 ) Trial & Error ( since 2017 ) The Voice ( since 2011 ) The Wall ( since 2016 ) Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 ) Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 ) World of Dance ( since 2017 ) Daytime Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 ) Late night 1st Look ( since 2008 ) Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 ) Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 ) Open House ( since 2008 ) Open House NYC ( since 2012 ) Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 ) News Dateline NBC ( since 1992 ) Early Today ( since 1999 ) Meet the Press ( since 1947 ) NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 ) Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 ) Today ( since 1952 ) Sports NBC Golf NASCAR on NBC NFL on NBC Football Night in America NBC Sunday Night Football Thursday Night Football NHL on NBC Notre Dame Football on NBC Olympics on NBC Premier Boxing Champions Tennis on NBC Thoroughbred Racing on NBC Saturday morning The Voyager with Josh Garcia Upcoming A.P. Bio ( TBA ) The Awesome Show ( TBA ) Champions ( TBA ) Ellen 's Game of Games ( TBA ) Genius Junior ( TBA ) Good Girls ( TBA ) The Handmade Project ( TBA ) The Reaper ( TBA ) Reverie ( TBA ) Rise ( TBA ) VIAF : 182955646 LCCN : no2009048452 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent&oldid=803914950 '' Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series America 's Got Talent American television series based on British television series American variety television series Competitions English - language television programs Live television programs NBC network shows Television series by FremantleMedia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 13 : 53 . 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what document represents the first example of self government

Political status of Puerto Rico

political status of puerto rico

The current political status of Puerto Rico is the result of various political activities within both the United States and Puerto Rican governments . Politically , Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States , which according to the U.S. Supreme Court 's Insular Cases is `` a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States , but not a part of the United States within the revenue clauses of the Constitution . '' The basic question regarding this issue is whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory , become a U.S. state or become an independent country .

American and Puerto Rican political activities regarding the status question have revolved around three sets of initiatives : presidential executive orders , bills in the U.S. Congress , and referenda held in Puerto Rico . U.S. Presidents have issued three executive orders on the subject , and Congress has considered four major bills on Puerto Rico 's political status . Puerto Rican status referenda have been held four times to determine the desired political status of Puerto Rico in relation to the United States of America . At the November 6 , 2012 , non-binding referendum on the status question , 54 % of respondents voted to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution , while in a second question 61 % favored statehood as the preferred alternative . Another referendum was held on June 11 , 2017 , in which voters had three options : `` Statehood '' , `` Free Association / Independence '' or `` Current Territorial Status '' . An overwhelming 97 % of voters chose `` Statehood '' , although turnout was only 23 % due to a boycott from opponents to statehood . In 2009 , 2011 , and most recently in 2016 , The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self - determination in Puerto Rico . Internationally , the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity . More specifically , the Special Committee 's June 2016 report called for the United States `` ... to allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner , and to address their urgent economic and social needs , including unemployment , marginalization , insolvency and poverty '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Terminology 1.2 The Insular Cases 2 Implications of the current political status 3 Status questions 3.1 Plebiscites 3.2 Presidential executive orders 3.3 Bills in U.S. Congress 4 United Nations classification 4.1 Resolution 748 4.2 UN vote aftermath 4.3 Attempts to reintroduce a new UN vote 4.4 United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization 5 Distinct national group 5.1 Internationally 5.2 Amongst Puerto Ricans 6 Position of U.S. political parties 7 Controversies 7.1 Decolonization by the UN and political empowerment 7.2 Granting of U.S. citizenship and cultural identity 7.3 Economic survival and self - support 7.4 English as an official language 7.5 Suffrage and representation in the U.S. Congress 8 Stateside Puerto Ricans and status 9 U.S. public opinion on the status of Puerto Rico 10 See also 11 Additional reading 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links 14.1 U.N. Resolutions 14.2 Bills before Congress 14.3 Others Background ( edit ) The United States acquired the islands of Puerto Rico in 1898 after the Spanish -- American War . In 1950 , Congress enacted legislation ( P.L. 81 - 600 ) authorizing Puerto Rico to hold a constitutional convention and in 1952 , the people of Puerto Rico ratified a constitution establishing a republican form of government for the island . After being approved by Congress and the President in July 1952 and thus given force under federal law ( P.L. 82 - 447 ) , the new constitution went into effect on July 25 , 1952 . Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917 . Since the promulgation of the current Commonwealth constitution in 1952 , further local attempts to change the island 's political status took place in 1967 , 1993 , and 1998 . An additional referendum held in 1991 sought to amend the relationship through an amendment to the Puerto Rican constitution . Each time , the results favored retaining the current status over the possible independence of Puerto Rico and statehood alternatives . As a result of Puerto Rico 's status as a U.S. territory , the citizens of Puerto Rico do not have any voting representation in the U.S. Federal government . Instead of outright representation through Senators and House Representatives , Puerto Rico has one non-voting Resident Commissioner in the House of Representatives . Furthermore , Puerto Rico is not represented in the Electoral College , and thus U.S. citizens resident there are unable to vote in U.S. presidential elections . Citizens of Puerto Rico can vote in the Republican and Democratic primary elections . Although Puerto Rico presently has a certain amount of local autonomy , according to the U.S. Constitution ultimate governance of the island is retained by both the U.S. Congress and President . Thus , results of plebiscites , whether or not authorized by Congress , while they reflect public sentiment , and thus bear some impact , can be ignored by Congress . Ultimately , the results of Puerto Rican plebiscites are opinions , although congressional resolutions have expressed support for following the will of the Puerto Rican people . Terminology ( edit ) The English term commonwealth `` does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship ... ( and ) when used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states ... broadly describes an area that is self - governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self - government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by Congress '' . It is the same terminology used elsewhere but with other different meanings than what is meant for Puerto Rico : Commonwealth is what four states of the United States have named themselves , these being Kentucky , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia . A number of independent states use `` Commonwealth '' in their style , such as the Commonwealth of Australia or the Commonwealth of The Bahamas ; historically the Commonwealth of England , the Icelandic Commonwealth , and the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth have also used the style in English . Here it relates to its original definition , as a translation of the Latin res publica . Commonwealth is part of the name of the Commonwealth of Nations , a group of independent nations , voluntarily joined by common bonds of various kinds and whose bonds are subject to unilateral revocation by any of the parties . Commonwealth is also used in the Commonwealth of Independent States , formerly parts of the Soviet Union , but now a group of independent nations , voluntarily joined by common bonds of various kinds . But in the United States , `` commonwealth '' is also a term , without a clear and stable legal definition , now and previously used by current and past possessions of the United States : Commonwealth was a term used by the Philippines before gaining its independence from the United States in 1947 and becoming a republic , prior to which the US Supreme Court had declared it was an unincorporated territory of the United States . Commonwealth is the term used by the U.S. territory of the Northern Mariana Islands , a country that is still `` unquestionably a colony in light of the decolonization criteria adopted by the United Nations , and ( which ) is openly treated as a territory by the government of the United States '' . Commonwealth term definition as per current U.S. State Department policy ( as codified in the department 's Foreign Affairs Manual ) reads : `` The term `` Commonwealth '' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship . It has , for example , been applied to both states and territories . When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states , the term broadly describes an area that is self - governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self - government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by Congress `` . Juan R. Torruella , a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( which has jurisdiction over the Federal Court for the District of Puerto Rico ) , claims that the use of the term commonwealth is a label that `` can deceive and obscure the true nature of things '' . He contends that Puerto Rico is obviously not a state , and that `` neither Puerto Rico 's status nor its relationship with the U.S. supports any legitimate claim that a British type of `` commonwealth '' exists between Puerto Rico and the United States `` . Then U.S. Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman , under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs , clarified the new commonwealth label by stating , `` The bill ( to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution ) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government ... The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico 's political , social , and economic relationship to the United States . '' The Insular Cases ( edit ) It has been said that `` any inquiry into Puerto Rico 's status must begin with the Constitution of the United States , as well as various Supreme Court and lower court decisions '' . Almost immediately after Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States , Puerto Rico 's political status was defined by a series of landmark decisions made by the U.S. Supreme Court in what are collectively known as The Insular Cases . From 1901 to 1905 , the Supreme Court held that the Constitution extended ex proprio vigore to the territories . However , the Court in these cases also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation . Under the same , the Constitution only applied fully in incorporated territories such as Alaska and Hawaii , whereas it only applied partially in the new unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippines . Although other cases followed , strictly speaking the Insular Cases are the original six opinions issued concerning acquired territories as a result of the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) . The six cases were : De Lima v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 1 ( 1901 ) A plaintiff challenged the imposition of duties for the import of sugar from Puerto Rico to the United States proper . The Court sided with the plaintiff holding that Puerto Rico was not a `` foreign country '' and hence the duties were invalid . Goetze v. United States ( Crossman v. United States ) , 182 U.S. 221 ( 1901 ) Dooley v. United States , 182 U.S. 222 ( 1901 ) Armstrong v. United States , 182 U.S. 243 ( 1901 ) Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 ( 1901 ) Considered the leading Insular case , concluded that the United States could acquire territory and exercise unrestricted power in determining what rights to concede to its inhabitants . It included the `` fateful phrase '' that : `` While in an international sense Porto Rico ( sic ) was not a foreign country , since it was subject to the sovereignty of and was owned by the United States , it was foreign to the United States in a domestic sense , because the island has not been incorporated into the United States , but was merely appurtenant thereto as a possession . '' The case created the constitutionally unprecedented category of `` unincorporated territories '' . Huus v. New York and Porto Rico Steamship Co. , 182 U.S. 392 ( 1901 ) Other authorities , such as José Trías Monge , state that the list also includes these additional two cases : Dooley v. United States , 183 U.S. 151 ( 1901 ) Fourteen Diamond Rings v. United States , 183 U.S. 176 ( 1901 ) The Supreme Court later made other rulings . For example , in Balzac v. Porto Rico , 258 U.S. 298 , 305 ( 1922 ) , explained the distinction between an incorporated and a non-incorporated territory . Juan R. Torruella restated it this way , `` an unincorporated territory is a territory as to which , when acquired by the United States , no clear intention was expressed that it would eventually be incorporated into the Union as a State '' . Since the Insular Cases had established that only those rights in the U.S. Bill of Rights that are determined to be `` fundamental '' are applicable in unincorporated territories , the implications of Balzac v. Porto Rico have been enormous . For example : The Court held that the right to trial by jury is not a fundamental right , and thus need not be given to criminal defendants in Puerto Rico . ( see Dorr v. United States . See also Balzac v. Porto Rico The Court relied on Downes and Balzac to justify the outright denial of Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) to United States citizens who had relocated to Puerto Rico from the States . This ruling allowed Congress to deny Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) payments to the aged and benefits to children and the poor who reside in Puerto Rico , even in the case of an insured who had worked all his life as a resident of the States proper but then moved to live in Puerto Rico . ( see Califano v. Torres , 435 U.S. 1 ( 1978 ) ( per curiam ) ) In a brief concurrence in the United States Supreme Court judgment of Torres v. Puerto Rico , 442 U.S. 465 ( 1979 ) , Supreme Court Justice Brennan , argued that any implicit limits from the Insular Cases on the basic rights granted by the Constitution ( including especially the Bill of Rights ) were anachronistic in the 1970s . Implications of the current political status ( edit ) Main article : Implications of Puerto Rico 's current political status Puerto Rico 's current political status limits to the autonomy of the Puerto Rican government . For example , the Island 's government is not fully autonomous , and the level of federal presence in the Island is commonplace , including a branch of the United States Federal District Court . People born in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are natural - born U.S. citizens . Puerto Ricans are also covered by a group of `` fundamental civil rights '' but , because Puerto Rico is not a state , they are not covered by the full Bill of Rights . All residents must pay federal taxes but , for a variety of reasons , only some pay federal income taxes . In 2017 , the Government Accountability Office estimated that corporations paid $1.42 billion in taxes . Had Puerto Rico been a state , corporations would have paid an estimated $5 billion to $9.3 billion . Puerto Ricans lack a voting representative in the U.S. Congress , but they do have a Resident Commissioner who has a voice in Congress ( but no vote other than committee - level voting ) . Puerto Ricans must also serve in the United States military whenever it is compulsory in the mainland United States , with the same duties and obligations as U.S. citizens residing in the 50 states . Governor Alejandro García Padilla signed legislation which would have allowed corporations owned by the Commonwealth to declare bankruptcy . However , in Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax - Free Trust ( 2016 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court , by a vote of 5 - 2 , found the legislation was void because it was preempted by the U.S. Bankruptcy Code , with Justice Sonia Sotomayor dissenting . In Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ( 2016 ) the U.S. Supreme Court found that the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution forbids successive criminal prosecutions by the Commonwealth and the Federal Government because they are not separate sovereigns . On June 30 , 2016 , President Barack Obama signed the PROMESA into law , which empowered him to appoint a seven - member Financial Oversight and Management Board that has ultimate control over the Commonwealth 's budget . Status Questions ( edit ) Part of a series on Elections in Puerto Rico General elections 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 Referendums 1951 1952 ( Mar ) 1952 ( Nov ) 1960 1961 1964 1967 1970 1991 1993 1998 2005 2012 ( Aug ) 2012 ( Nov ) 2017 Gubernatorial 2000 2008 2012 2016 Resident Commissioner 2000 2008 2012 2016 Senate 2008 2012 House of Representatives 2008 2012 PNP primaries 2003 2008 2012 2016 PPD primaries 2003 2008 2012 2016 Democratic primaries 2008 2016 Republican primaries 2008 2012 2016 Transition processes 2008 2012 Puerto Rico 's main political issue is the territory 's relationship with the United States . A United States territory since 1898 , and known as `` Estado Libre Asociado '' ( Free Associated State ) or as commonwealth since 1952 , Puerto Rico today is torn by profound ideological rifts , as represented by its political parties , which stand for three distinct future political scenarios : the status quo ( commonwealth ) , statehood , and independence . The Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) seeks to maintain or improve the current status towards becoming a more sovereign territory of the United States , the New Progressive Party ( PNP ) seeks to fully incorporate Puerto Rico as a U.S. state , and the Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) seeks national independence . When asked , in non-binding plebiscites , to choose between independence , statehood , or continuation of the status quo with enhanced powers , as proposed by the PPD , Puerto Ricans have voted to remain a commonwealth . In the penultimate plebiscite in 1998 , Puerto Ricans voted for `` none of the above '' by a slight majority . This has variously been interpreted as : `` the people of Puerto Rico exercised their inalienable right to self - determination , and a majority of them -- fully 50.3 percent , to be exact -- chose to remain a colony . One might also say , however , the oldest strategy for governing recalcitrant subjects -- divide and conquer -- was subtly at work . '' It is clear , however , that they are dissatisfied by their current status . The issue is debated and is on the agenda of all the political parties and civil society groups . Several pro-commonwealth leaders within the PPD are proposing an Associated Republic or Free Association similar to that of the former U.S. territories of the Federated States of Micronesia , Marshall Islands or Palau . Plebiscites ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rico political status plebiscites In general , three main alternatives were presented to Puerto Rican voters in status plebiscites : Full independence Maintenance or enhancement of commonwealth status Full statehood The exact expectations for each of these status formulas are a matter of debate by a given position 's adherents and detractors . Puerto Ricans have proposed positions that modify the alternatives above : Indemnified independence with phased - out U.S. subsidy Expanded political but not fiscal autonomy Statehood with a gradual phasing out of industrial federal tax incentives The following table summarizes the results of Puerto Rico 's plebiscites so far . Results of Puerto Rico 's status referenda , vote total ( % total ) . 1967 1993 1998 2012 Independence 4,248 ( 0.6 % ) 75,620 ( 4.4 % ) 39,838 ( 2.54 % ) NA 5.5 % Commonwealth 425,132 ( 60.4 % ) 826,326 ( 48.6 % ) 993 ( 0.06 % ) NA 46.0 % Free Association NA NA 4536 ( 0.29 % ) NA 33.2 % Statehood 274,312 ( 39.0 % ) 788,296 ( 46.3 % ) 728,157 ( 46.49 % ) NA 61.3 % None of the above NA NA 787,900 ( 50.3 % ) NA Electoral turnout 66 % 74 % 71 % 79 % In the Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 54.00 % of voters indicated `` No '' to maintaining the current political status . A full 61.11 % of voters chose statehood , 33.34 % chose free association , and 5.55 % chose independence . Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots , creating confusion as to the voters ' true desire , Congress decided to ignore the vote . The 2014 budget bill included $2.5 million in funding for a future vote on Puerto Rico 's political status . The previous plebiscites provided voters with three options : remain a Commonwealth , Statehood and Independence / Free Association . The Puerto Rican status referendum , 2017 was to offer only two options : Statehood and Independence / Free Association . If the majority favor Independence / Free Association , a second vote will be held to determine the preference : full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a `` free and voluntary political association '' between Puerto Rico and the United States . The specifics of the association agreement would be detailed in the Compact of Free Association that would be negotiated between the U.S. and Puerto Rico . That document might cover topics such as the role of the US military in Puerto Rico , the use of the US currency , free trade between the two entities , and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens . Governor Ricardo Rosselló is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to `` solve our 500 - year - old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option ... It 's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy , '' he told the news media . Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis , since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection . According to the Government Development Bank , this might be the only solution to the debt crisis . Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood , but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept . Other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and Medicaid funding , the right to vote in Presidential elections and the higher ( federal ) minimum wage . At approximately the same time as the referendum , Puerto Rico 's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress . Regardless of the outcome of the votes , Congress will be the body to make the final decision on the status of Puerto Rico . Presidential executive orders ( edit ) Main article : Presidential executive orders on the political status of Puerto Rico Various U.S. presidents have signed executive orders to help define , study , and generate activity regarding the political status of Puerto Rico . Three major orders were the 2005 , 2007 , and 2011 executive orders to establish the President 's Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status . Bills in U.S. Congress ( edit ) Main article : Bills in U.S. Congress regarding the political status of Puerto Rico See also : The United States - Puerto Rico Political Status Act and Puerto Rico Democracy Act The Territories Clause of the United States Constitution ( Art . IV , Sec. 3 , cl. 2 ) allows for Congress to `` dispose of '' Puerto Rico and allow it to become independent of the U.S. ( in the same way as the Philippines did in 1945 ) or , under the authority of the Admissions Clause ( Art . IV , Sec. 3 , cl. 1 ) for it to be admitted as a state of the United States ( with a vote of Congress in the same way that Alaska and Hawaii were admiited in 1958 and 1959 respectively ) . Since Congress must approve of any political status change for Puerto Rico , some argue that `` congressional agreement to the options ( on a ballot ) , prior to a plebiscite would save the people of Puerto Rico the grief of an emotionally draining and politically divisive vote that might result in a status not acceptable to Congress '' . Former Resident Commissioner and Former Governor Carlos Romero Barceló echoed this sentiment when he recalled , at a 1997 congressional hearing , that both `` ( Representatives ) Young and Miller were clear in stating ( in their March 3 , 1997 , letter to the presidents of the three political parties in Puerto Rico ) that there was no purpose in presenting the people of Puerto Rico a status definition which does not represent an option that the Congress will be willing to ratify should it be approved in a plebiscite . '' A catalyst for the legislative activity taking place in Congress was the release in December 2005 of the presidential task force 's report . Per United States v. Sanchez , 992 F. 2d 1143 , 1152 -- 53 ( 11th Cir. 1993 ) , `` Congress continues to be the ultimate source of power ( over Puerto Rico ) pursuant to the Territory Clause of the Constitution '' . ( quoting United States v. Andino , 831 F. 2d 1164 , 1176 ( 1st Cir. 1987 ) ( Torruella , J. , concurring ) , cert . denied , 486 U.S. 1034 ( 1988 ) ) , cert . denied , 510 U.S. 11 10 ( 1994 ). 9 An Act of Congress , thus , is ultimately required to modify the current political status of Puerto Rico . On June 9 , 2016 , in Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle , a 6 - 2 majority of the United States Supreme Court determined that Puerto Rico is a territory and lacks sovereignty . The opinion of the court stated : `` Back of the Puerto Rican people and their Constitution , the ' ultimate ' source of prosecutorial power remains the U.S. Congress , just as back of a city 's charter lies a state government . '' Four major bills regarding the political status of Puerto Rico have come before Congress , H.R. 856 , H.R. 900 , H.R. 2499 , and H.R. 2000 . United Nations classification ( edit ) The United Nations has intervened in the past to evaluate the legitimacy of Puerto Rico 's political status , to ensure that the island 's government structure complies with the standards of self - government that constitute the basic tenets of the United Nations Charter , its covenants , and its principles of international law . Some authorities , such as Trias Monge , argue that Puerto Rico `` clearly does not meet the decolonization standards set by the United Nations in 1960 '' . Resolution 748 ( edit ) During its 8th session , the United Nations General Assembly recognized Puerto Rico 's self - government on November 27 , 1953 , with Resolution 748 ( VIII ) . ( UN Resolution `` 748 ( VIII ) '' , adopted on November 27 , 1953 , during its 459th Plenary Meeting . ) This removed Puerto Rico 's classification as a non-self - governing territory ( under article 73 ( e ) of the Charter of the United Nations ) . The resolution passed , garnering a favorable vote from some 40 % of the General Assembly , with over 60 % abstaining or voting against it ( 20 to 16 , plus 18 abstentions ) . Today , however , the UN `` still debates whether Puerto Rico is a colony '' or not . UN vote aftermath ( edit ) However , Puerto Rico 's political status is still debated in many international forums , possibly in part because of the circumstances surrounding the vote : `` Under United States pressure , General Assembly Resolution 748 passed -- though only narrowly and with many countries abstaining . The debate over Resolution 748 prompted the United Nations to agree on governing arrangements that would provide full self - government to non-self - governing territories : in United States terms , these arrangements were statehood , independence , and free association . Yet , under international law , a freely associated state is a sovereign nation in a joint governing arrangement with another nation that either nation can unilaterally end . '' Though the subject continues to be debated in many forums it is clear that ( 1 ) the current territorial status has not satisfied Puerto Rican political leaders , and ( 2 ) that despite the divergent views that Puerto Ricans have with respect to their preferred political status , ' all factions agree on the need to end the present undemocratic arrangement whereby Puerto Rico is subject to the laws of Congress but can not vote in it . ' Attempts to reintroduce a new UN vote ( edit ) The list of factors for determining when a colony has achieved a full measure of self - government appears in Resolution 1541 ( XV ) of the General Assembly of the United Nations , 15 UN GAOR Supplement ( No. 16 ) at 29 , UN Document A / 4684 ( 1960 ) . The General Assembly did not apply its full list of criteria to Puerto Rico for determining whether or not self - governing status had been achieved . The UN 's Committee on Non-Self - Governing States recently unanimously agreed to ask the General Assembly to take up the issue of Puerto Rico . In June 2007 , the Puerto Rico Senate approved a Concurrent Resolution urging the UN General Assembly to discuss Puerto Rico 's case . Starting in 1971 , `` Cuba introduced annual resolutions on the issue in the UN 's Decolonization Committee but the United States has blocked General Assembly action and stopped cooperating with the Decolonization Committee . On August 23 , 1973 , the United States vigorously opposed that members of Puerto Rico 's independence movement be allowed to speak at the UN . The U.S. position has not been that Puerto Rico is not a territory ; rather , the U.S. position of record , based on General Assembly Resolution 748 , is that the Decolonization Committee lacks jurisdiction , that the matter is one for the United States and Puerto Rico to resolve , and that Puerto Rico has not sought a new status . '' In 1972 , the UN set a precedent when , after approving Puerto Rico 's association with the United States in 1953 as sufficient evidence to remove PR from the list of Colonized Countries , the United Nations reopened the matter in 1972 and it is still under review . `` Failure ( of the United States ) to include independence as an option and harassment of ( Puerto Rican ) pro-independence organizations were reasons for the United Nations ' recent reconsideration of the status of Puerto Rico '' . Since 1972 , the Decolonization Committee has called for Puerto Rico 's decolonization and for the United States to recognize the island 's right to self - determination and independence . Most recently , the Decolonization Committee called for the General Assembly to review the political status of Puerto Rico , a power reserved by the 1953 resolution . In 1993 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice . In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill , the U.S. House Committee on Resources stated , `` Puerto Rico 's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self - government under Resolution 1541 '' ( the three established forms of full self - government being stated in the report as ( 1 ) national independence , ( 2 ) free association based on separate sovereignty , or ( 3 ) full integration with another nation on the basis of equality ) . The report concluded that Puerto Rico `` remains an unincorporated territory and does not have the status of ' free association ' with the United States as that status is defined under United States law or international practice '' , and that the establishment of local self - government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress . The application of the U.S. Constitution applies partially to Puerto Rico by the Insular Cases . United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization ( edit ) Since 1953 , the UN has been considering the political status of Puerto Rico and how to assist it in achieving `` independence '' or `` decolonization '' . In 1978 , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization determined that a `` colonial relationship '' existed between the US and Puerto Rico . The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization has often referred to Puerto Rico as a nation in its reports , because , internationally , the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity . In a June 2016 report , the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self - determination in Puerto Rico . The group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self - determination and independence ... ( and ) allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner and to address their urgent economic and social needs , including unemployment , marginalization , insolvency and poverty `` . Distinct national group ( edit ) Internationally ( edit ) Though politically associated with the United States , Puerto Rico is considered by many other nations to have its own distinct national identity . Internationally , it has been reported that `` the Fourteenth Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-aligned Nations ... reaffirms that Puerto Rican people constitute a Latin American and Caribbean nation . '' Amongst Puerto Ricans ( edit ) Although Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States classified as a commonwealth , many Puerto Ricans consider it to be a country in and of itself . In their book on American expansionism titled The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 , Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow also determined that `` Most Puerto Ricans consider themselves a distinct national group . '' They also observed that both Americans and Puerto Ricans see themselves as separate cultures -- `` even separate nationalities '' . At the local level , it has been observed that Puerto Ricans `` consider themselves a territorially distinct national unit , a nation defined by its cultural distinctiveness '' . In recent plebiscites Puerto Ricans have not expressed themselves in favor of a political status with the intention of becoming a sovereign state , but the idea that Puerto Rico is a separate social , political and cultural entity from the United States has been repeatedly expressed . Position of U.S. political parties ( edit ) Main article : United States politics and the political status of Puerto Rico Both major United States political parties ( Democratic and Republican ) have expressed their support for the U.S. citizens in Puerto Rico to exercise their right to self - determination , with the Republican Party platform explicitly mentioning support for statehood and the Democratic Party platform expressing explicitly broader support for right to self - determination . Controversies ( edit ) The U.S. -- Puerto Rico relationship is a matter of debate . Some contend that the current political status of Puerto Rico , perhaps with enhancements , remains a viable option . Others argue that commonwealth status is or should be only a temporary fix to be resolved in favor of other solutions considered permanent , non-colonial , and non-territorial . Some contend that if independence is achieved , the close relationship with the United States could be continued through compact negotiations with the federal government . One element apparently shared by all discussants is that the people of Puerto Rico seek to attain full , democratic representation , notably through voting rights on national legislation to which they are subject . Decolonization by the UN and political empowerment ( edit ) Controversy exists surrounding the `` real '' political status of Puerto Rico , with some calling it a colony and others disagreeing . Some ( especially independentistas and statehooders ) claim Puerto Rico is still a colony despite the UN 's removing Puerto Rico from its list of non self - governing countries in 1953 . Others ( notably those who vote for the current commonwealth status option ) argue that Puerto Rico is not a colony because the UN has not revoked its resolution after 55 years . Some authors have called Puerto Rico `` the world 's oldest colony '' ( 2001 ) and `` one of the world 's last colonies '' ( 2004 ) . Former chief justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court José Trías Monge wrote a book that referred to it as the `` oldest colony in the world '' . Those who argue that Puerto Rico is still a colony insist that despite the UN resolution , Puerto Rico remains what some call a `` post-colonial colony '' . Defenders of this point of view argue that Puerto Rico has less self - determination than before the U.S. invasion -- it no longer has its own Puerto Rican citizenship , free maritime control , nor congressional representation as it did in the Spanish Cortes . Trías Monge argues that just prior to the U.S. invasion , Puerto Rico enjoyed greater freedom and rights in certain areas : The insular parliament could legislate in matters of monetary policy , banking , import / export duties , and public credit Puerto Rico could negotiate its own commercial treaties Puerto Ricans were Spanish citizens , equal in all respects to mainland Spanish citizens The Spanish Constitution applied in Puerto Rico in the same manner as it applied in Spain proper The Autonomic Charter of 1897 , which governed Puerto Rico 's relation with Spain , could not be changed except with Puerto Rico 's consent Yet those who claim Puerto Rico is not a colony will say that in its 8th session , the United Nations General Assembly recognized Puerto Rico 's self - government on November 27 , 1953 , with Resolution 748 . This side points out that such recognition removed Puerto Rico 's classification as a non-self - governing territory ( under article 73 ( e ) of the Charter of the United Nations ) . They add that the Resolution has not been revoked even though Puerto Rico 's political status is still debated in many international forums . Those who claim Puerto Rico is still a colony argue that Puerto Rico was vested with the commonwealth status by the U.S. Congress to give the appearance of self - government but that genuine decolonization never occurred . These supporters claim that the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1947 allowed the U.S. to continue its colonial policy of Puerto Rico in a post-colonial world . They see the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 ( P.L. 600 ) as a gimmick to maintain the colonial status of PR `` The US Congress , however , carefully preserved its exclusive right to ( unilaterally ) alter the political status of Puerto Rico . Some saw the commonwealth as at best as temporary arrangement or at worst as a relic of the old colonial past . '' They also point to the fact that no change in the political status of Puerto Rico is possible unless authorized by the U.S. Congress as proof of the real current status . Rivera Ramos argues that the `` deepest question pertains to the source of rights and the source of authority to govern ... In the case of ( unincorporated ) territories , the rights deemed to apply to their people , as well as those denied them , have their source in a constitution they have not approved nor have the power to amend '' . Those who support the view that Puerto Rico is no longer a colony but has changed into a different status , the commonwealth , argue that since the 1952 Constitution Congress has indicated that they will respect the wishes of the people of Puerto Rico , indicating that this is evidence of the validity of the current status as a non-colony . Those claiming it is still a colony point to Congress legislating for Puerto Rico , and to bills where text such as those authorizing plebiscites in Puerto Rico ( example `` to conduct a second plebiscite between the options of ( 1 ) independence , ( 2 ) national sovereignty in association with the United States , and ( 3 ) U.S. statehood . The three options in the plebiscite also correspond to the options that the United Nations has identified as the options for decolonizing a territory . '' ( HR 2499 , section 2 ( c ) ) clearly include content to satisfy the United Nations demand for decolonizing a territory . In addition to judicial decisions like the 1993 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit decision , which stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice . Granting of U.S. citizenship and cultural identity ( edit ) Some claim that granting of U.S. citizenship on Puerto Ricans on March 2 , 1917 was devised by the United States in order to further reiterate its hold of Puerto Rico as a possession while others claim that it was a serious attempt to pave the way for statehood . Former chief of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court José Trías Monge insists that statehood was never intended for the island and that , unlike Alaska and Hawaii , which Congress deemed incorporated territories and slated for annexation to the Union from the start , Puerto Rico was kept `` unincorporated '' specifically to avoid offering it statehood . And Myriam Marquez has stated that Puerto Ricans `` fear that statehood would strip the people of their national identity , of their distinct culture and language '' . Ayala and Bernabe add that the `` purpose of the inclusion of U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans in the Jones Act of 1917 was an attempt by Congress to block independence and perpetuate Puerto Rico in its colonial status '' . Proponents of the citizenship clause in the Jones Act argue that `` the extension of citizenship did not constitute a promise of statehood but rather an attempt to exclude any consideration of independence '' . The preamble of the Commonwealth constitution approved by the people of Puerto Rico in 1952 in part reads : `` We consider as determining factors in our life our citizenship of the United States of America and our aspiration continually to enrich our democratic heritage in the individual and collective enjoyment of its rights and privileges ; For the island 's pro-statehood movement , the concession of U.S. citizenship has been seen , ever since , as the key that would eventually guarantee statehood for the island , as soon as the people of Puerto Rico demanded equality in citizenship . As former Puerto Rico House of Representatives Speaker Miguel A. García Méndez subsequently declared , `` For an American citizen , there can not be another political goal other than equality with his or her fellow American citizens . To seek other solutions -- to repudiate equality -- is to repudiate the natural destiny of American citizenship . '' However , as early as 1912 , President William Howard Taft had already said that there was no connection between the extension of citizenship to Puerto Ricans and the prospect of admission of Puerto Rico into the American Union . `` I believe the demand for citizenship is just , and amply earned by the sustained loyalty on the part of the inhabitants of the island . But it should be remembered that the demand must be entirely dissociated from any thought of statehood '' . President Taft 's views in 1912 became a Supreme Court opinion when , in 1922 , as Chief Justice , Taft wrote the opinion on Balzac , the last of the so - called Insular Cases . Thus , in the end , U.S. citizenship has had multiple meanings for Puerto Ricans . For some it is a welcome link to the United States , regardless of the political status of the territory . For others , it has been nothing more than an imposed identity by an imperial power . Still others regard it as a useful asset that provides access to certain rights and tangible benefits and opportunities . And there are those that cherish it as a constituent element of their self - image and identity . Economic survival and self - support ( edit ) Some contend that Puerto Rico can not become a fully independent republic because there will be economic chaos and its citizens will die of hunger given that the land has no natural resources to sustain its population . But others point to the example of countries that became independent , such as Ireland and Singapore and , though some containing less land and natural resources than Puerto Rico , today have economies far better than the Island . According to educational scientists Francesco Cordasco and Eugene Bucchioni , in their 1973 work The Puerto Rican Experience : a Sociological Sourcebook , the belief that Puerto Rico can not survive on its own results from teachings since grade school . `` Puerto Ricans here and in Puerto Rico are taught three things : Puerto Rico is small and the US is big , Puerto Rico is poor and the US is rich , Puerto Rico is weak and the US is strong . '' This theory of non-sustainability is not new ; it has been held by various groups at least since the 1930s . Commonwealth partisans argue that Puerto Rico can not afford statehood , that post-war economic growth in Puerto Rico was the result of special treatment via exemption from Federal corporate taxes . Statehooders respond that such tax exemptions primarily benefit the large industrialists and not the population as a whole since low income Puerto Ricans would not pay taxes . An example given by those who claim the Island will be able to support itself is Singapore , an island nation 14 times smaller than Puerto Rico with a drastically higher level of population density and fewer natural resources , which has surpassed the per capita income of larger nations , including the United States . `` In Puerto Rico , ever since you are a child , you are told that you live on a tiny island that has no natural resources , nothing . This is what they teach you in school , on TV , the media , and it 's always negative . This perception is a byproduct of the island 's political dependence on the U.S. Politicians here will name it 20,000 different ways , but in any dictionary Puerto Rico is a colony . And there is this colonized mentality that everything from abroad is better . '' Juan Mari Brás stated , `` Only through a great unified movement looking beyond political and ideological differences , can the prevalent fears of hunger and persecution be overcome for the eventual liberation of Puerto Rico , breaking through domination by the greatest imperialist power of our age . '' English as an official language ( edit ) See also : English in Puerto Rico Traditionally , the de facto and only official language in Puerto Rico had been Spanish . After the invasion by the United States in 1898 , the Americans also made English the official language . In 1991 under the pro-Commonwealth PPD administration of Rafael Hernández Colón Spanish was declared the only official language in the Island . Then , in 1993 , under the pro-statehood PNP administration of Pedro Rosselló , the law was reversed , and English was again reinstated as an official language alongside Spanish . In a 1993 survey by the Ateneo Puertorriqueño , a leading cultural institution in Puerto Rico , 93 percent of respondents indicated that they would not relinquish Spanish as their language if Puerto Rico ever became a state of the American Union , even if the United States required English as the only official language of the Island . Suffrage and representation in the U.S. Congress ( edit ) In a First Circuit Court of Appeals case Igartúa v. United States , two of three members of the three - judge panel that dismissed the appeal on procedural grounds suggested in separate opinions that , in an en banc reconsideration , the United States could be required to extend full voting representation to the United States citizens in Puerto Rico if ( 1 ) the en banc Court determines that , contrary to current Circuit precedent , the Constitution does not prohibit extending such rights `` under another source of law '' , ( 2 ) that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , which , at Article 25 , states that `` ( e ) very citizen shall have the right and the opportunity ... ( t ) o vote and to be elected at genuine and periodic elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage '' , is self - executing . Stateside Puerto Ricans and status ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Puerto Ricans in the United States Stateside Puerto Rican members of the United States Congress : Luis Gutierrez ( D - IL ) ( left ) , José Serrano ( D - NY ) ( center ) , and Nydia Velázquez ( D - NY ) ( right ) speaking at the Encuentro Boricua Conference at Hostos Community College in New York City , 2004 More Puerto Ricans live stateside in the U.S. than in Puerto Rico . A 2009 report by the Pew Hispanic Center indicates that , as of 2007 , 4.1 million Puerto Ricans lived in the mainland versus 3.9 million living in the Island . Since the 1967 referendum , there have been demands that stateside Puerto Ricans be allowed to vote in these plebiscites on the political status of Puerto Rico . Since the 1990s , the role of stateside Puerto Ricans in advocating for Puerto Rico in Washington , D.C. , on issues such as the Navy 's removal from Vieques and others has increased , especially given that there have been three voting members of the U.S. Congress who are stateside Puerto Ricans ( two from New York City and one from Chicago ) , in contrast to Puerto Rico 's single Resident Commissioner in the U.S. Congress with no vote . Between February 24 - March 6 , 2006 , the National Institute for Latino Policy conducted an opinion survey over the Internet of a broad cross-section of stateside Puerto Rican community leaders and activists across the United States . The survey had a total of 574 respondents , including 88 non-Puerto Rican members of the Institute 's national network of community leaders . The views of the 484 Puerto Ricans in the survey found broad support among them for the holding of a plebiscite on the future political status of Puerto Rico . While 73 % were in favor of such a vote , they were split on the options to be voted upon . Those supporting the 2005 proposal made by the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status that the vote be ultimately limited to the options of statehood versus independence made up 31 % of the total respondents . 43 % supported including the commonwealth option in the proposed plebiscite . U.S. Public opinion on the status of Puerto Rico ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . In particular : latest data is 10 years old ; more recent nationwide polls would be welcome . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2017 ) In a 1991 Gallup Poll more than 60 % of Americans said they would support independence or statehood if a majority of Puerto Ricans voted for either . A March 13 , 1998 Gallup Poll asked Americans : `` Do you personally think Puerto Rico : Should become a completely independent nation ; should remain a territory of the United States , or , should be admitted to the United States as the fifty - first state ? '' The responses were : Become independent -- 28 % Remain a U.S. territory -- 26 % Be admitted as the fifty - first state -- 30 % None / Other -- 5 % No opinion -- 11 % In a June 2007 Opinion Dynamics / Fox News poll , 57 % of Americans opposed Puerto Rican statehood . See also ( edit ) Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 ( H.R. 900 & S. 1936 ) Puerto Rican citizenship Voting rights in Puerto Rico Politics of Puerto Rico 51st state Puerto Rico ( proposed state ) Sovereigntism ( Puerto Rico ) Special Committee on Decolonization United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories Proposed political status for Puerto Rico Statehood movement in Puerto Rico Privileges and Immunities Clause Territories of the United States United States territorial court Federal tribunals in the United States Index of Puerto Rico - related articles Puerto Rico portal United States portal New Spain portal Caribbean portal Additional reading ( edit ) `` The Singularly Strange Story of the English Language in Puerto Rico '' by A Pousada . `` Puerto Rico 's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite : Background and Key Questions . '' The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory and does not have the status of ' free association ' with the US as defined under United States law or international practice . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Contrary to common misconception , residents of Puerto Rico do pay U.S. federal taxes : customs taxes ( which are subsequently returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury ) , import / export taxes , federal commodity taxes , social security taxes , etc . Residents pay federal payroll taxes , such as Social Security and Medicare , as well as Commonwealth of Puerto Rico income taxes . All federal employees , those who do business with the federal government , Puerto Rico - based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. , and some others ( For example , Puerto Rican residents that are members of the U.S. military ; and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico ) also pay federal income taxes . In addition , because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the U.S. IRS code , and because the per - capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per - capita income on the mainland , more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island . This occurs because `` the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments '' . As residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security , Puerto Ricans are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement , but are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) ( Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents , unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States , do not receive the SSI . The island actually receives less than 15 % of the Medicaid funding it would normally receive if it were a U.S. state . However , Medicare providers receive less - than - full state - like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico , even though the latter paid fully into the system . It has also been estimated that , because the population of the Island is greater than that of 50 % of the States , if it were a state , Puerto Rico would have six to eight seats in the House , in addition to the two seats in the Senate . Another misconception is that the import / export taxes collected by the U.S. on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury . This is not the case . Such import / export taxes are returned only for rum products , and even then the US Treasury keeps a portion of those taxes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 , 287 ( 1901 ) ; Balzac v. Porto Rico , 258 U.S. 298 ( 1922 ) . Jump up ^ In November 2008 a district court judge ruled that a sequence of prior Congressional actions had had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico 's status to incorporated. Consejo de Salud Playa Ponce v. Johnny Rullan , p. 28 : `` The Congressional incorporation of Puerto Rico throughout the past century has extended the entire Constitution to the island ... '' However , as of April 2011 the issue had not yet made its way through the courts : Hon . Gustavo A. Gelpi , `` The Insular Cases : A Comparative Historical Study of Puerto Rico , Hawai'i , and the Philippines '' , The Federal Lawyer , March / April 2011 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . p. 25 : `` In light of the ( Supreme Court ) ruling in Boumediene , in the future the Supreme Court will be called upon to reexamine the Insular Cases doctrine as applied to Puerto Rico and other US territories . '' As of January 2013 the U.S. government still referred to Puerto Rico as unincorporated : accessed 26 January 2013 Archived June 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. : `` Puerto Rico is a self - governing , unincorporated territory of the United States located in the Caribbean '' . Jump up ^ Condición Política Territorial Actual ( English : Actual Territorial Political Condition ) . Archived November 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Government of Puerto Rico . State Electoral Commission . Nov 16 2012 9 : 59PM . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Opciones No Territoriales . ( English : Non-Territorial Options ) . Archived November 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Government of Puerto Rico . State Electoral Commission . Nov 16 2012 9 : 59PM . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ 2011 - 06 - 20 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States , in Consensus Text , to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self - Determination : Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island , Buckling Under Economic Strain ; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2009 - 06 - 15 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self - determination Process for Puerto Rico : Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved Sept 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2006 - 06 - 13 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self - determination Process : Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader 's Killing , Human Rights Abuses ; Calls for Clean - up , Decontamination of Vieques . June 13 , 2006 . Retrieved Dec 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations . Durban , South Africa , 2004 . See pages 14 -- 15 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : United Nations . General Assembly . Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples ( 1971 ) . Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples . 23 . United Nations Publications . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 810211 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self - Determination Process for Puerto Rico '' . United Nations . UN . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 248 . Jump up ^ Jones - Shafroth Act Jump up ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1402 Jump up ^ RHC admite congreso puede hacer lo que quiera con el ELA . El Sur a la Vista . Ponce , Puerto Rico . December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bea , Keith ( May 25 , 2005 ) . `` Political Status of Puerto Rico : Background , Options , and Issues in the 109th Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service , The Library of Congress : 5 -- 6 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 ... Jump up ^ United States v. Sanchez Archived May 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , 992 F. 2D 1143 ( 11th Cir. 1993 ) Jump up ^ Let Puerto Rico Decide : An Introduction to Puerto Rico 's Status Debate Archived February 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 - Consular Affairs . U.S. Department of State . January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Balzac v. Porto Rico , 258 U.S. 298 , 305 ( 1922 ) . Jump up ^ Injustice According to Law : The Insular Cases and Other Oddities . by José Trías Monge . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 231 . ^ Jump up to : One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 243 . Jump up ^ `` Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status : True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence . '' Rosalinda de Jesus . The Allentown Morning Call . Republished by The Puerto Rico Herald . July 21 , 2002 . San Juan , Puerto Rico . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 242 . Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 248 . Jump up ^ Between the Foreign and the Domestic : The Doctrine of Territorial Incorporation , Invented and Reinvented . by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 13 . ^ Jump up to : Injustice According to Law : The Insular Cases and Other Oddities . by José Trías Monge . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 239 . Jump up ^ Downes , 182 U.S. at 341 -- 342 ( White , J. concurring ) Jump up ^ Sanford Levinson , and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . The Louisiana Purchase and the American Expansion. page 12 . Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 243 . In Balzac v. Porto Rico , 258 U.S. 298 , 305 ( 1922 ) at 304 -- 12 . Jump up ^ 195 U.S. 138 , 149 . Jump up ^ 258 U.S. 298 , 312 . Jump up ^ The right of trial by jury has been incorporated against the states through the Due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . See Duncan v. Louisiana , 391 U.S. 145 ( 1968 ) . However , the size of the jury , as well as the requirement that it unanimously reach its verdict , vary between federal and state courts . Even so , the Supreme Court has ruled that a jury in a criminal case may have as few as six members . If there are twelve , only nine jurors need agree on a verdict . See , Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Jump up ^ U.S. Citizens or `` qualified aliens '' resident of one of the 50 States , the District of Columbia , or the Northern Mariana Islands are eligible for SSI . Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 244 . Jump up ^ `` Torres v. Puerto Rico '' . FindLaw.com Supreme Court Case Law . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ All residents of PR pay federal taxes , with the exception of federal income taxes which only some residents of Puerto Rico must still pay ( though everyone must pay all other federal taxes ) . Jump up ^ Dept of the Interior , Office of Insular Affairs Archived June 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico '' . wellsphere.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tax Topics - Topic 903 Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico '' . irs.gov . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform '' . Reuters. 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Is Not Innocent Of Colonization ... Puerto Ricans Pay Up , Too ... No They Do n't '' . Puerto Rico Herald . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.htrcpa.com/businessinpr1.html Archived April 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` D.C. Voting Rights : No Representation ? No Taxation ! '' . The Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf Archived October 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options '' ( PDF ) . The Joint Committee on Taxation - Congress of the United States : 9 . 23 June 2006 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options '' ( PDF ) . The Joint Committee on Taxation - Congress of the United States : 14 -- 15 . 23 June 2006 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. GAO - Puerto Rico : Fiscal Relations with the Federal Government and Economic Trends during the Phaseout of the Possessions Tax Credit '' . gao.gov . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SSA Handbook § 2114 '' . socialsecurity.gov . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 Archived May 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Deceitful Tactics Used To Make Puerto Rico A State '' . eagleforum.org . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Committee Reports , 110th Congress ( 2007 - 2008 ) , House Report 110 - 597 , Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' . thomas.gov . Retrieved 22 February 2005 . ( Note that for the official US Congress database website , you will need to resubmit a query . The document in question is called `` House Report 110 - 597 - Puerto Rico Democracy Act of . '' These are the steps to follow : http://www.thomas.gov > Committee Reports > 110 > drop down `` Word / Phrase '' and pick `` Report Number '' > type `` 597 '' next to Report Number . This will provide the document `` House Report 110 - 597 - Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' , then from the Table of Contents choose `` Background and Need for Legislation '' . ) Jump up ^ `` Statehood for Puerto Ricans : Billions More in U.S. Programs -- and in Taxes '' . Wall Street Journal . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Recent Legislation : Puerto Rico Passes New Municipal Reorganization Act , 128 Harv . L. Rev. 1320 ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax - Free Trust '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ The Supreme Court , 2015 Term -- Leading Cases , 130 Harv . L. Rev. 347 ( 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Developments in the Law -- Ch. II : Territorial Federalism , 130 Harv . L. Rev. 1632 ( 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page xii . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page xii . Jump up ^ 2005 President 's Task Force . Page 4 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico State Electoral Commission : Official Results for the 1967 Political - Status Plebiscite . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico State Electoral Commission : Official Results for the 1993 Political - Status Plebiscite . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2005 President 's Task Force . Page 4 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico State Electoral Commission : Official Results for the 1998 Political - Status Plebiscite . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Resultados Elecciones Generales 2012 - Noche del Evento '' . Comision Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress . Report RL32933 . By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett , Government and Finance Division . Congressional Research Service . Updated May 29 , 2008 . Page 32 . Appendix B : Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda , 1967 -- 1998 . ( A WikiLeaks Document Release . At : https://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32933 . Dated February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Archived February 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress . Report RL32933 . By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett , Congressional Research Service . Dated June 19 , 2009 . Page 29 . Table B - 1 : Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda , 1967 -- 1998 . Page 29 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Papeleta Modelo Plebiscito 2012 '' ( PDF ) . CEEPUR . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CEE Event - Condición Política Territorial Actual - Resumen '' ( in Spanish ) . Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico . 2012 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CEE Event - Opciones No Territoriales - Resumen '' ( in Spanish ) . Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico . 2012 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willie , Santana , ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Incorporating the Lonely Star : How Puerto Rico Became Incorporated and Earned a Place in the Sisterhood of States '' . Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy . 9 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Crabbe , Nathan ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Part of our country but still not a State '' . Gainesville Sun . Gainesville , FL . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Make room for 51st star ? Spending bill includes $2.5 million for vote on Puerto RIco statehood '' . 2014 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` What 's a Free Associated State ? '' . Puerto Rico Report . Puerto Rico Report . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Statehood , Independence , or Free Association Referendum ( 2017 ) '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . With my vote , I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through : ( 1 ) Free Association : Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of Puerto Rico . The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association , the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations . Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities . Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government ; ( 2 ) Proclamation of Independence , I demand that the United States Government , in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory , recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico . My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights , duties , powers , and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics , my support of Puerto Rican citizenship , and a `` Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation '' between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim ( January 2017 ) . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coto , Danica ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood '' . Washington Post . DC . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Gillian B. ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Why Puerto Rican Statehood Matters So Much Right Now '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Six words : the ability to file for bankruptcy Jump up ^ Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , American Expansion , and the Constitution . By Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . Duke University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 2698 - 1 . Page 21 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Statement from Romero Barcelo Before Congress '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress , Page 6 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Appendix E , page 6 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle , No. 15 -- 108 . ( Argued January 13 , 2016 -- Decided June 9 , 2016 ) Supreme Court of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States Blog . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Injustice According to Law : The Insular Cases and Other Oddities . by José Trías Monge . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 233 . ^ Jump up to : Resolution 748 ( VIII ) . ( Note : To access the text of the UN document , scroll down the list that appears until Resolution `` 748 ( VIII ) '' , dated `` November 27 , 1953 '' , is found . Click on the link `` 748 ( VIII ) '' to view the text of the Resolution . Important : This is a UN document database query server ; documents are served on - the - fly . Saving the link that appears when the document opens will not provide access in the future . ) Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico : Commonwealth , Statehood , or Independence ? Constitutional Rights Foundation Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : U.S House of Representatives . 110th Congress . Second Session . Report # 597 . Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Injustice According to Law : The Insular Cases and Other Oddities . by Jose Trias Monge . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 239 . ^ Jump up to : UN Resolution 1514 ( XV ) of December 15 , 1960 . Listing of the full set of criteria that determines if a country or territory is a colony . Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Congress ( Thomas Online Query Database ) , House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 . Background and Need for Legislation section '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Epedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process -- General Assembly GA / COL / 3160 -- Department of Public Information -- June 14 , 2007 '' . June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Terroristic Activity : The Cuban Connection in Puerto Rico . Hearings Before the U.S. Senate , Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee of the Judiciary . 94th Congress . First Session , part 6 . July 30 , 1975 . ( Washington , D.C. ) Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ General Assembly Resolution 748 ( VIII ) , November 27 , 1953 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans Must Approve Future Status - Decolonization Committee '' , U.N. Chronicle 15 ( 9 ) : 35 ( October 1978 ) Jump up ^ `` Committee Calls for Fact Finding Mission to Visit Puerto Rico '' , U.N. Chronicle 16 ( 6 ) : 25 ( July -- October 1979 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The International Legal Status of Native Alaska '' by Russel Lawrence Barsh , published in Alaska Native News ( July 1984 ) , 4 . 2 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process -- General Assembly GA / COL / 3160 -- Department of Public Information -- June 14 , 2007 '' . June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Constitutional Rights Foundation . Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : United States v. Sanchez Archived May 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , 992 F. 2d 1143 ( 11 Cir. 1993 ) . ( Paragraphs 44 -- 46 ) Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing '' . Committee on Resources , U.S. House of Representatives , 105th Congress . April 19 , 1997 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1541 ( XV ) . Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73 e of the Charter '' . United Nations General Assembly . December 15 , 1960 . Jump up ^ López , Ana M. ( 2014 ) . `` Puerto Rico at the United Nations '' . The North American Congress on Latin America . The North American Congress on Latin America . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United Nations . General Assembly . Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples ( 1971 ) . Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples . 23 . United Nations Publications . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 810211 - 9 . Jump up ^ U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez , D - Illinois . House Session : United States - Puerto Rico Political Status Act . March 4 , 1998 . C - SPAN Video Library . In the words of the Congressman , The fact is that Puerto Rico is a nation ... Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez , D - Illinois . House Session : United States - Puerto Rico Political Status Act . March 4 , 1998 . Congressional Record . March 4 , 1998 . 105th Congress , Second Session . Volume 144 , Issue No. 20 . Page H821. 1900 Hours . In the words of the Congressman , The people of Puerto Rico consider themselves a nation ... Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dr. Lynn Darrell Bender . Puertorriqueños and americanos in Puerto Rico : Ethnic Conflict ? in `` The Perplexing Hemisphere . '' Revista / Review Interamericana . Vol . XXX , No. 1 - 4 ( 2002 ) , pp. 1 -- 4 . Interamerican University of Puerto Rico . San German , Puerto Rico . The ( Puerto Rican ) cultural elites and intellectuals ... view Puerto Rico as a `` nation , '' in the sense of a distinct cultural - linguistic unit ... Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Countries and Their Cultures : Culture of Puerto Rico . `` Orientation : Identification . '' Page 1 . Puerto Ricans are a Caribbean people who regard themselves as citizens of a distinctive island nation ... Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( page 167 ) Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 . By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 5 . Page 167 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 . by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 5 . Page 243 . Jump up ^ Sponsored Identities : Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico . in Making and Marketing National Identities . By Arlene M. Dávila . Temple University Press . 1997 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56639 - 549 - 6 . Pages 1 -- 3 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress . Summary page '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ United States - Puerto Rico Relations in the Early Cold War Years ( 1945 -- 1953 ) : Abstract . Carlos Ramon Zapata - Oliveras . January 1 , 1986 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Rights Foundation '' . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Sharon Ann , and Mejia , Armando Xavier , Latino Americans and Political Participation Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 523 - 3 . page 106 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico : The Trials of the Oldest Colony in the World . By Jose Trias Monge . Yale University Press . 1997 . Jump up ^ Archaeology and the Postcolonial Critique . By Matthew Liebmann , and Uzma Z . Rizvi . Page 54 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GUILLERMO MOSCOSO , `` FACTS REGARDING PUERTO RICAN CITIZENSHIP , '' THE SAN JUAN STAR , VIEWPOINT , WEDNESDAY , SEPTEMBER 17 , 1997 , PAGE 58 `` . www.puertorico-herald.org . line feed character in title = at position 49 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Requirement to use US - flagged ships only '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ La Prensa San Diego . By Marjorie Cohn . The Incarceration of Carlos Alberto Torres : After 30 Years in Prison , the Puerto Rican Political Prisoner Will Be Freed ... Vol . XXXIII . July 30 , 2010. `` Every year for 29 years the United Nations Decolonization Committee has passed a resolution calling for independence . '' Jump up ^ Harvest of Empire : A History of Latinos in America By Juan Gonzalez. page 262 , 272 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Archaeology and the Postcolonial Critique . By Matthew Liebmann , Uzma Z . Rizvi . Page 54 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ cited as `` Act of July 3 , 1950 , U.S. Statutes at Large 64 ( 1950 ) : 319 '' , in One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 248 . ^ Jump up to : The Politics of Direct Democracy : Referendums in Global Perspective . By Lawrence By LeDuc . Page 117 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . New York : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . Page 175 . Jump up ^ Harvest of Empire . By Juan Gonzalez . Page 265 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ True Nationhood Stands On The Pillar Of Independence . Myriam Marquez . Orlando Sentinel. 21 July 2002 . Reprinted by `` Puerto Rico Herald . '' Retrieved 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico in the American Century : A History Since 1898 . By César J. Ayala and Rafael Bernabe . Page 82 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ayala and Bernabe , Page 82 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` prfaa.com '' . www.prfaa.com . Jump up ^ Harvest of Empire . By Juan Gonzalez . Page 265 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Insular Cases -- The Decisions , Influence of the Cases , De Lima v. Bidwell , Goetze v. United States -- United , Court , Territories , Rico , Puerto , and Congress Jump up ^ Juan R. Torruella ( 1985 ) . The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : the doctrine of separate and unequal . La Editorial , UPR . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8477 - 3019 - 3 Jump up ^ `` The Insular Cases : The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid '' ( 2007 ) Juan R. Torruella Pages 318 -- 319 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . New York : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . Page 174 . Jump up ^ Francesco Cordasco and Eugene Bucchioni . The Puerto Rican Experience : a Sociological Sourcebook . Littlefield , Adams , & Co. 1973 . ISBN 0 - 87471 - 162 - 2 . page = 317 . Jump up ^ Have A Puerto Rican question ? Ask El Boricuazo . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Angel Collado Schwarz . Soberanias Exitosas : Seis modelos para el desarrollo economico de Puerto Rico . Fundacion Voz del Centro . Guaynabo , Puerto Rico . ( Spanish ) 2009 . ISBN 1 - 933545 - 13 - 5 . pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Francesco Cordasco and Eugene Bucchioni ( 1973 ) . The Puerto Rican Experience : a Sociological Sourcebook . Littlefield , Adams , & Co. p. 317 . ISBN 0 - 87471 - 162 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos . Accessed January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Defining Status : A Comprehensive Analysis of United States Territorial Relations . By Arnold H. Leibowitz . Dordrecht : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . 1989 . Page 128 . Jump up ^ Angel Collado Schwarz ( 2009 ) . `` Singapur '' . Soberanias Exitosas : Seis modelos para el desarrollo economico de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) . Guaynabo , Puerto Rico : Fundacion Voz del Centro . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 1 - 933545 - 13 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Have A Puerto Rican question ? Ask El Boricuazo '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Voices for Independence : In the Spirit of Valor and Sacrifice . Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence . By Jean Zwickel . White Star Press ( Pittsburg , California , U.S. ) ISBN 0 - 9620448 - 0 - 6 . March 1998 . Copyrighted '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our Projects : What ProEnglish Does . History of Puerto Rico , its status , and its official languageS '' . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) `` 1902 : The Official Languages Act ( under the Foraker Act ) was instituted which declared that in all insular governmental departments , courts , and public offices , English was to be regarded as co-official with Spanish ... On March 2 , ( 1917 ) President Woodrow Wilson signed the Jones Act ... This law ... made English the official language . '' ( archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ The University of Puerto Rico : Colonialism and the Language of Teaching and Learning , 1903 -- 1952 . By Pablo Navarro - Rivera , School of Undergraduate Studies , Lesley College , Cambridge , MA . In , Journal for Pedagogy , Pluralism & Practice. `` With the military invasion of Puerto Rico in 1898 the United States ( U.S. ) initiated a colonization effort that made English the official language of the island . '' Retrieved March 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Language Situations . ( A Review of The Movement Against Teaching English in Schools in Puerto Rico . ( 1987 ) By Edith Algren de Guitierrez . University Press of America . ) JSTOR . Vol 19 . No. 3 . ( Sept , 1990 ) By Ana Cecilia Zentella . Cambridge University Press. `` Ever since the United States occupied the Island in 1898 and declared English the only official language ... '' Retrieved March 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Caribbean Business . Historical Highlights of Puerto Rico Retrieved March 12 , 1020 . Jump up ^ Hispania Research Corporation : Memorando analitico sobre el estudio del idioma en Puerto Rico -- Sometido a : Ateneo Puertorriqueño . Page 60 . ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Rivera Ramos , Efren ( 2005 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Political Status '' . In Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 179 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Igartúa v. United States , 626 F. 3d 592 ( 1st Cir 2010 ) . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.vocero.com/noticias-es/nuevamente-'no'-al-foto-federal Jump up ^ Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the United States , 2007 Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ White House Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 24 , 2008 ) ( archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Gallup Poll , 3 / 6 - 9 / 1998 , CNN / USA Today / Gallup Poll , ref # GO 121850 : The Gallup Poll : Public Opinion , 1998 , by George Horace Gallup , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico remains a colony , panel says . J.A. Cruz . People 's World . July 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) UN resolutions ( edit ) 2011 - 06 - 20 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States , in Consensus Text , to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self - Determination : Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island , Buckling Under Economic Strain ; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed. ( June 20 , 2011 ) Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . 2010 - 06 - 21 . Special Committee on Decolonization Passes Text Urging General Assembly to Consider Formally Situation Concerning Puerto Rico : Draft Resolution Calls on United States to Expedite Island 's Self - Determination . ( June 21 , 2010 ) Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . 2009 - 06 - 15 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self - determination Process for Puerto Rico . Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association . ( June 15 , 2009 ) Retrieved Sept 3 , 2010 . 2006 - 06 - 13 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self - determination Process . Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader 's Killing , Human Rights Abuses ; Calls for Clean - up , Decontamination of Vieques . ( June 13 , 2006 ) Retrieved Dec 3 , 2009 . Bills before Congress ( edit ) 1996 - 03 - 23 . HR - 3024 , U.S. - Puerto Rico Political Status Act . San Juan , PR . ( March 23 , 1996 ) Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . 1997 - 03 - 19 . 1997 Puerto Rico Status Hearing before the Committee on Resources , House of Representatives . 105th Congress . First Session on H.R. 856 , `` A Bill to Provide a Process Leading to Full Self - government for Puerto Rico '' . ( March 19 , 1997 ) -- Washington , D.C. ( Serial No. 105 -- 16 ) 2007 - 02 - 07 . Text of H.R. 900 : Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 . Union Calendar No. 370 . 110th CONGRESS , 2d Session . H.R. 900 . Report No. 110 - 597 . To provide for a federally sanctioned self - determination process for the people of Puerto Rico . In the House of Representatives . ( February 7 , 2007 ) Others ( edit ) Will Puerto Rico Finally Become Our 51st State ? Portal de la Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico ( In Spanish ) Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration An Introduction to Puerto Rico 's Status Debate at the Wayback Machine ( archived August 7 , 2007 ) ( archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 07 ) Again with the 51st State ... by Eric Lurio , The Huffington Post , August 1 , 2009 House Vote On Puerto Rico 's Status Divides Hispanic Lawmakers -- video report by Democracy Now ! 1993 - 07 - 13 . Puerto Rico Self - Determination Part I. Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Insular Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources , House of Representatives . 103rd Congress , First Session . On H. Con . Res. 94 : Expressing the Sense of the Congress Regarding the Expression of Self - determination by the People of Puerto Rico . Washington , D.C. ( July 13 , 1993 ) Retrieved Dec 3 , 2009 . Text of Law # 283 of 2011 , ordering the 2012 Political Status plebiscite , and which provides a fairly complete picture of the events related to Puerto Rico 's political status that have taken place since the 1898 U.S. annexation of the island . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . 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in 1999 israel elected as its prime minister answers

Ehud Olmert

ehud olmert

Ehud Olmert 12th Prime Minister of Israel In office 14 April 2006 -- 31 March 2009 Acting : 4 January 2006 -- 14 April 2006 President Moshe Katsav Shimon Peres Deputy Tzipi Livni Preceded by Ariel Sharon Succeeded by Benjamin Netanyahu Mayor of Jerusalem In office 2 November 1993 -- 16 February 2003 Preceded by Teddy Kollek Succeeded by Uri Lupolianski Personal details ( 1945 - 09 - 30 ) 30 September 1945 ( age 72 ) Binyamina , Mandatory Palestine Political party Likud ( 1973 -- 2006 ) Kadima ( 2006 -- present ) Spouse ( s ) Aliza Olmert Children 4 ( including Shaul and Dana ) Alma mater Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ehud Olmert ( Hebrew : אֶהוּד אוֹלְמֶרְט ‎ , IPA : ( eˈhud ˈolmeʁt ) ( listen ) ; born 30 September 1945 ) is an Israeli politician and lawyer . He served as the 12th Prime Minister of Israel from 2006 to 2009 and before that as a cabinet minister from 1988 to 1992 and from 2003 to 2006 . Between his first and second stints as a cabinet member , he served as mayor of Jerusalem from 1993 to 2003 . After serving as PM he was sentenced to serve a prison term over convictions for accepting bribes and for obstruction of justice during his terms as mayor of Jerusalem and as trade minister . Contents 1 Early life 2 Education and military service 3 MK and minister 4 Mayor of Jerusalem 5 Deputy leader of Israel 6 Acting prime minister 7 Prime Minister 7.1 Addresses U.S. Congress 7.2 2006 Lebanon War 7.3 Loses popularity , controversial statements 7.4 Annapolis peace talks 7.5 Operation Orchard 7.6 Negotiations with Syria 7.7 Gaza rocket attacks increase 7.8 IDF bombs , invades Gaza 7.9 Controversial UN vote 7.10 Stepping down 8 Corruption and bribery criminal investigations 8.1 Bribery investigation 8.2 Indictments , trials and criminal convictions 9 Personal life 10 References 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Olmert was born near Binyamina in the British Mandate of Palestine . According to Olmert , his parents , Bella ( Wagman ) and Mordechai Olmert , escaped `` persecution in Ukraine and Russia , and found sanctuary in Harbin , China . They emigrated to Israel to fulfill their dream of building a Jewish and democratic state living in peace in the land of our ancestors . '' His father later became a member of the Knesset for Herut . Olmert 's childhood included membership in the Beitar Youth Organization and dealing with the fact that his parents were often blacklisted and alienated due to their affiliation with the Jewish militia group the Irgun . They were also part of Herut , the opposition to the long - ruling Mapai party . However , by the 1970s , this was proving less detrimental to one 's career than during the 1950s . Education and military service ( edit ) Olmert graduated from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with degrees in psychology , philosophy and law . He opened a successful law partnership in Jerusalem . Olmert served with the Israel Defense Forces in the Golani Brigade . While in service he was injured and temporarily released . He underwent many treatments , and later completed his military duties as a journalist for the IDF magazine BaMahane . During the Yom Kippur War , he joined the headquarters of Ariel Sharon as a military correspondent . Already a member of the Knesset , he decided to go through an officer 's course in 1980 at the age of 35 . Mk and Minister ( edit ) In 1966 , during the Gahal party convention ( a predecessor to today 's Likud ) , party leader Menachem Begin was challenged by the young Olmert , who called for his resignation . Begin announced that he would retire from party leadership , but soon reversed his decision when the crowd emotionally pleaded with him to stay . Olmert was first elected to the Knesset in 1973 at the age of 28 , and was re-elected seven consecutive times . Between 1981 and 1989 , he served as a member of the Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee and served on the Finance , Education and Defense Budget Committees . He served as minister without portfolio , responsible for minority affairs between 1988 and 1990 , and as minister of health from 1990 until 1992 . Following Likud 's defeat in the 1992 election , instead of remaining a Knesset member in the opposition , he successfully ran for mayor of Jerusalem in November 1993 . Mayor of Jerusalem ( edit ) Bronze plate situated in the Wire Opera House in Curitiba , Brazil , commemorating Olmert 's visit as mayor of Jerusalem Between 1993 and 2003 , Olmert served two terms as mayor of Jerusalem , the first member of Likud or its precursors to hold the position . During his term in office , he devoted himself to the initiation and advancement of major projects in the city , the development and improvement of the education system , and the development of road infrastructure . He also spearheaded the development of the light rail system in Jerusalem , and the investment of millions of shekels in the development of mass transportation options for the city . While mayor of Jerusalem , Olmert was an invited speaker at an international conflict resolution conference held in Derry , Northern Ireland . In his address , he spoke of how `` Political leaders can help change the psychological climate which affects the quality of relationships among people . '' His speech concluded with reflections on the importance of political process in overcoming differences : `` How are fears born ? They are born because of differences in tradition and history ; they are born because of differences in emotional , political and national circumstances . Because of such differences , people fear they can not live together . If we are to overcome such fear , a credible and healthy political process must be carefully and painfully developed . A political process that does not aim to change the other or to overcome differences , but that allows each side to live peacefully in spite of their differences . '' Deputy leader of Israel ( edit ) Olmert was elected as a member of the sixteenth Knesset in January 2003 . He served as the head of the election campaign for Likud in the elections , and subsequently was the chief negotiator of the coalition agreement . Following the elections he was appointed as Designated Acting Prime Minister and Minister of Industry , Trade and Labor . From 2003 to 2004 , he also served as Minister of Communications . On 7 August 2005 , Olmert was appointed acting finance minister , replacing Benjamin Netanyahu , who had resigned in protest against the planned Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip . Olmert , who had originally opposed withdrawing from land captured in the Six - Day War , and who had voted against the Camp David Peace Accords in 1978 , was a vocal supporter of the Gaza pullout . After his appointment , Olmert said : I voted against Menachem Begin , I told him it was a historic mistake , how dangerous it would be , and so on and so on . Now I am sorry he is not alive for me to be able to publicly recognize his wisdom and my mistake . He was right and I was wrong . Thank God we pulled out of the Sinai . When Sharon announced he was leaving Likud to form a new party , Kadima , Olmert was one of the first to join him . Acting Prime Minister ( edit ) On 4 January 2006 , as the designated Acting Prime Minister , Olmert became Acting Prime Minister as a result of the serious stroke suffered by then Prime Minister Ariel Sharon . This occurred after consultations took place between Cabinet Secretary Yisrael Maimon and Attorney General Menachem Mazuz , who declared Sharon `` temporarily incapable to carry out the duties of his office '' , while only officially in office . Then , Olmert and the cabinet reaffirmed in an announcement that the 28 March elections would be held as scheduled . During the days following the stroke , Olmert met with Shimon Peres and other Sharon supporters to try to convince them to stay with Kadima , rather than return to Likud or , in Peres ' case , Labor . On 16 January 2006 , Olmert was elected chairman of Kadima , and Kadima 's candidate for prime minister in the upcoming election . In his first major policy address on 24 January 2006 after becoming caretaker Prime Minister , Olmert stated that he backed the creation of a Palestinian state , and that Israel would have to relinquish parts of the West Bank to maintain its Jewish majority . At the same time , he said , `` We firmly stand by the historic right of the people of Israel to the entire Land of Israel . '' In a number of interviews , he also introduced his Realignment plan , which would see Israel unilaterally withdraw from most of the West Bank and redraw its borders to incorporate major settlement blocs into Israel . The plan was shelved following the 2006 Lebanon War . Following the March 2006 election , Kadima won 29 seats , making it the largest party . On 6 April , Olmert was officially asked by President Moshe Katsav to form a government . Olmert had an initial period of 28 days to form a governing coalition , with a possible two - week extension . On 11 April , the Israeli Cabinet deemed that Sharon was incapacitated . The 100 - day replacement deadline was extended due to the Jewish festival of Passover , and a provision was made that , should Sharon 's condition improve between 11 and 14 April , the declaration would not take effect . Therefore , the official declaration took effect on 14 April , formally ending Sharon 's term as prime minister and making Olmert the country 's new Interim Prime Minister in office ( he would not become the official prime minister until he formed a government ) . Prime Minister ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2009 ) Ehud Olmert and George W. Bush On 4 May 2006 , Olmert presented his new government to the Knesset . Olmert became prime minister and minister for welfare . Control over the Welfare Ministry was expected to be given to United Torah Judaism if it would join the government . The post was later given to Labor 's Isaac Herzog . Olmert took over as acting prime minister of Israel after Ariel Sharon suffered a stroke . Addresses U.S. Congress ( edit ) On 24 May 2006 , Olmert was invited to address a joint session of the U.S. Congress . He stated that his government would proceed with the disengagement plan if it could not come to agreement with the Palestinians . Olmert was the third Israeli prime minister to have been invited to speak at a joint session of Congress . 2006 Lebanon War ( edit ) Further information : 2006 Lebanon War This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2009 ) Loses popularity , controversial statements ( edit ) Following the 2006 Lebanon War , Olmert 's popularity ratings fell and , on 15 September 2006 , former chief of staff Moshe Ya'alon publicly stated that Olmert should resign . In May 2007 , Olmert 's approval rating fell to 3 % , and he became the subject of a Google Bomb for the Hebrew for `` miserable failure '' . Ehud Olmert meets with Condoleezza Rice and Mahmoud Abbas . On 9 December 2006 , Olmert stated that he could not rule out the possibility of a military attack against Iran , and called for the international community to step up action against that country . He called Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 's repeated threats to destroy Israel `` absolutely criminal '' , and said that he expected `` more dramatic steps to be taken '' . In an interview with German TV network Sat. 1 on 11 December 2006 , Olmert included Israel in a list of nuclear powers , saying : `` Iran , openly , explicitly and publicly , threatens to wipe Israel off the map . Can you say that this is the same level , when they are aspiring to have nuclear weapons , as America , France , Israel and Russia ? '' He immediately attempted to backtrack , insisting that Israel 's doggedly held position of nuclear weapons ambiguity had not changed . He nonetheless came under harsh criticism from both ends of the Israeli political spectrum due to the perceived threat to Israel 's policy of ambiguity regarding its nuclear status . On 2 May 2007 , the Winograd Commission accused Olmert of failing to properly manage the 2006 Lebanese War , which prompted a mass rally of over 100,000 people calling for his resignation . Annapolis peace talks ( edit ) Olmert welcomed the Arab League 's 2007 re-endorsement of the Arab Peace Initiative . Olmert wrote in The Guardian newspaper that Israel was ready to make `` painful concessions '' to achieve peace with the Palestinians . `` I take the offer of full normalization of relations between Israel and the Arab world seriously ; and I am ready to discuss the Arab peace initiative in an open and sincere manner . Working with our Jordanian and Egyptian partners , and hopefully other Arab states , we must pursue a comprehensive peace with energy and vision ... But the talks must be a discussion , not an ultimatum . '' On 4 November 2007 , he declared Israel 's intention to negotiate with the Palestinians about all issues , stating , `` Annapolis will be the jumping - off point for continued serious and in - depth negotiations , which will not avoid any issue or ignore any division that has clouded our relations with the Palestinian people for many years . '' On 29 November 2007 , he warned of the end of Israel in case a two - state solution is not eventually found for the Israeli - Palestinian dispute . `` If the day comes when the two - state solution collapses , and we face a South African - style struggle for equal voting rights ( also for the Palestinians in the territories ) , then , as soon as that happens , the State of Israel is finished '' , Olmert said on the last day of the Annapolis Conference . `` The Jewish organizations , which were our power base in America , will be the first to come out against us '' , Olmert said , `` because they will say they can not support a state that does not support democracy and equal voting rights for all its residents '' . During the talks , Olmert agreed that Israel would share Jerusalem as the joint capital of Israel and a Palestinian state and hand over its holy sites to a multinational committee , land swaps that would allow Israel to keep its major settlement blocs in the West Bank , the construction of a tunnel connecting the West Bank and the Gaza Strip , and a demilitarized Palestinian state with an American - led international security force stationed on the Palestinian -- Jordanian border . Both sides disagreed over how much land would be exchanged in the swaps , with Olmert demanding at least 6.3 - 6.8 % of the West Bank and Abbas insisting a swap would not exceed 1.9 % . In his memoirs , Olmert wrote that he agreed Israel would generously compensate the remaining refugees . Olmert later stated that U.S. President George W. Bush offered to accept another 100,000 refugees as American citizens if a peace agreement was signed . U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice wrote in her memoirs that the Palestinians demanded they be allowed to negotiate additional `` returns '' to Israel following the peace deal , insisting that the right of return was a matter of individual choice that would ultimately have to apply to every refugee . In his memoirs , Olmert claimed that he and Abbas were very close to an agreement , but Abbas ' hesitation , Olmert 's legal troubles , and the Gaza War caused the talks to end . President Bush wrote in his memoirs that the talks broke down when Olmert announced that he would resign from office , and Abbas then broke off the talks and refused to finalize an agreement on the grounds that he did not want to sign a peace deal with a Prime Minister on his way out of office . During at least two meetings , Olmert made a secret promise to Abbas : Once a prisoner exchange deal for captive Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit was finalized with Hamas , Israel would bolster Abbas ' government by releasing Fatah prisoners . After a prisoner exchange deal was agreed upon in 2011 under Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , Olmert 's successor , Palestinian officials demanded that Netanyahu live up to Olmert 's promise and release Fatah prisoners . Operation Orchard ( edit ) Further information : Operation Orchard On 6 September 2007 , Israel launched Operation Orchard , an airstrike against a suspected nuclear reactor in Syria , allegedly being built with North Korean and Iranian assistance . The strike was preceded by years of covert operations by Israeli special forces and the Mossad . Details of the strike were censored in Israel , and the attack was not confirmed to have taken place until 2 October . Following the attack , Olmert 's approval rating rose to 35 % . President Bush wrote in his memoirs that Olmert had first asked him to bomb the facility , but ordered the attack after Bush refused and told him that he would prefer diplomatic action and sanctions . Following the strike , Bush claimed to have suggested to Olmert to hide the strike for a while and then make it public as a way to isolate the Syrian government , but Olmert asked for total secrecy , wanting to avoid anything that could force Syria to retaliate . However , Israeli columnist Caroline Glick wrote that Israel had bowed to US demands in concealing the airstrike . Negotiations with Syria ( edit ) In May 2008 , Israel opened Turkish - brokered indirect peace talks with Syria . Olmert stated that the resumption of peace talks with Syria was a national obligation that must be tried . However , Syria broke off the talks several months later in response to the Gaza War . Gaza rocket attacks increase ( edit ) Rocket and mortar attacks by Palestinian terrorists from the Hamas - controlled Gaza Strip on Israel occurred frequently throughout the spring and summer of 2008 , until a ceasefire was agreed between Hamas and Israel in June . Rocket attacks increased sharply in November after an Israeli raid on an Hamas - built smuggling tunnel . The ceasefire expired in December 2008 and negotiations stalled between the two parties to renew the ceasefire . On 24 December , the Negev was hit by more than 60 mortar shells and Katyusha and Qassam rockets , and the IDF was given a green light to operate . Hamas claimed to have fired a total of 87 rockets and mortar rounds that day at Israel , code - naming the firing `` Operation Oil Stain '' . IDF bombs , invades Gaza ( edit ) Further information : Operation Cast Lead On 25 December 2008 , Olmert delivered a `` last minute '' warning to Gaza in direct appeal to Gaza 's people via the Arabic language satellite channel al - Arabiya , to pressure their leaders to stop the rocket barrages . `` I am telling them now , it may be the last minute , I 'm telling them stop it . We are stronger '' , he said . The attacks did not stop and Israel launched its military operation , codenamed Operation Cast Lead , on the morning of 27 December , when more than 50 fighter jets and attack helicopters began to bomb strategic targets . Air and naval strikes continued for days , when on 3 January 2009 the IDF began a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip . The fighting lasted 22 days until a ceasefire came into effect . Israel subsequently withdrew from Gaza . On 1 February 2009 , Olmert stated : `` We 've said that if there is rocket fire against the south of the country , there will be a severe and disproportionate Israeli response to the fire on the citizens of Israel and its security forces . '' Controversial UN vote ( edit ) The UN Security Council passed a resolution on 8 January 2009 calling for an immediate ceasefire to the hostilities in the Gaza Strip . It passed 14 -- 0 -- 1 , with one abstention from the United States . Olmert told reporters , `` ( U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice ) was left shamed . A resolution that she prepared and arranged , and in the end she did not vote in favor . In the night between Thursday and Friday , when the Secretary of State wanted to lead the vote on a ceasefire at the Security Council , we did not want her to vote in favor . I said ' get me President Bush on the phone ' . They said he was in the middle of giving a speech in Philadelphia . I said I did n't care . ' I need to talk to him now ' . He got off the podium and spoke to me . I told him the United States could not vote in favor . It can not vote in favor of such a resolution . He immediately called the Secretary of State and told her not to vote in favor . '' When asked about the comments , a White House spokesman said that Olmert 's version of events was `` inaccurate '' . The war finally ended on 18 January 2009 . A day before , Israeli officials announced a unilateral ceasefire , without an agreement with Hamas . In a press conference , Israeli Prime Minister Olmert declared the ceasefire effective that night , at 00 : 00 GMT on 18 January . Stepping down ( edit ) On 30 July 2008 , Olmert announced that he would not contest the Kadima party leadership election in September and would resign from office once his party elects a new leader . In his resignation speech , he addressed the cases of corruption of which he is being accused , saying he is `` proud to be a citizen of a country in which a Prime Minister can be investigated like any other citizen '' , but also stated he `` was forced to defend ( himself ) from ceaseless attacks by the self - appointed soldiers of justice , who sought to oust ( him ) from ( his ) position '' . The move has been interpreted as signaling the end of Olmert 's political career . Many politicians across the political spectrum praised Olmert 's decision to resign . Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni said `` the personal decision was not simple , but it was a correct one . Kadima must continue to act in a way that will preserve its unity and ability to lead . '' Defense minister and Labor party leader Ehud Barak called Olmert 's announcement `` a proper and responsible decision made at the right time '' . Opposition leaders called for the resignation to be followed by general elections . The Likud party leader , Benjamin Netanyahu , called for snap elections : `` It does n't matter who heads Kadima . They are all partners in this government 's total failure . National responsibility requires a return to the people and new elections . '' After Tzipi Livni won the leadership election , Olmert officially resigned but remained prime minister , according to the dictates of the law . Even after an official resignation , he remains in power until a new prime minister is sworn in , in order to prevent a government void . Livni tried unsuccessfully to form a new coalition government . After Livni announced she could not form the new government , new parliamentary elections were set for 10 February 2009 , and Olmert remained in power until after the elections , just as the law dictates . Corruption and bribery criminal Investigations ( edit ) Beginning in the mid-1980s , Olmert was subjected to a string of corruption allegations that resulted in multiple police investigations . According to Israeli journalist Yossi Melman , the repeated investigations led some to believe that Olmert was corrupt but a master at covering his tracks , while others believed that the authorities were simply obsessed with harassing him . On 7 March 2006 , it was disclosed that an inquiry was being carried out on the 1999 sale and lease - back of a Jerusalem property purchased by Olmert in 2004 , which allegedly was done on financial terms very favorable to Olmert , in what would amount to an illegal campaign contribution and / or bribe . Olmert was alleged to have paid $325,000 below market value . A criminal investigation regarding the matter was formally launched on 24 September 2007 . The investigation closed in August 2009 due to lack of evidence . On 16 January 2007 , a criminal investigation was initiated against Olmert . The investigation focused on suspicions that during his tenure as finance minister , Olmert tried to steer the tender for the sale of Bank Leumi in order to help Slovak - born Australian real estate baron Frank Lowy , a close personal associate . Israeli Finance Ministry Accountant General Dr. Yaron Zelekha was as a key witness , according to the State Comptroller 's office . The state comptroller testified against Olmert . Israeli Police who investigated the case eventually concluded that the evidence that was collected was insufficient for indictment , and no recommendations were made to press charges . In October 2007 , he was questioned for five hours by three officers from the National Fraud Investigations Unit in his Jerusalem residence . State Prosecutor Moshe Lador closed the case in December 2008 due to lack of evidence . In April 2007 , it was further alleged that , during his office as Minister of Trade , Industry and Labor , Olmert may have been guilty of criminal behavior by taking an active part in an investment center . Prosecutors said that Olmert placed himself in a conflict of interest by personally dealing with issues involving business figures represented by his friend and former business partner , lawyer Uri Messer . Olmert was alleged to have changed some decisions made by his ministry in their favor . During a parliamentary inquest in July 2007 , Olmert flatly denied these accusations . In October 2007 , Attorney General Mazuz ordered a police investigation into allegations that Olmert , when he held the positions of trade minister , communications minister and finance minister , had improperly appointed associates from the Likud party to posts on government bodies . Police completed their investigation in 2009 , and concluded that there was a basis to indict Olmert and others for fraud and breach of trust . In July 2008 , Haaretz reported that in 1992 , Olmert took a loan from U.S. businessman Joe Almaliah , but never repaid it , and concealed the true size of the loan from the State Comptroller . In March 2003 , State Comptroller Eliezer Goldberg asked Olmert to submit the wealth - declaration statement required of all cabinet ministers . Olmert disclosed that he had taken a loan from Almaliah , but did not say when it was due . In 2004 , Olmert conceded that he had taken $75,000 , and stressed that Almaliah had not asked for repayment of the loan . At Goldberg 's insistence , Olmert signed a contract with Almaliah undertaking to repay the loan in January 2009 . According to an indictment , Olmert had actually taken another $100,000 from Almaliah , which was deposited into his personal bank account . The State Prosecutor 's office said that it was not aware of Olmert 's repayment of either loan . Bribery investigation ( edit ) In May 2008 , it became public that Olmert was the subject of another police investigation , concerning allegations of bribery . Olmert said that he took campaign contributions from Jewish - American businessman Morris Talansky when he was running for mayor of Jerusalem , leadership of the Likud and candidacy in the Likud list for the Knesset . It was alleged that Olmert unlawfully received millions of shekels in illegal campaign funding from Talansky over a 15 - year period . Olmert resisted calls to resign , and stated : `` I never took bribes , I never took a penny for myself . I was elected by you , citizens of Israel , to be the Prime Minister and I do n't intend to shirk this responsibility . If Attorney General Meni Mazuz , decides to file an indictment , I will resign from my position , even though the law does not oblige me to do so . '' On 2 May , head of the National Fraud Investigations Unit Brigadier - General Shlomi Ayalon and two investigatiors questioned Olmert for 90 minutes in his Jerusalem residence . On 23 May , National Fraud Investigations Unit officers interrogated Olmert for an hour in his Jerusalem residence . On 27 May , Talansky testified in court that over the last 15 years he gave Olmert more than $150,000 in cash in envelopes to fund political campaigns , and hinted that Olmert also used the money for fine hotels , cigars , pens and watches . On 6 September 2008 , the Israel Police recommended that criminal charges should be brought against Olmert . In their indictment , prosecutors claimed that Olmert had received some $600,000 from Talansky in either cash or bank transfers , and that $350,000 of this was held in a `` secret cache '' managed by Olmert 's close associate Uri Messer . The prosecution also claimed that Olmert used his official capacity as minister of trade and industry to facilitate introductions with hotel managers for Talansky , a partner in a firm providing mini-bars for hotels . It was alleged that Olmert sometimes used official letterheads . The charge sheet said that Olmert was aware he was in an `` acute conflict of interest '' . On 26 November 2008 , Attorney General Menachem Mazuz informed Olmert that he decided to file an indictment against him in what has come to be known as `` Rishon Tours '' affair , pending a hearing before Mazuz . The scheme allegedly worked as follows : Olmert would speak abroad on behalf of groups such as the Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial , a support group for the Israel Defense Forces or a charity for mentally disabled Israeli children . Rishon Tours then billed each group for the same trip as if they alone were paying , and placed the money in a special bank account allegedly for Olmert 's personal use . Prosecutors charged that Olmert had gained $92,164 . On 1 March 2009 , Attorney General Mazuz informed Olmert 's legal representatives that he had decided to file an indictment against him , in what has come to be known as the `` cash envelopes '' affair , pending a hearing before the attorney general . In 2010 , it was cleared for publication that the National Fraud Investigations Unit suspected Olmert of involvement in the `` Holyland Affair '' , where officials took bribes in exchange for promoting real estate projects , especially the Holyland real estate development project in southwest Jerusalem , which was allowed to grow 1,200 % beyond the limit authorized . As Mayor of Jerusalem , Olmert allegedly took thousands of shekels in bribe money from businessmen , entrepreneurs , and stakeholders . Indictments , trials and criminal convictions ( edit ) On 30 August 2009 , an indictment against Olmert was served at the Jerusalem District Court . The indictment includes the following counts : obtaining by fraud under aggravating circumstances , fraud , breach of trust , falsifying corporate documents , and tax evasion . The indictment refers to three out of the four corruption - related cases standing against him : `` Rishon Tours '' , `` Talansky '' ( also known as the `` money envelopes '' affair ) , and the `` Investment Center '' . This was the first indictment of someone who has ever held the office of Israeli Prime Minister . On 25 September 2009 , Olmert 's trial opened . The court began hearing testimonies on 22 February 2010 , with three discussions per week . The prosecution began arguing its case at the beginning of the trial , and the prosecution phase ended on 30 March 2011 . The defense phase began on 31 May , and they began with Olmert testifying in his own defense . On 30 June , the prosecution began a cross-examination on the various charges . In January 2012 , Olmert was indicted for taking bribes over the Holyland affair . The indictment was filed in the Tel Aviv District Court . After Olmert began accusing his secretary , Shula Zaken , of committing the crimes he was charged with , Zaken began negotiating a plea bargain with prosecutors . In late March 2014 , prosecutors signed a plea bargain with Zaken , under which she would plead guilty , and prosecutors would not request a prison term longer than 11 months . As part of the plea bargain , Zaken agreed to provide evidence and testify against Olmert as a state 's witness . On 10 July 2012 , Olmert was convicted on one count of breach of trust over the investment center case , but exonerated over the Talansky and Rishon Tours affairs . In September 2012 , he was given a one - year suspended sentence and a fine of ₪ 75,000 ( $ 21,000 ) . On 31 March 2014 , five years to the day after he was replaced by Benjamin Netanyahu as Prime Minister , Olmert was convicted of two counts of bribery over the Holyland affair by Tel Aviv District Court Judge David Rosen , who ruled that he had accepted ₪ 560,000 ( $ 160,000 ) while serving as mayor of Jerusalem , and had lied about it in court . He was acquitted on two other corruption charges . Olmert and eight other defendants , including former Jerusalem mayor Uri Lupolianski and former Bank Hapoalim chairman Dan Dankner , were convicted of accepting bribes in exchange for helping land developers receive municipality licenses for the Holyland Park residential project in the city . Olmert 's sentencing hearing began on 28 April 2014 . On 13 May 2014 , he was sentenced to 6 years in prison and fined ₪ 1.5 million ( $ 430,000 ) . He was ordered to report to prison on 1 September to begin serving his sentence . In addition to the Holyland affair , Zaken provided new evidence against Olmert in the Talansky and Rishon tours affairs . Olmert and his lawyers were subsequently questioned by police on suspicion of obstruction of justice and witness tampering . Following an investigation , police announced that there was sufficient evidence to indict Olmert for obstruction of justice . On 7 August 2014 , following Zaken 's testimony , the Israeli Supreme Court ordered a retrial of Olmert in the Talansky case . In September 2014 , the Supreme Court ruled that Olmert could stay out of prison pending an appeal . Oral arguments would have to take place within three months , but together with the delay in the final verdict he could potentially stay out of prison for over a year . As of March 2015 , Olmert was yet to serve his sentence . He began serving a 19 - months sentence on 15 February 2016 in Maasiyahu Prison . In December 2014 , Zaken again provided new evidence , revealing that Olmert had offered her $ 10,000 for every month she would serve in jail for taking the blame in the Holyland case , to be paid in a foreign bank account . In one of the eight recordings revealed , Olmert can also be heard talking about buying Sheldon Adelson 's , a Jewish - American billionaire 's , testimony , and how he told U.S. President George W. Bush about Olmert 's traitorship : `` Adelson -- this dog , son of a dog -- went to President Bush and said that I 'm a traitor . Bush told me . '' In March 2015 , Olmert was convicted in Jerusalem District Court of fraud , breach of trust , and tax evasion in his retrial on corruption charges over the Talansky case . The judges ruled that he had taken bribes and used the funds for personal reasons without reporting it . Sentencing was set for May , and his lawyers advised he would appeal . Olmert was sentenced to eight months in prison in connection with the Talansky case on 25 May 2015 , as well as fined ₪ 100,000 ( $ 25,000 ) and given an additional suspended sentence of eight months . The prison sentence was stayed for 45 days to allow Olmert 's legal team time to appeal the ruling . The verdict acknowledged Olmert 's public service , and he was given a weaker sentence than prosecutors sought . Olmert filed an appeal of his conviction to the Supreme Court of Israel in July 2015 ; the court agreed that Olmert 's sentence would be suspended until after the outcome of the appeal . The conviction meant that Olmert was sentenced over misdeeds from both his time as mayor of Jerusalem , as well as Trade Minister of Israel . Personal life ( edit ) Olmert 's wife , Aliza , is a writer of novels and theater plays , as well as an artist . Aliza is more left - leaning in her politics than her husband . She claimed to have voted for him for the first time in 2006 . The couple has four biological children and an adopted daughter . The oldest daughter , Michal , holds a master 's in psychology and leads workshops in creative thinking . Another daughter Dana is a lecturer in literature at the Tel Aviv University , and the editor of a literature series . She is a lesbian and lives with her partner in Tel Aviv . Her parents are accepting of her sexual orientation and partner . Dana is active in the Jerusalem branch of the Israeli human rights organization Machsom Watch . In June 2006 she attended a march in Tel Aviv protesting alleged Israeli complicity in the Gaza beach blast , which made her the subject of bitter criticism from right - wing personalities . Olmert 's father Mordechai , a pioneer of Israel 's land settlement and a former member of the Second and Third Knessets , grew up in the Chinese city of Harbin , where he led the local Betar youth movement . Olmert 's grandfather J.J. Olmert settled in Harbin after fleeing post-World War I Russia . In 2004 , Olmert visited China and paid his respects at the tomb of his grandfather in Harbin . Olmert said that his father had never forgotten his Chinese hometown after moving to what was then the British Mandate of Palestine , in 1933 at the age of 22 . `` When he died at the age of 88 , he spoke his last words in Mandarin Chinese '' , he recalled . In October 2007 , Olmert announced that he had prostate cancer . His doctors declared it to be a minor risk . In April 2009 , Olmert 's spokesman issued a statement indicating that Olmert 's cancer had deteriorated . In 2009 , Olmert spoke at various colleges throughout the United States to mixed receptions . In October 2009 , he visited Magnolia , Arkansas , and spoke about Israeli farming , technology and Israel 's view on Iran . 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Jump up ^ `` IDF gets green light to strike Hamas after rocket barrage '' . The Jerusalem Post . 27 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hamas : 87 shells fired at Israeli targets in 24 hours '' . Bethlehem , PS : Ma'an News Agency . 25 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 3 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Olmert Delivers ' Last Minute ' Warning to Gaza '' . Fox News Channel . 25 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Israel hits Hamas targets in Gaza '' . BBC News . 1 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Israel vows ' disproportionate ' response to Gaza rocket attacks '' . The Daily Telegraph . 1 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rice shame - faced by Bush over UN Gaza vote : Olmert '' . Google News . 12 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` W. House : reports of Olmert - Bush call inaccurate '' . Yahoo News . 13 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts of Olmert 's speech pledging to resign '' . Reuters. 30 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full text of speech / ' I regret my mistakes ' '' . Haaretz. 31 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Ravid , Barak ( 31 July 2008 ) . `` Olmert to step down in September , vows to push for peace first '' . Archived from the original on 5 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kadima officials fear new leader wo n't be able to form gov 't '' . Haaretz. 31 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Tran , Mark ( 31 July 2008 ) . `` Netanyahu calls for new Israeli elections '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Basic Law : The Government ( 2001 ) , Israeli parliament , the Knesset , official translation of the law Jump up ^ `` One of Israel 's best prime ministers , but corrupt '' . Haaretz.com. 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Israel comptroller checks Olmert 's house purchase '' . Daily Times . 7 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ehud Olmert : Corruption allegations '' . BBC News . 5 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Heller ( 24 September 2007 ) . `` Israeli police to investigate Olmert house purchase '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PM to face criminal investigation over Bank Leumi sale affair '' . Haaretz. 17 January 2007 . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Zino , Aviram ( 30 October 2006 ) . `` Police to look for criminal aspect in Leumi affair '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zelekha : I 'll step down in December '' . The Jerusalem Post . 10 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kershner , Isabel ( 10 October 2007 ) . `` Olmert Questioned in Corruption Case '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Glickman , Aviad ( 4 December 2008 ) . `` State prosecutor closes Leumi case against Olmert '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Milka Kahn ( 25 April 2007 ) . `` Comptroller accuses PM of ' corruption ' '' . The Jerusalem Post ( in French ) . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Olmert answers corruption accusations '' . New Age International . 26 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Weitz , Gidi ( 14 February 2011 ) . `` Olmert denies failing to repay ' scandalous ' 18 - year - loan '' . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Ethan Bronner ( 5 May 2008 ) . `` Israeli Political Crisis Overshadows Rice 's Trip '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheehy , Kate ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Israel Scandal 's LI ( Long Island ) Link '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olmert refuses to step down amid corruption scandal '' . InTheNews. 9 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olmert : I 'll resign if indicted '' . Globes. 9 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Efrat ( 2 May 2008 ) . `` National Fraud Unit investigates Olmert '' . Ynetnews . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Rabinovitch , Ari ( 7 September 2008 ) . `` Israeli police seek criminal charges against Olmert '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ כתב אישום בפרשת ראשונטורס ( Rishon Tours Case Charges ) ( in Hebrew ) . News1. 26 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Soltis , Andy ( 12 July 2008 ) . `` Olmert 's ' 100G Fraud ' '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An indictment against Olmert in Talanski 's affair '' . MSN . 2 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Senyor , Eli ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` Olmert cited as ' senior official ' in Holyland affair '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indictment served against former PM Olmert in 3 cases '' . The Jerusalem Post . 30 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Milka Kahn ( 31 August 2009 ) . `` Olmert becomes 1st PM to be indicted '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 30 August 2009 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Rory ( 25 September 2009 ) . `` Ehud Olmert defiant as corruption trial begins '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130727010238/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3781629,00.html . Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Glickman , Aviad ( 31 March 2011 ) . `` Prosecution completes part in Olmert trial '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Glickman , Aviad ( 30 June 2011 ) . `` Olmert trial : Prosecution starts cross '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Paraszczuk , Joanna ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Olmert charged for graft in Holyland Affair '' . The Jerusalem Post . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Glickman , Aviad ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Olmert to be indicted in Holyland affair '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zaken : I can land Olmert in prison over Holyland affair '' . Israelhayom.com . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` After reaching deal with Olmert aide , State Prosecution asks to postpone verdict '' . Haaretz.com. 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Hasson , Nir ; Natasha Mozgovaya ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Ex-PM Olmert acquitted on two charges of corruption , found guilty of one '' . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 10 July 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Magnezi , Aviel ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Olmert exonerated of corruption charges '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on 13 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Leshem , Elie ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Former PM Ehud Olmert convicted of taking bribes '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` found guilty '' . Haaretz.com. 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Haaretz.com. 31 March 2014 http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.582901 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Israel 's ex-PM Ehud Olmert convicted of bribery '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Zaken agrees to plea bargain , 11 months in jail '' . The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Will Ehud Olmert be sentenced to a long prison term for his bribery conviction ? '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olmert maintains innocence , refuses to admit guilt in exchange for lighter sentence '' . The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Israel ex-PM Ehud Olmert jailed for six years for bribery '' . BBC News . 13 May 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olmert could face new evidence during Talansky and Rishon Tours appeal '' . Haaretz.com. 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ehud Olmert 's attorneys to be quizzed in new obstruction - of - justice probe '' . Haaretz.com. 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Armed with new evidence , state to reopen Olmert probes '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police urge prosecution of Olmert on obstruction of justice '' . ynet . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Retrial ordered in Olmert - Talansky case '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court rules Olmert can stay out of jail until Holyland appeal is heard '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Holyland II : Where are Judge Rosen 's Verdict and Sentence records re : former PM Olmert 's corruption ? '' . LiveLeak.com . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ehud Olmert , Ex-Prime Minister of Israel , Begins Prison Sentence '' . New York Times . 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olmert offered aide $10,000 a month to serve jail time '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Estrin , Daniel . `` Former Israeli Premier Olmert convicted in corruption Case '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Israeli prime minister Ehud Olmert found guilty of taking bribes '' . Washington Post . 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Olmert jail sentence elicits bout of schadenfreude from pro-settler group '' . The Jerusalem Post . 25 May 2015 . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Israeli Premier Olmert sentenced to 8 months in prison '' . The Seattle Times . 25 May 2015 . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ehud Olmert Appeals Conviction and 8 - Month Sentence in Talansky Affair '' . Forward . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . 2 July 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` High Court Rules That Olmert Does Not Need To Begin Prison Sentence On Thursday '' . Yeshiva World News . 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Shabi , Rachel ( 5 May 2006 ) . `` The unlikely first lady '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 12 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Former Prime Minister Ehud Olmert '' . 4 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Avi ( 10 June 2006 ) . `` PM 's daughter protests Gaza killings '' . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Fangchao , Li ( 26 June 2004 ) . `` Israel deputy PM visits grandpa 's Harbin grave '' . China Daily . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Shao Da ( 14 September 2004 ) . `` Finding Family Roots at Harbin 's Jewish Cemetery '' . China Through A Lens . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Sofer , Ronny ( 29 October 2007 ) . `` Olmert diagnosed with signs of prostate cancer '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Sofer , Roni ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Olmert 's cancerous condition deteriorating '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Marie ( 21 October 2009 ) . `` Protest Erupts Before Speech '' . Texarkana Gazette . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Martin , Marie ( 21 October 2009 ) . `` Former Israeli PM speaks on Farms Technology and Iran '' . Texarkana Gazette . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Olmert opposes strike on Iranian nuclear program '' . The Times of Israel . Associated Press . 25 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ehud Olmert . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ehud Olmert Wikisource has original works written by or about : Ehud Olmert Ehud Olmert on the Knesset website Israeli - Palestinian Peace Talk V on YouTube by Leon Charney on The Leon Charney Report Israeli - Palestinian Peace Talk VI on YouTube by Leon Charney on The Leon Charney Report Ehud Olmert 's biography Knesset website Profile : Ehud Olmert Ehud Olmert Appearances on C - SPAN PBS Frontline / World 's piece on Olmert `` Former Prime Minister Ehud Olmert '' . Ynetnews. 4 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Olmert , Ehud ( 5 June 2007 ) . `` 1967 : Israel can not make peace alone '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Olmert , Ehud ( 17 July 2009 ) . `` Stop Focusing on the Settlements to Achieve Peace in the Middle East '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 July 2012 . Political offices Preceded by Ariel Sharon Prime Minister of Israel 2006 -- 2009 Succeeded by Benjamin Netanyahu Party political offices Preceded by Ariel Sharon Leader of Kadima 2006 -- 2008 Succeeded by Tzipi Livni Ehud Olmert Prime Ministers of Israel Ben - Gurion ( 1948 -- 53 ) Sharett ( 1953 -- 55 ) Ben - Gurion ( 1955 -- 63 ) Eshkol ( 1963 -- 69 ) Allon ( acting ) Meir ( 1969 -- 74 ) Rabin ( 1974 -- 77 ) Begin ( 1977 -- 83 ) Shamir ( 1983 -- 84 ) Peres ( 1984 -- 86 ) Shamir ( 1986 -- 92 ) Rabin ( 1992 -- 95 ) Peres ( 1995 -- 96 ) Netanyahu ( 1996 -- 99 ) Barak ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Sharon ( 2001 -- 06 ) Olmert ( 2006 -- 09 ) Netanyahu ( 2009 -- present ) Communications Ministers of Israel Nurock ( 1952 ) Burg ( 1952 -- 58 ) Barzilai ( 1958 -- 59 ) Mintz ( 1960 -- 61 ) Sasson ( 1961 -- 67 ) Yeshayahu ( 1967 -- 69 ) Rimalt ( 1969 -- 70 ) Peres ( 1970 -- 74 ) Uzan ( 1974 ) Rabin ( 1974 -- 75 ) Uzan ( 1975 -- 77 ) Begin ( 1977 ) Amit ( 1977 -- 78 ) Moda'i ( 1979 -- 80 ) Aridor ( 1981 ) Tzipori ( 1981 -- 84 ) Rubinstein ( 1984 -- 87 ) Yaacobi ( 1987 -- 90 ) Pinhasi ( 1990 -- 92 ) Shahal ( 1992 -- 93 ) Aloni ( 1993 -- 96 ) Livnat ( 1996 -- 99 ) Ben - 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Yezri ( 2006 -- 09 ) Netanyahu ( 2009 -- 13 ) German ( 2013 -- 14 ) Netanyahu ( 2015 ) Litzman ( 2015 -- ) Social Affairs and Social Services Ministers of Israel Levin ( 1948 -- 52 ) Shapira ( 1952 -- 58 ) Naftali ( 1959 ) Burg ( 1959 -- 70 ) Hasani ( 1970 -- 74 ) Shem - Tov ( 1974 ) Hasani ( 1974 -- 75 ) Rabin ( 1975 ) Burg ( 1975 ) Hammer ( 1975 -- 76 ) Baram ( 1977 ) Begin ( 1977 ) Katz ( 1977 -- 81 ) Abuhatzira ( 1981 -- 82 ) Uzan ( 1982 -- 84 ) Katsav ( 1984 -- 88 ) Shamir ( 1988 -- 90 ) Milo ( 1990 ) Shamir ( 1990 -- 92 ) Rabin ( 1992 ) Namir ( 1992 -- 96 ) Yishai ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Cohen ( 2000 -- 01 ) Benizri ( 2001 -- 02 ) Sharon ( 2002 ) Benizri ( 2002 -- 03 ) Orlev ( 2003 -- 04 ) Olmert ( 2006 -- 07 ) Herzog ( 2007 -- 11 ) Kahlon ( 2011 -- 13 ) Cohen ( 2013 -- 14 ) Katz ( 2015 -- ) Mayors of Jerusalem Ottoman Empire ( 1517 -- 1917 ) Musa al - Alami ( n / a ) Ahmad Agha Duzdar ( 1838 -- 63 ) Abdelrahman al - Dajani ( 1863 -- 82 ) Salim al - Husayni ( 1882 -- 97 ) Yousef al - Khalidi ( 1899 -- 1907 ) Faidi al - Alami ( 1907 -- 09 ) Hussein al - Husayni ( 1909 -- 17 ) British Mandate of Palestine ( 1917 -- 48 ) Aref al - Dajani ( 1917 -- 18 ) Musa al - Husayni ( 1918 -- 20 ) Raghib al - Nashashibi ( 1920 -- 34 ) Hussein al - Khalidi ( 1934 -- 37 ) Daniel Auster ( 1937 -- 38 ) Mustafa al - Khalidi ( 1938 -- 44 ) Daniel Auster ( 1944 -- 45 ) West Jerusalem , Israel ( 1949 -- 67 ) Daniel Auster ( 1949 -- 50 ) Zalman Shragai ( 1951 -- 52 ) Yitzhak Kariv ( 1952 -- 55 ) Gershon Agron ( 1955 -- 59 ) Mordechai Ish - Shalom ( 1959 -- 65 ) Teddy Kollek ( 1965 -- 67 ) East Jerusalem , Jordan ( 1949 -- 67 ) Anwar Khatib ( 1948 -- 50 ) Aref al - Aref ( 1950 -- 51 ) Hannah Atallah ( 1951 -- 52 ) Omar Wa'ari ( 1952 -- 55 ) Ruhi al - Khatib ( 1957 -- 67 ) Israel ( 1967 -- ) Teddy Kollek ( 1967 -- 93 ) Ehud Olmert ( 1993 -- 2003 ) Uri Lupolianski ( 2003 -- 08 ) Nir Barkat ( 2008 -- ) Titular East Jerusalem , Palestine ( 1967 -- ) Ruhi al - Khatib ( 1967 -- 94 ) Amin al - Majaj ( 1994 -- 98 ) Zaki al - Ghul ( 1999 -- ) Arab -- Israeli conflict Countries Authorities Organizations Primary countries and authorities All - Palestine Egyptian Kingdom and Republic Hamas Gaza Iraqi Kingdom and Baathist Iraq Kuwait Israel Jordan Palestinian National Authority Saudi Arabia Syrian Republic and Ba'athist Syria Organizations Active Abu Nidal Organization Amal al - Aqsa Martyrs ' Brigades Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab League Arab Liberation Front Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Fatah Guardians of the Cedars Hamas Jaish al - Islam Kataeb Lebanese Forces al - Mourabitoun Muslim Brotherhood Palestinian Islamic Jihad Palestine Liberation Front Palestine Liberation Organization Palestinian Popular Struggle Front Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -- General Command Popular Resistance Committees as - Sa'iqa Inactive or former Arab Higher Committee Arab Liberation Army Black Hand Black September Haganah Holy War Army Irgun ( Etzel ) Japanese Red Army Lehi Palmach Revolutionary Cells South Lebanon Army Other countries France Kuwait Libya Morocco North Korea United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Yemen Transnational European Union United Nations Former states Soviet Union United Arab Republic Armed engagements Background 1920 Battle of Tel Hai 1936 -- 1939 Arab revolt 1944 Operation ATLAS 1947 -- 1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine 1948 -- 1950s 1948 -- 1949 Arab -- Israeli War 1950s Palestinian Fedayeen attacks ( reprisal operations ) 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1966 Operation Shredder 1967 Six - Day War 1967 -- 1970 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1968 Operation Gift 1970s -- 1980 1973 Yom Kippur War Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon 1972 Operation Isotope / Lod Airport massacre / Munich Olympics massacre 1972 -- 1979 Operation Wrath of God ( Airstrike , Spring of Youth ) 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 1974 Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Operation 1976 Operation Entebbe 1978 Coastal Road massacre / Operation Litani 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1980s 1981 Operation Opera 1982 Lebanon War 1982 -- 2000 South Lebanon conflict 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Operation Wooden Leg 1987 -- 1993 First Intifada 1988 Mothers ' Bus rescue / Tunis raid 1990s 1992 Operation Bramble Bush 1993 -- 2008 Palestinian suicide attacks 1993 Operation Accountability 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000s 2000 -- 2005 Al - Aqsa Intifada ( Second Intifada ) 2000 -- 2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 2001 -- present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods / Operation Summer Rains / Operation Autumn Clouds / Lebanon War 2006 -- present Gaza -- Israel conflict 2007 -- 2008 Operation Hot Winter 2008 -- 2009 Gaza War 2007 -- present Lebanese rocket attacks 2010s 2010 Adaisseh skirmish / Palestinian militancy campaign Gaza -- Israel conflict 2011 Southern Israel cross-border attacks 2012 Operation Returning Echo / Operation Pillar of Defense 2014 Israel -- Gaza conflict 2015 Israeli -- Palestinian conflict ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2018 Gaza border protests 2017 Israel -- Syria incident 2018 Israel -- Syria clashes 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents Diplomacy and peace proposals To 1948 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon -- Hussein Correspondence 1916 Sykes -- Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo - French Declaration 1919 Faisal -- Weizmann Agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1939 London Conference 1946 Morrison - Grady Plan 1947 Bevin Plan 1946 -- 47 London Conference 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948 -- 91 1948 UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1964 Palestinian National Covenant 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council ( UNSC ) Resolution 242 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel -- Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1983 Israel -- Lebanon agreement 1991 -- present 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords 1994 Gaza -- Jericho Agreement / Israel -- Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin -- Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm El Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from Gaza / Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks 2013 Israeli -- Palestinian peace talks GND : 135736080 ISNI : 0000 0001 1437 276X LCCN : no2006118469 SNAC : w6j682d3 VIAF : 7155287 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Olmert&oldid=846801895 '' Categories : Government ministers of Israel 1945 births Living people 21st - century criminals Ashkenazi Jews Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni Israeli government officials convicted of crimes Israeli Jews Leaders of political parties in Israel Israeli people convicted of bribery Israeli people of Russian - Jewish descent Israeli politicians convicted of corruption Israeli prisoners and detainees Jewish Israeli politicians Jews in Mandatory Palestine Kadima politicians Likud politicians Mayors of Jerusalem Members of the 8th Knesset ( 1974 -- 77 ) Members of the 9th Knesset ( 1977 -- 81 ) Members of the 10th Knesset ( 1981 -- 84 ) Members of the 11th Knesset ( 1984 -- 88 ) Members of the 12th Knesset ( 1988 -- 92 ) Members of the 13th Knesset ( 1992 -- 96 ) Members of the 14th Knesset ( 1996 -- 99 ) Members of the 16th Knesset ( 2003 -- 06 ) Members of the 17th Knesset ( 2006 -- 09 ) Ministers of Finance of Israel Ministers of Health of Israel People from Binyamina - Giv'at Ada Prime Ministers of Israel Prisoners and detainees of Israel Israeli politicians convicted of crimes Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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what is callie's job on grey's anatomy

Calliope Iphegenia `` Callie '' Torres , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the ABC in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by Sara Ramirez . She was introduced in season two , as a senior orthopedic resident , as a love interest for intern George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . Eventually becoming an attending orthopedic surgeon , the character was originally contracted to appear on a recurring basis , but received star billing in the third season .

attending orthopedic surgeon

Callie Torres

callie torres

Calliope Iphegenia `` Callie '' Torres , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the ABC in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by Sara Ramirez . She was introduced in season two , as a senior orthopedic resident , as a love interest for intern George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . Eventually becoming an attending orthopedic surgeon , the character was originally contracted to appear on a recurring basis , but received star billing in the third season .

Torres was initially conceived as a love interest , and eventual wife , for O'Malley , and was created to be disliked by her colleagues . Further storylines include relationships between her and plastic surgeon , Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , as well as a marriage to pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) . The character 's bisexual storyline with Hahn and Robbins , and her development later in the series has garnered much acclaim . Ramirez 's portrayal of Torres has been widely praised by television critics and the character gained significant popularity as the series progressed . Ramirez was nominated for several awards for her portrayal of Torres , including the Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series , and the ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series . The character was ranked at no . 7 by AfterEllen.com in the list of `` Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . '' At the end of the show 's twelfth season , Ramirez departed the show after ten years , desiring to take a break . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Callie Torres is introduced as an orthopedic surgery resident with a crush on intern George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . The two start a relationship and Torres moves into Meredith 's house ( Meredith and Izzie Stevens lived there as well ) . Uneased at the way their relationship is progressing , O'Malley confronts her , which results in her moving into a hotel . In the aftermath of the breakup , she meets and has a one - night stand with plastic surgeon Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , who becomes her friend . Torres and O'Malley subsequently reconcile , and the two marry in Las Vegas on the spur of the moment . Confused , O'Malley confides to fellow intern Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , about his relationship woes over alcohol , leading to a drunken sexual encounter between the two . Torres remains unaware of his sexual encounter , but becomes increasingly suspicious , and announces her desire to conceive a child . Shortly thereafter , however , she discovers that O'Malley has been unfaithful , ending their marriage . Though her personal life is troubled , Torres thrives professionally when she is appointed as the hospital 's Chief Resident . However , she soon begins struggling to cope in the role , and is demoted soon thereafter . Torres forms a friendship with Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , the hospital 's new chief of cardiothoracic surgery . The two embark on a relationship when Hahn jokingly kisses Torres in an elevator to tease Sloan . Neither has been with another woman before , and Torres struggles with her bisexuality , and cheats on her with Sloan . She is initially forgiven , but after an argument about work , Hahn resigns from Seattle Grace , ending their relationship . New pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) kisses her , and they begin dating . Their relationship is tested when Torres comes out to her father , Carlos , who disowns her , cutting her off both financially and emotionally . When she is not granted a position as an attending , she publicly berates the chief , Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , and resigns from her post . She begins working at the neighboring Mercy West hospital , and when the two hospitals merge , she is promoted to an attending surgeon . Torres ' father returns yet again , to condemn her , but ultimately accepts her sexuality . When Torres explains her desire to bear children , Robbins expresses disappointment , and their differing stances on the matter lead them to break up . Soon thereafter , a gunman commits mass murder at the hospital , and , relieved to have survived , Torres and Robbins reconcile , with Robbins agreeing that they should have children together . When Robbins wins a prestigious grant to help treat children in Malawi , a disgruntled Torres agrees to move there with her , as the position will last for three years ; however , her lack of enthusiasm causes Robbins to end their relationship and go without her . A heartbroken Torres moves in with Sloan , and they have a one - night stand . Robbins returns for Torres , apologizing and hoping for forgiveness , but Torres initially rebuffs her , and later reveals that she is pregnant with Sloan 's baby . Robbins agrees to raise the child with her , but dislikes that Sloan will be a permanent part of their lives . En route a weekend getaway , Robbins proposes to Torres , but before Torres can reply , the two are in a head - on collision with a truck , leaving Torres severely injured . In an attempt to save her life , obstetrician - gynecologist Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , delivers Torres 's premature baby . Torres survives , and agrees to marry Robbins . After twelve weeks of recovery , both Torres and baby Sofia are discharged and allowed to leave the hospital . Torres recovers from her surgery , but deals with the backlash from her mother ( Gina Gallego ) 's attitude toward the wedding and her granddaughter . Torres and Robbins marry in a garden after the minister 's wife falls ill , with general surgeon Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , officiating the ceremony . In the aftermath of a plane accident that killed Sloan and Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Torres is forced to make the decision to have Alex Karev amputate Robbins 's left leg to keep her alive , which puts strains on their relationship . The hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence . Each victim , including Robbins , Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , and Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) must receive $15 million of compensation , which leads the hospital to a near bankruptcy as the insurances refuse to pay . These doctors and Torres buy the hospital with the help of the Harper - Avery Foundation to prevent it from closing , and each become members of the new directing board . Everything seems to go well for Arizona and Callie , until a big storm hits the hospital now named after Mark Sloan and Lexie Grey . In the last episode of the ninth season , Arizona cheats on Callie with Dr. Lauren Boswell ( Hilarie Burton ) . Callie soon discovers Arizona 's infidelity by seeing her wedding ring pinned to Dr. Boswell 's scrub top . In the aftermath of discovery , both Callie and Arizona share their feelings and it is revealed that Arizona does not forgive Callie for making the call to amputate her leg . Callie is heartbroken and Arizona states that Callie lost nothing in the crash , to which Callie responds that she , apparently , lost Arizona . Callie takes Sofia to live with Meredith and Derek , Zola , and Baby Bailey for a while before kicking Arizona out of their apartment and celebrates by dancing in her underwear . Callie also left Arizona at therapy , telling her that she was the only one that needed to go . After being hit by a lawsuit , her father , Carlos , visits and tells Callie that he cheated on her mother but she took him back and Callie would n't be here if her mother did n't give Carlos a second chance . Callie goes to Arizona 's apartment and invites her to come back home . Callie finds out during surgery that Arizona was sleeping with Leah , a second year resident , while separated . Although angry at Arizona , Callie still agrees to work things out . After April 's failed wedding to Matthew , Callie and Arizona bought a house together , a fresh start , away from the memories of their apartment . They later decided to try again for a second child . However , a trip to the OB / GYN led to the discovery that Callie had developed adhesions in her uterus in the years since Sofia 's birth , meaning she could not carry any more babies . After talking about it , the couple agreed to postpone their dream to have another baby until they 're on more solid footing as a couple . At the beginning of the eleventh season , Callie and Arizona gave therapy another chance in order to help mend their marriage . They were made to go 30 days living separate lives in the same house with no sexual activity with others or each other . They come close to breaking that rule and had to start over and before the 30 days was up they eventually gave in and connected sexually again . At the end of the 30 days at the final therapy session Arizona realized she could n't live without Callie ; however Callie did n't feel the same and stated she felt suffocated and eventually walked out of therapy , ending their marriage . Callie then goes on to date Penny , who was the resident in charge of Derek Shepard 's case . She comes to a dinner party hosted by Meredith , who recognizes her . It is then discovered that Penny is going to be working at Grey Sloan Memorial . When everyone , including Callie , finds out who Penny actually is , they protest and try to get her off of the Grey Sloan Memorial residency line . She manages to stay on the line despite all the other 's pleads and wishes . After Callie discloses her desire to move to New York with Penny and take her and Arizona 's daughter , Sofia , with her , Arizona takes Callie to court for sole parental custody . Callie loses custody of her daughter to Arizona and Penny moves to New York . After Arizona decides that both Sofia 's moms deserve to be happy , Arizona presents Callie with plane tickets and offers a custody agreement that keeps Sofia in Seattle for the summer and then sharing her every other school year and Christmas . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` As a Latin person , I was really proud to see the ethnic people on the show . I thought , Wow , there are no color limits . Nobody 's making comments about how there are African - Americans on the show and an Asian on the show . However , I did think , Where 's the Latin person ? '' Ramirez on Grey 's Anatomy Ramirez was seen by ABC executives , in her Broadway performance of Spamalot , which garnered their attention . Due to their admiration , the network offered Ramirez a role on any ABC television series , of her choice , and she chose Grey 's Anatomy . Ramirez further explained that at her initial audition , the producers liked her , and had intentions to add her to the show , but did not know who to cast her as . She also said she was in awe of how the executives said , `` Pick a show , any show '' , explaining that it is rare . Shonda Rhimes said : `` I was looking for a girlfriend for George , but it was in the infancy stages , so I had no idea what I was looking for . '' Rhimes built the character around Ramirez after she met her . Ramirez 's character was initially given recurring status in the second season and received star billing in the third season , alongside fellow cast member Dane , who portrayed Mark Sloan . Ramirez discusses maintaining relationships with co-stars : `` The weird thing about working in television is that you only see the people that you 're in scenes with . It 's not like you 're all running around the set together . So if you 're going to hang out together , you kind of have to make an effort . And I think people have families , people have lives . '' Characterization ( edit ) While we are disheartened that the burgeoning relationship between Callie and Erica has come to an end , the character of Callie , who has now been identified as a lesbian by show creator Shonda Rhimes , remains and her journey continues . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation on Torres ' bisexual storyline The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Torres as `` driven '' , `` determined '' , and `` outgoing '' , while also noting her weaknesses : `` defensive '' and `` impulsive '' . Ramirez described her character as someone who `` appears to be a certain way , but has some very complex issues going on behind the scenes . She seems to be a very strong personality , someone who really believes in herself and has worked very hard to get where she is . She 's very competitive but does have a sense of self , so she does n't need to win all the time . '' At Torres ' initial appearance on the show , she was disliked by fans , due to her getting in the way of O'Malley and Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) 's relationship . When asked of this , Ramirez said : `` You do run across a lot of people who are extremely invested in that story line . Obviously , I 've heard some negative stuff . '' The end of the show 's fourth season saw Torres grow closer to cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn , in a relationship referred to by the portmanteau `` Eri - Cal '' and later `` Callica '' by Michael Ausiello of Entertainment Weekly . Rhimes stated that : `` Callie and Erica have an undeniable chemistry , and watching the story unfold is something the writers are looking forward to . I wanted to illuminate their relationship in the same way we do all relationships on the show -- it will be funny , sweet , honest , and a little bit dirty . '' Torres served as the primary vocalist in the show 's musical episode , `` Song Beneath the Song '' , being described as `` amazing '' by fellow cast member , Kevin McKidd . She explained that in developing the relationship between the two : `` we wanted it to be real -- not some stunt to get people talking . We wanted to see what would happen if a woman suddenly had feelings for another woman . '' The two characters shared a kiss at the end of the season four finale , with which D. Williams of After Ellen noted : `` Callie and Erica became the only regular lesbian / bisexual female characters currently on network television . This is also the first time that two regular characters on a network show have begun a lesbian romance , as opposed to one becoming involved with a new lesbian character introduced expressly for that relationship . '' Before continuing with the storyline , the show 's producers consulted with the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation to ensure they maintained realism throughout . Trish Doolan , star of April 's Shower was invited to consult in the workshop sessions which took place , and surmised that ; `` They were really wanting to be truthful to the two characters they 're focusing on in the woman - woman relationship '' , with Nikki Weiss , who also consulted , adding : `` they did n't want to stereotype anything either , and write from a place where they did n't understand it . ( ... ) I do n't think they did it as a stunt to get people back to watching after the strike . I really think that they wanted to develop these two characters , and that you could see a closeness with them way before they ever decided any kind of -- I think they just have a chemistry together , as actresses , too . You could tell that in the room . They definitely have a chemistry . '' In the show 's fifth season , Torres embarked on a relationship with Arizona Robbins ( Capshaw ) . The relationship between the two is referred to by the portmanteau `` Calzona '' . Rhimes praised the chemistry between Arizona and Callie in contrast , comparing it to that between the show 's primary couple Grey and Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and stating : `` They have that little thing that makes you want to watch them . '' In `` An Honest Mistake '' , Torres was initially rejected by Robbins , with Robbins citing Torres ' `` inexperience '' as a factor . Series writer Peter Nowalk offered the insight : `` I totally understand why Arizona would n't want to date a newborn . It 's like getting a Freshman as your Physics lab partner even though you 're a Senior who not only knows the Laws of Motion but has mastered them in ways that would rock that Freshman 's world . Which is not to say the Freshman wo n't grow to be really good at Physics , or that Callie wo n't catch up to Arizona on the lesbian front , it 's simply that Arizona might not have the patience to wait that long . '' The couple ultimately decided to begin a relationship , however , the two experience difficulties , but eventually reunite . Rhimes commented on their reconciliation : `` I love ( Callie ) with Arizona . ( ... ) I like that they make me feel hopeful about love . '' Rhimes has mentioned of their relationship in the sixth season : `` I would like to see Callie happily in a long - term relationship . We have so much to explore with them , because we barely know anything about ( Arizona ) . '' Callie and Arizona have a five year relationship , ultimately marrying in the seventh season and divorcing in the eleventh season . Callie starts a new relationship with Penny Blake and leaves to go to New York with her in the twelfth season finale . Shonda Rhimes spoke on Ramirez 's abrupt departure , saying , `` This one was different because it was n't a big planned thing . I had a different plan going and when Sara came in and said , ' I really need to take this break , ' I was lucky that we 'd shot the end of the season with her going to New York . '' Reception ( edit ) `` What was truly revolutionary about Callie is that she was never defined by any single aspect of herself . She was curvy , Latina , and bisexual , and she was also a funny , frustrating , and lovable doctor with an amazing career and strong friendships . Callie was never expected to be perfect . She was allowed to be as messy as every other character on Grey 's Anatomy , and , for everyone who identified with her as a whole or in part , it was a huge relief to see this woman who represented so many perspectives be allowed to just be awesome . '' -- Sabienna Bowmna of Bustle Maureen Ryan from the Chicago Tribune was critical about the character 's initial development . Reviewing the third season 's premiere , she wrote the writers should give up on Callie explaining they have made her `` far too obviously the `` weird girl , '' but there 's nothing underneath her brusque persona . '' Her marriage to O'Malley was well received ; Staci Krause of IGN wrote : `` Their relationship has been a roller coaster and it was nice to see this turn of events , as she really is a perfect contrast to George . '' Discussing the character in terms of her relationship with Hahn , Williams was largely positive , assessing that : `` The story line offered both the drama Grey 's is known for and a truthfulness network television has rarely achieved when it comes to lesbian relationships . '' Trish Doolan and Nikki Weiss , invited by GLAAD to consult with Grey 's Anatomy producers on the storyline , praised the effort put into researching the issue by the writers and actors involved , though were more negative on the scene which saw Hahn kiss Callie in an elevator in front of Mark Sloan . Weiss commented : `` I just felt like , if they really cared about each other , I do n't think they would do that as a stunt . That seemed a little , I do n't know , forced . ( ... ) ( It ) was more like a conquest , like he could have ( Hahn ) too or something . '' LGBT website AfterEllen.com agreed with this view , criticizing the way the scene was edited so as to keep cutting to Sloan 's point of view , as though `` privileging the male gaze . '' AfterEllen.com included Torres in their list of the Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters , ranking her at No. 6 and in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest TV Doctors on TV '' . Commenting on Hahn 's abrupt departure from the show , Dorothy Snarker , writing for AfterEllen.com , observed of Torres and Robbins ' relationship : `` I ( ... ) ca n't help but be wary of how the Grey 's writers will handle this relationship . Jessica has proven lovely and likable in her brief screen time so far . But it 's not how the romance starts , but what happens next that really matters . '' Speaking of the musical episode , Nicole Golden of TV Fanatic called Ramirez 's rendition of `` Chasing Cars '' `` amazing '' and referred to her performance in Kate Havnevik 's `` Grace '' as `` beautiful '' . Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine was happy with the evolution of Bailey and Torres ' friendship in the first half of the ninth season , calling it `` the one bright spot '' : `` They joke , they tease each other , they offer sage love advice to one another , now that they 're both on their second marriages . '' Ramirez was nominated for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Television Series at the Alma Awards , in 2007 and 2008 . Also in 2007 , at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Ramirez and the cast of Grey 's Anatomy , were the recipients of the Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . She and the cast were nominated for the same award , in 2008 . In 2011 , at the 42nd NAACP Image Awards , Ramirez was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . She was ranked at no . 7 in AfterEllen.com 's list of `` Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2013/02/07/greys-anatomy-recap-season-9-matthew-april-kiss/ ^ Jump up to : Yuan , Jada ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Belle Curves : Sara Ramirez '' . Bustle . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` Sara Ramirez '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sara Ramirez , Kate Walsh , Chandra Wilson , Oprah Winfrey ( April 5 , 2008 ) . Sara Ramirez Chandra Wilson Kate Walsh OP . Los Angeles , California : Oprah Winfrey . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Paula ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Casting chemistry keeps ' Grey 's ' fresh '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( November 16 , 2005 ) . `` Spamalot 's Ramirez Lands Role on TV 's `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . Playbill . Philip S Birsh . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gay Groups Praise ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . StarPulse . World Entertainment News Network . November 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Callie Torres ( Sarah Ramirez ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crook , John ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Sara Ramirez '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Lynette ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Shonda Rhimes on her plans for Erica and Callie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Discharges Erica Hahn '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Sara Ramirez Is ' Amazing ' in Grey 's Musical Episode , Says Costar '' . People . Time , Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` The End of the Beginning ... '' . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : D. Williams ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Behind the Lesbian Story Line on `` Grey 's Anatomy '' `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Snarker , Dorothy ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' processes the Calzona kiss `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's ' boss on finale 's Izzie - George shocker , Mer - Der ' wedding , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` TV is a ' journey ' for ' Grey 's ' creator Shonda Rhimes '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' ... `` . Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` What 's Next for ' Grey 's ' ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hautman , Nicholas ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes Did n't Know Sara Ramirez Was Leaving ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Until After They Finished the Season Finale '' . US Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Sabienna ( 21 May 2016 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's Callie Torres Was The Show 's Most Progressive Character '' . New York Magazine . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( September 22 , 2006 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' is back , baby ! '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golden , Nicole ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : The Musical Episode '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Past ALMA Recipients '' . AlmaAwards.com . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP Image Awards . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Callie Torres at ABC.com Callie Torres on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callie_Torres&oldid=797139965 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional surgeons Fictional bisexual females Fictional American people of Greek descent Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 05 : 22 . About Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callie%20Torres

where was get rich or die trying filmed

Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( film )

get rich or die tryin'( film )

Get Rich or Die Tryin ' is a 2005 American Hip - Hop Rap biopic crime film starring 50 Cent , in his feature film acting debut . It was released on November 9 , 2005 , and was known as Locked and Loaded during production . Similar to the 2002 Eminem film 8 Mile , which it used as a template , the film is loosely based on 50 Cent 's own life and was directed by Jim Sheridan . The name of the film is shared with 50 Cent 's 2003 debut album of the same name .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Controversy 5 Reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) After Marcus and his friends rob a Colombian safe house , Marcus is shot nine times . As the unidentified shooter points the gun to Marcus ' head and pulls the trigger , the film flashes back to his childhood . Marcus is a quiet young boy who adores his loving mother , and the two live a relatively comfortable life on her drug - dealing income . She often has to leave him with his grandparents while she conducts business . She is murdered in an apparent drug deal gone wrong . Forced to live with his grandparents full - time , they themselves also having children to look after , Marcus finds his life less appealing as his grandfather works long hours to support the family . As he grows older , he rejects the idea of legal work and decides to deal drugs , buying new clothing and a gun . Eventually he abandons high school to sell drugs for local kingpin Levar and his underling , Majestic , full - time . Majestic , however , plans to become a major drug lord himself , often conspiring with a Rap artist he manages named Dangerous . Years later , after Marcus reunites with his childhood sweetheart Charlene , 1 of his friends is shot and paralyzed at a club by a Colombian named Raul ; the gunman initially aimed for Marcus . In retaliation , Marcus attacks Raul but is unable to bring himself to kill Raul when he calls out to his father . When Raul refuses to identify Marcus as the shooter in a police line up , he is free to go . After an anonymous tip off , cops raid his house and find a gun and drugs , which did n't belong to Marcus . Marcus is jailed , and during his time in prison , he befriends an inmate named Bama . After encouragement from Bama , Marcus leaves the drug trade behind to pursue and fulfill his lifelong dream of being a rapper , calling himself Young Caesar . Bama joins as his manager and producer . Bama gets out of prison before Marcus but promises he will see him again . When Marcus leaves prison , Bama , Justice , Majestic , and June Bug are waiting for him . Majestic invites Marcus to become his right - hand man ( taking June Bug 's place ) , but Marcus tells him of his aspirations to being a rapper , which Majestic laughs off . Marcus leaves with Bama , taking Justice with him . Justice and Bama initially have a clash of personalities , but Marcus calms them after a roadside stop . Unconvinced of Marcus ' dream , Justice informs Majestic of his activities . As Marcus more seriously pursues music , Majestic tries everything in his power to sabotage his success , threatening record label employees , DJs , and more . Marcus refuses to stop and taunts Majestic and Dangerous in songs . Despite Marcus ' insistence at avoiding crime , Bama convinces him to carry out one last robbery on a Columbian safe house . While this happens , Majestic targets Marcus for death . After Marcus and his crew complete the robbery , the film returns to the 1st scene . It is then revealed that Marcus is shot outside of his family 's home by Justice . Marcus rethinks his life , prioritizing his young child . After a long and painful recovery , he records music again . Angered with Justice 's failure , Majestic kills him . Shortly after , Marcus meets with Levar , who remorsefully reveals that he is Marcus ' biological father and regrets not being there for him and his mother . Marcus prepares to go on stage . In the moments before the show , he angers Majestic , who reveals he killed Marcus ' mother years earlier . A fight ensues , and Marcus wins . Majestic begs for Marcus to kill him , but Marcus does n't . As Marcus is about to walk out on stage , Majestic tries to stab him . However , Bama shoots and wounds him . Marcus leaves Majestic in the hands of his cronies , and as he walks out towards the crowd , he stops as he hears a gunshot in the room behind him . There , Bama fires more shots into Majestic 's corpse . Marcus steps onto the stage and performs `` Hustler 's Ambition '' . Cast ( edit ) Curtis `` 50 Cent '' Jackson as Marcus `` Young Caesar '' Greer Marc John Jefferies as Young Marcus Greer Terrence Howard as Bama Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Majestic Joy Bryant as Charlene Omar Benson Miller as Kyrl Tory Kittles as Justice Ashley Walters as Antoine Viola Davis as Grandma Sullivan Walker as Grandpa Serena Reeder as Katrina Bill Duke as Levar Mpho Koaho as Junebug Russell Hornsby as Odell Joseph Pierre as Uncle Deuce Ryan Allen as Uncle Roy Boyd Banks as Prison Solitary Guard Mykelti Williamson as Charlene 's step - father ( uncredited ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack was released on November 8 , 2005 . In December 2005 , the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the album platinum . The album has so far sold over 3 million copies worldwide . Controversy ( edit ) Samuel L. Jackson publicly turned down an offer to co-star in the film , citing that he did not want to lend credence to what he believed was an inexperienced and unproven actor . Film critic Roger Ebert wrote of Jackson 's decision : `` ... Jackson is arguing against the anti-intellectual message that success for young black males is better sought in the worlds of rap and sports than in the classroom '' . Jackson and 50 Cent later co-starred in the 2006 film Home of the Brave . Reception ( edit ) Get Rich or Die Tryin holds a 16 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based upon 117 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While it may be based upon 50 Cent 's own life experiences , Get Rich Or Die Tryin ' is too similar to many other rags - to - riches stories to resonate . '' Radio Times criticized the film , saying that `` as a vehicle for hip - hop superstar Curtis ' 50 Cent ' Jackson , this ( film ) runs out of gas a fair few kilometres short '' , giving it a `` could be worse '' rating of 2 / 5 stars . CinePassion stated that `` ( Jim ) Sheridan 's surface vividness is applied around a vacuum . '' FilmFocus said that the film 's `` real danger is that it sets a precedent for the director ; if the price is right he 's on board . '' The BBC was not entirely impressed with the film , saying that `` while it boasts a first - class director and is loosely based on the singer 's own life - story , the results leave you feeling a little short - changed . '' Jonathan Ross gave a positive review , calling Get Rich or Die Tryin ' `` gripping '' and suggesting that it had `` excellent performances '' . Roger Ebert also praised the film , giving the film a 3 out of 4 rating and saying that it was `` a film with a rich and convincing texture , a drama with power and anger '' . Get Rich or Die Tryin ' grossed $12,020,807 in its opening weekend . Altogether , the film grossed $46,442,528 in total worldwide . See also ( edit ) 8 Mile Notorious ( 2009 film ) Talento de Barrio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Get Rich or Die Tryin ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Get Rich or Die Tryin ' film review - Radio Times Jump up ^ RIAA Searchable Database - `` Get Rich or Die Tryin '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Accessed May 21 , 1932 . Jump up ^ `` FemaleFirst '' . PROUD JACKSON TURNS DOWN 50 CENT FILM ROLE . Retrieved August 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` RogerEbert.com '' . Coach Carter ( PG - 13 ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Get Rich or Die Tryin ' at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ CinePassion 's review of Get Rich or Die Tryin ' Jump up ^ FilmFocus.co.uk Archived September 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ BBC - Movies - Review - Get Rich Or Die Tryin ' Jump up ^ Film 2006 ( Talk show ) . BBC . 2006 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert 's review of Get Rich or Die Tryin ' External links ( edit ) Official website Get Rich or Die Tryin ' on IMDb Get Rich or Die Tryin ' at AllMovie 50 Cent Discography Videography Awards and nominations G - Unit Studio albums Power of the Dollar Get Rich or Die Tryin ' The Massacre Curtis Before I Self Destruct Animal Ambition Street King Immortal Compilations Guess Who 's Back ? 24 Shots Best Of Soundtracks Get Rich or Die Tryin ' OST Mixtapes 50 Cent Is the Future No Mercy , No Fear God 's Plan War Angel LP Forever King The Big 10 The Lost Tape 5 ( Murder by Numbers ) The Kanan Tape Concert tours The Invitation Tour Video games Bulletproof Blood on the Sand Television 50 Cent : The Money and the Power 50 Central Power Films Get Rich or Die Tryin ' Home of the Brave Righteous Kill Before I Self Destruct Streets of Blood Dead Man Running Caught in the Crossfire 13 Gun Twelve Blood Out Setup All Things Fall Apart Freelancers Fire with Fire Escape Plan The Frozen Ground Vengeance The Prince Southpaw Related articles Formula 50 Cheetah Vision SMS Audio Street King The 50th Law G - Unit Records G - Note Records G - Unit Books G - Unit Clothing Company G - Unit Films and Television Inc . G - Unity Foundation Inc . Shady / Aftermath The Re-Up Shady XV Jam Master Jay Eminem Dr. Dre Book MTV Films Joe 's Apartment ( 1996 ) Beavis and Butt - Head Do America ( 1996 ) Dead Man on Campus ( 1998 ) Varsity Blues ( 1999 ) 200 Cigarettes ( 1999 ) Election ( 1999 ) The Wood ( 1999 ) The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Pootie Tang ( 2001 ) Orange County ( 2002 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) Martin Lawrence Live : Runteldat ( 2002 ) Jackass : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2003 ) Tupac : Resurrection ( 2003 ) The Perfect Score ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2004 ) Hustle & Flow ( 2005 ) Coach Carter ( 2005 ) Murderball ( 2005 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) Æon Flux ( 2005 ) Jackass Number Two ( 2006 ) Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) Blades of Glory ( 2007 ) Beneath ( 2007 ) How She Move ( 2008 ) The Foot Fist Way ( 2008 ) Stop - Loss ( 2008 ) Dance Flick ( 2009 ) Jackass 3D ( 2010 ) Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) Footloose ( 2011 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ( 2013 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Films directed by Jim Sheridan My Left Foot ( 1989 ) The Field ( 1990 ) In the Name of the Father ( 1993 ) The Boxer ( 1997 ) In America ( 2002 ) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) Brothers ( 2009 ) Dream House ( 2011 ) The Secret Scripture ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Get_Rich_or_Die_Tryin%27_(film)&oldid=808196907 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s action thriller films American films American coming - of - age films American action thriller films American crime drama films Blaxploitation films Films about African - American organized crime Film scores by Quincy Jones Films directed by Jim Sheridan Films set in New York City Films shot in Toronto Hip hop films Hood films MTV Films films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kurdî Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 13 : 26 . 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a list of cases to be heard by a court will come from a courts

Supreme Court

supreme court

A supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in many legal jurisdictions . Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort , apex court , and highest ( or final ) court of appeal . Broadly speaking , the decisions of a supreme court are not subject to further review by any other court . Supreme courts typically function primarily as appellate courts , hearing appeals from decisions of lower trial courts , or from intermediate - level appellate courts .

However , not all highest courts are named as such . Civil law states tend not to have a single highest court . Additionally , the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the `` Supreme Court '' , for example , the High Court of Australia ; this is because decisions by the High Court could formerly be appealed to the Privy Council . On the other hand , in some places the court named the `` Supreme Court '' is not in fact the highest court ; examples include the New York Supreme Court , the Supreme Courts of several Canadian provinces / territories and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales and Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland , which are all subordinate to higher courts of appeal . Some countries have multiple `` supreme courts '' whose respective jurisdictions have different geographical extents , or which are restricted to particular areas of law . Some countries with a federal system of government may have both a federal supreme court ( such as the Supreme Court of the United States ) , and supreme courts for each member state ( such as the Supreme Court of Nevada ) , with the former having jurisdiction over the latter only to the extent that the federal constitution extends federal law over state law . However , other federations , such as Canada , may have a supreme court of general jurisdiction , able to decide any question of law . Jurisdictions with a civil law system often have a hierarchy of administrative courts separate from the ordinary courts , headed by a supreme administrative court as is the case in the Netherlands . A number of jurisdictions also maintain a separate constitutional court ( first developed in the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 ) , such as Austria , France , Germany , Luxembourg , Portugal , Russia , Spain and South Africa . Within the former British Empire , the highest court within a colony was often called the `` Supreme Court '' , even though appeals could be made from that court to the United Kingdom 's Privy Council ( based in London ) . A number of Commonwealth jurisdictions retain this system , but many others have reconstituted their own highest court as a court of last resort , with the right of appeal to the Privy Council being abolished . In jurisdictions using a common law system , the doctrine of stare decisis applies , whereby the principles applied by the supreme court in its decisions are binding upon all lower courts ; this is intended to apply a uniform interpretation and implementation of the law . In civil law jurisdictions the doctrine of stare decisis is not generally considered to apply , so the decisions of the supreme court are not necessarily binding beyond the immediate case before it ; however , in practice the decisions of the supreme court usually provide a very strong precedent , or jurisprudence constante , for both itself and all lower courts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Common law jurisdictions 1.1 Bangladesh 1.2 Canada 1.3 Hong Kong 1.4 India 1.5 Ireland 1.6 Israel 1.7 Nauru 1.8 New Zealand 1.9 Pakistan 1.10 United Kingdom 1.11 United States 2 Civil law jurisdictions 2.1 Austria 2.2 Brazil 2.3 Croatia 2.4 Denmark 2.5 France 2.6 Germany 2.7 The Netherlands 2.8 Iceland 2.9 India 2.10 Italy 2.11 Japan 2.12 Luxembourg 2.13 Macau 2.14 Philippines 2.15 People 's Republic of China 2.16 Portugal 2.17 Republic of China 2.18 Scotland 2.19 Spain 2.20 Sweden 2.21 Switzerland 2.22 Sri Lanka 2.23 South Africa 2.24 Thailand 2.25 United Arab Emirates 2.26 Other civil law jurisdictions 3 Mixed - system jurisdictions 3.1 Indonesia 4 Soviet - model jurisdictions 5 See also 6 Notes and references Common law jurisdictions ( edit ) Bangladesh ( edit ) The Supreme Court of Bangladesh is created by the provisions of the Constitution of Bangladesh , 1972 . There are two Divisions of the Supreme Court , i.e. ( a ) Appellate Division and ( b ) High Court Division . Appellate Division is the highest Court of Appeal and usually does not exercise the powers of a court of first instance . Whereas , the High Court Division is a Court of first instance in company and admiralty matters . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Canada Supreme Court of Canada The Supreme Court of Canada was established in 1875 but only became the highest court in the country in 1949 when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was abolished . This court hears appeals from the courts of appeal from the provinces and territories , and also appeals from the Federal Court of Appeal . The Supreme Court is a `` General Court of Appeal . '' It can decide any question of law considered by the lower courts , including constitutional law , federal law , and provincial law . The court 's decisions are final and binding on the federal courts and the courts from all provinces and territories . The title `` Supreme '' can be confusing because , for example , the Supreme Court of British Columbia does not have the final say and controversial cases heard there often get appealed in higher courts - it is in fact one of the lower courts in such a process . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , the Supreme Court of Hong Kong ( now known as the High Court of Hong Kong ) was the final court of appeal during its colonial times which ended with transfer of sovereignty in 1997 . The final adjudication power , as in any other British Colonies , rested with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ( JCPC ) in London , United Kingdom . Now the power of final adjudication is vested in the Court of Final Appeal created in 1997 . Under the Basic Law , its constitution , the territory remains a common law jurisdiction . Consequently , judges from other common law jurisdictions ( including England and Wales ) can be recruited and continue to serve in the judiciary according to Article 92 of the Basic Law . On the other hand , the power of interpretation of the Basic Law itself is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( NPCSC ) in Beijing ( without retroactive effect ) , and the courts are authorised to interpret the Basic Law when trying cases , in accordance with Article 158 of the Basic Law . This arrangement became controversial in light of the right of abode issue in 1999 , raising concerns for judicial independence . India ( edit ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Supreme Court of India In India , the Supreme Court of India was created on January 28 , 1950 after adoption of the Constitution . Article 141 of the Constitution of India states that the law declared by Supreme Court is to be binding on all Courts within the territory of India . It is the highest court in India and has ultimate judicial authority to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law ( including local bylaws ) . The Supreme Court is also vested with the power of judicial review to ensure the application of the rule of law . Note that within the constitutional framework of India , Jammu and Kashmir ( J&K ) has a special status vis - a-vis the other states of India . Article 370 of the Constitution of India carves out certain exceptions for J&K . However , the Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order 1954 makes Article 141 applicable to the state of J&K and hence law declared by the Supreme Court of India is equally applicable to all courts of J&K including the High Court . Ireland ( edit ) The Supreme Court is the highest court in the Republic of Ireland . It has authority to interpret the constitution , and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional . It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law . Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law . The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member , the Chief Justice , and seven other judges . Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government . The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin . Israel ( edit ) Israel 's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel . It is the highest judicial instance . The Supreme Court sits in Jerusalem . The area of its jurisdiction is the entire State . A ruling of the Supreme Court is binding upon every court , other than the Supreme Court itself . The Israeli supreme court is both an appellate court and the high court of justice . As an appellate court , the Supreme Court considers cases on appeal ( both criminal and civil ) on judgments and other decisions of the District Courts . It also considers appeals on judicial and quasi-judicial decisions of various kinds , such as matters relating to the legality of Knesset elections and disciplinary rulings of the Bar Association . As the High Court of Justice ( Hebrew : Beit Mishpat Gavoha Le'Zedek בית משפט גבוה לצדק ; also known by its initials as Bagatz בג `` ץ ) , the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance , primarily in matters regarding the legality of decisions of State authorities : Government decisions , those of local authorities and other bodies and persons performing public functions under the law , and direct challenges to the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Knesset . The court has broad discretionary authority to rule on matters in which it considers it necessary to grant relief in the interests of justice , and which are not within the jurisdiction of another court or tribunal . The High Court of Justice grants relief through orders such as injunction , mandamus and Habeas Corpus , as well as through declaratory judgments . The Supreme Court can also sit at a further hearing on its own judgment . In a matter on which the Supreme Court has ruled - whether as a court of appeals or as the High Court of Justice - with a panel of three or more justices , it may rule at a further hearing with a panel of a larger number of justices . A further hearing may be held if the Supreme Court makes a ruling inconsistent with a previous ruling or if the Court deems that the importance , difficulty or novelty of a ruling of the Court justifies such hearing . The Supreme Court also holds the unique power of being able to order `` trial de novo '' ( a retrial ) . Nauru ( edit ) In Nauru , there is no single highest court for all types of cases . The Supreme Court has final jurisdiction on constitutional matters , but any other case may be appealed further to the Appellate Court . In addition , an agreement between Nauru and Australia in 1976 provides for appeals from the Supreme Court of Nauru to the High Court of Australia in both criminal and civil cases , with the notable exception of constitutional cases . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , the right of appeal to the Privy Council was abolished following the passing of the Supreme Court Act ( 2003 ) . A right of appeal to the Privy Council remains for criminal cases which were decided before the Supreme Court was created , but it is likely that the successful appeal by Mark Lundy to the Privy Council in 2013 will be the last appeal to the Board from New Zealand . The new Supreme Court of New Zealand was officially established at the beginning of 2004 , although it did not come into operation until July . The High Court of New Zealand was until 1980 known as the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court has a purely appellate jurisdiction and hears appeals from the Court of Appeal of New Zealand . In some cases , an appeal may be removed directly to the Supreme Court from the High Court . For certain cases , particularly cases which commenced in the District Court , a lower court ( typically the High Court or the Court of Appeal ) may be the court of final jurisdiction . Pakistan ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been the apex court for Pakistan since the declaration of the republic in 1956 ( previously the Privy Council had that function ) . The Supreme Court has the final say on matters of constitutional law , federal law or on matters of mixed federal and provincial competence . It can hear appeals on matters of provincial competence only if a matter of a constitutional nature is raised . With respect to Pakistan 's territories ( i.e. FATA , Azad Kashmir , Northern Areas and Islamabad Capital Territory ( ICT ) ) the Supreme Court 's jurisdiction is rather limited and varies from territory to territory ; it can hear appeals only of a constitutional nature from FATA and Northern Areas , while ICT generally functions the same as provinces . Azad Kashmir has its own courts system and the constitution of Pakistan does not apply to it as such ; appeals from Azad Kashmir relate to its relationship with Pakistan . The provinces have their own courts system , with the High Court as the apex court , except insofar as where an appeal can go to the Supreme Court as mentioned above . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the ultimate court for criminal and civil matters in England , Wales and Northern Ireland and for civil matters in Scotland . ( The supreme court for criminal matters in Scotland is the High Court of Justiciary . ) The Supreme Court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 with effect from 1 October 2009 , replacing and assuming the judicial functions of the House of Lords . Devolution issues under the Scotland Act 1998 , Government of Wales Act and Northern Ireland Act were also transferred to the new Supreme Court by the Constitutional Reform Act , from the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . In respect of Community Law the Supreme Court is subject to the decisions of the European Court of Justice . Since there can be no appeal from the Supreme Court , there is an interlocutory procedure by which the Supreme Court may refer to the European Court questions of European law which arise in cases before it , and obtain a definitive ruling before the Supreme Court gives its judgment . The Supreme Court shares its members and accommodation at the Middlesex Guildhall in London with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which hears final appeals from certain smaller Commonwealth countries , admiralty cases , and certain appeals from the ecclesiastical courts and statutory private jurisdictions , such as professional and academic bodies . ( The Constitutional Reform Act also renamed the Supreme Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland to the Court of Judicature , and the rarely cited Supreme Court of Judicature for England and Wales as the Senior Courts of England and Wales ) . The Supreme Court was set up in 2009 ; until then the House of Lords was the ultimate court in addition to being a legislative body , and the Lord Chancellor , with legislative and executive functions , was also a senior judge in the House of Lords . United states ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States , established in 1789 , is the highest Federal court in the United States , with powers of judicial review first asserted in Calder v. Bull ( 1798 ) in Justice Iredell 's dissenting opinion . The power was later given binding authority by Justice Marshall in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) . There are currently nine seats on the US Supreme Court . Each U.S. state has a state supreme court , which is the highest authority interpreting that state 's law and administering that state 's judiciary . Two states , Oklahoma and Texas , each have two separate highest courts that respectively specialize in criminal cases and civil cases . Although Delaware has a specialized court , the Court of Chancery , to hear cases in equity , it is not a supreme court because the Delaware Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over it . The titles of state supreme court vary , which can cause confusion between jurisdictions because one state may use a name for its highest court that another uses for a lower court . In New York , Maryland , and the District of Columbia the highest court is called the Court of Appeals , a name used by many states for their intermediate appellate courts . Further , trial courts of general jurisdiction in New York are called the Supreme Court , and the intermediate appellate court is called the Supreme Court , Appellate Division . In West Virginia , the highest court of the state is the Supreme Court of Appeals . In Maine and Massachusetts the highest court is styled the `` Supreme Judicial Court '' ; the last is the oldest appellate court of continuous operation in the Western Hemisphere . Civil law jurisdictions ( edit ) The Roman law and the Corpus Juris Civilis are generally held to be the historical model for civil law . From the late 18th century onwards , civil law jurisdictions began to codify their laws , most of all in civil codes . Austria ( edit ) In Austria , the Austrian Constitution of 1920 ( based on a draft by Hans Kelsen ) introduced judicial review of legislative acts for their constitutionality . This function is performed by the Constitutional Court ( Verfassungsgerichtshof ) , which is also charged with the review of administrative acts on whether they violate constitutionally guaranteed rights . Other than that , administrative acts are reviewed by the Administrative Court ( Verwaltungsgerichtshof ) . The Supreme Court ( Oberste Gerichtshof ( OGH ) ) , stands at the top of Austria 's system of `` ordinary courts '' ( ordentliche Gerichte ) as the final instance in issues of private law and criminal law . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , the Supreme Federal Tribunal ( Supremo Tribunal Federal ) is the highest court . It is both the constitutional court and the court of last resort in Brazilian law . It only reviews cases that may be unconstitutional or final habeas corpus pleads for criminal cases . It also judges , in original jurisdiction , cases involving members of congress , senators , ministers of state , members of the high courts and the President and Vice-President of the Republic . The Superior Court of Justice ( Tribunal Superior de Justiça ) reviews State and Federal Circuit courts decisions for civil law and criminal law cases , when dealing with federal law or conflicting rulings . The Superior Labour Tribunal ( Tribunal Superior do Trabalho ) reviews cases involving labour law . The Superior Electoral Tribunal ( Tribunal Superior Eleitoral ) is the court of last resort of electoral law , and also oversees general elections . The Superior Military Tribunal ( Tribunal Superior Militar ) is the highest court in matters of federal military law . Croatia ( edit ) In Croatia , the supreme jurisdiction is given to the Supreme Court , which secures a uniform application of laws . The Constitutional Court exists to verify constitutionality of laws and regulations , as well as decide on individual complaints on decisions on governmental bodies . It also decides on jurisdictional disputes between the legislative , executive and judicial branches . Denmark ( edit ) In Denmark , all ordinary courts have original jurisdiction to hear all types of cases , including cases of a constitutional or administrative nature . As a result , there exists no special constitutional court , and therefore final jurisdiction is vested with the Danish Supreme Court ( Højesteret ) which was established 14 February 1661 by king Frederik III . France ( edit ) In France , supreme appellate jurisdiction is divided among three judicial bodies : for judicial cases , i.e. , civil or criminal matters : Court of Cassation ( Cour de cassation ) for administrative cases : Council of State ( Conseil d'État ) constitutional challenges of statutory laws : Constitutional Council ( Conseil constitutionnel ) When there is jurisdictional dispute between judicial and administrative courts : the Court of Arbitration ( Tribunal des conflits ) , which is empanelled half from the Court of Cassation and half from the Council of State and presided over by the Minister of Justice , is called together to settle the dispute or hand down a final decision . The High Court ( Haute Cour ) exists only to impeach the President of the French Republic in case of `` breach of his duties patently incompatible with his continuing in office '' . Since a constitutional amendment of 2007 , the French Constitution states that the High Court is composed of all members of both Houses of Parliament . As of 2012 , it has never been convened . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , there is no de jure single supreme court . Instead , cases are handled by numerous federal courts , depending on their nature . Final interpretation of the German Constitution , the Grundgesetz , is the task of the Bundesverfassungsgericht ( Federal Constitutional Court ) , which is the de facto highest German court , as it can declare both federal and state legislation ineffective , and has the power to overrule decisions of all other federal courts , despite not being a regular court of appeals on itself in the German court system . It is also the only court possessing the power and authority to outlaw political parties , if it is deemed that these parties have repeatedly violated articles of the Constitution . When it comes to civil and criminal cases , the Bundesgerichtshof ( Federal Court of Justice ) is at the top of the hierarchy of courts . The other branches of the German judicial system each have their own appellate systems , each topped by a high court ; these are the Bundessozialgericht ( Federal Social Court ) for matters of social security , the Bundesarbeitsgericht ( Federal Labour Court ) for employment and labour , the Bundesfinanzhof ( Federal Fiscal Court ) for taxation and financial issues , and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht ( Federal Administrative Court ) for administrative law . The so - called Gemeinsamer Senat der Obersten Gerichtshöfe ( Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts ) is not a supreme court in itself , but an ad - hoc body that is convened in only when one supreme court intends to diverge from another supreme court 's legal opinion or when a certain case exceeds the authority of one court . As the courts have well - defined areas of responsibility , situations like these are rather rare and so , the Joint Senate gathers very infrequently , and only to consider matters which are mostly definitory . The Netherlands ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of the Netherlands In the Netherlands , the Supreme Court of the Netherlands is the highest court . Its decisions , known as `` arresten '' , are absolutely final . The court is banned from testing legislation against the constitution , pursuant to the principle of the sovereignty of the States - General ; the court can , however , test legislation against some treaties . Also , the ordinary courts in the Netherlands , including the Hoge Raad , do not deal with administrative law , which is dealt with in separate administrative courts , the highest of which is the Council of State ( Raad van State ) Iceland ( edit ) The Supreme Court of Iceland ( Icelandic : Hæstiréttur Íslands , lit . Highest Court of Iceland ) was founded under Act No. 22 / 1919 and held its first session on 16 February 1920 . The Court holds the highest judicial power in Iceland , where the court system has two levels . India ( edit ) The Supreme Court of India , also known colloquially as the ' apex court ' , is the highest judicial body in the Republic of India . Any decision taken by it is final and binding , and can only be modified in some cases ( death sentence , etc . ) by the President of India . It has several jurisdiction like 1 . Original 2. Appellate 3 . Advisory It is also known as court of records , i.e. all judgements are recorded and printed . These are cited in lower courts as case - law in various cases . Italy ( edit ) Italy follows the French system of different supreme courts . The Italian court of last resort for most disputes is the Corte Suprema di Cassazione . There is also a separate constitutional court , the Corte costituzionale , which has a duty of judicial review , and which can strike down legislation as being in conflict with the Constitution . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , the Supreme Court of Japan is called 最高 裁判所 ( Saikō - Saibansho ; called 最高 裁 Saikō - Sai for short ) , located in Chiyoda , Tokyo , and is the highest court in Japan . It has ultimate judicial authority within Japan to interpret the Constitution and decide questions of national law ( including local by laws ) . It has the power of judicial review ( i.e. , it can declare Acts of Diet and Local Assembly , and administrative actions , unconstitutional ) . Luxembourg ( edit ) In Luxembourg , challenges on the conformity of the law to the Constitution are brought before the Cour Constitutionnelle ( Constitutional Court ) . -- The most used and common procedure to present these challenges is by way of the `` question préjudicielle '' ( prejudicial question ) . The Court of last resort for civil and criminal proceedings is the `` Cour de Cassation '' . For administrative proceedings the highest court is the `` Cour Administrative '' ( Administrative Court ) . Macau ( edit ) The supreme court of Macau is the Court of Final Appeal ( Portuguese : Tribunal de Última Instância ; Chinese : 澳門 終審 法院 ) . Philippines ( edit ) While the Philippines is generally considered a civil law nation , its Supreme Court is heavily modelled after the American Supreme Court . This can be attributed to the fact that the Philippines was colonized by both Spain and the United States , and the system of laws of both nations strongly influenced the development of Philippine laws and jurisprudence . Even as the body of Philippine laws remain mostly codified , the Philippine Civil Code expressly recognizes that decisions of the Supreme Court `` form part of the law of the land '' , belonging to the same class as statutes . The 1987 Philippine Constitution also explicitly grants to the Supreme Court the power of judicial review over laws and executive actions . The Supreme Court is composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices . The court sits either en banc or in divisions , depending on the nature of the case to be decided . People 's Republic of China ( edit ) In the judicial system of mainland China the highest court of appeal is the Supreme People 's Court . This supervises the administration of justice by all subordinate `` local '' and `` special '' people 's courts , and is the court of last resort for the whole People 's Republic of China except for Macau and Hong Kong Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , there are several supreme courts , each with a specific jurisdiction : The Supreme Court of Justice ( Supremo Tribunal de Justiça ) - for judicial ( civil and criminal ) matters ; The Constitutional Court ( Tribunal Constitucional ) - for the constitutional matters ; The Supreme Administrative Court ( Supremo Tribunal Administrativo ) - for administrative and fiscal matters ; The Court of Auditors ( Tribunal de Contas ) - for auditing the public expenditure . Until 2003 , a fifth supreme court also existed for the military jurisdiction , this being the Supreme Military Court ( Supremo Tribunal Militar ) . Presently , in time of peace , the supreme court for military justice matters is the Supreme Court of Justice , which now includes four military judges . Republic of China ( edit ) In the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , there are three different courts of last resort : Supreme Court of the Republic of China ( 中華 民國 最高 法院 ) : civil and criminal cases . Supreme Administrative Court of the Republic of China ( 中華 民國 最高 行政 法院 ) : executive cases . Council of Grand Justices ( 大 法官 會議 ) : interpretation of the Constitution , interpretation of laws and regulations , dissolution of political parties in violation of the Constitution , trial of impeachments against the President or Vice President . The Council of Grand Justices , consisting of 15 justices and mainly dealing with constitutional issues , is the counterpart of constitutional courts in some countries . All three courts are directly under the Judicial Yuan , whose president also serves as Chief Justice in the Council of Grand Justices . Scotland ( edit ) Main article : College of Justice Founded by papal bull in 1532 , the Court of Session is the supreme civil court of Scotland , and the High Court of Justiciary is the supreme criminal court . However , the absolute highest court ( excluding criminal matters ) is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom . Spain ( edit ) Main article : Supreme Court of Spain Spanish Supreme Court is the highest court for all cases in Spain ( both private and public ) . Only those cases related to human rights can be appealed at the Constitutional Court ( which also decides about acts accordance with Spanish Constitution ) . In Spain , high courts can not create binding precedents ; however , lower rank courts usually observe Supreme Court interpretations . In most private law cases , two Supreme Court judgements supporting a claim are needed to appeal at the Supreme Court . Five sections form the Spanish Supreme court : Section one judges private law cases ( including commercial law ) . Section two decides about criminal appeals . Section three judges administrative cases and controls government normative powers . Section four is dedicated to labour law . Section five is dedicated to military justice . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , the Supreme Court and the Supreme Administrative Court respectively function as the highest courts of the land . The Supreme Administrative Court considers cases concerning disputes between individuals and administrative organs , as well as disputes among administrative organs , while the Supreme Court considers all other cases . The judges are appointed by the Government . In most cases , the Supreme Courts will only grant leave to appeal a case ( prövningstillstånd ) if the case involves setting a precedent in the interpretation of the law . Exceptions are issues where the Supreme Court is the court of first instance . Such cases include an application for a retrial of a criminal case in the light of new evidence , and prosecutions made against an incumbent minister of the Government for severe neglect of duty . If a lower court has to try a case which involves a question where there is no settled interpretation of the law , it can also refer the question to the relevant Supreme Court for an answer . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland is the final court of appeals . Due to Switzerland 's system of direct democracy , it has no authority to review the constitutionality of federal statutes , but the people can strike down a proposed law by referendum . According to settled case law , however , the Court is authorised to review the compliance of all Swiss law with certain categories of international law , especially the European Convention of Human Rights . Sri Lanka ( edit ) In Sri Lanka , the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka was created in 1972 after the adoption of a new Constitution . The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers , subject to the provisions of the Constitution . The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts . The Sri Lanka judicial system is complex blend of both common - law and civil - law . In some cases such as capital punishment , the decision may be passed on to the President of the Republic for clemency petitions . However , when there is 2 / 3 majority in the parliament in favour of president ( as with present ) , the supreme court and its judges ' powers become nullified as they could be fired from their positions according to the Constitution , if the president wants . Therefore , in such situations , Civil law empowerment vanishes . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa , a `` two apex '' system existed from 1994 to 2013 . The Supreme Court of Appeal ( SCA ) was created in 1994 and replaced the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa as the highest court of appeal in non-constitutional matters . The SCA is subordinate to the Constitutional Court , which is the highest court in matters involving the interpretation and application of the Constitution . But in August 2013 the Constitution was amended to make the Constitutional Court the country 's single apex court , superior to the SCA in all matters , both constitutional and non-constitutional . Thailand ( edit ) Historically , citizens appealed directly to the King along his route to places out of the Palace . A Thai King would adjudicate all disputes . During the reign of King Chulalongkorn , an official department for appeals was set up , and , after Thailand adopted a western - styled government , Thai Supreme Court was established in 1891 . At present , the Supreme Court of Thailand retains the important status as the highest court of justice in the country . Operating separately from the Administrative Court and the Constitutional Court , the judgement of the Supreme Court is considered as final . United Arab Emirates ( edit ) In the United Arab Emirates , the Federal Supreme Court of the United Arab Emirates was created in 1973 after the adoption of the Constitution . The Supreme Court is the highest and final superior court of record and is empowered to exercise its powers , subject to the provisions of the Constitution . The court rulings take precedence over all lower Courts . The Emirati judicial system is complex blend of both Islamic law and civil law . In some cases such as capital punishment , the decision may be passed on to the President of the country ( currently Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ) . Other civil law jurisdictions ( edit ) For Honduras , see Supreme Court of Honduras . For Peru , see Supreme Court of Peru . For Poland , see Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland . For Romania , see High Court of Cassation and Justice . For Uganda , see Supreme Court of Uganda For Ukraine , see Supreme Court of Ukraine . For Vietnam , see Supreme People 's Court of Vietnam . Mixed - system jurisdictions ( edit ) Indonesia ( edit ) Law of Indonesia at the national level is based on a combination of civil law from the tradition of Roman - Dutch law and customary law from the tradition of Adat . Law in regional jurisdictions can vary from province to province , including even Sharia law , for example Islamic criminal law in Aceh , though even at the national level , individual justices can cite sharia or other forms of non-Dutch law in their legal opinions . The Supreme Court of Indonesia is the main judicial arm of the state , functioning as the final court of appeal as well as a means to re-open cases previously closed . The Supreme Court , which consists of a total of 51 justices , also oversees the regional high courts . It was founded at the country 's independence in 1945 . The Constitutional Court of Indonesia , on the other hand , is a part of the judicial branch tasked with review of bills and government actions for constitutionality , as well as regulation of the interactions between various arms of the state . The constitutional amendment to establish the court was passed in 2001 , and the court itself was established in 2003 . The Constitutional Court consists of nine justices serving nine year terms , and they 're appointed in tandem by the Supreme Court , the President of Indonesia and the People 's Representative Council . Soviet - model jurisdictions ( edit ) In most nations with constitutions modelled after the Soviet Union , the legislature was given the power of being the court of last resort . In the People 's Republic of China , the final power to interpret the law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( NPCSC ) . This power includes the power to interpret the basic laws of Hong Kong and Macau , the constitutional documents of the two special administrative regions which are common law and Portuguese - based legal system jurisdictions respectively . This power is a legislative power and not a judicial one in that an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect cases which have already been decided . See also ( edit ) Constitutionalism Independence of the judiciary Judiciary List of national supreme courts Separation of powers Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Supreme court - Define Supreme court at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Constitution Act , 1867 , s . 101 . Jump up ^ `` Nauru : Courts & Judgments '' , United States Department of State Jump up ^ Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Republic of Nauru relating to Appeals to the High Court of Australia from the Supreme Court of Nauru , 1976 Jump up ^ `` Overview of the Delaware Court System '' . Delaware Judicial Information Center . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Hæstiréttur Íslands '' . haestirettur.is . Jump up ^ Spanish Civil Code , article 1 Jump up ^ Pablo Contreras , Pedro de ( ed . ) . `` Curso de Derecho Civil ( I ) '' . Colex 2008 , p. 167 , 168 and 175 Jump up ^ `` The Judiciary : The Federal Supreme Court '' . Government of Switzerland . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Administrator , System . `` Reem Island murder : ' Ghost ' executed '' . Emirates 24 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Alphabetical Index of the 192 United Nations Member States and Corresponding Legal Systems . University of Ottawa Faculty of Law World Legal Systems Research Group . Accessed 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Indonesia - Freedom in the World 2012 . Freedom House . Accessed 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Constitutional Court Website : History of The Constitution Court accessed 17 May 2009 Jump up ^ Ina Parlina and Margareth S Aritonang , ' House begins selection of new Constitutional Court justice ' , The Jakarta Post , 28 February 2013 . NDL : 00616852 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supreme_court&oldid=814317913 '' Categories : Courts by type Supreme courts Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from October 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles using small message boxes Articles containing Icelandic - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 02 : 45 . 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why did they make the golden gate bridge

Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County . San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats . Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay , the city 's growth rate was below the national average . Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700 ft ( 2,042 m ) strait , which had strong , swirling tides and currents , with water 372 ft ( 113 m ) deep at the center of the channel , and frequent strong winds . Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation .

Golden Gate Bridge

golden gate bridge

The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate , the one - mile - wide ( 1.6 km ) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean . The structure links the American city of San Francisco , California -- the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula -- to Marin County , carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait . The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco , California , and the United States . It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers .

The Frommer 's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as `` possibly the most beautiful , certainly the most photographed , bridge in the world . '' It opened in 1937 and was , until 1964 , the longest suspension bridge main span in the world , at 4,200 feet ( 1,280 m ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ferry service 1.2 Conception 1.3 Design 1.4 Finance 1.5 Construction 1.6 Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries 2 Structural specifications 3 Aesthetics 4 Traffic 4.1 Usage and tourism 4.2 Tolls 4.3 Congestion pricing 5 Issues 5.1 Suicides 5.2 Wind 5.3 Seismic vulnerability and improvements 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Ferry service Golden Gate with Fort Point in foreground , c. 1891 Before the bridge was built , the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay . A ferry service began as early as 1820 , with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco . The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service , launched in 1867 , eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company , a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary , the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s . Once for railroad passengers and customers only , Southern Pacific 's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy . The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost US $1.00 per vehicle , a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge . The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes . Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County . San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats . Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay , the city 's growth rate was below the national average . Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700 ft ( 2,042 m ) strait , which had strong , swirling tides and currents , with water 372 ft ( 113 m ) deep at the center of the channel , and frequent strong winds . Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation . Conception Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new , the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins . San Francisco 's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million , which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009 , and impractical for the time . He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less . One who responded , Joseph Strauss , was an ambitious engineer and poet who had , for his graduate thesis , designed a 55 - mile - long ( 89 km ) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait . At the time , Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges -- most of which were inland -- and nothing on the scale of the new project . Strauss 's initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait , connected by a central suspension segment , which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million . Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts . A suspension - bridge design was considered the most practical , because of recent advances in metallurgy . Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California . The bridge faced opposition , including litigation , from many sources . The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic . The navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors . Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs . Southern Pacific Railroad , one of the most powerful business interests in California , opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project , leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service . In May 1924 , Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction . Deakyne , on behalf of the Secretary of War , approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the `` Bridging the Golden Gate Association '' and both San Francisco County and Marin County , pending further bridge plans by Strauss . Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry , which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles . The bridge 's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. O'Shaughnessy , city engineer of San Francisco , and Strauss . The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923 , creating a special district to design , build and finance the bridge . San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District , with the exception being Humboldt County , whose residents opposed the bridge 's construction and the traffic it would generate . Design South tower seen from walkway , with Art Deco elements Strauss was chief engineer in charge of overall design and construction of the bridge project . However , because he had little understanding or experience with cable - suspension designs , responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts . Strauss 's initial design proposal ( two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment ) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint . The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by Leon Moisseiff , the engineer of the Manhattan Bridge in New York City . Irving Morrow , a relatively unknown residential architect , designed the overall shape of the bridge towers , the lighting scheme , and Art Deco elements , such as the tower decorations , streetlights , railing , and walkways . The famous International Orange color was originally used as a sealant for the bridge . The US Navy had wanted it to be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships . Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis , collaborating remotely with Moisseiff , was the principal engineer of the project . Moisseiff produced the basic structural design , introducing his `` deflection theory '' by which a thin , flexible roadway would flex in the wind , greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers . Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound , a later Moisseiff design , the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge , collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed , because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter . Ellis was also tasked with designing a `` bridge within a bridge '' in the southern abutment , to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point , a pre -- Civil War masonry fortification viewed , even then , as worthy of historic preservation . He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge 's southern anchorage . Below Golden Gate Bridge Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree . He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University . He became an expert in structural design , writing the standard textbook of the time . Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge , but he received none of the credit in his lifetime . In November 1931 , Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate , Clifford Paine , ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff . Ellis , obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression , continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis , eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations . With an eye toward self - promotion and posterity , Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who , despite receiving little recognition or compensation , are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge . He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge . Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated . In May 2007 , the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge . The height , depth , and length of the span from end to end , looking west The Golden Gate Bridge at sunset , as seen from just north of Alcatraz Island Finance The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District , authorized by an act of the California Legislature , was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design , construct , and finance the Golden Gate Bridge . However , after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , the District was unable to raise the construction funds , so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure . The bonds were approved in November 1930 , by votes in the counties affected by the bridge . The construction budget at the time of approval was $27 million . However , the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932 , when Amadeo Giannini , the founder of San Francisco -- based Bank of America , agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy . Construction Construction began on January 5 , 1933 . The project cost more than $35 million , completing ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget . The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic - Marshall Construction Co. , a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall , both of Lehigh University . 1.2 million steel rivets hold the bridge together . This is a segment of one of those replaced during the seismic retrofit of the bridge after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . Strauss remained head of the project , overseeing day - to - day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions . A graduate of the University of Cincinnati , he placed a brick from his alma mater 's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured . He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site , which saved the lives of many otherwise - unprotected ironworkers . Of eleven men killed from falls during construction , ten were killed on February 17 , 1937 , when the bridge was near completion when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen . According to Travel Channel 's Monumental Mysteries , the workers ' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear . The platform fell into the safety net , but was too heavy and the net gave way . Two out of the twelve workers survived the 200 - foot ( 61 m ) fall into the icy waters , including the 37 - year - old foreman , Slim Lambert . Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of their Half Way to Hell Club . The project was finished and opened May 27 , 1937 . The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge , adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012 . The Bridge Round House , an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938 , has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop . The diner was renovated in 2012 and the gift shop was then removed as a new , official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza . During the bridge work , the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge 's road work . With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012 , all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased . Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries View of the Golden Gate Bridge and Fort Point from Marine Drive . The bridge - opening celebration began on May 27 , 1937 and lasted for one week . The day before vehicle traffic was allowed , 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates . On opening day , Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin , then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial `` barriers '' , the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass . An official song , `` There 's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate '' , was chosen to commemorate the event . Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled `` The Mighty Task is Done . '' The next day , President Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington , D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon . As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area . Weeks of civil and cultural activities called `` the Fiesta '' followed . A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge . In May 1987 , as part of the 50th anniversary celebration , the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge . However , this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people , and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people , causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight . Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads , and was estimated not to have exceeded 40 % of the yielding stress of the suspension cables , bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday , May 27 , 2012 , because of the additional law enforcement costs required `` since 9 / 11 '' . A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day , 1937 Play media Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge Official invitation to the opening of the bridge . This copy was sent to the City of Seattle Structural specifications On the south side of the bridge a 36.5 - inch - wide ( 93 cm ) cross-section of the cable , containing 27,572 wires , is on display . Until 1964 , the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world , at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) . Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges ; it now has the second - longest main span in the United States , after the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge in New York City . The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet ( 2,737 m ) . The Golden Gate Bridge 's clearance above high water averages 220 feet ( 67 m ) while its towers , at 746 feet ( 227 m ) above the water , were the world 's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1998 when bridges in Denmark and Japan were completed . The weight of the roadway is hung from two cables that pass through the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end . Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire . There are 80,000 miles ( 130,000 km ) of wire in the main cables . The bridge has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets . Aesthetics The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange . The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge 's visibility in fog . Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected . Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan , he added details , such as lighting , to outline the bridge 's cables and towers . In 1999 , it was ranked fifth on the List of America 's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects . The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead - based topcoat , which was touched up as required . In the mid-1960s , a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats . Since 1990 , acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air - quality reasons . The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded . A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise View of the northern tower of the bridge Traffic Installation of the movable median barrier system in January 2015 Play media Testing the newly installed movable barrier . Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the concurrency between U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 . Although part of the National Highway System , the bridge is not officially part of California 's Highway System . For example , under the California Streets and Highways Code § 401 , Route 101 ends at `` the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge '' and then resumes at `` a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco '' . The Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) . The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns . On weekday mornings , traffic flows mostly southbound into the city , so four of the six lanes run southbound . Conversely , on weekday afternoons , four lanes run northbound . During off - peak periods and weekends , traffic is split with three lanes in each direction . From 1968 to 2015 , opposing traffic was separated by small , plastic pylons , and during that time , there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head - on collisions . To improve safety , the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph ( 80 to 72 km / h ) on October 1 , 1989 . Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s , only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier . Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11 , 2015 , following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic , the longest in the bridge 's history . The new barrier system , including the zipper trucks , cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install . Usage and tourism Play media Looking north with traffic and current flow into the bay with sailboats See also : Golden Gate National Recreation Area The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists , and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes . Initially , they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb , but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003 , primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway . The main walkway is on the eastern side , and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays ( 5 am to 3 : 30 pm ) , and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours ( until 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) . The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends ( 5 am to 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) , and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight , when it is closed to pedestrians . The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway . Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies : San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit . Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line , and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week . The southern end of the bridge , near the toll plaza and parking lot , is also accessible daily from 5 : 30 a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28 . The Marin Airporter , a private company , also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and San Francisco International Airport . A visitor center and gift shop , dubbed the `` Bridge Pavilion '' , is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge , adjacent to the southeast parking lot . It opened in 2012 , in time for the bridge 's 75th anniversary celebration . A cafe , outdoor exhibits , and restroom facilities are located nearby . On the Marin side of the bridge , only accessible from the northbound lanes , is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point , named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways . Lands and waters under and around the bridge are homes to varieties of wildlife such as bobcats and sea lions . Three species of cetaceans that had been absent in the area for many years show recent recoveries / ( re ) colonizations vicinity to the bridge , and researchers study them to strengthen protections , concerning actions by public and recommending to watch whales either from the bridge and nearby , or to use a local whale watching operator . Tolls The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971 , with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls . In November 2006 , the Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit , projected at $80 million over five years . The District promised that the proposal , which it called a `` partnership program , '' would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itself . In October 2007 , the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means , most likely a toll increase . In an effort to save $19.2 million over the following 10 years , the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only open road tolling . Subsequently , this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013 . The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight - year period . In addition to the FasTrak electronic toll collection system , the Golden Gate District implemented the use of license plate tolling ( branded as `` Pay - by - Plate '' ) , and also a one time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge . Twenty - eight positions were eliminated as part of this plan . On April 7 , 2014 , the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6 , while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7 . Bicycle , pedestrian , and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free . For vehicles with more than two axles , the toll rate is $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system , and $6 per axle for FasTrak users . During peak traffic hours , carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles pay a discounted toll of $4 ; drivers must have Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate . The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015 , and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years . Golden Gate Bridge toll increases ( 2014 -- 18 ) Effective date FasTrak Toll - by - plate Carpool Multi-axle vehicle April 7 , 2014 $6.00 $7.00 $4.00 $7.00 per axle July 1 , 2015 $6.25 $7.25 $4.25 $7.25 per axle July 1 , 2016 $6.50 $7.50 $4.50 $7.50 per axle July 1 , 2017 $6.75 $7.75 $4.75 $7.75 per axle July 1 , 2018 $7.00 $8.00 $5.00 $8.00 per axle Congestion pricing Further information : San Francisco congestion pricing Looking south In March 2008 , the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge , charging higher tolls during the peak hours , but rising and falling depending on traffic levels . This decision allowed the Bay Area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158 million in federal transportation funds from USDOT Urban Partnership grant . As a condition of the grant , the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009 . The first results of the study , called the Mobility , Access and Pricing Study ( MAPS ) , showed that a congestion pricing program is feasible . The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008 . In August 2008 , transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue . Issues Suicides Main article : Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge As a suicide prevention initiative , this sign promotes a special telephone available on the bridge that connects to a crisis hotline . The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site / suicide bridge in the world , after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge . The deck is about 245 feet ( 75 m ) above the water . After a fall of four seconds , jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph or about 120 km / h . Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma . About 5 % of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water . After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths , suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017 . Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million . Wind Air race near the Golden Gate Bridge Since its completion , the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times : on December 1 , 1951 , because of gusts of 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) ; on December 23 , 1982 , because of winds of 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) ; and on December 3 , 1983 , because of wind gusts of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . An anemometer , placed midway between the two towers on the west side of the bridge , has been used to measure wind speeds . Another anemometer was placed on one of the towers . Seismic vulnerability and Improvements Doyle Drive Replacement Project progress in October 2013 Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events . The proximity of the bridge to the San Andreas Fault places it at risk for a significant earthquake . Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake , the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure ( i.e. , collapse ) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320 - foot ( 98 m ) arch over Fort Point . A $392 million program was initiated to improve the structure 's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal ( repairable ) damage . One challenging undertaking is completing this program without disrupting traffic . A complex electro - hydraulic synchronous lift system was custom built for construction of temporary support towers and a series of intricate lifts , transferring the loads from the existing bridge onto the temporary supports . This was completed with engineers from Balfour Beatty and Enerpac , accomplishing this task without disrupting day - to - day San Francisco commuter traffic . The retrofit was planned to be completed in 2012 . The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio , known as Doyle Drive , dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle , President and son of the founder of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa , and the man who , more than any other person , made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge . The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north . The road was deemed `` vulnerable to earthquake damage '' , had a problematic 4 - lane design , and lacked shoulders , and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced . Construction on the $1 billion replacement , temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway , began in December 2009 . The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27 -- 30 , 2012 , and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway , until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9 -- 12 , 2015 . As of May 2012 , an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive . In popular culture Main article : Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture Golden Gate Bridge at sunset As a prominent American landmark , the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in numerous media which includes books , films and video games . Comparison of the side elevations of the Golden Gate Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale . ( click for interactive version ) San Francisco with two bridges ( Western section of Bay Bridge in the left background ) , Coit Tower ( in background to the left of north tower ) , and Fort Mason ( on the San Francisco waterfront in the background behind the north tower ) from Marin Golden Gate Bridge at night , with San Francisco in the background See also Bridges portal San Francisco Bay Area portal 25 de Abril Bridge , a bridge with a similar design in Portugal The Bridge , a 2006 documentary on suicides from the Bridge Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks List of longest suspension bridge spans List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks List of tallest bridges San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge Suicide bridge Suspension bridge References Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Transportation District '' . Goldengate.org . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Golden Gate Bridge at Structurae ^ Jump up to : Denton , Harry et al. ( 2004 ) `` Lonely Planet San Francisco '' Lonely Planet , United States , ISBN 1 - 74104 - 154 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Annual Vehicle Crossings and Toll Revenues , FY 1938 to FY 2011 '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge '' . Office of Historic Preservation , California State Parks . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` City of San Francisco Designated Landmarks '' . City of San Francisco . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . Asce.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge -- Museum / Attraction View '' . Frommers. 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Bay Area Bridges '' . US Department of Transportation , Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved March 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fimrite , Peter ( April 28 , 2005 ) . `` Ferry tale -- the dream dies hard : 2 historic boats that plied the bay seek buyer -- anybody '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harlan , George H. ( 1967 ) . San Francisco Bay Ferryboats . Howell - North Books . ^ Jump up to : Span , Guy ( May 4 , 2002 ) . `` So Where Are They Now ? The Story of San Francisco 's Steel Electric Empire '' . Bay Crossings . ^ Jump up to : Sigmund , Pete ( 2006 ) . `` The Golden Gate : ' The Bridge That Could n't Be Built ' , '' . Construction Equipment Guide . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Hanes , Rubin , Kvitek ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Giant Sand Waves at the Mouth of San Francisco Bay '' ( PDF ) . Eos. 87 ( 29 ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Owens , T.O. ( 2001 ) . The Golden Gate Bridge . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 5016 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Experience : People & Events : Joseph Strauss ( 1870 -- 1938 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bridging the Bay : Bridges That Never Were '' . UC Berkeley Library . 1999 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Miller , John B. ( 2002 ) `` Case Studies in Infrastructure Delivery '' Springer , ISBN 0 - 7923 - 7652 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gudde , Erwin G. ( 1949 ) . California Place Names . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 130 . OCLC 37647557 . Jump up ^ `` Special District Formed -- Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` People and Events : Joseph Strauss ( 1870 -- 1938 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Golden Gate Bridge Design ( goldengatebridge.org ) Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : People & Events : Irving Morrow ( 1884 -- 1952 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Experience : Leon Moisseiff ( 1872 -- 1943 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Billah , K. ; Scanlan , R. ( 1991 ) . `` Resonance , Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Physics . Undergraduate Physics Textbooks. 59 ( 2 ) : 118 -- 124 . doi : 10.1119 / 1.16590 . Jump up ^ Fort Point , Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Experience : Charles Alton Ellis ( 1876 -- 1949 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Donald C. ( 1995 ) `` Great American Bridges and Dams '' John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 14385 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Bridging the Bay : Bridges That Never Were '' . UC Berkeley Library . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 72 years ago today , iconic Golden Gate Bridge finished construction ahead of schedule & $1.3 million under budget '' . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Life On The American Newsfront : Ten Men Fall To Death From Golden Gate Bridge '' . Life : 20 -- 21 . March 1 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : King , John ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge 's Plaza Flawed but Workable '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Kligman , David ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` From Sea to Shining Sea : PG&E 's Earley Joins Tribute to Golden Gate Bridge '' . Currents . PG&E . Jump up ^ San Francisco Examiner . May 27 , 1982 . No. 147 , p. 2 . Golden Gate Bridge -- 45th anniversary of completion . Jump up ^ Tung , Stephen ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Day the Golden Gate Bridge Flattened '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pollalis , Spiro N. ; Otto , Caroline ( 1990 ) . `` THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Design School . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Terrence ( May 26 , 1987 ) . `` Golden Gate Crowd Made Bridge Bend '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Prado , Mark ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge officials nix walk for 75th anniversary '' . Marin Independent Journal . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Festival : : Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary '' . Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Geoffrey A. ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` A Historian 's Long View of Golden Gate Bridge '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. A13C . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge Facts '' . Gocalifornia.about.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stamberg , Susan . `` The Golden Gate Bridge 's Accidental Color '' . NPR . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Joseph A. ; Urban Rivalry in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1930s ( 2000 ) . `` Planning '' . Journal of Planning Education and Research . 20 : 66 -- 76 . doi : 10.1177 / 073945600128992609 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Research Library : How Often is the Golden Gate Bridge Repainted ? '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data : Painting The Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data : How Many Ironworkers and Painters Maintain the Golden Gate Bridge ? '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Toll Rates & Traffic Operations '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roadway Configuration / Reversible Lanes '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Additional Information -- Movable Median Barrier Project '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Key Dates '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Nanette ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge work finished early as barrier is installed '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Newspapers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Scott ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Hines Is Still Alive '' . Modern Luxury . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Golden Gate Bridge , Sidewalk Access for Pedestrians and Bicyclists . Goldengatebridge.org . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Muni Route 76X Marin Headlands '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Transit bus service '' ( PDF ) . Golden Gate Transit . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Muni Route 28 19th Avenue '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.marinairporter.com/ Jump up ^ `` Site Improvements '' . Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary . Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` H. Dana Bowers Rest Area '' . California Department of Transportation . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2015 Named Freeways , Highways , Structures and Other Appurtenances in California ( PDF ) . California Department of Transportation . pp. 183 , 205 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Animals -- Golden Gate National Recreation Area ( U.S. National Park Service ) . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ The SFGate. 2015 . Whale , sea lions put on a show near Golden Gate Bridge . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ GOLDEN GATE CETACEAN RESEARCH . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Keener B ... 2017 . Ask The Naturalist : Why Are There Humpback Whales In the San Francisco Bay Right Now ? . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Woodrow M ... 2017 . Experts concerned about whale safety in San Francisco Bay . The ABC7 . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Key Dates '' . Research Library . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Curiel , Jonathan ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge directors reject sponsorship proposals '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership Program Status '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge to eliminate toll takers '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Electronic Tolling on the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Goldengate.org . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toll 2014 '' . Goldengate.org. April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cabanatuan , Michael ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tolls for crossing Golden Gate Bridge rise $1 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Recommendations , February 27 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Board of Directors . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolling , David ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` GG Bridge tolls could top $7 , June 11 meeting will set new rates '' . Sonoma Index - Tribune . Jump up ^ The San Francisco Chronicle ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Congestion Pricing Approved for Golden Gate Bridge '' . planetizen.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Bridge raises tolls , denies Doyle Dr. funds '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mobility , Access and Pricing Study '' . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wollan , Malia ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` San Francisco Studies Fees to Ease Traffic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge congestion toll plan dies '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Bone , James ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate bridge in San Fransico ( sic ) gets safety net to deter suicides '' . The Times . New York . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Suspension Bridges '' ( PDF ) . snu.ac.kr . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 12 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Koopman , John , Staff Writer ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death : Suicide by bridge is gruesome , and death is almost certain . The fourth in a seven - part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate . '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bateson , John ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` The suicide magnet that is the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nolte , Carl ( May 28 , 2007 ) . `` 70 YEARS : Spanning the Golden Gate : New will blend in with the old as part of bridge earthquake retrofit project '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Showing fancy foot work . Roads&Bridges ( December 28 , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Overview of Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Retrofit Construction Project . goldengatebridge.org ( February 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Golden Gate Bridge Authority ( May 2008 ) . `` Overview of Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Retrofit '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gonchar , Joann ( January 3 , 2005 ) . `` Famed Golden Gate Span Undergoes Complex Seismic Revamp '' . McGraw - Hill Construction . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive '' . Presidio Parkway Project . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doyle Drive Replacement Project '' . Doyle Drive Replacement Project . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Doyle Drive makeover will affect drivers soon '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Current Construction Activity '' . Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive . Presidio Parkway . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SMITH : It 's wrecked , but it 's still ' Doyle Drive ' '' . Press Democrat . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Further reading Cassady , Stephen ( 1979 ) . Spanning the Gate ( Commemorative edition , 1987 ed . ) . Squarebooks . Dyble , Louise Nelson ; the Golden Gate Bridge ( 2009 ) . Paying the Toll : Local Power , Regional Politics . University of Pennsylvania Press . Friend , Tad ( October 13 , 2003 ) . `` Jumpers : The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . The New Yorker . 79 ( 30 ) . p. 48 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2006 . Guthman , Edward ; an easy route to death have long made the Golden Gate Bridge a magnet for suicides ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` Lethal Beauty / The Allure : Beauty '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Schwartz , Harvey ( 2015 ) . Building the Golden Gate Bridge : A Workers ' Oral History . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0295995069 . Starr , Kevin ; Times of America 's Greatest Bridge ( 2010 ) . Golden Gate : The Life . Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59691 - 534 - 3 . Steel , Eric ( 2006 ) . The Bridge . ( Documentary film regarding suicides occurring at the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Golden Gate Bridge Natural Frequencies '' . Vibrationdata.com. April 5 , 2006 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Golden Gate Bridge ( category ) Official website Links for Golden Gate Bridge at DMOZ `` Images of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . San Francisco Public Library 's Historical Photograph database . Marshal ' J ' ( Narrator ) ( 1962 ) . `` The Bridge Builders '' . KPIX - TV . ( A documentary film about the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Live Toll Prices for Golden Gate Bridge '' . Batolls.info . `` San Francisco To Have World 's Greatest Bridge '' . Popular Science . March 1931 . `` Golden Gate Bridge facts '' . sftodo.com . ( Educational poster . ) `` End of Land Sadness -- The history of Suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge Movie . ( hide ) Crossings of the San Francisco Bay West Pacific Ocean Golden Gate Bridge East North Bay : Richmond - San Rafael Bridge South Bay : Transbay Tube BART World 's longest suspension bridge span Preceded by George Washington Bridge Golden Gate Bridge 1937 -- 1964 Superseded by Verrazano -- Narrows Bridge San Francisco attractions Landmarks 49 - Mile Drive Alcatraz Bay Bridge Cable Cars The Castro Chinatown City Hall Cliff House Coit Tower F - Market Streetcar Fairmont Hotel Federal Reserve Bank Ferry Building Fisherman 's Wharf Fort Mason Fort Point Ghirardelli Square Golden Gate Bridge Grace Cathedral Haight - Ashbury Jack Kerouac Alley Lombard Street Mark Hopkins Hotel Market Street Mission Dolores Nob Hill North Beach Old U.S. Mint Painted ladies Palace of Fine Arts Pier 39 Public Library Sutro Baths Sutro Tower Transamerica Pyramid Treasure Island Union Square Museums and art Asian Art Museum Aquarium of the Bay Cable Car Museum California Academy of Sciences Cartoon Art Museum Children 's Creativity Museum Chinese Historical Society Museum Conservatory of Flowers Contemporary Jewish Museum The Walt Disney Family Museum de Young Museum Exploratorium Haas - Lilienthal House Legion of Honor Musée Mécanique Museo ItaloAmericano Museum of Performance & Design Museum of the African Diaspora Precita Eyes Randall Museum Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! 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8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Gate_Bridge&oldid=803290861 '' Categories : Golden Gate Bridge 1937 establishments in California Art Deco architecture in California Bridges by Joseph Strauss Bridges completed in 1937 Bridges in San Francisco Bridges in Marin County , California Bridges on the United States Numbered Highways California Historical Landmarks California State Route 1 Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District Historic American Engineering Record in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Landmarks in San Francisco Landmarks in the San Francisco Bay Area Pedestrian bridges in California Road bridges in California Roads with a reversible lane San Francisco Designated Landmarks Suspension bridges in California Symbols of California Toll bridges in California U.S. Route 101 Tourist attractions in Marin County , California Works Progress Administration in California Arch bridges in the United States Steel bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Structurae ID different from Wikidata CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles using Template : Infobox bridge with clearance Pages using Infobox bridge with extra All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 16 : 42 . 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what the most watched game in the world

List of most watched television broadcasts

list of most watched television broadcasts

The following content contains the tentative list of the most watched television broadcasts around the world in selected countries , with the corresponding peak viewership ( or ratings share ) records , the corresponding year of such broadcast , and the mentioned media research organizations tallying nationwide viewership records . However , the most watched television broadcast in any of the following nations can also be broadcast simultaneously in other countries and rank among their most watched television broadcasts as well .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Global 2 National 2.1 Australia 2.1. 1 Most watched broadcasts of all time ( Total Viewers ) 2.1. 2 Most viewed broadcasts since 2001 ( OzTAM 5 City Metro Average ) 2.2 Brazil 2.3 India 2.4 Canada 2.5 China 2.6 Germany 2.7 Ireland 2.8 Japan 2.9 Mexico 2.10 New Zealand 2.11 Philippines 2.11. 1 AGB Nielsen 2.12 Poland 2.13 Portugal 2.14 South Korea 2.15 Sweden 2.15. 1 Most watched programmes per year 2.15. 2 Most watched sport events per year 2.16 United Kingdom 2.16. 1 Most watched special events 2.16. 2 Most watched programmes 2.16. 3 Most watched films 2.16. 4 Most watched programmes per year 2.17 United States 2.17. 1 Most watched broadcasts 2.17. 2 Most watched series finales -- Top 15 list 2.17. 3 Most watched series episode of the decade 2.17. 4 Most watched series per year 2.17. 5 Longest dominating series of the decade 3 References 3.1 Sources 3.2 Citations Global ( edit ) On 20 July 1969 , an estimated 530 million people watched the live global broadcast of the Apollo 11 moonlanding ( this constituted around 14 % of total population of the world at the time ) , despite the fact that the first moonwalk took place in the middle of the night in Europe ( at 01 : 56 in Iceland ; 02 : 56 in Ireland , Portugal and the United Kingdom ; 03 : 56 in Andorra . Austria , Belgium , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Malta , Monaco , the Netherlands , Norway , Poland , San Marino , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland and Yugoslavia and 04 : 56 in Finland , Greece and Turkey ) and it was not broadcast in the Eastern Bloc ( except in Romania ( 04 : 56 ) and Poland ) ( 03 : 56 ) . The boxer Muhammad Ali drew record global television audiences during the 1970s to early 1980s . Estimates of Ali 's worldwide television audiences in his `` Rumble in the Jungle '' fight against George Foreman in 1974 , `` Thrilla in Manila '' fight against Joe Frazier in 1975 , rematch against Leon Spinks in 1978 , and `` Last Hurrah '' fight against Larry Holmes in 1980 range between 1 billion and 2 billion people in both of those decades . The funeral of Diana , Princess of Wales in 1997 was also seen by an estimated 2 billion people globally , making it the all - time most watched royal event on live television in the world . In 2010 , over 1.1 billion people were reported to have watched the 2010 -- 2011 Sydney New Year 's Eve coverage , constituting approximately 16 % of the world population at that time and still remains the most watched New Year 's Eve live telecast in the world . As one of the first major New Year 's celebrations globally each year , Sydney New Year 's Eve annual coverage are live in all time zones in both Asia , Australia and Oceania on December 31 , 2010 and January 1 , 2011 . U.S. television programming remains one of the most popular forms of entertainment worldwide . This trend was initiated by U.S. - made broadcast network soap operas and sitcoms such as Dallas , M * A * S * H , The Cosby Show , Seinfeld , Friends and The Big Bang Theory by the mid-2000s , and then in the late 2000s and 2010s by U.S. medical dramas and police procedurals such as House , and the CSI and NCIS franchises . All of these are currently syndicated in more than 100 countries , and rank among the most watched television series in the world , extending their dominance to a three - decade span . In recent decades , the global dominance of U.S. television is rivaled by European television programming and television dramas from Latin America and Asia . The annual Eurovision Song Contest , considered to be one of the world 's longest running and most watched reality television franchises , annually attracts a peak of 600 million viewers . Eurovision has consistently ranked among the all - time most watched live non-sports entertainment telecasts worldwide in the last 2 decades . Few cable television programs have ranked among the world 's most watched television broadcasts beginning the mid-2010s . In particular , notable scripted series like Game of Thrones , Sherlock and Doctor Who , originating from both the U.S. and UK , have been currently aired to more than 100 countries . The annual Miss Universe and Miss World pageants , headquartered in the U.S. and UK , respectively , and aired live to more than 200 countries yearly , are said to have each regularly attracted more than 500 million viewers and consistently ranks among the most watched live annual entertainment telecasts in the world . Prominent personalities in the 1990s and 2000s such as David Hasselhoff and Mexico 's Thalia ( currently based in the U.S. ) starred in primetime series such as the Las Tres Marias trilogy shows ( Maria Mercedes , Marimar and Maria la del Barrio ) , Rosalinda and Baywatch , which were broadcast in about 180 countries and still remained among the world 's most watched non-U.S. - produced television series . Idols , airing since 2001 , has the largest collective global franchise viewership in the world to date , shown in versions in over 150 countries worldwide and watched by an estimated 6.5 billion viewers . Regional annual sporting events like the Super Bowl in the U.S. , and the UEFA Champions League finals in Europe , televised live worldwide , have emerged among the world 's most watched television broadcasts , regularly attracting almost 1 billion viewers across seven continents . Super Bowl 's annual halftime shows and major awards shows like the Academy Awards , Grammy Awards , Emmy Awards and Tony Awards are broadcast live in more than 200 countries worldwide and regularly attract more than 500 million viewers worldwide , also ranking among one of the world 's most durable ongoing live mass - audience entertainment events in the 21st century . The 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony holds the record for the largest viewing figure for any sports event , reaching an average daily audience of 593 million worldwide . More than 5 billion people saw some part of the 16 - day coverage , including the opening and closing ceremonies of the Beijing - hosted Olympic games . The FIFA World Cup has attracted an average of 3.2 billion viewers in 2010 and 2014 , making it the most watched overall live event by average on television worldwide in the 21st century . Most reality television franchises broadcasts and international sporting events ( which are aired in several countries ) tend to comprise some of the most watched television programs , as tallied by their media research bases . Beginning the mid-2010s , the majority of the world 's most watched television broadcasts , including all of the world 's major international sporting events , are often broadcast live via satellite across virtually all of the world 's time zones in seven continents . National ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Most watched broadcasts of all time ( total viewers ) ( edit ) The Best Of ABBA 1976 is the highest rating show ever on Australian television to date . Newspapers reported that it had out - rated the moon landing of July 1969 . It went on to be repeated many times , also to high ratings , and was followed by an edited half hour format . The following is David Dale 's approximate ranking of the most watched television shows of all time in Australia using data from Nielsen Corporation and OzTAM Rank Show Date Network Funeral of Diana , Princess of Wales 1997 ABC , Seven Network , Nine Network , Ten Network Wedding of Charles , Prince of Wales , and Lady Diana Spencer 1981 ABC , Seven Network , Nine Network , Ten Network 2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony 2000 Seven Network 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony 2000 Seven Network 5 Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton 2011 ABC , Seven Network , Nine Network , Ten Network 6 1984 Summer Olympics opening ceremony 1984 Ten Network 7 The World of The Seekers 1968 Ten Network 8 Boxing : Lionel Rose v Alan Rudkin 1964 Seven Network 9 The Sound of Music 1977 Nine Network 10 Roots ( miniseries ) 1977 Ten Network Note : the funeral of Princess Diana , the Wedding of Prince Charles and the Wedding of Prince William were all carried by all 4 major networks and are counted together . Most viewed broadcasts since 2001 ( OzTAM 5 City Metro average ) ( edit ) The following table is a list of the most viewed programmes based on the OzTAM 5 City Metro Average rating system . It does not include regional numbers ( 40 % of the population ) and uses the average viewership , not the peak viewership . Also note these ratings are not comparable with ratings before 2001 due to different methodologies used after this time . Rank Show Number of viewers Ratings Year Network 2011 British Royal Wedding 6.0 Million -- 2011 ABC , Network 7 , Network 9 , Network Ten , 7Two Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle 4.09 Million - 2018 Seven Network , Nine Network , ABC , SBS , BBC UKTV , Sky News Live 2005 Australian Open -- Men 's Singles Final 4.043 Million 29.3 2005 Seven Network MasterChef Australia ( season 2 ) -- finale challenge 4.029 Million 27.1 Network Ten 5 2003 Rugby World Cup Final 4.016 Million 29.7 2003 Seven Network 6 MasterChef Australia ( season 1 ) -- finale challenge 3.726 Million 25.6 2009 Network Ten 7 2006 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony 3.561 Million 25.5 2006 Nine Network 8 2005 AFL Grand Final ( Sydney Swans v West Coast Eagles ) 3.386 Million 24.5 2005 Network Ten 9 The Block ( season 4 ) : Winner Announced 3.370 Million 21.9 2011 Nine Network 10 Australian Idol : Final Verdict 3.344 Million 24.5 2003 Network Ten Brazil ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) Rank Show Episode Rating Share Date Channel Roque Santeiro Episode 209 96 100 % 000000001986 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 1986 Rede Globo Tieta Episode 105 78 -- 000000001990 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 1990 Rede Globo India ( edit ) India measures shows through TRP ( Television Rating Point ) . Shows had higher ratings in 2000s versus now . The only show now that scores above just the 3.3 mark is Kumkum Bhagya , and its spin off Kundali Bhagya - ironically 2.5 - 3.5 TRP was considered an average in the 2000s era of serials . The most watched channel for years has been Star Plus , then Zee TV with major competition from Colors . Mahabharat ( 1988 -- 1990 ) , the television adaptation of Indian epic Mahabharata , had a share of 97.8 % among Indian viewers . Aamir Khan 's talk show Satyamev Jayate ( 2012 -- 2014 ) drew an audience of 600 million viewers in India . Rank Show TRP Network 2016 Indian Premier League Final 44.68 Sony Pictures Networks Kasautii Zindagii Kay 35.31 Star Plus Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 22.1 Star Plus Hum Paanch 13.5 Zee TV 5 Koshish Ek Aashaa 11.15 Zee TV 6 Amanat 11.15 Zee TV 7 Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand 10.0 Star Plus 8 Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin 9.2 Sony TV India 9 Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai 8.4 Star Plus 10 Diya Aur Baati Hum 7.7 Star Plus Canada ( edit ) Further information : List of most watched television broadcasts in Canada The two most watched television broadcasts in Canadian history occurred during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . For the gold medal game of the men 's hockey tournament at the 2010 Winter Olympics , played between the United States and Canada , confirmed 16.6 million Canadians watched the whole game , roughly one - half of the country 's entire population . A groundbreaking 26.5 million Canadians watched some part of the game , over 80 percent of the country 's 34 - million - person population . According to multiple sources , 13.3 million Canadians watched the games ' opening ceremony , which was the previous record . Many believed the final game of the 1972 Summit Series had up to 18 million viewers , but this was not so ; only 4.3 million people watched it . This statistic does not represent the reality that most school children ( representing the tail end of the baby - boom i.e. a large population ) nationwide watched the game in gymnasiums on only one or two TVs . 10.3 million people watched the ice hockey gold medal final of the 2002 Winter Olympics . China ( edit ) China Central Television 's Spring Festival Gala has regularly attracted between 700 million to one billion viewers annually . The CCTV 's main evening news broadcast Xinwen Lianbo has a daily audience of around 135 million people , and it is also one of the most expensive shows in the world per advertising spots , with its 2013 advertising slots selling for a record of 5.4 billion yuan . Germany ( edit ) Rank Show Episode Number of viewers Share Date Network 2014 FIFA World Cup Germany vs Argentina ( final ) 34,650,000 86.3 % 000000002014 - 07 - 13 - 0000 13 July 2014 Das Erste 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil vs Germany ( semi-final ) 32,570,000 87.8 % 000000002014 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 July 2014 ZDF 2010 FIFA World Cup Germany vs Spain ( semi-final ) 31,100,000 83.2 % 000000002010 - 07 - 07 - 0000 7 July 2010 Das Erste UEFA Euro 2016 Germany vs France ( semi-final ) 29,820,000 80.6 % 000000002016 - 07 - 07 - 0000 7 July 2016 ZDF 5 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany vs Italy ( semi-final ) 29,660,000 84.1 % 000000002006 - 07 - 04 - 0000 4 July 2006 ZDF 6 UEFA Euro 2008 Germany vs Turkey ( semi-final ) 29,460,000 81.6 % 000000002008 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2008 ZDF 7 2010 FIFA World Cup Ghana vs. Germany ( group game ) 29,190,000 79.7 % 000000002010 - 06 - 23 - 0000 23 June 2010 Das Erste 8 1990 FIFA World Cup West Germany vs Argentina ( final ) 28,660,000 87.9 % 000000001990 - 07 - 09 - 0000 9 July 1990 Das Erste 9 UEFA Euro 1996 Germany vs Czech Republic ( final ) 28,440,000 76.3 % 000000001996 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 1996 ZDF 10 UEFA Euro 2016 Germany vs Italy ( quarter - final ) 28,320,000 79.8 % 000000002016 - 07 - 02 - 0000 2 July 2016 Das Erste 11 2014 FIFA World Cup Germany vs Algeria ( Round of 16 ) 28,210,000 85.1 % 000000002014 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2014 ZDF 12 UEFA Euro 2016 Germany vs Slovakia ( Round of 16 ) 28,110,000 81.2 % 000000002014 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 2014 ZDF 13 UEFA Euro 2008 Austria vs Germany ( group game ) 28,040,000 76.9 % 000000002008 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2008 ZDF 14 UEFA Euro 2012 Germany vs Italy ( semi-final ) 27,980,000 76.8 % 000000002012 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 2012 Das Erste 15 The Black Forest Clinic `` Die Schuldfrage '' ( `` The question of guilt '' ) 27,970,000 000000001985 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 1985 ZDF 16 2010 FIFA World Cup Germany vs Australia ( group game ) 27,910,000 74.4 % 000000002010 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2010 Das Erste 17 UEFA Euro 2008 Portugal vs Germany ( quarter - final ) 27,700,000 78.7 % 000000002008 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 June 2008 Das Erste 18 UEFA Euro 2012 Denmark vs Germany ( group game ) 27,650,000 74.2 % 000000002012 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2012 ZDF 19 UEFA Euro 2016 Germany vs Poland ( group game ) 27,320,000 73.3 % 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2016 ZDF 20 2014 FIFA World Cup USA vs Germany ( group game ) 27,250,000 84.2 % 000000002014 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 2014 ZDF Note : The UEFA Euro 2008 final is missing from the list , because the lengthy trophy presentation was included into the official ratings . The game itself was watched by 28.05 million viewers . Ireland ( edit ) A list of most watched shows in the Republic of Ireland in the 21st century was released in January 2015 . The Late Late Toy Show held the top six spots , with the 2014 edition drawing 1,593,000 viewers : over one - third of the country 's population . Other high - performing shows were Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? , crime drama Love / Hate , Mrs. Brown 's Boys , The Sunday Game , UEFA Euro 2012 and the Eurovision Song Contest . Japan ( edit ) The following list is for Japanese anime only . No . Show Household Rating Date Network Chibi Maruko - chan 39.9 % 28 October 1990 Fuji TV Sazae - san 39.4 % 16 September 1979 Fuji TV Dr. Slump 36.9 % 16 December 1981 Fuji TV Dokonjō Gaeru 34.5 % 23 February 1979 NTV 5 Japanese Folklore Tales 2 33.6 % 10 January 1981 TBS 6 Lupin the Third 32.5 % 8 December 1978 NTV 7 Touch 31.9 % 22 December 1985 Fuji TV 8 Ashita no Joe 31.6 % 13 March 1980 NTV 9 Doraemon 31.2 % 11 February 1983 TV Asahi 10 GeGeGe no Kitarō 29.6 % 22 March 1986 Fuji TV Mexico ( edit ) A list of most watched shows in the Mexico , Televisa and TV Azteca broadcasters ( Liga MX Apertura and Clausura ) , Boxing , 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , ( FIFA World Cup hosts 1970 & 1986 ) , some concerts like Maná 's Unidos por La Paz at Estadio Azteca in March , 2001 , Funeral events like Chespirito at December , 2014 the creator of TV Series El Chavo del ocho and El Chapulin Colorado , and Celebration of Mexican political anniversaries in 2010 celebrate independence from Spain also called Bicentenario 2010 , had an average audience of over 40 million views in Mexican Television . New Zealand ( edit ) In 2011 , the television website Throng published a list of the 12 most watched television broadcasts in New Zealand from 1995 to 2011 . This is based on average viewership of the program , but it does not include broadcasts from before 1995 or after 2011 . The Rugby World Cup has frequently had large audiences -- the Rugby World Cup 2011 final , and a semi-final , both had an average audience of over 2 million . This television - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . No . Show Viewship Date Network 01 2011 Rugby World Cup Final ( NZ v France ) 2,036,900 23 October 2011 TV 1 , TV 3 , Prime , Sky Sports , Maori TV 02 2011 Rugby World Cup Semi-final ( NZ v Australia ) 2,024,000 16 October 2011 TV 1 , TV 3 , Prime , Sky Sports , Maori TV 03 2011 Rugby World Cup Opening Game ( NZ v Tonga ) 1,930,000 9 September 2011 TV 1 , Prime , Sky Sports , Maori TV 04 Boxing : Lennox Lewis vs. David Tua World Title Defence 1,841,230 12 November 2000 TV 3 05 One News special -- Death of Diana , Princess of Wales 1,703,310 31 August 1997 TV 1 06 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony 1,654,310 15 September 2000 TV 1 07 One News special -- Funeral of Diana , Princess of Wales 1,649,710 6 September 1997 TV 1 08 2011 Rugby World Cup Qtr Final ( NZ v Argentina ) 1,624,400 9 October 2011 TV 1 , TV 3 , Prime , Sky Sports , Maori TV 09 2003 Rugby World Cup Final ( England v Australia ) 1,604,800 22 November 2003 TV 1 10 Martin Bashir 's interview with Diana , Princess of Wales 1,516,780 21 November 1995 TV 2 11 2011 Rugby World Cup Opening Ceremony 1,499,160 9 September 2011 TV 1 12 2007 Rugby World Cup ( NZ v France ) 1,410,410 7 October 2007 TV 3 Philippines ( edit ) AGB Nielsen ( edit ) The following table shows the all - time highest rating television shows in Mega Manila as tallied by AGB Nielsen since 1992 . However , ratings are from a single highest recorded episode of the show ( in the case of the TV series ) and it is not the average over-all ratings for the whole season or series . Top 20 highest rated television programs in Mega Manila since 1992 ( AGB Nielsen tallies ) Rank Network Program Year Rating ABS - CBN Manny Pacquiao vs. Erik Morales 2005 83.5 % ABS - CBN Rosalinda 1999 69.8 % ABS - CBN Esperanza 1997 67.0 % ABS - CBN Pangako Sa ' Yo 2002 64.9 % 5 ABS - CBN Meteor Garden 2003 63.8 % 6 ABS - CBN Miss Universe 1994 1994 62.5 % 7 RPN Marimar 61.7 % 8 ABS - CBN María Mercedes 59.7 % 9 RPN Miss Universe 1999 1999 58.4 % 10 GMA Bubble Gang 1997 57.6 % 11 ABS - CBN Maalaala Mo Kaya 1992 57.3 % 12 ABS - CBN Balitang K 1998 56.6 % 13 ABS - CBN Wansapanataym 1997 56.4 % 14 ABS - CBN TV Patrol 56.0 % 15 GMA i - Witness 1999 55.3 % 16 ABS - CBN Magandang Gabi , Bayan 2000 55.0 % 17 GMA MariMar 2007 54.9 % 18 ABS - CBN Manny Pacquiao vs. Oscar Larios 2006 54.4 % 19 GMA Darna 2005 54.3 % 20 ABS - CBN Mula Sa Puso 1997 53.7 % Poland ( edit ) List of the 10 most watched television broadcasts since the beginning of telemetry research in Poland ( since 1997 ) by Nielsen Media Research : Rank Program Date Channel Number of vievers Share Funeral of Pope John Paul II 000000002005 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2005 TVP1 , TVP2 , TVP3 , Polsat , TVN , TVN24 and others Over 21,400,000 Almost 90 % UEFA Euro 2016 : Poland vs Portugal ( quarter - final ) 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2016 TVP1 , Polsat , Polsat Sport 15,974,822 86.57 % UEFA Euro 2012 : Poland vs Russia ( group stage ) 000000002012 - 06 - 12 - 0000 12 June 2012 TVP1 , TVP Sport , TVP HD 14,683,216 81.51 % UEFA Euro 2016 : Germany vs Poland ( group stage ) 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2016 TVP1 , Polsat , Polsat Sport 14,352,012 80.89 % 5 UEFA Euro 2012 : Czech Republic vs Poland ( group stage ) 000000002012 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2012 TVP1 , TVP Sport , TVP HD 14,070,492 81.28 % 6 UEFA Euro 2012 : Poland vs Greece ( group stage ) 000000002012 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 2012 TVP1 , TVP Sport , TVP HD 13,308,343 83.78 % 7 2002 Winter Olympics : Ski Jumping Men 's K120 Individual ( Adam Małysz 's silver medal ) 000000002002 - 02 - 13 - 0000 13 February 2002 TVP1 13,259,612 75.15 % 8 Funeral of President Lech Kaczyński and First Lady Maria Kaczyńska 000000002010 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2010 TVP1 , TVP2 , TVP Info , Polsat , Polsat News , TVN , TVN 24 and others 13,033,967 86.68 % 9 UEFA Euro 2016 : Ukraine vs Poland ( group stage ) 000000002016 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2016 TVP1 , Polsat , Polsat Sport 12,639,308 81.67 % 10 M jak miłość ( episode 302 ) 000000002005 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 2005 TVP2 12,581,000 n / d Portugal ( edit ) Rank Show Episode Rating Share Date Channel UEFA Euro 2004 Portugal vs The Netherlands ( semi-final ) 40.9 87.2 % 000000002004 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2004 RTP1 UEFA Euro 2012 Portugal vs Spain ( semi-final ) 39.5 76.0 % 000000002012 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 June 2012 SIC UEFA Euro 2004 Portugal vs England ( quarter - final ) 39.0 85.1 % 000000002004 - 06 - 24 - 0000 24 June 2004 RTP1 UEFA Euro 2016 Portugal vs Wales ( semi-final ) 38.4 75.4 % 000000002016 - 07 - 06 - 0000 6 July 2016 RTP1 5 UEFA Euro 2016 Portugal vs France ( final ) 38.2 78.1 % 000000002016 - 07 - 10 - 0000 10 July 2016 RTP1 6 UEFA Euro 2012 Portugal vs The Netherlands ( group stage match ) 38.1 73.4 % 000000002012 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2012 TVI 7 UEFA Euro 2016 Portugal vs France ( final ) 38 78.2 % 000000002016 - 07 - 10 - 0000 10 July 2016 RTP1 8 2014 FIFA World Cup United States vs Portugal ( group stage match ) 37.8 75.4 % 000000002014 - 06 - 22 - 0000 22 June 2014 RTP1 9 UEFA Euro 2004 Portugal vs Greece ( final ) 37.7 89.7 % 000000002004 - 07 - 04 - 0000 4 July 2004 RTP1 10 UEFA Euro 2016 Poland vs Portugal ( quarter - final ) 37.4 69.9 % 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 2016 RTP1 11 2006 FIFA World Cup Portugal vs France ( semi-final ) 37.2 82.3 % 000000002006 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 July 2006 SIC 12 A Próxima Vítima The Last Episode 37.1 80.2 % 000000001996 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 1996 SIC 13 UEFA Euro 2012 Czech Republic vs Portugal ( quarter - final ) 36.1 71.7 % 000000002012 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 2012 RTP1 14 UEFA Euro 2004 Russia vs Portugal ( group stage match ) 35.5 81.4 % 000000002004 - 06 - 16 - 0000 16 June 2004 SIC 15 UEFA Euro 2016 Portugal vs Iceland ( group stage match ) 35.1 68.6 % 000000002016 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 2016 RTP1 16 UEFA Euro 2004 Spain vs Portugal ( group stage match ) 34.9 83.2 % 000000002004 - 06 - 20 - 0000 20 June 2004 TVI 17 2006 FIFA World Cup Portugal vs The Netherlands ( round of 16 ) 34.9 80.7 % 000000002006 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2006 SIC 18 UEFA Euro 2008 Portugal vs Germany ( quarter - finals ) 34.5 75.6 % 000000002008 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 June 2008 TVI 19 2015 Portuguese legislative election Debate : António Costa vs. Pedro Passos Coelho 34.1 66 % 000000002015 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2015 RTP1 , SIC , TVI 20 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification Sweden vs Portugal ( second leg playoff match ) 34.1 62.2 % 000000002013 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 2013 RTP1 21 UEFA Europa League SL Benfica vs Chelsea FC ( final ) 33.8 62.3 % 000000002013 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2013 SIC 22 UEFA Euro 2000 France vs. Portugal ( Semi-finals ) 33.2 76.7 % 000000002000 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 2000 RTP1 23 2006 FIFA World Cup Angola vs Portugal ( group stage match ) 32.8 80.9 % 000000002006 - 06 - 11 - 0000 11 June 2006 SIC 24 UEFA Euro 2012 Germany vs Portugal ( group stage match ) 32.4 68.3 % 000000002012 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 2012 RTP1 25 O Rei do Gado Brazilian telenovela 32.2 000000001997 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1997 SIC 26 UEFA Champions League Monaco vs Porto ( final ) 31.7 70.5 % 000000002004 - 05 - 26 - 0000 26 May 2004 RTP1 27 UEFA Euro 2016 Croatia vs Portugal ( Round of 16 ) 31.3 70 % 000000002016 - 06 - 26 - 0000 26 June 2016 RTP1 28 UEFA Europa League Sevilla FC vs SL Benfica ( final ) 31.1 61.4 % 000000002014 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2014 SIC 29 UEFA Champions League Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid ( final ) 30.8 64.3 % 000000002014 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2014 TVI 30 Terra Nostra Brazilian telenovela 30.8 64 % 000000002000 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2000 SIC 31 2006 FIFA World Cup Portugal vs Iran 30.4 83.1 % 000000002006 - 06 - 17 - 0000 17 June 2006 SIC 32 UEFA Europa League Juventus FC vs SL Benfica ( semi-final ) 30.4 58.9 % 000000002014 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2014 SIC 33 Big Brother Portugal Live eviction show 30.2 72.5 % 000000002000 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2000 TVI 34 UEFA Cup Sporting CP vs CSKA Moscow ( Final ) 30.1 68.4 % 000000002005 - 05 - 18 - 0000 18 May 2005 RTP1 35 Taça de Portugal SL Benfica vs Sporting CP ( Sixth round ) 29.9 62.6 % 000000002005 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 January 2005 RTP1 36 Torre de Babel Brazilian telenovela 29.8 77.1 % 000000001999 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 1999 SIC 37 UEFA Euro 2008 Switzerland vs Portugal 29.8 71.8 % 000000002008 - 06 - 15 - 0000 15 June 2008 TVI 38 UEFA Cup Celtic FC vs FC Porto 29.7 67.5 % 000000002003 - 05 - 21 - 0000 21 May 2003 SIC 39 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany vs Portugal ( Third place play - off ) 29.6 78.4 % 000000002006 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 July 2006 SIC 40 2006 FIFA World Cup England vs Portugal ( quarter - finals ) 29.2 88.1 % 000000002006 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 2006 SIC 41 UEFA Champions League Barcelona vs Benfica ( quarter - finals ) 29.3 65.6 % 000000002006 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2006 RTP1 42 2010 FIFA World Cup Spain vs Portugal ( Round of 16 ) 29.1 75.9 % 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 June 2010 RTP1 43 Juntos Por Todos Benefit concert 28.8 67.8 % 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 27 June 2017 RTP1 , SIC , TVI 44 Médico de Família Portuguese TV series 27.9 61.4 % 000000001999 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 1999 SIC South Korea ( edit ) Viewership ratings are provided by two companies in South Korea , AGB Nielsen Media Research and TNmS . Originally Media Service Korea was the only company providing such information , and it was later acquired by Nielsen Media Research . In 1999 TNS Media Korea also began such service , and later changed its name to TNmS . AGB collects viewership data based on 2050 households , while TNmS has 2000 households with measuring devices . Drama ratings usually vary between the two companies by 2 -- 3 % . Top 20 most watched South Korean dramas since 1992 ( AGB Nielsen tallies ) # Drama Channel Viewership Date 1 . First Love KBS2 65.8 % 20 April 1997 2 . What is Love MBC 64.9 % 24 May 1992 3 . Sandglass SBS 64.5 % 6 February 1995 4 . Hur Jun MBC 63.7 % 27 June 2000 5 . Sunny Place of Youth KBS2 62.7 % 12 November 1995 6 . You and I MBC 62.4 % 12 April 1998 7 . The Son and the Daughter MBC 61.1 % 21 March 1993 8 . Taejo Wang Geon KBS1 60.2 % 20 May 2001 9 . Eyes of Dawn MBC 58.4 % 6 February 1992 10 . Dae Jang Geum MBC 57.8 % 23 March 2004 11 . Lovers in Paris SBS 57.6 % 15 August 2004 12 . See and See Again MBC 57.3 % 12 October 1998 13 . Truth MBC 56.5 % 24 February 2000 14 . Jealousy MBC 56.1 % 21 July 1992 15 . Even When the Wind Blows KBS1 55.8 % 26 February 1996 16 . Bathhouse Men KBS2 53.4 % 25 August 1996 17 . Gook Hee ( tie ) MBC 53.1 % 16 November 1999 17 . Trap of Youth ( tie ) SBS 53.1 % 15 April 1999 19 . Tomato SBS 52.7 % 3 June 1999 20 . MBC 52.2 % 30 August 1994 Sweden ( edit ) Statistics from Mediamätning Skandinavien . Most watched programmes per year ( edit ) Year Programme Date Number of viewers ( millions ) Network 2000 Melodifestivalen 2000 10 March 4.175 SVT2 2001 Melodifestivalen 2001 23 February 3.84 SVT1 2002 Melodifestivalen 2002 1 March 3.72 SVT1 2003 Melodifestivalen 2003 15 March 3.815 SVT1 Melodifestivalen 2004 20 March 4.105 SVT1 2005 Melodifestivalen 2005 12 March 4.055 SVT1 2006 Melodifestivalen 2006 18 March 4.240 SVT1 2007 Melodifestivalen 2007 10 March 3.975 SVT1 2008 Melodifestivalen 2008 15 March 4.045 SVT1 2009 Melodifestivalen 2009 14 March 3.59 SVT1 Melodifestivalen 2010 13 March 3.87 SVT1 2011 Melodifestivalen 2011 12 March 3.67 SVT1 2012 Melodifestivalen 2012 10 March 4.11 SVT1 2013 Melodifestivalen 2013 9 March 4.15 SVT1 2014 Kalle Anka och hans vänner önskar god jul 24 December 3.705 SVT1 2015 Melodifestivalen 2015 14 March 3.771 SVT1 Most watched sport events per year ( edit ) Year Programme Date Number of viewers ( millions ) Network 2000 UEFA Euro 2000 Final ( FRA -- ITA ) 2 July 2.34 SVT2 2001 2001 World Men 's Handball Championship Final ( FRA -- SWE ) 4 February 2.635 TV4 2002 2002 European Men 's Handball Championship Final ( SWE -- GER ) 3 February 3.06 TV4 2003 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final ( GER -- SWE ) 12 October 3.525 TV4 UEFA Euro 2004 ( SWE -- DEN ) 22 June 3.796 TV4 2005 2005 World Championships in Athletics 7 August 4.055 TV4 2006 2006 Men 's Olympic Ice Hockey Final ( SWE -- FIN ) 26 February 3.52 SVT2 2007 FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2007 -- Women 's slalom 16 February 2.23 SVT1 2008 UEFA Euro 2008 ( GRE -- SWE ) 10 June 3.03 TV4 2009 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification -- UEFA Group 1 ( DEN -- SWE ) 10 October 1.805 Kanal 5 2010 FIFA World Cup Final ( NED -- ESP ) 11 July 2.66 SVT1 2011 2011 IIHF World Championship Final ( SWE -- FIN ) 15 May 2.035 TV3 2012 UEFA Euro 2012 ( UKR -- SWE ) 11 June 2.94 SVT1 2013 2013 IIHF World Championship Final ( SWE -- SUI ) 19 May 2.915 TV4 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup ( GER -- ARG ) 13 July 2.810 TV4 2015 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 1 May 2.272 SVT1 United Kingdom ( edit ) Most watched special events ( edit ) The majority of special events attracting large audiences are often carried on more than one channel . The most watched programme of all time on a single channel is the 1973 wedding ceremony of The Princess Anne , shown only on BBC1 . Rank Event Number of viewers ( millions ) Date Network 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 32.30 000000001966 - 07 - 30 - 0000 30 July 1966 BBC One / ITV Funeral of Diana , Princess of Wales 32.10 000000001997 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 1997 BBC One / ITV Royal Family ( documentary ) 30.69 000000001969 - 06 - 21 - 0000 21 June 1969 and 000000001969 - 06 - 28 - 0000 28 June 1969 BBC One / ITV Apollo 13 splashdown 28.60 000000001970 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 1970 BBC One / ITV 5 1970 FA Cup Final replay 28.49 000000001970 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 1970 BBC One / ITV 6 Wedding of Charles , Prince of Wales , and Lady Diana Spencer 28.40 000000001981 - 07 - 29 - 0000 29 July 1981 BBC One / ITV 7 Wedding of Princess Anne and Mark Phillips 27.60 000000001973 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1973 BBC One 8 Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier ( Fight of the Century ) 27.50 000000001971 - 03 - 08 - 0000 8 March 1971 BBC One 9 Muhammad Ali vs. George Foreman ( The Rumble in the Jungle ) 26.00 000000001974 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 1974 BBC One 10 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony 24.46 000000002012 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 2012 BBC One Note : The Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton ( 29 April 2011 ) received a total audience peak of 26 million viewers , but this is a combined figure aggregated from the ten different channels that broadcast the ceremony . The highest figures of these were 13.59 million on BBC1 , with an extra 4.02 million watching on ITV . Most watched programmes ( edit ) The following is a list of most watched programmes , excluding sporting events and news coverage . The mid-1980s introduction of in - week repeat showings accounts for six of the top ten programmes . On this measure , the 1996 Christmas edition of Only Fools and Horses is the most watched non-repeated , non-documentary programme of all time in the UK . It is the third most watched programme of all time on a single channel , after the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony and the wedding of Princess Anne and Mark Phillips in 1973 ( see below ) . Post-1981 figures verified by the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board ( BARB ) Pre-1981 figures supplied by the British Film Institute Rank Show Episode Number of viewers ( millions ) Date Network EastEnders Den serves Angie with divorce papers . 30.15 000000001986 - 12 - 25 - 0000 25 December 1986 * BBC One EastEnders Michelle Fowler reveals she is pregnant . 28.00 000000001986 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1 January 1986 * BBC One Coronation Street Hilda Ogden leaves 26.65 000000001987 - 12 - 25 - 0000 25 December 1987 * ITV ( Granada ) Only Fools and Horses `` Time on Our Hands '' 24.35 000000001996 - 12 - 29 - 0000 29 December 1996 BBC One 5 EastEnders 24.30 000000001992 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1992 * BBC One 6 Royal Variety Performance 1965 Dame Shirley Bassey , Peter Cook & Dudley Moore 24.20 000000001965 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1965 ITV ( ATV ) 7 EastEnders 24.15 000000001988 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 January 1988 * BBC One 8 To the Manor Born Series 1 Finale 23.95 000000001979 - 11 - 11 - 0000 11 November 1979 BBC One 9 Miss World 1967 Peru wins . 23.76 000000001967 - 11 - 19 - 0000 19 November 1967 BBC One 10 EastEnders 23.55 000000001985 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 1985 * BBC One 11 Panorama Diana , Princess of Wales 22.78 000000001995 - 11 - 20 - 0000 20 November 1995 BBC One 12 Royal Variety Performance 1975 Bruce Forsyth , Dad 's Army & Vera Lynn 22.66 000000001975 - 11 - 16 - 0000 16 November 1975 ITV ( ATV ) 13 This Is Your Life Lord Mountbatten 22.22 000000001977 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 1977 ITV ( Thames ) 14 Sunday Night at the London Palladium 21.89 000000001967 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 1967 ITV ( ATV ) 15 The Benny Hill Show 21.67 000000001971 - 03 - 24 - 0000 24 March 1971 ITV ( Thames ) = 16 Dallas `` Who Done It '' -- J.R. Ewing 's shooter is revealed 21.60 000000001980 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 1980 BBC One = 16 Coronation Street Ken and Deirdre divorce 21.60 000000001992 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 1992 ITV ( Granada ) 18 Eurovision Song Contest 1973 Anne - Marie David wins for Luxembourg . 21.56 000000001973 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 1973 BBC One 19 Steptoe and Son 21.54 000000001964 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 1964 BBC TV = 20 The Mike Yarwood Show Mike Yarwood Christmas Show 21.40 000000001977 - 12 - 25 - 0000 25 December 1977 BBC One = 20 Coronation Street Bet Lynch becomes landlady of the Rovers Return Inn . 21.40 000000001985 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1985 ITV ( Granada ) 22 Coronation Street Rita Tanner 's first appearance . 21.36 000000001964 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 1964 ITV ( Granada ) 23 Only Fools and Horses `` If They Could See Us Now '' 21.35 000000002001 - 12 - 25 - 0000 25 December 2001 BBC One * denotes aggregated figure with repeat showing . Most watched films ( edit ) These are the most watched films by total number of viewers ( dates are when the films were broadcast , not necessarily when they were produced ) . Rank Title Number of viewers ( millions ) Date Network Live and Let Die 23.50 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 20 January 1980 ITV Jaws 23.25 000000001981 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 1981 ITV The Spy Who Loved Me 22.90 000000001982 - 03 - 28 - 0000 28 March 1982 ITV Diamonds Are Forever 22.15 000000001981 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1981 ITV 5 Crocodile Dundee 21.75 000000001989 - 12 - 25 - 0000 25 December 1989 BBC1 Most watched programmes per year ( edit ) Year Programme Date Number of viewers ( millions ) Network 1981 Film : Jaws 8 October 1981 23.30 ITV 1982 Film : The Spy Who Loved Me 28 March 1982 22.90 ITV Coronation Street 23 February 1983 18.45 ITV 1984 Royal Variety Performance 1984 25 November 1984 20.55 BBC One 1985 EastEnders 26 December 1985 23.55 BBC One 1986 EastEnders 25 December 1986 30.15 BBC One EastEnders 1 January 1987 28.00 BBC One EastEnders 7 January 1988 24.15 BBC One Film : `` Crocodile '' Dundee 25 December 1989 21.77 BBC One 1990 Neighbours ( Episode 837 ) 26 February 1990 21.16 BBC One 1991 Coronation Street 25 November 1991 20.45 ITV 1992 Coronation Street 22 January 1992 20.45 ITV Coronation Street 22 March 1993 20.73 ITV 1994 Torvill and Dean -- Olympic Ice Dance Championship 21 February 1994 23.95 BBC One 1995 Panorama Special : Princess Diana 20 November 1995 22.78 BBC One Only Fools and Horses 29 December 1996 24.35 BBC One 1997 Funeral of Diana , Princess of Wales 6 September 1997 19.29 BBC One 1998 1998 FIFA World Cup : England v Argentina 30 June 1998 23.78 ITV 1999 Coronation Street 7 March 1999 19.82 ITV 2000 Coronation Street 3 January 2000 18.96 ITV 2001 Only Fools and Horses 25 December 2001 21.35 BBC One 2002 Only Fools and Horses 25 December 2002 17.40 BBC One 2003 Coronation Street 24 February 2003 19.43 ITV UEFA Euro 2004 : England v Portugal 24 June 2004 20.66 BBC One 2005 Coronation Street 21 February 2005 14.36 ITV 2006 2006 FIFA World Cup : England v Sweden 20 June 2006 18.46 ITV 2007 EastEnders 25 December 2007 14.38 BBC One 2008 Wallace and Gromit : A Matter of Loaf and Death 25 December 2008 16.15 BBC One 2009 Britain 's Got Talent Final Result 30 May 2009 18.29 ITV The X Factor Results 12 December 2010 16.55 ITV 2011 Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton 29 April 2011 13.59 BBC One 2012 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony 12 August 2012 24.46 BBC One 2013 New Year 's Eve Fireworks 31 December 2013 13.53 BBC One 2014 2014 FIFA World Cup Final : Germany v Argentina 13 July 2014 14.96 BBC One 2015 The Great British Bake Off 7 October 2015 15.05 BBC One 2016 The Great British Bake Off 26 October 2016 15.90 BBC One 2017 Blue Planet II : `` One Ocean '' 29 October 2017 14.01 BBC One 2018 Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle 19 May 2018 13.00 BBC Notes ^ 1 -- The Royal Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton ( 29 April 2011 ) `` attracted a consolidated average audience of 26.0 ( million ) viewers across the ceremony from 11 : 00 am to 12 : 10 pm . This is an aggregated audience across 10 BARB reported channels that followed the events live . '' The highest figures for individual channels of these were 13.59 million on BBC One , followed by 4.02 million watching on ITV . ^ 2 -- The 2014 FIFA World Cup Final was broadcast by both BBC One and ITV . The highest figures were 14.96 million on BBC One , followed by 2.34 million on ITV . United States ( edit ) Further information : List of most watched television broadcasts in the United States and Super Bowl television ratings NBC 's live telecast of Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 currently holds the record for the largest average viewership of any U.S. television broadcast , with 114.4 million viewers . During this broadcast , the halftime show featuring Katy Perry was watched by 118.5 million viewers . The previous live telecast Super Bowl XLV in February 2011 helped Fox become the first ever television network in the United States to be watched by at least 100 million American viewers by average for a single primetime night of programming . Moreover , Super Bowl telecasts account for 23 of the most watched television broadcasts based on overall viewership in U.S. television history . Fox 's live telecast of Super Bowl LI in 2017 currently holds the largest total viewership in U.S. television history , peaking at 172 million viewers in Super Bowl 's first ever overtime play . Additionally , the National Football League ( or NFL ) regular season is watched since 2012 by at least 200 million individuals in the United States , accounting for the largest consistent annual nationwide viewership for any television event in U.S. television history ( representing almost 70 % of the American households , more than 80 % of the total U.S. television viewers , and more than 60 % of the 2018 U.S. population of 325 million individuals ) . Most watched broadcasts ( edit ) No . Show Viewership ( millions ) Date Network Super Bowl XLIX 114.4 February 1 , 2015 NBC Super Bowl XLVIII 112.2 February 2 , 2014 Fox Super Bowl 50 111.9 February 7 , 2016 CBS Super Bowl LI 111.3 February 5 , 2017 Fox 5 Super Bowl XLVI 111.3 February 5 , 2012 NBC 6 Super Bowl XLV 111.0 February 6 , 2011 Fox 7 Super Bowl XLVII 108.7 February 3 , 2013 CBS 8 Super Bowl XLIV 106.5 February 7 , 2010 CBS 9 M * A * S * H ( Finale ) 105.9 February 28 , 1983 CBS 10 Super Bowl LII 103.4 February 4 , 2018 NBC 11 Roots ( Part VIII ) 100.0 January 30 , 1977 ABC 12 Super Bowl XLIII 98.7 February 1 , 2009 NBC 13 Super Bowl XLII 97.4 February 3 , 2008 Fox 14 Super Bowl XXX 94.1 January 28 , 1996 NBC 15 Super Bowl XLI 93.2 February 4 , 2007 CBS 16 Super Bowl XX 92.6 January 26 , 1986 NBC 17 Super Bowl XXVII 91.0 January 31 , 1993 NBC 18 Super Bowl XL 90.7 February 5 , 2006 ABC 19 Muhammad Ali vs. Leon Spinks II 90.0 September 15 , 1978 ABC 20 Super Bowl XXVIII 90.0 January 30 , 1994 NBC Super Bowl XXXII 90.0 January 25 , 1998 NBC Most watched series finales -- Top 15 list ( edit ) This table lists the 15 most watched U.S. television series finales in history , effective as of the current season . However , all the Nielsen ratings for U.S. television series finales broadcast starting 2003 were adjusted from the 2007 -- 2008 season to incorporate both the standard live primetime and week - long time - shifted or delayed DVR viewership figures ( based on the telecast 's final 5 - minute standard run ) in the United States only ( from the dates of their original series finale runs ) . The finale is not necessarily a show 's most watched episode , the most prominent of examples being CBS ' Dallas , viewed by about 90 million American viewers after the network 's 21 November 1980 primetime telecast of the resolution episode of the internationally known ' Who Shot J.R. ' cliffhanger ( the second highest rated single television broadcast in U.S. history , watched by 53.3 % of American households and more than 76 % of the total U.S. television viewers for that year ) , almost thrice as many viewers as there were for the 1991 series finale ( 33.3 million viewers ) . The highest - rated single television broadcast in U.S. history is the 150 - minute - long final episode of M * A * S * H * ( which remains the sole regular U.S. primetime television series to be watched by at least 100 million viewers in the United States alone for an episode ) , transmitted on primetime by CBS on 28 February 1983 , viewed at a peak conclusion by 125 million American viewers ( or 60.2 % of American households and at least 77 % of the total U.S. television viewers ) . When TV miniseries are taken into the Nielsen tallies , ABC 's Roots posted the second most watched series finale in U.S. history , watched on 30 January 1977 , by 100 million viewers ( 51.1 % of American households and more than 71 % of the total U.S. television viewers that year ) , but attracted the largest viewership for any type of primetime television series in U.S. history -- a record currently standing at between 130 million and 140 million American viewers for its 8 - part installment in January 1977 ( peaking up to 80 % of the total U.S. television viewers in 1977 ) . CBS ' Everybody Loves Raymond bumped the syndicated series Star Trek : The Next Generation out of the Top 15 Nielsen tally of the all - time most watched U.S. TV series finales in May 2005 , but the latter remains the most watched of all syndicated programs in U.S. history . NBC aired 2 of the top 5 all - time most watched overall U.S. television series finales to date ( both of sitcom genre , behind the 1983 M.A.S.H. and 1977 Roots respective final episodes , and also sandwiching the peak rating record of the August 1967 , final broadcast of ABC 's The Fugitive ) -- the 21 May 1993 broadcast of the series finale of Cheers ( the most watched overall U.S. television series finale in the cable television era , attracting a peak of almost 93.5 million American viewers ) , and the primetime telecast of the final episode of Seinfeld on 14 May 1998 . Rank Title Episode Number of viewers ( in millions ) Household share Audience share Date Network M * A * S * H `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' 125.0 60.2 % 77 % 000000001983 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 Feb 1983 CBS Roots ( miniseries ) `` Part VIII '' 100.0 51.1 % 71 % 000000001977 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 Jan 1977 ABC Cheers `` One for the Road '' 93.5 45.5 % 64 % 000000001993 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 1993 NBC The Fugitive `` The Judgment '' Part 2 78.0 45.9 % 72 % 000000001967 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 Aug 1967 ABC 5 Seinfeld `` The Finale '' 76.3 41.3 % 58 % 000000001998 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1998 NBC 6 Friends `` The Last One '' 65.9 35.6 % 52 % 000000002004 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2004 NBC 7 Magnum , P.I. `` Resolutions '' 50.7 32.0 % 48 % 000000001988 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 1988 CBS 8 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson Finale of Carson - hosting era 50.0 30.0 % 46 % 000000001992 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 1992 NBC 9 The Cosby Show `` And So We Commence '' 44.4 28.0 % 45 % 000000001992 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 1992 10 Frasier `` Goodnight , Seattle '' 42.7 25.8 % 40 % 000000002004 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2004 NBC 11 All in the Family `` Too Good Edith '' 40.2 26.6 % 43 % 000000001979 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 1979 CBS 12 Everybody Loves Raymond `` The Finale '' 38.3 25.7 % 36 % 000000002005 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2005 CBS 13 Family Ties `` Alex Does n't Live Here Anymore '' 36.3 20.8 % 35 % 000000001989 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 1989 NBC 14 Home Improvement `` The Long and Winding Road '' 35.5 21.6 % 43 % 000000001999 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 1999 ABC 15 Dallas `` Conundrum '' 33.3 22.0 % 38 % 000000001991 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 1991 CBS ^ Jump up to : The number of viewers for M * A * S * H ( 105.9 million ) and Cheers ( 84.4 million ) are the numbers most commonly reported . M * A * S * H has also been reported at 121.6 million viewers and Cheers has been reported at 93.5 million viewers . For Cheers and M * A * S * H , 93.5 million and 121.6 million represent the total audience who watched at least six minutes and the 84.4 million and 105.9 million represent the viewers who watched the average minute . As previously mentioned , 125 million represents the total audience that tuned into the last 5 minutes of the series finale of M.A.S.H. during its primetime telecast . Regular episodes of M * A * S * H were thirty minutes long , but the final episode aired as a television movie and was two hours and thirty minutes long . Most watched series episode of the decade ( edit ) This table lists the most watched overall television episode for every decade in the United States , as tallied by the Nielsen Media Research since the 1950 -- 1951 television season . The audience share category of the Nielsen ratings only began in the 1959 -- 1960 television season , and that all the Nielsen ratings for U.S. telecasts starting 2003 were adjusted from the 2007 -- 08 season to incorporate both the standard live primetime and time - shifted or delayed DVR viewership figures ( based on the telecast 's final 5 - minute standard run ) in the United States only ( from the dates of their original series finale runs ) . Decade Title Episode Viewers ( in millions ) Household share Audience share Date Network 1950s The Ed Sullivan Show Special guesting of Elvis Presley 60.0 71 % 82.6 % 000000001956 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 Sep 1956 CBS 1960s The Fugitive `` The Judgment '' Part 2 78.0 45.9 % 72 % 000000001967 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 Aug 1967 ABC 1970s Roots ( miniseries ) `` Part VIII '' 100.0 51.1 % 71 % 000000001977 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 Jan 1977 ABC 1980s M * A * S * H `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' 125.0 60.2 % 77 % 000000001983 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 Feb 1983 CBS 1990s Cheers `` One for the Road '' 93.5 51.7 % 72 % 000000001993 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 1993 NBC 2000s Friends `` The Last One '' 80.0 40.2 % 62 % 000000002004 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2004 NBC 2010s Undercover Boss `` Waste Management , Inc '' ( Series Premiere ) 42.3 29.4 % 36 % 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 7 Feb 2010 CBS Most watched series per year ( edit ) This table lists all the TV shows with the highest average household Nielsen rating for each television season in the United States , inclusive of both standard live primetime and time - shifted or delayed DVR viewership figures in the United States alone for all other airing programs beginning the 2007 -- 08 season . American Idol , during its first run on Fox , holds the record for most consecutive ( and overall total ) seasons at No. 1 , with eight . It is also the first ever television series of reality singing competition genre ( and Fox 's first ever television program ) to take the top position in the Nielsen annual primetime television ratings . However , American Idol usually airs two live episodes a week for its finals stage ( Tuesdays and Wednesdays from its inception in 2002 to 2010 , and Wednesdays and Thursdays between 2011 and 2014 ) ; for the 2003 -- 2004 season , only the Tuesday ( or competition stage ) show was ranked No. 1 , and for that television season , American Idol as a whole placed second ( potentially giving the top spot to CSI : Crime Scene Investigation from CBS , if the ratings of American Idol for that year had been summarized as only 1 day - per - week broadcast format ) . From 2005 to 2011 , the whole show was No. 1 for only seven consecutive ( and overall total ) seasons , but still ranked No. 1 overall in the 18 -- 49 demographic for eight consecutive seasons . CBS 's All in the Family and NBC 's The Cosby Show and Sunday Night Football share second place , ranked No. 1 overall each for 5 consecutive ( and overall total ) seasons , from 1972 to 1976 , 1986 to 1990 , and 2012 and beginning 2014 , respectively . The latter became the first ever regular primetime sports television program to rank first in the Nielsen annual ratings , and the first ever regularly scheduled primetime television program aired live in all U.S. time zones to take the No. 1 overall spot amongst all U.S. television programs in at least one season . If the total number of seasons of Nielsen No. 1 - leads are counted , CBS 's 60 Minutes also share second place , and to date is the only primetime program to lead the Nielsen primetime ratings in 3 separate decades -- 1970s , 1980s and the 1990s , as well as the most recent nightly news program to rank first in the Nielsen annual ratings . Since 2004 , all Nielsen U.S. top - ranking overall television programs are broadcast live in the U.S. except for CBS ' NCIS and The Big Bang Theory , which in the 2012 - 2013 and 2017 - 2018 seasons , are the most recent scripted series to rank first in the overall Nielsen annual ratings . As of 2018 , NBC 's ER remained the latest primetime programs in the United States of medical drama genre to rank first in the Nielsen annual ratings , back in 1999 . NBC 's Seinfeld remained as the latest television series to end its run leading the annual Nielsen television ratings , back in 1998 . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? remains the latest primetime program from ABC to lead the Nielsen annual television ratings , back in 2000 . Record - setting U.S. television programs as listed below are in bold text . The program with the all - time highest annual Nielsen average rating Two or more programs tie for highest average Nielsen rating in the same season The program with the all - time longest consecutive season winning streak in Nielsen ratings Season Program Network Rating 1950 -- 1951 Texaco Star Theater NBC 61.6 1951 -- 1952 Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts CBS 53.8 1952 -- 1953 I Love Lucy 67.3 1953 -- 1954 58.8 1954 -- 1955 49.3 1955 -- 1956 The $64,000 Question 47.5 1956 -- 1957 I Love Lucy 43.7 1957 -- 1958 Gunsmoke 43.1 1958 -- 1959 39.6 1959 -- 1960 40.3 1960 -- 1961 37.3 1961 -- 1962 Wagon Train NBC 32.1 1962 -- 1963 The Beverly Hillbillies CBS 36.0 1963 -- 1964 39.1 1964 -- 1965 Bonanza NBC 36.3 1965 -- 1966 31.8 1966 -- 1967 29.1 1967 -- 1968 The Andy Griffith Show CBS 27.6 1968 -- 1969 Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In NBC 31.8 1969 -- 1970 26.3 1970 -- 1971 Marcus Welby , M.D. ABC 29.6 1971 -- 1972 All in the Family CBS 34.0 1972 -- 1973 33.3 1973 -- 1974 31.2 1974 -- 1975 30.2 1975 -- 1976 30.1 1976 -- 1977 Happy Days ABC 31.5 1977 -- 1978 Laverne & Shirley 31.6 1978 -- 1979 30.5 1979 -- 1980 60 Minutes CBS 28.4 1980 -- 1981 Dallas 34.5 1981 -- 1982 28.4 1982 -- 1983 60 Minutes 25.5 1983 -- 1984 Dallas 25.7 1984 -- 1985 Dynasty ABC 25.0 1985 -- 1986 The Cosby Show NBC 33.7 1986 -- 1987 34.9 1987 -- 1988 27.8 1988 -- 1989 25.6 1989 -- 1990 Roseanne ABC 23.1 The Cosby Show NBC 1990 -- 1991 Cheers 21.3 1991 -- 1992 60 Minutes CBS 21.9 1992 -- 1993 1993 -- 1994 20.9 1994 -- 1995 Seinfeld NBC 20.6 1995 -- 1996 ER 22.0 1996 -- 1997 21.2 1997 -- 1998 Seinfeld 21.7 1998 -- 1999 ER 17.8 1999 -- 2000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? -- Tuesdays ABC 18.6 2000 -- 2001 Survivor : The Australian Outback CBS 17.4 2001 -- 2002 Friends NBC 15.3 2002 -- 2003 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation CBS 16.3 2003 -- 2004 American Idol -- Tuesdays ( Competition ) Fox 14.2 2004 -- 2005 American Idol -- Overall Season 15.2 2005 -- 2006 17.6 2006 -- 2007 17.3 2007 -- 2008 16.9 2008 -- 2009 15.7 2009 -- 2010 13.9 2010 -- 2011 14.8 2011 -- 2012 NBC Sunday Night Football NBC 13.1 2012 -- 2013 NCIS CBS 12.7 2013 -- 2014 NBC Sunday Night Football NBC 12.8 2014 -- 2015 12.9 2015 -- 2016 13.3 2016 -- 2017 12.2 2017 -- 2018 The Big Bang Theory CBS 12.3 Longest dominating series of the decade ( edit ) This table lists the primetime television series with the most number of seasons of No. 1 in the Nielsen ratings for every decade in the United States , as tallied by the Nielsen Media Research since the 1950 -- 1951 television season . Only the Nielsen household share will be shown in the following table . The U.S. television program with the longest ever streak at No. 1 in the Nielsen ratings is written in bold text . Decade Series Peak season household share Debut season at Nielsen No. 1 End season at Nielsen No. 1 Seasons at No. 1 Network 1950s I Love Lucy 67.3 ( 1952 -- 1953 ) 1952 -- 1953 1956 -- 1957 CBS 1960s Gunsmoke 43.1 ( 1957 -- 1958 ) 1957 -- 1958 1960 -- 1961 1970s All in the Family 34.0 ( 1971 -- 1972 ) 1971 -- 1972 1975 -- 1976 5 1980s The Cosby Show 34.9 ( 1986 -- 1987 ) 1985 -- 1986 1989 -- 1990 NBC 1990s 60 Minutes 28.4 ( 1979 -- 1980 ) 1979 -- 1980 1993 -- 1994 CBS 2000s American Idol 17.6 ( 2005 -- 2006 ) 2003 -- 2004 2010 -- 2011 8 Fox 2010s NBC Sunday Night Football 13.3 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2011 -- 2012 2016 - 2017 5 NBC References ( edit ) Sources ( edit ) Mytton , Graham ( 14 August 2012 ) . `` Global Media Research : Can We Know Global Audiences ? A View from a BBC Perspective '' . 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Dubbed `` the thrilla of Manila , the saga of our lifetime , '' the last - named fight took place on the fourth anniversary of King 's release from prison , September 30 , 1975 , and was viewed over television by nearly one billion people . Jump up ^ Riccella , Christopher ( 1991 ) . Muhammad Ali . Holloway House Publishing . p. 178 . ISBN 9780870675744 . Jump up ^ `` Ali maps plans to retire with cameras running '' . Detroit Free Press . February 1 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Magazine '' . Nevada Magazine . State of Nevada , Department of Economic Development . 41 - 42 : 93 . 1981 . The biggest of all was Holmes - Ali . The dollar figures and publicity , not to mention the impact on Las Vegas and Caesars Palace itself , stagger the imagination . The event drew a net live gate of $5,766,125 ( the largest in the history of boxing ) , with 25,000 people ( the most ever in Nevada ) paying $50 to $500 a ticket . Tax revenue to the state was $280,645 . Caesar 's telephone operators handled 48,000 calls that day , double any other day in hotel history . The estimated world - wide TV audience was a record two billion people , and for the first time in history , a boxing event was televised in Red China . Jump up ^ `` Sydney NYE gets extra fireworks show '' . NewsComAu . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 21 May 2006 ) . `` Finland wins Eurovision contest '' . Al Jazeera English . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Murray , Matthew . `` Eurovision Song Contest -- International Music Program '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Archived from the original on 13 January 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` WME - IMG Acquires The Miss Universe Organization '' . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Idol talent show is broadcast for first time '' . BBC . 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Statistics on Super Bowl TV Viewership in the US , Nielsen Media Research , February 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . 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The gala has made some world records : It has the world 's highest audience numbers of its kind , reaching more than one billion ( 1,000,000,000 . ) viewers . ^ Jump up to : `` TV in the PRC '' . that 's Shanghai . 5 December 2012 . With an estimated daily audience of around 135 million -- 14 times the audience of the highest - rated US news show -- CCTV 's Xinwen Lianbo is one of the world 's most watched programs . Such is its power that last month the 2013 advertising slots were sold for a record RMB5. 4 billion , with Wuliangye , Maotai and Gome spending over RMB1 billion between them on the five - second countdown before the show begins . Jump up ^ tv-tipps.net TV - Einschaltquote : EM - Finale knackt nicht den Allzeit - Rekord ( German ) Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 most watched programmes on Irish TV this CENTURY '' . Jump up ^ `` 1 位 は 40 % ! ? アニメ の 歴代 視聴 率 ランキング Top10 ネタ ・ おもしろ ・ エンタメ 大学 生活 マイナビ 学生 の 窓口 '' . マイナビ 学生 の 窓口 マイナビ 学生 の 窓口 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . 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Marktest . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audiências Tv em Janeiro '' . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audiências Tv em Maio '' . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audiências Tv em Julho de 2006 '' . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audiências Tv em Junho de 2010 '' . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Debate entre Passos e Costa com audiência histórica de 3 , 4 milhões '' . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audiência recorde para o Portugal - França '' . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean TV Ratings : TNmS vs. AGB Nielsen '' . Soompi. 2011 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Årsrapporter TV '' Rapporter och publiceringar `` MMS '' . Mms.se . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Features Britain 's Most Watched TV 1960s '' . British Film Institute ( BFI ) . Archived from the original on 22 November 2005 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Features Britain 's Most Watched TV 1990s '' . British Film Institute ( BFI ) . Archived from the original on 25 November 2005 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Features Britain 's Most Watched TV 1970s '' . British Film Institute ( BFI ) . Archived from the original on 22 November 2005 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Features Britain 's Most Watched TV 1980s '' . British Film Institute ( BFI ) . Archived from the original on 22 November 2005 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Green , Timothy ( 1972 ) . The Universal Eye : The World of Television . Stein and Day . p. 86 . ISBN 9780812814248 . The annual Miss World Contest , which is often the single most popular program of the year -- attracting half the British population -- is a natural for BBC 1 ; so was the Ali - Frazier fight , which was watched by 27.5 million people . Jump up ^ `` Daily Mirror '' . Daily Mirror. 1 November 1974 . ' Ali is so tired he can not raise his hands . ' The next moment Ali raised his fists and Foreman was knocked out . 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a state of pure shear is one in which the normal stresses are zero. consider

Plane stress

plane stress

In continuum mechanics , a material is said to be under plane stress if the stress vector is zero across a particular surface . When that situation occurs over an entire element of a structure , as is often the case for thin plates , the stress analysis is considerably simplified , as the stress state can be represented by a tensor of dimension 2 ( representable as a 2 × 2 matrix rather than 3 × 3 ) . A related notion , plane strain , is often applicable to very thick members .

Plane stress typically occurs in thin flat plates that are acted upon only by load forces that are parallel to them . In certain situations , a gently curved thin plate may also be assumed to have plane stress for the purpose of stress analysis . This is the case , for example , of a thin - walled cylinder filled with a fluid under pressure . In such cases , stress components perpendicular to the plate are negligible compared to those parallel to it . In other situations , however , the bending stress of a thin plate can not be neglected . One can still simplify the analysis by using a two - dimensional domain , but the plane stress tensor at each point must be complemented with bending terms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mathematical definition 2 Constitutive equations 3 Plane stress in curved surfaces 4 Plane strain ( strain matrix ) 5 Stress transformation in plane stress and plane strain 6 See also 7 References Mathematical definition ( edit ) Mathematically , the stress at some point in the material is a plane stress if one of the three principal stresses ( the eigenvalues of the Cauchy stress tensor ) is zero . That is , there is Cartesian coordinate system in which the stress tensor has the form σ = ( σ 11 0 0 0 σ 22 0 0 0 0 ) ≡ ( σ x 0 0 0 σ y 0 0 0 0 ) ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ sigma _ ( 11 ) &0&0 \ \ 0& \ sigma _ ( 22 ) &0 \ \ 0&0&0 \ end ( bmatrix ) ) \ equiv ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ sigma _ ( x ) &0&0 \ \ 0& \ sigma _ ( y ) &0 \ \ 0&0&0 \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) For example , consider a rectangular block of material measuring 10 , 40 and 5 cm along the x ( \ displaystyle x ) , y ( \ displaystyle y ) , and z ( \ displaystyle z ) , that is being stretched in the x ( \ displaystyle x ) direction and compressed in the y ( \ displaystyle y ) direction , by pairs of opposite forces with magnitudes 10 N and 20 N , respectively , uniformly distributed over the corresponding faces . The stress tensor inside the block will be σ = ( 500 P a 0 0 0 − 4000 P a 0 0 0 0 ) ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) 500 \ mathrm ( Pa ) &0&0 \ \ 0& - 4000 \ mathrm ( Pa ) &0 \ \ 0&0&0 \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) More generally , if one chooses the first two coordinate axes arbitrarily but perpendicular to the direction of zero stress , the stress tensor will have the form σ = ( σ 11 σ 12 0 σ 21 σ 22 0 0 0 0 ) ≡ ( σ x τ x y 0 τ y x σ y 0 0 0 0 ) ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ sigma _ ( 11 ) & \ sigma _ ( 12 ) &0 \ \ \ sigma _ ( 21 ) & \ sigma _ ( 22 ) &0 \ \ 0&0&0 \ end ( bmatrix ) ) \ equiv ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ sigma _ ( x ) & \ tau _ ( xy ) &0 \ \ \ tau _ ( yx ) & \ sigma _ ( y ) &0 \ \ 0&0&0 \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) and can therefore be represented by a 2 × 2 matrix , σ i j = ( σ 11 σ 12 σ 21 σ 22 ) ≡ ( σ x τ x y τ y x σ y ) ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( ij ) = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ sigma _ ( 11 ) & \ sigma _ ( 12 ) \ \ \ sigma _ ( 21 ) & \ sigma _ ( 22 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) \ equiv ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ sigma _ ( x ) & \ tau _ ( xy ) \ \ \ tau _ ( yx ) & \ sigma _ ( y ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Constitutive equations ( edit ) See Hooke 's law # Plane_stress Plane stress in curved surfaces ( edit ) In certain cases , the plane stress model can be used in the analysis of gently curved surfaces . For example , consider a thin - walled cylinder subjected to an axial compressive load uniformly distributed along its rim , and filled with a pressurized fluid . The internal pressure will generate a reactive hoop stress on the wall , a normal tensile stress directed perpendicular to the cylinder axis and tangential to its surface . The cylinder can be conceptually unrolled and analyzed as a flat thin rectangular plate subjected to tensile load in one direction and compressive load in another other direction , both parallel to the plate . Plane strain ( strain matrix ) ( edit ) Figure 7.2 Plane strain state in a continuum . Main article : Infinitesimal strain theory If one dimension is very large compared to the others , the principal strain in the direction of the longest dimension is constrained and can be assumed as zero , yielding a plane strain condition ( Figure 7.2 ) . In this case , though all principal stresses are non-zero , the principal stress in the direction of the longest dimension can be disregarded for calculations . Thus , allowing a two dimensional analysis of stresses , e.g. a dam analyzed at a cross section loaded by the reservoir . The corresponding strain tensor is : ε i j = ( ε 11 ε 12 0 ε 21 ε 22 0 0 0 ε 33 ) ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon _ ( ij ) = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) \ varepsilon _ ( 11 ) & \ varepsilon _ ( 12 ) &0 \ \ \ varepsilon _ ( 21 ) & \ varepsilon _ ( 22 ) &0 \ \ 0&0& \ varepsilon _ ( 33 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) \ , \ ! ) in which the non-zero ε 33 ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon _ ( 33 ) \ , \ ! ) term arises from the Poisson 's effect . This strain term can be temporarily removed from the stress analysis to leave only the in - plane terms , effectively reducing the analysis to two dimensions . Stress transformation in plane stress and plane strain ( edit ) Consider a point P ( \ displaystyle P \ , \ ! ) in a continuum under a state of plane stress , or plane strain , with stress components ( σ x , σ y , τ x y ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ sigma _ ( x ) , \ sigma _ ( y ) , \ tau _ ( xy ) ) \ , \ ! ) and all other stress components equal to zero ( Figure 8.1 ) . From static equilibrium of an infinitesimal material element at P ( \ displaystyle P \ , \ ! ) ( Figure 8.2 ) , the normal stress σ n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , \ ! ) and the shear stress τ n ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , \ ! ) on any plane perpendicular to the x ( \ displaystyle x \ , \ ! ) - y ( \ displaystyle y \ , \ ! ) plane passing through P ( \ displaystyle P \ , \ ! ) with a unit vector n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( n ) \ , \ ! ) making an angle of θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta \ , \ ! ) with the horizontal , i.e. cos ⁡ θ ( \ displaystyle \ cos \ theta \ , \ ! ) is the direction cosine in the x ( \ displaystyle x \ , \ ! ) direction , is given by : σ n = 1 2 ( σ x + σ y ) + 1 2 ( σ x − σ y ) cos ⁡ 2 θ + τ x y sin ⁡ 2 θ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) + \ sigma _ ( y ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) - \ sigma _ ( y ) ) \ cos 2 \ theta + \ tau _ ( xy ) \ sin 2 \ theta \ , \ ! ) τ n = − 1 2 ( σ x − σ y ) sin ⁡ 2 θ + τ x y cos ⁡ 2 θ ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) - \ sigma _ ( y ) ) \ sin 2 \ theta + \ tau _ ( xy ) \ cos 2 \ theta \ , \ ! ) These equations indicate that in a plane stress or plane strain condition , one can determine the stress components at a point on all directions , i.e. as a function of θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta \ , \ ! ) , if one knows the stress components ( σ x , σ y , τ x y ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ sigma _ ( x ) , \ sigma _ ( y ) , \ tau _ ( xy ) ) \ , \ ! ) on any two perpendicular directions at that point . It is important to remember that we are considering a unit area of the infinitesimal element in the direction parallel to the y ( \ displaystyle y \ , \ ! ) - z ( \ displaystyle z \ , \ ! ) plane . Figure 8.1 - Stress transformation at a point in a continuum under plane stress conditions . Figure 8.2 - Stress components at a plane passing through a point in a continuum under plane stress conditions . The principal directions ( Figure 8.3 ) , i.e. , orientation of the planes where the shear stress components are zero , can be obtained by making the previous equation for the shear stress τ n ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , \ ! ) equal to zero . Thus we have : τ n = − 1 2 ( σ x − σ y ) sin ⁡ 2 θ + τ x y cos ⁡ 2 θ = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) - \ sigma _ ( y ) ) \ sin 2 \ theta + \ tau _ ( xy ) \ cos 2 \ theta = 0 \ , \ ! ) and we obtain tan ⁡ 2 θ p = 2 τ x y σ x − σ y ( \ displaystyle \ tan 2 \ theta _ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 \ tau _ ( xy ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) - \ sigma _ ( y ) ) ) \ , \ ! ) This equation defines two values θ p ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) \ , \ ! ) which are 90 ∘ ( \ displaystyle 90 ^ ( \ circ ) \ , \ ! ) apart ( Figure 8.3 ) . The same result can be obtained by finding the angle θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta \ , \ ! ) which makes the normal stress σ n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , \ ! ) a maximum , i.e. d σ n d θ = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) ) ( d \ theta ) ) = 0 \ , \ ! ) The principal stresses σ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( 1 ) \ , \ ! ) and σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( 2 ) \ , \ ! ) , or minimum and maximum normal stresses σ m a x ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( max ) ) \ , \ ! ) and σ m i n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( min ) ) \ , \ ! ) , respectively , can then be obtained by replacing both values of θ p ( \ displaystyle \ theta _ ( \ mathrm ( p ) ) \ , \ ! ) into the previous equation for σ n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , \ ! ) . This can be achieved by rearranging the equations for σ n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , \ ! ) and τ n ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , \ ! ) , first transposing the first term in the first equation and squaring both sides of each of the equations then adding them . Thus we have ( σ n − 1 2 ( σ x + σ y ) ) 2 + τ n 2 = ( 1 2 ( σ x − σ y ) ) 2 + τ x y 2 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) - ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) + \ sigma _ ( y ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = \ left ( ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) - \ sigma _ ( y ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ tau _ ( xy ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ ! ) ( σ n − σ a v g ) 2 + τ n 2 = R 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) - \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( avg ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = R ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ ! ) where R = ( 1 2 ( σ x − σ y ) ) 2 + τ x y 2 and σ a v g = 1 2 ( σ x + σ y ) ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) - \ sigma _ ( y ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ tau _ ( xy ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ quad ( \ text ( and ) ) \ quad \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( avg ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) + \ sigma _ ( y ) ) \ , \ ! ) which is the equation of a circle of radius R ( \ displaystyle R \ , \ ! ) centered at a point with coordinates ( σ a v g , 0 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( avg ) ) , 0 ) \ , \ ! ) , called Mohr 's circle . But knowing that for the principal stresses the shear stress τ n = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) = 0 \ , \ ! ) , then we obtain from this equation : σ 1 = σ m a x = 1 2 ( σ x + σ y ) + ( 1 2 ( σ x − σ y ) ) 2 + τ x y 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( 1 ) = \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( max ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) + \ sigma _ ( y ) ) + ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) - \ sigma _ ( y ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ tau _ ( xy ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , \ ! ) σ 2 = σ m i n = 1 2 ( σ x + σ y ) − ( 1 2 ( σ x − σ y ) ) 2 + τ x y 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( 2 ) = \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( min ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) + \ sigma _ ( y ) ) - ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( x ) - \ sigma _ ( y ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + \ tau _ ( xy ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , \ ! ) Figure 8.3 - Transformation of stresses in two dimensions , showing the planes of action of principal stresses , and maximum and minimum shear stresses . When τ x y = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( xy ) = 0 \ , \ ! ) the infinitesimal element is oriented in the direction of the principal planes , thus the stresses acting on the rectangular element are principal stresses : σ x = σ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( x ) = \ sigma _ ( 1 ) \ , \ ! ) and σ y = σ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( y ) = \ sigma _ ( 2 ) \ , \ ! ) . Then the normal stress σ n ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , \ ! ) and shear stress τ n ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) \ , \ ! ) as a function of the principal stresses can be determined by making τ x y = 0 ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( xy ) = 0 \ , \ ! ) . Thus we have σ n = 1 2 ( σ 1 + σ 2 ) + 1 2 ( σ 1 − σ 2 ) cos ⁡ 2 θ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( 1 ) + \ sigma _ ( 2 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( 1 ) - \ sigma _ ( 2 ) ) \ cos 2 \ theta \ , \ ! ) τ n = − 1 2 ( σ 1 − σ 2 ) sin ⁡ 2 θ ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( n ) ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( 1 ) - \ sigma _ ( 2 ) ) \ sin 2 \ theta \ , \ ! ) Then the maximum shear stress τ m a x ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( max ) ) \ , \ ! ) occurs when sin ⁡ 2 θ = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ sin 2 \ theta = 1 \ , \ ! ) , i.e. θ = 45 ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ theta = 45 ^ ( \ circ ) \ , \ ! ) ( Figure 8.3 ) : τ m a x = 1 2 ( σ 1 − σ 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( max ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( 1 ) - \ sigma _ ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Then the minimum shear stress τ m i n ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( min ) ) \ , \ ! ) occurs when sin ⁡ 2 θ = − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ sin 2 \ theta = - 1 \ , \ ! ) , i.e. θ = 135 ∘ ( \ displaystyle \ theta = 135 ^ ( \ circ ) \ , \ ! ) ( Figure 8.3 ) : τ m i n = − 1 2 ( σ 1 − σ 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ mathrm ( min ) ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma _ ( 1 ) - \ sigma _ ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) See also ( edit ) Plane strain References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Meyers and Chawla ( 1999 ) : `` Mechanical Behavior of Materials , '' 66 - 75 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plane_stress&oldid=753270536 '' Categories : Metallurgy Mechanical engineering Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2016 , at 04 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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who voices bill on king of the hill

Stephen Root ( born November 17 , 1951 ) is an American actor , voice actor and comedian . He has starred as Jimmy James on the TV sitcom NewsRadio , as Milton Waddams in the film Office Space ( 1999 ) , and as the voices of Bill Dauterive and Buck Strickland in the animated series King of the Hill . His other roles have included Captain K'Vada in the Star Trek : The Next Generation two - part episode `` Unification '' ( 1991 ) , Mr. Lund in O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) , Gordon Pibb in DodgeBall ( 2004 ) , Howard Abendsen in Amazon Studios ' series The Man in the High Castle in 8 episodes in both season 2 and season 3 ( 2016 and 2018 ) , Jim Hudson in Get Out ( 2017 ) , and supporting roles in a variety of HBO series , including Boardwalk Empire and Barry .

Stephen Root

Stephen Root

stephen root

Stephen Root ( born November 17 , 1951 ) is an American actor , voice actor and comedian . He has starred as Jimmy James on the TV sitcom NewsRadio , as Milton Waddams in the film Office Space ( 1999 ) , and as the voices of Bill Dauterive and Buck Strickland in the animated series King of the Hill . His other roles have included Captain K'Vada in the Star Trek : The Next Generation two - part episode `` Unification '' ( 1991 ) , Mr. Lund in O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) , Gordon Pibb in DodgeBall ( 2004 ) , Howard Abendsen in Amazon Studios ' series The Man in the High Castle in 8 episodes in both season 2 and season 3 ( 2016 and 2018 ) , Jim Hudson in Get Out ( 2017 ) , and supporting roles in a variety of HBO series , including Boardwalk Empire and Barry .

Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Video games 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Root was born in Sarasota , Florida , the son of Leona Estelle and Rolland Clair Root , a project superintendent and site manager on major civil engineering projects throughout the United States and Mexico . Root has likened his childhood to that of an `` Army brat '' , as his family frequently relocated while his father finished each construction project . Root graduated from Vero Beach High School in Vero Beach , Florida . He received his AA from the University of Florida , and trained in the BFA acting program . The university recognized him as one of its distinguished alumni in 2008. Subsequently he was granted his BFA after completion of his final semester based on the quality and character of his acting career having left college to pursue Broadway in his final semester . Career ( edit ) Among his most recognized television roles are eccentric billionaire Jimmy James on the sitcom NewsRadio and as the voice of divorced , down - and - out Army barber Bill Dauterive and Hank Hill 's hedonistic boss Buck Strickland on the FOX animated television series King of the Hill ( Root originally auditioned for the role of conspiracy theorist and pest control worker Dale Gribble ) . He had a recurring role on the final two seasons of The West Wing as Republican campaign consultant Bob Mayer . His most recognizable film roles to date are as the mumbling , quirky Milton Waddams in Office Space , as the mild - mannered gymrat Gordon Pibb in Dodgeball : A True Underdog Story , as Suds , a drunk sports writer , in Leatherheads , and as the dimwitted principal in the 2008 Judd Apatow produced comedy Drillbit Taylor . Root is a favorite of the Coen Brothers . He has appeared in O Brother , Where Art Thou ? , The Ladykillers , and No Country For Old Men . Kevin Smith wrote a role in Jersey Girl specifically for Root . Root reunited with Mike Judge in Idiocracy and has also portrayed NASA flight director Chris Kraft in the miniseries From the Earth to the Moon . He took on the biographical role of Richard A. Clarke in The Path to 9 / 11 . He has also had many guest appearances in television programs across several genres . He was Klingon Captain K'Vada in the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode `` Unification '' in 1991 . In 1992 , Root appeared on the TV series Night Court as Mr. Willard . In the 1993 -- 1994 television season , Root appeared as a series regular as `` R.O. '' on the Beau Bridges / Lloyd Bridges comedy / western series Harts of the West on CBS . Root at the 2011 San Diego Comic - Con International , July 2011 Root guest starred on Seinfeld , playing the role of a bank manager in the episode `` The Invitations '' , handling Kramer 's hello greeting issue . He had a role in Frasier in the episode `` Detour '' as the father of the family helping Frasier when his car broke down . In the CSI episode `` Homebodies '' , he played the father of a rape victim . In addition , Root had a series regular role on the short - lived CBS series Ladies Man , which starred Sharon Lawrence , soon after she left NYPD Blue . He played Raymond , a hunting store owner involved in illegal gun trading , in the 1993 In the Heat of the Night episode `` A Love Lost '' . Root also has an active career as a voice artist . Aside from his roles in King of the Hill , he has played various characters in animated films , such as Ice Age , Finding Nemo , and Courage the Cowardly Dog . In other animated television , series regular roles include : Commander Chode in Tripping the Rift and Homebase in The X 's . Additionally , he has provided guest - starring vocal talent in animated television series , like Chowder and Teen Titans . He recently lent his voice to Batman : The Brave and the Bold as Woozy Winks and The Penguin . Root has appeared in HBO 's series True Blood as a vampire named Eddie . He also had a multi-episode arc in the second season of Pushing Daisies on ABC , playing the mysterious Dwight Dixon . He appeared as Johnny Forreals , inventor of the word `` boo - yah '' on an episode of Comedy Central 's The Sarah Silverman Program entitled `` Cangamangus '' . He appeared in the 2009 comedy film The Men Who Stare at Goats as Gus Lacey . In 2010 , he appeared in a multi-episode arc in season 8 of the Fox television series 24 as a probation officer named Bill Prady , and in the FX television series Justified as the eccentric Judge Mike `` The Hammer '' Reardon . In 2011 , he co-starred in Robert Redford 's The Conspirator , playing John Lloyd , a key witness in the trial of alleged Lincoln conspirator Mary Surratt . In 2012 he began playing the role of Gaston Means in the HBO 's acclaimed TV series Boardwalk Empire season 3 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Crocodile Dundee II DEA Agent ( Toilet ) Monkey Shines Dean Burbage 1989 Black Rain Berg 1990 Stanley & Iris Mr. Hershey Ghost Police Sgt . 1991 Guilty by Suspicion RKO Guard V.I. Warshawski Mickey Bed & Breakfast Randolph 1992 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Gary Murray 1993 Dave Don Durenberger RoboCop 3 Coontz Extreme Justice Max Alvarez 1995 Bye Bye Love Awakened Neighbor Uncredited Night of the Scarecrow Uncle Frank / The Sheriff 1998 Krippendorf 's Tribe Gerald Adams 1999 Gut Feeling Kane Cohen Office Space Milton Waddams Natural Selection Mr. Crenshaw a.k.a. The Monster Hunter Bicentennial Man Dennis Mansky -- Head of NorthAm Robotics 2000 O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Mr. Lund Tripping the Rift Chode ( voice ) 2002 Ice Age Frank / Start ( voice ) The Country Bears Zeb ( voice ) White Oleander Michael Scenes deleted 2003 Finding Nemo Bubbles ( voice ) Grind Cameron Raising Genius Dwight Nestor The Ladykillers Fernand Gudge Jersey Girl Greenie DodgeBall : A True Underdog Story Gordon Surviving Christmas Dr. Freeman Wake Up , Ron Burgundy : The Lost Movie Vince Masters 2005 Just Friends KC 2006 Ice Age : The Meltdown Aardvark Dad ( voice ) Gretchen Herb Idiocracy Judge Hank `` The Hangman '' BMW The Frank Anderson John Simon The Fox and the Hound 2 Talent Scout ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2007 Cook - Off ! Morty Van Rookle No Country for Old Men Man who hires Wells Have Dreams , Will Travel Sheriff Brock Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage Bubbles ( voice ) Short film Sunny & Share Love You Clive Anderson 2008 Mad Money Glover Over Her Dead Body Sculptor Drillbit Taylor Principal Doppler Leatherheads Suds Tripping the Rift : The Movie Chode ( voice ) 2009 Glock Remington Short film Bob Funk Steve The Soloist Curt Reynolds Dr. Dolittle : Million Dollar Mutts Turtle ( voice ) Imagine That Fred Franklin The Men Who Stare at Goats Gus Lacey Son of Mourning Senator Lewis Unthinkable Charlie The Conspirator Witness Everything Must Go Elliot Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare Burt ( voice ) 2011 Cedar Rapids Bill Korgstad Rango Doc and Merrimack ( voice ) Red State Sheriff Wynan J. Edgar Arthur Koehler Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Uncle Henry / Crows ( voice ) 2012 Big Miracle Gov. Haskell The Company You Keep Billy Cusimano 2013 Sweet Vengeance Kingfisher a.k.a. Sweetwater I Know That Voice Himself Documentary Bad Milo ! Roger Superman : Unbound Zor - El ( voice ) The Lone Ranger Habberman 2014 Selma Al Lingo Lennon or McCartney Himself Short film 2015 Hello , My Name Is Doris Todd 7 Chinese Brothers George Trumbo Hymie King 2016 Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz Uncle Henry ( voice ) Finding Dory Bubbles ( voice ) Miles Ron Walton Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates Burt Stangle Looking for the Jackalope The Jackalope ( voice ) Spectral Dr. Mindala 2017 Get Out Jim Hudson Infinity Baby Fenton Three Christs Dr. Rogers 2018 Life of the Party Mike The Ballad of Buster Scruggs Completed On the Basis of Sex Post-production 2019 Against All Enemies Walt Breckman Post-production The Empty Man Arthur Parsons Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1989 Cross of Fire Beggs Television film 1990 Wiseguy Bishop Episode : `` Dead Right '' Roseanne Peter Lundy Episode : `` Fender Bender '' The Young Riders Episode : `` Bad Company '' Head of the Class Mr. Birch Episode : `` My Son the Primate '' 1990 -- 1991 Jake and the Fatman Sgt . Moynihan / Hastings 2 episodes 1990 -- 1992 Night Court Mr. Willard / Spirit of Death 2 episodes 1990 -- 1994 L.A. Law Atty . Brandon McCafferty 4 episodes 1991 Davis Rules Porter Episode : `` Soap '' Golden Years Major Moreland 6 episodes My Life and Times Ross Episode : `` Our Wedding '' Home Improvement Exterminator Episode : `` Wild Kingdom '' Sons and Daughters Stevey Episode : `` Melanie '' The Torkelsons Sheriff Bobby Clinton Episode : `` I Fought the Law '' Star Trek : The Next Generation Captain K'Vada 2 episodes 1992 A Woman Scorned : The Betty Broderick Story Kevin McDonald Television film Eerie , Indiana Mr. Chaney Episode : `` Mr. Chaney '' Her Final Fury : Betty Broderick , the Last Chapter Kevin McDonald Television film Murphy Brown John Brophy Episode : `` Till Death or Next Thursday Do We Part '' Civil Wars Mrs. Caldecott 's Lawyer 2 episodes 1993 Northern Exposure Brother Timothy Episode : `` Revelations '' The Golden Palace Mr. Tucker Episode : `` You 've Lost That Livin ' Feeling '' Quantum Leap John Tremaine Jr . Episode : `` Goodbye Norma Jean - April 4 , 1960 '' Class of ' 61 Television film Black Widow Murders : The Blanche Taylor Moore Story Dr. Kirby Television film Sirens George Bailey Episode : `` Looks Like Christmas '' Blossom Louie 4 episodes In the Heat of the Night Raymond Mercer Episode : `` A Love Lost '' 1993 -- 1994 Harts of the West R.O 15 episodes NYPD Blue IAB Sgt . Fulmer Episode : `` Guns ' n Rosaries '' Party of Five Football Coach Episode : `` Good Sports '' Sweet Justice Episode : `` High School Confidential '' Diagnosis : Murder Charlie Lane Episode : `` The Last Laugh : Part 2 '' 1995 Chicago Hope Trumpet Playing Mental Patient Episode : `` Love and Hope '' Cybill Phil Asher Episode : `` Starting on the Wrong Foot '' Christy Clarence Sweetwater Episode : `` To Have and to Hold '' VR. 5 F.A.A. Negotiator Episode : `` Control Freak '' In the Line of Duty : Hunt for Justice Jaan Laaman Television film 1995 -- 1999 NewsRadio Jimmy James 97 episodes Seinfeld Mr. Lager Episode : `` The Invitations '' The Lottery Graham Dunbar Television film Pandora 's Clock Mark Hastings Miniseries The Road to Galveston Ed Kirkman Television film 1997 Johnny Bravo Timmy 's Dad / Announcer ( voice ) Episode : `` Johnny Real Good '' 1997 -- 2010 King of the Hill Bill Dauterive , Buck Strickland ( voice ) 256 episodes 1998 From the Earth to the Moon Chris Kraft 5 episodes Profiler Houston Plant Manager Episode : `` The Root of All Evil '' 1999 Superman : The Animated Series Revered Amos Howell / Unity ( voice ) Episode : `` Unity '' The Sissy Duckling Big Ducky ( voice ) Television film Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot Dr. Donovan ( voice ) Unknown episodes 1999 -- 2001 Ladies Man Gene 30 episodes 2000 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Sheriff / Sentry # 2 ( voice ) 3 episodes Me & My Needs Television film The Andy Dick Show Manager of 98 + 1 Store Episode : `` Andy Land '' The Norm Show Mr. Sweeney 2 episodes DAG Senator Culpepper Episode : `` Smoke '' The Legend of Tarzan Theodore ' Teddy ' Roosevelt ( voice ) Episode : `` Tarzan and the Rough Rider '' Ed George MacPherson Episode : `` Changes '' 2002 Dexter Prep Charles Television film The Proud Family Mr. Andrews ( voice ) Episode : `` I Had a Dream '' Malcolm in the Middle John Pratt 2 episodes Just Shoot Me ! Dr. Drake Kelson Episode : `` Blush Gets Some Therapy '' Justice League Cat Man ( voice ) 2 episodes According to Jim Al Crannis Episode : `` The Christmas Party '' 2002 -- 2004 Grounded for Life Tony Bustamante 3 episodes 2002 -- 2005 Kim Possible : So the Drama Cowboy Gambler ( voice ) 6 episodes Kim Possible Various characters ( voice ) 6 episodes 2003 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Michael Kirkwood Episode : `` Homebodies '' Frasier Harbin Episode : `` Detour '' Brandy & Mr. Whiskers Santa Claus ( voice ) Episode : `` On Whiskers , on Lola , on Cheryl , on Meryl 2004 -- 2007 Tripping the Rift Chode ( voice ) 39 episodes 2005 Teen Titans Val Yor ( voice ) Episode : `` TROQ '' 2005 -- 2006 The X 's Homebase ( voice ) 6 episodes The West Wing Bob Mayer 9 episodes 2005 -- 2007 American Dad ! Dick / Dentist 's Father ( voice ) 7 episodes 2006 The Path to 9 / 11 Richard Clarke Miniseries 2007 Random ! Cartoons Lance ( voice ) Episode : `` Squirly Town '' Slacker Cats Tommy Unknown episodes WordGirl Professor Robert Tubing ( voice ) Episode : `` Lady Redundant Woman / A Game of Cat & Mouse '' 2008 Head Case Pat Jennings Episode : `` Come Together '' Boston Legal Ethan Melman Episode : `` Tabloid Nation '' Chowder Stilton / Dancer ( voice ) Episode : `` The Apprentice Games '' The Sarah Silverman Program Johnny Forrealz Episode : `` Kangamangus '' Pushing Daisies Dwight Dixon 5 episodes 2008 -- 2009 True Blood Eddie 4 episodes 2009 Californication Ricardo Collini Episode : `` Slow Happy Boys '' 24 Bill Prady 3 episodes The Defenders Judge Taylor Episode : `` Pilot '' Louie Dr. Heppa Episode : `` Dentist / Tarese '' Glenn Martin , DDS Hoss Willicker ( voice ) 2 episodes 2010 -- 2011 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Oswald Cobblepot / The Penguin ( voice ) 4 episodes 2010 -- 2014 Justified Judge Mike Reardon 7 episodes 2011 Childrens Hospital Hank Maestro Episode : `` Party Down '' Thundercats Drifter , aka Hattanzo the Swordmaker ( voice ) Episode : `` The Duelist and the Drifter '' Fringe Raymond Episode : `` And Those We Left Behind '' The Life & Times of Tim Lou ( voice ) Episode : `` The Caddy 's Shack / The Sausage Salesman '' Raising Hope Cap Collins Episode : `` Sabrina Has Money '' 2011 -- 2016 Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness Master Junjie ( voice ) 5 episodes 2011 -- 2017 Adventure Time The Royal Tart Toter , Grimby , Martin ( voice ) 9 episodes 2012 Young Justice Jack Haly ( voice ) Episode : `` Performance '' The Legend of Korra Hobo / White Lotus Leader / Phonograph Vendor ( voice ) 2 episodes The Good Wife Judge Murphy Wicks 2 episodes Outlaw Country Frank Television film 2012 -- 2013 Boardwalk Empire Gaston Means 9 episodes The Cleveland Show Neighbors Kellogg / Allister Monkarsh ( voice ) 2 episodes Dragons : Riders of Berk Mildew ( voice ) 17 episodes 2012 -- 2016 Gravity Falls Bud Gleeful / additional characters ( voice ) 7 episodes 2013 Out There Mr. Shooty ( voice ) Episode : `` Frosty King '' The Newsroom General Stanislao Stomtonovich 2 episodes The Arrangement Avery Boomer Television film Bee and PuppyCat Farmer ( voice ) Episode : `` Farmer '' 2014 Fargo Burt Canton 2 episodes The Big Bang Theory Dan 2 episodes Mike Tyson Mysteries Thomas J. Watson ( voice ) Episode : `` Ultimate Judgment Day '' Hot in Cleveland Brian Episode : `` The Bachelors '' Phineas and Ferb Floyd ( voice ) 2 episodes Gravity Falls TV Shorts Bud Gleeful ( voice ) Episode : `` TV Shorts 1 '' 2014 -- 2015 Turn : Washington 's Spies Nathaniel Sackett 4 episodes Brooklyn Nine - Nine Lynn Boyle 4 episodes 2014 -- 2016 Idiotsitter Kent Russell 13 episodes 2015 -- 2016 Star vs. the Forces of Evil Brian / additional voices 2 episodes 2016 Workaholics Carty Episode : `` Gone Catfishing '' All the Way J. Edgar Hoover Television film Masters of Sex Harvey Toplin Episode : `` Topeka '' Con Man Pascal Episode : `` New Deal , No Deal '' Guardians of the Galaxy Neeza ( voice ) Episode : `` Jingle Bell Rock '' 2016 , 2018 The Man in the High Castle Hawthorne Abendsen 8 episodes 2017 Angie Tribeca Mortimer Begoyle Episode : `` License to Drill '' Veep Judge Walsh Episode : `` Judge '' Niko and the Sword of Light Diggantus / Exuber - Ant ( voice ) Episode : `` From the Tunnels of Terror to the Den of Doom '' 2018 Barry Monroe Fuches 8 episodes Mr. Pickles Mr. Montgomery ( voice ) Episode : `` Telemarketers Are the Devil '' Dallas & Robo Uncle Danny ( voice ) 8 episodes The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Mr. Morty Fyde ( voice ) Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1997 Blade Runner Early Q 2000 Deus Ex Mechanic Uncredited 2003 Finding Nemo Bubbles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ham , Robert . `` Stephen Root 's Funniest Characters '' . Paste . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Will ( February 21 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen Root Interview The A.V. Club '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Distinguished Alumnus Award '' . University of Florida College of Arts . University of Florida . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen Root . Stephen Root on IMDb WorldCat Identities GND : 1064289401 ISNI : 0000 0000 4159 2648 LCCN : no2001043278 SNAC : w62z9w8v VIAF : 56262543 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Root&oldid=865402798 '' Categories : 1951 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors Male actors from Florida University of Florida alumni Actors from Sarasota , Florida 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 18 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is meant by indian standard time why do we need it

Indian Standard time

indian standard time

IST in relation with the bordering nations Indian Standard Time ( IST ) is the time observed throughout India , with a time offset of UTC + 05 : 30 . India does not observe daylight saving time ( DSTu ) or other seasonal adjustments . In military and aviation time IST is designated E * ( `` Echo - Star '' ) . Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.30 ' E longitude , in Mirzapur , Uttar Pradesh , which is nearly on the corresponding longitude reference line . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Criticism and proposals 3 Time signals 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Time in India After independence in 1947 , the Indian government established IST as the official time for the whole country , although Kolkata and Mumbai retained their own local time ( known as Calcutta Time and Bombay Time ) until 1948 and 1955 , respectively . The Central observatory was moved from Chennai to a location at Shankargarh Fort in Allahabad district , so that it would be as close to UTC + 5 : 30 as possible approved by Priyal Varshney . Daylight Saving Time ( DST ) was used briefly during the China -- Indian War of 1962 and the Indo -- Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971 . Criticism and proposals ( edit ) The country 's east -- west distance of more than 2,933 kilometres ( 1,822 mi ) covers over 29 degrees of longitude , resulting in the sun rising and setting almost two hours earlier on India 's eastern border than in the Rann of Kutch in the far west . Inhabitants of the northeastern states have to advance their clocks with the early sunrise and avoid the extra consumption of energy after daylight hours . In the late 1980s , a team of researchers proposed separating the country into two or three time zones to conserve energy . The binary system that they suggested involved a return to British -- era time zones ; the recommendations were not adopted . In 2001 , the government established a four -- member committee under the Ministry of Science and Technology to examine the need for multiple time zones and daylight saving . The findings of the committee , which were presented to Parliament in 2004 by the Minister for Science and Technology , Kapil Sibal , did not recommend changes to the unified system , stating that `` the prime meridian was chosen with reference to a central station , and that the expanse of the Indian State was not large . '' Though the government has consistently refused to split the country into multiple time zones , provisions in labour laws such as the Plantations Labour Act , 1951 allow the Central and State governments to define and set the local time for a particular industrial area . In Assam , tea gardens follow a separate time zone , known as the Chaibagaan or Bagan time ( ' Tea Garden Time ' ) , which is one hour ahead of IST . Still Indian Standard Time remains the only officially used time . The filmmaker Jahnu Barua has been campaigning for a separate time zone ( daylight saving time ) for the past 25 years . In 2010 , he suggested creating a separate time zone for the Development of Northeastern Region . In 2014 , Chief Minister of Assam Tarun Gogoi started campaigning for another time zone for Assam and other northeastern states of India . However , the proposal would need to be cleared by the Central Government of India . In June 2017 , Department of Science and Technology ( DST ) indicated that they are once again studying feasibility of two time - zones for India . A proposal for both creating an additional Eastern India Timezone ( EIT @ UTC + 6 : 00 ) shifting default IST to UTC + 5 : 00 and Day - light saving ( IDT for IST and EID for EIT ) starting on 14 April ( Ambedkar Jayanti ) and ending on 2 October ( Gandhi Jayanti ) was submitted to DST for consideration . Time signals ( edit ) Official time signals are generated by the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory at the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi , for both commercial and official use . The signals are based on atomic clocks and are synchronised with the worldwide system of clocks that support the Coordinated Universal Time . Features of the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory include : High frequency broadcast service operating at 10 MHz under call sign ATA to synchronise the user clock within a millisecond ; Indian National Satellite System satellite - based standard time and frequency broadcast service , which offers IST correct to ± 10 microsecond and frequency calibration of up to ± 10 ; and Time and frequency calibrations made with the help of pico - and nanoseconds time interval frequency counters and phase recorders . IST is taken as the standard time as it passes through almost the centre of India . To communicate the exact time to the people , the exact time is broadcast over the national All India Radio and Doordarshan television network . Telephone companies have dedicated phone numbers connected to mirror time servers that also relay the precise time . Another increasingly popular means of obtaining the time is through Global Positioning System ( GPS ) receivers . See also ( edit ) Equation of time International Atomic Time Terrestrial Time Time zone ( lists ) Zoneinfo Time in India Bombay Time Calcutta Time Madras Time Port Blair mean time Railway time of India Sri Lanka Standard Time Time in Afghanistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Military and Civilian Time Designations '' . Greenwich Mean Time . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Two - timing India '' . Hindustan Times . 4 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Odds and Ends '' . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` India Time Zones '' . Greenwich Mean Time . Archived from the original on 19 May 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Sen , Ayanjit ( 2001 - 08 - 21 ) . `` India investigates different time zones '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ S. Muthiah ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) . `` A matter of time '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Time for Different Regions '' . Department of Science and Technology . 22 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` A matter of time '' . National Resource Centre for Women . Archived from the original on 19 March 2006 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Rahul Karmakar ( 24 September 2012 ) . `` Change clock to bagantime '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gogoi for separate time zone for Assam - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` India could get second time zone with Assam one hour ahead '' . ndtv.com . Jump up ^ `` Government assessing feasibility of different time zones in India '' . The Economic Times . 2017 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Satellites for Navigation '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 25 . External links ( edit ) National Physical Laboratory Evaluating two timezones and Daylight Saving Time for India , by Viral Shah & Vikram Aggarwal . hide Time in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Standard_Time&oldid=847820610 '' Categories : Time in India Geography of India Time zones Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use Indian English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা भोजपुरी Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 00 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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what is the use of tannin in plant

The tannin compounds are widely distributed in many species of plants , where they play a role in protection from predation , and perhaps also as pesticides , and might help in regulating plant growth . The astringency from the tannins is what causes the dry and puckery feeling in the mouth following the consumption of unripened fruit or red wine or tea . Likewise , the destruction or modification of tannins with time plays an important role when determining harvesting times .

protection from predation|as pesticides|regulating plant growth

Tannin

tannin

A tannin ( or tannoid ) is an astringent , polyphenolic biomolecule that binds to and precipitates proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids .

The term tannin ( from tanna , an Old High German word for oak or fir tree , as in Tannenbaum ) refers to the use of wood tannins from oak in tanning animal hides into leather ; hence the words `` tan '' and `` tanning '' for the treatment of leather . However , the term `` tannin '' by extension is widely applied to any large polyphenolic compound containing sufficient hydroxyls and other suitable groups ( such as carboxyls ) to form strong complexes with various macromolecules . The tannin compounds are widely distributed in many species of plants , where they play a role in protection from predation , and perhaps also as pesticides , and might help in regulating plant growth . The astringency from the tannins is what causes the dry and puckery feeling in the mouth following the consumption of unripened fruit or red wine or tea . Likewise , the destruction or modification of tannins with time plays an important role when determining harvesting times . Tannins have molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3,000 ( gallic acid esters ) and up to 20,000 ( proanthocyanidins ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and classes of tannins 1.1 Pseudo tannins 2 History 3 Occurrence 3.1 Localization in plant organs 3.2 Cellular localization 3.3 Presence in soils 3.4 Presence in water and wood 4 Extraction 5 Tests for tannins 5.1 Alcaloid precipitation 5.2 Goldbeater 's skin test 5.3 Ferric chloride test 5.4 Other methods 5.5 Reaction with phenolic rings 6 Food items with tannins 6.1 Pomegranates 6.2 Accessory fruits 6.3 Berries 6.4 Nuts 6.5 Herbs and spices 6.6 Legumes 6.7 Chocolate 6.8 Drinks with tannins 6.8. 1 Fruit juices 6.8. 2 Beer 7 Health effects of tannins 8 Properties for animal nutrition 9 Tannin market 9.1 Uses 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Structure and classes of tannins ( edit ) There are three major classes of tannins : Shown below are the base unit or monomer of the tannin . Particularly in the flavone - derived tannins , the base shown must be ( additionally ) heavily hydroxylated and polymerized in order to give the high molecular weight polyphenol motif that characterizes tannins . Typically , tannin molecules require at least 12 hydroxyl groups and at least five phenyl groups to function as protein binders . Base Unit : Gallic acid Flavone Phloroglucinol Class / Polymer : Hydrolyzable tannins Non-Hydrolyzable or condensed tannins Phlorotannins Sources Plants Plants Brown algae Oligostilbenoids ( oligo - or polystilbenes ) are oligomeric forms of stilbenoids and constitute a class of tannins . Pseudo tannins ( edit ) Pseudo tannins are low molecular weight compounds associated with other compounds . They do not change color during the Goldbeater 's skin test , unlike hydrolysable and condensed tannins , and can not be used as tanning compounds . Some examples of pseudo tannins and their sources are : Pseudo tannin Source ( s ) Gallic acid Rhubarb Flavan - 3 - ols ( Catechins ) Tea , acacia , catechu , cocoa , guarana Chlorogenic acid Nux - vomica , coffee , mate Ipecacuanhic acid Carapichea ipecacuanha History ( edit ) Ellagic acid , gallic acid , and pyrogallic acid were first discovered by chemist Henri Braconnot in 1831 . Julius Löwe was the first person to synthesize ellagic acid by heating gallic acid with arsenic acid or silver oxide . Maximilian Nierenstein studied natural phenols and tannins found in different plant species . Working with Arthur George Perkin , he prepared ellagic acid from algarobilla and certain other fruits in 1905 . He suggested its formation from galloyl - glycine by Penicillium in 1915 . Tannase is an enzyme that Nierenstein used to produce m - digallic acid from gallotannins . He proved the presence of catechin in cocoa beans in 1931 . He showed in 1945 that luteic acid , a molecule present in the myrobalanitannin , a tannin found in the fruit of Terminalia chebula , is an intermediary compound in the synthesis of ellagic acid . At these times , molecule formulas were determined through combustion analysis . The discovery in 1943 by Martin and Synge of paper chromatography provided for the first time the means of surveying the phenolic constituents of plants and for their separation and identification . There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945 , including prominent work by Edgar Charles Bate - Smith and Tony Swain at Cambridge University . In 1966 , Edwin Haslam proposed a first comprehensive definition of plant polyphenols based on the earlier proposals of Bate - Smith , Swain and Theodore White , which includes specific structural characteristics common to all phenolics having a tanning property . It is referred to as the White -- Bate - Smith -- Swain -- Haslam ( WBSSH ) definition . Occurrence ( edit ) Tannins are distributed in species throughout the plant kingdom . They are commonly found in both gymnosperms as well as angiosperms . Mole studied the distribution of tannin in 180 families of dicotyledons and 44 families of monocotyledons ( Cronquist ) . Most families of dicot contain tannin - free species ( tested by their ability to precipitate proteins ) . The best known families of which all species tested contain tannin are : Aceraceae , Actinidiaceae , Anacardiaceae , Bixaceae , Burseraceae , Combretaceae , Dipterocarpaceae , Ericaceae , Grossulariaceae , Myricaceae for dicot and Najadaceae and Typhaceae in Monocot . To the family of the oak , Fagaceae , 73 % of the species tested ( N = 22 ) contain tannin . For those of acacias , Mimosaceae , only 39 % of the species tested ( N = 28 ) contain tannin , among Solanaceae rate drops to 6 % and 4 % for the Asteraceae . Some families like the Boraginaceae , Cucurbitaceae , Papaveraceae contain no tannin - rich species . The most abundant polyphenols are the condensed tannins , found in virtually all families of plants , and comprising up to 50 % of the dry weight of leaves . Tannins of tropical woods tend to be of a cathetic nature rather than of the gallic type present in temperate woods . There may be a loss in the bio-availability of still other tannins in plants due to birds , pests , and other pathogens . Localization in plant organs ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tannins are found in leaf , bud , seed , root , and stem tissues . An example of the location of the tannins in stem tissue is that they are often found in the growth areas of trees , such as the secondary phloem and xylem and the layer between the cortex and epidermis . Tannins may help regulate the growth of these tissues . Cellular localization ( edit ) In all vascular plants studied so far , tannins are manufactured by a chloroplast - derived organelle , the tannosome . Tannins are mainly physically located in the vacuoles or surface wax of plants . These storage sites keep tannins active against plant predators , but also keep some tannins from affecting plant metabolism while the plant tissue is alive ; it is only after cell breakdown and death that the tannins are active in metabolic effects . Tannins are classified as ergastic substances , i.e. , non-protoplasm materials found in cells . Tannins , by definition , precipitate proteins . In this condition , they must be stored in organelles able to withstand the protein precipitation process . Idioblasts are isolated plant cells which differ from neighboring tissues and contain non-living substances . They have various functions such as storage of reserves , excretory materials , pigments , and minerals . They could contain oil , latex , gum , resin or pigments etc . They also can contain tannins . In Japanese persimmon ( Diospyros kaki ) fruits , tannin is accumulated in the vacuole of tannin cells , which are idioblasts of parenchyma cells in the flesh . Presence in soils ( edit ) See also : Soil pH The convergent evolution of tannin - rich plant communities has occurred on nutrient - poor acidic soils throughout the world . Tannins were once believed to function as anti-herbivore defenses , but more and more ecologists now recognize them as important controllers of decomposition and nitrogen cycling processes . As concern grows about global warming , there is great interest to better understand the role of polyphenols as regulators of carbon cycling , in particular in northern boreal forests . Leaf litter and other decaying parts of kauri ( Agathis australis ) , a tree species found in New Zealand , decompose much more slowly than those of most other species . Besides its acidity , the plant also bears substances such as waxes and phenols , most notably tannins , that are harmful to microorganisms . Presence in water and wood ( edit ) The leaching of highly water soluble tannins from decaying vegetation and leaves along a stream may produce what is known as a blackwater river . Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown color from dissolved peat tannins . The presence of tannins ( or humic acid ) in well water can make it smell bad or taste bitter , but this does not make it unsafe to drink . Tannins leaching from an unprepared driftwood decoration in an aquarium can cause pH lowering and coloring of the water to a tea - like tinge . A way to avoid this is to boil the wood in water several times , discarding the water each time . Using peat as an aquarium substrate can have the same effect . Many hours of boiling the driftwood may need to be followed by many weeks or months of constant soaking and many water changes before the water will stay clear . Adding baking soda to the water to raise its pH level will accelerate the process of leaching , as the more alkaline solution can draw out tannic acid from the wood faster than the pH - neutral water . Softwoods , while in general much lower in tannins than hardwoods , are usually not recommended for use in an aquarium so using a hardwood with a very light color , indicating a low tannin content , can be an easy way to avoid tannins . Tannic acid is brown in color , so in general white woods have a low tannin content . Woods with a lot of yellow , red , or brown coloration to them ( like southern yellow pine , cedar , redwood , red oak , etc . ) tend to contain a lot of tannin . Tannin - rich fresh water draining into Cox Bight from Freney Lagoon , Southwest Conservation Area , Tasmania , Australia Bog - wood ( similar to , but not , driftwood ) in an aquarium , turning the water a tea - like brown Upper Tahquamenon falls Panoramic view A tannin - rich stream produces a maroon colour near Milabena , Tasmania Extraction ( edit ) There is no single protocol for extracting tannins from all plant material . The procedures used for tannins are widely variable . It may be that acetone in the extraction solvent increases the total yield by inhibiting interactions between tannins and proteins during extraction or even by breaking hydrogen bonds between tannin - protein complexes . Tests for tannins ( edit ) There are three groups of methods for the analysis of tannins : precipitation of proteins or alkaloids , reaction with phenolic rings , and depolymerization . Alcaloid precipitation ( edit ) Alcaloids such as caffeine , cinchonine , quinine or strychnine , precipitates polyphenols and tannins. This property can be used in a quantitation method . Goldbeater 's skin test ( edit ) When goldbeater 's skin or ox skin is dipped in HCl , rinsed in water , soaked in the tannin solution for 5 minutes , washed in water , and then treated with 1 % FeSO solution , it gives a blue black color if tannin was present . Ferric chloride test ( edit ) Use of ferric chloride ( FeCl ) tests for phenolics in general . Powdered plant leaves of the test plant ( 1.0 g ) are weighed into a beaker and 10 ml of distilled water are added . The mixture is boiled for five minutes . Two drops of 5 % FeCl are then added . Production of a greenish precipitate was an indication of the presence of tannins . Alternatively , a portion of the water extract is diluted with distilled water in a ratio of 1 : 4 and few drops of 10 % ferric chloride solution is added . A blue or green color indicates the presence of tannins ( Evans , 1989 ) . Other methods ( edit ) The hide - powder method is used in tannin analysis for leather tannin and the Stiasny method for wood adhesives . Statistical analysis reveals that there is no significant relationship between the results from the hide - powder and the Stiasny methods . Hide - powder method 400 mg of sample tannins are dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water . 3 g of slightly chromated hide - powder previously dried in vacuum for 24h over CaCl are added and the mixture stirred for 1 h at ambient temperature . The suspension is filtered without vacuum through a sintered glass filter . The weight gain of the hide - powder expressed as a percentage of the weight of the starting material is equated to the percentage of tannin in the sample . Stiasny 's method 100 mg of sample tannins are dissolved in 10 ml distilled water . 1 ml of 10M HCl and 2 ml of 37 % formaldehyde are added and the mixture heated under reflux for 30 min . The reaction mixture is filtered while hot through a sintered glass filter . The precipitate is washed with hot water ( 5 × 10 ml ) and dried over CaCl . The yield of tannin is expressed as a percentage of the weight of the starting material . Reaction with phenolic rings ( edit ) The bark tannins of Commiphora angolensis have been revealed by the usual color and precipitation reactions and by quantitative determination by the methods of Löwenthal - Procter and of Deijs ( formalin - hydrochloric acid method ) . Colorimetric methods have existed such as the Neubauer - Löwenthal method which uses potassium permanganate as an oxidizing agent and indigo sulfate as an indicator , originally proposed by Löwenthal in 1877 . The difficulty is that the establishing of a titer for tannin is not always convenient since it is extremely difficult to obtain the pure tannin . Neubauer proposed to remove this difficulty by establishing the titer not with regard to the tannin but with regard to crystallised oxalic acid , whereby he found that 83 g oxalic acid correspond to 41.20 g tannin . Löwenthal 's method has been criticized . For instance , the amount of indigo used is not sufficient to retard noticeably the oxidation of the non-tannins substances . The results obtained by this method are therefore only comparative . A modified method , proposed in 1903 for the quantification of tannins in wine , Feldmann 's method , is making use of calcium hypochlorite , instead of potassium permanganate , and indigo sulfate . Food items with tannins ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pomegranates ( edit ) Main article : Pomegranate ellagitannin Accessory fruits ( edit ) Strawberries contain both hydrolyzable and condensed tannins . Berries ( edit ) Strawberries in a bowl Most berries , such as cranberries , and blueberries , contain both hydrolyzable and condensed tannins . Nuts ( edit ) Nuts that can be consumed raw , such as hazelnuts , walnuts , and pecans , contain high amounts of tannins . Almonds have a lower content . Tannin concentration in the crude extract of these nuts did not directly translate to the same relationships for the condensed fraction . Herbs and spices ( edit ) Cloves , tarragon , cumin , thyme , vanilla , and cinnamon all contain tannins . Legumes ( edit ) Most legumes contain tannins . Red - colored beans contain the most tannins , and white - colored beans have the least . Peanuts without shells have a very low tannin content . Chickpeas ( garbanzo beans ) have a smaller amount of tannins . Chocolate ( edit ) Chocolate liquor contains about 6 % tannins . Drinks with tannins ( edit ) Main articles : Tannins in tea and Tannins in wine Principal human dietary sources of tannins are tea and coffee . Most wines aged in charred oak barrels possess tannins absorbed from the wood . Soils high in clay also contribute to tannins in wine grapes . This concentration gives wine its signature bitterness . Coffee pulp has been found to contain low to trace amounts of tannins . Fruit juices ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although citrus fruits do not themselves contain tannins , orange - colored juices often contain food dyes with tannins . Apple juice , grape juices and berry juices are all high in tannins . Sometimes tannins are even added to juices and ciders to create a more astringent feel to the taste . Beer ( edit ) In addition to the alpha acids extracted from hops to provide bitterness in beer , condensed tannins are also present . These originate both from the malt and hops . Especially in Germany , trained brewmasters consider the presence of tannins as a flaw . In some styles , the presence of this astringency is acceptable or even desired , as , for example , in a Flanders red ale . In lager type beers , the tannins can form a precipitate with specific haze - forming proteins in the beer resulting in turbidity at low temperature . This chill haze can be prevented by removing part of the tannins or part of the haze - forming proteins . Tannins are removed using PVPP , haze - forming proteins by using silica or tannic acid . Health effects of tannins ( edit ) Main article : Health effects of tannins Properties for animal nutrition ( edit ) Tannins have traditionally been considered antinutritional , but it is now known that their beneficial or antinutritional properties depend upon their chemical structure and dosage . The new technologies used to analyze molecular and chemical structures have shown that a division into condensed and hydrolyzable tannins is too simplistic . Recent studies have demonstrated that products containing chestnut tannins included at low dosages ( 0.15 -- 0.2 % ) in the diet of chickens may be beneficial . Some studies suggest that chestnut tannins have positive effects on silage quality in the round bale silages , in particular reducing NPNs ( non protein nitrogen ) in the lowest wilting level . Improved fermentability of soya meal nitrogen in the rumen may occur . Studies conducted in 2002 on in vitro ammonia release and dry matter degradation of soybean meal comparing three different types of tannins ( quebracho , acacia and chestnut ) demonstrated that chestnut tannins are more efficient in protecting soybean meal from in vitro degradation by rumen bacteria . Condensed tannins inhibit herbivore digestion by binding to consumed plant proteins and making them more difficult for animals to digest , and by interfering with protein absorption and digestive enzymes ( for more on that topic , see plant defense against herbivory ) . Many tannin - consuming animals secrete a tannin - binding protein ( mucin ) in their saliva . Tannin - binding capacity of salivary mucin is directly related to its proline content . Salivary proline - rich proteins ( PRPs ) are sometimes used to inactivate tannins . One reason is that they inactivate tannins to a greater extent than do dietary proteins resulting in reduced fecal nitrogen losses . PRPs additionally contain non-specific nitrogen and non-essential amino acids making them more convenient than valuable dietary protein . Histatins , another type of salivary proteins , also precipitate tannins from solution , thus preventing alimentary adsorption . Tannin market ( edit ) Tannin in a plastic container Tannin production began at the beginning of the 19th century with the industrial revolution , to produce tanning material for the need for more leather . Before that time , processes used plant material and were long ( up to six months ) . There was a collapse in the vegetable tannin market in the 1950s -- 1960s , due to the appearance of synthetic tannins , which were invented in response to a scarcity of vegetable tannins during World War II . At that time , many small tannin industry sites closed . Vegetable tannins are estimated to be used for the production of 10 -- 20 % of the global leather production . The cost of the final product depends on the method used to extract the tannins , in particular the use of solvents , alkali and other chemicals used ( for instance glycerin ) . For large quantities , the most cost - effective method is hot water extraction . Tannic acid is used worldwide as clarifying agent in alcoholic drinks and as aroma ingredient in both alcoholic and soft drinks or juices . Tannins from different botanical origins also find extensive uses in the wine industry . Uses ( edit ) Tannins are an important ingredient in the process of tanning leather . Tanbark from oak , mimosa , chestnut and quebracho tree has traditionally been the primary source of tannery tannin , though inorganic tanning agents are also in use today and account for 90 % of the world 's leather production . Tannins produce different colors with ferric chloride ( either blue , blue black , or green to greenish - black ) according to the type of tannin . Iron gall ink is produced by treating a solution of tannins with iron ( II ) sulfate . Tannin is a component in a type of industrial particleboard adhesive developed jointly by the Tanzania Industrial Research and Development Organization and Forintek Labs Canada . Pinus radiata tannins has been investigated for the production of wood adhesives . Condensed tannins , e.g. , quebracho tannin , and Hydrolyzable tannins , e.g. , chestnut tannin , appear to be able to substitute a high proportion of synthetic phenol in phenol - formaldehyde resins for wood particleboard . Tannins can be used for production of anti-corrosive primer , sold under brand - name `` Nox Primer '' for treatment of rusted steel surfaces prior to painting , rust converter to transform oxidized steel into a smooth sealed surface and rust inhibitor . The use of resins made of tannins has been investigated to remove mercury and methylmercury from solution . Immobilized tannins have been tested to recover uranium from seawater . See also ( edit ) Polyphenol References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Katie E. Ferrell ; Thorington , Richard W. ( 2006 ) . Squirrels : the animal answer guide . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8402 - 0 . Jump up ^ McGee , Harold ( 2004 ) . On food and cooking : the science and lore of the kitchen . New York : Scribner . p. 714 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80001 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bate - Smith and Swain ( 1962 ) . `` Flavonoid compounds '' . In Florkin M. ; Mason H.S. Comparative biochemistry . III . 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Deijs , Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays - Bas , 1939 , Volume 58 , Issue 9 , pages 805 -- 830 , doi : 10.1002 / recl. 19390580907 Jump up ^ Uber die Bestimmung des Gerbstoffs . J. Lowenthal , Z . Anal . Chem , 1877 , volume 16 , pages 33 -- 48 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01355993 Jump up ^ The Estimation of Tannin in Cider . C.W. Spiers , The Journal of Agricultural Science , January 1914 , Volume 6 , Issue 01 , pages 77 - 83 , doi : 10.1017 / S0021859600002173 Jump up ^ Notes on Löwenthal 's method for the determination of tannin . Harry Snyder , J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1893 , volume 15 , issue 10 , pages 560 -- 563 , doi : 10.1021 / ja02120a004 Jump up ^ Nouvelle methode de dosage du tannin . Schweizerische Wochenschrift für Chemie und Pharmacie , page 329 ( article in French ) Jump up ^ Journ . de Pharma. et de Chimie , 1903 , page 528 Jump up ^ Puupponen - Pimiä R. ; Nohynek L. ; Meier C. `` Antimicrobial properties of phenolic compounds from berries '' . Jump up ^ Vattem D.A. ; Ghaedian R. ; Shetty K. ( 2005 ) . `` Enhancing health benefits of berries through phenolic antioxidant enrichment : focus on cranberry '' ( PDF ) . Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 14 ( 2 ) : 120 -- 30 . PMID 15927928 . Jump up ^ Puupponen - Pimiä R. ; Nohynek L. ; Meier C. ; et al. ( April 2001 ) . `` Antimicrobial properties of phenolic compounds from berries '' . J. Appl . Microbiol. 90 ( 4 ) : 494 -- 507 . PMID 11309059 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2672.2001. 01271. x . Jump up ^ http://google.com/search?q=cache:K-qF4vdf8a8J:www.icomst.helsinki.fi/icomst2008/Paper%2520CD/General%2520speakers%2Bposters-3p%2520papers/Session2/2B/2B.3.Amarowicz.pdf+tannin+%22nuts%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10&gl=us Jump up ^ Reed J.D. ( 1 May 1995 ) . `` Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related polyphenols in forage legumes '' . J. Anim. Sci. 73 ( 5 ) : 1516 -- 28 . PMID 7665384 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Wolke ; Marlene Parrish ( 29 March 2005 ) . What Einstein told his cook 2 : the sequel : further adventures in kitchen science . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 433 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05869 - 7 . Jump up ^ Clifford MN ( 2004 ) . `` Diet - derived phenols in plasma and tissues and their implications for health '' . Planta Med. 70 ( 12 ) : 1103 -- 14 . PMID 15643541 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2004 - 835835 . Jump up ^ Tao Y , García JF , Sun DW ( 2014 ) . `` Advances in wine aging technologies for enhancing wine quality and accelerating wine aging process '' . Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 54 ( 6 ) : 817 -- 35 . PMID 24345051 . doi : 10.1080 / 10408398.2011. 609949 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Oz Clarke Encyclopedia of Grapes pg 155 - 162 Harcourt Books 2001 ISBN 0 - 15 - 100714 - 4 Jump up ^ McRae JM , Kennedy JA ( 2011 ) . `` Wine and grape tannin interactions with salivary proteins and their impact on astringency : a review of current research '' . Molecules. 16 ( 3 ) : 2348 -- 64 . PMID 21399572 . doi : 10.3390 / molecules16032348 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Clifford M.N. ; Ramirez - Martinez J.R. ( 1991 ) . `` Tannins in wet - processed coffee beans and coffee pulp '' . Food Chemistry . 40 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 200 . doi : 10.1016 / 0308 - 8146 ( 91 ) 90102 - T . Jump up ^ http://www.natural-specialities.com/natural-specialities/PDF/Applications/BR02%20overview%20fact%20sheet%20version%202.1.pdf Jump up ^ Muller - Harvey I. ; McAllan A.B. ( 1992 ) . `` Tannins : Their biochemistry and nutritional properties '' . Adv . Plant Cell Biochem. Biotechnol. 1 : 151 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Schiavone A. ; Guo K. ; Tassone S. ; et al. ( March 2008 ) . `` Effects of a natural extract of chestnut wood on digestibility , performance traits , and nitrogen balance of broiler chicks '' . Poult . Sci. 87 ( 3 ) : 521 -- 7 . PMID 18281579 . doi : 10.3382 / ps. 2007 - 00113 . Jump up ^ Tabacco E. ; Borreani G. ; Crovetto G.M. ; Galassi G. ; Colombo D. ; Cavallarin L. ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` Effect of chestnut tannin on fermentation quality , proteolysis , and protein rumen degradability of alfalfa silage '' . J. Dairy Sci. 89 ( 12 ) : 4736 -- 46 . PMID 17106105 . doi : 10.3168 / jds. S0022 - 0302 ( 06 ) 72523 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mathieu F. ; Jouany J.P. ( 1993 ) . `` Effect of chestnut tannin on the fermentability of soyabean meal nitrogen in the rumen '' . Ann Zootech. 42 ( 2 ) : 127 . doi : 10.1051 / animres : 19930210 . Jump up ^ González S. ; Pabón M.L. ; Carulla J. ( 2002 ) . `` Effects of tannins on in vitro ammonia release and dry matter degradation of soybean meal '' . Arch . Latinoam . Prod . Anim. 10 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Salivary proteins as a defense against dietary tannins . Shimada T. Journal of Chemical Ecology 2006 Jun ; 32 ( 6 ) : 1149 - 63 . Jump up ^ `` The Status of Mangrove Ecosystems : Trends in the Utilisation and Management of Mangrove Resources '' . D. Macintosh and S. Zisman Jump up ^ Marion Kite ; Roy Thomson ( 2006 ) . Conservation of leather and related materials . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 4881 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lemay , Marie - France . `` Iron Gall Ink '' . Traveling Scriptorium : A Teaching Kit . Yale University . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bisanda E.T.N. ; Ogola W.O. ; Tesha J.V. ( August 2003 ) . `` Characterisation of tannin resin blends for particle board applications '' . Cement and Concrete Composites. 25 ( 6 ) : 593 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0958 - 9465 ( 02 ) 00072 - 0 . Jump up ^ Li , Jingge ; Maplesden , Frances ( 1998 ) . `` Commercial production of tannins from radiata pine bark for wood adhesives '' ( PDF ) . IPENZ Transactions . 25 ( 1 / EMCh ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 January 2003 . Jump up ^ Torres J. ; Olivares S. ; De La Rosa D. ; Lima L. ; Martínez F. ; Munita C.S. ; Favaro D.I.T. ( 1999 ) . `` Removal of mercury ( II ) and methylmercury from solution by tannin adsorbents '' . Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry . 240 ( 1 ) : 361 -- 5 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02349180 . Jump up ^ Takashi Sakaguchia ; Akira Nakajimaa ( June 1987 ) . `` Recovery of Uranium from Seawater by Immobilized Tannin '' . Separation Science and Technology . 22 ( 6 ) : 1609 -- 23 . doi : 10.1080 / 01496398708058421 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Tannin . Tannins : fascinating but sometimes dangerous molecules `` Tannin Chemistry '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.41 MB ) Haslam , Edwin ( 1989 ) . Plant polyphenols : vegetable tannins revisited . CUP Archive . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32189 - 1 . Types of natural tannins Hydrolysable tannins Ellagitannins Punicalagins Castalagins Vescalagins Castalins Casuarictins Grandinins Punicalins Roburin A Tellimagrandin IIs Terflavin B Gallotannins Digalloyl glucose 1 , 3 , 6 - Trigalloyl glucose Condensed tannins Proanthocyanidins Polyflavonoid tannins Catechol - type tannins Pyrocatecollic type tannins Flavolans Phlorotannins Eckol 8 , 8 ′ - Bieckol 6 , 6 ' - Bieckol Dieckol Eckstolonol Diphlorethol Difucol Fucophlorethol A Phlorofucofuroeckol A Tetrafucol A Trifucol Bifuhalol 7 - Phloroeckol Phlorofucofuroeckol B Flavono - ellagitannins ( complex tannins ) Epicutissimin A Acutissimin A Other Miscellaneous Tannin sources Pseudo tannins Synthetic tannins Tannin uses Enological Drilling Ink Tanning Wood products Lumber / timber Batten Beam Bressummer Cruck Flitch beam Flooring Joist Lath Molding Panelling Plank Plate Post Purlin Rafter Railroad ties Reclaimed Shingle Siding Sill Stud Timber truss Treenail Truss Utility pole Engineered wood Glued laminated timber veneer LVL parallel strand I - joist Fiberboard hardboard Masonite MDF Oriented strand board Oriented structural straw board Particle board Plywood Structural insulated panel Wood - plastic composite lumber Fuelwood Charcoal biochar Firelog Firewood Pellet fuel Wood fuel Fibers Cardboard Corrugated fiberboard Paper Paperboard Pulp Pulpwood Rayon Derivatives Birch - tar Cellulose nano Hemicellulose Cellulosic ethanol Dyes Lignin Liquid smoke Lye Methanol Pyroligneous acid Pine tar Pitch Sandalwood oil Tannin Wood gas By - products Barkdust Black liquor Ramial chipped wood Sawdust Tall oil Wood flour Wood wool Woodchips Historical Axe ties Clapboard Dugout canoe Potash Sawdust brandy Split - rail fence Tanbark Timber framing Wooden masts See also Biomass Certified wood Destructive distillation Dry distillation Engineered bamboo Forestry List of woods Mulch Non-timber forest products Papermaking Wood drying Wood preservation Wood processing Woodworking Forestry portal Trees portal Commons WikiProject Forestry NDL : 00572669 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tannin&oldid=807981292 '' Categories : Tannins Nutrition Oenology Organic polymers Wine terminology Astringent flavors Phenol antioxidants Wood products Food stabilizers Phytochemicals Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from May 2011 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use dmy dates from October 2010 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 04 : 42 . 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who have been the hosts of wheel of fortune

Wheel of Fortune Genre Game show Created by Merv Griffin Directed by Jeff Goldstein ( 1975 -- 78 ) Dick Carson ( 1978 -- 99 ) Mark Corwin ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Bob Cisneros ( 2013 -- 15 ) Robert Ennis ( 2015 -- present ) Presented by Network Host Chuck Woolery ( 1975 -- 81 ) Pat Sajak ( 1981 -- 89 ) Rolf Benirschke ( 1989 ) Bob Goen ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hostess Susan Stafford ( 1975 -- 82 ) Vanna White ( 1982 -- 91 ) Syndication Host Pat Sajak Hostess Vanna White Narrated by Charlie O'Donnell ( 1975 -- 80 , 1989 -- 2010 ) Jack Clark ( 1980 -- 88 ) M.G. Kelly ( 1988 -- 89 ) Jim Thornton ( 2011 -- present ) Theme music composer Alan Thicke ( 1975 -- 83 ) Merv Griffin ( 1983 -- 97 ) Steve Kaplan ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Frankie Blue ( 2006 -- 16 ) John Hoke ( 2007 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Syndicated version : 6,000 ( as of April 11 , 2014 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Merv Griffin ( 1975 -- 2000 ) Harry Friedman ( 1999 -- present ) Producer ( s ) John Rhinehart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Nancy Jones ( 1976 -- 95 ) Harry Friedman ( 1995 -- 99 ) Karen Griffith ( 1997 -- present ) Steve Schwartz ( 1997 -- present ) Location ( s ) NBC Studios ( Burbank ) ( 1975 -- 89 ) CBS Television City ( 1989 -- 95 ) Sony Pictures Studios , Culver City , California ( 1995 -- present ) Running time approx. 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Merv Griffin Productions ( 1975 -- 84 ) Merv Griffin Enterprises ( 1984 -- 94 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1994 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Califon Productions , Inc . Distributor King World Productions ( 1983 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network Daytime : NBC ( 1975 -- 89 , 1991 ) CBS ( 1989 -- 91 ) Evening : Syndicated ( 1983 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1975 -- 2006 ) 1080i ( HDTV ; downgraded to 720p locally in some markets ) ( 2006 -- present ) Audio format Stereo Original release Network January 6 , 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 06 ) -- June 30 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 30 ) ( NBC ) July 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 17 ) -- January 11 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 11 ) ( CBS ) January 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 14 ) -- September 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 20 ) ( NBC ) Syndication September 19 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Wheel 2000 External links Website

Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show )

wheel of fortune ( u. s. game show )

Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel .

Wheel originally aired as a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 . After some changes were made to its format , the daytime series moved to CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 . It then returned to NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 . The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed , which premiered on September 19 , 1983 , and continues to air to this day . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford , with Charlie O'Donnell as its announcer . O'Donnell left in 1980 and was replaced by Jack Clark . After Clark 's death in 1988 , M.G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O'Donnell returned in 1989 . O'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation , and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010 , when Jim Thornton succeeded him . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Pat Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late - night talk show , and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke . Bob Goen replaced Benirschke when the network show moved to CBS , then remained as host until the network show was canceled altogether . Stafford left in 1982 , and was replaced by Vanna White , who remained on the network show for the rest of its run . The syndicated version has been hosted continuously by Sajak and White since its inception . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest - running syndicated game show in the United States , with over 6,000 episodes aired . TV Guide named it the `` top - rated syndicated series '' in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No. 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series ' 35th season premiered on September 11 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Main game 1.2 Bonus round 1.3 Previous rules 2 Conception and development 3 Personnel 3.1 Hosts and hostesses 3.2 Announcers 3.3 Production staff 4 Production 4.1 Set 4.2 Music 4.3 Audition process 5 Broadcast history 6 Reception 7 Merchandise 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Works cited 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main game ( edit ) The template for round one since the syndicated version 's 32nd season ( 2014 -- 15 ) The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer , and punctuation revealed as needed . Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories , and this list has evolved over the course of the series . Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016 . In such rounds , a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category , and contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette - style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900 , plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1 , $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3 , and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestant 's turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two - contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewer 's perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue , with the contestants ' positions determined by a random selection prior to taping . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . Calling a correct letter keeps the wheel in the contestant 's control , allowing the contestant to spin again , buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 , or attempt to solve the puzzle . Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so , until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or solve the puzzle , with no penalty for an incorrect letter or answer . In the first three rounds , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag , while two 1⁄2 Car tags are present in rounds two and three only ( except on episodes with two - player teams ) . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from , or $1,000 in cash courtesy of , the sponsoring company , and the 1⁄2 Car tags award a car if the contestant wins the round ( s ) in which he or she claims both . Unlike the other tags , the 1⁄2 Car tags are replaced in subsequent rounds unless the car is won . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize which is described by the announcer if won . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag / wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $1,000,000 . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card , which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card , individual 1⁄2 Car tags , and / or million dollar wedge if any was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features three toss - up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first determines who is interviewed first by the host , the second determines who starts round 1 , and the third determines who starts round 4 . Respectively , the toss - ups are valued at $1,000 , $2,000 , and $3,000 . Contestants may only ring in once for each toss - up puzzle , and no cash is awarded if all three contestants fail to solve the puzzle , or if the last letter of the puzzle is revealed . In this case , the contestant in the position closest to the host is interviewed first or starts the round . In addition to these , each game has a minimum of four rounds , with more played if time permits . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1 . Round 2 features two `` mystery wedges '' . Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and can not be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with season 31 in 2013 , an `` Express '' wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance . The contestant can then either `` pass '' and continue the round normally , or `` play '' and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a `` speed - up '' format , in which the host spins the wheel to determine the value of each consonant , with $1,000 being added to the value on which the wheel stops before the red contestant 's arrow . Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants ' scores in the speed - up round . The contestant in control calls one letter , and if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds clockwise , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three - second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his / her turn . After the speed - up round , the total winnings of the three contestants are compared . The contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who fail to earn any cash or prizes in the game are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) . If a tie for first place occurs after the speed - up round , an additional toss - up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss - up puzzle wins $1,000 and advances to the bonus round . Bonus round ( edit ) Before the bonus round begins , the winning contestant chooses one of three categories for his or her puzzle ( prior to season 35 , the puzzle and category were predetermined ) . After doing so , the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . He or she is then shown a puzzle in the chosen category , and every instance of R , S , T , L , N , and E is revealed . The contestant provides three more consonants ( four if he / she is holding the Wild Card ) and one more vowel , then has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle after his or her other letters ( if any ) are revealed . The contestant may make as many guesses as necessary , so long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts ( with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ) , a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two - contestant teams ) , and a top prize of $100,000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope . The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( on the episode that aired October 14 , 2008 ) , to Autumn Erhard ( May 30 , 2013 ) , and to Sarah Manchester ( September 17 , 2014 ) . Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amount 's present value . At the end of the Bonus Round , Sajak will reveal where the $1,000,000 envelope was on the prize wheel if the contestant failed to land on it . Previous rules ( edit ) Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings on a gift certificate , or he or she could put the winnings `` on account '' for use in a later shopping round . However , a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss - up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed - up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013 , the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . The jackpot started at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it . To claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally , which was later reduced to three . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three - day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989 . In 1996 , this was changed to have the top three winners from the week 's first four shows returned to compete in the `` Friday Finals '' . When the jackpot wedge was introduced , it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays . The rules allowing returning champions were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 , and contestants appear only on a single episode , reverting to the pre-1989 rules . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a bonus round . Under the bonus round 's original rules , no letters were provided automatically . The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel , and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly . Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998 -- 2001 ) , the $25,000 remained in - place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won . At the start of season 19 in 2001 , there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes , which were available the entire week of shows . These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22 , 2001 . Conception and Development ( edit ) Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy ! , another show he had created , was ending its 11 - year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host . Griffin decided to create a Hangman - style game after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister played Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises ' staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a `` hook '' . He decided to add a roulette - style wheel because he was always `` drawn to '' such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGE 's then - president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBC 's daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience . She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shopper 's Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shopper 's Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants . This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a `` Your Own Clue '' wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest - scoring contestant played a bonus round called the `` Shopper 's Special '' where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a `` Vegas '' feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting `` A-E-I-O-U '' to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes ' pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts and hostesses ( edit ) Chuck Woolery was the show 's host from 1975 to 1981 . The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolery 's departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his `` odd '' sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC - TV , was `` too local '' for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late - night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschke 's term as host came to an end due to NBC 's cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Pat Sajak ( right ) and Vanna White have hosted the syndicated version since 1983 . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Stafford 's most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Stafford 's departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Stafford 's successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as `` Vannamania '' . White remained on the daytime series for the rest of the time it was on the air . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffin 's son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie O'Donnell co-hosted the third round with White after O'Donnell's name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that day 's edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek , who presided over a special two - contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively ; Lesly Sajak , Pat 's wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a `` Vanna for a Day '' contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take White 's place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the show 's website ; the winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took White 's place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . Announcers ( edit ) Jim Thornton has been the show 's announcer since 2011 . Charlie O'Donnell was the program 's first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but O'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M.G. Kelly was Clark 's replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until O'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988 -- 89 television season . O'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After O'Donnell's death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , Rich Fields , Lora Cain and Jim Thornton . For the show 's twenty - ninth season , which began in 2011 , Thornton was chosen to be the new announcer for Wheel , and has been with the show ever since . Production staff ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in - house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated version 's executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . John Rhinehart was the program 's first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBC 's West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co-producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers . Tthey were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffith 's and Schwartz 's former position . The show 's original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwin 's associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full - time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full - time director . Production ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television , the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc. , which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Television Distribution , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBC 's 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . Set ( edit ) The current design of the Wheel of Fortune set , as seen on a Season 30 episode The show 's current puzzle board , as seen on a Season 30 episode Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated version 's premiere in 1983 . In 1996 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high - definition broadcasting . In the mid-1990s , the show began a long - standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme . As a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss - Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . The first pilot used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on - screen . Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy ! , designed the wheel mechanism . Originally made mostly of paint and cardboard , the modern wheel mechanism is framed on a steel tube surrounded with Plexiglas and more than 200 lighting instruments , and is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately 2,400 pounds ( 1,100 kg ) . The show 's original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double - arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present , a stop - down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch - activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop - downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants ' perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . Music ( edit ) Alan Thicke composed the show 's original theme , which was titled `` Big Wheels '' . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffin 's own composition , `` Changing Keys '' , to allow him to derive royalties from that composition 's use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 . His initial theme was a remix of `` Changing Keys '' , but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled `` Happy Wheels '' . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke . Themes they have written for the show include a remix of `` Happy Wheels '' and an original rock - based composition . In addition to `` Changing Keys '' , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the show 's early years . Among them were `` Frisco Disco '' ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , `` A Time for Tony '' ( whose basic melody evolved into `` Think ! '' , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy ! ) , `` Buzzword '' ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffin 's Crosswords ) , `` Nightwalk '' , `` Struttin ' on Sunset '' , and an untitled vacation cue . Audition process ( edit ) Marty Lublin interviews a potential contestant during an audition at Morongo Casino , Resort & Spa , Cabazon , California The most recent design of the Wheelmobile at the Jackson Rancheria Casino Resort in Jackson , California Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortune 's audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of CBS Corporation , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and / or Jeopardy ! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom - designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the `` Wheelmobile '' to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed - up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one - hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the `` most promising candidates '' are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Alternatively , a participant may submit an audition form with a self - shot video through the show 's website to enter an audition . Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second - level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16 - puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . Broadcast history ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10 : 30 am ( 9 : 30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract . Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheel 's premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10 : 30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that version 's run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Let 's Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 , preceded by a series of episodes taped on location at the Ohio State Fair and aired on WBNS - TV in Columbus , Ohio . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Soon , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest - rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984 -- 85 season , Griffin followed up on the show 's success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy ! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the period 's three longest - running and most popular game shows , Tic - Tac - Dough , The Joker 's Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the show 's popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy ! , remained the most - watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become America 's longest - running syndicated game show and its second - longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , and the United Kingdom . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as `` Wheel Around the World '' , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special children 's version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a virtual reality hostess named `` Cyber Lucy '' . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin - off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed . For example , the show 's child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . Reception ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest - rated programs on U.S. syndicated television . It was the highest - rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010 -- 11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host -- in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSN 's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSN 's Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deal 's Howie Mandel ; and O'Donnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , `` I 'd like to buy a vowel '' , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to `` Come on down ! '' , the announcer 's catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect . The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , `` Changing Keys '' was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song . However , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , `` Think ! '' from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the show 's taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheel 's syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to White 's wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double decker tour bus in New York City . Merchandise ( edit ) Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the `` shopping '' prizes of the show , with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000 . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco / Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames / Atari ; Sony Online Entertainment , THQ and Ubisoft . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real - world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by host Pat Sajak on - air and has been used instead of the full title in numerous promotional materials for the show . Jump up ^ If a contestant can not spin the wheel due to a physical limitation or disability , he / she is accompanied by a `` designated spinner , '' a friend or family member who spins for him / her but is otherwise not involved in the game . Jump up ^ Sajak : `` I 'll give the wheel a final spin , and ask you to give me a letter . If it 's in the puzzle , you have three seconds to solve it . Vowels are worth nothing , consonants are worth ... ( wedge amount ) , we 'll add $1,000 to that , ( dollar amount ) apiece . '' Jump up ^ The jackpot wedge was originally in round 3 , was moved to round 2 at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , and after that moved to round 1 from 2009 to 2013 . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Production credits '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` College Week , Episode 5 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 6000 . April 11 , 2014 . Syndicated . Sajak : `` By the way , I 'm not looking for any cheap applause , but I do wan na say that this is the 6,000 th nighttime Wheel of Fortune show . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Friedman Named Producer of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . June 14 , 1995 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Ups Bonus Round Jackpot to $1 M '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE BEGINS 35TH SEASON CELEBRATION '' . WheelOfFortune.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Ali , Rasha ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Watch ' Wheel of Fortune ' Unveil a New Puzzle Format '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , pp. 250 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : `` History & Fun Facts '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 31 May 2016 . Syndication . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb 2004 , p. 2527 Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' : About the Show '' . CBS Press Express . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 25 May 2016 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Watch Now : Wheel 's 1st Million Dollar Winner '' . Philadelphia : WPVI - TV . October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California woman becomes 2nd million dollar winner on Wheel of Fortune '' . Tuscaloosa , AL : WCFT - TV . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Spring math teacher , Sarah Manchester , wins $1 million on ' Wheel Of Fortune ' '' . Washington , DC : WJLA - TV . September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 30 , Episode 4 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 30 . Episode 5834 . May 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Closing credits : `` Contestants are advised prior to taping that they may elect to receive the million dollar prize paid over 20 years or as a present value lump sum payment . '' Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Kubasik , Ben ( September 26 , 1987 ) . `` TV Spots '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Daytime 1st Finale '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 30 , 1989 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 18 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 18 . September 4 , 2000 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Kills Free Spin : Is Nothing Sacred ? '' . Time . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2546 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 14 , Episode 11 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . September 16 , 1996 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 27 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 7 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 7 . September 4 , 1989 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 16 , Episode 15 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 16 . September 21 , 1998 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` Episode 996 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 6 . October 3 , 1988 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Big Money Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 19 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Griffin & Bender 2007 , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ `` Meet the ' Wheel ' '' . The Chicago Tribune . March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , 1988 & p - 183 Jump up ^ Stafford 2011 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Trebek & Barsocchini 1990 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune '' . The E ! True Hollywood Story . 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Terry , Clifford ( May 23 , 1986 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' long ago spun its way to the top '' . St. Petersburg Evening - Independent . p. 5B . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 101 Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Weekly Variety : 80 . September 7 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` 2 to substitute for Susan Stafford '' . Youngstown Vindicator . May 22 , 1979 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vanna White biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Observer - Reporter . August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vanna White Celebrates 30 Years on `` Wheel of Fortune '' `` . Katie . April 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Greene , Bob ( January 8 , 1986 ) . `` Here comes Vanna White '' . The Free - Lance Star . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stargazing '' . The Kansas City Star . March 11 , 1991 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Speers , W. ( March 6 , 1991 ) . `` Dog Bites Queen , And That 's News '' . The Inquirer . Philadelphia . Associated Press , Reuters . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sajak Reveals Reason for 1 - Day Job Switch With Vanna White '' . Good Morning America . ABC . April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2594 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . Episode 2594 . November 21 , 1996 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2662 '' . Wheel of Fortune . March 4 , 1997 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Observances , Holidays , and Celebrations . MobileReference. 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60 - 501177 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` April Fool 's Day Special '' . Wheel of Fortune . April 1 , 1997 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Want to be Vanna for a day ? '' . About.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gehring , Lydia ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Triway High School grad voted Vanna for a Day '' . The Daily Record . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : West , Randy . `` Charlie O'Donnell Tribute '' . Randy West official website . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Clark , announcer on TV 's ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Miami Herald . July 27 , 1988 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( September 20 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel ' takes a turn to new twists for fall '' . USA Today . p. 3D . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lycan , Gary ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' announcer Charlie O'Donnell dies at 78 '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Announcer Jim Thornton is the New Voice of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : End credits lists from appropriate Wheel of Fortune episodes . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Director Mark Corwin Dies at 65 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5851 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5851 . September 16 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5866 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5866 . October 7 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5891 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5891 . November 11 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bob Cisneros Named Director of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6066 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6066 . October 13 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6091 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6091 . November 17 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE NAMES ROBERT ENNIS DIRECTOR '' . Wheel of Fortune . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Tom ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , ' Jeopardy ! ' : Merv Griffin 's True TV Legacy '' . TVWeek . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holl , John ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` To Califon , Merv was just a regular farm guy '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Viewers who pay careful attention to the closing credits on ' Wheel of Fortune ' will see the game show is produced by Califon Productions , a subtle nod from Merv Griffin , the program 's creator , to the Hunterdon County community where he once owned a farm . Jump up ^ `` Pat , Vanna and Alex Play On ! '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside ' Wheel of Fortune ' : Why Pat and Vanna Have a ' W - NN - R ' '' . TV Guide . 1987 . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , America 's Favorite Game Show , Spins Into Its 20th Season '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . September 17 , 1995 . p . G5 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , Joseph ( July 26 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune 's ' other blonde '' . Saturday Morning Deseret News . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Slotnik , Daniel E. ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ed Flesh , Designed the Wheel of Fortune , Dies at 79 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel ' gets modern board '' . The Vindicator . February 25 , 1997 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Dana C '' . Wheel of Fortune . March 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Seth N '' . Wheel of Fortune . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . 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Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Merv Griffin soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bickelhaupt , Susan ( September 5 , 1989 ) . `` Placing himself in ' Jeopardy ! ' tonight '' . The Boston Globe . p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Be a Contestant '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile Audition Tips '' . Portland , OR : KATU - TV . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Show Guide : Show FAQs '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( December 26 , 1990 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' spins back to NBC '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Variety : 54 . August 10 , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . TV Guide . 32 : 64 . 1984 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 106 Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Is Queen of Syndie Season '' . Broadcasting & Cable . September 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' ( Australia ) '' . Australian Game Show Homepage . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liebst , Asger ( 2009 ) . `` Opfindelsen af Lykkehjulet '' . Reklamens århundrede : 1901 -- 2001 , billeder fra danskernes hverdrag . Nordisk Forlag A / S. p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 02 - 08311 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` La Roue de la Fortune '' ( in French ) . Émission TV . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glücksrad '' ( in German ) . fernsehserien.de . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La WEB Ruota della Fortuna '' . GiocaItalia.it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeoh Seng Guan ( 2011 ) . Media , Culture and Society in Malaysia . Routledge . pp. 29 , 31 , 35 . ISBN 0203861655 . Jump up ^ `` What Goes Around : The Wheel of Fortune Returns '' . Stuff.co.nz. April 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dimaculangan , Jocelyn ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Philippine version of ' Wheel of Fortune ' premieres on January 14 '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Koło Fortuny : Rules of Polish ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Casino Observer . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pole Chudes , or The Russian ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel-Roulette.net . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La ruleta de la suerte '' ( in Spanish ) . Laguia TV . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . UKGameShows.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel Around the World Inaugural Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 23 . September 12 , 2005 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Popular game show takes kids for a spin '' . Austin American - Statesman . p. 11 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , p. 252 Jump up ^ `` U.S. television ratings : top 10 syndicated programs in season 2009 / 10 : Statistic '' . Statista.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Report : ' Two and a Half Men ' Still Strong ; Network Ratings Still Sliding '' . The Wrap TV . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' TV Guide ' Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . Hall of Game Show Fame . Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . GSN . Retrieved on August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger . `` On Tonight : First Game Show Awards '' . TV Eye . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Title Unknown '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` State Fair Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . May 10 , 2010 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Glaus , Heidi ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Tour the ' Wheel of Fortune ' Hall of Fame '' . St. Louis , MO : KSDK - TV . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel Of Fortune Honored By Gray Line New York 's Ride Of Fame Getty Images . May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune board games '' . Board Game Geek . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GameTek Games '' . IGN . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Licensees '' . MobyGames . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune at IGT Games '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Works cited ( edit ) Graham , Jefferson ( 1988 ) . Come on Down ! ! ! : The Game Show Book . New York : Abbeville Press . ISBN 0 - 89659 - 794 - 6 . Griffin , Merv & Bender , David ( 2007 ) . Merv : Making the Good Life Last . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5696 - 3 . Newcomb , Horace ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Television ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 411 - X -- via Google Books . Sams , David R. & Shook , Robert L. ( 1987 ) . Wheel of Fortune . New York : St. Martins Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 90833 - 4 . Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . Stafford , Susan ( 2011 ) . Stop the Wheel , I Want to Get Off ! ( eBook ) . Xlibris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 7438 - 4 -- via Google Books . Trebek , Alex & Barsocchini , Peter ( 1990 ) . The ' Jeopardy ! ' Book : The Answers , the Questions , the Facts , and the Stories of the Greatest Game Show in History . Introduction by Merv Griffin . New York : Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 096511 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) . Official website Wheel of Fortune on IMDb Wheel of Fortune at TV.com Wheel of Fortune - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Wheel of Fortune International versions Australia Denmark France Italy Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom Miscellaneous Video games Wheel 2000 Book Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) The Price Is Right ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=842648965 '' Categories : 1970s American game shows 1975 American television series debuts 1980s American game shows 1983 American television series debuts 1990s American game shows 1991 American television series endings 2000s American game shows 2010s American game shows CBC Television shows CBS network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Roulette and wheel games Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Merv Griffin Enterprises Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series created by Merv Griffin Wheel of Fortune ( franchise ) Television series by King World Productions Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2014 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 19 : 30 . 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who is considered to be the first true pop star

Sia ( musician )

sia ( musician )

Sia Kate Isobelle Furler ( / ˈsiːə / ; born 18 December 1975 ) is an Australian singer - songwriter , record producer and music video director . She started her career as a singer in the local Adelaide acid jazz band Crisp in the mid-1990s . In 1997 , when Crisp disbanded , she released her debut studio album titled OnlySee in Australia . She then moved to London , England , and provided lead vocals for the British duo Zero 7 .

In 2000 , Sia signed to Sony Music 's sub-label Dance Pool and released her second studio album , Healing Is Difficult , the following year . Displeased with the promotion of the record , she signed to Go ! Beat and released her third studio album , Colour the Small One , in 2004 . The project struggled to connect with a mainstream audience , and so Sia relocated to New York City in 2005 and began touring across the United States . She released her fourth and fifth studio releases , Some People Have Real Problems and We Are Born , in 2008 and 2010 , respectively . She then took a hiatus from performing , during which she focused on songwriting for other artists . Her catalogue includes the successful collaborations `` Titanium '' ( with David Guetta ) , `` Diamonds '' ( with Rihanna ) and `` Wild Ones '' ( with Flo Rida ) . In 2014 , Sia released her sixth studio album 1000 Forms of Fear , which debuted at No 1 in the U.S. Billboard 200 and generated the top - ten breakthrough single `` Chandelier '' and a trilogy of music videos starring child dancer Maddie Ziegler . In 2016 , she released her seventh studio album This Is Acting , which spawned her first Hot 100 number one single , `` Cheap Thrills '' . The same year , Sia gave her Nostalgic for the Present Tour , which incorporated performance art elements . Sia has received an array of accolades , including ARIA Awards and an MTV Video Music Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 1975 -- 1997 : Early life and career beginnings 1.2 1997 -- 2006 : Zero 7 , Healing Is Difficult and Colour the Small One 1.3 2007 -- 2010 : Some People Have Real Problems and We Are Born 1.4 2010 -- 2013 : Songwriting career and mainstream recognition 1.5 2013 -- 2014 : Breakthrough with 1000 Forms of Fear 1.6 2015 -- 2017 : This Is Acting 1.7 2017 -- present : Everyday Is Christmas 2 Artistry and accolades 3 Other ventures 4 Personal life 5 Activism 6 Discography 7 Tours 8 Filmography 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Life and career 1975 -- 1997 : early life and career beginnings Sia Kate Isobelle Furler was born on 18 December 1975 in Adelaide , South Australia . Her father , Phil Colson , is a musician , and her mother , Loene Furler , is an art lecturer . Sia is the niece of actor - singer Kevin Colson . Sia said that as a child she imitated the performing style of Aretha Franklin , Stevie Wonder and Sting , who she counted as her early influences . She attended Adelaide High School . In the mid-1990s , Sia started a career as a singer in the local acid jazz band Crisp . Sia collaborated with the band and contributed vocals to their two EPs : Word and the Deal ( 1996 ) and Delirium ( 1997 ) . In 1997 Crisp disbanded , and Sia released her debut studio album entitled OnlySee on Flavoured Records in Australia . The album sold 1,200 copies . 1997 -- 2006 : Zero 7 , Healing is Difficult and Colour the Small one Sia in concert in 2006 After Crisp disbanded in 1997 , Sia moved to London , where she performed as a background vocalist for British band Jamiroquai . She also provided lead vocals for English downtempo group Zero 7 on their first three studio albums and toured with the group . On Zero 7 's 2001 album Simple Things , Sia contributed vocals to two tracks : `` Destiny '' and `` Distractions . '' The single `` Destiny '' peaked at No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart . In 2004 , she provided vocals for Zero 7 on `` Somersault '' and `` Speed Dial No. 2 '' ( from the album When It Falls ) . In 2006 , Sia again collaborated with Zero 7 for the group 's third album , The Garden and hence she is regarded as the `` unofficial '' lead singer of Zero 7 . In 2000 , Sia signed a recording contract with Sony Music 's sub-label Dance Pool and released her first single , `` Taken for Granted '' , which peaked at No. 10 on the UK Singles Chart . In 2001 , she released her second solo album , Healing Is Difficult , which blends retro jazz and soul music and lyrically discusses Sia 's dealing with the death of her first love affair . Displeased with the promotion of the album , Sia fired her manager , left Sony Music and signed with Go ! Beat , a subsidiary of Universal Music Group ( UMG ) . At the APRA Awards of 2002 , Sia won the Breakthrough Songwriter category alongside Brisbane pop duo Aneiki 's Jennifer Waite and Grant Wallis . In 2004 , Sia released her third studio album , Colour the Small One . The album employs a mixture of acoustic instruments and electronic backing to her material . The album spawned four singles : `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' , `` Breathe Me '' , `` Where I Belong '' and `` Numb '' . `` Breathe Me '' peaked at No. 71 in the United Kingdom , No. 19 in Denmark and No. 81 in France . `` Where I Belong '' was scheduled to be included on the soundtrack for the film Spider - Man 2 ; however , owing to a record label conflict , it was withdrawn at the last minute . Dissatisfied with Colour the Small One 's being poorly marketed and struggling to connect with a mainstream audience , Sia relocated to New York City in 2005 . During that time , `` Breathe Me '' appeared in the final scene of the U.S. HBO television series Six Feet Under , which helped increase Sia 's fame in the United States . Consequently , Sia 's manager , David Enthoven , set up a tour across the country to maintain her career . 2007 -- 2010 : some People have Real Problems and We Are Born Sia performing at South by Southwest in 2008 In 2007 , Sia released a live album entitled Lady Croissant , which included eight live songs from her April 2006 performance at the Bowery Ballroom in New York and one new studio recording -- `` Pictures '' . A year later , she left Zero 7 on friendly terms , replaced by Eska Mtungwazi as the band 's frontwoman . Sia released her fourth studio album , Some People Have Real Problems on 8 January 2008 . The album peaked at No. 41 in Australia and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association . It charted at No. 26 on the US Billboard 200 , becoming Sia 's first album to chart in the United States . Some People Have Real Problems yielded four singles . The lead single , `` Day Too Soon '' , was released in November 2007 and peaked at No. 24 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs . The second single , `` The Girl You Lost to Cocaine '' , was made available in March 2008 . The single peaked at No. 11 in the Netherlands and No. 12 in Spain ; it additionally reached No. 8 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs . The third single from the album , `` Soon We 'll Be Found '' , was made available in October 2008 . The Bart Hendrix Deep Dope remix of `` Buttons '' was issued as the final single from Some People Have Real Problems in February 2009 . In May 2009 , Sia released TV Is My Parent on DVD , which includes a live concert at New York 's Hiro Ballroom , four music videos and behind - the - scene footage . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2009 , Sia won the Best Music DVD category for TV Is My Parent . She also received a nomination for Best Breakthrough Artist Album for Some People Have Real Problems . In 2009 , American singer Christina Aguilera approached Sia about writing ballads for Aguilera 's then - upcoming sixth studio album . The final product , Bionic , includes three songs co-written by Sia . Later in 2010 , Sia also co-wrote `` Bound to You '' for the soundtrack of the American film Burlesque , which starred Aguilera and American singer Cher . The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 68th Golden Globe Awards . In May 2011 , Sia appeared on the inaugural season of the U.S. version of The Voice as an adviser for Aguilera , who served as a vocal coach and judge . In June 2010 , Sia released her fifth studio album , We Are Born . The release peaked at No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association . The release of the album was preceded by three singles : the lead single , `` You 've Changed '' , was released in December 2009 and charted at No. 31 in Australia . The follow - up single , `` Clap Your Hands '' , was made available in June 2010 and became the album 's best - charting single , peaking at No. 17 in Australia , No. 10 in the Netherlands and No. 27 in Switzerland . `` Bring Night '' was issued as the final single from the project in September 2010 , peaking at No. 99 in Australia . Producer Greg Kurstin worked with Sia on the album . At the ARIA Music Awards of 2010 , We Are Born earned Sia two categories won : Best Independent Release and Best Pop Release . Meanwhile , at the 2011 APRA Music Awards , Sia received a nomination for Song of the Year for `` Clap Your Hands '' . To promote We Are Born , Sia embarked on the We Meaning You Tour , which visited North America and Europe in April -- May 2010 . The first show of the tour at the Commadore Ballroom in Vancouver , was cancelled after five songs when the singer had to retire due to heat exhaustion . She followed this with the We Are Born Tour , which visited Australia in February 2011 and North America in July -- August 2011 . In March 2012 , Sia released the greatest hits album Best Of ... in Australia . 2010 -- 2013 : songwriting career and mainstream recognition Sia performing live in 2011 Following the success of We Are Born , Sia became uncomfortable with her growing fame . She later told The New York Times : `` I just wanted to have a private life . Once , as my friend was telling me they had cancer , someone came up and asked , in the middle of the conversation , if they could take a photograph with me . You get me ? That 's enough , right ? '' She refused to do promos for her tours , began to wear a mask on stage and became increasingly dependent on drugs and alcohol on the road ; she considered suicide . Sia fired Enthoven and hired Jonathan Daniel , who suggested that she write songs for other artists . She retired as a recording artist and began a career as a songwriter . She soon penned `` Titanium '' for American singer Alicia Keys , but it was later sent to David Guetta , who included Sia 's original demo vocals on the song and released it as a single in 2011 . `` Titanium '' peaked within the top ten of record charts in the United States , Australia and numerous European regions . However , Sia was not pleased with the success of the single : `` ( ... ) I never even knew it was gon na happen , and I was really upset . Because I had just retired , I was trying to be a pop songwriter , not an artist . '' From 2011 to 2013 , Sia also co-wrote songs for many recording artists , including Beyoncé , Kylie Minogue , Flo Rida and Rihanna . Her collaboration with Flo Rida , `` Wild Ones '' , peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was the tenth best - selling song of 2012 globally . 2013 -- 2014 : Breakthrough with 1000 Forms of Fear In October 2013 , Sia released `` Elastic Heart '' featuring The Weeknd and Diplo for the soundtrack of the American film The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) . Sia executive produced Brooke Candy 's debut EP , Opulence , released in May 2014 , and co-wrote 3 songs on the EP . In July 2014 , Sia released her own sixth studio album , 1000 Forms of Fear . She again collaborated with Greg Kurstin . The album debuted at No. 1 in the US Billboard 200 with first - week sales of 52,000 copies . By October 2015 , it was certified gold by the RIAA denoting 500,000 equivalent - album units sold in the United States . The record peaked at No. 1 in Australia and reached the top ten of charts in numerous European regions . It was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry and gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association . By early 2016 , the album had sold 1 million copies worldwide . 1000 Forms of Fear 's lead single , `` Chandelier '' was released in March 2014 . The song peaked at No. 8 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Sia 's first entry on that chart as a lead artist . Elsewhere , the song experienced similar commercial success , ranking in the top ten of the record charts in Australia and numerous European regions . As of January 2015 , the single had sold 2 million copies in the United States . `` Eye of the Needle '' and `` Big Girls Cry '' were released as the second and third singles from the album , respectively , in June 2014 . In January 2015 , Sia released a solo version of `` Elastic Heart '' as the fourth single from 1000 Forms of Fear ; it eventually reached the top 20 on the Hot 100 . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards ( 2015 ) , Sia received four nominations for `` Chandelier '' : Record of the Year , Song of the Year , Best Pop Solo Performance and Best Music Video . For live performances of songs from 1000 Forms of Fear , Sia chose not to show her face , either facing away from audiences or hiding it behind oversized platinum blonde wigs . In videos for the singles `` Chandelier '' , `` Elastic Heart '' and `` Big Girls Cry '' , choreographed by Ryan Heffington and co-directed by Sia and Daniel Askill , and in many of the promotional live performances , child dancer Maddie Ziegler performed as a proxy for Sia in bobbed blonde wigs similar to Sia 's familiar hairstyle . The three videos have received a total of more than 2.7 billion views on Vevo . Sia explained to Kristen Wiig in an interview in Interview magazine that she decided to conceal her face to avoid a celebrity lifestyle and maintain some privacy : `` I 'm trying to have some control over my image . And I 'm allowed to maintain some modicum of privacy . But also I would like not to be picked apart or for people to observe when I put on ten pounds or take off ten pounds or I have a hair extension out of place or my fake tan is botched . Most people do n't have to be under that pressure , and I 'd like to be one of them . '' The video for Elastic Heart `` courted controversy and plaudits in equal measure '' , with some commentators perceiving it to have pedophilic undertones due to the relative ages of the dancers . Sia explained that the two dancers represented `` warring ' Sia ' self states '' , but she nevertheless apologized on Twitter to anyone who was `` triggered '' . Sia 's collaborations with Heffington have `` done more to raise the standards of dance in pop music than nearly any current artist integrating the forms . '' In 2014 , Sia contributed to the soundtrack to the 2014 film adaptation of the Broadway musical Annie . Sia , along with producer Greg Kurstin , wrote three new songs for the film as well as re-working songs from the musical . Sia , Kurstin and Annie director Will Gluck were nominated at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Song for one of the film 's original songs , `` Opportunity '' . 2015 -- 2017 : This is Acting Sia in 2015 In an interview with NME in February 2015 , Sia revealed that she had completed the follow - up to 1000 Forms of Fear , entitled This Is Acting . The album was another collaboration with producer and co-writer Greg Kurstin . Furler said that she released 1000 Forms of Fear to free herself from her record deal and had planned simply to write for other artists , but the album 's success spurred her to continue writing her own music . In May 2015 , Sia 's cover of The Mamas & the Papas ' `` California Dreamin ' '' was released on the soundtrack of the movie San Andreas . The same month , alongside the digital deluxe release of 1000 Forms of Fear , she released a mobile game , Bob Job . At the 72nd Venice International Film Festival in September 2015 , Sia announced that her new single `` Alive '' from This Is Acting was co-written by Adele and had originally been intended for Adele 's third album . In November , Sia collaborated with composer J. Ralph on the soundtrack of the environmental documentary Racing Extinction , co-writing and singing the song `` One Candle '' . She also released two more songs from the album , `` Bird Set Free '' and `` One Million Bullets '' . `` Cheap Thrills '' and `` Reaper '' were subsequently released as promotional singles for the album . In January 2016 , eight days prior to the release of This Is Acting , she released `` Unstoppable '' as the final pre-release promotion single for the album . Eventually , the single `` Cheap Thrills '' , featuring Sean Paul , reached No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Sia released two videos for the song , one of which features Ziegler and two male dancers . In April 2016 , Sia gave a widely acclaimed performance at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival that went viral online . Her performance received an effusively positive critical reception as `` one of the greatest moments in Coachella 's 17 - year history '' , and it was consistently noted as one of the best performances of the 2016 festival . The performance was her first full concert since 2011 . In May 2016 , Sia made a surprise appearance on the finale for Survivor : Kaôh Rōng where she donated $50,000 to contestant Tai Trang . She donated another $50,000 to an animal charity of his choice , noting that the two share a mutual love of animals . The same month , she contributed vocals to a cover of Nat King Cole 's `` Unforgettable '' which was featured on the soundtrack of 2016 Pixar film Finding Dory . In June 2016 , Sia gave a concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado , featuring Ziegler . From May to August , Sia performed in nearly a dozen festival and other concerts in America and European and Middle Eastern countries , including Portugal , Denmark , Sweden , Finland , Hungary , Romania , Poland , the United Kingdom , Russia , Lebanon and Israel . In September 2016 , she released a single , `` The Greatest '' , with vocals from American hip hop recording artist Kendrick Lamar . A video was released the same day featuring Ziegler -- the dancer 's fifth video collaboration with Sia and Heffington . The two performed the song with several other dancers , and also performed `` Chandelier '' , live the next day at the Apple annual fall event , drawing media attention . The videos that Sia has posted to her YouTube channel have accumulated a total of more than 5 billion views , and the channel has more than 9 million subscribers . Sia gave her Nostalgic for the Present Tour in North America from September to November 2016 , featuring Ziegler . As at Coachella and subsequent live performances , Sia appeared at the back of the stage with her familiar wig covering her face , while her dancers performed Heffington 's choreography synchronized with prerecorded videos played on big screens . The tour received a warm reaction : `` She let her dancers own center stage , carrying out one skit / performance after another as Sia delivered the soundtrack ... It defied all the regular rules of pop concerts , which are usually designed to focus every ounce of the audience 's attention on the star of the show . Yet , Sia 's bold gamble paid off , resulting in one of the most daringly original and wholly satisfying shows of 2016 . '' Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic described the show as `` part performance art , part interpretive dance ... ( Sia ) sounded amazing ... There 's so much raw emotion in her songs . And you can definitely hear that in her voice , but it becomes more visceral when you can also read it in the faces of her dancers , especially Ziegler ... The entire performance was brilliantly staged , with one song flowing seamlessly into another '' . Sia released the deluxe edition of This Is Acting in October 2016 , which includes three new tracks , a remix version of `` Move Your Body '' and a solo version of `` The Greatest '' . She was nominated for three 2017 Grammy Awards . Sia contributed to the soundtracks for the films Lion and Wonder Woman with `` Never Give Up '' and `` To Be Human '' , respectively . She also co-wrote and performed on a single , `` Dusk Till Dawn '' by Zayn Malik . Sia performed in concert at the close of the Dubai World Cup in March 2017 , together with her dancers , led by Ziegler . They plan to give a second leg of the Nostalgic for the Present Tour , her first stadium tour in Australasia , in November 2017 . 2017 -- Present : Everyday is Christmas In 2017 , Sia moved from RCA to Atlantic Records . She plans to release a new album , Everyday Is Christmas , on Atlantic and Monkey Puzzle on 17 November 2017 . The album is set to feature original songs co-written and co-produced with Kurstin . Artistry and accolades Further information : List of awards and nominations received by Sia Furler Sia has a recorded vocal range spanning from Bb2 to Bb6 . Her music incorporates hip hop , funk and soul music as a base for her vocal styling . About her early influences , she stated `` When I was on tour with Zero 7 , they would listen to music . We would be on the tour bus and the Kings of Convenience would be playing , and then I made Colour the Small One which could n't be more derivative of Kings of Convenience and James Taylor and the things that Zero 7 were playing on the bus . I 'm very easily influenced . '' 1000 Forms of Fear is primarily a pop album , with influences of hip hop , reggae and electropop . This Is Acting is mostly composed of songs written by Sia with other female pop artists in mind , but the artists did not include the songs on their albums . Sia described songwriting for others as `` play - acting . '' The Guardian 's Kitty Empire commented that the latter album `` provides an obvious counterpoint to Sia 's more personal album of 2014 , 1000 Forms of Fear , whose stonking single , `` Chandelier '' , tackled her intoxicated past . This Is Acting makes plain the fact of manufacture -- a process akin to bespoke tailoring . '' In her 2016 live performances , Sia 's music is part of performance - art - like shows that involve dance and theatrical effects . For an MTV News writer `` Sia 's throaty , slurred vocals are her norm , '' while a The Fader contributor noted `` In the Billboard Hot 100 landscape , Sia 's songwriting voice , which deals with depression and addiction , is singular -- her actual voice even moreso . '' Sia has received an array of accolades , including ARIA Awards , an MTV Video Music Award and eight nominations for Grammy Awards . Other Ventures Sia wrote a screenplay in 2015 based on a one - page story that she had written in 2007 , titled Sister . Maddie Ziegler was cast to star in the project . Sia lent her voice to the show South Park in its eighteenth season . In episode 3 entitled `` The Cissy '' , she portrayed Lorde in a parody song in the episode entitled `` Push ( Feeling Good on a Wednesday ) '' . The resemblance was so convincing that many viewers thought Lorde had provided the voice in the song . Sia wrote and recorded `` Angel By the Wings '' , the title song for the documentary film The Eagle Huntress , which premiered in 2016 at the Sundance Film Festival . In 2016 Sia covered `` Blackbird '' by The Beatles for the Netflix original series Beat Bugs . She appeared in the 2017 animated film My Little Pony : The Movie as the voice of `` pop star '' character Songbird Serenade . She also contributed an original song , `` Rainbow '' , to the film 's soundtrack . Personal life Following the disbandment of Crisp in 1997 , Sia decided to move to London to follow her relationship with boyfriend Dan Pontifex . Several weeks later , while on a stopover in Thailand , she received the news that Pontifex had died after being in a car accident in London . She returned to Australia , but soon she received a call from one of Pontifex 's former housemates , who invited her to stay in London . Her 2001 album Healing Is Difficult lyrically deals with Pontifex 's death : `` I was pretty fucked up after Dan died . I could n't really feel anything . I could intellectualise a lot of stuff ; that I had a purpose , that I was loved , but I could n't actually feel anything . '' Sia recalled the effect of his death in a 2007 interview for The Sunday Times : `` We were all devastated , so we got shit - faced on drugs and Special Brew . Unfortunately , that bender lasted six years for me . '' In 2008 , Sia discussed her sexual orientation in interviews and announced her relationship with JD Samson ; they broke up in 2011 . When asked about her sexuality in 2009 , she said , `` I 've always dated boys and girls and anything in between . I do n't care what gender you are , it 's about people ... I 've always been ... well , flexible is the word I would use . '' Sia has suffered from depression , addictions to painkillers and alcohol , and had contemplated suicide , going as far as to write a suicide note . In 2010 , Sia 's official website announced that all scheduled promotional events and shows had been cancelled due to her poor health . She cited extreme lethargy and panic attacks and considered retiring permanently from performing and touring . According to her Twitter account , she was diagnosed with Graves ' disease -- an autoimmune disorder characterized by an over-active thyroid . Later that year , in an ARIA Awards interview , Sia said her health was improving after rest and thyroid hormone replacement therapy . Sia married documentary filmmaker Erik Anders Lang at her home in Palm Springs , California , in August 2014 . The couple announced their separation in December 2016 . During a 2014 appearance on The Howard Stern Show , Sia was asked if she was religious , to which she responded , `` I believe in a Higher Power and it 's called ' Whatever Dude ' and he 's a queer , surfing Santa that 's a bit like my grandpa , so yes . '' In the same interview , she stated that she is a feminist and that Whatever Dude divinely inspired the lyrics she wrote for Rihanna 's song `` Diamonds '' . One of Sia 's tattoos , on her hand , reads `` Whatever Dude '' . Sia is a cousin of Australian Christian rock musician Peter Furler . Activism Sia , who is a vegan , participated in an advertisement for PETA Asia - Pacific , with her dog , Pantera , to encourage pet neutering . Sia has also joined other publicly known figures for the `` Oscar 's Law '' campaign , in protest against large - scale pet breeding . Other advocates include singers Jon Stevens , Paul Dempsey , Rachael Leahcar and Missy Higgins . She is also a supporter of the Beagle Freedom Project , performing `` I 'm in Here '' live at the Beagle Freedom Project Gala on 9 September 2013 . For her 2016 Nostalgic for the Present Tour , Sia partnered with various rescue organizations to conduct a dog adoption fair at each of her concerts . Sia was nominated for a 2016 Libby Award for `` Best Voice for Animals '' . Discography Main article : Sia discography OnlySee ( 1997 ) Healing Is Difficult ( 2001 ) Colour the Small One ( 2004 ) Some People Have Real Problems ( 2008 ) We Are Born ( 2010 ) 1000 Forms of Fear ( 2014 ) This Is Acting ( 2016 ) Everyday Is Christmas ( 2017 ; upcoming ) Tours Live from Sydney Tour ( 2009 ) We Meaning You Tour ( 2010 ) Nostalgic for the Present Tour ( 2016 ) Filmography Sia wrote and / or performed songs on the following film soundtracks : Annie ( 2014 ) Transparent ( 2015 ) Beat Bugs ( 2016 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) Lion ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) My Little Pony : The Movie ( 2017 ) Charming ( 2018 ; upcoming ) See also Music of Australia portal List of artists who reached number one in the United States References Jump up ^ `` Singer - songwriter Sia snags first No. 1 on U.S. Billboard chart '' . Reuters. 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chet Faker and Violent Soholead 2014 ARIA nominations '' . fasterlouder . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Harry , Michael . `` Sia Sensation '' ( PDF ) . The Adelaide Advertiser : 24 -- 26 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Craven , Peter ( 26 September 2014 ) . `` Kevin Colson confesses all of his career in starry firmament '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Alex ( 15 February 2008 ) . `` Sia Learns to Sound Like Herself '' ( Interview ) . NPR Music . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Word and the Deal and Delirium : `` Word and the deal / Crisp . ( sound recording ) '' . National Library of Australia . Archived from the original on 14 January 2015 . `` Delerium / Crisp . ( sound recording ) '' . National Library of Australia . Archived from the original on 15 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murfett , Andrew ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` Sia Furler : Fame does not become her '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . 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Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Marisa . `` Sia -- Lady Croissant '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Australian chart position and certification : `` Discography Sia '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . `` Accreditations -- 2011 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sia -- Chart history : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Day Too Soon '' . United States : iTunes Store . Archived from the original on 10 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sia -- Chart history : Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Girl You Lost To Cocaine '' ( in Dutch ) . Belgium : 7digital . Archived from the original on 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sia -- The Girl You Lost to Cocaine '' . Single Top 100 . 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Jump up ^ Mason , Kerri ( 11 December 2010 ) . `` Burlesque : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Weaver , Nicole Kidman , Geoffrey Rush and Toni Collette nominated in 68th Golden Globe Awards '' . The Adelaide Advertiser. 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's ' The Voice ' enlists Monica , Reba McEntire , Sia and Adam Blackstone as advisors '' . Los Angeles Times . 29 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` We Are Born by Sia '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` You 've Changed '' single release and chart position : `` iTunes -- Music -- You 've Changed '' . New Zealand : iTunes Store . Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . `` You 've Changed -- Sia '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Clap Your Hands : Sia '' . bandit.fm . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . `` Sia -- Clap Your Hands '' . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bring Night '' single release and chart position : `` iTunes -- Music -- Bring Night '' . New Zealand : iTunes Store . Archived from the original on 10 January 2015 . `` The ARIA Report '' ( PDF ) . Pandora Archive ( 1081 ) : 2 . 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leight , Elias ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Sia Announces New Christmas Album , Directorial Debut '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . ISSN 0035 - 791X . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . McNeilage , Ross ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Sia Has Signed a New Record Deal and Is Releasing a Christmas Album '' . MTV News . MTV . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Awards History : 2010 '' . ARIA Awards . Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Collins , Simon ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` The Man Behind the Songs '' . The West Australian . Archived from the original on 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Staples , Derek ( 3 February 2010 ) . `` Sia Announces ' The We Meaning You Tour ' Dates '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sia Nearly Collapses on Stage From Exhaustion '' . Chart Attack. 15 April 2010 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Usinger , Mike ( 12 April 2010 ) . `` Sia Falls Ill at Vancouver Tour Opener '' . Spin . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ We Are Born Tour : `` Sia announces February 2011 Australian Tour '' . The AU Review . Archived from the original on 16 August 2014 . `` Tour : Sia '' . Sia Music . Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Say hi to Sia 's first greatest hits set '' . Cream. 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Knopper , Steve . `` Sia Furler , the Socially Phobic Pop Star '' , The New York Times , 18 April 2014 , accessed 26 October 2016 ^ Jump up to : Sanders , Sam ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` A Reluctant Star , Sia Deals With Fame on Her Own '' . NPR Music . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Chart positions for `` Titanium '' : `` David Guetta feat . Sia -- Titanium '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . `` David Guetta -- Chart history : Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Knopper , Steve ( 21 April 2014 ) . `` How a Song Written by Sia Furler Became a Hit '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Digital Music Report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / R Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brooke Candy preps debut EP , does sex - and - violence in Opulence video '' . Fact. 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` 1000 Forms of Fear -- Sia '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bastow , Clem ( 17 July 2014 ) . `` Sia 's 1000 Forms of Fear debuts at No 1 in US album charts '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sia -- 1000 Forms of Fear '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chandelier '' certifications : `` Certified Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original ( Enter the keyword `` Sia '' into the search parameter ) on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sia reclaims the songs Adele , Rihanna and Beyonce rejected to rewrite the pop blueprint '' . News Corp Australia Network . 29 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sia -- Chart history : Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sia -- Chandelier '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 15 January 2015 ) . `` Nick Jonas 's ' Jealous ' Hits a New Peak '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eye of the Needle '' . bandit.fm . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . `` Big Girls Cry ( 2014 ) '' . Belgium : 7digital . Archived from the original on 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 16 January 2015 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Video Controversy Sends Sia 's ' Elastic Heart ' to No. 17 Debut '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Malley Greenburg , Zack ( 5 December 2014 ) . `` Grammy Nominees 2015 : The Full List '' . Forbes . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka . `` Dance Moms Star Maddie Ziegler Responds to SNL Sia ' Chandelier ' Spoof '' , International Business Times , 27 October 2014 , accessed 2 December 2015 ; Geslani , Michelle . `` Sia and dance prodigy Maddie Ziegler deliver gripping performance on Ellen -- watch '' , ConsequenceofSound.net , 1 December 2015 ; Bailey , Alyssa . `` Watch Sia and Maddie Ziegler 's Chilling Live Performance of ' Alive ' '' , Elle magazine , 1 December 2015 ; and Swift , Andy . `` Sia Enlists Kristen Wiig for ' Chandelier ' Performance at 2015 Grammy Awards '' , Tvline.com , 8 February 2015 Jump up ^ Furler , Sia . SiaVEVO : Most popular videos , YouTube , accessed 2 October 2017 Jump up ^ `` Sia '' . Interview. April 2015 . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Norton , Siobhan . `` Ballet fitness : Why growing numbers are using pliés and pirouettes to work out '' , The Independent , 14 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Sia 's video : let 's be wary of seeing paedophilia everywhere '' , Guardian Australia , 11 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Sia Apologizes for ' Pedophilia ' Perception in Music Video '' . Yahoo !. 9 January 2015 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ranscombe , Siân . `` The 10 most controversial music videos '' , The Telegraph , 10 May 2015 Jump up ^ Kourlas , Gia . `` For Sia , Dance Is Where the Human and the Weird Intersect '' , The New York Times , 19 July 2016 , accessed 31 October 2016 Jump up ^ Rigby , Sam . `` Sia and Beck Join Stars on Annie Movie Soundtrack '' . Digital Spy . Digital Spy . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` ' Birdman , ' ' Grand Budapest ' Top Critics Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 16 December 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sia reveals early details of brand new album This Is Acting '' . NME. 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( 2 May 2015 ) . `` Sia Releases Haunting ' California Dreamin Cover for ' San Andreas ' Movie '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ McCown , Alex ( 6 May 2015 ) . `` Sia releases a new game , still wo n't show herself '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Christina ( 7 September 2015 ) . `` Sia Details Next Single , Which Was Originally Written for Adele '' . Idolator . Time Inc . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany . `` Hear Sia , J. Ralph 's Epic New Song From Racing Extinction Trailer '' , Rolling Stone , 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 Jump up ^ Bird Set Free , retrieved 29 November 2015 Jump up ^ `` Sia Shares New Track `` One Million Bullets '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Sia 's ' Cheap Thrills ' Takes No. 1 on Hot 100 From Drake '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sia Releases Captivating ' Cheap Thrills ' Video Featuring Maddie Ziegler '' , Billboard , 21 March 2016 ; and Briones , Isis . `` Sia 's Music Video of New Single ' Cheap Thrills ' With Maddie Ziegler Will Blow You Away '' , Teen Vogue , 21 March 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` People Are Still Obsessed With Sia 's Incredible Coachella Performance '' . Time . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Sources for the 2016 Coachella Festival performance : `` Coachella is losing its shit over Sia 's performance '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . `` IS SIA ALREADY THE MVP OF THE 2016 FESTIVAL SEASON ? '' . Fuse . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . `` Sia Captivates & Confounds During Star - Studded Coachella Set '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . `` Coachella 2016 : Sia changed the whole concept of star power on the main stage '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . `` COACHELLA 2016 : Sia turns the festival into a stage for performance art ( UPDATE ) '' . Press Enterprise . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . `` Coachella : Surviving members of N.W.A reunite , and artists pay tribute to Prince '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Watch Sia 's incredible Coachella set in full here '' . Dazed Digital . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sia 's Coachella Set Is Already Legendary '' . Nylon Magazine . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Acting : Sia Stuns With Theatrical Coachella Spectacle '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lists of the best 2016 Coachella Festival performances : `` Coachella 2016 Festival Review : From Worst to Best '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . `` 30 Best Things We Saw at Coachella : Best Performance Art - Sia '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . `` 11 Best Moments From Coachella 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . `` TOP 10 BEST PERFORMANCES OF COACHELLA 2016 '' . Fuse . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sia Gives ' Survivor ' Finalist $100 K For Being An Animal Rights Activist '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Sia Cover Nat King Cole 's ' Unforgettable ' for ' Finding Dory ' on ' Ellen ' '' . Billboard. 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Owens , Dylan . `` For SeriesFest , Sia welcomes Red Rocks to her theater of dreams '' , HeyReverb.com , The Denver Post , 23 June 2016 Jump up ^ Young , Alex . Sia announce 2016 world tour , Miguel and AlunaGeorge to open , Consequence of Sound , 16 May 2016 , accessed 30 September 2016 Jump up ^ Sia Announces Tour With Openers Miguel And AlunaGeorge , Artist Direct , 17 May 2016 , accessed 30 September 2016 Jump up ^ Pate , Stephen . Sia Excites Crowd As Worldwide Tour Opens in Byblos Lebanon , NJN Network , 10 August 2016 , accessed 30 September 2016 Jump up ^ Furler , Sia . Sia -- The Greatest `` , SiaVEVO , 5 September 2016 Jump up ^ Moss , Rachel . `` 13 - Year - Old Dancer Maddie Ziegler Totally Stole The Show At The Apple iPhone 7 Launch '' , Huffington Post , 8 September 2016 ; and Robinson , Melia . `` Meet the 13 - year - old dancing sensation who stunned people at the big Apple event '' , Business Insider , 7 September 2016 Jump up ^ Furler , Sia . SiaVEVO ' , YouTube , accessed 4 August 2017 Jump up ^ Craddock , Lauren . `` Maddie Ziegler to Join Sia 's Nostalgic for the Present Tour '' , Billboard , 25 July 2016 Jump up ^ Klein , Josh . `` Sia is a bundle of fascinating contradictions during United Center performance '' , Chicago Tribune , 17 October 2016 ^ Jump up to : Harrington , Jim ( 2 October 2016 ) . `` Review : Sia delivers performance - art masterpiece in Oakland '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Masley , Ed . `` Review : Sia reinvented what it means to give a concert -- part performance art , part Maddie Ziegler '' , The Arizona Republic , 5 October 2016 Jump up ^ Raynor , Madeline . `` Sia releases 3 new tracks on This is Acting deluxe version '' , Entertainment Weekly , 21 October 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Here Is the Complete List of Nominees for the 2017 Grammys '' , Billboard magazine , 6 December 2016 ^ Jump up to : Spanos , Brittany ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Hear Sia 's Sweeping New Anthem ' To Be Human ' from ' Wonder Woman ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` Watch Jemima Kirke in Noir Thriller For Zayn Malik , Sia 's New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamad , Marwa . `` Sia dons her wig during theatrical Dubai gig '' , Gulf News , 26 March 2017 Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Sia Plots First Stadium Tour of Australia and New Zealand '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Styles , Aja . `` Sia brings first Australian tour in five years to Melbourne , Sydney only '' , The Sydney Morning Herald , 28 May 2017 Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Sia Signs to Atlantic Records , Announces Christmas Album '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` Sia Signs to Atlantic Records , Announces Christmas Album '' . Billboard . Eldridge Industries . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . `` Sia Signs with Atlantic Records , Christmas Album Due This Year '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . 1 August 2017 . ISSN 0042 - 2738 . OCLC 810134503 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Cliff , Aimee ( 21 January 2016 ) . `` How Sia 's Polarising Vocals Have Invaded The Pop Mainstream '' . The Fader . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 55th annual Grammy Awards nominees '' . USA Today . 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ariston ( 7 September 2016 ) . `` Venice : Sia Explains Why She 's Directing Her Maddie Ziegler Screenplay '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaye , Ben ( 16 October 2014 ) . `` South Park releases full version of Lorde spoofing `` Push ( Feel Good on a Wednesday ) '' -- listen `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars . `` Sia Records ' Angel By the Wings ' for New Film The Eagle Huntress : Exclusive '' , Billboard , 20 January 2016 , accessed 4 November 2016 Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason . `` How a movie about eagle hunting nabbed a Star Wars lead actor and a chart - topping singer '' , Business Insider , 24 September 2016 , accessed 4 November 2016 Jump up ^ Brucculieri , Julia ( 2 August 2016 ) . `` Listen To Sia And Pink Cover The Beatles For Netflix 's Adorable ' Beat Bugs ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 22 July 2016 ) . `` Sia Joins the Voice Cast of ' My Little Pony : The Movie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sia Furler 's Mystery Fiance Revealed ! Singer Songwriter Is Engaged to American Documentary Maker Erik Anders Lang '' . Fashion Times . 7 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Pontifex Award -- win a scholarship to Australia '' . www.jancisrobinson.com . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sia reveals reason she wears wigs in James Corden 's Carpool Karaoke '' . The Age . 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Kregloe , Karman ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` Sia 's Coming Out '' . AfterEllen.com . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Tim ( 20 June 2010 ) . `` Sia , the Power Balladist Who Wants to Party '' . NYMag.com . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffs , Lotte ( 16 November 2012 ) . `` Hit girl Sia ... the singer who writes Rihanna and Jessie J 's chart - toppers '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sia , J.D. Samson Confirm Split '' . The Advocate. 13 June 2011 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sia Furler : The Same Same 25 , the 25 Most Influential Gay and Lesbian Australians '' . samesame.com.au. 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Knopper , Steve ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` Sia Furler , the Socially Phobic Pop Star '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` * * * important sia announcement * * * '' . siamusic.net . Archived from the original on 28 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Murfett , Andrew ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` Sia Furler : Fame does not become her '' . The Age . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sia Chats About ARIA Awards '' . Inertia Music . Jump up ^ `` Sia Furler gets married in US '' . The Australian . 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Mizoguchi , Karen and Jeff Nelson . `` Sia Separates from Husband Erik Anders Lang : ' We Are Dedicated to Remaining Friends ' '' , People magazine , 7 December 2016 ^ Jump up to : Moskovitch , Greg ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` 10 Things We Learned From Sia 's Howard Stern Interview '' . Music Feeds . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Jung , E. Alex . `` Maddie Ziegler on Sia 's ' Chandelier ' Video , Dance Moms , and Drew Barrymore '' , Vulture.com , 21 May 2014 , accessed 23 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` Beyonce 's rave review for Aussie songwriter Sia Furler '' . Australian Regional Media . 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Sia ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` sia on Twitter : ' @ HectorRochas I will ! I 'm fully vegan now ! ' '' . Twitter . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sia Wants You to ' Take a Bite Out of Animal Overpopulation ' '' . PETA . Archived from the original on 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Oscar 's law . Oscar 's Law . 2010 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Hollywood Hounds ! '' . Beagle Freedom Project . Beagle Freedom Project . 2014 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sia Sets Up Dog - Adoption Fairs at Her Concerts '' , PETA Australia , 11 October 2016 , Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 11th Annual Libby Awards '' , peta2.com . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sia ( musician ) . Official website Sia on IMDb Preceded by One Direction Saturday Night Live musical guest 17 January 2015 Succeeded by Blake Shelton Sia Awards and nominations Discography Songs Studio albums OnlySee Healing Is Difficult Colour the Small One Some People Have Real Problems We Are Born 1000 Forms of Fear This Is Acting Everyday Is Christmas Live albums Lady Croissant Compilation albums Best Of ... Related topics Nostalgic for the Present Tour Sister TV Is My Parent We Meaning You Tour Zero 7 Maddie Ziegler ARIA Award for Album of the Year Whispering Jack by John Farnham ( 1987 ) Man of Colours by Icehouse ( 1988 ) Temple of Low Men by Crowded House ( 1989 ) Matchbook by Ian Moss ( 1990 ) Blue Sky Mining by Midnight Oil ( 1991 ) Baby Animals by Baby Animals ( 1992 ) Hepfidelity by Diesel ( 1993 ) The Honeymoon Is Over by The Cruel Sea ( 1994 ) Do n't Ask by Tina Arena ( 1995 ) Hourly , Daily by You Am I ( 1996 ) Savage Garden by Savage Garden ( 1997 ) Unit by Regurgitator ( 1998 ) Internationalist by Powderfinger ( 1999 ) Reflector by Killing Heidi ( 2000 ) Odyssey Number Five by Powderfinger ( 2001 ) Barricades & Brickwalls by Kasey Chambers ( 2002 ) Vulture Street by Powderfinger ( 2003 ) Get Born by Jet ( 2004 ) The Sound of White by Missy Higgins ( 2005 ) Tea & Sympathy by Bernard Fanning ( 2006 ) Young Modern by Silverchair ( 2007 ) Apocalypso by The Presets ( 2008 ) Walking on a Dream by Empire of the Sun ( 2009 ) Down the Way by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2010 ) Moonfire by Boy & Bear ( 2011 ) Making Mirrors by Gotye ( 2012 ) Lonerism by Tame Impala ( 2013 ) 1000 Forms of Fear by Sia ( 2014 ) Currents by Tame Impala ( 2015 ) Skin by Flume ( 2016 ) ARIA Award for Best Female Artist Jenny Morris ( 1987 ) Jenny Morris ( 1988 ) Kate Ceberano ( 1989 ) Kate Ceberano ( 1990 ) Wendy Matthews ( 1991 ) Deborah Conway ( 1992 ) Wendy Matthews ( 1993 ) Wendy Matthews ( 1994 ) Tina Arena ( 1995 ) Christine Anu ( 1996 ) Monique Brumby ( 1997 ) Natalie Imbruglia ( 1998 ) Natalie Imbruglia ( 1999 ) Kasey Chambers ( 2000 ) Kylie Minogue ( 2001 ) Kasey Chambers ( 2002 ) Delta Goodrem ( 2003 ) Kasey Chambers ( 2004 ) Missy Higgins ( 2005 ) Clare Bowditch ( 2006 ) Missy Higgins ( 2007 ) Gabriella Cilmi ( 2008 ) Sarah Blasko ( 2009 ) Washington ( 2010 ) Kimbra ( 2011 ) Kimbra ( 2012 ) Jessica Mauboy ( 2013 ) Sia ( 2014 ) Courtney Barnett ( 2015 ) Sia ( 2016 ) VIAF : 74063879 LCCN : no2004009719 ISNI : 0000 0001 2198 0931 GND : 141565349 SUDOC : 165962828 BNF : cb142271322 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 2f548675 - 008d - 4332 - 876c - 108b0c7ab9c5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sia_(musician)&oldid=806807067 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people 20th - century Australian singers 21st - century Australian singers APRA Award winners ARIA Award winners Australian dance musicians Australian feminists Australian indie pop musicians Australian multi-instrumentalists Australian expatriates in the United States Bisexual feminists Bisexual musicians Bisexual women Female music video directors Feminist musicians LGBT musicians from Australia LGBT singers LGBT songwriters People from Melbourne People with bipolar disorder Musicians from Adelaide Sia ( musician ) Trip hop musicians Australian female pop singers Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected due to dispute Use Australian English from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 08 : 05 . 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university of san carlos vice president for administration

List of University of San Carlos alumni

list of university of san carlos alumni

This is a list of alumni notable in their own right of the University of San Carlos in Cebu City , Philippines .

Notable alumni ( edit ) Sergio Osmeña Sr. -- Second President and First Vice President of the Philippine Commonwealth , Second Senate President Pro Tempore , Former Senator , First Speaker of the House of Representative , Secretary of Public Instruction , Health and Public Welfare , 2nd Elected Governor of Cebu . Mariano Jesús Cuenco -- Fourth President of the Senate and Former Senator of the Philippines ( 1941 -- 1964 ) , Former Member of the House of Representative , Governor of Cebu and Secretary of Public Works and Communication during the Phil . Commonwealth era . Vicente Sotto -- Former Senator of the Philippines , and the `` Father of Cebuano Literature '' . Dionisio A. Jakosalem - Former Governor of Cebu , First Filipino to become a member of the official cabinet during the American Commonwealth regime . He was also part of the first Philippine Independence Mission which was sent to the United States under the leadership of former President Quezon . Sotero B. Cabahug - Former Governor of Cebu , Member of the House of Representatives during the American Commonwealth regime . Post war Secretary of Public Works and Communications , Secretary of National Defense , and Associate Justice of the Court of Appeals ( 1956 - 1962 ) . Filemon Sotto -- Former Senator of the Philippines . Vicente Rama -- `` The Father of Cebu City '' , Former Senator of the Philippines , Former Congressman of the third district of Cebu , Former Mayor of Cebu City , he authored as primary sponsor of the bill making Cebu City , a Chartered City . Atty . Napoleon G. Rama Sr. -- Award Winning Journalist , Columnist , Publisher of the Manila Bulletin , Member of the 1986 Constitutional Commission , and in 1987 , Floor Leader of the Constitutional Convention . awarded the Premio Zobel in 1992 . awarded the Philippine Legion of Honor / Order of Lakandula ( Grand Commander ) on February 26 2011 . Sergio Osmeña III -- also known as Serge Osmeña , Senator of the Philippines . Emilio Mario Osmeña -- also known as Lito Osmeña , Former Governor of Cebu ( 1988 -- 1992 ) , Founder and Chairman of PROMDI Party ( Probinsya Muna Development Initiative or Provinces First Development Initiative ) . John Henry Osmeña -- also known as Sonny Osmeña . Former Senator of the Philippines , Chair of the Senate Committee on Finance and Blue Ribbon Fact Finding Committee , authored and sponsored the Senate Bill on the Modernization and Expansion of the Energy Infrastructure of the Phils. and the Capability Development and Strengthening of the Department of Energy . Former Member of the House of Representatives and currently City Mayor of Toledo City , Cebu . Antonio Abad -- Premio Zobel winner in 1928 and 1929 . He was a poet , fictionist , playwright and essayist . Archbishop Jose Maria Cuenco -- Vicar General of the Cebu Archdiocese in 1925 and Archbishop of Jaro , Iloilo . Miguel Cuenco - Former Congressman , 5th District of Cebu ( 1931 - 1965 ) . He pursued studies on Diplomacy and International Relations at the Georgetown University in Washington D.C. after passing the bar as lawyer in the Phils . Hilario G. Davide , Jr . -- ( Honorary Alumnus ) Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court . Permanent Ambassador to the United Nations in New York . He was also the Truth Commissioner of the Philippines . A recipient of Papal Award the Pontifical Equestrian Order of St. Sylvester Pope and Martyr . He serves the USC Board of Trustees . Raul del Mar -- Former Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines . Ramon Fernandez -- PBA player and awarded most valuable player ( MVP ) in four ( 4 ) different seasons of the PBA . Aniano A. Desierto -- Former Ombudsman of the Republic of the Philippines . Rene Espina -- Former Senator of the Philippines . Jesus Estanislao , PhD -- Former Secretary of Finance , President and CEO of the Development Bank of the Philippines ( DBP ) . Founding and Charter President ( 1992 -- 1997 ) of the University of Asia and the Pacific , Pasig , Metro Manila . Lourdes Reynes Quisumbing , PhD -- First Female Secretary of Education , Culture and Sports . She is the President of the Asia - Pacific Network for International Education and Values Education ( APNIEVE ) and Former President of Miriam College in Quezon City , Metro Manila . Pablo P. Garcia -- Former Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives , Congress of the Philippines . Served as Governor of Cebu from 1995 to 2004 . Bishop Juan Gorordo -- First Filipino Bishop of Cebu. Template : En.wikipilipinas.org/index.php/Juan Gorordo Marcelo Briones Fernan -- ( Honorary Alumnus ) Former Senator of the Philippines , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and Senate President . He was member of the USC Board of Trustees . Lauro Mumar -- Former Filipino basketball player and later served as the national team head coach of India and the Philippines . He led the San Carlos College of Cebu City ( now the University of San Carlos ) to the first post-war Inter-Collegiate basketball championship in 1946 . Hilario P. Davide II I - Governor of Cebu on June 30 , 2013 to present , son of former Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr . Former Councilor of Cebu City and lawyer . John Geesnell Yap II - Mayor of Tagbilaran City on June 30 , 2013 to present , Former Councilor of Tagbilaran City and Chief Accountant of their family business at Bohol Tropics Resort , at age 38 he is one of the youngest City Mayor in the country . Celestino E. Martinez , Jr . - Mayor of Bogo City , Cebu and Former Member of the House of Representatives , Team Manager of USC Warriors as 2015 CESAFI champion . Julius Caesar Herrera -- Vice-Governor of Bohol , 2001 to 2010 . Manuel C. Briones - Former Member of the House of Representatives . Alvin N. Garcia -- Former Mayor of Cebu City . Atty . Augusto Go -- Chairman of the Board , President and Founder of the University of Cebu Wilfred Steven Uytengso , Sr. -- Founded General Milling Corporation in the late 50s , which eventually became Alaska Milk Corporation . John Gokongwei , Jr . -- Filipino Chinese business magnate , self - made billionaire , philanthropist , Founder and Chairman of JG Summit Holdings one of the largest diversified conglomerates in the Phils . As of 2015 , Gokongwei is the second richest person in the Philippines with a net worth of $5.5 Billion , ranking behind only to Henry Sy , the Phils . richest person ... He was conferred an honorary Doctor of Science degree in Business and Enterprise Development by USC in 2004 for his contribution to the economic growth and development of the country 's commerce , trade and industry . Stephen Sy Gaisano , Sr. - Patriarch of the Gaisano Retail Chain , the premier retailing empire in southern Phils with branches nationwide . He succeeded as head of the corporation from his mother Dona Modesta Singson Gaisano the matriarch and fore founder of the family business who first established the White Gold Dept . Store in Cebu City in the 1950s . He established the Dona Modesta Gaisano Foundation which grants and supports hundreds of poor and deserving students in Cebu . He was conferred an honorary Doctorate degree in Education and Entrepreneurship by USC in 2005 . Benito Gaisano -- Founder of the Gaisano Grand Group of Companies . Jack Gaisano -- CEO of Vicsal Metro Gaisano chain of department stores and malls the biggest general merchandise company outside Metro Manila . Eugene Acevedo -- Former President and CEO of the Philippine National Bank ( PNB ) . Alberto Villarosa - Chairman of the Board , previously President and CEO of the Security Bank of the Philippines . Justin Uy -- Founder and CEO of Profood International , the largest tropical fruit processing , manufacturer & exporter of dried mangoes and tropical fruits in the Phils and Asia . Export market include US , Canada , UK , Europe , Asia , Australia , New Zealand , Latin America and South Africa . Napoleon L. Nazareno -- President and CEO , Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company and President and CEO , Smart Communications . His leadership expanded the technology infrastructure and market share of PLDT Smart as Phil . largest telecommunication company . Awarded as Top Corporate Executive of the Phils. and Southeast Asia and was conferred an honorary degree Doctor of Technology by USC in 2012 . Jesus Alcordo -- President of Uitilities Filinvest Development Corp. ( FDC ) concurrently Chairman , President and CEO of East Asia Power Resources Corp. , Former President of National Power Corporation , Global Business Power Corporation , Cebu Energy Development Corporation , Panay Energy Development Corporation. He is a Commissioner of the Phil . Energy Regulatory Commission . He was conferred an honorary degree Doctor of Science in Engineering by USC in 2011 . Benson Dakay -- Founder and ex-CEO , Chairman of the Board , President of the Shemberg Group of Companies , the largest seaweeds processing , carageenan manufacturer and exporter in the Phils . with major export markets in US , Canada , UK , Europe , Japan and other Asian countries . He led the Phil . campaign for acceptance of Phil . Natural Grade ( PNG ) carrageenan as nontoxic food additive in the US and European Union which won approval and kept the Phil . carrageenan world market . He was awarded as Ten Outstanding Young Men of the Philippines ( TOYM ) for Aquaculture in 1988 and the Golden Shell award for his valuable contribution to the development of Philippine aquaculture , processed seaweeds and carrageenan export industry Pio B. Castillo and Dennis B. Wong -- CEO & president and COO , vice-president , managing director & general manager respectively of International Pharmaceuticals , Inc. which has expanded from a Cebu homegrown pharmaceuticals company to nationwide market and manufacturing plants in Luzon and Mindanao Pericles Dakay , PhD -- President , CEO of Dakay Construction Corporation one of the largest construction company in the Phils . with projects in southeast Asia region . Dr. Dakay is a PhD in structural engineering , university scholar and former board of trustee of the university . Dr. Tomas L. Fernandez - Former Dean , Cebu Institute of Medicine , he instituted and established the Biomedical Research at the premier medical school in Visayas and Mindanao regions. he took his pre-medicine B.S. Biology degree at USC . Dr. Pek Eng Lim - renowned physician and specialist of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology at Cebu Chong Hua Hospital and Cebu Doctor 's Hospital , he serves as Chairman of the Emergency Rescue Unit Foundation ( ERUF ) of Metro Cebu and took his pre-medicine B.S. Biology degree at USC . Mariquita Salimbangon Yeung -- Founder and Chairperson of the Mariquita Salimbangon Yeung Charitable Foundation Inc. or MSYCFI . Luz Mancao Sandiego -- Pioneer researcher and conservator of indigenous Cebuano folk dances , founder of the Sandiego Dance Studio which produced a nationally and internationally acclaimed Sandiego Cultural Dancers . She organized and developed the USC Dance Troupe and Physical Education program of USC . Fe Sala Villarica -- Nationally known Cebuana Ballerina and founder of the Ballet Center in Cebu , and organized the Queen City Junior Ballet Company . Founder , Teatro Folklorico Ballet Center West in San Diego , California , USA . Concepcion Rodil Martirez -- Founder of St. Martin de Porres School for the Mentally Retarded and Hearing Impaired in 1966 . Lelani E. Paredes -- First Female President of the National Press Club , Cebu Chapter . Araceli G. Almase , PhD -- Former Regional Director of the Department of Science and Technology Region 7 , established the regional standards , testing & calibration facility in Cebu the first one outside Metro Manila to cater and serve the needs of industries , academe , private and public sectors in the region . Melva C. Rodriguez Java -- Architect and Keeper of Heritage , Former Dean , College of Architecture & Fine Arts , University of San Carlos Zenaida R. Uy -- led the Open Mass Movement during the Marcos dictatorship , Chairperson of USC Sociology & Anthropology Department . Erlinda Kintanar Alburo , PhD -- The `` Schovocate '' of Heritage and Literary Scholarship , she is a contemporary scholar and advocate of Cebuano language and literature as former Director of USC 's Cebuano Studies Center . A recipient of several local and national awards , Best Research Program Award of CHED Region VII in 2008 , the National Commission of Culture & Arts Literary Award in 2010 , and the Gawad Paz Marquez Benitez Award of 2015 as an outstanding Philippine literature teacher and researcher . Presently , she is a Commissioner of Cebu City Historical and Cultural Affairs since 2010 . Socorro Atega , Landscape Architect - Executive Director and Past President of the Cebu Uniting for Sustainable Water Foundation ( CUSW ) ; Trustee and Vice-Chairperson of the Foundation for the Philippine Environment ; Past Program Coordinator for Landscape Architecture in the University of San Carlos School of Architecture , Fine Arts and Design . She represents CUSW in the Cebu City River Management Council , Parks and Playgrounds Commission , Central Cebu Protected Landscape Management Board , and Technical Team of Cebu Provincial Environment Committee . She obtained her master 's degree in Landscape Architecture at Harvard University in 1983 , awarded Outstanding Individual of the Year 2013 by the Cebu City Government . Ernesto Pernia , PhD - Secretary of Economic Development and Planning and Director General of National Economic and Development Authority ( NEDA ) under President Duterte administration cabinet , former lead economist , Economics and Research Department ( ERD ) of Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) , Formerly principal economist and senior economist of ADB . He was also Regional Adviser on Population and Employment Policy and Research for Asia and the Pacific , International Labour Office ( Bangkok ) and Research Fellow , East - West Center Resource Systems Institute , Honolulu . He has a Ph. D. from the University of California , Berkeley , an M.A. ( Economics ) from the University of Bridgeport , Connecticut , and an A.B. ( Economics ) at USC . Former Chair and member of the USC Board of Trustees , Professor Emeritus in Economics at UP Diliman . Recently on February , 2015 the Philippine - American Academy of Science and Engineering ( PASSE ) awarded him Leadership in Science and Economics for his excellence in policy researches and publications of social sciences , economics and technology in national development . Resil Mojares , PhD -- Filipino Historian and Critic he was Founding Director ( 1975 -- 1996 ) of USC 's Cebuano Studies Center , a pioneering local studies center in the Philippines . Visiting professor in leading Ivy league universities in US , Canada , UK and Europe . Nemesio E. Montano , PhD - Multi-awarded Filipino Scientist in the field of marine natural products and marine pollution chemistry , professor , senior scientist and director of UP Diliman Marine Science Research Institute . He played a key role in the formulation of the standard specifications of carrageenan and raw dried seaweed . He is the recipient of numerous awards , including Outstanding Professional Award 2012 by the Professional Regulations Commission ( PRC ) , Outstanding Chemist of the Philippines 2011 and Outstanding Scientist of the Philippines 2013 . Zenaida Ygnacio Monsada - First Female Secretary of Energy of the Philippines . A member of the Cabinet in charge of the Department of Energy appointed by President Benigno Aquino III and assumed office on July 2 , 2015 . Gabriel T. Ingles , LLM - Associate Justice and Executive Justice of the Court of Appeals stationed in Cebu City . Formerly a Presiding Judge of the Regional Trial Court of Cebu City Branch 58 , President of the Integrated Bar of the Phils . ( IBP ) Cebu City 1997 to 1999 and Dean , USC School of Law 1994 to 2000 . Recipient of awards from IBP National as Most Outstanding Chapter President , Most Outstanding Boholano in Field of Law from the Provincial Govt. of Bohol and Boholano Worldwide Organization and Outstanding Carolinian Alumnus in 2001 . He graduated Cum Laude Bachelor of Law st USC in 1981 . Edgardo L. DeLos Santos - Associate Justice of the Court of Appeals stationed in Bacolod City . Formerly a Presiding Judge of the Regional Trial Court of Bacolod City and known as `` no non-sense '' judge when he tried a number of celebrated and controversial criminal cases . Joseph A. Cabides , AFP - Major General ( retired ) , Formerly Brigadier General as Commander and Chief of the Arm Forces of the Phils . Reserve Command ( AFPRESCOM ) based at the national and general headquarters in Camp President Emilio Aguinaldo , Manila . Omar Maxwell Espina and Joseph Michael Espina - Leading and foremost architects in Cebu , principal architects and partners of Espina , Perez - Espina & Associates , Architects which is among the well respected architectural firms in the country with major projects in Luzon and Visayas involving commercial establishments , universities , schools & colleges , malls , condominium & hotels , medical center buildings and residences in plush subdivisions . Both of them were involved with academe as assistant professors and deans of the USC School of Architecture , Fine Arts & Design . They have master 's degree in Urban & Regional Planning at UP Diliman and are fellows of the United Architects of the Phils. , Phil . Institute of Civil Engineers and Phil . Institute of Environmental Planners . Fortunato O. Sanchez Jr . - Professional Civil & Structural Engineer with his license obtained in California , U.S. and earned his M.S. in Civil & Structural Engineering from Standford University . He worked with Wahler Associates a Geo - Technical Engineering consulting firm in Silicon Valley . Upon returning home in Cebu , together with his two siblings Carolinian engineers they established a family construction company ( Socor ) and diversified into real estate development , shipping , aquaculture and mining . Presently he is technical consultant of Metro Cebu Development Coordinating Board ( MCDCB ) . , professor of USC Civil Engineering Graduate program and advisor / consultant of students and faculty members on project studies relating to infrastructure development of Cebu . He served the USC Board of Trustees from 2000 to 2003 . Armando Guangko ( ChE , 1963 ) , Douglas Gacasan ( ChE , 1968 ) and Godofredo Alcantara ( ME , 1971 ) - Carolinian engineers who jointly ventured and established the Product Equipment Resources and Trading Corp . ( PERT ) in 1988 . The industrial enterprise grew into a major metal casting company with its foundry facilities in Mandaue City boasting of three types of casting operations for copper , cast iron and sheet alloys . The company has expanded with 1,300 employees operating 7 branches in strategic areas nationwide catering the mining , cement , power , chemical and allied industries in the country with quality and precision metal casting parts and equipment . PERT is ISO 9001 - 2008 certified . Bunny Pages - Chairman and CEO of Pages Holdings Inc . ( PHI ) which owns and manages various food enterprises and restaurants in Metro Cebu which include Thirsty Fruit Juices and Shakes with 130 franchised outlets nationwide , Moon Café with 20 branches , Lantaw Native Restaurant , Fruitfull , Mismukuno Teppanyaki , Rico 's Lechon , Cafe Racer , Sushi Boy , and a preparatory school BRIGHT Academy , among others . He was awarded as Entrepreneur of the Year for 2015 of the Cebu Chamber of Commerce and Industry . Aside from being a businessman he is also an active member of Cebu City Traffic Operations Management ( CITOM ) Board and does hosting of major events in Cebu . Philip N. Tan - Founder , CEO and President of Wellmade Motors and Development Corporation based in Mandaue City . He pioneered unique processes that revolutionize the metalworking industry in the country . Mr. Tan innovated the build - operate - transfer scheme , set - up machine shop franchises nationwide and overseas , in 1995 his company became the only ISO 9001 - 2000 certified machine shop in the Phils. and noted as among the best in precision machining , fusion welding and metal manufacturing facilities . He is a recipient of Entrepreneur of Year 2014 and Innovation Entrepreneur 2015 awarded by President Aquino in Malacanang . Presently he is the President of the Mandaue City ( Cebu ) Chamber of Commerce and Industry , and former President of the USC Carolinian Alumni Association . Antonio Camelo P. Tompar - Chairman of the Board , President / CEO of Mactan Rock Industries , Inc. and Aquapure Resources , Inc . Arbitrator of the Construction Industry Arbitration Commission . Former president of Philippine Environmental Management Professionals Association , board of director of Pollution Control Association of the Phils. and former vice president national of the Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers . Obtained his B.S. Mechanical Engineering degree at the University of San Carlos and Masters in Business Administration at MSU - Iligan Institute of Technology and University of San Jose Recoletos . He is a Professional Mechanical Engineer ( PME ) and recipient of Outstanding Carolinian Alumni Award in the field of Environmental Management in 2010 . Ernesto Codina - Filipino - American mechanical engineer , First Philippine educated engineer to work directly with the United States ( US ) National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) and was fortunate to be selected as one of the few engineers to design hardware for the astronauts. One of the most important NASA projects he was involved in was the design of a jet pack in 1996 that would aid the astronauts during their space walk , the jet pack helps the astronaut propel them back to the spacecraft . After over two decades of working in the aerospace industry in the US , he decided to come home so he could help the Phils . develop aeronautics education and industry . Christopher Y . Go - a budding Cebuano astronomer , astro - photographer and Carolinian physics graduate gained national and international recognition when he discovered the Red Spot of the planet Jupiter Oval Ba in 2004 now called Red Spot Jr . He was also part of the astronomical team which studied and imaged the Quad Transit in Saturn by using the Hubble Space Telescope . He organized the USC Astronomical Society in 1988 and in 2006 he became a member of the American Astronomical Society and its Division for Planetary Science ( DPS ) . He was awarded the Philippines Presidential Order for Lakandula for his contribution to Astronomy and the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers ( ALPO ) Walter Haas Award . Evelyn B. Taboada , PhD - an outstanding Carolinian chemical engineer , biochemical process engineer specialist and registered practicing patent attorney . Presently she is a full professor , Dean of the USC School of Engineering and Director of the Bioprocess Engineering Research Center ( BioPERC ) of the USC Chemical Engineering Dept . She spearheaded an innovation technology research and product development which is the Phils . first academe based successful patented technology and products being commercialized resulting to a start - up company the Green Environment Management Systems Inc . ( GEMS ) of which she is the Chief Technical & Operating Officer . A recipient of multi-awards nationally and internationally , awarded twice World Intellectual Property Rights Organization ( WIPO ) Gold Medal for Inventors , her PhD research dissertation won recognition as runner - up for Best Young Scientist 's Work during the European Symposium on Biochemical Engineering Sciences ( ESBES ) in Stuttgart , Germany in 2004 . A recipient of CHED Republika Award in 2007 , Ambassador Alfredo M. Yao Intellectual Property Award in 2012 , ASEAN Outstanding Engineering Achievement Award and ASEAN Green Award in 2014 and the 1st Manila Water Foundation & DOST Award for Engineering Excellence of 2015 . References and footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Former Senators : Filemon Sotto '' . Senate of the Philippines . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Former Senators : Vicente Rama '' . Senate of the Philippines . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Is Christian ethics and morality passe ? . Findarticles.com ( 2006 - 07 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ 2002 ICGN Awards . Icgn.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 24 . Other sources Sotero Cabahug - Department of National Defense . www.dnd.gov.ph/sotero-b-cabahaug.html Miguel Cuenco - CEBUpedia By Clarence Paul Oaminal ( The Freeman ) . Updated April 29 , 2014 . www.philstar.com/freeman-opinion Manuel C. Briones - Senators Profile www.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senator/manuel_briones.htm Alvin N. Garcia - J.P. Garcia & Associates / jpgarcialaw.com/lawyers/atty-alvin-b-garcia Stephen Sy Gaisano - Cebu Business , The Freeman / Updated 10.19. 2005 / www.philstar.com/cebu-business/gaisano-family Benito Gaisano - Benito Gaisano : Entrepreneur of the Year / Everything Cebu / www.everythingcebu.com / benito - gaisano - entrepreneur - of - the - year ZoomInfo.com / www.zoominfo.com/p/Jack-Gaisano/ Justin - Uy / Jesus - Alcordo / Celestino - Martinez Jr. / Alberto Villarosa - Security Bank Corp . Profile & Biography / www.securitybank.com/news/alberto-villarosa Pio Castillo and Dennis Wong - International Pharmaceuticals Inc . ( IPI ) / ipi-phil.com Pericles Dakay - Dr. Pericles Dakay / Construction Industry Authority of the Phils. / www.ciap.dti.gov.ph/pericles-p-dakay Mariquita Salimbangon Yeung - Everything Cebu / www.everythingcebu.com/lifestyle/people/mariquita-salimbangon-yeung `` Cebuana Trailblazers Sugboanang Tag - una '' - Law Center Inc. / www.womenlawcenter.org/trailblazers.htm Ernesto M. Pernia - University of the Philippines ( UP ) School of Economics / www.econ.upd.edu.ph/about-upse/faculty/empernia Zenaida Ygnacio Monsada - Department of Energy Portal , Philippines / www.doe.gov.ph/about-doe/doe-officials Court of Appeals Philippines / ca.judiciary.gov.ph/ justices Maj. Gen. Joseph Cabides , Arm Forces of the Phils . Reserve Command / www.afp.mil.ph / reserve - command / joseph_cabides Espina Architects / www.espinaarchitects.com Engr . Fortunato O. Sanchez , Engineering Contractors & Consultants , Cebu City , Phils ... About PERT Inc. / pertinc.com/about-us.php Bunny Pages / www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-business/2015/06/30 Philip N. Tan / www.mandauechamber.org/philip-tan sntpost.stii.dost.gov.ph/technologyadaptors/Philip_Tan Ernesto Codina - www.elab.ph/forum/index-php 10 Greatest Filipino Engineers and Scientist Evelyn B. Taboada / www.researchgate.net/profile/Evelyn_Taboada Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_University_of_San_Carlos_alumni&oldid=783500465 '' Categories : Lists of alumni by university or college in the Philippines Hidden categories : Dynamic lists Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 June 2017 , at 18 : 28 . About Wikipedia

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who is buried on mars hill and what is unusual about his crypt

Percival Lowell

percival lowell

Percival Lawrence Lowell ( / ˈloʊəl / ; March 13 , 1855 -- November 12 , 1916 ) was an American businessman , author , mathematician , and astronomer who fueled speculation that there were canals on Mars . He founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff , Arizona and formed the beginning of the effort that led to the discovery of Pluto 14 years after his death .

Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Astronomy career 2.1 Canals of Mars 2.2 Venus spokes 2.3 Pluto 3 Legacy 4 Publications 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Biography ( edit ) Percival Lowell c. 1904 Percival Lowell was a member of the wealthy Boston , Massachusetts , Lowell family . He was born in Cambridge on March 13 , 1855 , the brother of Abbott Lawrence Lowell and Amy Lowell . Percival graduated from the Noble and Greenough School in 1872 and Harvard University in 1876 with distinction in mathematics . At his college graduation , he gave a speech , considered very advanced for its time , on the nebular hypothesis . He was later awarded honorary degrees from Amherst College and Clark University . After graduation he ran a cotton mill for six years . In the 1880s , Lowell traveled extensively in the Far East . In August 1883 , he served as a foreign secretary and counselor for a special Korean diplomatic mission to the United States . He lived there for about two months . He also spent significant periods of time in Japan , writing books on Japanese religion , psychology , and behavior . His texts are filled with observations and academic discussions of various aspects of Japanese life , including language , religious practices , economics , travel in Japan , and the development of personality . Books by Percival Lowell on the Orient include Noto : An Unexplored Corner of Japan ( 1891 ) and Occult Japan , or the Way of the Gods ( 1894 ) , the latter from his third and final trip to the region . His time in Korea inspired Chosön : The Land of the Morning Calm ( 1886 , Boston ) . The most popular of Lowell 's books on the Orient , The Soul of the Far East ( 1888 ) , contains an early synthesis of some of his ideas , that in essence , postulated that human progress is a function of the qualities of individuality and imagination . The writer Lafcadio Hearn called it a `` colossal , splendid , godlike book . '' Another of his books is The Eve of the French Revolution ( 1892 ) , and at his death he left with his assistant Wrexie Leonard an unpublished manuscript of a book entitled Peaks and Plateaux in the Effect on Tree Life . He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1892 . He moved back to the United States in 1893 . Beginning in the winter of 1893 -- 94 , using his wealth and influence , Lowell dedicated himself to the study of astronomy , founding the observatory which bears his name . In 1904 , Lowell received the Prix Jules Janssen , the highest award of the Société astronomique de France , the French astronomical society . For the last 23 years of his life astronomy , Lowell Observatory , and his and others ' work at his observatory were the focal points of his life . World War I very much saddened Lowell , a dedicated pacifist . This , along with some setbacks in his astronomical work ( described below ) , undermined his health and contributed to his death from a stroke on November 12 , 1916 , aged 61 . Lowell is buried on Mars Hill near his observatory . Lowell claimed to `` stick to the church '' though at least one current author describes him as an agnostic . Astronomy career ( edit ) Lowell became determined to study Mars and astronomy as a full - time career after reading Camille Flammarion 's La planète Mars . He was particularly interested in the canals of Mars , as drawn by Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli , who was director of the Milan Observatory . In 1894 Lowell chose Flagstaff , Arizona Territory , as the home of his new observatory . At an altitude of over 2,100 meters ( 6,900 feet ) , with few cloudy nights , and far from city lights , Flagstaff was an excellent site for astronomical observations . This marked the first time an observatory had been deliberately located in a remote , elevated place for optimal seeing . Canals of Mars ( edit ) Further information : Martian canal Martian canals depicted by Percival Lowell . For the next fifteen years he studied Mars extensively , and made intricate drawings of the surface markings as he perceived them . Lowell published his views in three books : Mars ( 1895 ) , Mars and Its Canals ( 1906 ) , and Mars As the Abode of Life ( 1908 ) . With these writings , Lowell more than anyone else popularized the long - held belief that these markings showed that Mars sustained intelligent life forms . His works include a detailed description of what he termed the ' non-natural features ' of the planet 's surface , including especially a full account of the ' canals , ' single and double ; the ' oases , ' as he termed the dark spots at their intersections ; and the varying visibility of both , depending partly on the Martian seasons . He theorized that an advanced but desperate culture had built the canals to tap Mars ' polar ice caps , the last source of water on an inexorably drying planet . Craters on the Mars surface ( frame 11 ) imaged by Mariner 4 as it flew by Mars in 1965 While this idea excited the public , the astronomical community was skeptical . Many astronomers could not see these markings , and few believed that they were as extensive as Lowell claimed . As a result , Lowell and his observatory were largely ostracized . Although the consensus was that some actual features did exist which would account for these markings , in 1909 the sixty - inch Mount Wilson Observatory telescope in Southern California allowed closer observation of the structures Lowell had interpreted as canals , and revealed irregular geological features , probably the result of natural erosion . The existence of canal - like features was definitively disproved in the 1960s by NASA 's Mariner missions . Mariner 4 , 6 , and 7 , and the Mariner 9 orbiter ( 1972 ) , did not capture images of canals but instead showed a cratered Martian surface . Today , the surface markings taken to be canals are regarded as an optical illusion . Venus Spokes ( edit ) Percival Lowell in 1914 , observing Venus in the daytime with the 24 - inch ( 61 cm ) Alvan Clark & Sons refracting telescope at Flagstaff , Arizona Although Lowell was better known for his observations of Mars , he also drew maps of the planet Venus . He began observing Venus in detail in mid-1896 soon after the 61 - centimetre ( 24 - inch ) Alvan Clark & Sons refracting telescope was installed at his new Flagstaff , Arizona observatory . Lowell observed the planet high in the daytime sky with the telescope 's lens stopped down to 3 inches in diameter to reduce the effect of the turbulent daytime atmosphere . Lowell observed spoke - like surface features including a central dark spot , contrary to what was suspected then ( and known now ) : that Venus has no surface features visible from Earth , being covered in an atmosphere that is opaque . It has been noted in a 2003 Journal for the History of Astronomy paper and in an article published in Sky and Telescope in July 2003 that Lowell 's stopping down of the telescope created such a small exit pupil at the eyepiece , it may have become a giant ophthalmoscope giving Lowell an image of the shadows of blood vessels cast on the retina of his eye . Pluto ( edit ) Lowell 's greatest contribution to planetary studies came during the last decade of his life , which he devoted to the search for Planet X , a hypothetical planet beyond Neptune . Lowell believed that the planets Uranus and Neptune were displaced from their predicted positions by the gravity of the unseen Planet X . Lowell started a search program in 1906 using a camera 5 inches ( 13 cm ) in aperture . The small field of view of the 42 - inch ( 110 cm ) reflecting telescope rendered the instrument impractical for searching . From 1914 to 1916 , a 9 - inch ( 23 cm ) telescope on loan from Sproul Observatory was used to search for Planet X . Lowell did not discover Pluto but later Lowell Observatory ( 690 ) would photograph Pluto in March and April 1915 . In 1930 Clyde Tombaugh , working at the Lowell Observatory , discovered Pluto near the location expected for Planet X . Partly in recognition of Lowell 's efforts , a stylized P-L monogram ( ) -- the first two letters of the new planet 's name and also Lowell 's initials -- was chosen as Pluto 's astronomical symbol . However , it would subsequently emerge that the Planet X theory was mistaken . Pluto 's mass could not be determined until 1978 , when its satellite Charon was discovered . This confirmed what had been increasingly suspected : Pluto 's gravitational influence on Uranus and Neptune is negligible , certainly not nearly enough to account for the discrepancies in their orbits . In 2006 , Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union . In addition , it is now known that the discrepancies between the predicted and observed positions of Uranus and Neptune were not caused by the gravity of an unknown planet . Rather , they were due to an erroneous value for the mass of Neptune . Voyager 2 's 1989 encounter with Neptune yielded a more precise value of its mass , and the discrepancies disappear when using this value . Legacy ( edit ) Lowell mausoleum in 2013 Although Lowell 's theories of the Martian canals , of surface features on Venus , and of Planet X are now discredited , his practice of building observatories at the position where they would best function has been adopted as a principle . He also established the program and setting which made the discovery of Pluto by Clyde Tombaugh possible . Craters on the Moon and on Mars have been named after him . Lowell has been described by other planetary scientists as `` the most influential popularizer of planetary science in America before Carl Sagan '' . While eventually disproved , Lowell 's vision of the Martian canals , as an artifact of an ancient civilization making a desperate last effort to survive , significantly influences the development of science fiction -- starting with H.G. Wells ' influential The War of the Worlds , which made the further logical inference that creatures from a dying planet might seek to invade Earth . The image of the dying Mars and its ancient culture was retained , in numerous versions and variations , in most science fiction works depicting Mars in the first half of the twentieth century ( see Mars in fiction ) . Even when proven to be factually mistaken , the vision of Mars derived from his theories remains enshrined in works that remain in print and widely read as classics of science fiction . Lowell 's influence on science fiction remains strong . The canals figure prominently in Red Planet by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1949 ) and The Martian Chronicles by Ray Bradbury ( 1950 ) . The canals , and even Lowell 's mausoleum , heavily influence The Gods of Mars ( 1918 ) by Edgar Rice Burroughs as well as all other books in the Barsoom series . The Lowell Regio on Pluto was named in his honour . Publications ( edit ) Percival Lowell Collected Writings on Japan and Asia , including Letters to Amy Lowell and Lafcadio Hearn , 5 vols. , Tokyo : Edition Synapse . ISBN 978 - 4 - 901481 - 48 - 9 www.aplink.co.jp/synapse/4-901481-48-7.htm Percival Lowell ( 1886 ) . Chosön : The Land of the Morning Calm ; a Sketch of Korea . Ticknor . Percival Lowell The Evolution of Worlds ( 1910 ) ( Full text at The Evolution of Worlds . ) See also ( edit ) Biography portal Life on Mars Noto Peninsula Wrexie Leonard References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chosön , the Land of the Morning Calm ; a Sketch of Korea '' . World Digital Library . 1888 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Littmann , Mark ( 1985 ) . Planets Beyond : Discovering the Outer Solar System . Courier . pp. 62 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 43602 - 0 . Jump up ^ Balik , Rachel ( March 13 , 2010 ) Happy Birthday Percival Lowell , First Man to Imagine Life on Mars . findingdulcinea.com ^ Jump up to : Leonard , Louise . Percival Lowell : An Afterglow . RG Badger , 1921 , pp. 33 , 46 . Jump up ^ Wilson , James Grant ; Fiske , John , eds. ( 1900 ) . `` Lowell , Percival '' . Appletons ' Cyclopædia of American Biography . New York : D. Appleton . Jump up ^ `` Book of Members , 1780 -- 2010 : Chapter L '' ( PDF ) . American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Croswell , Kenneth ( 1997 ) Planet Quest : The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems . p. 49 . ISBN 0684832526 . Jump up ^ Strauss , David ( 2001 ) . Percival Lowell : The Culture and Science of a Boston Brahmin . Harvard University Press . p. 280 . ISBN 9780674002913 . Though Lowell claimed to `` stick to the church '' ( doubtless from my early religious training ) , '' he was an agnostic and hostile to Christianity . Jump up ^ Chambers , P. ( 1999 ) . Life on Mars ; The Complete Story . London : Blandford . ISBN 0 - 7137 - 2747 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kidger , Mark ( 2005 ) Astronomical Enigmas : Life on Mars , the Star of Bethlehem , and Other Milky Way Mysteries . p. 110 . ISBN 0801880262 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Life on Mars ? You Read It Here First . '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guthke , Karl S. ( 1990 ) . The Last Frontier : Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Fiction . Translated by Helen Atkins . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1680 - 9 . pp. 355 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Croswell , Kenneth ( 1997 ) Planet Quest : The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems . p. 48 . ISBN 0684832526 . Jump up ^ Kidger , Mark ( 2005 ) Astronomical Enigmas : Life on Mars , the Star of Bethlehem , and Other Milky Way Mysteries . p. 111 . ISBN 0801880262 . Jump up ^ Guthke , Karl S. ( 1990 ) . The Last Frontier : Imagining Other Worlds from the Copernican Revolution to Modern Fiction . Translated by Helen Atkins . Cornell University Press . pp. 356 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1680 - 9 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Stephen ( 2005 ) . Glenn Yeffeth , ed . `` H.G. Wells ' Enduring Mythos of Mars '' . War of the Worlds : fresh perspectives on the H.G. Wells classic . BenBalla : 186 -- 7 . ISBN 1 - 932100 - 55 - 5 . Jump up ^ SkyandTelescope.com -- News from Sky & Telescope -- Venus Spokes : An Explanation at Last ? Jump up ^ Sheehan , W. & Dobbins , T. , The spokes of Venus : an illusion explained , Journal for the History of Astronomy ( ISSN 0021 - 8286 ) , Vol. 34 , Part 1 , No. 114 , p. 53 -- 63 ( 2003 ) via SAO / NASA Astrophysics Data System ( ADS ) ^ Jump up to : Rabkin , Eric S. ( 2005 ) . Mars : a tour of the human imagination . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98719 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Tombaugh , C.W. ( 1946 ) . `` The Search for the Ninth Planet , Pluto '' . Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets. 5 : 73 -- 80 . Bibcode : 1946ASPL ... 5 ... 73T . Jump up ^ Buie , Marc W. ( August 11 , 2008 ) . `` Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 134340 '' . SwRI ( Space Science Department ) . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kutner , Marc Leslie ( 2003 ) . Astronomy : A Physical Perspective . Cambridge University Press . p. 523 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52927 - 1 . Jump up ^ Standage , Tom ( 2000 ) The Neptune File : A Story of Astronomical Rivalry and the Pioneers of Planet Hunting . ISBN 0802713637 . p. 188 Jump up ^ Shaw , H.R. ( 1994 ) . Craters , Cosmos , and Chronicles : A New Theory of Earth . Stanford University Press . p. 494 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2131 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zahnle , K. ; Arndt , Nick ; Cockell , Charles ; Halliday , Alex ; Nisbet , Euan ; Selsis , Franck ; Sleep , Norman H. ( 2007 ) . `` Emergence of a Habitable Planet '' . Space Science Reviews . 129 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 35 -- 78 . Bibcode : 2007SSRv ... 129 ... 35Z . doi : 10.1007 / s11214 - 007 - 9225 - z . Further reading ( edit ) K. , Zahnel ( 2001 ) . `` Decline and Fall of the Martian Empire '' . Nature . 412 ( 6843 ) : 209 -- 213 . PMID 11449281 . doi : 10.1038 / 35084148 . R. , Crossley ( 2000 ) . `` Percival Lowell and the history of Mars '' . Massachusetts Review . 41 ( 3 ) : 297 -- 318 . D. , Strauss ( 1994 ) . `` Lowell , Percival , Pickering , W.H. and the founding of the Lowell Observatory '' . Annals of Science . 51 ( 1 ) : 37 -- 58 . doi : 10.1080 / 00033799400200121 . J. , Trefil ( 1988 ) . `` Turn - of - the - Century American Astronomer Lowell , Percival '' . Smithsonian. 18 ( 10 ) : 34 -- . B. , Meyer W. ( 1984 ) . `` Life on Mars is almost Certain + Lowell , Percival on Exobiology '' . American Heritage . 35 ( 2 ) : 38 -- 43 . S. , Hetherington N. ( 1981 ) . `` Lowell , Percival -- Professional Scientist or Interloper '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 42 ( 1 ) : 159 -- 161 . JSTOR 2709423 . doi : 10.2307 / 2709423 . C. , Heffernan W. ( 1981 ) . `` Lowell , Percival and the Debate over Extraterrestrial Life '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 42 ( 3 ) : 527 -- 530 . JSTOR 2709191 . doi : 10.2307 / 2709191 . Webb G.E. ( 1980 ) . `` The Planet Mars and Science in Victorian America '' . Journal of American Culture . 3 ( 4 ) : 573 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734X. 1980.0304 _573. x . Hoyt W.G. ; G. , Wesley W. ( 1977 ) . `` Lowell and Mars '' . American Journal of Physics. 45 ( 3 ) : 316 -- 317 . Bibcode : 1977AmJPh ... 45 ... 316H . doi : 10.1119 / 1.10630 . K. , Hofling C. ( 1964 ) . `` Percival Lowell and the Canals of Mars '' . British Journal of Medical Psychology . 37 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 42 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8341.1964. tb01304. x . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original works written by or about : Percival Lowell Wikiquote has quotations related to : Percival Lowell Wikimedia Commons has media related to Percival Lowell . Works by Percival Lowell at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Percival Lowell at Internet Archive Lowell Observatory BBC Science : Percival Lowell Percival Lowell at Find a Grave VIAF : 51821004 LCCN : n86865348 ISNI : 0000 0001 1026 7575 GND : 11725133X SUDOC : 066910757 BNF : cb12935439z ( data ) NLA : 36252955 NDL : 00448108 IATH : w6d221zz PIC : 274752 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percival_Lowell&oldid=799652598 '' Categories : 1855 births 1916 deaths American agnostics American astronomers American pacifists Discoverers of asteroids People associated with Pluto American people of English descent Harvard University alumni People from Flagstaff , Arizona Businesspeople from Boston Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Appleton 's Cyclopedia Use mdy dates from June 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource تۆرکجه Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lëtzebuergesch Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 01 : 09 . 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